title: Cost-effective policies for improving water quality by reducing nitrate emissions from diverse dairy farms: An abatement–cost perspective

authors: Doole, Graeme J.

subjects: agricultural production

abstract: A flexible and replicable approach for the appraisal of the cost-effectiveness of various policy instruments for the regulation of nonpoint pollution from heterogeneous farms is presented. The framework is employed to evaluate three regulatory instruments for achieving reductions in nitrate leaching among a large population of dairy farms in the Waikato region of New Zealand. These instruments are (1) a differentiated policy that allows individual abatement effort to vary among farms to satisfy a catchment-wide reduction in leaching load, (2) a uniform policy that requires all farms to reduce emissions by a constant proportion, and (3) a threshold policy that requires all farms to emit beneath a given threshold leaching load. A 30% reduction in leaching will cost around 1.4, 1.96, and 4.41 million dollars across the catchment with a differentiated, uniform, and threshold policy, respectively. In comparison, a 50% reduction in leaching will cost around 7.77, 8.58, and 11.24 million dollars across the catchment with a differentiated, uniform, and threshold policy, respectively. Thus, a differentiated policy achieves required environmental outcomes at least cost. This result highlights the value of modelling heterogeneous farms in policy evaluation for nonpoint pollution control.

text: Cost-effective policies for improving water quality by reducing nitrate emissions from diverse dairy farms: An abatement–cost perspective A flexible and replicable approach for the appraisal of the cost-effectiveness of various policy instruments for the regulation of nonpoint pollution from heterogeneous farms is presented. The framework is employed to evaluate three regulatory instruments for achieving reductions in nitrate leaching among a large population of dairy farms in the Waikato region of New Zealand. These instruments are (1) a differentiated policy that allows individual abatement effort to vary among farms to satisfy a catchment-wide reduction in leaching load, (2) a uniform policy that requires all farms to reduce emissions by a constant proportion, and (3) a threshold policy that requires all farms to emit beneath a given threshold leaching load. A 30% reduction in leaching will cost around 1.4, 1.96, and 4.41 million dollars across the catchment with a differentiated, uniform, and threshold policy, respectively. In comparison, a 50% reduction in leaching will cost around 7.77, 8.58, and 11.24 million dollars across the catchment with a differentiated, uniform, and threshold policy, respectively. Thus, a differentiated policy achieves required environmental outcomes at least cost. This result highlights the value of modelling heterogeneous farms in policy evaluation for nonpoint pollution control.

year: 2011

title: The Life and Letters of the Lady Arbella Stuart

authors: McCoy, Rowena

subjects: Arbella Stuart

abstract: Lady Arbella Stuart, a woman nearly forgotten in history and literature and yet a woman who lived a full and exciting life which is well documented in her letters to her family, friends and royalty (both Queen Elizabeth I and James VI and I). Arbella Stuart was born in 1575 to Elizabeth Cavendish and Charles Darnley and was brought up by her maternal grandmother, Bess of Hardwick. She was educated from birth about her proximity to the throne (there was a chance she could have been queen when Elizabeth died) and the important role she had in life. There have been several biographies written about Stuart over the years and most recently an excellent text of her existing letters by Sara Jayne Steen which is the primary source of information for this thesis. This thesis examines Stuart’s tone, rhetoric and style in a selection of letters written over the course of her life, where possible using manuscripts viewed in the British Library and Hardwick Hall, as well as the published text. Part of what makes Stuart such an interesting subject is her ability to manipulate her reader and assume different personae, depending on whom she was writing to. The young Stuart writes passionately and often without thinking first, putting her thoughts on paper and then quickly sending them off to the Queen and her advisers. An older and wiser Stuart writes from James VI and I’s court and is very formal in her letters to the King. She is more relaxed when writing to her Aunt and Uncle and depicts court life in a lively informal fashion giving us a valuable insight into what life as a courtier would have been like at this time. Finally the thesis examines Stuart’s last letters written from imprisonment, the work of a desperate woman, fighting for her freedom. Stuart, like most of us, had a multi-faceted personality. She was at times an apparently submissive and subservient subject of the King; a well read and educated woman who adopted the guise of humility and deference to those in authority, the patriarchal order in place. This thesis will depict the many different sides to Stuart and give a brief overview of her exciting and turbulent life, told through her letters.

text: The Life and Letters of the Lady Arbella Stuart Lady Arbella Stuart, a woman nearly forgotten in history and literature and yet a woman who lived a full and exciting life which is well documented in her letters to her family, friends and royalty (both Queen Elizabeth I and James VI and I). Arbella Stuart was born in 1575 to Elizabeth Cavendish and Charles Darnley and was brought up by her maternal grandmother, Bess of Hardwick. She was educated from birth about her proximity to the throne (there was a chance she could have been queen when Elizabeth died) and the important role she had in life. There have been several biographies written about Stuart over the years and most recently an excellent text of her existing letters by Sara Jayne Steen which is the primary source of information for this thesis. This thesis examines Stuart’s tone, rhetoric and style in a selection of letters written over the course of her life, where possible using manuscripts viewed in the British Library and Hardwick Hall, as well as the published text. Part of what makes Stuart such an interesting subject is her ability to manipulate her reader and assume different personae, depending on whom she was writing to. The young Stuart writes passionately and often without thinking first, putting her thoughts on paper and then quickly sending them off to the Queen and her advisers. An older and wiser Stuart writes from James VI and I’s court and is very formal in her letters to the King. She is more relaxed when writing to her Aunt and Uncle and depicts court life in a lively informal fashion giving us a valuable insight into what life as a courtier would have been like at this time. Finally the thesis examines Stuart’s last letters written from imprisonment, the work of a desperate woman, fighting for her freedom. Stuart, like most of us, had a multi-faceted personality. She was at times an apparently submissive and subservient subject of the King; a well read and educated woman who adopted the guise of humility and deference to those in authority, the patriarchal order in place. This thesis will depict the many different sides to Stuart and give a brief overview of her exciting and turbulent life, told through her letters.

year: 2010

title: Maori seeking self-determination or Tino Rangatiratanga? A note

authors: Toki, Valmaine

abstract: Dr Nin Tomas wrote a considered and substantial piece entitled “Indigenous Peoples and the Māori: The Right to Self-Determination in International Law - From Woe to Go” for the New Zealand Law Review published in 2008.² In her conclusion she notes two ways in which self-determination has been implemented by the state: first, by “greater tolerance and benevolence along a series of principled guidelines”,³ and, second, as a “peoples-centred, enabling principle that allows Indigenous peoples to re-establish their social, economic and political institutions”.⁴
In 2010, New Zealand reversed its position and supported the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (the Declaration).5 With this in mind, this short piece revisits the notion of self-determination by examining the differing dynamics of concepts of external and internal self-determination before a short discussion on pluralism and the relationship between tino rangatiratanga and self-determination. In conclusion some thoughts are offered on a potential form of self-determination that could be consistent with the exercise of tino rangatiratanga.

text: Maori seeking self-determination or Tino Rangatiratanga? A note Dr Nin Tomas wrote a considered and substantial piece entitled “Indigenous Peoples and the Māori: The Right to Self-Determination in International Law - From Woe to Go” for the New Zealand Law Review published in 2008.² In her conclusion she notes two ways in which self-determination has been implemented by the state: first, by “greater tolerance and benevolence along a series of principled guidelines”,³ and, second, as a “peoples-centred, enabling principle that allows Indigenous peoples to re-establish their social, economic and political institutions”.⁴
In 2010, New Zealand reversed its position and supported the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (the Declaration).5 With this in mind, this short piece revisits the notion of self-determination by examining the differing dynamics of concepts of external and internal self-determination before a short discussion on pluralism and the relationship between tino rangatiratanga and self-determination. In conclusion some thoughts are offered on a potential form of self-determination that could be consistent with the exercise of tino rangatiratanga.

year: 2017