title: Cliometrics and time series econometrics: Some theory and applications

authors: Greasley, David

subjects: British Industrial Revolution

abstract: The paper discusses a range of modern time series methods that have become popular in the past 20 years and considers their usefulness for cliometrics research both in theory and via a range of applications. Issues such as, spurious regression, unit roots, cointegration, persistence, causality, structural time series methods, including time varying parameter models, are introduced as are the estimation and testing implications that they involve. Applications include a discussion of the timing and potential causes of the British Industrial Revolution, income ‘convergence’ and the long-run behaviour of English real wages 1264–1913. Finally some new and potentially useful developments are discussed including the mildly explosive processes; graphical modelling and long memory.

text: Cliometrics and time series econometrics: Some theory and applications The paper discusses a range of modern time series methods that have become popular in the past 20 years and considers their usefulness for cliometrics research both in theory and via a range of applications. Issues such as, spurious regression, unit roots, cointegration, persistence, causality, structural time series methods, including time varying parameter models, are introduced as are the estimation and testing implications that they involve. Applications include a discussion of the timing and potential causes of the British Industrial Revolution, income ‘convergence’ and the long-run behaviour of English real wages 1264–1913. Finally some new and potentially useful developments are discussed including the mildly explosive processes; graphical modelling and long memory.

year: 2010

title: Rendering koi carp and creating economic value by making pet food

authors: Wei, Jiaoying

subjects: rendering

abstract: Koi carp is an invasive species fish in New Zealand that severely destroys the aquatic environment in the waterways in the Waikato region. The aim of the project was to look for a method that could make use of captured koi carp. Wet rendering and autoclave rendering was examined for producing fish meal and oil under different processing conditions such as time, temperature and water content.
The water content of raw minced fish was around 69-77%, the solids content was between 23%-31%. Ash content was 6.2-7.4% of the dry solids and fat content between 13.7%-30%. Fish with a high fat content were females containing roe. The meal produced from wet rendering contained 22-28% solids, with 5-9% ash and 14-16% fat on a dry basis, while the stickwater contained 3% solids and 12-39% ash on a dry basis. Autoclave rendering produced a meal containing 26-30% solids, 3-5% ash and 30-31% fat on a dry basis and a stickwater containing 3.2% solids and 27-32% ash on a dry basis. Fat reduction in meal increased with rendering time for wet rendering up to 30% at 40 minutes rendering time, while only a 20% reduction in fat was achieved for autoclave rendering. Wet rendering was selected for producing meals.
Dry pet food and wet pet food was made by mixing rendered fish meal with chicken mince. The dry food was produced by baked while the wet food was produced by steaming. Taste testing showed that cats preferred wet pet food over the dry pet food. The dry pet food had a strong odour and poor palatability. Most cats in the taste testing hesitated to try or eat much of the dry food. It was hard for them to chew the nibbles. Less koi carp meal should be used to improve palatability. The majority of the wet pet food was consumed and it had a better odour.
A customer survey showed acceptance of koi carp for pet food was high. 92% of the participants felt they would buy or try later. People who have pets were more open-minded about using pet food made from koi carp.
An economic analysis showed that 165 tonnes of koi carp could be harvested per year from four Waikato lakes by Huntly, maintaining a biomass density of 140 kg/hectare, down from the current average density of around 200 kg/hectare. To reduce the density down to 100 kg/hectare, koi carp would need to be harvested at 205 tonnes per year for the first 12 years, reducing harvesting to 170 tonnes per after this. Wet pet food production is much more profitable than dry pet food production. The price of each 100 g can of wet pet food to break even should be around $1.7 which is comparable to supermarket prices. This is approximately 10 times the price of dry pet food on a per kg basis. The profit made at $2 per can at 165 tonnes of fish per year is $408K while at 205 tonnes of koi carp the profit is $526K. Dry pet food needs to be sold at just under $6 per kg to breakeven at 165 tonnes of koi carp per year. This decreases with increased harvesting to $5 per kg at 205 tonnes of koi carp per year. If the sales price of the dry pet food is $8/kg, the profit obtained processing 165 tonnes of fish per year is $52K, while at 205 tonnes per year, it is $83K. Dry pet food at the supermarket retails for $5 to $15 per kg.

text: Rendering koi carp and creating economic value by making pet food Koi carp is an invasive species fish in New Zealand that severely destroys the aquatic environment in the waterways in the Waikato region. The aim of the project was to look for a method that could make use of captured koi carp. Wet rendering and autoclave rendering was examined for producing fish meal and oil under different processing conditions such as time, temperature and water content.
The water content of raw minced fish was around 69-77%, the solids content was between 23%-31%. Ash content was 6.2-7.4% of the dry solids and fat content between 13.7%-30%. Fish with a high fat content were females containing roe. The meal produced from wet rendering contained 22-28% solids, with 5-9% ash and 14-16% fat on a dry basis, while the stickwater contained 3% solids and 12-39% ash on a dry basis. Autoclave rendering produced a meal containing 26-30% solids, 3-5% ash and 30-31% fat on a dry basis and a stickwater containing 3.2% solids and 27-32% ash on a dry basis. Fat reduction in meal increased with rendering time for wet rendering up to 30% at 40 minutes rendering time, while only a 20% reduction in fat was achieved for autoclave rendering. Wet rendering was selected for producing meals.
Dry pet food and wet pet food was made by mixing rendered fish meal with chicken mince. The dry food was produced by baked while the wet food was produced by steaming. Taste testing showed that cats preferred wet pet food over the dry pet food. The dry pet food had a strong odour and poor palatability. Most cats in the taste testing hesitated to try or eat much of the dry food. It was hard for them to chew the nibbles. Less koi carp meal should be used to improve palatability. The majority of the wet pet food was consumed and it had a better odour.
A customer survey showed acceptance of koi carp for pet food was high. 92% of the participants felt they would buy or try later. People who have pets were more open-minded about using pet food made from koi carp.
An economic analysis showed that 165 tonnes of koi carp could be harvested per year from four Waikato lakes by Huntly, maintaining a biomass density of 140 kg/hectare, down from the current average density of around 200 kg/hectare. To reduce the density down to 100 kg/hectare, koi carp would need to be harvested at 205 tonnes per year for the first 12 years, reducing harvesting to 170 tonnes per after this. Wet pet food production is much more profitable than dry pet food production. The price of each 100 g can of wet pet food to break even should be around $1.7 which is comparable to supermarket prices. This is approximately 10 times the price of dry pet food on a per kg basis. The profit made at $2 per can at 165 tonnes of fish per year is $408K while at 205 tonnes of koi carp the profit is $526K. Dry pet food needs to be sold at just under $6 per kg to breakeven at 165 tonnes of koi carp per year. This decreases with increased harvesting to $5 per kg at 205 tonnes of koi carp per year. If the sales price of the dry pet food is $8/kg, the profit obtained processing 165 tonnes of fish per year is $52K, while at 205 tonnes per year, it is $83K. Dry pet food at the supermarket retails for $5 to $15 per kg.

year: 2020

title: Kaupapa Māori research- Some Kaupapa Māori principles

authors: Smith, Linda Tuhiwai

abstract: This paper was first presented at a conference of Māori academic staff at Massey University in 1996. It predates the publication of Decolonising Methodologies in 1998. You will note that since this paper was first presented our understandings and experiences in using Kaupapa Māori have deepened and we have significant capacity in Kaupapa Māori research. In 1996 there were many topics we could not imagine in depth as we had not completed the work to realise the potential of Kaupapa Māori. Also, our thinking was tentative and we were searching for the pathways to research that made sense in Māori ways. In looking back on the paper I can see my own naïve explorations into ideas that I thought were important. I have resisted the urge to rewrite this paper entirely as I think it stands as a good historical moment of where we were and where we are now. It needs to be read in the context of the 1990s.

text: Kaupapa Māori research- Some Kaupapa Māori principles This paper was first presented at a conference of Māori academic staff at Massey University in 1996. It predates the publication of Decolonising Methodologies in 1998. You will note that since this paper was first presented our understandings and experiences in using Kaupapa Māori have deepened and we have significant capacity in Kaupapa Māori research. In 1996 there were many topics we could not imagine in depth as we had not completed the work to realise the potential of Kaupapa Māori. Also, our thinking was tentative and we were searching for the pathways to research that made sense in Māori ways. In looking back on the paper I can see my own naïve explorations into ideas that I thought were important. I have resisted the urge to rewrite this paper entirely as I think it stands as a good historical moment of where we were and where we are now. It needs to be read in the context of the 1990s.

year: 2015