title: Spillover effects of sanctions on airlines

authors: Corbet, Shaen

abstract: To counter the escalating threat of direct conflict with rogue nations, the use of sanctions packages has become a preferred tactical response. However, although targeted, there are significantly elevated spillover effects that can generate sectoral damage. While the literature on sanctions has focused on analyzing the effectiveness and the impact on the sanctioned and sanctioning country, spillover effects have not been addressed in the tourism and travel industry. Based on behavioral decision theory and modern portfolio theory, this study states hypotheses and confronts two potential results derived from each theory regarding the way negative consequences of sanctions spill over into airlines. Using the aviation sanctions packages derived from the Russia-Ukraine war in 2022 in different regions worldwide, the results indicate greater spillovers flow into airlines than other aviation-related corporations, into big firms than small firms, and with significant differential effects on each analyzed region.

text: Spillover effects of sanctions on airlines To counter the escalating threat of direct conflict with rogue nations, the use of sanctions packages has become a preferred tactical response. However, although targeted, there are significantly elevated spillover effects that can generate sectoral damage. While the literature on sanctions has focused on analyzing the effectiveness and the impact on the sanctioned and sanctioning country, spillover effects have not been addressed in the tourism and travel industry. Based on behavioral decision theory and modern portfolio theory, this study states hypotheses and confronts two potential results derived from each theory regarding the way negative consequences of sanctions spill over into airlines. Using the aviation sanctions packages derived from the Russia-Ukraine war in 2022 in different regions worldwide, the results indicate greater spillovers flow into airlines than other aviation-related corporations, into big firms than small firms, and with significant differential effects on each analyzed region.

year: 2023

title: The ecology of the lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis, in the South-Auckland/Waikato area

authors: Dentener, Peter Roeland

abstract: Lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis L., is an annual pest in pastures in the Auckland/Waikato area. It damages legumes, particularly white clover, from late autumn until early summer, with a peak in infestation in spring. No research into the seasonality of the lucerne flea (LF) has been done in New Zealand. It was therefore decided to study the bionomics and population dynamics of LF, and aspects related to the damage, caused by LF.

The study showed that the life cycle of LF consisted of three nymphal instars, one adult male and three adult female instars with the males being smaller and lighter in weight than the females. The population of LF built up steadily from March or April onwards to reach a peak in numbers in October or November after which the numbers declined to a low level and LF were only present as diapause eggs. Rainfall in March and April played an important role in the hatching of the diapause eggs and influenced the survival of the first instar larvae. The accumulated temperature (°D) above a zero development threshold of 4 °C determined the number of generations of LF per year, with five generations in 1982 and four in 1983 in Huntly. Shutting up a paddock for hay production as well as the consecutive cutting of the hay influenced the number of LF in the field. Population dynamic studies of LF showed that LF populations had overlapping stages of development as well as overlapping generations during the study period.  Examination of the data with methods, equivalent to the k-factor analysis, showed that LF populations were prone to great changes in number at the beginning of the immature stage of the life cycle of the males and the end of the life cycle of the females, but fairly stable at the time that sexual maturity was reached. The locomotory activity of LF took place during the day and night and all growth stages were active. No statistically significant relationship could be found between the locomotory activity and temperature or rainfall. The mite, Bdellodes lapidaria, a predator of LF, was found in the study sites in Huntly but their numbers were so low that no control effect on LF could be established. Feeding trials showed that adult female LF ate significantly more than adult male LF, and that the feeding rate was highest at 15 and 20 °C and a photophase of 12 and 16 hours light. Other results suggested that some feeding activity would also occur at night. Severe damage by LF in the field reduced the leaf surface area of white clover plants by up to 40 % during this study, and most severe damage was observed in October and November. Observations in the field and the laboratory established that LF is a wasteful feeder.

text: The ecology of the lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis, in the South-Auckland/Waikato area Lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis L., is an annual pest in pastures in the Auckland/Waikato area. It damages legumes, particularly white clover, from late autumn until early summer, with a peak in infestation in spring. No research into the seasonality of the lucerne flea (LF) has been done in New Zealand. It was therefore decided to study the bionomics and population dynamics of LF, and aspects related to the damage, caused by LF.

The study showed that the life cycle of LF consisted of three nymphal instars, one adult male and three adult female instars with the males being smaller and lighter in weight than the females. The population of LF built up steadily from March or April onwards to reach a peak in numbers in October or November after which the numbers declined to a low level and LF were only present as diapause eggs. Rainfall in March and April played an important role in the hatching of the diapause eggs and influenced the survival of the first instar larvae. The accumulated temperature (°D) above a zero development threshold of 4 °C determined the number of generations of LF per year, with five generations in 1982 and four in 1983 in Huntly. Shutting up a paddock for hay production as well as the consecutive cutting of the hay influenced the number of LF in the field. Population dynamic studies of LF showed that LF populations had overlapping stages of development as well as overlapping generations during the study period.  Examination of the data with methods, equivalent to the k-factor analysis, showed that LF populations were prone to great changes in number at the beginning of the immature stage of the life cycle of the males and the end of the life cycle of the females, but fairly stable at the time that sexual maturity was reached. The locomotory activity of LF took place during the day and night and all growth stages were active. No statistically significant relationship could be found between the locomotory activity and temperature or rainfall. The mite, Bdellodes lapidaria, a predator of LF, was found in the study sites in Huntly but their numbers were so low that no control effect on LF could be established. Feeding trials showed that adult female LF ate significantly more than adult male LF, and that the feeding rate was highest at 15 and 20 °C and a photophase of 12 and 16 hours light. Other results suggested that some feeding activity would also occur at night. Severe damage by LF in the field reduced the leaf surface area of white clover plants by up to 40 % during this study, and most severe damage was observed in October and November. Observations in the field and the laboratory established that LF is a wasteful feeder.

year: 1985

title: Weaving the realities and responsibilities: Crossing culture and concepts of healing within co-existing mental health and addictive disorders.

authors: McLachlan, Andre David

subjects: Maori

abstract: Within ‘Mainstream’ western and Kaupapa Māori services, competing priorities often mean that cultural and clinical services are not implemented in unison. Without this ‘unison’, treatment of Māori with co-existing mental health and addictive disorders may be ineffective. This paper reflects the journey of a small social service agency ‘Pai Ake Solutions Limited’ (PASL) in integrating western clinical approaches within tikanga Māori values. 
Pai Ake Solutions Limited (PASL) provides a range of group and individual services to whānau who are affected by mental illness and co-existing substance use problems. The initial development of the service was based on the whakaaro of providing ‘pai ake’ (better) services for whānau in the greater Waikato. These services were initially founded on the strong values of founders Mihaka Hohua and the late Ritchie Re Cribb, which were influenced by the practices and experiences of Ngati Kahangungu, Ngati Haua, and Waikato-Maniopoto. From an initial non-clinical service provision contract, PASL began receiving referrals from individuals and whānau whose needs were not being met by mainstream service providers. Encouraging outcomes and an internal agency review of clientele utilising the service, identified that those accessing PASL services were experiencing socially and clinically significant mental and physical health, addiction and psychosocial problems.

text: Weaving the realities and responsibilities: Crossing culture and concepts of healing within co-existing mental health and addictive disorders. Within ‘Mainstream’ western and Kaupapa Māori services, competing priorities often mean that cultural and clinical services are not implemented in unison. Without this ‘unison’, treatment of Māori with co-existing mental health and addictive disorders may be ineffective. This paper reflects the journey of a small social service agency ‘Pai Ake Solutions Limited’ (PASL) in integrating western clinical approaches within tikanga Māori values. 
Pai Ake Solutions Limited (PASL) provides a range of group and individual services to whānau who are affected by mental illness and co-existing substance use problems. The initial development of the service was based on the whakaaro of providing ‘pai ake’ (better) services for whānau in the greater Waikato. These services were initially founded on the strong values of founders Mihaka Hohua and the late Ritchie Re Cribb, which were influenced by the practices and experiences of Ngati Kahangungu, Ngati Haua, and Waikato-Maniopoto. From an initial non-clinical service provision contract, PASL began receiving referrals from individuals and whānau whose needs were not being met by mainstream service providers. Encouraging outcomes and an internal agency review of clientele utilising the service, identified that those accessing PASL services were experiencing socially and clinically significant mental and physical health, addiction and psychosocial problems.

year: 2008