title: Ethical guidelines and practices for Pakistani television journalists reporting on domestic violence

authors: Bin Nasir, Omer

subjects: domestic violence

abstract: Domestic violence is endemic in Pakistan (Baig et al., 2020), yet it took around 66 years of campaigning to acknowledge it as a social problem worthy of legislation. This paper investigates the ethical frameworks in place for Pakistani television news journalists reporting cases of domestic violence. It also examines the provision and structure of training for Pakistani media professionals to support accurate and balanced reporting of such violence. The research for this study comprised in-depth semi-structured interviews with 11 high level television journalists – including news producers. Findings of the study reveal that there were no written ethical guidelines on how to represent incidents of this crime, its victims, or perpetrators. Moreover, due to the paucity of formal professional development opportunities, journalists are mostly limited to on-the-job training in terms of how best to report cases of domestic violence. This also impacts on their approaches to information gathering and dissemination. The research did find that, in comparison to journalists working for national Pakistani news channels, those associated with international news organizations were more aware of and trained in the need to consider how to cover domestic violence ethically, sensitively and in socially responsible ways.

text: Ethical guidelines and practices for Pakistani television journalists reporting on domestic violence Domestic violence is endemic in Pakistan (Baig et al., 2020), yet it took around 66 years of campaigning to acknowledge it as a social problem worthy of legislation. This paper investigates the ethical frameworks in place for Pakistani television news journalists reporting cases of domestic violence. It also examines the provision and structure of training for Pakistani media professionals to support accurate and balanced reporting of such violence. The research for this study comprised in-depth semi-structured interviews with 11 high level television journalists – including news producers. Findings of the study reveal that there were no written ethical guidelines on how to represent incidents of this crime, its victims, or perpetrators. Moreover, due to the paucity of formal professional development opportunities, journalists are mostly limited to on-the-job training in terms of how best to report cases of domestic violence. This also impacts on their approaches to information gathering and dissemination. The research did find that, in comparison to journalists working for national Pakistani news channels, those associated with international news organizations were more aware of and trained in the need to consider how to cover domestic violence ethically, sensitively and in socially responsible ways.

year: 2022

title: Current sheet formation in uniformly twisted magnetic flux tubes

authors: Ali, Farhad

abstract: A viable mechanism for coronal heating is conversion of magnetic field energy into heat through magnetic reconnection in current sheets. Two processes capable of generating current sheets in the solar corona are studied here. The corkscrew kink instability of an axisymmetric magnetic flux tube, as a result of uniform twisting, is addressed first. Linear growth rates of the instability due to a helical perturbation are calculated for a variety of tubes. It is shown that plasma pressure and tube radius reduction are stabilising.

The helically symmetric geometry allows us to use an effectively two-dimensional formulation. A magneto-frictional code is developed to simulate relaxation to a second helical equilibrium of the tubes. Lower energy equilibria resulting from the kink are studied. Only one tube, whose twist decays with radius, is shown to result in a true field singularity or a current sheet. The Gold-Hoyle tube relaxes to a smooth kinked equilibrium. Tubes having reversal of a field component result in current concentrations as they kink and relax to a neighboring equilibrium. Plasma pressure reduces the strength of the kink in all cases.

The second process resulting in current sheet formation is the interaction of multiple flux tubes. The same frictional code is used to show that repelling tubes move away from each other as the superposed field relaxes to equilibrium. Twisting them together results in current concentrations. Attracting tubes with no neutral point also give rise to current concentrations when they are twisted together and relax to equilibrium. Current sheets are formed when attracting flux tubes, whose initial combined field have a neutral point, coalesce in the absence of plasma pressure. Introducing plasma pressure prevents current sheet formation when the tubes are not twisted together. In case the tubes are twisted together we again see current sheets, the lack of symmetry permitting plasma to flow out from between approaching flux surfaces, allowing them to come into contact. Interaction of unequal attracting tubes results in curved current sheets.

text: Current sheet formation in uniformly twisted magnetic flux tubes A viable mechanism for coronal heating is conversion of magnetic field energy into heat through magnetic reconnection in current sheets. Two processes capable of generating current sheets in the solar corona are studied here. The corkscrew kink instability of an axisymmetric magnetic flux tube, as a result of uniform twisting, is addressed first. Linear growth rates of the instability due to a helical perturbation are calculated for a variety of tubes. It is shown that plasma pressure and tube radius reduction are stabilising.

The helically symmetric geometry allows us to use an effectively two-dimensional formulation. A magneto-frictional code is developed to simulate relaxation to a second helical equilibrium of the tubes. Lower energy equilibria resulting from the kink are studied. Only one tube, whose twist decays with radius, is shown to result in a true field singularity or a current sheet. The Gold-Hoyle tube relaxes to a smooth kinked equilibrium. Tubes having reversal of a field component result in current concentrations as they kink and relax to a neighboring equilibrium. Plasma pressure reduces the strength of the kink in all cases.

The second process resulting in current sheet formation is the interaction of multiple flux tubes. The same frictional code is used to show that repelling tubes move away from each other as the superposed field relaxes to equilibrium. Twisting them together results in current concentrations. Attracting tubes with no neutral point also give rise to current concentrations when they are twisted together and relax to equilibrium. Current sheets are formed when attracting flux tubes, whose initial combined field have a neutral point, coalesce in the absence of plasma pressure. Introducing plasma pressure prevents current sheet formation when the tubes are not twisted together. In case the tubes are twisted together we again see current sheets, the lack of symmetry permitting plasma to flow out from between approaching flux surfaces, allowing them to come into contact. Interaction of unequal attracting tubes results in curved current sheets.

year: 2001

title: Restorative Practices in Schools: Far-Reaching Implications

authors: Drewery, Wendy

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: In 1999, the New Zealand Ministry of Education contracted a team from the University of Waikato to develop a process for conferencing in schools. The brief was to utilise restorative justice principles to develop a conferencing process for use in schools. The purpose was to test whether such an approach to wrongdoing could reduce the exponential increase of suspensions, particularly of Maori boys, who were, and still are, disproportionately represented in reported numbers of suspensions, stand-downs and exclusions.

text: Restorative Practices in Schools: Far-Reaching Implications In 1999, the New Zealand Ministry of Education contracted a team from the University of Waikato to develop a process for conferencing in schools. The brief was to utilise restorative justice principles to develop a conferencing process for use in schools. The purpose was to test whether such an approach to wrongdoing could reduce the exponential increase of suspensions, particularly of Maori boys, who were, and still are, disproportionately represented in reported numbers of suspensions, stand-downs and exclusions.

year: 2007