title: Per-hop Internet Measurement Protocols

authors: Luckie, Matthew John

subjects: Internet Measurement

abstract: Accurately measuring per-hop packet dynamics on an Internet path is difficult. Currently available techniques have many well-known limitations that can make it difficult to accurately measure per-hop packet dynamics. Much of the difficulty of per-hop measurement is due to the lack of protocol support available to measure an Internet path on a per-hop basis. This thesis classifies common weaknesses and describes a protocol for per-hop measurement of Internet packet dynamics, known as the IP Measurement Protocol, or IPMP. With IPMP, a specially formed probe packet collects information from intermediate routers on the packet's dynamics as the packet is forwarded. This information includes an IP address from the interface that received the packet, a timestamp that records when the packet was received, and a counter that records the arrival order of echo packets belonging to the same flow. Probing a path with IPMP allows the topology of the path to be directly determined, and for direct measurement of per-hop behaviours such as queueing delay, jitter, reordering, and loss. This is useful in many operational situations, as well as for researchers in characterising Internet behaviour.

IPMP's design goals of being tightly constrained and easy to implement are tested by building implementations in hardware and software. Implementations of IPMP presented in this thesis show that an IPMP measurement probe can be processed in hardware without delaying the packet, and processed in software with little overhead. This thesis presents IPMP-based measurement techniques for measuring per-hop packet delay, jitter, loss, reordering, and capacity that are more robust, require less probes to be sent, and are potentially more accurate and convenient than corresponding measurement techniques that do not use IPMP.

text: Per-hop Internet Measurement Protocols Accurately measuring per-hop packet dynamics on an Internet path is difficult. Currently available techniques have many well-known limitations that can make it difficult to accurately measure per-hop packet dynamics. Much of the difficulty of per-hop measurement is due to the lack of protocol support available to measure an Internet path on a per-hop basis. This thesis classifies common weaknesses and describes a protocol for per-hop measurement of Internet packet dynamics, known as the IP Measurement Protocol, or IPMP. With IPMP, a specially formed probe packet collects information from intermediate routers on the packet's dynamics as the packet is forwarded. This information includes an IP address from the interface that received the packet, a timestamp that records when the packet was received, and a counter that records the arrival order of echo packets belonging to the same flow. Probing a path with IPMP allows the topology of the path to be directly determined, and for direct measurement of per-hop behaviours such as queueing delay, jitter, reordering, and loss. This is useful in many operational situations, as well as for researchers in characterising Internet behaviour.

IPMP's design goals of being tightly constrained and easy to implement are tested by building implementations in hardware and software. Implementations of IPMP presented in this thesis show that an IPMP measurement probe can be processed in hardware without delaying the packet, and processed in software with little overhead. This thesis presents IPMP-based measurement techniques for measuring per-hop packet delay, jitter, loss, reordering, and capacity that are more robust, require less probes to be sent, and are potentially more accurate and convenient than corresponding measurement techniques that do not use IPMP.

year: 2007

title: Kant’s Universalism in Historical Context: Repoliticising the Foundations of a Seminal Political Philosophy

authors: Koçak, Berkay

subjects: social history of political theory

abstract: In the contemporary global political milieu, Immanuel Kant's universalist political philosophy has assumed a prominent role, eliciting substantial discourse and scrutiny due to its enduring significance in shaping the fundamental principles that underpin the present-day international order. Kant's philosophy is celebrated for its commitment to universality and its pioneering articulation of political ideals aimed at establishing the foundational principles requisite for the construction of a peaceful, sustainable, and self-regulating global order, grounded upon universally applicable moral precepts. While an array of scholarly works has meticulously explored Kant's groundbreaking contributions and intellectual influence, a discernible gap exists in comprehending how his philosophical framework intersects with the multifaceted social and material backdrop of his era. This thesis embarks on a critical exploration of Kant's universalism, employing a novel approach grounded in the social history of political theory, firmly rooted in historical materialism. Diverging from abstract interpretations of political theory, this method seeks to historically recontextualise Kant's ideas within their original social, political, and class contexts. 
To illuminate Kant's universalism from this perspective, a pivotal question must be addressed: What kind of political project does Kant’s universalism propose in terms of the political polarisations between absolutism, feudalism, and liberalism in the Prussian context? This research endeavours to reevaluate Kant's universalist political philosophy by examining its connection to the protracted crisis of German feudalism, its influence on social and political thought, and its entanglement with the power struggles between absolutist-paternalists, traditional feudalists, and liberal reformists vying for control over social property relations in the Prussian Ständestaat. Within this context, Kant's philosophy also intersects with the reform project of the rising educated professional classes, known as the Bildungsbürgertum, whose growing influence shaped the trajectory of social property relations and the Enlightenment (Aufklärung) in the Prussian state-building period. 
A distinctive contribution of this thesis is that it highlights the unique class character of the Prussian Bildungsbürgertum, distinct from the British and French bourgeoisie traditionally analysed in Marxist perspectives. Notably, the thesis contends that this state-dependent educated professional class had a particular affinity for Kantian universalism, making it, for a time, the prevailing ideology of the Prussian Bildungsbürgertum. By adopting this historical materialist perspective of the social history of political theory, this thesis aims to shed light on the intricate relationships between Kant's universalist political thought and the historically specific conditions of 18th-century Prussia, ultimately elucidating the nuanced limitations imposed by his class context on his philosophical contributions.

text: Kant’s Universalism in Historical Context: Repoliticising the Foundations of a Seminal Political Philosophy In the contemporary global political milieu, Immanuel Kant's universalist political philosophy has assumed a prominent role, eliciting substantial discourse and scrutiny due to its enduring significance in shaping the fundamental principles that underpin the present-day international order. Kant's philosophy is celebrated for its commitment to universality and its pioneering articulation of political ideals aimed at establishing the foundational principles requisite for the construction of a peaceful, sustainable, and self-regulating global order, grounded upon universally applicable moral precepts. While an array of scholarly works has meticulously explored Kant's groundbreaking contributions and intellectual influence, a discernible gap exists in comprehending how his philosophical framework intersects with the multifaceted social and material backdrop of his era. This thesis embarks on a critical exploration of Kant's universalism, employing a novel approach grounded in the social history of political theory, firmly rooted in historical materialism. Diverging from abstract interpretations of political theory, this method seeks to historically recontextualise Kant's ideas within their original social, political, and class contexts. 
To illuminate Kant's universalism from this perspective, a pivotal question must be addressed: What kind of political project does Kant’s universalism propose in terms of the political polarisations between absolutism, feudalism, and liberalism in the Prussian context? This research endeavours to reevaluate Kant's universalist political philosophy by examining its connection to the protracted crisis of German feudalism, its influence on social and political thought, and its entanglement with the power struggles between absolutist-paternalists, traditional feudalists, and liberal reformists vying for control over social property relations in the Prussian Ständestaat. Within this context, Kant's philosophy also intersects with the reform project of the rising educated professional classes, known as the Bildungsbürgertum, whose growing influence shaped the trajectory of social property relations and the Enlightenment (Aufklärung) in the Prussian state-building period. 
A distinctive contribution of this thesis is that it highlights the unique class character of the Prussian Bildungsbürgertum, distinct from the British and French bourgeoisie traditionally analysed in Marxist perspectives. Notably, the thesis contends that this state-dependent educated professional class had a particular affinity for Kantian universalism, making it, for a time, the prevailing ideology of the Prussian Bildungsbürgertum. By adopting this historical materialist perspective of the social history of political theory, this thesis aims to shed light on the intricate relationships between Kant's universalist political thought and the historically specific conditions of 18th-century Prussia, ultimately elucidating the nuanced limitations imposed by his class context on his philosophical contributions.

year: 2024

title: Te Kahautu Maxwell on Te Kooti and Ringatu (Interviewed by Tama Muru)

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: In October 1869 musket fire erupted at Te Porere about sixty kilometres north of here, in the shadow of Mount Tongariro in the last major battle of the New Zealand wars. 

Armed constabulary and Maori fighters, clashed with the forces of the prophet Te Kooti Arikinui Te Turiki who had built an earth redoubt at Te Porere.  It was overwhelmed during the battle, but Te Kooti and his surviving followers escaped. 

Today the site is a tourist attraction but what also endured is the Ringatu Church, founded by Te Kooti. In 2018 it celebrated its 150th anniversary. 

Ringatu mixes the Bible with Maori custom and, like Matariki, follows annual cycles such as Te Huamata in June for planting and Te Pure, the harvest, each November. 

We spoke to Professor Te Kahautu Maxwell , a minister in the Ringatu Church and a senior academic in Maori and Indigenous Studies at the University of Waikato.

text: Te Kahautu Maxwell on Te Kooti and Ringatu (Interviewed by Tama Muru) In October 1869 musket fire erupted at Te Porere about sixty kilometres north of here, in the shadow of Mount Tongariro in the last major battle of the New Zealand wars. 

Armed constabulary and Maori fighters, clashed with the forces of the prophet Te Kooti Arikinui Te Turiki who had built an earth redoubt at Te Porere.  It was overwhelmed during the battle, but Te Kooti and his surviving followers escaped. 

Today the site is a tourist attraction but what also endured is the Ringatu Church, founded by Te Kooti. In 2018 it celebrated its 150th anniversary. 

Ringatu mixes the Bible with Maori custom and, like Matariki, follows annual cycles such as Te Huamata in June for planting and Te Pure, the harvest, each November. 

We spoke to Professor Te Kahautu Maxwell , a minister in the Ringatu Church and a senior academic in Maori and Indigenous Studies at the University of Waikato.

year: 2025