title: Evaluation of agri-environmental policies for reducing nitrate pollution from New Zealand dairy farms accounting for firm heterogeneity

authors: Doole, Graeme J.

subjects: diffuse pollution

abstract: Policy makers worldwide are interested in the identification of cost-effective policy instruments to reduce diffuse pollution. A large economic model representing heterogeneous farms is used to evaluate a broad set of policies for reducing nitrate regulation within a large catchment dominated by dairy production. A policy instrument that allows the level of abatement to vary among producers according to differences in abatement cost is most cost-effective. The primary goal of 26 kg N ha(-1) can be achieved at a cost of $15 ha(-1) under this cap and trade policy, while a uniform cap on emissions for all farmers would be more than three times as expensive ($49 ha(-1)). In contrast, requiring uniform reductions in stocking rate, banning the application of nitrogen fertiliser, and land retirement perform poorly. These instruments are at least three times more costly than a cap and trade policy over all simulated reductions. Moreover, the differentiated policy does not greatly alter the distribution of farm profit, relative to what exists without regulation. The use of a large, complex economic model incorporating disaggregated farms provides unique insight into the economic benefits accruing to a differentiated policy.

text: Evaluation of agri-environmental policies for reducing nitrate pollution from New Zealand dairy farms accounting for firm heterogeneity Policy makers worldwide are interested in the identification of cost-effective policy instruments to reduce diffuse pollution. A large economic model representing heterogeneous farms is used to evaluate a broad set of policies for reducing nitrate regulation within a large catchment dominated by dairy production. A policy instrument that allows the level of abatement to vary among producers according to differences in abatement cost is most cost-effective. The primary goal of 26 kg N ha(-1) can be achieved at a cost of $15 ha(-1) under this cap and trade policy, while a uniform cap on emissions for all farmers would be more than three times as expensive ($49 ha(-1)). In contrast, requiring uniform reductions in stocking rate, banning the application of nitrogen fertiliser, and land retirement perform poorly. These instruments are at least three times more costly than a cap and trade policy over all simulated reductions. Moreover, the differentiated policy does not greatly alter the distribution of farm profit, relative to what exists without regulation. The use of a large, complex economic model incorporating disaggregated farms provides unique insight into the economic benefits accruing to a differentiated policy.

year: 2013

title: All for one and one for all: reconciling research and production values at the HathiTrust through user-scripting

authors: Bainbridge, David

subjects: computer science

abstract: This article details a practical technique that safely reconciles the production stability and integrity of the HathiTrust Digital Library (HTDL) with the riskier and potentially disruptive experimental functionalities created by the HathiTrust Research Center. Web systems produced by HTRC are necessarily more speculative and, understandably, operate on equipment outside of the HTDL production environment. The key to our approach that brings these two parts closer together is to exploit user-scripting: a web browser add-in technique that allows users to introduce bespoke Javascript code that alters the behavior of specific website(s). We demonstrate how it can be used to provide a mashup of three web sites: HTDL and two web-based offerings operated independently by HTRC. The end result is that the user interacts with the HTDL as usual, and at strategic locations in the interface additionally functionality drawn from the research systems-which takes account of the user's current context-is seamlessly blended in.

text: All for one and one for all: reconciling research and production values at the HathiTrust through user-scripting This article details a practical technique that safely reconciles the production stability and integrity of the HathiTrust Digital Library (HTDL) with the riskier and potentially disruptive experimental functionalities created by the HathiTrust Research Center. Web systems produced by HTRC are necessarily more speculative and, understandably, operate on equipment outside of the HTDL production environment. The key to our approach that brings these two parts closer together is to exploit user-scripting: a web browser add-in technique that allows users to introduce bespoke Javascript code that alters the behavior of specific website(s). We demonstrate how it can be used to provide a mashup of three web sites: HTDL and two web-based offerings operated independently by HTRC. The end result is that the user interacts with the HTDL as usual, and at strategic locations in the interface additionally functionality drawn from the research systems-which takes account of the user's current context-is seamlessly blended in.

year: 2017

title: Legal responses to mental health: Is therapeutic jurisprudence the answer – the experience in New Zealand

authors: Toki, Valmaine

abstract: The orthodox understanding of ‘ethics’ encompasses a system of moral principles that define good and bad behavior. When applied to mental health, various jurisdictions, including New Zealand, have codified these principles together with the obligations on health service providers to meet these codified principles and standards. Underpinning this relationship is one of mutual trust where the physician has a responsibility, for example, to secure informed consent prior to any treatment. The existence of this therapeutic relationship can be applied when an offender who presents with a mental illness is subject to the criminal justice system.

text: Legal responses to mental health: Is therapeutic jurisprudence the answer – the experience in New Zealand The orthodox understanding of ‘ethics’ encompasses a system of moral principles that define good and bad behavior. When applied to mental health, various jurisdictions, including New Zealand, have codified these principles together with the obligations on health service providers to meet these codified principles and standards. Underpinning this relationship is one of mutual trust where the physician has a responsibility, for example, to secure informed consent prior to any treatment. The existence of this therapeutic relationship can be applied when an offender who presents with a mental illness is subject to the criminal justice system.

year: 2017