title: Determinants of timing performance on the peak procedure

authors: McHugh, Mark Edward

abstract: The performance of brown shaver hens gallus gallus domesticus, was investigated using a peak procedure as a method to examine the timing abilities of an animal. Peak procedure involves using a combination of peak interval and fixed interval trials, where the peak intervals are four to 10 times long than the FI. Responses during the longer PI trials are not reinforced and do not require a response to end the trial. The Peak procedure generates a pattern of responding that increases to a maximum at the time where behaviour is normally reinforced. The research was conducted on six domestic hens, which underwent FI schedule pretraining and then were introduced to peak testing, FI 20-s/PI 200-s, FI 40/PI 400-s and FI 20-s/PI 80-s schedules. The First 3 condition involved FI 20-s PI 200-s and FI 40-s and PI 400-s schedules, with no house light on during the sessions. The distribution showed a peak at or near the expected time to reinforcement, followed by a steady decrease in responding. The extended period of the trials showed a resonances pattern of responding during the remainder of the trial, with some birds showing resurgence. Condition 7 used FI 20 PI 200-s schedules with a houselight turn on for the whole duration. The response rate increased to the highest point at or near the expected time of reinforcement for all birds, followed by a decrease in responding to a minimum of 1 peck per second. The remainder of the trial displayed a resonances pattern of responding, with half the birds showing resurgences. Condition 8 used FI 20-s PI 200-s schedules with a houselight on during the trial and ITI and off during reinforcement. Patterns of responding were similar to what was seen in the previous conditions. The final condition used FI 20-s PI 80-s schedules with a houselight on during the trial and ITI and off during reinforcement. Responding was similar to the previous conditions with an increase in responding reaching a maximum at or near the expected time to reinforcement and a decrease followed by a resonances pattern of responding for the duration of the trial.

text: Determinants of timing performance on the peak procedure The performance of brown shaver hens gallus gallus domesticus, was investigated using a peak procedure as a method to examine the timing abilities of an animal. Peak procedure involves using a combination of peak interval and fixed interval trials, where the peak intervals are four to 10 times long than the FI. Responses during the longer PI trials are not reinforced and do not require a response to end the trial. The Peak procedure generates a pattern of responding that increases to a maximum at the time where behaviour is normally reinforced. The research was conducted on six domestic hens, which underwent FI schedule pretraining and then were introduced to peak testing, FI 20-s/PI 200-s, FI 40/PI 400-s and FI 20-s/PI 80-s schedules. The First 3 condition involved FI 20-s PI 200-s and FI 40-s and PI 400-s schedules, with no house light on during the sessions. The distribution showed a peak at or near the expected time to reinforcement, followed by a steady decrease in responding. The extended period of the trials showed a resonances pattern of responding during the remainder of the trial, with some birds showing resurgence. Condition 7 used FI 20 PI 200-s schedules with a houselight turn on for the whole duration. The response rate increased to the highest point at or near the expected time of reinforcement for all birds, followed by a decrease in responding to a minimum of 1 peck per second. The remainder of the trial displayed a resonances pattern of responding, with half the birds showing resurgences. Condition 8 used FI 20-s PI 200-s schedules with a houselight on during the trial and ITI and off during reinforcement. Patterns of responding were similar to what was seen in the previous conditions. The final condition used FI 20-s PI 80-s schedules with a houselight on during the trial and ITI and off during reinforcement. Responding was similar to the previous conditions with an increase in responding reaching a maximum at or near the expected time to reinforcement and a decrease followed by a resonances pattern of responding for the duration of the trial.

year: 2012

title: The influence of maritime freight cost tail risk on publicly traded industrial and transport companies

authors: Akyildirim, E

subjects: ESG

abstract: This study examines the influence of maritime freight cost tail risk events on stock market prices of industrial and transport-related firms. Our findings reveal a significant asymmetry: extreme negative movements in these indices have a disproportionately large adverse impact on stock returns compared to extreme positive movements. As these indices serve as barometers of global economic health, sharp declines signal contractions in global demand, fuelling investor apprehension. These concerns outweigh the potential benefits of lower input costs for most firms. We also uncover substantial heterogeneity amongst stock responses. Notably, owing to their perceived higher risk, smaller firms and those with ESG controversies are more severely impacted by these negative tail-risk events. Further, we document that strong ESG commitments are sometimes beneficial during negative tail risk events, but not always. These mixed findings suggest that the effects of ESG commitments during tail risk events operate through multiple channels, and these impacts may vary depending on firm characteristics and the nature of the ESG activity.

text: The influence of maritime freight cost tail risk on publicly traded industrial and transport companies This study examines the influence of maritime freight cost tail risk events on stock market prices of industrial and transport-related firms. Our findings reveal a significant asymmetry: extreme negative movements in these indices have a disproportionately large adverse impact on stock returns compared to extreme positive movements. As these indices serve as barometers of global economic health, sharp declines signal contractions in global demand, fuelling investor apprehension. These concerns outweigh the potential benefits of lower input costs for most firms. We also uncover substantial heterogeneity amongst stock responses. Notably, owing to their perceived higher risk, smaller firms and those with ESG controversies are more severely impacted by these negative tail-risk events. Further, we document that strong ESG commitments are sometimes beneficial during negative tail risk events, but not always. These mixed findings suggest that the effects of ESG commitments during tail risk events operate through multiple channels, and these impacts may vary depending on firm characteristics and the nature of the ESG activity.

year: 2025

title: My journey with te reo Māori: From primary schooling in the mid 20th century to retirement from full-time academic service in the early years of the 21st Century

authors: Houia-Roberts, Ngaere

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: This is not an academic article in the traditional sense. It is a personal account of my experiences, as a first language speaker of te reo Māori, of New Zealand's educational system from the middle of the 20th century to the early years of the 21st century, from the early days of my primary schooling, through my service as a teacher, teacher trainer and academic researcher until my retirement from full-time academic service in 2005. A great deal has been written about the ways in which attitudes and approaches to te reo Māori have changed over that period of time but very little has been written about how it felt to be part of these changes. Our society is based on facts and feelings. If our mokopuna are to understand the fabric of our society, they need to have access to feelings as well as to facts. In this paper, weft and warp, facts and feelings, are woven together. This personal account is dedicated to our mokopuna, to all of our mokopuna, whatever their origin and whatever their colour. The future of our society depends upon their understanding.

text: My journey with te reo Māori: From primary schooling in the mid 20th century to retirement from full-time academic service in the early years of the 21st Century This is not an academic article in the traditional sense. It is a personal account of my experiences, as a first language speaker of te reo Māori, of New Zealand's educational system from the middle of the 20th century to the early years of the 21st century, from the early days of my primary schooling, through my service as a teacher, teacher trainer and academic researcher until my retirement from full-time academic service in 2005. A great deal has been written about the ways in which attitudes and approaches to te reo Māori have changed over that period of time but very little has been written about how it felt to be part of these changes. Our society is based on facts and feelings. If our mokopuna are to understand the fabric of our society, they need to have access to feelings as well as to facts. In this paper, weft and warp, facts and feelings, are woven together. This personal account is dedicated to our mokopuna, to all of our mokopuna, whatever their origin and whatever their colour. The future of our society depends upon their understanding.

year: 2006-02