title: Modelling Energy Balance and Storage in the Design of Smart Microgrids

authors: Apperley, Mark

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: This paper introduces and demonstrates appropriate and realistic modelling approaches for smart microgrids, with a focus on local energy balance. There is an increasing interest in microgrids, as the nature of large-scale electricity generation and distribution changes, with a conscious shift to more sustainable and renewable energy sources. However, the modelling and design techniques traditionally used have tended to be based on economics and design criteria more suited to the top-down planning for power generation and distribution typical of legacy grids, than to bottom-up energy balance incorporating localised distributed generation and storage, significant characteristics of these new systems. Several aspects of microgrid design and specification are modelled using an example based on an installation incorporating solar photovoltaic panels and battery storage. Important features of each of the models shown are the associated visualisations, which lead to improved understanding of design implications, compromises, and consequences, and the true context of a renewable-energy based microgrid.

text: Modelling Energy Balance and Storage in the Design of Smart Microgrids This paper introduces and demonstrates appropriate and realistic modelling approaches for smart microgrids, with a focus on local energy balance. There is an increasing interest in microgrids, as the nature of large-scale electricity generation and distribution changes, with a conscious shift to more sustainable and renewable energy sources. However, the modelling and design techniques traditionally used have tended to be based on economics and design criteria more suited to the top-down planning for power generation and distribution typical of legacy grids, than to bottom-up energy balance incorporating localised distributed generation and storage, significant characteristics of these new systems. Several aspects of microgrid design and specification are modelled using an example based on an installation incorporating solar photovoltaic panels and battery storage. Important features of each of the models shown are the associated visualisations, which lead to improved understanding of design implications, compromises, and consequences, and the true context of a renewable-energy based microgrid.

year: 2017

title: Provenance and geochemistry of exotic clasts in conglomerates of the Oligocene Torehina Formation, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand

authors: Nelson, Campbell S.

subjects: Coromandel Peninsula

abstract: Non-marine pebble to cobble conglomerates of the lower Torehina Formation (Oligocene) crop out along western Coromandel Peninsula and overlie, with strong angular discordance, continental-margin metasedimentary rocks (Manaia Hill Group) of Mesozoic (Late Jurassic to ?Early Cretaceous) age. The conglomerates contain provenance information that identifies a pre-Oligocene depositional history obscured by the unconformable juxtaposition of these Tertiary and Mesozoic strata. Most clasts in the lower Torehina Formation are visually similar to local bedrock lithologies, including metamorphosed sandstones and argillites, but are kaolinitic and contain more detrital and authigenic chert, quartz, and potash feldspar. Local derivation of these clasts seems unlikely. By comparing geochemical ratios with those defined for continental margin sandstones, and well characterised New Zealand tectonic terranes, we interpret the majority of clasts in the lower Torehina Formation to have been derived from a dissected orogen, with mixtures of felsic and volcanogenic-derived sediment. The most likely sources are the Waipapa and Torlesse Terranes. The remaining 20–30% of the clasts in the lower Torehina Formation were originally friable, are coarse grained, and appear to be lithologically exotic relative to known metamorphosed sandstones in basement terrane sources on North Island. Some clasts contain coal laminae and particles, and all contain detrital kaolinite as lithic fragments and matrix. Such characteristics imply a non-marine to marginal-marine source containing sediment derived from strongly weathered granite or granodiorite. Mechanical fragility implies a likely proximal, easily erodible source. We propose that this group of clasts was derived from an Upper Cretaceous sedimentary cover, either part of a locally developed basin fill or part of a once regionally extensive cover on North Island. Either case defines a more widely distributed Cretaceous source than found today.

text: Provenance and geochemistry of exotic clasts in conglomerates of the Oligocene Torehina Formation, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand Non-marine pebble to cobble conglomerates of the lower Torehina Formation (Oligocene) crop out along western Coromandel Peninsula and overlie, with strong angular discordance, continental-margin metasedimentary rocks (Manaia Hill Group) of Mesozoic (Late Jurassic to ?Early Cretaceous) age. The conglomerates contain provenance information that identifies a pre-Oligocene depositional history obscured by the unconformable juxtaposition of these Tertiary and Mesozoic strata. Most clasts in the lower Torehina Formation are visually similar to local bedrock lithologies, including metamorphosed sandstones and argillites, but are kaolinitic and contain more detrital and authigenic chert, quartz, and potash feldspar. Local derivation of these clasts seems unlikely. By comparing geochemical ratios with those defined for continental margin sandstones, and well characterised New Zealand tectonic terranes, we interpret the majority of clasts in the lower Torehina Formation to have been derived from a dissected orogen, with mixtures of felsic and volcanogenic-derived sediment. The most likely sources are the Waipapa and Torlesse Terranes. The remaining 20–30% of the clasts in the lower Torehina Formation were originally friable, are coarse grained, and appear to be lithologically exotic relative to known metamorphosed sandstones in basement terrane sources on North Island. Some clasts contain coal laminae and particles, and all contain detrital kaolinite as lithic fragments and matrix. Such characteristics imply a non-marine to marginal-marine source containing sediment derived from strongly weathered granite or granodiorite. Mechanical fragility implies a likely proximal, easily erodible source. We propose that this group of clasts was derived from an Upper Cretaceous sedimentary cover, either part of a locally developed basin fill or part of a once regionally extensive cover on North Island. Either case defines a more widely distributed Cretaceous source than found today.

year: 2003

title: Bilingual/immersion education in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Setting the context.

authors: May, Stephen

subjects: bilingual education

abstract: Introduction to a special issue of IJBEB, focusing on recent developments in bilingual/
immersion education in Aotearoa/New Zealand, particularly, but not solely,
Maori-medium education.

text: Bilingual/immersion education in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Setting the context. Introduction to a special issue of IJBEB, focusing on recent developments in bilingual/
immersion education in Aotearoa/New Zealand, particularly, but not solely,
Maori-medium education.

year: 2005-01-01