title: Exploring the effects of vicarious trauma in New Zealand practitioners

authors: Rakei, Nina Roera Maheaiterangi

subjects: Vicarious trauma

abstract: Vicarious trauma is an occupational stress reaction that affects health professionals on different levels. This is caused from empathic engagements with clients and being exposed to traumatic material on a regular basis. In this study it was clear that practitioner’s experience negative as well as positive shifts in their world views and sense of self. Eleven health practitioners were interviewed to explore what led them into their desired helping profession and how they have managed to practice effectively. Related concepts of psychological impacts are discussed describing the relationship between posttraumatic stress type features and vicarious trauma that are experienced by health professionals. Information collected from interviews explored the themes between the shared stories and the literature on vicarious trauma effects. Four sections explore: motives for helping, personal experiences of vicarious trauma, identifying it in others and various ways of coping with effects. Various sub-themes are explored from each major theme using the constructivist self-development theory. In conclusion with the findings from the data collected and previous research, this study shares lived experiences of the effects of vicarious trauma.

text: Exploring the effects of vicarious trauma in New Zealand practitioners Vicarious trauma is an occupational stress reaction that affects health professionals on different levels. This is caused from empathic engagements with clients and being exposed to traumatic material on a regular basis. In this study it was clear that practitioner’s experience negative as well as positive shifts in their world views and sense of self. Eleven health practitioners were interviewed to explore what led them into their desired helping profession and how they have managed to practice effectively. Related concepts of psychological impacts are discussed describing the relationship between posttraumatic stress type features and vicarious trauma that are experienced by health professionals. Information collected from interviews explored the themes between the shared stories and the literature on vicarious trauma effects. Four sections explore: motives for helping, personal experiences of vicarious trauma, identifying it in others and various ways of coping with effects. Various sub-themes are explored from each major theme using the constructivist self-development theory. In conclusion with the findings from the data collected and previous research, this study shares lived experiences of the effects of vicarious trauma.

year: 2016

title: Screening for risk of Low Energy Availability in elite female netball athletes and the prevalence of injury

authors: Davie, Courtney

abstract: Low Energy Availability (LEA) is a condition commonly seen in female athletes, often as a consequence of insufficient dietary intake relative to energy expenditure, resulting in an energy deficit. A negative energy balance can severely impact normal physiological functions, often causing the body to downregulate to conserve energy as a means to survive. LEA poses a significant health risk, which has been associated with a plethora of unfavourable health and performance outcomes such as; reproductive function, bone health, gastrointestinal function, cardiovascular health, immune function and psychological impairment. Until now, limited research has been available for the prevalence of LEA in the team sport population, as most previous studies have concentrated on endurance and/or individual sport athletes. As highlighted in the literature review in the first part of this thesis, the prevalence of LEA ranges from 2-100% in various sports and disciplines, however the few studies to investigate the prevalence of LEA in team sport athletes have found reasonably high rates of LEA present.  The associated health outcomes are continuously emerging in research, alongside the multiple measures to screen and diagnosis for LEA, which are explained in the literature review. The second part of this thesis comprises of an original study investigating the prevalence of LEA within elite female netball athletes in New Zealand. Fifty-three elite netballers volunteered to participate in this study and were required to complete an adapted version of the Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire (LEAF-Q) to identify risk of LEA. Analysis found a concerning prevalence of 53% of participants considered ‘at-risk’ of developing LEA, with additional findings discovering 85.7% of the ‘at-risk’ athletes had sustained an injury within the last 12 months. The final section of this thesis summarises the overall findings of the thesis, as well as providing practical applications, and highlighting direction for future research in this area.

text: Screening for risk of Low Energy Availability in elite female netball athletes and the prevalence of injury Low Energy Availability (LEA) is a condition commonly seen in female athletes, often as a consequence of insufficient dietary intake relative to energy expenditure, resulting in an energy deficit. A negative energy balance can severely impact normal physiological functions, often causing the body to downregulate to conserve energy as a means to survive. LEA poses a significant health risk, which has been associated with a plethora of unfavourable health and performance outcomes such as; reproductive function, bone health, gastrointestinal function, cardiovascular health, immune function and psychological impairment. Until now, limited research has been available for the prevalence of LEA in the team sport population, as most previous studies have concentrated on endurance and/or individual sport athletes. As highlighted in the literature review in the first part of this thesis, the prevalence of LEA ranges from 2-100% in various sports and disciplines, however the few studies to investigate the prevalence of LEA in team sport athletes have found reasonably high rates of LEA present.  The associated health outcomes are continuously emerging in research, alongside the multiple measures to screen and diagnosis for LEA, which are explained in the literature review. The second part of this thesis comprises of an original study investigating the prevalence of LEA within elite female netball athletes in New Zealand. Fifty-three elite netballers volunteered to participate in this study and were required to complete an adapted version of the Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire (LEAF-Q) to identify risk of LEA. Analysis found a concerning prevalence of 53% of participants considered ‘at-risk’ of developing LEA, with additional findings discovering 85.7% of the ‘at-risk’ athletes had sustained an injury within the last 12 months. The final section of this thesis summarises the overall findings of the thesis, as well as providing practical applications, and highlighting direction for future research in this area.

year: 2021

title: Te Kōpura

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: He Hōnore, he korōria, he maungārongo ki runga ki te whenua, he whakaaro pai ki ngā tānagata katoa.


Ko te tāhu o tēnei tuhituhinga he titiro ki Te Hāhi Ringatū i runga o Whitianga marae. E rua noa iho ngā Rā Ringatū ka tū ki runga i tēnei marae, arā, ko Te Huamata, hei te tahi o Hune tēnā me Te Pure, hei te tahi o Nōema tēnā. I roto i te tuhituhingaroa nei ka titiro he aha I tae atu ai wēnei tikanga ki tēnei o ngā marae. Ka whakatakoto haere, i pēhea hoki ngā whakahaeretanga i te wā o ngā pakeke. Kātahi ka titiro ki ngā whakarerekētanga ki ngā tikanga i roto i te wā, ā, he aha i pērā ai. 
Kua tata ki te toru tekau tau mai i te whakakoretanga o Te Māratapu a Te Ringatū i roto i wāna whakahaerenga i Te Huamata me Te Pure. Ko tērā tūāhuatanga o Te Ringatū e kore nei e kitea e tēnei reanga tangata.
Tokoiti noa nei, me kī, ngā mōrehu o tērā whakatipuranga pakeke i kitea wērā tūāhuatanga e ora tonu ana. Nō reira i toko ake te whakaaro ki te rangahau, ki te kohikohi hoki i ngā kōrero i te hunga i rongo, i kite, i tipu ake hoki i roto i tērā Ao. He pekanga nui o te tuhinga nei kua titiro ki Te Huamata me Te Pure me wōna tapu, me wōna whakahaerenga ki runga o te marae o Whitianga.
Ki te whakawhāriki i ngā kōrero nei mō Te Ringatū ki runga o Whitianga kua tātaritia kia waru ngā pekanga o te tuhinga kia mārama ai ki te karu pānui i ngā kōrero; i pēhea tae atu ai Te Ringatū ki runga o Whitianga, i pēhea tāna kawe i ngā tikanga, ā, he aha i whakarerekēngia ai tāna kawe i Te Huamata me Te Pure i roto I te wā.

Tuatahi: Ki te kōrero mō Te Ringatū me hoki ki te tīmata maitanga o Te Ringatū. Ka tirohia, nā wai i tīmata, ā, he aha i tīmataria ai, me te whakaatu i wētahi āhuatanga i pā ki tōna Poropiti me wāna pononga i te tīmatatanga rā anō o Te Ringatū.

Tuarua: Ko te whai haere tēnei i ngā takahanga waewae o ngā tīpuna o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, ki te whai i Te Ringatū. Ka titiro he aha te take i huri ai a Te Whānau-a-Apanui ki ngā tikanga o Te Ringatū. Ka titiro anō hoki ki te taenga atu o Te Kooti me tana iwi Ringatū ki roto o Te Whānau-a-Apanui me wāna mahi ki a rātou i reira.

Tuatoru: Ka whakaatu i konei, he aha te take ko wātahi marae tokoiti noa iho o Te Whānau-a-Apanui ka noho hei marae Ringatū, mai i te taenga atu o Te Ringatū, aā, tae noa ki tēnei rā.
Tuawhā: I konei ka tae ki te pūtake o te tuhinga. Ka titiro i konei ki te taenga o ngā whakahaere Ringatū, arā, Te Huamata me Te Pure ki runga i te marae o Whitianga. Ka whakaatu i konei, he aha i tae atu ai wēnei tikanga ki tērā marae. Ka kite anē hoki he aha i karangatia ko Whitianga te marae pou mō Te Ringatū ki roto o Te Whānau-a-Apanui.
Tuarima: Ka tiro haeretia i konei ngā tikanga e pā ana ki Te Huamata me wōna whakahaere I ngā. tapu katoa e pā ana ki Te Huamata. Ka whakarārangitia ko ngā karakia me wōna kaupapa katoa kia kite ai te kaipānui i te hōhonutanga o tēnei tikanga a Te Ringatū. I konei ka kite anō hoki te kaipānui i ngā kōrero a ngā pakeke, nāna nei i kite, i tipu ake i roto i tērā tikanga.
Tuaono: Ka titiro i konei ko ngā whakahaere a Te Ringatū i tēnei tikanga, arā, Te Pure. Pērā anō ki te tipuranga tuarima, ka whakarārangitia ai ko ngā karakia me wōna kaupapa katoa kia kite ai te kaipānui i te tikanga o Te Pure, ā, he aha i pērā rawa ai te kaha whakapono o ngā pakeke ki tēnei tūāhuatanga, ko Te Pure.
Tuawhitu: I konei ka titiro ki a Paora Delamere me te take i whakarerekēngia ai e ia ngā tikanga tapu o Te Huamata me Te Pure. Ka titiro anō hoki ki wētahi āhuatanga hou i tīmataria ai e ia i waenganui i Te Ringatū whanui huri i Aotearoa.
Tuawaru: Ka tuituia ngā pekanga katoa ki te whakamārama i ngā kōrero kia eke katoa ki runga i te tāhūhū o te kōrero. Ka kitea te take i tīmataria ai Te Ringatu, arā ngā kairiri a Māori ki a tauiwi. Ā, pērā anō te take i huri ai a Te Whānau-a-Apanui ki ngā tikanga a Te Ringatū. Koira i hanake hoki ai ngā pakeke ki Ōtewa ki te pōhiri i a Te Kooti ki te rohe o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, nā te rauwhaitanga o te patu i ngā papatipu. Ko te hokitanga ki te haumoana o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, ko te hokinga anō hoki o Te Māratapu o Te Huamata, o Te Pure ki reira toka atu ai. Ka haere te wā, ā, nāwai rā ka poua wēnei tikanga a Te Ringatū ki Te Māratapu ki runga o Whitianga, ana, i tipu ake he tipu hou, he oranga hou, ā, he tikanga hou i te huringa o te wā.
Katoa wēnei kōrero hei whakaatu i te āhua o te taenga o Te Huamata me Te Pure ki runga o Whitianga marae, mai i te kunenga ake o te whakaaro ki te whai I wēnei tikanga, ā, tae noa ki te whakatinanatanga e haere ake nei, e haere ake. He rautau kua taha, he raurau tau e haere mai nei.

text: Te Kōpura He Hōnore, he korōria, he maungārongo ki runga ki te whenua, he whakaaro pai ki ngā tānagata katoa.


Ko te tāhu o tēnei tuhituhinga he titiro ki Te Hāhi Ringatū i runga o Whitianga marae. E rua noa iho ngā Rā Ringatū ka tū ki runga i tēnei marae, arā, ko Te Huamata, hei te tahi o Hune tēnā me Te Pure, hei te tahi o Nōema tēnā. I roto i te tuhituhingaroa nei ka titiro he aha I tae atu ai wēnei tikanga ki tēnei o ngā marae. Ka whakatakoto haere, i pēhea hoki ngā whakahaeretanga i te wā o ngā pakeke. Kātahi ka titiro ki ngā whakarerekētanga ki ngā tikanga i roto i te wā, ā, he aha i pērā ai. 
Kua tata ki te toru tekau tau mai i te whakakoretanga o Te Māratapu a Te Ringatū i roto i wāna whakahaerenga i Te Huamata me Te Pure. Ko tērā tūāhuatanga o Te Ringatū e kore nei e kitea e tēnei reanga tangata.
Tokoiti noa nei, me kī, ngā mōrehu o tērā whakatipuranga pakeke i kitea wērā tūāhuatanga e ora tonu ana. Nō reira i toko ake te whakaaro ki te rangahau, ki te kohikohi hoki i ngā kōrero i te hunga i rongo, i kite, i tipu ake hoki i roto i tērā Ao. He pekanga nui o te tuhinga nei kua titiro ki Te Huamata me Te Pure me wōna tapu, me wōna whakahaerenga ki runga o te marae o Whitianga.
Ki te whakawhāriki i ngā kōrero nei mō Te Ringatū ki runga o Whitianga kua tātaritia kia waru ngā pekanga o te tuhinga kia mārama ai ki te karu pānui i ngā kōrero; i pēhea tae atu ai Te Ringatū ki runga o Whitianga, i pēhea tāna kawe i ngā tikanga, ā, he aha i whakarerekēngia ai tāna kawe i Te Huamata me Te Pure i roto I te wā.

Tuatahi: Ki te kōrero mō Te Ringatū me hoki ki te tīmata maitanga o Te Ringatū. Ka tirohia, nā wai i tīmata, ā, he aha i tīmataria ai, me te whakaatu i wētahi āhuatanga i pā ki tōna Poropiti me wāna pononga i te tīmatatanga rā anō o Te Ringatū.

Tuarua: Ko te whai haere tēnei i ngā takahanga waewae o ngā tīpuna o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, ki te whai i Te Ringatū. Ka titiro he aha te take i huri ai a Te Whānau-a-Apanui ki ngā tikanga o Te Ringatū. Ka titiro anō hoki ki te taenga atu o Te Kooti me tana iwi Ringatū ki roto o Te Whānau-a-Apanui me wāna mahi ki a rātou i reira.

Tuatoru: Ka whakaatu i konei, he aha te take ko wātahi marae tokoiti noa iho o Te Whānau-a-Apanui ka noho hei marae Ringatū, mai i te taenga atu o Te Ringatū, aā, tae noa ki tēnei rā.
Tuawhā: I konei ka tae ki te pūtake o te tuhinga. Ka titiro i konei ki te taenga o ngā whakahaere Ringatū, arā, Te Huamata me Te Pure ki runga i te marae o Whitianga. Ka whakaatu i konei, he aha i tae atu ai wēnei tikanga ki tērā marae. Ka kite anē hoki he aha i karangatia ko Whitianga te marae pou mō Te Ringatū ki roto o Te Whānau-a-Apanui.
Tuarima: Ka tiro haeretia i konei ngā tikanga e pā ana ki Te Huamata me wōna whakahaere I ngā. tapu katoa e pā ana ki Te Huamata. Ka whakarārangitia ko ngā karakia me wōna kaupapa katoa kia kite ai te kaipānui i te hōhonutanga o tēnei tikanga a Te Ringatū. I konei ka kite anō hoki te kaipānui i ngā kōrero a ngā pakeke, nāna nei i kite, i tipu ake i roto i tērā tikanga.
Tuaono: Ka titiro i konei ko ngā whakahaere a Te Ringatū i tēnei tikanga, arā, Te Pure. Pērā anō ki te tipuranga tuarima, ka whakarārangitia ai ko ngā karakia me wōna kaupapa katoa kia kite ai te kaipānui i te tikanga o Te Pure, ā, he aha i pērā rawa ai te kaha whakapono o ngā pakeke ki tēnei tūāhuatanga, ko Te Pure.
Tuawhitu: I konei ka titiro ki a Paora Delamere me te take i whakarerekēngia ai e ia ngā tikanga tapu o Te Huamata me Te Pure. Ka titiro anō hoki ki wētahi āhuatanga hou i tīmataria ai e ia i waenganui i Te Ringatū whanui huri i Aotearoa.
Tuawaru: Ka tuituia ngā pekanga katoa ki te whakamārama i ngā kōrero kia eke katoa ki runga i te tāhūhū o te kōrero. Ka kitea te take i tīmataria ai Te Ringatu, arā ngā kairiri a Māori ki a tauiwi. Ā, pērā anō te take i huri ai a Te Whānau-a-Apanui ki ngā tikanga a Te Ringatū. Koira i hanake hoki ai ngā pakeke ki Ōtewa ki te pōhiri i a Te Kooti ki te rohe o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, nā te rauwhaitanga o te patu i ngā papatipu. Ko te hokitanga ki te haumoana o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, ko te hokinga anō hoki o Te Māratapu o Te Huamata, o Te Pure ki reira toka atu ai. Ka haere te wā, ā, nāwai rā ka poua wēnei tikanga a Te Ringatū ki Te Māratapu ki runga o Whitianga, ana, i tipu ake he tipu hou, he oranga hou, ā, he tikanga hou i te huringa o te wā.
Katoa wēnei kōrero hei whakaatu i te āhua o te taenga o Te Huamata me Te Pure ki runga o Whitianga marae, mai i te kunenga ake o te whakaaro ki te whai I wēnei tikanga, ā, tae noa ki te whakatinanatanga e haere ake nei, e haere ake. He rautau kua taha, he raurau tau e haere mai nei.

year: 1998