title: Continuance theory and teacher education

authors: Wright, Noeline

subjects: continuance theory

abstract: Continuance theory is usually related to the regular use of technology in the business/industry area. It attempts to explain why people either continue to use specific technologies in their work, or not. Essentially, it links to the perceived value to individuals‟ ability to work effectively, however that is understood in their workplace. In the profession of education, particularly schools and teacher education, the perceived value of continued use is not about individuals and their work, but about individuals‟ work with groups of students and what happens to learning when these digital technologies are used. Continued use is contingent on their students‟ positive responses to these technologies supporting learning. I examine, in the light of continuance theory, what happens when student teachers in an initial secondary teacher education programme report on including digital technologies on practicum. This includes reporting on the effect students‟ responses have on their subsequent attitudes and practices regarding digital technologies in learning contexts.

text: Continuance theory and teacher education Continuance theory is usually related to the regular use of technology in the business/industry area. It attempts to explain why people either continue to use specific technologies in their work, or not. Essentially, it links to the perceived value to individuals‟ ability to work effectively, however that is understood in their workplace. In the profession of education, particularly schools and teacher education, the perceived value of continued use is not about individuals and their work, but about individuals‟ work with groups of students and what happens to learning when these digital technologies are used. Continued use is contingent on their students‟ positive responses to these technologies supporting learning. I examine, in the light of continuance theory, what happens when student teachers in an initial secondary teacher education programme report on including digital technologies on practicum. This includes reporting on the effect students‟ responses have on their subsequent attitudes and practices regarding digital technologies in learning contexts.

year: 2012

title: Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Pliocene strata in the forearc basin (Waikoau and Waikari River catchments), northern Hawke's Bay

authors: Graafhuis, Rhys B.

subjects: Sediments

abstract: An area of over 250 km² in northern Hawke's Bay has been geologically mapped at a scale of 1:50 000, and over 1350 m of Pliocene sedimentary section described and interpreted in the Waikoau and Waikari River catchments. Two new formations and 13 members have been defined, and two formations redefined. The strata show little structural deformation
and form a shallow to moderately dipping (5°- 25°) succession on the uplifted limb of the Hawke's Bay Monocline. The rocks are of Pliocene age, ranging from Opoitian to Nukumaruan. The formations show rapid changes in thickness and lithology along strike from the southwest to the northeast, which is oblique to the depositional paleoslope.
Coarse-grained lithologies such as conglomerates and limestones typically become finergrained, less continuous and thinner towards the northeast.

In ascending order the new formations ( except where redefined) are: Titiokura Formation, Rangiora Formation, Matahorua Formation (redefined) and Waipunga Formation
(redefined). Titiokura Formation is dominated by calcareous siliciclastic sandstone and sandy limestone. The Rangiora Formation and Waipunga Formations are siliciclastic
sandstone and siltstone dominated. Matahorua Formation is dominated by siliciclastic sandstone and greywacke conglomerate.

Lithofacies analysis has been applied to the strata to establish the deposition paleoenvironments. Four lithofacies associations (siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate and
limestone) and 13 lithofacies have been identified. Interpreted bathymetric ranges for the siltstone association ranges from inner to outer shelf. The sandstone association is
characterised by massive to tabular cross-bedded sandstone interpreted to have been deposited on a shoreface to innershelf setting; storm current and tidally emplaced
tempestites and tidalities were deposited on the lower-shoreface to mid shelf; massive to horizontally bedded sandstone and silty beds were deposited on the inner-mid shelf.
Conglomerate associations are characterised by non-marine greywacke conglomerates deposited on a broad braidplain. Sandstone, siltstone and pumice conglomerate all within a
calcareous sandy matrix, are interpreted to have been deposited in tidal channels or on a beachface. The limestone association is characterised thick successions (10 - 50 m) of
sandy coquina that probably formed on the inner shelf possibly on a structural high as carbonate source areas. Thinner correlative units (50 cm - 6 m) of trough cross-bedded
sandy coquina accumulated in inner-mid shelf environments, having been reworked across the shelf from the carbonate source areas.

The successions in the four stratigraphic formations have been interpreted within a sequence stratigraphic framework and 25 sequences have been identified. Interpretation of
sequence boundaries is based on observed unconformities between lithologies, inferred unconformities between lithologies of differing paleoenvironments, and correlative
conformities.

Four typical sequence stratigraphic motifs have been interpreted from these formations. Each motif comprises three or four systems tracts: trangressive (TST), highstand (HST),
regressive (RST) and lowstand system tracts (LST). Motif 1 is representative of the Titiokura Formation, and consists of sandstone and mud drapes (TST and HST), with 
sandstone grading up into limestone (RST) having unconformable tops. Motif 2 is represent by the Rangiora Formation. This formation is comprised of thick successions
(100 m +) of interbedded sandstone and siltstone (TST), siltstone (HST), and siltstone coarsening up into sandstone (RST). The boundary on top of the RST sandstone is typically
unconformable. Motif 3 occurs in the Matahorua Formation. Siltstone or sandstone (TST), sandstone (HST), and interbedded siltstone and sandstone (RST) coarsen up into
greywacke conglomerate (LST). The sequence boundary usually lies within the top of the conglomerate between the coarse massive part and finer bedded conglomerate commonly having a heterogeneous silty-sand matrix; rarely the sequence boundary is at the vert top of the conglomerate unit. Motif 4 is represented by the Waipunga Formation. It is characterized by thin successions (10 m) of interbedded siltstone and sandstone (TST, HST) coarsening upward into sandstone (HST).

The stratigraphic evolution of each of these motifs has been interpreted within the context of an across shelf profile. Evolution of the motifs during a sea-level transgression, is
generally one of limestone deposition near the highstand shoreline. Thinly bedded tidalities, parasequences and massive sandstone with a weak backlap shellbed occur basinward in the TST. Limestone deposition near the highstand shoreline, and siltstone and thickly bedded tidalities basinward, characterise deposition during a sea-level highstand. Erosion and reworking of sediments basinwards during falling sea level conditions result in the formation of erosional sequence boundaries and the accumulation of a regressive sediment
wedge (RST). Sea-level lowstands are characterised by the deposition by greywacke conglomerate on a non-marine braidplain.

The Pliocene sedimentary succession on the western limb of the Hawke's Bay Monocline is interpreted as having been deposited in a steadily subsiding seaway (forearc basin) with uplift on its western margin. Strong storm and tidal currents reworked sediment from shallow into deeper water across a shelf. The siliciclastic sediment was sourced from
erosion in the hinterland. The compressive component within the plate boundary zone in North Island, increased around 2-3 Ma, resulting in uplift of the Axial Ranges, which
became a major sediment source. Sea-level fluctuations throughout the deposition of the sedimentary succession in the study area resulted in the development of cyclothems. The
periodicity of the cycles appears to increase from the Opoitian to the Nukumaruan, for which 6th order (41 ka) cyclicity is inferred. The bathymetric range of the cyclothems also
appears to increase from the Opoitian to Nukumaruan.

text: Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Pliocene strata in the forearc basin (Waikoau and Waikari River catchments), northern Hawke's Bay An area of over 250 km² in northern Hawke's Bay has been geologically mapped at a scale of 1:50 000, and over 1350 m of Pliocene sedimentary section described and interpreted in the Waikoau and Waikari River catchments. Two new formations and 13 members have been defined, and two formations redefined. The strata show little structural deformation
and form a shallow to moderately dipping (5°- 25°) succession on the uplifted limb of the Hawke's Bay Monocline. The rocks are of Pliocene age, ranging from Opoitian to Nukumaruan. The formations show rapid changes in thickness and lithology along strike from the southwest to the northeast, which is oblique to the depositional paleoslope.
Coarse-grained lithologies such as conglomerates and limestones typically become finergrained, less continuous and thinner towards the northeast.

In ascending order the new formations ( except where redefined) are: Titiokura Formation, Rangiora Formation, Matahorua Formation (redefined) and Waipunga Formation
(redefined). Titiokura Formation is dominated by calcareous siliciclastic sandstone and sandy limestone. The Rangiora Formation and Waipunga Formations are siliciclastic
sandstone and siltstone dominated. Matahorua Formation is dominated by siliciclastic sandstone and greywacke conglomerate.

Lithofacies analysis has been applied to the strata to establish the deposition paleoenvironments. Four lithofacies associations (siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate and
limestone) and 13 lithofacies have been identified. Interpreted bathymetric ranges for the siltstone association ranges from inner to outer shelf. The sandstone association is
characterised by massive to tabular cross-bedded sandstone interpreted to have been deposited on a shoreface to innershelf setting; storm current and tidally emplaced
tempestites and tidalities were deposited on the lower-shoreface to mid shelf; massive to horizontally bedded sandstone and silty beds were deposited on the inner-mid shelf.
Conglomerate associations are characterised by non-marine greywacke conglomerates deposited on a broad braidplain. Sandstone, siltstone and pumice conglomerate all within a
calcareous sandy matrix, are interpreted to have been deposited in tidal channels or on a beachface. The limestone association is characterised thick successions (10 - 50 m) of
sandy coquina that probably formed on the inner shelf possibly on a structural high as carbonate source areas. Thinner correlative units (50 cm - 6 m) of trough cross-bedded
sandy coquina accumulated in inner-mid shelf environments, having been reworked across the shelf from the carbonate source areas.

The successions in the four stratigraphic formations have been interpreted within a sequence stratigraphic framework and 25 sequences have been identified. Interpretation of
sequence boundaries is based on observed unconformities between lithologies, inferred unconformities between lithologies of differing paleoenvironments, and correlative
conformities.

Four typical sequence stratigraphic motifs have been interpreted from these formations. Each motif comprises three or four systems tracts: trangressive (TST), highstand (HST),
regressive (RST) and lowstand system tracts (LST). Motif 1 is representative of the Titiokura Formation, and consists of sandstone and mud drapes (TST and HST), with 
sandstone grading up into limestone (RST) having unconformable tops. Motif 2 is represent by the Rangiora Formation. This formation is comprised of thick successions
(100 m +) of interbedded sandstone and siltstone (TST), siltstone (HST), and siltstone coarsening up into sandstone (RST). The boundary on top of the RST sandstone is typically
unconformable. Motif 3 occurs in the Matahorua Formation. Siltstone or sandstone (TST), sandstone (HST), and interbedded siltstone and sandstone (RST) coarsen up into
greywacke conglomerate (LST). The sequence boundary usually lies within the top of the conglomerate between the coarse massive part and finer bedded conglomerate commonly having a heterogeneous silty-sand matrix; rarely the sequence boundary is at the vert top of the conglomerate unit. Motif 4 is represented by the Waipunga Formation. It is characterized by thin successions (10 m) of interbedded siltstone and sandstone (TST, HST) coarsening upward into sandstone (HST).

The stratigraphic evolution of each of these motifs has been interpreted within the context of an across shelf profile. Evolution of the motifs during a sea-level transgression, is
generally one of limestone deposition near the highstand shoreline. Thinly bedded tidalities, parasequences and massive sandstone with a weak backlap shellbed occur basinward in the TST. Limestone deposition near the highstand shoreline, and siltstone and thickly bedded tidalities basinward, characterise deposition during a sea-level highstand. Erosion and reworking of sediments basinwards during falling sea level conditions result in the formation of erosional sequence boundaries and the accumulation of a regressive sediment
wedge (RST). Sea-level lowstands are characterised by the deposition by greywacke conglomerate on a non-marine braidplain.

The Pliocene sedimentary succession on the western limb of the Hawke's Bay Monocline is interpreted as having been deposited in a steadily subsiding seaway (forearc basin) with uplift on its western margin. Strong storm and tidal currents reworked sediment from shallow into deeper water across a shelf. The siliciclastic sediment was sourced from
erosion in the hinterland. The compressive component within the plate boundary zone in North Island, increased around 2-3 Ma, resulting in uplift of the Axial Ranges, which
became a major sediment source. Sea-level fluctuations throughout the deposition of the sedimentary succession in the study area resulted in the development of cyclothems. The
periodicity of the cycles appears to increase from the Opoitian to the Nukumaruan, for which 6th order (41 ka) cyclicity is inferred. The bathymetric range of the cyclothems also
appears to increase from the Opoitian to Nukumaruan.

year: 2001

title: The adaptation of cognitive behavioural therapy for adult Maori clients with depression: A pilot study

authors: Bennett, Simon T.

subjects: Maori

abstract: A semistructured cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) programme for depression was adapted for use with Maori adult clients with depression. Adaptations were developed in consultation with an advisory group consisting of Maori clinical psychologists and kaumatua with experience working in mental health services. The programme was piloted with 2 participants who were clients of a Maori mental health service. The programme builds on a more traditional CBT treatment programme by integrating concepts such as whakatauki, whanaungatanga, whanau involvement, and whakapapa into the therapeutic context. Despite limitations the results demonstrate considerable promise. Depressive symptoms increased substantially in both cases and both clients reflected positively on the adaptations incorporated into therapy.

text: The adaptation of cognitive behavioural therapy for adult Maori clients with depression: A pilot study A semistructured cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) programme for depression was adapted for use with Maori adult clients with depression. Adaptations were developed in consultation with an advisory group consisting of Maori clinical psychologists and kaumatua with experience working in mental health services. The programme was piloted with 2 participants who were clients of a Maori mental health service. The programme builds on a more traditional CBT treatment programme by integrating concepts such as whakatauki, whanaungatanga, whanau involvement, and whakapapa into the therapeutic context. Despite limitations the results demonstrate considerable promise. Depressive symptoms increased substantially in both cases and both clients reflected positively on the adaptations incorporated into therapy.

year: 2008