title: Wise City Governing: Bridging the sustainability aspiration-action divide in the New Zealand mid-sized city Authority

authors: McLaren, Kareen Jane

subjects: wise governing

abstract: Perhaps expecting a pragmatically emerged local government to embed the concept of sustainability as its guiding principle in 2002, may have been too big-an-ask, yet the modern city complexity demands that a greater shift toward this approach be purposively pursued in Aotearoa/New Zealand (NZ). This study searches below the symptomatic concerns of the mid-sized NZ city context, in order to explore and understand the causal features, conditions, factors and elements that currently appear to be inhibiting local integrated sustainable development success. Through this exploration, this research also strives to identify a ‘wise city governing’ model that may assist in bridging the apparent phenomenon of the sustainability aspiration-action divide. Within the background to this exploration, the study additionally considers whether the Local Government Act 2002 ‘better local government’ 2012 reforms may work to resolve this deeper problématique of local governing in NZ. 
This research, seated within a whole systems/social constructionist frame, utilises a broad literature review, the five city survey (offering an institutional capital perspective) and a more detailed case study of one selected city (offering a social capital perspective) to explore this context and phenomenon. From the initial literature sweep, it was found that previous research on NZ local government has tended toward seeking out the political, peak body and senior public administrative viewpoints, or been representative of the larger NZ city voices, while the every-day perspectives of mid-sized Cities and their Authorities have been under-researched to date. 
The survey findings evidenced that the aspiration-action divide exists across the five surveyed cities, while the presence of serious systemic weaknesses within the case study Authority are also revealed. From a whole system viewpoint, the results of this study find that the current NZ corporatised mid-sized city Authority model is hamstrung in its capacity to wisely transform its governing system. The Authority system therefore remains blind to realising the urgency presented by the critical natural and human ecological cues. Additionally, it continues to be limited in its ability to authentically engage with its full community in order to co-create flexible, innovative and adaptive solutions to meet the real city demands. 
The consequence of perpetuating a tokenistic but essentially unsustainable state, where the fiscal sphere persists in dominating decision-making, is an amplified risk of continuity interruption, failure or ultimate collapse. 
The full study results, support the research histories of Stoker’s local governing review and through the comparative literature of Naschold, Norton, Scott et al. and others, finds that the NZ transformational model is at least 20 years behind its international counterparts. Furthermore, the differences between the approaches of the overseas ecological and New Zealand’s corporatised modernisation models are accentuated. Additionally, this research bears out the concerns expressed in the Jacobs/Taylor discourse around the dangers of hybrid government manipulations, and this was found to be even more critical when a low civil engagement within a corporatise-government hybrid is present. This understanding links with Evans et al. 2006 DISCUS study, whereby an equally high institutional and social capital capacity was evidenced as being a prerequisite for attaining a greater level of localised sustainable development success – as originally expressed within Agenda 21 and Local Agenda 21. 
Overall it is unlikely that the current ‘better local government’ legislative changes will produce the contextual shift up the ‘wise local govern-ing’ ladder, bridging the sustainability aspiration-action divide in order to deliver ‘better’ short and long term sustainable development value.

text: Wise City Governing: Bridging the sustainability aspiration-action divide in the New Zealand mid-sized city Authority Perhaps expecting a pragmatically emerged local government to embed the concept of sustainability as its guiding principle in 2002, may have been too big-an-ask, yet the modern city complexity demands that a greater shift toward this approach be purposively pursued in Aotearoa/New Zealand (NZ). This study searches below the symptomatic concerns of the mid-sized NZ city context, in order to explore and understand the causal features, conditions, factors and elements that currently appear to be inhibiting local integrated sustainable development success. Through this exploration, this research also strives to identify a ‘wise city governing’ model that may assist in bridging the apparent phenomenon of the sustainability aspiration-action divide. Within the background to this exploration, the study additionally considers whether the Local Government Act 2002 ‘better local government’ 2012 reforms may work to resolve this deeper problématique of local governing in NZ. 
This research, seated within a whole systems/social constructionist frame, utilises a broad literature review, the five city survey (offering an institutional capital perspective) and a more detailed case study of one selected city (offering a social capital perspective) to explore this context and phenomenon. From the initial literature sweep, it was found that previous research on NZ local government has tended toward seeking out the political, peak body and senior public administrative viewpoints, or been representative of the larger NZ city voices, while the every-day perspectives of mid-sized Cities and their Authorities have been under-researched to date. 
The survey findings evidenced that the aspiration-action divide exists across the five surveyed cities, while the presence of serious systemic weaknesses within the case study Authority are also revealed. From a whole system viewpoint, the results of this study find that the current NZ corporatised mid-sized city Authority model is hamstrung in its capacity to wisely transform its governing system. The Authority system therefore remains blind to realising the urgency presented by the critical natural and human ecological cues. Additionally, it continues to be limited in its ability to authentically engage with its full community in order to co-create flexible, innovative and adaptive solutions to meet the real city demands. 
The consequence of perpetuating a tokenistic but essentially unsustainable state, where the fiscal sphere persists in dominating decision-making, is an amplified risk of continuity interruption, failure or ultimate collapse. 
The full study results, support the research histories of Stoker’s local governing review and through the comparative literature of Naschold, Norton, Scott et al. and others, finds that the NZ transformational model is at least 20 years behind its international counterparts. Furthermore, the differences between the approaches of the overseas ecological and New Zealand’s corporatised modernisation models are accentuated. Additionally, this research bears out the concerns expressed in the Jacobs/Taylor discourse around the dangers of hybrid government manipulations, and this was found to be even more critical when a low civil engagement within a corporatise-government hybrid is present. This understanding links with Evans et al. 2006 DISCUS study, whereby an equally high institutional and social capital capacity was evidenced as being a prerequisite for attaining a greater level of localised sustainable development success – as originally expressed within Agenda 21 and Local Agenda 21. 
Overall it is unlikely that the current ‘better local government’ legislative changes will produce the contextual shift up the ‘wise local govern-ing’ ladder, bridging the sustainability aspiration-action divide in order to deliver ‘better’ short and long term sustainable development value.

year: 2013

title: In-kernel passive measurement of the performance impact of hidden terminals in 802.11 wireless networks

authors: Raynel, Scott McKenzie

subjects: computer science

abstract: The negative performance impact of the presence of hidden terminals in wireless networks has been well know for decades. Despite much research in the area, many deployed networks continue to suffer a performance penalty because of hidden terminals. Ad hoc wireless networks are particularly susceptible to hidden terminal collisions because there are fewer opportunities to plan the network in a way that avoids or reduces the number of hidden terminals. Measuring the presence of hidden terminals and the impact they are having on performance is difficult, especially in a network of many nodes. Without such measurements, the users and operators of wireless networks can not tell if performance problems are caused by hidden terminals or some other problem. We introduce new methodology that can detect the presence of hidden terminals and estimate the performance impact they are causing. The methodology requires no additional hardware and is suitable for wide scale deployment and long term operation. The approach is based on in-kernel instrumentation of the wireless network stack. The design, implementation, and testing of the approach are covered. Results from in-lab testing and the measurement of a live commercial 802.11 network are also presented, including a case study where performance was significantly improved.

text: In-kernel passive measurement of the performance impact of hidden terminals in 802.11 wireless networks The negative performance impact of the presence of hidden terminals in wireless networks has been well know for decades. Despite much research in the area, many deployed networks continue to suffer a performance penalty because of hidden terminals. Ad hoc wireless networks are particularly susceptible to hidden terminal collisions because there are fewer opportunities to plan the network in a way that avoids or reduces the number of hidden terminals. Measuring the presence of hidden terminals and the impact they are having on performance is difficult, especially in a network of many nodes. Without such measurements, the users and operators of wireless networks can not tell if performance problems are caused by hidden terminals or some other problem. We introduce new methodology that can detect the presence of hidden terminals and estimate the performance impact they are causing. The methodology requires no additional hardware and is suitable for wide scale deployment and long term operation. The approach is based on in-kernel instrumentation of the wireless network stack. The design, implementation, and testing of the approach are covered. Results from in-lab testing and the measurement of a live commercial 802.11 network are also presented, including a case study where performance was significantly improved.

year: 2011

title: Te Whare o Te Kahikatoa: He Kura nui, he Kura roa, he Kura Parawhakawai

authors: Rangihau, Ngatai

subjects: Kahikatoa

abstract: “Te Whare o te Kahikatoa,
Te Iho o te Maire,
Te Pōkaitāniwhaniwha o te Kohu”
(TKPOT, 2010-2016).¹

Ka hoki nei kia Te Maunga rāua ko Hinepukohurangi, ki te taetanga mai hoki o Mataatua waka², ko ngā kura o tawhito, kura wānanga, kura parawhakawai o te iwi o Tūhoe ngā tino whare whakapakari pōkaitāniwhaniwha mō roto i te whare o te kahikatoa. Īnā te rahi o ngā toataumatarau i puta ngā ihu, ka tū rātau hai toa rangatira ārahi i te iwi. Ki te kore ēneki kura o te nehenehe kāre he oranga, kāre e eke te iwi ngā whakairinga tūmanako e wawatatia ana e rātau.
 
Waihoki, ko te kaupapa e rangahau ana i tēnei tuhinga he whakapono, he whakapae, kai konei tonu tēnei hua o te wānanga. He kura hai whakapakari rangatira mō āpōpō. Ahakoa tēnei ao hurihuri koinei tonu tētahi huarahi nā te Māori, nā Tūhoe hai whakaohooho mā ngā uri whakaheke, e mau pū ai a Ngāi Tūhoe ki ōna kura tapu o nehe.

text: Te Whare o Te Kahikatoa: He Kura nui, he Kura roa, he Kura Parawhakawai “Te Whare o te Kahikatoa,
Te Iho o te Maire,
Te Pōkaitāniwhaniwha o te Kohu”
(TKPOT, 2010-2016).¹

Ka hoki nei kia Te Maunga rāua ko Hinepukohurangi, ki te taetanga mai hoki o Mataatua waka², ko ngā kura o tawhito, kura wānanga, kura parawhakawai o te iwi o Tūhoe ngā tino whare whakapakari pōkaitāniwhaniwha mō roto i te whare o te kahikatoa. Īnā te rahi o ngā toataumatarau i puta ngā ihu, ka tū rātau hai toa rangatira ārahi i te iwi. Ki te kore ēneki kura o te nehenehe kāre he oranga, kāre e eke te iwi ngā whakairinga tūmanako e wawatatia ana e rātau.
 
Waihoki, ko te kaupapa e rangahau ana i tēnei tuhinga he whakapono, he whakapae, kai konei tonu tēnei hua o te wānanga. He kura hai whakapakari rangatira mō āpōpō. Ahakoa tēnei ao hurihuri koinei tonu tētahi huarahi nā te Māori, nā Tūhoe hai whakaohooho mā ngā uri whakaheke, e mau pū ai a Ngāi Tūhoe ki ōna kura tapu o nehe.

year: 2017