title: A simple approach to ordinal classification

authors: Frank, Eibe

abstract: Machine learning methods for classification problems commonly assume that the class values are unordered. However, in many practical applications, the class values do exhibit a natural order—for example, when learning how to grade. The standard approach to ordinal classification converts the class value into a numeric quantity and applies a regression learner to the transformed data, translating the output back into a discrete class value in a post-processing step. A disadvantage of this method is that it can only be applied in conjunction with a regression scheme.

In this paper, we present a simple method that enables standard classification algorithms to make use of ordering information in class attributes. By applying it in conjunction with a decision tree learner, we show that it outperforms the naive approach, which treats the class values as an unordered set. Compared to special-purpose algorithms for ordinal classification, our method has the advantage that it can be applied without any modification to the underlying learning scheme.

text: A simple approach to ordinal classification Machine learning methods for classification problems commonly assume that the class values are unordered. However, in many practical applications, the class values do exhibit a natural order—for example, when learning how to grade. The standard approach to ordinal classification converts the class value into a numeric quantity and applies a regression learner to the transformed data, translating the output back into a discrete class value in a post-processing step. A disadvantage of this method is that it can only be applied in conjunction with a regression scheme.

In this paper, we present a simple method that enables standard classification algorithms to make use of ordering information in class attributes. By applying it in conjunction with a decision tree learner, we show that it outperforms the naive approach, which treats the class values as an unordered set. Compared to special-purpose algorithms for ordinal classification, our method has the advantage that it can be applied without any modification to the underlying learning scheme.

year: 2001

title: Wave mixed, wind-generated near-surface shear observed over a tidal flat

authors: Henderson, Stephen M.

subjects: waves

abstract: Around high tide over a ﬂooded tidal ﬂat, vertical shear measured 0.13–0.4 m beneath the sea surface by upward-looking Acoustic Doppler Proﬁlers (ADPs) was usually aligned with the wind. However, shear did not increase with increasing windspeed, likely owing to an increase in wave heights and wave-generated mixing with increasing windspeed. The associated increase in water-side drag coefﬁcient with windspeed was predicted, with substantial scatter, by a model for near-surface mixing by breaking waves. A depth-independent eddy-viscosity model yielded only slightly less skill than a ﬁtted depth-dependent model. Farther (0.3–0.6 m) from the surface, model skill was low, suggesting that shear at depth was often determined by factors other than wind. Wave heights tended to increase with increasing water depth. Consequently, the simulated wave-generated surface eddy viscosity tended to increase with increasing depth.

text: Wave mixed, wind-generated near-surface shear observed over a tidal flat Around high tide over a ﬂooded tidal ﬂat, vertical shear measured 0.13–0.4 m beneath the sea surface by upward-looking Acoustic Doppler Proﬁlers (ADPs) was usually aligned with the wind. However, shear did not increase with increasing windspeed, likely owing to an increase in wave heights and wave-generated mixing with increasing windspeed. The associated increase in water-side drag coefﬁcient with windspeed was predicted, with substantial scatter, by a model for near-surface mixing by breaking waves. A depth-independent eddy-viscosity model yielded only slightly less skill than a ﬁtted depth-dependent model. Farther (0.3–0.6 m) from the surface, model skill was low, suggesting that shear at depth was often determined by factors other than wind. Wave heights tended to increase with increasing water depth. Consequently, the simulated wave-generated surface eddy viscosity tended to increase with increasing depth.

year: 2012

title: Te aho tapu: Mātauranga a Māui ancient knowledge and preserving culture through practice

authors: Keelan-Peebles, Jacqueline Roberta

abstract: I am Māui I am not Māori. Reclamation of identity as uri o Māui-tikitiki-a-Taranga is the ngako of  this creative thesis, in response to the question, ‘who were we before and what is Māuitanga’? 
Due to its paucity my intention is to revive its frequency in restoration to its rightful status in this way; the tools to navigate authentication is through the lens of mātauranga Māui, embedded in kōrero tawhito, traditional cultural practice, lived experience and whakapapa. Validation is  founded in our iwi repositories, pūrākau, ngā waiata, mōteatea, karakia, whaikōrero, rituals of encounter and the arts.
Raranga as the creative vehicle affords the means to analogize kaupapa Māui. The creation of a Kākahu/Korowai is the appropriate representation as its significance aligns itself with the mantle of honour due to rangatira living and those who have passed. 
Exploration of kaupapa Māui infrastructure is fundamental to unravelling multi-faceted cultural narratives. These are the mechanisms to the reclamation of who we were before and to answer the question of Māuitanga. Ultimately to claim and to restore my heritage, to reinstate the common use of an ancient iwi, te iwi ‛Māui’.

text: Te aho tapu: Mātauranga a Māui ancient knowledge and preserving culture through practice I am Māui I am not Māori. Reclamation of identity as uri o Māui-tikitiki-a-Taranga is the ngako of  this creative thesis, in response to the question, ‘who were we before and what is Māuitanga’? 
Due to its paucity my intention is to revive its frequency in restoration to its rightful status in this way; the tools to navigate authentication is through the lens of mātauranga Māui, embedded in kōrero tawhito, traditional cultural practice, lived experience and whakapapa. Validation is  founded in our iwi repositories, pūrākau, ngā waiata, mōteatea, karakia, whaikōrero, rituals of encounter and the arts.
Raranga as the creative vehicle affords the means to analogize kaupapa Māui. The creation of a Kākahu/Korowai is the appropriate representation as its significance aligns itself with the mantle of honour due to rangatira living and those who have passed. 
Exploration of kaupapa Māui infrastructure is fundamental to unravelling multi-faceted cultural narratives. These are the mechanisms to the reclamation of who we were before and to answer the question of Māuitanga. Ultimately to claim and to restore my heritage, to reinstate the common use of an ancient iwi, te iwi ‛Māui’.

year: 2022