title: Physical volcanology and future volcanic risk from Te Maari Craters, Tongariro

authors: Basher, Ruth

abstract: The Te Maari Craters on the northern side of the Tongariro Cone Complex represent one of at least seven vent systems that have been active on Tongariro since the last glacial maximum. Activity at Te Maari had begun by at least 14 ka and has continued through historic times, making it one of the most long-lived of the young eruptives on Tongariro. The older lower crater is a wide (500 m), inclined, flat-floored structure up to 60 m deep, which exposes multiple layers of jointed andesite lava. The morphology of this structure implies some shallow collapse probably associated with withdrawal of a shallow magma chamber. The upper crater is a steep-sided, funnel-shaped feature constructed from weakly consolidated, very coarse, monolithic andesite breccia, and is largely the product of explosive eruptions through a pre-existing fan of thick, very coarse auto·breccia.
The most recent lava flow (probably around 1500 AD) and explosive ash eruptions (notably in 1892 and 1896) have been sourced from this upper crater. There are 4 older northern lava flows sourced from vents in the vicinity of the craters. From historic observations and analysis of the erupted products in the field, the typical eruptive style of these craters range from phreatic - phreatomagmatic to vulcanian. There is no evidence for more explosive subplinian eruptions from the Te Maari crater system.

The explosive eruption of 1896 was of sufficient intensity to disperse ash at least as far as the Hawkes Bay, and up to 50 mm of ash accumulated on the Desert Road. A repeat of this eruption today would cause severe disruption to agriculture and forestry operations, as well as critical transport and utility networks in the central North Island. The Tongariro Power Scheme would also be affected, as ash fall over Lake Rotoaira would cause damage to hydroelectric power facilities. A lava flow from these craters today on the scale of the 1500 AD flow would also have a major impact on transport networks if it reaches the State Highway, and outgassing would cause local acid rain and health problems in nearby communities such as Turangi and Taumarunui. The location of these craters close to the boundary of the national park also presents a unique hazard, as it would be difficult to prevent members of the public from gaining access to the area following an eruption and endangering their lives through curiosity.

Recent seismicity beneath the craters is a reminder that further eruptions are likely from the Te Maari system. Work on these craters to characterise the mechanisms, timing and magnitudes of typical eruptive activity contributes valuable information in the assessment of the probability and impacts of future eruptions.

text: Physical volcanology and future volcanic risk from Te Maari Craters, Tongariro The Te Maari Craters on the northern side of the Tongariro Cone Complex represent one of at least seven vent systems that have been active on Tongariro since the last glacial maximum. Activity at Te Maari had begun by at least 14 ka and has continued through historic times, making it one of the most long-lived of the young eruptives on Tongariro. The older lower crater is a wide (500 m), inclined, flat-floored structure up to 60 m deep, which exposes multiple layers of jointed andesite lava. The morphology of this structure implies some shallow collapse probably associated with withdrawal of a shallow magma chamber. The upper crater is a steep-sided, funnel-shaped feature constructed from weakly consolidated, very coarse, monolithic andesite breccia, and is largely the product of explosive eruptions through a pre-existing fan of thick, very coarse auto·breccia.
The most recent lava flow (probably around 1500 AD) and explosive ash eruptions (notably in 1892 and 1896) have been sourced from this upper crater. There are 4 older northern lava flows sourced from vents in the vicinity of the craters. From historic observations and analysis of the erupted products in the field, the typical eruptive style of these craters range from phreatic - phreatomagmatic to vulcanian. There is no evidence for more explosive subplinian eruptions from the Te Maari crater system.

The explosive eruption of 1896 was of sufficient intensity to disperse ash at least as far as the Hawkes Bay, and up to 50 mm of ash accumulated on the Desert Road. A repeat of this eruption today would cause severe disruption to agriculture and forestry operations, as well as critical transport and utility networks in the central North Island. The Tongariro Power Scheme would also be affected, as ash fall over Lake Rotoaira would cause damage to hydroelectric power facilities. A lava flow from these craters today on the scale of the 1500 AD flow would also have a major impact on transport networks if it reaches the State Highway, and outgassing would cause local acid rain and health problems in nearby communities such as Turangi and Taumarunui. The location of these craters close to the boundary of the national park also presents a unique hazard, as it would be difficult to prevent members of the public from gaining access to the area following an eruption and endangering their lives through curiosity.

Recent seismicity beneath the craters is a reminder that further eruptions are likely from the Te Maari system. Work on these craters to characterise the mechanisms, timing and magnitudes of typical eruptive activity contributes valuable information in the assessment of the probability and impacts of future eruptions.

year: 2005

title: Maximising potential: The psychological effects of the youth development programme Project K

authors: Furness, Kirsty

subjects: Adolescene

abstract: Project K is a positive youth development programme targeting 13-15 year old students with low self-efficacy. It involves three components: wilderness adventure, community challenge and individual mentoring. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate changes in self-efficacy, resilience, connectedness and wellbeing in students participating in Project K. Eighty students (59% male) were recruited from five secondary schools across the North Island of New Zealand for a quasi-experimental study. Participants displaying delinquent behaviour, self-harm, suicidal ideation, or an eating disorder were excluded. Over 14 months, six waves of measurement were completed by Project K participants (n = 49), while four waves of measurement were completed by a control group (n = 31). Analyses using multilevel models showed that completion of Project K had substantial positive effects on self-efficacy, resilience, and wellbeing, although the effect on connectedness was not significant. We conclude that Project K appears to be an effective positive youth development programme for adolescents with low self-efficacy.

text: Maximising potential: The psychological effects of the youth development programme Project K Project K is a positive youth development programme targeting 13-15 year old students with low self-efficacy. It involves three components: wilderness adventure, community challenge and individual mentoring. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate changes in self-efficacy, resilience, connectedness and wellbeing in students participating in Project K. Eighty students (59% male) were recruited from five secondary schools across the North Island of New Zealand for a quasi-experimental study. Participants displaying delinquent behaviour, self-harm, suicidal ideation, or an eating disorder were excluded. Over 14 months, six waves of measurement were completed by Project K participants (n = 49), while four waves of measurement were completed by a control group (n = 31). Analyses using multilevel models showed that completion of Project K had substantial positive effects on self-efficacy, resilience, and wellbeing, although the effect on connectedness was not significant. We conclude that Project K appears to be an effective positive youth development programme for adolescents with low self-efficacy.

year: 2017

title: A history of Māori literacy success

authors: Derby, Melissa

abstract: This article explores literacy in 19th century Māori society, and in particular, this work considers the initial interactions Māori tribal groups had with literacy following contact with British settlers. The overarching purpose of this article is to respond to the increasingly prevalent suggestion that literacy is a Western competency, and that to be concerned with ensuring Māori children are achieving well in reading and writing is an act of colonisation. This work illustrates that these narratives run counter to the history, behaviour, and values of many tribal groups in New Zealand. More specifically, the historical interactions Māori had with literacy illustrate that both the ability and the desire to succeed in reading and writing was a feature of Māori historical practices. Therefore, to ensure high levels of literacy achievement in contemporary times is not a colonising act but rather aligns with Māori history, behaviour, and values.

text: A history of Māori literacy success This article explores literacy in 19th century Māori society, and in particular, this work considers the initial interactions Māori tribal groups had with literacy following contact with British settlers. The overarching purpose of this article is to respond to the increasingly prevalent suggestion that literacy is a Western competency, and that to be concerned with ensuring Māori children are achieving well in reading and writing is an act of colonisation. This work illustrates that these narratives run counter to the history, behaviour, and values of many tribal groups in New Zealand. More specifically, the historical interactions Māori had with literacy illustrate that both the ability and the desire to succeed in reading and writing was a feature of Māori historical practices. Therefore, to ensure high levels of literacy achievement in contemporary times is not a colonising act but rather aligns with Māori history, behaviour, and values.

year: 2021