title: Resistance to change: An effect of Differential reinforcement on persistance of behaviour

authors: Pushenko, Olga

abstract: Six (Experiment 1) and five (Experiment 2) Gallus domesticus hens responded under on a concurrent procedure which contained two independent keys. Two concurrent keys were made available to the subjects on VI schedules 24 reinforces/hr for the right key and 96 reinforces/hr on the left key. The study was designed to assess the effect of training an alternative and a target response in the same context compared to the effect of training these responses separately on the persistency of the target response. Behavioural Momentum theory explained an increase in persistence of the target response as an outcome of enriching the context with the alternative reinforcement and by enhancing Pavlovian relationships between the target response and the stimulus context.
The first experiment aimed to replicate Podlesnik’s (2015) findings demonstrating that reinforcing a target response in the same context as the alternative response (analog of the DRA procedure) reduced the target responding while increasing resistance to extinction of this responding compared to training target responding on its own. The results replicated Podlesnik’s (2015) findings, demonstrating a lower rate of responding and higher resistance to change of target responding in the DRA-like procedure relative to target responding training on its own. 
 The second experiment aimed to equalize reinforcement rates for the target and alternative responding to assess resistance to change of the target behaviour in DRA-like and Combined procedure. The results showed a lower rate of responding and higher resistance to change of target responding in the DRA-like procedure compared to target responding in the Combined procedure.

text: Resistance to change: An effect of Differential reinforcement on persistance of behaviour Six (Experiment 1) and five (Experiment 2) Gallus domesticus hens responded under on a concurrent procedure which contained two independent keys. Two concurrent keys were made available to the subjects on VI schedules 24 reinforces/hr for the right key and 96 reinforces/hr on the left key. The study was designed to assess the effect of training an alternative and a target response in the same context compared to the effect of training these responses separately on the persistency of the target response. Behavioural Momentum theory explained an increase in persistence of the target response as an outcome of enriching the context with the alternative reinforcement and by enhancing Pavlovian relationships between the target response and the stimulus context.
The first experiment aimed to replicate Podlesnik’s (2015) findings demonstrating that reinforcing a target response in the same context as the alternative response (analog of the DRA procedure) reduced the target responding while increasing resistance to extinction of this responding compared to training target responding on its own. The results replicated Podlesnik’s (2015) findings, demonstrating a lower rate of responding and higher resistance to change of target responding in the DRA-like procedure relative to target responding training on its own. 
 The second experiment aimed to equalize reinforcement rates for the target and alternative responding to assess resistance to change of the target behaviour in DRA-like and Combined procedure. The results showed a lower rate of responding and higher resistance to change of target responding in the DRA-like procedure compared to target responding in the Combined procedure.

year: 2017

title: The kinetics of the dissociation of dihydroxyacetone dimer in aprotic media

authors: Owens, Adrian

subjects: Dihydroxyacetone

abstract: The dissociation of the dihydroxyacetone (DHA) dimer in mānuka honey has previously been proposed to be the rate determining step in the overall conversion of DHA to methylglyoxal, the agent reported to be responsible for the non-peroxide anti-bacterial activity displayed by mānuka honey.

The ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra for the DHA dimer and the DHA monomer in DMSO-d6 were assigned using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy were utilised to investigate the kinetics of the dissociation of the DHA dimer in DMSO-d6, an anhydrous solvent chosen to mimic the dehydrating conditions present in the honey matrix.

Four series of kinetic experiments were conducted, one without catalysis, one with D₂O catalysis, one with CD₃COOD catalysis and one with CD₃COOD/CD₃COOD catalysis. Each of these experiments obtained the equilibrium constant, K and the rate constants k, k₁ and k₋₁ for the dissociation of the DHA dimer under different conditions that may be present in the honey matrix, with the exclusion of the CD₃COOD/CD₃COOD catalysed experiments which were conducted as part of the investigation to determine a proposed reaction mechanism.

Two reaction intermediates were observed in the CD₃COOD catalysed experiments, they were characterised and provided supporting evidence for a proposed acid-catalysed reaction mechanism for the DHA dimer dissociation. The absence of reaction intermediates in the D₂O catalysed experiments provided supporting evidence for a proposed base-catalysed reaction mechanism for the DHA dimer dissociation.

Reaction mechanisms for the DHA dimer dissociation in DMSO-d6 and mānuka honey were proposed based on the findings of previous studies and the findings associated with the kinetic experiments conducted in this study.

text: The kinetics of the dissociation of dihydroxyacetone dimer in aprotic media The dissociation of the dihydroxyacetone (DHA) dimer in mānuka honey has previously been proposed to be the rate determining step in the overall conversion of DHA to methylglyoxal, the agent reported to be responsible for the non-peroxide anti-bacterial activity displayed by mānuka honey.

The ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra for the DHA dimer and the DHA monomer in DMSO-d6 were assigned using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy were utilised to investigate the kinetics of the dissociation of the DHA dimer in DMSO-d6, an anhydrous solvent chosen to mimic the dehydrating conditions present in the honey matrix.

Four series of kinetic experiments were conducted, one without catalysis, one with D₂O catalysis, one with CD₃COOD catalysis and one with CD₃COOD/CD₃COOD catalysis. Each of these experiments obtained the equilibrium constant, K and the rate constants k, k₁ and k₋₁ for the dissociation of the DHA dimer under different conditions that may be present in the honey matrix, with the exclusion of the CD₃COOD/CD₃COOD catalysed experiments which were conducted as part of the investigation to determine a proposed reaction mechanism.

Two reaction intermediates were observed in the CD₃COOD catalysed experiments, they were characterised and provided supporting evidence for a proposed acid-catalysed reaction mechanism for the DHA dimer dissociation. The absence of reaction intermediates in the D₂O catalysed experiments provided supporting evidence for a proposed base-catalysed reaction mechanism for the DHA dimer dissociation.

Reaction mechanisms for the DHA dimer dissociation in DMSO-d6 and mānuka honey were proposed based on the findings of previous studies and the findings associated with the kinetic experiments conducted in this study.

year: 2016

title: An accountability model for Pakeha practitioners

authors: Huygens, Ingrid Louise Maria

subjects: Maori

abstract: This paper outlines a model of accountability for Pakeha practitioners developed over many years
as a practising community psychologist involved in research and development projects in Aotearoa
in the 1980s and 1990s, during an era of contract-funded health projects, and increasing
prominence of the Treaty of Waitangi2. The model could be termed 'transformative' in that it
reverses the usual flow of power by making the Pakeha practitioner accountable to relevant Maori
authority, and maximises the potential for new outcomes and new learning for all parties. A brief
case study is outlined where the model placed a local iwi governance structure and a national
psychiatric survivor organisation in positions of authority alongside the funder of a mental health
project. Helpful conditions, positive outcomes and barriers to transformative accountability
processes are briefly discussed.

text: An accountability model for Pakeha practitioners This paper outlines a model of accountability for Pakeha practitioners developed over many years
as a practising community psychologist involved in research and development projects in Aotearoa
in the 1980s and 1990s, during an era of contract-funded health projects, and increasing
prominence of the Treaty of Waitangi2. The model could be termed 'transformative' in that it
reverses the usual flow of power by making the Pakeha practitioner accountable to relevant Maori
authority, and maximises the potential for new outcomes and new learning for all parties. A brief
case study is outlined where the model placed a local iwi governance structure and a national
psychiatric survivor organisation in positions of authority alongside the funder of a mental health
project. Helpful conditions, positive outcomes and barriers to transformative accountability
processes are briefly discussed.

year: 1999