title: Equity: Tarasiewicz v Titford

authors: Chevalier-Watts, Juliet

abstract: The trustees sought an order under s 64(1) of the Trustee Act 1956 giving them the power to sell the property in question. 
Lang J confirmed that the Trust Deed would permit such a sale but the Court had to be satisfied that the sale would expedient for the trust as a whole, and not merely in the interests of one beneficiary. A key factor underpinning the Trust’s original decision to acquire property had been removed and significant capital expenditure was required to improve the property. The only realistic way of resolving the problems was to sell the property, thus it would be expedient in the management and administration of Trust to sell the property as well as being in the interests of all the beneficiaries.

text: Equity: Tarasiewicz v Titford The trustees sought an order under s 64(1) of the Trustee Act 1956 giving them the power to sell the property in question. 
Lang J confirmed that the Trust Deed would permit such a sale but the Court had to be satisfied that the sale would expedient for the trust as a whole, and not merely in the interests of one beneficiary. A key factor underpinning the Trust’s original decision to acquire property had been removed and significant capital expenditure was required to improve the property. The only realistic way of resolving the problems was to sell the property, thus it would be expedient in the management and administration of Trust to sell the property as well as being in the interests of all the beneficiaries.

year: 2014

title: Using undrained cyclic triaxial tests to examine liquefaction resistance of historically liquefied pumiceous volcanic-ash soil materials and back-estimate prehistoric earthquakes.

authors: Chaneva, Jordanka

subjects: Hamilton Basin faults

abstract: Back-analysis of ground motion characteristics, such as earthquake magnitude and peak ground accelerations, in paleoliquefaction studies are most commonly based on empirical CPT- and/or SPT-based correlations that estimate the liquefaction resistance of soil materials of relevance. Laboratory triaxial cyclic tests have not been explored for this purpose to date. Our study investigates the liquefaction resistance of three different beds (with differing grain-size distributions and pumice content) of a single rhyolitic (high-silica) volcanic-ash layer, referred to as Mamaku tephra, that was deposited ~8000 calendar years ago and preserved in lake sediments in multiple extant lakes in the Hamilton lowlands, North Island, New Zealand. 

Paleoliquefaction features observed in the silty and sandy beds of the Mamaku tephra indicate seismic activity in the past. With our main aim being to back-analyse potential prehistoric earthquakes that might have caused the paleoliquefaction features in Mamaku tephra (and other lacustrine tephras), the following steps were taken: 
(1) the liquefaction resistance of the three Mamaku tephra beds with different grain sizes and pumice contents from one site (Lake Areare, northern Hamilton lowlands) was investigated using undrained cyclic triaxial testing;
(2) a framework extending the laboratory liquefaction resistance results of the tested Mamaku beds at Lake Areare to other Mamaku tephra deposits in the lake sediments across the lowlands was proposed; and 
(3) the equivalent peak ground acceleration and earthquake magnitude that would have caused liquefaction of all the lacustrine Mamaku tephra deposits across the lowlands (in 13 lakes) were estimated using available empirical correlation methods. A discussion about the limitations of the proposed framework alongside the qualitative implications on the results is also provided. It was found that the Mamaku tephra deposits are very vulnerable to liquefaction and require very low triggering peak ground acceleration to liquefy, i.e., amax in the range between 0.02 and 0.08 g through the range of magnitudes, M = 5–8.5.

text: Using undrained cyclic triaxial tests to examine liquefaction resistance of historically liquefied pumiceous volcanic-ash soil materials and back-estimate prehistoric earthquakes. Back-analysis of ground motion characteristics, such as earthquake magnitude and peak ground accelerations, in paleoliquefaction studies are most commonly based on empirical CPT- and/or SPT-based correlations that estimate the liquefaction resistance of soil materials of relevance. Laboratory triaxial cyclic tests have not been explored for this purpose to date. Our study investigates the liquefaction resistance of three different beds (with differing grain-size distributions and pumice content) of a single rhyolitic (high-silica) volcanic-ash layer, referred to as Mamaku tephra, that was deposited ~8000 calendar years ago and preserved in lake sediments in multiple extant lakes in the Hamilton lowlands, North Island, New Zealand. 

Paleoliquefaction features observed in the silty and sandy beds of the Mamaku tephra indicate seismic activity in the past. With our main aim being to back-analyse potential prehistoric earthquakes that might have caused the paleoliquefaction features in Mamaku tephra (and other lacustrine tephras), the following steps were taken: 
(1) the liquefaction resistance of the three Mamaku tephra beds with different grain sizes and pumice contents from one site (Lake Areare, northern Hamilton lowlands) was investigated using undrained cyclic triaxial testing;
(2) a framework extending the laboratory liquefaction resistance results of the tested Mamaku beds at Lake Areare to other Mamaku tephra deposits in the lake sediments across the lowlands was proposed; and 
(3) the equivalent peak ground acceleration and earthquake magnitude that would have caused liquefaction of all the lacustrine Mamaku tephra deposits across the lowlands (in 13 lakes) were estimated using available empirical correlation methods. A discussion about the limitations of the proposed framework alongside the qualitative implications on the results is also provided. It was found that the Mamaku tephra deposits are very vulnerable to liquefaction and require very low triggering peak ground acceleration to liquefy, i.e., amax in the range between 0.02 and 0.08 g through the range of magnitudes, M = 5–8.5.

year: 2025

title: A Pilot investigation into the assessment of changes in the psycholinguistic abilities of new-entrant Māori school children using the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities

authors: St George, William Vivian Ross

abstract: The role of language as the principal medium of instruction within the New Zealand (N .Z.) educational system has recently received increasing attention both from researchers and those responsible for the formulation of our national educational policy. In particular, much attention has been directed toward the Maori pupil and the use of the English language as the medium for his instruction. The range of literature on this question includes controlled research studies on English usage by Maori children, educational policy statements concerning the - medium of instruction to be employed in New Zealand schools and writings of a more speculative, and potentially political nature, questioning educational policy and the role of language in "Maori education".

text: A Pilot investigation into the assessment of changes in the psycholinguistic abilities of new-entrant Māori school children using the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities The role of language as the principal medium of instruction within the New Zealand (N .Z.) educational system has recently received increasing attention both from researchers and those responsible for the formulation of our national educational policy. In particular, much attention has been directed toward the Maori pupil and the use of the English language as the medium for his instruction. The range of literature on this question includes controlled research studies on English usage by Maori children, educational policy statements concerning the - medium of instruction to be employed in New Zealand schools and writings of a more speculative, and potentially political nature, questioning educational policy and the role of language in "Maori education".

year: 1969