title: No differences in neuromuscular power and range of motion, but greater muscle soreness in young vs masters athletes following a 12km run

authors: Driller, Matthew W.

subjects: DOMS

abstract: The purpose of the study was to assess lower-body neuromuscular power and range of motion in young and masters recreational runners before and after a 12km run. Methods: In a straight-forward parallel group trial, participants performed a number of tests pre and post a 12km run. Participants included 36 recreational runners (mean ± SD; 12km run time: 67 ± 18 mins) and were matched on running ability and divided into two groups; young (< 35 y, n=18) and masters (> 40 y, n=18). Pre and post measures included body mass, vertical jump height (m), peak jump velocity (m.s-1), sit and reach test (cm), mean 6s cycling power (W), peak cycling power (W) and perceived muscle soreness. Results: There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between groups for any of the measured variables pre to post run, except for muscle soreness (p < 0.01), where the young group experienced significantly higher levels of soreness, associated with a large effect size between groups (-1.03 ±0.6). Conclusions: There were no differences in neuromuscular power and range of motion between young and masters athletes following a 12km run. This was possibly due to the exercise not being a demanding enough stimulus to cause fatigue in the measures used. However, masters athletes perceived lower levels of muscle soreness pre to post run, possibly due to decreased pain perceptions with aging. ￼Keywords DOMS, Aging, Running, Neuromuscular

text: No differences in neuromuscular power and range of motion, but greater muscle soreness in young vs masters athletes following a 12km run The purpose of the study was to assess lower-body neuromuscular power and range of motion in young and masters recreational runners before and after a 12km run. Methods: In a straight-forward parallel group trial, participants performed a number of tests pre and post a 12km run. Participants included 36 recreational runners (mean ± SD; 12km run time: 67 ± 18 mins) and were matched on running ability and divided into two groups; young (< 35 y, n=18) and masters (> 40 y, n=18). Pre and post measures included body mass, vertical jump height (m), peak jump velocity (m.s-1), sit and reach test (cm), mean 6s cycling power (W), peak cycling power (W) and perceived muscle soreness. Results: There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between groups for any of the measured variables pre to post run, except for muscle soreness (p < 0.01), where the young group experienced significantly higher levels of soreness, associated with a large effect size between groups (-1.03 ±0.6). Conclusions: There were no differences in neuromuscular power and range of motion between young and masters athletes following a 12km run. This was possibly due to the exercise not being a demanding enough stimulus to cause fatigue in the measures used. However, masters athletes perceived lower levels of muscle soreness pre to post run, possibly due to decreased pain perceptions with aging. ￼Keywords DOMS, Aging, Running, Neuromuscular

year: 2016

title: Eccentric resistance exercise as a method of inducing post-activation potentiation to acutely influence force, speed, and power in resistance-trained males

authors: Olsen, Cam

abstract: Novel methods of acutely improving an individual’s athletic performance are regularly utilised in an effort to gain unique advantages in competitive contexts. One such method is post-activation potentiation (PAP). Eccentric resistance exercise has been demonstrated to have unique properties to that of traditional resistance methods. Few studies have investigated the effects eccentric resistance exercise may have on potentiating physiological characteristics such as force, speed, and power. This thesis aims to: (1) review and synthesise existing literature regarding physiological and neuromuscular underpinnings of PAP and eccentric exercise (Chapter One); (2) examine test-retest reliability of the test conditions used to measure physiological aspects pertinent to athletic populations (Chapter Two); and (3), investigate the acute effects isokinetic eccentric resistance exercise has on expressions of force, speed, and power (Chapter Three). Chapter Four discusses and summarises key findings of the studies undertaken, outlining strengths and limitations, and provides recommendations for future research. 
As part of the literature review in Chapter One, research regarding the pertinent variables of PAP and eccentric exercise was examined. While there is a consensus that PAP can occur and that eccentric exercise can have superior adaptive qualities to traditional exercise methods, it is evident there is little quantification for what training volumes, recovery periods, and individual characteristics are most conducive to the application of eccentric exercise to elicit PAP.
Chapter Two examined the inter-day reliability of the drop-jump, loaded counter-movement jump, and six-second peak power test metrics using equipment from OptoJumpᵀᴹ, Kinetic Performance Technology, and Wattbike Ltd. The experimental set-up and metrics were found to be reliable (<10% CV) for measuring flight time, relative power, and jump height in the drop jump; jump height and peak velocity for the lighter loaded counter-movement jump (25 kg); jump height, peak power, peak force, peak velocity and peak relative power for the heavier loaded counter-movement jump (45 kg); and peak power, relative power,  peak cadence and cadence at which peak power occurred in the six-second peak power test.
In Chapter Three, 19 resistance trained males completed three sessions of drop jumps, loaded counter-movement jumps, and six-second peak power cycling tests pre- and post-interventions using an isokinetic eccentric ergometer to induce PAP or a concentric cycling control. Measures of relative power in heavier loaded counter-movement jumps were found to be significantly improved (0.02) with moderate effect sizes found in time to peak power (0.80) and cadence at which peak power occurred (0.92) in the six-second peak power cycling test. Results from this research demonstrate a need for higher quality methodological studies to be undertaken examining variables involved in novel training methods such as PAP and eccentric resistance training including volume, intensity, recovery times, and individual characteristics required for beneficial adaptations in this population.

text: Eccentric resistance exercise as a method of inducing post-activation potentiation to acutely influence force, speed, and power in resistance-trained males Novel methods of acutely improving an individual’s athletic performance are regularly utilised in an effort to gain unique advantages in competitive contexts. One such method is post-activation potentiation (PAP). Eccentric resistance exercise has been demonstrated to have unique properties to that of traditional resistance methods. Few studies have investigated the effects eccentric resistance exercise may have on potentiating physiological characteristics such as force, speed, and power. This thesis aims to: (1) review and synthesise existing literature regarding physiological and neuromuscular underpinnings of PAP and eccentric exercise (Chapter One); (2) examine test-retest reliability of the test conditions used to measure physiological aspects pertinent to athletic populations (Chapter Two); and (3), investigate the acute effects isokinetic eccentric resistance exercise has on expressions of force, speed, and power (Chapter Three). Chapter Four discusses and summarises key findings of the studies undertaken, outlining strengths and limitations, and provides recommendations for future research. 
As part of the literature review in Chapter One, research regarding the pertinent variables of PAP and eccentric exercise was examined. While there is a consensus that PAP can occur and that eccentric exercise can have superior adaptive qualities to traditional exercise methods, it is evident there is little quantification for what training volumes, recovery periods, and individual characteristics are most conducive to the application of eccentric exercise to elicit PAP.
Chapter Two examined the inter-day reliability of the drop-jump, loaded counter-movement jump, and six-second peak power test metrics using equipment from OptoJumpᵀᴹ, Kinetic Performance Technology, and Wattbike Ltd. The experimental set-up and metrics were found to be reliable (<10% CV) for measuring flight time, relative power, and jump height in the drop jump; jump height and peak velocity for the lighter loaded counter-movement jump (25 kg); jump height, peak power, peak force, peak velocity and peak relative power for the heavier loaded counter-movement jump (45 kg); and peak power, relative power,  peak cadence and cadence at which peak power occurred in the six-second peak power test.
In Chapter Three, 19 resistance trained males completed three sessions of drop jumps, loaded counter-movement jumps, and six-second peak power cycling tests pre- and post-interventions using an isokinetic eccentric ergometer to induce PAP or a concentric cycling control. Measures of relative power in heavier loaded counter-movement jumps were found to be significantly improved (0.02) with moderate effect sizes found in time to peak power (0.80) and cadence at which peak power occurred (0.92) in the six-second peak power cycling test. Results from this research demonstrate a need for higher quality methodological studies to be undertaken examining variables involved in novel training methods such as PAP and eccentric resistance training including volume, intensity, recovery times, and individual characteristics required for beneficial adaptations in this population.

year: 2021

title: Protecting Māori data: Can a Privacy Code of Practice provide a partial solution?

authors: Watts, David

abstract: This paper explores whether a Māori Data Privacy Code, developed under the Privacy Act 2020, could provide additional protection for classes of information that are regarded by Māori as tapu. The Act already covers the personal information of Māori individuals in the same way it does any other individual. We argue that a MDP Code could offer additional protection for particular classes of sensitive personal information – specifically whakapapa data and data pertaining to deceased Māori. A MDP Code could restrict the purposes for which such information can be collected, used, disclosed, retained, stored and disposed of; put stronger requirements on agencies to demonstrate that their collection and use of this information is justified; require free, prior and informed consent for its use and disclosure; and provide for greater transparency and independent Māori oversight.

text: Protecting Māori data: Can a Privacy Code of Practice provide a partial solution? This paper explores whether a Māori Data Privacy Code, developed under the Privacy Act 2020, could provide additional protection for classes of information that are regarded by Māori as tapu. The Act already covers the personal information of Māori individuals in the same way it does any other individual. We argue that a MDP Code could offer additional protection for particular classes of sensitive personal information – specifically whakapapa data and data pertaining to deceased Māori. A MDP Code could restrict the purposes for which such information can be collected, used, disclosed, retained, stored and disposed of; put stronger requirements on agencies to demonstrate that their collection and use of this information is justified; require free, prior and informed consent for its use and disclosure; and provide for greater transparency and independent Māori oversight.

year: 2025-10