title: Applications of Hydroxymethylphosphines

authors: Wyllie, Megan Jane

subjects: Hydroxymethylphosphine

abstract: Hydroxymethylphosphines are compounds containing P-CH₂-OH functional groups. They have numerous applications, of which three types were explored in this project.
The cross-linking ability of tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THP) was investigated for use as a fixative for biological samples for visualisation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). THP has similar cross-linking ability to glutaraldehyde, the most commonly used fixative for SEM samples. Samples fixed with THP were compared with samples fixed with glutaraldehyde and an unfixed sample, under the SEM. THP appears to have a similar effect on the preservation of the samples, and seems to be successful as a fixative.
The bonding between Ph₂P(S)CH₂OH and diiodine was investigated. The resulting adduct was unable to be crystallised. It was partially characterised by ³¹P NMR and IR spectroscopy. The related compound, Ph₃PS.I₂ was synthesised successfully and characterised by ³¹P NMR and IR spectroscopy.
The ability of THP to immobilise compounds to solid supports, in the interest of immobilising fluorescent compounds was investigated. THP was used to immobilise N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,8-naphthalimide onto aminopropyl silica, and analysed under UV light. The resulting solid however, fluoresced only slightly. The reaction between Ph₂P(CH₂OH) ₂Cl and N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,8-naphthalimide was also investigated, but the product was unable to be crystallised.

text: Applications of Hydroxymethylphosphines Hydroxymethylphosphines are compounds containing P-CH₂-OH functional groups. They have numerous applications, of which three types were explored in this project.
The cross-linking ability of tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THP) was investigated for use as a fixative for biological samples for visualisation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). THP has similar cross-linking ability to glutaraldehyde, the most commonly used fixative for SEM samples. Samples fixed with THP were compared with samples fixed with glutaraldehyde and an unfixed sample, under the SEM. THP appears to have a similar effect on the preservation of the samples, and seems to be successful as a fixative.
The bonding between Ph₂P(S)CH₂OH and diiodine was investigated. The resulting adduct was unable to be crystallised. It was partially characterised by ³¹P NMR and IR spectroscopy. The related compound, Ph₃PS.I₂ was synthesised successfully and characterised by ³¹P NMR and IR spectroscopy.
The ability of THP to immobilise compounds to solid supports, in the interest of immobilising fluorescent compounds was investigated. THP was used to immobilise N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,8-naphthalimide onto aminopropyl silica, and analysed under UV light. The resulting solid however, fluoresced only slightly. The reaction between Ph₂P(CH₂OH) ₂Cl and N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,8-naphthalimide was also investigated, but the product was unable to be crystallised.

year: 2015

title: Transfers of capital and shifts in New Zealand’s regional population distribution, 1840-1996

authors: Pool, Ian

subjects: population

abstract: When researchers attempt to study population and development, and particularly the role of migrations, the focus is normally on national level trends, frequently involving time-series analyses of more generic indicators of population change and economic growth. The migration field does, of course, deal with questions of the integration of migrants, at a macro-level evaluating their impact on social diversity and cohesion by turning to ecological-level indices covering clustering.

This paper takes a different approach in part inspired by the model developed by Le Heron, Britton and Parson to analyse a related question: restructuring. This they saw as likely to be induced and thus frequently exogenous to a particular socio-demographic system. For example, policies effecting restructuring at a regional level will often come from some central agency external to the region, or even outside the geographic territory or country. There are also other changes that can be spontaneous in nature, arising from a mix of factors and situations endogenous to a given area.1 In both cases, so these authors argue (1992:5), we must deal with “processes operating at various geographic scales...”.

To this end this paper thus employs as demographic variables indices plotting subnational changes, thereby recognising that population dynamics at the national-level are likely to be a composite of complex societal forces varying from region to region. For much of this essay, which is more an exercise in setting research agendas than a full-scale empirical analysis, the regional breakdown is very broad, attempting to distinguish between the more dominant and less dominant poles at any time.

text: Transfers of capital and shifts in New Zealand’s regional population distribution, 1840-1996 When researchers attempt to study population and development, and particularly the role of migrations, the focus is normally on national level trends, frequently involving time-series analyses of more generic indicators of population change and economic growth. The migration field does, of course, deal with questions of the integration of migrants, at a macro-level evaluating their impact on social diversity and cohesion by turning to ecological-level indices covering clustering.

This paper takes a different approach in part inspired by the model developed by Le Heron, Britton and Parson to analyse a related question: restructuring. This they saw as likely to be induced and thus frequently exogenous to a particular socio-demographic system. For example, policies effecting restructuring at a regional level will often come from some central agency external to the region, or even outside the geographic territory or country. There are also other changes that can be spontaneous in nature, arising from a mix of factors and situations endogenous to a given area.1 In both cases, so these authors argue (1992:5), we must deal with “processes operating at various geographic scales...”.

To this end this paper thus employs as demographic variables indices plotting subnational changes, thereby recognising that population dynamics at the national-level are likely to be a composite of complex societal forces varying from region to region. For much of this essay, which is more an exercise in setting research agendas than a full-scale empirical analysis, the regional breakdown is very broad, attempting to distinguish between the more dominant and less dominant poles at any time.

year: 2002-06

title: Diversity in Aotearoa New Zealand picturebooks published between 2021 and 2022

authors: Daly, Nicola

subjects: Design

abstract: It is widely accepted that diversity in the literature read by and with children is of great importance, both for ensuring all children see themselves in the stories they share and in ensuring children are aware of lives and experiences outside their own. There is a growing body of international literature critically exploring the diversity present in English-language children’s literature, but to date very little analysing diversity in Aotearoa New Zealand. This study examines 90 picturebooks published between 2021 and 2022 in terms of representations of ethnicity, skin colour, gender, disability, family structures, and language use. Findings indicate similar representations of gender, disability, and family structure to those found internationally but higher representation in relation to the ethnicity and skin colour of primary and secondary characters. New findings in relation to language use are presented. Future research concerning the details of representation in picturebooks and other formats of children’s literature in Aotearoa New Zealand is called for.

text: Diversity in Aotearoa New Zealand picturebooks published between 2021 and 2022 It is widely accepted that diversity in the literature read by and with children is of great importance, both for ensuring all children see themselves in the stories they share and in ensuring children are aware of lives and experiences outside their own. There is a growing body of international literature critically exploring the diversity present in English-language children’s literature, but to date very little analysing diversity in Aotearoa New Zealand. This study examines 90 picturebooks published between 2021 and 2022 in terms of representations of ethnicity, skin colour, gender, disability, family structures, and language use. Findings indicate similar representations of gender, disability, and family structure to those found internationally but higher representation in relation to the ethnicity and skin colour of primary and secondary characters. New findings in relation to language use are presented. Future research concerning the details of representation in picturebooks and other formats of children’s literature in Aotearoa New Zealand is called for.

year: 2025