title: Studies of source area hydrology under indigenous forest and pastoral agriculture in the Hapuakohe Range, North Island, New Zealand

authors: Petch, R.A.

abstract: This thesis describes a systematic study of hillslope runoff processes and stream flow processes from two forms of land use characteristic of the New Zealand steep land environment: indigenous forest (podocarp-hardwood association) and pastoral agriculture.

In humid temperate environments, hillslope runoff is now recognised to result from a variety of mechanisms, that are dynamic and spatially variable. In these environments, surface and subsurface hillslope runoff processes are dependent on the soil, topographic and vegetation characteristics of individual catchments. The terms ‘partial and variable source area models’ have been used to describe these concepts and flow processes.

The new concepts of hillslope runoff generation have important implications for the way in which land is managed to maintain desirable stream flow characteristics and stream water quality. However, this information has not been used widely as a basis for land management procedures in areas where conflicts of land and water use occur. This situation has occurred because most of the studies of source area hydrology have been qualitative and have not provided information suitable for use in applied management problems. Also, few comparative land use studies have been established since the new concepts of source area hydrology have been developed.

The main aim of this study was to clarify the processes of hillslope runoff under indigenous forest and pastoral agriculture, and to interpret the hydrologic implications of these two forms of land use on the basis of the new concepts of hillslope runoff. 

A comprehensive, integrated study of source area hydrology was established in a steepland catchment supporting the two vegetation types. Although the areas of forest and pasture vegetation were contiguous areas within a single catchment, each vegetation type was treated as a separate hydrologic entity and referred to as an individual catchment. Both ‘process’ scale experiments and some ‘catchment’ scale experiments were established to understand fully the processes of hillslope runoff and the relationships between hillslope flow processes and stream flow processes in the two land use catchments.

An experimental design was developed for this study based on the partial and variable concepts of source area hydrology. The experimental catchments were subdivided into three  geomorphically distinct sub-catchment units (riparian, midslope and spur regions) on the basis of a preliminary survey of the spatial distribution of soil moisture.

Data were collected on rainfall, stream flow, surface and subsurface runoff components and soil moisture, during weekly visits to the catchments over a two year period, July 1979 - July 1981. Quantitative estimates of the spatial variability of surface and subsurface hillslope runoff components were made in the sub-catchment units of each land use catchment. The processes of hillslope runoff were also examined within each sub-catchment unit. Additional studies of forest interception processes, soil permeability and other soil, topographic and vegetation characteristics were completed during this period.

The results of this study show that the hillslope runoff regimes are complex in both land use catchments. In each land use, hillslope runoff processes vary spatially and seasonally. The results also show that the differences in hillslope runoff processes are not consistent, either between the sub-catchment units of each land use catchment, or between similar sub-catchment units of both land use catchments. Despite the complexity of the hillslope runoff processes, the integrated stream flow responses from each land use catchment are less variable, and show the differences expected for the two vegetation types.

For most storm events, the spatial distribution of hillslope runoff conforms with the patterns described by the variable source area model of hillslope runoff. However, the mechanisms of hillslope runoff and the causes of the spatial distribution of these processes are not described well by this model. 

Infiltration-excess overland flow is generated above the mineral soil in each land use catchment, despite the intermittent, low intensity, rainfall. Infiltration-excess overland flow occurs because the catchment soils are considerably less permeable than in other catchments in similar environments. The spatial distribution of surface runoff is dependent on the spatial variability of soil permeability in each land use that is, in turn, determined by variations of soil moisture in space and time.

Subsurface discharges are also less important in determining the stream hydrograph from the two land use catchments studied, than reported in other studies of similar forms of land use. The catchment soils are so slowly permeable that large volumes of subsurface runoff do not reach the stream channel in time to contribute to storm runoff. 

An examination of stream flow processes and water balance data was completed to provide an analysis of the integrated runoff response from the two land use catchments. Compared with the forest, greater stream discharges occur from the pasture land use for all flow regimes. However, the time distribution of the storm runoff response is independent of vegetation type or antecedent catchment conditions. The principal differences in the water balance components from each land use catchment are caused by differences in interception losses: similar transpiration rates were observed for the two vegetation types.

Selective catchment management, of riparian areas in pasture catchments in the Hapuakohe Range, is suggested as a method of improving general stream flow characteristics from these areas, while the multiple use of the land and water resources is maintained. Estimates of the effectiveness of this management strategy are presented. However, the degree to which riparian re-afforestation causes a satisfactory change in stream flow characteristics, depends entirely on the objective of the land management practices proposed for a given catchment.

text: Studies of source area hydrology under indigenous forest and pastoral agriculture in the Hapuakohe Range, North Island, New Zealand This thesis describes a systematic study of hillslope runoff processes and stream flow processes from two forms of land use characteristic of the New Zealand steep land environment: indigenous forest (podocarp-hardwood association) and pastoral agriculture.

In humid temperate environments, hillslope runoff is now recognised to result from a variety of mechanisms, that are dynamic and spatially variable. In these environments, surface and subsurface hillslope runoff processes are dependent on the soil, topographic and vegetation characteristics of individual catchments. The terms ‘partial and variable source area models’ have been used to describe these concepts and flow processes.

The new concepts of hillslope runoff generation have important implications for the way in which land is managed to maintain desirable stream flow characteristics and stream water quality. However, this information has not been used widely as a basis for land management procedures in areas where conflicts of land and water use occur. This situation has occurred because most of the studies of source area hydrology have been qualitative and have not provided information suitable for use in applied management problems. Also, few comparative land use studies have been established since the new concepts of source area hydrology have been developed.

The main aim of this study was to clarify the processes of hillslope runoff under indigenous forest and pastoral agriculture, and to interpret the hydrologic implications of these two forms of land use on the basis of the new concepts of hillslope runoff. 

A comprehensive, integrated study of source area hydrology was established in a steepland catchment supporting the two vegetation types. Although the areas of forest and pasture vegetation were contiguous areas within a single catchment, each vegetation type was treated as a separate hydrologic entity and referred to as an individual catchment. Both ‘process’ scale experiments and some ‘catchment’ scale experiments were established to understand fully the processes of hillslope runoff and the relationships between hillslope flow processes and stream flow processes in the two land use catchments.

An experimental design was developed for this study based on the partial and variable concepts of source area hydrology. The experimental catchments were subdivided into three  geomorphically distinct sub-catchment units (riparian, midslope and spur regions) on the basis of a preliminary survey of the spatial distribution of soil moisture.

Data were collected on rainfall, stream flow, surface and subsurface runoff components and soil moisture, during weekly visits to the catchments over a two year period, July 1979 - July 1981. Quantitative estimates of the spatial variability of surface and subsurface hillslope runoff components were made in the sub-catchment units of each land use catchment. The processes of hillslope runoff were also examined within each sub-catchment unit. Additional studies of forest interception processes, soil permeability and other soil, topographic and vegetation characteristics were completed during this period.

The results of this study show that the hillslope runoff regimes are complex in both land use catchments. In each land use, hillslope runoff processes vary spatially and seasonally. The results also show that the differences in hillslope runoff processes are not consistent, either between the sub-catchment units of each land use catchment, or between similar sub-catchment units of both land use catchments. Despite the complexity of the hillslope runoff processes, the integrated stream flow responses from each land use catchment are less variable, and show the differences expected for the two vegetation types.

For most storm events, the spatial distribution of hillslope runoff conforms with the patterns described by the variable source area model of hillslope runoff. However, the mechanisms of hillslope runoff and the causes of the spatial distribution of these processes are not described well by this model. 

Infiltration-excess overland flow is generated above the mineral soil in each land use catchment, despite the intermittent, low intensity, rainfall. Infiltration-excess overland flow occurs because the catchment soils are considerably less permeable than in other catchments in similar environments. The spatial distribution of surface runoff is dependent on the spatial variability of soil permeability in each land use that is, in turn, determined by variations of soil moisture in space and time.

Subsurface discharges are also less important in determining the stream hydrograph from the two land use catchments studied, than reported in other studies of similar forms of land use. The catchment soils are so slowly permeable that large volumes of subsurface runoff do not reach the stream channel in time to contribute to storm runoff. 

An examination of stream flow processes and water balance data was completed to provide an analysis of the integrated runoff response from the two land use catchments. Compared with the forest, greater stream discharges occur from the pasture land use for all flow regimes. However, the time distribution of the storm runoff response is independent of vegetation type or antecedent catchment conditions. The principal differences in the water balance components from each land use catchment are caused by differences in interception losses: similar transpiration rates were observed for the two vegetation types.

Selective catchment management, of riparian areas in pasture catchments in the Hapuakohe Range, is suggested as a method of improving general stream flow characteristics from these areas, while the multiple use of the land and water resources is maintained. Estimates of the effectiveness of this management strategy are presented. However, the degree to which riparian re-afforestation causes a satisfactory change in stream flow characteristics, depends entirely on the objective of the land management practices proposed for a given catchment.

year: 1984

title: Understanding the beliefs and behaviours of low-skilled adults as they re-engage with mathematics

authors: Whitten, Damon Rodger

subjects: Adult numeracy

abstract: This thesis explored low-skilled adult learners’ beliefs about mathematics and how they engaged with mathematical content delivered as part of foundation-level vocational programmes in New Zealand. It also examined how low-skilled learners holding procedurally-oriented beliefs responded to a classroom environment that emphasised conceptual understanding, collaboration and discourse. An ‘insider research’ approach was adopted to capitalise on the researcher’s prior experience in the sector. Analysis of data utilised an interpretive approach drawing on Bandura’s triadic reciprocal determinant model that posited beliefs, behaviour and the environment as interacting factors. Methods of data collection included surveys, observations, interviews and an intervention in which the researcher took a dual tutor/researcher role. Observation and intervention data were collected through multiple audio-recording devices that recorded private and public utterances as learners participated in lessons.

The survey and interview findings showed that most low-skilled adults believed mathematics to be procedural, performance-oriented, and learned by adopting passive strategies. Many held non-mathematical identities, described school and foundation-level mathematics lessons as potentially shame making, and reported censoring their behaviours to avoid shame.

The use of multiple-recording devices was effective for capturing the complexity of classroom interactions. Learners’ behaviours within lessons were consistent with procedural/calculational beliefs and reflected performance-oriented goals such as completing tasks quickly and accurately. Some learners displayed negative affective responses when expected to engage with mathematical content, and adopted behaviours designed to reduce, or eliminate, public exposure to failure. Group problem-solving was characterised by an unequal division of labour between ‘solvers’ and ‘supporters’. Lower-skilled learners tended to adopt peripheral support roles, while procedurally proficient learners either took, or were assigned, responsibility for all mathematical thinking. These behaviours enabled groups to complete tasks and achieve pseudo-success yet constrained the lower-skilled learners’ engagement in mathematical thinking, while also presenting little mathematical challenge to higher-skilled learners. This pattern appeared to contribute to the maintenance of learners’ low skills and non-mathematical identities by routinising their deferral of agency to more proficient learners.

The intervention indicated that low-skilled procedurally-oriented learners tended to resist conceptually-oriented activities that emphasised mathematical discourse, collaboration, and inquiry. This appeared to be because these activities increased the threat of a shameful episode and were perceived as superfluous to their procedurally-oriented goals. Learners reported that the intervention was more effective than their traditional classes, but attributed this to better tutor explanations, rather than their own active engagement in mathematical thinking. The overall findings indicated that low-skilled procedurally-oriented adults preferred and expected a traditional approach, and many used its familiar routines to reduce their level of engagement and exposure to shame. Implications for educators include the need to differentiate authentic from pseudo-engagement, to understand the impact of shame on behaviour, and establish positive patterns of engagement.

text: Understanding the beliefs and behaviours of low-skilled adults as they re-engage with mathematics This thesis explored low-skilled adult learners’ beliefs about mathematics and how they engaged with mathematical content delivered as part of foundation-level vocational programmes in New Zealand. It also examined how low-skilled learners holding procedurally-oriented beliefs responded to a classroom environment that emphasised conceptual understanding, collaboration and discourse. An ‘insider research’ approach was adopted to capitalise on the researcher’s prior experience in the sector. Analysis of data utilised an interpretive approach drawing on Bandura’s triadic reciprocal determinant model that posited beliefs, behaviour and the environment as interacting factors. Methods of data collection included surveys, observations, interviews and an intervention in which the researcher took a dual tutor/researcher role. Observation and intervention data were collected through multiple audio-recording devices that recorded private and public utterances as learners participated in lessons.

The survey and interview findings showed that most low-skilled adults believed mathematics to be procedural, performance-oriented, and learned by adopting passive strategies. Many held non-mathematical identities, described school and foundation-level mathematics lessons as potentially shame making, and reported censoring their behaviours to avoid shame.

The use of multiple-recording devices was effective for capturing the complexity of classroom interactions. Learners’ behaviours within lessons were consistent with procedural/calculational beliefs and reflected performance-oriented goals such as completing tasks quickly and accurately. Some learners displayed negative affective responses when expected to engage with mathematical content, and adopted behaviours designed to reduce, or eliminate, public exposure to failure. Group problem-solving was characterised by an unequal division of labour between ‘solvers’ and ‘supporters’. Lower-skilled learners tended to adopt peripheral support roles, while procedurally proficient learners either took, or were assigned, responsibility for all mathematical thinking. These behaviours enabled groups to complete tasks and achieve pseudo-success yet constrained the lower-skilled learners’ engagement in mathematical thinking, while also presenting little mathematical challenge to higher-skilled learners. This pattern appeared to contribute to the maintenance of learners’ low skills and non-mathematical identities by routinising their deferral of agency to more proficient learners.

The intervention indicated that low-skilled procedurally-oriented learners tended to resist conceptually-oriented activities that emphasised mathematical discourse, collaboration, and inquiry. This appeared to be because these activities increased the threat of a shameful episode and were perceived as superfluous to their procedurally-oriented goals. Learners reported that the intervention was more effective than their traditional classes, but attributed this to better tutor explanations, rather than their own active engagement in mathematical thinking. The overall findings indicated that low-skilled procedurally-oriented adults preferred and expected a traditional approach, and many used its familiar routines to reduce their level of engagement and exposure to shame. Implications for educators include the need to differentiate authentic from pseudo-engagement, to understand the impact of shame on behaviour, and establish positive patterns of engagement.

year: 2018

title: Ko ia tonu te rangatira o tana mauri: Ko te Mauritau hei tohu o te puāwaitanga o Te Aho Matua i te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi Marae

authors: Angeli-Gordon, Joni Māramatanga

abstract: Ko te mauri te wāhanga wairua o te tangata e whakahihiri i te tinana me te tūhonohono nei i te wairua ki te kikokiko. Ko te mauri te wāhanga ora o te tangata, ā, i te roanga atu o te oranga o te tangata ka rerekē te tau o te mauri nā ngā awenga o tōna ao. Ko te Mauritau te wā e ita pai ana te wairua ki te kikokiko. Kua whai ngātahitanga ērā mea e rua. Kei tōna ito, ki te Mauritau te tangata, e wātea ana ia, kāhore ōna taumaha, ka mutu e tuwhera ana ia ki tōna ao. Ko tā Te Aho Matua, ka whakatō te mauri ki te tangata i te whakatōnga o te kākano ki te kōpū. Ko te Mauritau tētahi āhuatanga kāhore anō kia tino rangahau, ā, he iti noa ngā wā te kite atu ki te puna mātātuhi, heoi anō, ka rangona whānuitia ki Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi Marae. Ko tā tēnei kaupapa rangahau, ko te Mauritau tētahi o ngā puāwaitanga matua o Te Aho Matua, ā, kua taupuhipuhi nei ki ngā whakaaro o rātou i whai wāhi nei ki tēnei kaupapa rangahau. Ko te manako nui o tēnei kaupapa rangahau ko te whakawhānui i te mōhioranga mō ngā hua o ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori mā te ruku hōhonu ki te Mauritau i te whānau o Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi Marae.  

Kua whā tekau tau neke atu kua hipa mai i te orokotīmatanga o ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori, otirā, te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi Marae. Ko te tino take o ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori ko te whakarauora reo me te whakarauora tikanga, heoi anō, he tini me te mano ngā angitutanga, ngā painga kua puta mai i ēnei kura tua atu i ēnei whāinga e rua. Ko Te Aho Matua te tūāpapa ā-mātāpono mō ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori e whakawhārikihia ngā uaratanga matua kia whakatutuki i ngā wawata nui, i ngā ōhākī nui ā kui mā, a koro mā mō te orangatonutanga o te reo Māori me ngā tikanga Māori. Ko tā tēnei kaupapa rangahau, ko te Mauritau tētahi āhuatanga i puāwai i ngā kura Aho Matua, ā, ka kitea rawatia tēnei puāwaitanga ki Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi. 

He Rangahau Kaupapa Māori tēnei, ā, i tārai i ngā tikanga me ngā tukanga o te kaupapa rangahau nei kia Māori te karawhiu. Ko Te Aho Matua me ōna uaratanga e tū hei pou whakawhirinaki i te Kaupapa Rangahau Māori. E rua ngā tukanga i whāia e te tuhikura nei, arā, ko te iāna me te puawānanga. Ko te iāna tētahi kupu mino nō Te Tai Tokerau mō te kōrero ōpaki, ā, kua iāna tahi ki ngā pakeke tokowhitu nō te whānau o Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi Marae. Ko te puawānanga he wānanga ki ngā ākonga tokowhitu o te reanga tuakana o te wharekura kia āta wherawhera i ngā āhuatanga o te Mauritau ki a rātou. I te whakaraupapatia ngā kōrero i puta mai i ngā iāna me te puawānanga mā ngā uaratanga o Te Aho Matua.

text: Ko ia tonu te rangatira o tana mauri: Ko te Mauritau hei tohu o te puāwaitanga o Te Aho Matua i te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi Marae Ko te mauri te wāhanga wairua o te tangata e whakahihiri i te tinana me te tūhonohono nei i te wairua ki te kikokiko. Ko te mauri te wāhanga ora o te tangata, ā, i te roanga atu o te oranga o te tangata ka rerekē te tau o te mauri nā ngā awenga o tōna ao. Ko te Mauritau te wā e ita pai ana te wairua ki te kikokiko. Kua whai ngātahitanga ērā mea e rua. Kei tōna ito, ki te Mauritau te tangata, e wātea ana ia, kāhore ōna taumaha, ka mutu e tuwhera ana ia ki tōna ao. Ko tā Te Aho Matua, ka whakatō te mauri ki te tangata i te whakatōnga o te kākano ki te kōpū. Ko te Mauritau tētahi āhuatanga kāhore anō kia tino rangahau, ā, he iti noa ngā wā te kite atu ki te puna mātātuhi, heoi anō, ka rangona whānuitia ki Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi Marae. Ko tā tēnei kaupapa rangahau, ko te Mauritau tētahi o ngā puāwaitanga matua o Te Aho Matua, ā, kua taupuhipuhi nei ki ngā whakaaro o rātou i whai wāhi nei ki tēnei kaupapa rangahau. Ko te manako nui o tēnei kaupapa rangahau ko te whakawhānui i te mōhioranga mō ngā hua o ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori mā te ruku hōhonu ki te Mauritau i te whānau o Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi Marae.  

Kua whā tekau tau neke atu kua hipa mai i te orokotīmatanga o ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori, otirā, te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi Marae. Ko te tino take o ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori ko te whakarauora reo me te whakarauora tikanga, heoi anō, he tini me te mano ngā angitutanga, ngā painga kua puta mai i ēnei kura tua atu i ēnei whāinga e rua. Ko Te Aho Matua te tūāpapa ā-mātāpono mō ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori e whakawhārikihia ngā uaratanga matua kia whakatutuki i ngā wawata nui, i ngā ōhākī nui ā kui mā, a koro mā mō te orangatonutanga o te reo Māori me ngā tikanga Māori. Ko tā tēnei kaupapa rangahau, ko te Mauritau tētahi āhuatanga i puāwai i ngā kura Aho Matua, ā, ka kitea rawatia tēnei puāwaitanga ki Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi. 

He Rangahau Kaupapa Māori tēnei, ā, i tārai i ngā tikanga me ngā tukanga o te kaupapa rangahau nei kia Māori te karawhiu. Ko Te Aho Matua me ōna uaratanga e tū hei pou whakawhirinaki i te Kaupapa Rangahau Māori. E rua ngā tukanga i whāia e te tuhikura nei, arā, ko te iāna me te puawānanga. Ko te iāna tētahi kupu mino nō Te Tai Tokerau mō te kōrero ōpaki, ā, kua iāna tahi ki ngā pakeke tokowhitu nō te whānau o Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi Marae. Ko te puawānanga he wānanga ki ngā ākonga tokowhitu o te reanga tuakana o te wharekura kia āta wherawhera i ngā āhuatanga o te Mauritau ki a rātou. I te whakaraupapatia ngā kōrero i puta mai i ngā iāna me te puawānanga mā ngā uaratanga o Te Aho Matua.

year: 2023