title: Patent-collaboration: Licensing, patent pools, patents commons, open source and communities of innovation

authors: Kingsbury, Anna

abstract: Patent pools and other models of patent collaboration are a growing feature of the patent landscape internationally. Patent collaboration can be a means of overcoming patent thicket problems, avoiding costly patent infringement litigation, reducing transaction costs and promoting efficiency and innovation. Patent co-operation is also used, commonly as a result of some form of regulatory intervention, where there are urgent issues of strong public concern. Access to medicines and climate change are examples. However, patent collaboration can raise competition law issues.
This article reviews the models for collaboration internationally, considers specific examples and considers the application of competition law and possible competition law barriers to collaboration in the New Zealand context. It argues that patent collaboration can now be used as a possible approach to promoting innovation in appropriate industries in New Zealand.

text: Patent-collaboration: Licensing, patent pools, patents commons, open source and communities of innovation Patent pools and other models of patent collaboration are a growing feature of the patent landscape internationally. Patent collaboration can be a means of overcoming patent thicket problems, avoiding costly patent infringement litigation, reducing transaction costs and promoting efficiency and innovation. Patent co-operation is also used, commonly as a result of some form of regulatory intervention, where there are urgent issues of strong public concern. Access to medicines and climate change are examples. However, patent collaboration can raise competition law issues.
This article reviews the models for collaboration internationally, considers specific examples and considers the application of competition law and possible competition law barriers to collaboration in the New Zealand context. It argues that patent collaboration can now be used as a possible approach to promoting innovation in appropriate industries in New Zealand.

year: 2013

title: Investigation of extractable materials from biochar

authors: Yang, Wenjuan

subjects: Biochar

abstract: Biochar has been used to improve soil productivity and has been a subject of discussion since 1804. However, research and development of biochar for environmental purposes on a global scale are a recent development. Due to the increase of its uses and interest in biochar as soil amendment, there is a need to understand the intrinsic chemistry of biochar to understand how this might affect its action in the soil. 

In this work two principal topics were addressed: 
1)	Investigation of volatile organic compounds in biochar that has been derived from various biomasses and the effect of different temperatures of pyrolysis
2)	Identification of some chemical structures of biochar. 

GC-MS analysis identified 60 extractable organic compounds. With respect to pyrolysis temperature, GC-MS results of Green Waste chars and Sucrose chars shows that extractable organic compounds changed their proportions with differing pyrolysis temperatures.  MALDI-TOF and high resolution mass spectrometry results suggested that the characteristic ions for biochar  that appear in MALDI-TOF spectra with m/z values of 301,317, 413,429 and 453 are plasticizers whereas 685/ 701 are ions, [M+Na] ⁺/ [M+K] ⁺ respectively that are intrinsic to biochar.

text: Investigation of extractable materials from biochar Biochar has been used to improve soil productivity and has been a subject of discussion since 1804. However, research and development of biochar for environmental purposes on a global scale are a recent development. Due to the increase of its uses and interest in biochar as soil amendment, there is a need to understand the intrinsic chemistry of biochar to understand how this might affect its action in the soil. 

In this work two principal topics were addressed: 
1)	Investigation of volatile organic compounds in biochar that has been derived from various biomasses and the effect of different temperatures of pyrolysis
2)	Identification of some chemical structures of biochar. 

GC-MS analysis identified 60 extractable organic compounds. With respect to pyrolysis temperature, GC-MS results of Green Waste chars and Sucrose chars shows that extractable organic compounds changed their proportions with differing pyrolysis temperatures.  MALDI-TOF and high resolution mass spectrometry results suggested that the characteristic ions for biochar  that appear in MALDI-TOF spectra with m/z values of 301,317, 413,429 and 453 are plasticizers whereas 685/ 701 are ions, [M+Na] ⁺/ [M+K] ⁺ respectively that are intrinsic to biochar.

year: 2012

title: Hangarau me te Māori: Māori and technology

authors: Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory

subjects: Māori

abstract: A sign of a vibrant, healthy developing nation is the adaptation and uptake of new technologies. Māori have a long, but mostly unrecognised, history of ingenious innovation and adaption of new technologies. This chapter will reveal Māori ingenuity through discussion of historic examples and modern media usages by Māori, and the future implications these have for Māori.
Technology can be defined as tools, devices and machines that have been developed by the application of scientific knowledge. Māori technology, then, is Māori tools, devices and machines that have been developed by the application of Māori scientific knowledge. This chapter discusses some examples of innovative Māori technology and their adoption in both historic and modern times. It includes sections on historic Māori technology, Māori media innovation and Māori adoption of Internet technology. Two sections are further expanded on: Māori in social networking sites and te reo Māori in technology. The chapter concludes with the authors' thoughts on how the adoption of new technologies will shape tikanga Māori and te reo Māori into the future.

text: Hangarau me te Māori: Māori and technology A sign of a vibrant, healthy developing nation is the adaptation and uptake of new technologies. Māori have a long, but mostly unrecognised, history of ingenious innovation and adaption of new technologies. This chapter will reveal Māori ingenuity through discussion of historic examples and modern media usages by Māori, and the future implications these have for Māori.
Technology can be defined as tools, devices and machines that have been developed by the application of scientific knowledge. Māori technology, then, is Māori tools, devices and machines that have been developed by the application of Māori scientific knowledge. This chapter discusses some examples of innovative Māori technology and their adoption in both historic and modern times. It includes sections on historic Māori technology, Māori media innovation and Māori adoption of Internet technology. Two sections are further expanded on: Māori in social networking sites and te reo Māori in technology. The chapter concludes with the authors' thoughts on how the adoption of new technologies will shape tikanga Māori and te reo Māori into the future.

year: 2018