title: Ko te reo i Te Rarawa: Pēhea rainī te tūāhua reo o ngā mātua tūpuna i Pukepoto

authors: McGrath, Daniel

abstract: Ko te reo Māori, ko te reo ā-iwi, ko te mita o te reo; ko tēhea te mea nui? Mai anō tēnei tohe, ko tēhea ko runga, ko tēhea ko raro. He tinitini nei anō ngā rangahau mō te reo Māori, mō ngā rautaki whakaora i te reo Māori. Erangi pēhea mai ana te reo ā-iwi? I te mahi nui whakaharahara ki te whakaora i te reo Māori e noho ana tērā kaupapa hei aronga matua. E kite mārika ana i ngā hua o aua mahi, hoi anō te reo ā-iwi, te hanga nei, i paria ki rāhaki. Nā, i ngā tau tata nei anō, kua kitea rawatia te wheinu o ngā uri whakaheke, o ngā mokopuna o ngā iwi ki te ako i ō rātou mita, otirā i te reo ā-iwi.
Hoi anō tēnei kaupapa rangahau he mea whakapiripiri ki ngā rangahau mō te reo Māori, waihoki mō te reo ā-iwi. E āta mātai atu ana te titiro ki te reo ake anō o Te Rarawa, otirā ki te reo o ngā kaumātua i noho ai i Pukepoto. Ko ngā whāinga matua o te rangahau kia kitea pēnā rainī he patanga wō te reo i te kāinga ki te mana, ki te ahurea o te tangata, ka tahi. Ka rua, kia huraina mai ai ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te reo o Te Rarawa, otirā, o te reo i Pukepoto. I runga i tērā, ko te pātai matua o te rangahau nei, ko tēnei;
Pēhea hoki nei te tūāhua reo Māori i kōrerohia ai e ngā mātua tūpuna, e ngā wheinga i Pukepoto?
Nā, e tutuki ngā whāinga rangahau, i arohia wētahi rīpene kei te pātaka kōrero o Te Reo Irirangi Māori o Te Hiku o Te Ika e mau nei ngā reo o ngā kaumātua o te kāinga e kōrero ana mō ngā tini āhuatanga e hāngai ana ki ō rātou nā ao. E tāwharautia ana tēnei kaupapa e te Rangahau Kaupapa Māori, ā, ko ngā tikanga, ko ngā kōrero i ahua mai i Te Rarawa i Pukepoto e noho mai ana hei tāhuhu tikanga mōku. Ko ngā taupānga hou kua oti kē nei i a Te Reo Irirangi Māori o Te Hiku o Te Ika hei taputapu e nanao atu ai a hau ki te pātaka kōrero o Te Hiku o Te Ika, e pai ai taku āta wānanga i ngā kupu, i ngā kōrero kei ngā rīpene e mau ana.
Tokowhitu katoa ngā kaumātua i āta arohia e ahau i tēnei rangahau nei, katoa i noho ai i Pukepoto. Ko tāku, he āta whakataringa atu ki wā rātou kōrero, ka āta arotake ai i wētahi kupu, i wētahi kīwaha, i wētahi whakatakotoranga rerenga kōrero i kaha whakahuangia e rātou mā. Kei te puke tuaono te roanga o ngā kōrero mō ngā kitenga o te rangahau; i mārama te kite atu he tini ngā momo kupu, ngā kīwaha me ngā rerenga kōrero he tikanga kē atu wō rātou, he whakamahinga kē anō, ka mutu, arā wētahi kāhore e tino rangona ana i wēnei wā nei. Nō reira, ko tā tēnei rangahau e whai ana kia whakahokia wēnei āhuatanga o te reo ki ngā arero o ngā uri whakaheke o Pukepoto, o Te Rarawa, otirā o Te Hiku o te Ika.

text: Ko te reo i Te Rarawa: Pēhea rainī te tūāhua reo o ngā mātua tūpuna i Pukepoto Ko te reo Māori, ko te reo ā-iwi, ko te mita o te reo; ko tēhea te mea nui? Mai anō tēnei tohe, ko tēhea ko runga, ko tēhea ko raro. He tinitini nei anō ngā rangahau mō te reo Māori, mō ngā rautaki whakaora i te reo Māori. Erangi pēhea mai ana te reo ā-iwi? I te mahi nui whakaharahara ki te whakaora i te reo Māori e noho ana tērā kaupapa hei aronga matua. E kite mārika ana i ngā hua o aua mahi, hoi anō te reo ā-iwi, te hanga nei, i paria ki rāhaki. Nā, i ngā tau tata nei anō, kua kitea rawatia te wheinu o ngā uri whakaheke, o ngā mokopuna o ngā iwi ki te ako i ō rātou mita, otirā i te reo ā-iwi.
Hoi anō tēnei kaupapa rangahau he mea whakapiripiri ki ngā rangahau mō te reo Māori, waihoki mō te reo ā-iwi. E āta mātai atu ana te titiro ki te reo ake anō o Te Rarawa, otirā ki te reo o ngā kaumātua i noho ai i Pukepoto. Ko ngā whāinga matua o te rangahau kia kitea pēnā rainī he patanga wō te reo i te kāinga ki te mana, ki te ahurea o te tangata, ka tahi. Ka rua, kia huraina mai ai ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te reo o Te Rarawa, otirā, o te reo i Pukepoto. I runga i tērā, ko te pātai matua o te rangahau nei, ko tēnei;
Pēhea hoki nei te tūāhua reo Māori i kōrerohia ai e ngā mātua tūpuna, e ngā wheinga i Pukepoto?
Nā, e tutuki ngā whāinga rangahau, i arohia wētahi rīpene kei te pātaka kōrero o Te Reo Irirangi Māori o Te Hiku o Te Ika e mau nei ngā reo o ngā kaumātua o te kāinga e kōrero ana mō ngā tini āhuatanga e hāngai ana ki ō rātou nā ao. E tāwharautia ana tēnei kaupapa e te Rangahau Kaupapa Māori, ā, ko ngā tikanga, ko ngā kōrero i ahua mai i Te Rarawa i Pukepoto e noho mai ana hei tāhuhu tikanga mōku. Ko ngā taupānga hou kua oti kē nei i a Te Reo Irirangi Māori o Te Hiku o Te Ika hei taputapu e nanao atu ai a hau ki te pātaka kōrero o Te Hiku o Te Ika, e pai ai taku āta wānanga i ngā kupu, i ngā kōrero kei ngā rīpene e mau ana.
Tokowhitu katoa ngā kaumātua i āta arohia e ahau i tēnei rangahau nei, katoa i noho ai i Pukepoto. Ko tāku, he āta whakataringa atu ki wā rātou kōrero, ka āta arotake ai i wētahi kupu, i wētahi kīwaha, i wētahi whakatakotoranga rerenga kōrero i kaha whakahuangia e rātou mā. Kei te puke tuaono te roanga o ngā kōrero mō ngā kitenga o te rangahau; i mārama te kite atu he tini ngā momo kupu, ngā kīwaha me ngā rerenga kōrero he tikanga kē atu wō rātou, he whakamahinga kē anō, ka mutu, arā wētahi kāhore e tino rangona ana i wēnei wā nei. Nō reira, ko tā tēnei rangahau e whai ana kia whakahokia wēnei āhuatanga o te reo ki ngā arero o ngā uri whakaheke o Pukepoto, o Te Rarawa, otirā o Te Hiku o te Ika.

year: 2021

title: The southern initiative: How indigenous values inspire social innovation and impact

authors: Niu, Xiaoliang

abstract: Indigenous values are increasingly recognised in helping organisations contribute to wellbeing within and beyond the workplace. Adopting the theoretical lens of Māori economies of wellbeing, this case study examines how The Southern Initiative (TSI), a unit within Auckland Council, incorporates Māori values to co-create place-based solutions and foster whānau (family) wellbeing. Through kōrero (conversations) with three people, a wānanga (collaborative discussion) with TSI members, and analysis of organisational literature, we identified how TSI's organising approach synthesises social innovation and bureaucracy. We found that indigeneity-embedded intrapreneurship, distributed leadership, and whānau-centred design support TSI's innovations. Mana (prestige) emerged as a primary organising principle, sustaining TSI's approach to achieving systemic change. By bridging Indigenous paradigms and conventional managerial practice, this case study demonstrates how Māori values can transform public sector management, elevate social justice, and encourage community resilience. These findings highlight culturally grounded frameworks for delivering social impact and shaping equitable outcomes.

text: The southern initiative: How indigenous values inspire social innovation and impact Indigenous values are increasingly recognised in helping organisations contribute to wellbeing within and beyond the workplace. Adopting the theoretical lens of Māori economies of wellbeing, this case study examines how The Southern Initiative (TSI), a unit within Auckland Council, incorporates Māori values to co-create place-based solutions and foster whānau (family) wellbeing. Through kōrero (conversations) with three people, a wānanga (collaborative discussion) with TSI members, and analysis of organisational literature, we identified how TSI's organising approach synthesises social innovation and bureaucracy. We found that indigeneity-embedded intrapreneurship, distributed leadership, and whānau-centred design support TSI's innovations. Mana (prestige) emerged as a primary organising principle, sustaining TSI's approach to achieving systemic change. By bridging Indigenous paradigms and conventional managerial practice, this case study demonstrates how Māori values can transform public sector management, elevate social justice, and encourage community resilience. These findings highlight culturally grounded frameworks for delivering social impact and shaping equitable outcomes.

year: 2025

title: Sediment transport and tidal inlet hydraulics

authors: Black, Kerry P.

abstract: An investigation into sediment transport and tidal inlet hydraulics was initiated to ascertain the impact of a proposed timber port development at Marsden Point in Whangarei Harbour. The program progressed along two parallel pathways, i.e. (i) an expository description of the relevant harbour characteristics using field measurements and numerical modelling and (ii) a detailed investigation into the physics of sediment transport under tidal flow.

The first of these provided an understanding of the hydraulic and sediment transport characteristics of the inlet while aiming to separate cause and effect in the present harbour configuration, The numerical modelling extended this to provide predictions of future behaviour after port construction. In the tidal environment, methods to isolate the effective component of the flow velocity responsible for the transport of sediment are often inadequately substantiated being mostly derived in rivers or flumes. Accordingly, the second aspect of the program necessarily approached and extended the current state of the art with respect to sediment transport under oscillating, non-steady tidal currents in an estuary.

Bathymetric and sea bed surveys revealed that the harbour is mostly stable in an inlet receiving low inputs of sandy sediment. The entrance is sheltered from most storm wave attack by land masses offshore. Due to preferential scouring of sandy bed material, the channels are typically lined with a predominantly-stable, shell-gravel lag. Zones of deposition primarily occur in areas of tidal current neutrality.

Outside the entrance, with the added wave influences, bathymetric changes are greater. Using the experimental results in conjunction with inferences from standard tidal deltas, the changes were seen to be occurring in a closed or partially-closed sediment loop in northern Bream Bay including ebb-tidal transport around the north and east of Mair Bank, wave-induced, shoreward sediment transport over the southern segments of the ebb-tidal delta and northward longshore transport along Bream Bay Beach and through the marginal flood channel off Marsden Point.

Similar controlling transport directions occur inside the entrance with the two most dominant being an ebb-directed route from One Tree Point along the shipping channel and out of the southern side of the entrance throat. Another passes up the Snake Bank flood ramp and around the north-east flank of the flood-tidal delta. 

More than 600 vertical velocity profiles were measured in the estuary. These were examined to derive bed friction coefficients and, over megaripples, the form drag and effective components of the bed shear stress were isolated. This was applied to the determination of the sediment threshold velocity and /the transport of sandy material as bedload. New methods to ascertain the threshold and to derive the bedload transport fluxes over megaripples were presented.

Wave height measurements and sediment trapping experiments revealed that the timber port would have a very limited influence on its environment due to changes of sediment transport patterns on the inter-tidal zone at the port site. 

One and two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic models and a 2-dimensional numerical sediment transport model were produced for the study and applied to the proposed timber port construction and dredge zone. The sediment model provides erosion and sedimentation rates in a tidal inlet.

With the sediment transport model and the 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model in a coupled mode, numerical experiments were undertaken to produce a fully-developed estuary from an initially planar bathymetry. By alternately running each model to obtain water speeds and bathymetry changes, an estuary with inter-tidal flood-tidal deltas, ebb-tidal deltas, a deep main channel, marginal flood and ebb channels and a stable ebb shield developed. The method has considerable potential for the prediction of final equilibrium bathymetry after man-made changes. 

An iterative technique was designed which utilises the sediment transport model and the water velocities provided by the hydrodynamic model. The procedure determines the percentage of sand cover at all locations throughout the model region in a stable estuary and would allow an optimisation of the minimum quantities of dumped lag material necessary to prevent scour or accretion by establishing a dynamic equilibrium over large areas of the harbour bed.

After accounting for the shell cover which restricts the transport of sediment, the maintenance dredging requirements for the initial 2 berth port development (Case A7) were small and estimated to be in the range of 10,000 m³ to 30,000 m³ per year. The impact of the port in the vicinity of the NZRC wharf is expected to be minimal with some slow sedimentation of the order of a few centimetres per year possibly occurring. In Shoal  Bay, the port should have an extremely limited impact. In the shipping channel to One Tree Point, small amounts of erosion may occur in response to an increased flow velocity (≃5%) caused by deepening of the channel in the dredge zone.

text: Sediment transport and tidal inlet hydraulics An investigation into sediment transport and tidal inlet hydraulics was initiated to ascertain the impact of a proposed timber port development at Marsden Point in Whangarei Harbour. The program progressed along two parallel pathways, i.e. (i) an expository description of the relevant harbour characteristics using field measurements and numerical modelling and (ii) a detailed investigation into the physics of sediment transport under tidal flow.

The first of these provided an understanding of the hydraulic and sediment transport characteristics of the inlet while aiming to separate cause and effect in the present harbour configuration, The numerical modelling extended this to provide predictions of future behaviour after port construction. In the tidal environment, methods to isolate the effective component of the flow velocity responsible for the transport of sediment are often inadequately substantiated being mostly derived in rivers or flumes. Accordingly, the second aspect of the program necessarily approached and extended the current state of the art with respect to sediment transport under oscillating, non-steady tidal currents in an estuary.

Bathymetric and sea bed surveys revealed that the harbour is mostly stable in an inlet receiving low inputs of sandy sediment. The entrance is sheltered from most storm wave attack by land masses offshore. Due to preferential scouring of sandy bed material, the channels are typically lined with a predominantly-stable, shell-gravel lag. Zones of deposition primarily occur in areas of tidal current neutrality.

Outside the entrance, with the added wave influences, bathymetric changes are greater. Using the experimental results in conjunction with inferences from standard tidal deltas, the changes were seen to be occurring in a closed or partially-closed sediment loop in northern Bream Bay including ebb-tidal transport around the north and east of Mair Bank, wave-induced, shoreward sediment transport over the southern segments of the ebb-tidal delta and northward longshore transport along Bream Bay Beach and through the marginal flood channel off Marsden Point.

Similar controlling transport directions occur inside the entrance with the two most dominant being an ebb-directed route from One Tree Point along the shipping channel and out of the southern side of the entrance throat. Another passes up the Snake Bank flood ramp and around the north-east flank of the flood-tidal delta. 

More than 600 vertical velocity profiles were measured in the estuary. These were examined to derive bed friction coefficients and, over megaripples, the form drag and effective components of the bed shear stress were isolated. This was applied to the determination of the sediment threshold velocity and /the transport of sandy material as bedload. New methods to ascertain the threshold and to derive the bedload transport fluxes over megaripples were presented.

Wave height measurements and sediment trapping experiments revealed that the timber port would have a very limited influence on its environment due to changes of sediment transport patterns on the inter-tidal zone at the port site. 

One and two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic models and a 2-dimensional numerical sediment transport model were produced for the study and applied to the proposed timber port construction and dredge zone. The sediment model provides erosion and sedimentation rates in a tidal inlet.

With the sediment transport model and the 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model in a coupled mode, numerical experiments were undertaken to produce a fully-developed estuary from an initially planar bathymetry. By alternately running each model to obtain water speeds and bathymetry changes, an estuary with inter-tidal flood-tidal deltas, ebb-tidal deltas, a deep main channel, marginal flood and ebb channels and a stable ebb shield developed. The method has considerable potential for the prediction of final equilibrium bathymetry after man-made changes. 

An iterative technique was designed which utilises the sediment transport model and the water velocities provided by the hydrodynamic model. The procedure determines the percentage of sand cover at all locations throughout the model region in a stable estuary and would allow an optimisation of the minimum quantities of dumped lag material necessary to prevent scour or accretion by establishing a dynamic equilibrium over large areas of the harbour bed.

After accounting for the shell cover which restricts the transport of sediment, the maintenance dredging requirements for the initial 2 berth port development (Case A7) were small and estimated to be in the range of 10,000 m³ to 30,000 m³ per year. The impact of the port in the vicinity of the NZRC wharf is expected to be minimal with some slow sedimentation of the order of a few centimetres per year possibly occurring. In Shoal  Bay, the port should have an extremely limited impact. In the shipping channel to One Tree Point, small amounts of erosion may occur in response to an increased flow velocity (≃5%) caused by deepening of the channel in the dredge zone.

year: 1983