A bill to limit the authority of States to tax certain income of employees for employment duties performed in other States.

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Mobile Workforce State Income Tax 
Simplification Act of 2012''.

SEC. 2. LIMITATIONS ON STATE WITHHOLDING AND TAXATION OF EMPLOYEE 
              INCOME.

    (a) In General.--No part of the wages or other remuneration earned 
by an employee who performs employment duties in more than one State 
shall be subject to income tax in any State other than--
            (1) the State of the employee's residence; and
            (2) the State within which the employee is present and 
        performing employment duties for more than 30 days during the 
        calendar year in which the wages or other remuneration is 
        earned.
    (b) Wages or Other Remuneration.--Wages or other remuneration 
earned in any calendar year shall not be subject to State income tax 
withholding and reporting requirements unless the employee is subject 
to income tax in such State under subsection (a). Income tax 
withholding and reporting requirements under subsection (a)(2) shall 
apply to wages or other remuneration earned as of the commencement date 
of employment duties in the State during the calendar year.
    (c) Operating Rules.--For purposes of determining penalties related 
to an employer's State income tax withholding and reporting 
requirements--
            (1) an employer may rely on an employee's annual 
        determination of the time expected to be spent by such employee 
        in the States in which the employee will perform duties 
        absent--
                    (A) the employer's actual knowledge of fraud by the 
                employee in making the determination; or
                    (B) collusion between the employer and the employee 
                to evade tax;
            (2) except as provided in paragraph (3), if records are 
        maintained by an employer in the regular course of business 
        that record the location of an employee, such records shall not 
        preclude an employer's ability to rely on an employee's 
        determination under paragraph (1); and
            (3) notwithstanding paragraph (2), if an employer, at its 
        sole discretion, maintains a time and attendance system that 
        tracks where the employee performs duties on a daily basis, 
        data from the time and attendance system shall be used instead 
        of the employee's determination under paragraph (1).
    (d) Definitions and Special Rules.--For purposes of this Act:
            (1) Day.--
                    (A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), an 
                employee is considered present and performing 
                employment duties within a State for a day if the 
                employee performs more of the employee's employment 
                duties within such State than in any other State during 
                a day.
                    (B) If an employee performs employment duties in a 
                resident State and in only one nonresident State during 
                one day, such employee shall be considered to have 
                performed more of the employee's employment duties in 
                the nonresident State than in the resident State for 
                such day.
                    (C) For purposes of this paragraph, the portion of 
                the day during which the employee is in transit shall 
                not be considered in determining the location of an 
                employee's performance of employment duties.
            (2) Employee.--The term ``employee'' has the same meaning 
        given to it by the State in which the employment duties are 
        performed, except that the term ``employee'' shall not include 
        a professional athlete, professional entertainer, or certain 
        public figures.
            (3) Professional athlete.--The term ``professional 
        athlete'' means a person who performs services in a 
        professional athletic event, provided that the wages or other 
        remuneration are paid to such person for performing services in 
        his or her capacity as a professional athlete.
            (4) Professional entertainer.--The term ``professional 
        entertainer'' means a person who performs services in the 
        professional performing arts for wages or other remuneration on 
        a per-event basis, provided that the wages or other 
        remuneration are paid to such person for performing services in 
        his or her capacity as a professional entertainer.
            (5) Certain public figures.--The term ``certain public 
        figures'' means persons of prominence who perform services for 
        wages or other remuneration on a per-event basis, provided that 
        the wages or other remuneration are paid to such person for 
        services provided at a discrete event, in the nature of a 
        speech, public appearance, or similar event.
            (6) Employer.--The term ``employer'' has the meaning given 
        such term in section 3401(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 
        1986 (26 U.S.C. 3401(d)), unless such term is defined by the 
        State in which the employee's employment duties are performed, 
        in which case the State's definition shall prevail.
            (7) State.--The term ``State'' means any of the several 
        States.
            (8) Time and attendance system.--The term ``time and 
        attendance system'' means a system in which--
                    (A) the employee is required on a contemporaneous 
                basis to record his work location for every day worked 
                outside of the State in which the employee's employment 
                duties are primarily performed; and
                    (B) the system is designed to allow the employer to 
                allocate the employee's wages for income tax purposes 
                among all States in which the employee performs 
                employment duties for such employer.
            (9) Wages or other remuneration.--The term ``wages or other 
        remuneration'' may be limited by the State in which the 
        employment duties are performed.

SEC. 3. EFFECTIVE DATE; APPLICABILITY.

    (a) Effective Date.--This Act shall take effect on January 1 of the 
2d year that begins after the date of the enactment of this Act.
    (b) Applicability.--This Act shall not apply to any tax obligation 
that accrues before the effective date of this Act.

Summary: Mobile Workforce State Income Tax Simplification Act of 2012 - Prohibits the wages or other remuneration earned by an employee who performs employment duties in more than one state from being subject to income tax in any state other than: (1) the state of the employee's residence, and (2) the state within which the employee is present and performing employment duties for more than 30 days during the calendar year. Exempts employers from withholding of tax and information reporting requirements for employees not subject to income tax under this Act. Allows an employer, for purposes of determining penalties related to employer withholding or reporting requirements, to rely on an employee's annual determination of the time such employee will spend working in a state in the absence of fraud or collusion by such employee.

Exempts from the definition of "employee" for purposes of this Act professional athletes, professional entertainers, and public figures who are persons of prominence who perform services for wages or other remuneration on a per-event basis.