title: Non-suicidal self-injury: Suicide risk or social activity?

authors: Curtis, Cate

subjects: NSSI

abstract: Deliberate self-harm (DSH) has been conceptualised as indicative of mental illness, on a continuum ending with suicide. Recently our understanding of DSH has become more nuanced, with distinctions made between suicidal behaviour and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Indeed, there is some evidence that NSSI may be consciously countersuicidal. Moreover, NSSI appears to have recently increased markedly among young women. This research explores the motivations, meanings and functions of NSSI in young New Zealand women through 19 in-depth interviews. The results show that precursors range from serious anguish including suicidality, to purely social, with functions from the alleviation of distress to participation in a social activity. Often minimal physical or psychological harm is involved, either preceding NSSI, or as a result. Previous beliefs about the dynamics and the social contexts in which NSSI occurs are thus problematic, as are assumptions about the appropriate support. Though a potential indicator of mental ill-health, NSSI may be a harm-reduction technique, or a relatively normalised teenage activity within the peer group.

text: Non-suicidal self-injury: Suicide risk or social activity? Deliberate self-harm (DSH) has been conceptualised as indicative of mental illness, on a continuum ending with suicide. Recently our understanding of DSH has become more nuanced, with distinctions made between suicidal behaviour and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Indeed, there is some evidence that NSSI may be consciously countersuicidal. Moreover, NSSI appears to have recently increased markedly among young women. This research explores the motivations, meanings and functions of NSSI in young New Zealand women through 19 in-depth interviews. The results show that precursors range from serious anguish including suicidality, to purely social, with functions from the alleviation of distress to participation in a social activity. Often minimal physical or psychological harm is involved, either preceding NSSI, or as a result. Previous beliefs about the dynamics and the social contexts in which NSSI occurs are thus problematic, as are assumptions about the appropriate support. Though a potential indicator of mental ill-health, NSSI may be a harm-reduction technique, or a relatively normalised teenage activity within the peer group.

year: 2017

title: Studies Towards a pH-Sensitive Anticancer Prodrug Model

authors: Teng, Xiao Shi

subjects: tumour-activated prodrug (TAP)

abstract: Tumour-activated prodrug (TAP) is designed to aim at increasing the prodrug selectivity to kill cancer cells. One strategy to is to design a TAP containing an amine cytotoxin, present as an amide function, which could be released more rapidly in the low pH environment of tumour tissues when amide undergoes hydrolysis.
The prodrug model (1) was the subject of the current study. At lower pH its un-ionised carboxylic acid group provides neighbouring catalysis of hydrolysis of the adjacent amide. It was synthesised via ring-opening of the imide (2) which itself was directly synthesised from endo-bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride and p-methoxyaniline.
The pH-rate profile of (1) was established over the pH range of 3-10, covering rapid hydrolysis of un-ionised acid-amide at lower pH but slower imide formation above pH 8 from the ionised acid-amide. From the kinetic data were calculated the dissociation constant for (1) (pKa: 5.1 at 30 C) and limiting lower pH rate constant for hydrolysis of (1) in its fully neutral form (klim: 0.44 min-1 at 30 C). The data in the pH range of 8-10 provided klow (0.067 min-1) representing formation of (2) from fully ionised (1).
The following equilibrium reaction was also investigated at high pH, at which (1) was in its fully ionised amide carboxylate form, by kinetic studies on (2) in hydroxide solutions.
Imide + OH- Amide carboxylate
The second order rate constant for the forward reaction, kf, was 74 L mol-1 min-1 which with klow for the reverse reaction gave K as 1100 L mol-1.

text: Studies Towards a pH-Sensitive Anticancer Prodrug Model Tumour-activated prodrug (TAP) is designed to aim at increasing the prodrug selectivity to kill cancer cells. One strategy to is to design a TAP containing an amine cytotoxin, present as an amide function, which could be released more rapidly in the low pH environment of tumour tissues when amide undergoes hydrolysis.
The prodrug model (1) was the subject of the current study. At lower pH its un-ionised carboxylic acid group provides neighbouring catalysis of hydrolysis of the adjacent amide. It was synthesised via ring-opening of the imide (2) which itself was directly synthesised from endo-bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride and p-methoxyaniline.
The pH-rate profile of (1) was established over the pH range of 3-10, covering rapid hydrolysis of un-ionised acid-amide at lower pH but slower imide formation above pH 8 from the ionised acid-amide. From the kinetic data were calculated the dissociation constant for (1) (pKa: 5.1 at 30 C) and limiting lower pH rate constant for hydrolysis of (1) in its fully neutral form (klim: 0.44 min-1 at 30 C). The data in the pH range of 8-10 provided klow (0.067 min-1) representing formation of (2) from fully ionised (1).
The following equilibrium reaction was also investigated at high pH, at which (1) was in its fully ionised amide carboxylate form, by kinetic studies on (2) in hydroxide solutions.
Imide + OH- Amide carboxylate
The second order rate constant for the forward reaction, kf, was 74 L mol-1 min-1 which with klow for the reverse reaction gave K as 1100 L mol-1.

year: 2010

title: Ko Waikato-Maniapoto te iwi

authors: Ngaia, Te Ingo Karangaroa Terehia

subjects: Waikato Maniapoto

abstract: Nō te ūnga mai o Tainui waka, i Whangaparāoa, ka tīmata i reira te tautapa haere a Tainui waka i tōna rohe, i tāna tere i Te Ika-ā-Māui. Nāwai rā ka tau ki tōna tumu i roto o Kāwhia Moana, Kāwhia Kai, Kāwhia Tāngata, i te taha hauāuru o Te Ika-ā-Māui. I roto i ngā rautau i muri mai i te ūnga o Tainui waka me ngā tūpuna i tere mai i te waka, ka tīmata ngā tūpuna te mātoro haere i te whenua hou me te whakanoho i ngō rātou whānau. Ka tupu i koneki ngā hapū me ngā iwi i heke mai i ngā waka. I roto i ngā tātai whakapapa o Tainu waka, e mārama mai ana ngā kāwai heke ki ngā iwi o Waikato me Maniapoto hoki. Ka whai mana ngā rangatira o ngā iwi nei i ngō rātou kāinga me ngā pānga whenua i noho ai rātou.
I hua tuatahi ai te iwi o Waikato-Maniapoto i roto i ngā pakanga me ngā whakaipoipotanga mo ngā kāinga me ngā pānga whenua, kai, moana hoki. Nā ngā pūkenga wānanga, pakanga hoki, i whakawehe, i kotahi ai rānei ngā iwi.
I te taenga mai o te Pākehā ki te pēhi i ngā tikanga a te Māori, ka huri te aro o te Pākehā ki te whakahau me te whakawai i ngā rātou tauira hou ki runga i ngā iwi.
Ka whakaturengia ngā ingoa o ngā tikanga hou, nā te Kāwanatanga Pākehā hou nei i whakamana, ā, i whakaū ngēnei tikanga hou kia pēhia ngā tikanga taketake ake a te Māori. Ka huri a Waikato-Maniapoto iwi ki te aru i ngā tauira hou ki te whakawhanake i ngā uri whakatupu i roto i te ao hou. Hoi, i mau tonu i a Waikato-Maniapoto te wairua me ngā tikanga i heke iho ki ngōna uri.
Ka whakaūngia te wairua me ngā tikanga o ngā mātua tūpuna ki roto i te tauira hou o te Kīngitanga. Ka mahi ngātahi te Kīngitanga me te iwi o Waikato-Maniapoto ki te whakatinana i tōna kaupapa, arā, hei pupuru i te toto; hei pupuru i te whenua; ā, hei pupuru i te mana Māori motuhake. I roto i te Kīngitanga nga 
hanganga iwi hou i puta hei kōkiri i ngā rautaki whakawhanake i te iwi whānui i roto i te ao hou nei.
Huhua noa atu ngā uri o Waikato-Maniapoto i whai wāhi i runga i ngā tūranga whakawhanake i te iwi whānui mā te whakaū i te mana Māori motuhake i roto i te reo me ngā tikanga o Waikato-Maniapoto iwi me ngōna kaupapa. Ko te whakahua i ngā hononga iwi kia whai whanaungatanga, kia whai tūrangawaewae te whakatinanatanga o te whakapono ā-wairua nei ki ngā taonga tuku iho o Waikato-Maniapoto. Ka whai mana, ka tūturu te kīanga a Waikato-Maniapoto i roto i te whakamana a ngā uri i ngā kōrero whakapapa o te iwi o Waikato-Maniapoto me te whakamana i te kīanga nei i ngā reanga whakapapa.

text: Ko Waikato-Maniapoto te iwi Nō te ūnga mai o Tainui waka, i Whangaparāoa, ka tīmata i reira te tautapa haere a Tainui waka i tōna rohe, i tāna tere i Te Ika-ā-Māui. Nāwai rā ka tau ki tōna tumu i roto o Kāwhia Moana, Kāwhia Kai, Kāwhia Tāngata, i te taha hauāuru o Te Ika-ā-Māui. I roto i ngā rautau i muri mai i te ūnga o Tainui waka me ngā tūpuna i tere mai i te waka, ka tīmata ngā tūpuna te mātoro haere i te whenua hou me te whakanoho i ngō rātou whānau. Ka tupu i koneki ngā hapū me ngā iwi i heke mai i ngā waka. I roto i ngā tātai whakapapa o Tainu waka, e mārama mai ana ngā kāwai heke ki ngā iwi o Waikato me Maniapoto hoki. Ka whai mana ngā rangatira o ngā iwi nei i ngō rātou kāinga me ngā pānga whenua i noho ai rātou.
I hua tuatahi ai te iwi o Waikato-Maniapoto i roto i ngā pakanga me ngā whakaipoipotanga mo ngā kāinga me ngā pānga whenua, kai, moana hoki. Nā ngā pūkenga wānanga, pakanga hoki, i whakawehe, i kotahi ai rānei ngā iwi.
I te taenga mai o te Pākehā ki te pēhi i ngā tikanga a te Māori, ka huri te aro o te Pākehā ki te whakahau me te whakawai i ngā rātou tauira hou ki runga i ngā iwi.
Ka whakaturengia ngā ingoa o ngā tikanga hou, nā te Kāwanatanga Pākehā hou nei i whakamana, ā, i whakaū ngēnei tikanga hou kia pēhia ngā tikanga taketake ake a te Māori. Ka huri a Waikato-Maniapoto iwi ki te aru i ngā tauira hou ki te whakawhanake i ngā uri whakatupu i roto i te ao hou. Hoi, i mau tonu i a Waikato-Maniapoto te wairua me ngā tikanga i heke iho ki ngōna uri.
Ka whakaūngia te wairua me ngā tikanga o ngā mātua tūpuna ki roto i te tauira hou o te Kīngitanga. Ka mahi ngātahi te Kīngitanga me te iwi o Waikato-Maniapoto ki te whakatinana i tōna kaupapa, arā, hei pupuru i te toto; hei pupuru i te whenua; ā, hei pupuru i te mana Māori motuhake. I roto i te Kīngitanga nga 
hanganga iwi hou i puta hei kōkiri i ngā rautaki whakawhanake i te iwi whānui i roto i te ao hou nei.
Huhua noa atu ngā uri o Waikato-Maniapoto i whai wāhi i runga i ngā tūranga whakawhanake i te iwi whānui mā te whakaū i te mana Māori motuhake i roto i te reo me ngā tikanga o Waikato-Maniapoto iwi me ngōna kaupapa. Ko te whakahua i ngā hononga iwi kia whai whanaungatanga, kia whai tūrangawaewae te whakatinanatanga o te whakapono ā-wairua nei ki ngā taonga tuku iho o Waikato-Maniapoto. Ka whai mana, ka tūturu te kīanga a Waikato-Maniapoto i roto i te whakamana a ngā uri i ngā kōrero whakapapa o te iwi o Waikato-Maniapoto me te whakamana i te kīanga nei i ngā reanga whakapapa.

year: 2010