title: Key fuel poverty indicators and variables: A systematic literature review

authors: Brabo-Catala, Luiza

subjects: fuel poverty

abstract: Fuel poverty is a condition associated with the inability to afford sufficient energy services in a home, especially heating. There is no single standardised process for defining or measuring fuel poverty. Each different method used in research or policy presents biases, resulting in different numbers of affected households with implications for interventions. This systematic literature review aims to summarise the patterns and trends in the indicators and variables of fuel poverty found in relevant publications, as well as the prevalence of associated issues. This study analysed the strengths and weaknesses of the key indicators and variables, showing their biases and opportunities for improvement. The eighty-four publications analysed were selected according to the most relevant results found on Google Scholar searching for definitions and indicators of fuel poverty/energy poverty/energy hardship. The prevalence of relevant themes was identified using NVivo. Understanding the background and the strengths and weaknesses of common indicators and variables of fuel poverty can help develop efficient and effective policies and interventions.

text: Key fuel poverty indicators and variables: A systematic literature review Fuel poverty is a condition associated with the inability to afford sufficient energy services in a home, especially heating. There is no single standardised process for defining or measuring fuel poverty. Each different method used in research or policy presents biases, resulting in different numbers of affected households with implications for interventions. This systematic literature review aims to summarise the patterns and trends in the indicators and variables of fuel poverty found in relevant publications, as well as the prevalence of associated issues. This study analysed the strengths and weaknesses of the key indicators and variables, showing their biases and opportunities for improvement. The eighty-four publications analysed were selected according to the most relevant results found on Google Scholar searching for definitions and indicators of fuel poverty/energy poverty/energy hardship. The prevalence of relevant themes was identified using NVivo. Understanding the background and the strengths and weaknesses of common indicators and variables of fuel poverty can help develop efficient and effective policies and interventions.

year: 2024

title: The ecology of bivalves on Centre Bank, Tauranga Harbour

authors: Hull, Penelope Jane

subjects: Tauranga Harbour

abstract: An investigation into the ecology of bivalve molluscs on Centre Bank, the flood tidal delta of Tauranga Harbour was undertaken over the period December 1994 - March 1996. The primary purpose of which was to gather quantitative data on bivalve diversity, spatial patterns of distribution, abundance, and population size structure of bivalves present on Centre Bank. Experiments were conducted to assess the burrowing behaviour of the bivalve Paphies australis. It was intended that information obtained be such that it could be used as a base for future investigations into changes in the ecology of Centre Bank.
Two broad scale benthic surveys of 27 sites on Centre Bank, conducted 6 months apart resulted in a total of 31 bivalve taxa being identified. Temporal and spatial variation in abundance was prominent for all species. Three species Paphies australis, Tawera spissa and Ruditapes largillierti occurred in far greater abundances than any others. Distribution of bivalves in both surveys was patchy with some species showing strong associations with particular sites.
Small scale abundance patterns of P. australis was examined in detail by systematic sampling of a 50 m x 15 m grid. The grid was monitored at 2- monthly intervals from March 1995 to November 1995. Abundances at sites in the northern half of the grid were found to be very dense (up to 1400 m², mean shell length=55-65 mm), while densities at the southern end were noticeably lower. Through time densities across the grid appeared to decrease evenly in a constant north-west direction. The smothering effect of mobile sand ridges was speculated to be the cause of these density decreases.
Experiments examining the burrowing behaviour of the infaunal bivalve Paphies australis were conducted both in the field and in the laboratory. The ability of P. australis to bury into the sediment if left exposed on the sediment surface was examined in the field. It appeared that P. australis were able to bury relatively quickly with the majority of experimental animals reburying within 40 minutes. Laboratory experiments showed P. australis to be capable of burrowing to the sediment surface after being inundated with sediment to a depth of 10 cm.

text: The ecology of bivalves on Centre Bank, Tauranga Harbour An investigation into the ecology of bivalve molluscs on Centre Bank, the flood tidal delta of Tauranga Harbour was undertaken over the period December 1994 - March 1996. The primary purpose of which was to gather quantitative data on bivalve diversity, spatial patterns of distribution, abundance, and population size structure of bivalves present on Centre Bank. Experiments were conducted to assess the burrowing behaviour of the bivalve Paphies australis. It was intended that information obtained be such that it could be used as a base for future investigations into changes in the ecology of Centre Bank.
Two broad scale benthic surveys of 27 sites on Centre Bank, conducted 6 months apart resulted in a total of 31 bivalve taxa being identified. Temporal and spatial variation in abundance was prominent for all species. Three species Paphies australis, Tawera spissa and Ruditapes largillierti occurred in far greater abundances than any others. Distribution of bivalves in both surveys was patchy with some species showing strong associations with particular sites.
Small scale abundance patterns of P. australis was examined in detail by systematic sampling of a 50 m x 15 m grid. The grid was monitored at 2- monthly intervals from March 1995 to November 1995. Abundances at sites in the northern half of the grid were found to be very dense (up to 1400 m², mean shell length=55-65 mm), while densities at the southern end were noticeably lower. Through time densities across the grid appeared to decrease evenly in a constant north-west direction. The smothering effect of mobile sand ridges was speculated to be the cause of these density decreases.
Experiments examining the burrowing behaviour of the infaunal bivalve Paphies australis were conducted both in the field and in the laboratory. The ability of P. australis to bury into the sediment if left exposed on the sediment surface was examined in the field. It appeared that P. australis were able to bury relatively quickly with the majority of experimental animals reburying within 40 minutes. Laboratory experiments showed P. australis to be capable of burrowing to the sediment surface after being inundated with sediment to a depth of 10 cm.

year: 1996

title: "He taketake, he hurumanu te moana i rōhia ai": Mā te Māori ngā toronga o te motu ki whenua kē e taurima?

authors: Dewes, Kaneihana

subjects: Iwi taketake

abstract: Kai te tino ia o te tuhinga rangahau nei, he whakatōmene i te āhua kaiārahi o te Māori i ngā tūāhua hono ki ahurea kē. Mā konei e whakatau ai, e whakatūwherahia rānei ngā āhuatanga e mea ana mā te Māori ngā toronga o te motu ki whenua kē e taurima. He momo tēnei nā te Māori, i takea mai i ngā mahi pokai moana, me ngā waka i whakaterea i ngā rohenga moana o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ā, puta noa. Waihoki, he taonga tonu wā tātau kai ngā tauira o ngā tūhononga ahurea o ngā iwi taketake o te ao; he taonga anō kai waenganui i a tātau ngā whenua maha i pakanga ki rāwāhi, he tohu nui nā te ‘price of citizenship’. He momo nā te Māori te tātaki i ngā mahi whakarauora reo, waihoki, he rite tonu te noho tahi ki whenua kē i roto i te kōingo ki te whakatipu i te reo o te whenua. Mā konei, ka marohi ai te hiranga o Te Reo Māori me ngā Tikanga Māori, tēnei hiranga e tohu ana i te hua o ngā hononga ahurea ki ngā iwi taketake huri noa, kia whai hua mō Niu Tireni i ngā toronga ki whenua kē.

text: "He taketake, he hurumanu te moana i rōhia ai": Mā te Māori ngā toronga o te motu ki whenua kē e taurima? Kai te tino ia o te tuhinga rangahau nei, he whakatōmene i te āhua kaiārahi o te Māori i ngā tūāhua hono ki ahurea kē. Mā konei e whakatau ai, e whakatūwherahia rānei ngā āhuatanga e mea ana mā te Māori ngā toronga o te motu ki whenua kē e taurima. He momo tēnei nā te Māori, i takea mai i ngā mahi pokai moana, me ngā waka i whakaterea i ngā rohenga moana o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ā, puta noa. Waihoki, he taonga tonu wā tātau kai ngā tauira o ngā tūhononga ahurea o ngā iwi taketake o te ao; he taonga anō kai waenganui i a tātau ngā whenua maha i pakanga ki rāwāhi, he tohu nui nā te ‘price of citizenship’. He momo nā te Māori te tātaki i ngā mahi whakarauora reo, waihoki, he rite tonu te noho tahi ki whenua kē i roto i te kōingo ki te whakatipu i te reo o te whenua. Mā konei, ka marohi ai te hiranga o Te Reo Māori me ngā Tikanga Māori, tēnei hiranga e tohu ana i te hua o ngā hononga ahurea ki ngā iwi taketake huri noa, kia whai hua mō Niu Tireni i ngā toronga ki whenua kē.

year: 2022