title: Using groundwater for hydro electric power generation

authors: Bardsley, W. Earl

subjects: groundwater

abstract: Controlled groundwater abstraction could be used to offset the effects of drought by augmenting river discharge for power generation during times of low natural flows, such as occurred in New Zealand during the winter of 1992. Augmenting river discharge with groundwater reduces the impact of a drought by spreading its effect over the recovery time of the aquifer. Groundwater could be introduced as an operational component for hydro generation in various ways. Fast-recovery aquifers might be operated as part of a normal daily hydro electric water storage and release. Existing hydro lakes might have their storage capacity increased by extending horizontal bores into the country from the lake shorelines, or by diverting any lake spillage onto artificial recharge zones. Water from deep pumped bores in vertical transmissive fault or shatter zones could augment mountain rivers for power generation. Flows might be augmented in low-relief regions by extensive fields of standard pumped bores. New kinds of hydro scheme that would allow power generation from sites where ecological or physical constraints prevent the usual forms of hydro development may be feasible. New Zealand localities for possible operational use of groundwater include the Mackenzie Basin and associated headwaters, the Volcanic Plateau, the Taupo region, and Westland. Small stand-alone groundwater power schemes may be possible in Campbell Island, the Chatham Islands, Great Barrier Island and Stewart Island.

text: Using groundwater for hydro electric power generation Controlled groundwater abstraction could be used to offset the effects of drought by augmenting river discharge for power generation during times of low natural flows, such as occurred in New Zealand during the winter of 1992. Augmenting river discharge with groundwater reduces the impact of a drought by spreading its effect over the recovery time of the aquifer. Groundwater could be introduced as an operational component for hydro generation in various ways. Fast-recovery aquifers might be operated as part of a normal daily hydro electric water storage and release. Existing hydro lakes might have their storage capacity increased by extending horizontal bores into the country from the lake shorelines, or by diverting any lake spillage onto artificial recharge zones. Water from deep pumped bores in vertical transmissive fault or shatter zones could augment mountain rivers for power generation. Flows might be augmented in low-relief regions by extensive fields of standard pumped bores. New kinds of hydro scheme that would allow power generation from sites where ecological or physical constraints prevent the usual forms of hydro development may be feasible. New Zealand localities for possible operational use of groundwater include the Mackenzie Basin and associated headwaters, the Volcanic Plateau, the Taupo region, and Westland. Small stand-alone groundwater power schemes may be possible in Campbell Island, the Chatham Islands, Great Barrier Island and Stewart Island.

year: 1995

title: Evaluating fluctuating asymmetry in a stream-dwelling insect as an indicator of low-level thermal stress: a large-scale field experiment

authors: Hogg, Ian D.

subjects: allozymes

abstract: 1.	We examined fluctuating asymmetry (FA) among individuals of the stream-dwelling stonefly Nemoura trispinosa (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) to determine whether individuals exposed to an increase of 2–3•5 °C in water temperature would show greater FA than reference (control) individuals.
2.	Mature nymphs were collected from two adjacent channels (one experimental, one control) in a longitudinally divided stream both before and during a 2-year temperature manipulation. No consistent differences were found between the experimental and control channels for any measure of FA.
3.	Four additional reference sites were studied to estimate ‘natural’ variation in FA, and to assess any relationship between FA and population genetic structure (e.g. heterozygosity). Variation in FA among these sites was greater than that resulting from the manipulation. Allozyme analysis indicated low to moderate levels of genetic differentiation among sites (Wright’s FST mean = 0•06, maximum = 0•13) and there were negative correlations between FA and heterozygosity (Hexp).
4.	We surveyed experimental studies published since 1996 to evaluate the generality of our results. Of 44 comparisons examining an association between an experimental stress and FA, 19 (43•2%) failed to detect any relationship. This pattern did not depend on the taxonomic group or the number or type of traits, although some stressors appeared to be more likely to produce an increase in FA than others.
5.	We conclude that FA may be unreliable for detecting subtle biological changes resulting from small temperature shifts, and concur with others that the technique should be viewed with extreme caution as a monitoring tool.

text: Evaluating fluctuating asymmetry in a stream-dwelling insect as an indicator of low-level thermal stress: a large-scale field experiment 1.	We examined fluctuating asymmetry (FA) among individuals of the stream-dwelling stonefly Nemoura trispinosa (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) to determine whether individuals exposed to an increase of 2–3•5 °C in water temperature would show greater FA than reference (control) individuals.
2.	Mature nymphs were collected from two adjacent channels (one experimental, one control) in a longitudinally divided stream both before and during a 2-year temperature manipulation. No consistent differences were found between the experimental and control channels for any measure of FA.
3.	Four additional reference sites were studied to estimate ‘natural’ variation in FA, and to assess any relationship between FA and population genetic structure (e.g. heterozygosity). Variation in FA among these sites was greater than that resulting from the manipulation. Allozyme analysis indicated low to moderate levels of genetic differentiation among sites (Wright’s FST mean = 0•06, maximum = 0•13) and there were negative correlations between FA and heterozygosity (Hexp).
4.	We surveyed experimental studies published since 1996 to evaluate the generality of our results. Of 44 comparisons examining an association between an experimental stress and FA, 19 (43•2%) failed to detect any relationship. This pattern did not depend on the taxonomic group or the number or type of traits, although some stressors appeared to be more likely to produce an increase in FA than others.
5.	We conclude that FA may be unreliable for detecting subtle biological changes resulting from small temperature shifts, and concur with others that the technique should be viewed with extreme caution as a monitoring tool.

year: 2001

title: An indigenous psychologies teaching and research hub : Enabling our resources, strengths and histories

authors: Nikora, Linda Waimarie

abstract: This paper was presented as part of an informal indigenous psychologies dialogue session at the Australian Psychological Society's annual conference. In this paper, we present the concept of an indigenous psychologies teaching and research hub that reduces distance, helps students remain in community, uses resources efficiency, and has the capacity to bring indigenous psychologist and academics into closer communication.

text: An indigenous psychologies teaching and research hub : Enabling our resources, strengths and histories This paper was presented as part of an informal indigenous psychologies dialogue session at the Australian Psychological Society's annual conference. In this paper, we present the concept of an indigenous psychologies teaching and research hub that reduces distance, helps students remain in community, uses resources efficiency, and has the capacity to bring indigenous psychologist and academics into closer communication.

year: 2014