title: Methods of household consumption measurement through surveys: Experimental results from Tanzania

authors: Beegle, Kathleen

subjects: consumption

abstract: Surveys of consumption expenditure vary widely across many dimensions, including the level of reporting, the length of the reference period, and the degree of commodity detail. These variations occur both across countries and also over time within countries, with little current understanding of the implications of such changes for spatially and temporally consistent measurement of household consumption and poverty. A field experiment in Tanzania tests eight alternative methods of measuring household consumption, finding significant differences between consumption reported by the benchmark personal diary and other diary and recall formats. Under-reporting is particularly apparent for illiterate households and for urban respondents completing household diaries; recall modules measure lower consumption than a personal diary, with larger gaps among poorer households and for households with more adult members. Variations in reporting accuracy by household characteristics are also discussed and differences in measured poverty as a result of survey design are explored.

text: Methods of household consumption measurement through surveys: Experimental results from Tanzania Surveys of consumption expenditure vary widely across many dimensions, including the level of reporting, the length of the reference period, and the degree of commodity detail. These variations occur both across countries and also over time within countries, with little current understanding of the implications of such changes for spatially and temporally consistent measurement of household consumption and poverty. A field experiment in Tanzania tests eight alternative methods of measuring household consumption, finding significant differences between consumption reported by the benchmark personal diary and other diary and recall formats. Under-reporting is particularly apparent for illiterate households and for urban respondents completing household diaries; recall modules measure lower consumption than a personal diary, with larger gaps among poorer households and for households with more adult members. Variations in reporting accuracy by household characteristics are also discussed and differences in measured poverty as a result of survey design are explored.

year: 2011

title: Policy options for the management of territorial disputes in South-East Asia: A case study of the Preah Vihear temple dispute

authors: Sattayarak, Tharita

subjects: territorial disputes

abstract: The stability of the Southeast Asian region has been affected by a number of unresolved territorial and maritime disputes because most parts of the region were not demarcated after the colonial period. Overlapping claims have led to disputes among ASEAN members for the rightful ownership of those areas. ASEAN, however, does not have the power to resolve disputes among its members or between its members and outsiders. The International Court of Justice (or the ICJ) has played an important role in ending long-standing disputes in the region; the ICJ’s judgements have normally been accepted.
Thailand, which is an ASEAN member, has faced both territorial disputes due to the European colonists’ treaties over boundary agreements with its neighbouring states as well as maritime disputes due to the announcement of the 1983 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), particularly in the Gulf of Thailand. It seems to be easier to reach an agreement on the overlapping claims in the Gulf of Thailand than to settle disputes over land. Sharing the benefits of fisheries, oil and gas have contributed to Thailand and some claimants reaching an agreement by peaceful means. Territorial disputes are more complicated and sensitive than the maritime ones because they include strategic, ethnic and economic values, thus they are more likely to result in the use of military force which greatly harms the stability and peace of the region.
	Thailand has had many territorial disputes with its neighbours such as Myanmar, Laos, Malaysia and, particularly, with Cambodia. The rivalry between Thailand and Cambodia has existed since ancient times. One of the most important territorial disputes between the two nations is the territorial dispute over the sovereignty of the Preah Vihear temple which was awarded to Cambodia in 1962 by the ICJ. However, the 4.6 sq km area surrounding the temple has not yet been demarcated by the ICJ, thus the territorial dispute over the temple’s surrounding area occurred in 2008, and it was seen to be one of the bloodiest disputes in the region. The dispute has not yet ended. The ICJ has finally become involved and Thailand and Cambodia still need to provide evidence to the Court in 2013 to claim their rights over the disputed area. This dispute has caused ASEAN to become more concerned about its role and power to maintain peace in the region. ASEAN in the future must have more power to control such a situation so that it does not escalate into the use of military force among its members. This can prevent outsiders’ involvement and also improve trust among member states as well.

text: Policy options for the management of territorial disputes in South-East Asia: A case study of the Preah Vihear temple dispute The stability of the Southeast Asian region has been affected by a number of unresolved territorial and maritime disputes because most parts of the region were not demarcated after the colonial period. Overlapping claims have led to disputes among ASEAN members for the rightful ownership of those areas. ASEAN, however, does not have the power to resolve disputes among its members or between its members and outsiders. The International Court of Justice (or the ICJ) has played an important role in ending long-standing disputes in the region; the ICJ’s judgements have normally been accepted.
Thailand, which is an ASEAN member, has faced both territorial disputes due to the European colonists’ treaties over boundary agreements with its neighbouring states as well as maritime disputes due to the announcement of the 1983 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), particularly in the Gulf of Thailand. It seems to be easier to reach an agreement on the overlapping claims in the Gulf of Thailand than to settle disputes over land. Sharing the benefits of fisheries, oil and gas have contributed to Thailand and some claimants reaching an agreement by peaceful means. Territorial disputes are more complicated and sensitive than the maritime ones because they include strategic, ethnic and economic values, thus they are more likely to result in the use of military force which greatly harms the stability and peace of the region.
	Thailand has had many territorial disputes with its neighbours such as Myanmar, Laos, Malaysia and, particularly, with Cambodia. The rivalry between Thailand and Cambodia has existed since ancient times. One of the most important territorial disputes between the two nations is the territorial dispute over the sovereignty of the Preah Vihear temple which was awarded to Cambodia in 1962 by the ICJ. However, the 4.6 sq km area surrounding the temple has not yet been demarcated by the ICJ, thus the territorial dispute over the temple’s surrounding area occurred in 2008, and it was seen to be one of the bloodiest disputes in the region. The dispute has not yet ended. The ICJ has finally become involved and Thailand and Cambodia still need to provide evidence to the Court in 2013 to claim their rights over the disputed area. This dispute has caused ASEAN to become more concerned about its role and power to maintain peace in the region. ASEAN in the future must have more power to control such a situation so that it does not escalate into the use of military force among its members. This can prevent outsiders’ involvement and also improve trust among member states as well.

year: 2013

title: Kua takoto te maanuka: Te tiimatanga o teetahi Kura Kaupapa Maaori

authors: Douglas, Vianney Gaye

subjects: Kura Kaupapa Maori

abstract: There is a paucity of literature on the establishment of new schools, and more particularly, the establishment of Kura Kaupapa Maaori. In addition, there is even less literature concerning the experiences and perspectives of whaanau and hapuu within Kaupapa Maaori initiatives. 

This thesis, therefore, illustrates the experience of a whaanau in the establishment of their Kura Kaupapa Maaori. The assertion within this thesis is that there are unique issues and challenges that Maaori communities encounter when pursuing the establishment of a Kura Kaupapa Maaori. Furthermore, a key factor in the success of establishing and sustaining the school is in the leadership.

Thus, the cognisance of Kaupapa Maaori and the development of Kura Kaupapa Maaori are explored. In addition, the key characteristics, roles and responsibilities of Maaori leadership both within the wider community and within schools are explored.

This case study included an interview with the Principal, and several focus group interviews with parents, staff and students of the new Kura Kaupapa who were involved with the school’s establishment during its first three years. In 2013, in its eleventh year, the school was identified as one of the top five successful Kura Kaupapa Maaori. 

The findings of this research will assist whaanau and leaders within schools to develop an understanding and appreciation of five key issues and challenges that a new school may face, and avenues that may take to address these.

text: Kua takoto te maanuka: Te tiimatanga o teetahi Kura Kaupapa Maaori There is a paucity of literature on the establishment of new schools, and more particularly, the establishment of Kura Kaupapa Maaori. In addition, there is even less literature concerning the experiences and perspectives of whaanau and hapuu within Kaupapa Maaori initiatives. 

This thesis, therefore, illustrates the experience of a whaanau in the establishment of their Kura Kaupapa Maaori. The assertion within this thesis is that there are unique issues and challenges that Maaori communities encounter when pursuing the establishment of a Kura Kaupapa Maaori. Furthermore, a key factor in the success of establishing and sustaining the school is in the leadership.

Thus, the cognisance of Kaupapa Maaori and the development of Kura Kaupapa Maaori are explored. In addition, the key characteristics, roles and responsibilities of Maaori leadership both within the wider community and within schools are explored.

This case study included an interview with the Principal, and several focus group interviews with parents, staff and students of the new Kura Kaupapa who were involved with the school’s establishment during its first three years. In 2013, in its eleventh year, the school was identified as one of the top five successful Kura Kaupapa Maaori. 

The findings of this research will assist whaanau and leaders within schools to develop an understanding and appreciation of five key issues and challenges that a new school may face, and avenues that may take to address these.

year: 2014