title: Professional bodies and charity law

authors: Chevalier-Watts, Juliet

abstract: The word “charity” can mean many things to many people. The legal definition is inevitably rather complex and for the layperson, the general notion of charity is that of benevolence and philanthropy, and whilst the legal meaning and the layperson’s meaning of charity may diverge in some respects, it is widely accepted that the social construct of charity is seen as “means of redressing wrongs in society” so where “a State may have been unable to provide a function or service, charity could fill that void, and the voids would depend on the government and policies at the time.” It would also be fair to say that the four heads of charity, as will be addressed shortly, are rooted in government policy. Whilst this notion of redressing societal wrongs has been subject to some criticism, in particular that of Victorian society, where attempts were made to distinguish between the deserving poor and the undeserving poor and who should be most entitled to receive charitable gifts, and whilst the inherent issues relating to the concept of charity generally are outside the scope of this article, it is undoubtedly correct that charity itself is recognised as a socially cohesive part of society, both in terms of its origins, where charity “has been seen from the earliest days of Christianity as one of the central tenets of the Christian faith” to contemporary times, where the central obligation is to put others first, thus engaging the ephemeral concept of the spirit of charity.

text: Professional bodies and charity law The word “charity” can mean many things to many people. The legal definition is inevitably rather complex and for the layperson, the general notion of charity is that of benevolence and philanthropy, and whilst the legal meaning and the layperson’s meaning of charity may diverge in some respects, it is widely accepted that the social construct of charity is seen as “means of redressing wrongs in society” so where “a State may have been unable to provide a function or service, charity could fill that void, and the voids would depend on the government and policies at the time.” It would also be fair to say that the four heads of charity, as will be addressed shortly, are rooted in government policy. Whilst this notion of redressing societal wrongs has been subject to some criticism, in particular that of Victorian society, where attempts were made to distinguish between the deserving poor and the undeserving poor and who should be most entitled to receive charitable gifts, and whilst the inherent issues relating to the concept of charity generally are outside the scope of this article, it is undoubtedly correct that charity itself is recognised as a socially cohesive part of society, both in terms of its origins, where charity “has been seen from the earliest days of Christianity as one of the central tenets of the Christian faith” to contemporary times, where the central obligation is to put others first, thus engaging the ephemeral concept of the spirit of charity.

year: 2014

title: Communicating the value of marine conservation using an ecosystem service matrix approach

authors: Geange, Shane

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Matrix approaches are useful for linking ecosystem services to habitats that underpin their delivery. Matrix applications in marine ecosystem services research have been primarily qualitative, focusing on 'habitat presence' without including other attributes that effect service potential. We developed an evidence-based matrix approach of Ecosystem Service Potential (ESP) for New Zealand benthic marine habitats, and used two marine reserves to demonstrate that integrating information on the spatial extent and quality of habitats improved ESP evaluation. The two case studies identified substantial spatio-temporal variability in ESP: within one reserve, specific ESP showed an approximately 1.5-fold increase in the 29 years following protection. A comparison of two reserves found that the spatial extent of habitats contributing to the medicinal resources and waste-water treatment were 5 and 53 times greater respectively in one relative to the other. Integrating habitat area and quality with the ESP matrix improves on previous marine matrix-based approaches, providing a better indication of service potential. The matrix approach helps to communicate the non-market value of supporting and regulating services and can be used by resource managers to identify and track the potential for benefits derived from benthic marine habitats within existing, or new, marine protected areas.

text: Communicating the value of marine conservation using an ecosystem service matrix approach Matrix approaches are useful for linking ecosystem services to habitats that underpin their delivery. Matrix applications in marine ecosystem services research have been primarily qualitative, focusing on 'habitat presence' without including other attributes that effect service potential. We developed an evidence-based matrix approach of Ecosystem Service Potential (ESP) for New Zealand benthic marine habitats, and used two marine reserves to demonstrate that integrating information on the spatial extent and quality of habitats improved ESP evaluation. The two case studies identified substantial spatio-temporal variability in ESP: within one reserve, specific ESP showed an approximately 1.5-fold increase in the 29 years following protection. A comparison of two reserves found that the spatial extent of habitats contributing to the medicinal resources and waste-water treatment were 5 and 53 times greater respectively in one relative to the other. Integrating habitat area and quality with the ESP matrix improves on previous marine matrix-based approaches, providing a better indication of service potential. The matrix approach helps to communicate the non-market value of supporting and regulating services and can be used by resource managers to identify and track the potential for benefits derived from benthic marine habitats within existing, or new, marine protected areas.

year: 2019

title: Wāhine Māori entrepreneurs and business growth: The power of social and cultural capital

authors: MacDonald, Tui

subjects: Māori enterprise

abstract: This paper examines how social and cultural capital support wāhine Māori entrepreneurs as founders to grow their businesses. The findings are based on the first of three rounds of interviews with 10 wāhine Māori entrepreneurs in Aotearoa New Zealand who have or are undergoing business growth. The results extend on previous Indigenous entrepreneurship research 
showing the benefits of social and cultural capital. This research highlights how wāhine Māori entrepreneurs can pursue business growth while maintaining their community and cultural identity. 
This topic has been selected as part of a broader doctoral study examining wāhine Māori entrepreneurs 
and business growth, which focuses on the cultural, social, and economic enablers and challenges.

text: Wāhine Māori entrepreneurs and business growth: The power of social and cultural capital This paper examines how social and cultural capital support wāhine Māori entrepreneurs as founders to grow their businesses. The findings are based on the first of three rounds of interviews with 10 wāhine Māori entrepreneurs in Aotearoa New Zealand who have or are undergoing business growth. The results extend on previous Indigenous entrepreneurship research 
showing the benefits of social and cultural capital. This research highlights how wāhine Māori entrepreneurs can pursue business growth while maintaining their community and cultural identity. 
This topic has been selected as part of a broader doctoral study examining wāhine Māori entrepreneurs 
and business growth, which focuses on the cultural, social, and economic enablers and challenges.

year: 2024