title: Evidence for individual variation and the role of personality in the assessment strategies of Teleogryllus commodus contests

authors: Mills, Lara

subjects: Teleogryllus commodus

abstract: Evolutionary game theory and assessment strategy models have been used to try to understand animal decision making processes during male-male contests. However, this has often led to mixed or inconclusive results. This may be due to various factors including that current analysis frameworks are unable to detect individual variation in assessment strategy use, that personality may affect assessment strategy use via underlying mechanisms/ behavioural syndromes, or that animals are able to switch assessment strategies as contests escalate. However, these possible explanations for individual and population variation in contest dynamics have yet to be extensively explored. In this thesis I firstly assessed whether Australian black field crickets (Teleogryllus commodus) display consistent inter-individual variation (personality) in four different contexts. I then assessed whether these four behaviours are linked, forming a behavioural syndrome. The four behaviours measured were general activity, boldness in a novel environment, boldness after a predation-risk event and aggression towards a conspecific. Inter-individual variation was repeatable for general activity, boldness in a novel environment and aggressiveness, but not for boldness after a predation risk. Therefore, there was evidence for personality in T. commodus. However, none of the behaviours were correlated across contexts, indicating that there is no behavioural syndrome linking these four particular behaviours. Next, I assessed which assessment strategy Australian black field crickets (Teleogryllus commodus) use during male-male conflict, and whether there is any individual variation in the use of assessment strategy within the population. I then assessed whether T. commodus switch assessment strategies during contests by analysing each phase of the contest individually. Finally, I assessed whether boldness affects the assessment strategy employed by individuals during conflict. To assess the assessment strategy used by T. commodus I used novel methodology proposed by Chapin et al., (2019), and compared the results to those when using the more traditional methodology proposed by Taylor and Elwood (2003). The results from the Taylor and Elwood (2003) analysis were inconclusive. However, the Chapin et al., (2019) analysis clearly showed that T. commodus uses a mix of assessment strategies, that there is individual variation in assessment strategy use in my population of T. commodus and that switching of assessment strategy is possibly occurring between phases of the contest. Boldness also did not appear to have an effect on the assessment strategy used in this population. As the first study to empirically apply the Chapin et al., (2019) methodology, my results demonstrate how the methodology can be applied to real animals and the improvements this could provide to the field. I believe this thesis demonstrates how important it may be to assess for individual variation in assessment strategy use, switching of assessment strategies between phases of conflict and the effect of personality on individual assessment strategy use, particularly in species that have previously had inconclusive results.

text: Evidence for individual variation and the role of personality in the assessment strategies of Teleogryllus commodus contests Evolutionary game theory and assessment strategy models have been used to try to understand animal decision making processes during male-male contests. However, this has often led to mixed or inconclusive results. This may be due to various factors including that current analysis frameworks are unable to detect individual variation in assessment strategy use, that personality may affect assessment strategy use via underlying mechanisms/ behavioural syndromes, or that animals are able to switch assessment strategies as contests escalate. However, these possible explanations for individual and population variation in contest dynamics have yet to be extensively explored. In this thesis I firstly assessed whether Australian black field crickets (Teleogryllus commodus) display consistent inter-individual variation (personality) in four different contexts. I then assessed whether these four behaviours are linked, forming a behavioural syndrome. The four behaviours measured were general activity, boldness in a novel environment, boldness after a predation-risk event and aggression towards a conspecific. Inter-individual variation was repeatable for general activity, boldness in a novel environment and aggressiveness, but not for boldness after a predation risk. Therefore, there was evidence for personality in T. commodus. However, none of the behaviours were correlated across contexts, indicating that there is no behavioural syndrome linking these four particular behaviours. Next, I assessed which assessment strategy Australian black field crickets (Teleogryllus commodus) use during male-male conflict, and whether there is any individual variation in the use of assessment strategy within the population. I then assessed whether T. commodus switch assessment strategies during contests by analysing each phase of the contest individually. Finally, I assessed whether boldness affects the assessment strategy employed by individuals during conflict. To assess the assessment strategy used by T. commodus I used novel methodology proposed by Chapin et al., (2019), and compared the results to those when using the more traditional methodology proposed by Taylor and Elwood (2003). The results from the Taylor and Elwood (2003) analysis were inconclusive. However, the Chapin et al., (2019) analysis clearly showed that T. commodus uses a mix of assessment strategies, that there is individual variation in assessment strategy use in my population of T. commodus and that switching of assessment strategy is possibly occurring between phases of the contest. Boldness also did not appear to have an effect on the assessment strategy used in this population. As the first study to empirically apply the Chapin et al., (2019) methodology, my results demonstrate how the methodology can be applied to real animals and the improvements this could provide to the field. I believe this thesis demonstrates how important it may be to assess for individual variation in assessment strategy use, switching of assessment strategies between phases of conflict and the effect of personality on individual assessment strategy use, particularly in species that have previously had inconclusive results.

year: 2022

title: Dietary intakes differ by body composition goals: An observational study of professional rugby union players in New Zealand

authors: Black, Katherine E.

abstract: Preseason in rugby union is a period of intensive training where players undergo conditioning to prepare for the competitive season. In some cases, this includes modifying body composition through weight gain or fat loss. This study aimed to describe the macronutrient intakes of professional rugby union players during pre-season training. It was hypothesized that players required to gain weight would have a higher energy, carbohydrate and protein intake compared to those needing to lose weight. Twenty-three professional rugby players completed 3 days of dietary assessment and their sum of eight skinfolds were assessed. Players were divided into three groups by the team coaches and medical staff: weight gain, weight maintain and weight loss. Mean energy intakes were 3,875 ± 907 kcal·d⁻¹ (15,965 ± 3,737 kJ·d⁻¹) (weight gain 4,532 ± 804 kcal·d⁻¹; weight maintain 3,825 ± 803 kcal·d⁻¹; weight loss 3,066 ± 407 kcal·d⁻¹) and carbohydrate intakes were 3.7 ± 1.2 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ (weight gain 4.8 ± 0.9 g.kg⁻¹·d⁻¹; weight maintain 2.8 ± 0.7 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹; weight loss 2. 6 ± 0.7 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹). The energy and carbohydrate intakes are similar to published intakes among rugby union players. There were significant differences in energy intake and the percent of energy from protein between the weight gain and the weight loss group.

text: Dietary intakes differ by body composition goals: An observational study of professional rugby union players in New Zealand Preseason in rugby union is a period of intensive training where players undergo conditioning to prepare for the competitive season. In some cases, this includes modifying body composition through weight gain or fat loss. This study aimed to describe the macronutrient intakes of professional rugby union players during pre-season training. It was hypothesized that players required to gain weight would have a higher energy, carbohydrate and protein intake compared to those needing to lose weight. Twenty-three professional rugby players completed 3 days of dietary assessment and their sum of eight skinfolds were assessed. Players were divided into three groups by the team coaches and medical staff: weight gain, weight maintain and weight loss. Mean energy intakes were 3,875 ± 907 kcal·d⁻¹ (15,965 ± 3,737 kJ·d⁻¹) (weight gain 4,532 ± 804 kcal·d⁻¹; weight maintain 3,825 ± 803 kcal·d⁻¹; weight loss 3,066 ± 407 kcal·d⁻¹) and carbohydrate intakes were 3.7 ± 1.2 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ (weight gain 4.8 ± 0.9 g.kg⁻¹·d⁻¹; weight maintain 2.8 ± 0.7 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹; weight loss 2. 6 ± 0.7 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹). The energy and carbohydrate intakes are similar to published intakes among rugby union players. There were significant differences in energy intake and the percent of energy from protein between the weight gain and the weight loss group.

year: 2019

title: Biological flora of New Zealand 11. Eleochairs spacelata, kuta, paopao, bamboo spike sedge.

authors: Kapa, Mieke M

subjects: cultural

abstract: Information relevant to the ecology and morphology of Eleocharis sphacelata (Cyperaceae) available through published and unpublished sources is assembled and reviewed. Eleocharis sphacelata is a freshwater wetland sedge found growing at the edge of lake margins, swamps, lagoons, and bogs within New Zealand, Australia, and Papua New Guinea. It is a perennial rhizomatous herb, with tall green cylindrical culms rising from submerged rhizomes generally buried under water in aerobic soils. A tendency to dominate the deepwater margins makes E. sphacelata crucial to the ecology of this habitat as a source of food, shelter, and protection for invertebrates, birds, and fish. Eleocharis sphacelata is commonly named giant spike-rush, kuta, or paopao. Māori have traditionally used the plant for clothing and warm coverings within whare (houses). Recent interest comes from its use in restoration plantings and constructed wetlands.

text: Biological flora of New Zealand 11. Eleochairs spacelata, kuta, paopao, bamboo spike sedge. Information relevant to the ecology and morphology of Eleocharis sphacelata (Cyperaceae) available through published and unpublished sources is assembled and reviewed. Eleocharis sphacelata is a freshwater wetland sedge found growing at the edge of lake margins, swamps, lagoons, and bogs within New Zealand, Australia, and Papua New Guinea. It is a perennial rhizomatous herb, with tall green cylindrical culms rising from submerged rhizomes generally buried under water in aerobic soils. A tendency to dominate the deepwater margins makes E. sphacelata crucial to the ecology of this habitat as a source of food, shelter, and protection for invertebrates, birds, and fish. Eleocharis sphacelata is commonly named giant spike-rush, kuta, or paopao. Māori have traditionally used the plant for clothing and warm coverings within whare (houses). Recent interest comes from its use in restoration plantings and constructed wetlands.

year: 2009