title: An unusual growth form of Cladonia furcata: The trampling-resistant primary thallus colonizing a paved pathway

authors: Lange, Otto L.

abstract: Lichens are well known to be susceptible to damage by trampling. Fruticose species, with their
highly branched structure, are particularly sensitive and Bayfield et al. (1981)
described substantial damage to Cladonia uncialis, C. arbuscula, C. rangiferina,
and C. impexa on paths in lichen-rich heath communities in north-east
Scotland. Less visible communities, biotic soil crusts in arid and semi-arid
areas with their cover of crustose lichens, are also easily disturbed by walking,
car driving, or grazing and recovery can take decades.
We report here an interesting situation where a lichen (Cladonia furcata) is apparently being
maintained and even spread in a habitat because trampling prevents it from
completing its monocarpic life cycle.

text: An unusual growth form of Cladonia furcata: The trampling-resistant primary thallus colonizing a paved pathway Lichens are well known to be susceptible to damage by trampling. Fruticose species, with their
highly branched structure, are particularly sensitive and Bayfield et al. (1981)
described substantial damage to Cladonia uncialis, C. arbuscula, C. rangiferina,
and C. impexa on paths in lichen-rich heath communities in north-east
Scotland. Less visible communities, biotic soil crusts in arid and semi-arid
areas with their cover of crustose lichens, are also easily disturbed by walking,
car driving, or grazing and recovery can take decades.
We report here an interesting situation where a lichen (Cladonia furcata) is apparently being
maintained and even spread in a habitat because trampling prevents it from
completing its monocarpic life cycle.

year: 1998

title: "Not right in the head": How should teachers assess new talk about teenagers?

authors: Payne, Monica A.

subjects: adolescent discourse

abstract: Recently in New Zealand the Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor has warned of changing circumstances creating a "powder keg" during adolescence, another top government advisor is reported as claiming young people's behaviour problems are the country's "biggest social issue", and the catchphrase of a parenting series on national television has been that teenagers are best understood as "not right in the head". Perhaps it is unsurprising that surveys have been reporting high levels of teacher stress and increasing levels of abuse and assault. Should secondary teaching therefore be considered a dubious career choice and a mass exodus from the profession anticipated? With regard to the implications for those whose lives continue to meet and mix in schools, this paper critically examines some of the local and overseas "expert talk" inspired by key features of scientific assertions regarding the changing nature of physical and cognitive development in adolescence.

text: "Not right in the head": How should teachers assess new talk about teenagers? Recently in New Zealand the Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor has warned of changing circumstances creating a "powder keg" during adolescence, another top government advisor is reported as claiming young people's behaviour problems are the country's "biggest social issue", and the catchphrase of a parenting series on national television has been that teenagers are best understood as "not right in the head". Perhaps it is unsurprising that surveys have been reporting high levels of teacher stress and increasing levels of abuse and assault. Should secondary teaching therefore be considered a dubious career choice and a mass exodus from the profession anticipated? With regard to the implications for those whose lives continue to meet and mix in schools, this paper critically examines some of the local and overseas "expert talk" inspired by key features of scientific assertions regarding the changing nature of physical and cognitive development in adolescence.

year: 2011

title: Boat electrofishing salvage of fish in the Lower Mangamahoe Dam reservoir

authors: Hicks, Brendan J.

abstract: The aim of the survey was to salvage fish from the Lower Mangamahoe Dam reservoir before dewatering and dam removal. We used the University of Waikato’s 4.5 m-long, aluminium-hulled electrofishing boat to catch a total of 140 fish weighing an estimated 37.0 kg along 8 fishing tracks sites on 24 February 2022. These tracks comprised 2,807 lineal m and 11,228 m2 in area. Shortfin eels (Anguilla australis) and common bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) were the only fish species present. Mean density of eels caught was 2.9 fish 100 m–2 and mean biomass was 7.84 g m–2. The eels and bullies were transferred to sites downstream in the Waiwhakaiho River by iwi members of the two hapū - Ngāti Te Whiti and Ngāti Tawhirikura. Water clarity, expressed as black disc distance (BDD, 1.05 m), was good for a shallow lake, and water temperature and water conductivity were close to optimum for electrofishing. Poor water clarity can reduce the efficiency of electrofishing, so we left time after fishing each track for the sediment suspended by the propellor wash to sink before refishing a track.

text: Boat electrofishing salvage of fish in the Lower Mangamahoe Dam reservoir The aim of the survey was to salvage fish from the Lower Mangamahoe Dam reservoir before dewatering and dam removal. We used the University of Waikato’s 4.5 m-long, aluminium-hulled electrofishing boat to catch a total of 140 fish weighing an estimated 37.0 kg along 8 fishing tracks sites on 24 February 2022. These tracks comprised 2,807 lineal m and 11,228 m2 in area. Shortfin eels (Anguilla australis) and common bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) were the only fish species present. Mean density of eels caught was 2.9 fish 100 m–2 and mean biomass was 7.84 g m–2. The eels and bullies were transferred to sites downstream in the Waiwhakaiho River by iwi members of the two hapū - Ngāti Te Whiti and Ngāti Tawhirikura. Water clarity, expressed as black disc distance (BDD, 1.05 m), was good for a shallow lake, and water temperature and water conductivity were close to optimum for electrofishing. Poor water clarity can reduce the efficiency of electrofishing, so we left time after fishing each track for the sediment suspended by the propellor wash to sink before refishing a track.

year: 2022