title: Towards an integrated model for assessing the effects of changes in climate and land use patterns on the quantity and variability of river flows in Indonesia

authors: Santoso, Heru

abstract: The thesis examines this question: What are the relative effects of changes in land use and climate on the quantity and variability of river flows in Indonesia in relation to land use and water use planning and management for sustainable development? The contribution of this thesis is to provide a method and tool for shedding light on this important research question. 

A new integrated model system INDOCLIM has been developed for policymakers and planners as a tool for examining the possible impacts of changes in land use patterns and climate on the river flows, as part of an effort to support environmentally sustainable development in a country such as Indonesia. This is a trial model that consists of three components (land use, climate and hydrology). The land use component is used to generate land use change patterns based on four policy-related scenarios: business-as-usual; ecological concern; pro-industrialisation; and pro-agriculture. These scenarios were constructed in a time-series between 2000 and 2100, with 1990 as the baseline. The land use change pattern is created by using a GIS, based on the cellular automata principal. The climate component is used to generate time dependent climate scenarios, based on the global temperature change under IPCC SRES GHG emission scenarios and downscaled GCM patterns. The land use patterns are translated into a set of hydrological parameters and, together with the climate variables, are used for calculating the monthly discharge on a cell-by-cell basis. The runoff is totalled from all cells in the basin area. The model is: very specific in purpose; user oriented; designed for sensitivity analysis to answer ‘what if’ questions; designed for a catchment scale; and transportable. 

The model has been implemented in the Upper Citarum river system, Bandung basin, Indonesia for a preliminary assessment. The results from the model show that: both land use change and climate change have impacts on the annual yield, monthly discharge, and changes in seasonal variations of river flows; climate change has a greater possible impact on the change of the annual yield, and on monthly discharge variations, than the land use change; the superimposed effects of land use change and climate change can exacerbate or reduce the impacts; the land use change has a more significant impact on local scale variation than the climate change. The findings suggest that land use management as part of an integrated management programme for sustainable development is very relevant.

Characteristics of this integrated model and some feedbacks from potential users have been identified for further development and improvement of the model.

This thesis contributes to the need for an integrated assessment for examining the possible changes in the quantity and variability of river flows as the result of changes in land use and climate. It specifically contributes by: developing the integrated system for this specific purpose; developing the methodology for transferring land use information to monthly water consumption as required by the hydrological model; and developing procedures to create land use change scenarios. Overall, the integrated model framework, as developed, tested and applied in the Bandung basin of Indonesia, is potentially transferable to other basins and countries in Southeast Asia where similar issues of climate change, land use change and water resource management are key elements of sustainable development.

text: Towards an integrated model for assessing the effects of changes in climate and land use patterns on the quantity and variability of river flows in Indonesia The thesis examines this question: What are the relative effects of changes in land use and climate on the quantity and variability of river flows in Indonesia in relation to land use and water use planning and management for sustainable development? The contribution of this thesis is to provide a method and tool for shedding light on this important research question. 

A new integrated model system INDOCLIM has been developed for policymakers and planners as a tool for examining the possible impacts of changes in land use patterns and climate on the river flows, as part of an effort to support environmentally sustainable development in a country such as Indonesia. This is a trial model that consists of three components (land use, climate and hydrology). The land use component is used to generate land use change patterns based on four policy-related scenarios: business-as-usual; ecological concern; pro-industrialisation; and pro-agriculture. These scenarios were constructed in a time-series between 2000 and 2100, with 1990 as the baseline. The land use change pattern is created by using a GIS, based on the cellular automata principal. The climate component is used to generate time dependent climate scenarios, based on the global temperature change under IPCC SRES GHG emission scenarios and downscaled GCM patterns. The land use patterns are translated into a set of hydrological parameters and, together with the climate variables, are used for calculating the monthly discharge on a cell-by-cell basis. The runoff is totalled from all cells in the basin area. The model is: very specific in purpose; user oriented; designed for sensitivity analysis to answer ‘what if’ questions; designed for a catchment scale; and transportable. 

The model has been implemented in the Upper Citarum river system, Bandung basin, Indonesia for a preliminary assessment. The results from the model show that: both land use change and climate change have impacts on the annual yield, monthly discharge, and changes in seasonal variations of river flows; climate change has a greater possible impact on the change of the annual yield, and on monthly discharge variations, than the land use change; the superimposed effects of land use change and climate change can exacerbate or reduce the impacts; the land use change has a more significant impact on local scale variation than the climate change. The findings suggest that land use management as part of an integrated management programme for sustainable development is very relevant.

Characteristics of this integrated model and some feedbacks from potential users have been identified for further development and improvement of the model.

This thesis contributes to the need for an integrated assessment for examining the possible changes in the quantity and variability of river flows as the result of changes in land use and climate. It specifically contributes by: developing the integrated system for this specific purpose; developing the methodology for transferring land use information to monthly water consumption as required by the hydrological model; and developing procedures to create land use change scenarios. Overall, the integrated model framework, as developed, tested and applied in the Bandung basin of Indonesia, is potentially transferable to other basins and countries in Southeast Asia where similar issues of climate change, land use change and water resource management are key elements of sustainable development.

year: 2003

title: The market response to exploration, resource and reserve announcements by mining companies: Australian data

authors: Bird, Ron

subjects: event study

abstract: This is the first paper to study the market response to “Joint Ore Reserve Committee” –compliant announcements made by Australian mining firms. Results from an event study based on matched firms suggest that these announcements are highly value relevant, with the market reacting in a significantly positive way to both exploration and resource announcements. Larger abnormal returns are found to accrue to smaller firms, to firms that use positive adjectives in their announcement headlines and to firms whose announcements imply larger percentage increases in resource levels. We also find evidence of markets anticipating both exploration and resource announcements a few days before they are released, which may be suggestive of some insider trading.

text: The market response to exploration, resource and reserve announcements by mining companies: Australian data This is the first paper to study the market response to “Joint Ore Reserve Committee” –compliant announcements made by Australian mining firms. Results from an event study based on matched firms suggest that these announcements are highly value relevant, with the market reacting in a significantly positive way to both exploration and resource announcements. Larger abnormal returns are found to accrue to smaller firms, to firms that use positive adjectives in their announcement headlines and to firms whose announcements imply larger percentage increases in resource levels. We also find evidence of markets anticipating both exploration and resource announcements a few days before they are released, which may be suggestive of some insider trading.

year: 2013

title: Mā Muri Ko Mua: An introduction to the issues associated with the translation of the Pene Haare manuscript

authors: Tipene, Jillian

subjects: translation

abstract: Keywords: translation; translation theory; translation practice; Ngakuru Pene Haare; Te Rarawa; manuscript; Māori-English translation; ethically grounded translation.

In September 2007, a copy of a typewritten transcript of a manuscript dated 1923 and written by Ngakuru Pene Hare was given to a member of staff of the University of Waikato by Stephen Burke and Bella Wade, descendants of the author, who requested that the University provide a scholarly treatment and translation into English of the text. Also provided later were copies of letters written by the author and a copy of the original handwritten manuscript. The original manuscript, written in the Te Rarawa ki Hokianga dialect of te reo Māori of the author's time, consists of 239 leaves and contains accounts of at least 62 Ngāpuhi battles, most of which took place between 1820 and 1840. 

The research reported here seeks to identify issues and problems that must be addressed if a competent and ethically-grounded translation is to be produced.  Among the issues and problems identified are a number of critical ones. These include the paucity of information that is publicly available about the author, the context in which he lived and worked and the events about which he wrote. Also identified as being problematic are aspects of the text itself. Thus, for example, many of the conventions associated with contemporary writing in Māori (such as paragraphing and the signalling of word and sentence boundaries) are applied only sporadically. Some of the words and expressions used are archaic and/or esoteric, and symbolism that is deeply culturally-embedded characterises much of the text. Also of significance is the impact of writing on conventions associated with the oral transmission of information. The author's intention in producing the text is also identified as being of fundamental importance in relation to the process and product of translation, as are issues associated with the putative readership of that translation. Of paramount importance is the sacred and sensitive nature of the text itself and much of its content. 

In addressing these issues, a wide range of sources are drawn upon. These include the text itself and the transcription of the text, letters and other material written by, or directly influenced by the author, photographs that reveal important information about him, and a wide range of sources of information and opinion (written and oral) about the author and/ or the times and places in which he lived and the events about which he wrote. Also drawn upon is literature in the areas of linguistics and discourse analysis and the theory and practice of translation, including literature written by the growing number of Māori scholars who have focused on issues associated with translation involving Māori and English.

Among the recommendations made are that the translation, a gloss translation that includes explanatory notes, be undertaken, with tikanga Māori as guiding principles, under the mentorship of knowledgeable elders and in consultation with those to whom the manuscript belongs.

text: Mā Muri Ko Mua: An introduction to the issues associated with the translation of the Pene Haare manuscript Keywords: translation; translation theory; translation practice; Ngakuru Pene Haare; Te Rarawa; manuscript; Māori-English translation; ethically grounded translation.

In September 2007, a copy of a typewritten transcript of a manuscript dated 1923 and written by Ngakuru Pene Hare was given to a member of staff of the University of Waikato by Stephen Burke and Bella Wade, descendants of the author, who requested that the University provide a scholarly treatment and translation into English of the text. Also provided later were copies of letters written by the author and a copy of the original handwritten manuscript. The original manuscript, written in the Te Rarawa ki Hokianga dialect of te reo Māori of the author's time, consists of 239 leaves and contains accounts of at least 62 Ngāpuhi battles, most of which took place between 1820 and 1840. 

The research reported here seeks to identify issues and problems that must be addressed if a competent and ethically-grounded translation is to be produced.  Among the issues and problems identified are a number of critical ones. These include the paucity of information that is publicly available about the author, the context in which he lived and worked and the events about which he wrote. Also identified as being problematic are aspects of the text itself. Thus, for example, many of the conventions associated with contemporary writing in Māori (such as paragraphing and the signalling of word and sentence boundaries) are applied only sporadically. Some of the words and expressions used are archaic and/or esoteric, and symbolism that is deeply culturally-embedded characterises much of the text. Also of significance is the impact of writing on conventions associated with the oral transmission of information. The author's intention in producing the text is also identified as being of fundamental importance in relation to the process and product of translation, as are issues associated with the putative readership of that translation. Of paramount importance is the sacred and sensitive nature of the text itself and much of its content. 

In addressing these issues, a wide range of sources are drawn upon. These include the text itself and the transcription of the text, letters and other material written by, or directly influenced by the author, photographs that reveal important information about him, and a wide range of sources of information and opinion (written and oral) about the author and/ or the times and places in which he lived and the events about which he wrote. Also drawn upon is literature in the areas of linguistics and discourse analysis and the theory and practice of translation, including literature written by the growing number of Māori scholars who have focused on issues associated with translation involving Māori and English.

Among the recommendations made are that the translation, a gloss translation that includes explanatory notes, be undertaken, with tikanga Māori as guiding principles, under the mentorship of knowledgeable elders and in consultation with those to whom the manuscript belongs.

year: 2009