title: On the CUSP of innovation: From CUSP to CUSP2

authors: Cooper, Bronwen

abstract: The Collaborative University-School Partnership project (CUSP) documents the experiences of a New Zealand university and seven schools as they collaborated on the development and introduction of a reframed practicum programme in the first year of a three-year undergraduate primary initial teacher education (ITE) programme. The CUSP programme was designed to enhance teacher, university lecturer, and student-teacher experience of the school-based components of the ITE programme by weaving the university and school-based components into a more coherent and seamless whole to which each community contributed and benefited. In the co-constructed and reconceptualised school-based programme, lecturers and teachers became jointly responsible for student-teacher development.

text: On the CUSP of innovation: From CUSP to CUSP2 The Collaborative University-School Partnership project (CUSP) documents the experiences of a New Zealand university and seven schools as they collaborated on the development and introduction of a reframed practicum programme in the first year of a three-year undergraduate primary initial teacher education (ITE) programme. The CUSP programme was designed to enhance teacher, university lecturer, and student-teacher experience of the school-based components of the ITE programme by weaving the university and school-based components into a more coherent and seamless whole to which each community contributed and benefited. In the co-constructed and reconceptualised school-based programme, lecturers and teachers became jointly responsible for student-teacher development.

year: 2019

title: The Status of Iodine and Selenium in Waikato Soils

authors: McNally, Samuel Rae

subjects: Iodine

abstract: This thesis investigates the status of the essential trace elements iodine and selenium in Waikato soils. Soil samples (368) representing different Soil Orders, land uses and soil depths were examined.
A tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide extraction method followed by ICP-MS was validated for iodine determination. This method was suitable for total iodine determination and also gave a reliable estimate of the total selenium content of soils, based on analysis of Certified Reference Materials.
Acid extraction of selenium was unsuitable because of difficulties with recoveries and interferences in the ICP-MS, although the use of methane and DRC-ICP-MS reduced interferences. Time and equipment constraints limited the complete validation using acid extraction for total selenium determination.
Waikato soils had a mean iodine content of 20.9 mg kg-¹, geometric mean of 13.7 mg kg-¹ and range of 1.5 – 122.8 mg kg-¹. Allophanic and Granular soils contained the highest mean iodine contents with Pumice soils displaying the lowest. The iodine content was shown to increase with soil depth, with the Waikato soils showing no evidence of coastal enrichment, though this could be explained by the losses of iodine being equal to, or exceeding the additions to soil. 
Land use appeared to have an effect on the iodine content of soils with background soils displaying more iodine on average than both farmed and forestry soils. Forestry soils displayed the lowest mean iodine content. Farming and forestry both appear to reduce the amount of iodine in soils. 
Iodine was correlated strongly to aluminium and iron, indicating that clay minerals and iron oxides are the most important in the retention of iodine, with organic matter appearing to be less important in iodine retention. There was also a strong correlation of iodine with selenium and mercury, suggesting an association between these elements.
The selenium status of Waikato soils showed a mean concentration of 1.77 mg kg-¹, geometric mean 1.33 mg kg-¹ and a range in concentration of 0.18 – 12.1 mg kg-¹. Like iodine, selenium also displayed the highest mean concentrations in Allophanic and Granular soils, with the lowest concentrations in Pumice soils. The concentration of selenium also increased with soil depth, with parent material appearing to affect the selenium content of soils. Selenium appeared to be more concentrated in the soils closest to the coast than those more inland; with the relative enrichment suggesting that the losses of selenium are likely to equal or exceed the inputs from the surface.
Selenium concentration in relation to land use indicated that farming and forestry may be depleting selenium from soils, with background soils displaying more selenium on average than both farmed and forestry soils.
Again selenium showed similar behaviour to iodine in that it was strongly correlated to aluminium, iron and manganese, indicating that clay minerals and iron and manganese oxides are the most important factors in selenium retention in Waikato soils. Organic matter was less important in retention shown by the less significant correlation with selenium. Mercury and iodine were both strongly correlated to selenium suggesting that chalcophilic elements (mercury) are strongly associated to selenium.
The strong correlation between iodine and selenium also explained the similarities in the relationships of both elements with other soil properties. The results presented for both iodine and selenium indicate that the status of both elements in the Waikato Region may be better than previously thought, with the soils showing mean concentrations that suggest they may not be as deficient as thought.

text: The Status of Iodine and Selenium in Waikato Soils This thesis investigates the status of the essential trace elements iodine and selenium in Waikato soils. Soil samples (368) representing different Soil Orders, land uses and soil depths were examined.
A tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide extraction method followed by ICP-MS was validated for iodine determination. This method was suitable for total iodine determination and also gave a reliable estimate of the total selenium content of soils, based on analysis of Certified Reference Materials.
Acid extraction of selenium was unsuitable because of difficulties with recoveries and interferences in the ICP-MS, although the use of methane and DRC-ICP-MS reduced interferences. Time and equipment constraints limited the complete validation using acid extraction for total selenium determination.
Waikato soils had a mean iodine content of 20.9 mg kg-¹, geometric mean of 13.7 mg kg-¹ and range of 1.5 – 122.8 mg kg-¹. Allophanic and Granular soils contained the highest mean iodine contents with Pumice soils displaying the lowest. The iodine content was shown to increase with soil depth, with the Waikato soils showing no evidence of coastal enrichment, though this could be explained by the losses of iodine being equal to, or exceeding the additions to soil. 
Land use appeared to have an effect on the iodine content of soils with background soils displaying more iodine on average than both farmed and forestry soils. Forestry soils displayed the lowest mean iodine content. Farming and forestry both appear to reduce the amount of iodine in soils. 
Iodine was correlated strongly to aluminium and iron, indicating that clay minerals and iron oxides are the most important in the retention of iodine, with organic matter appearing to be less important in iodine retention. There was also a strong correlation of iodine with selenium and mercury, suggesting an association between these elements.
The selenium status of Waikato soils showed a mean concentration of 1.77 mg kg-¹, geometric mean 1.33 mg kg-¹ and a range in concentration of 0.18 – 12.1 mg kg-¹. Like iodine, selenium also displayed the highest mean concentrations in Allophanic and Granular soils, with the lowest concentrations in Pumice soils. The concentration of selenium also increased with soil depth, with parent material appearing to affect the selenium content of soils. Selenium appeared to be more concentrated in the soils closest to the coast than those more inland; with the relative enrichment suggesting that the losses of selenium are likely to equal or exceed the inputs from the surface.
Selenium concentration in relation to land use indicated that farming and forestry may be depleting selenium from soils, with background soils displaying more selenium on average than both farmed and forestry soils.
Again selenium showed similar behaviour to iodine in that it was strongly correlated to aluminium, iron and manganese, indicating that clay minerals and iron and manganese oxides are the most important factors in selenium retention in Waikato soils. Organic matter was less important in retention shown by the less significant correlation with selenium. Mercury and iodine were both strongly correlated to selenium suggesting that chalcophilic elements (mercury) are strongly associated to selenium.
The strong correlation between iodine and selenium also explained the similarities in the relationships of both elements with other soil properties. The results presented for both iodine and selenium indicate that the status of both elements in the Waikato Region may be better than previously thought, with the soils showing mean concentrations that suggest they may not be as deficient as thought.

year: 2011

title: The appropriate use of Te Reo Maori in the names of new species discovered in Aotearoa New Zealand

authors: Papa, Judy Wiki

subjects: Te Reo Maori

abstract: Language is the key to understanding
Ko te reo te taikura o te whakaao-mārama
In this thesis I investigate the naming of new species that are being discovered in and around the waters of the coastline, across the vast landscape and in remote areas of Aotearoa New Zealand. These native species often endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand are often named with no reference to the native landscape and wear names that pay homage to or represent ancestors and traditions of another culture.   Few of these species have been given scientific names that include Te Reo Māori and this study sought to explore why this was the case and how Te Reo Māori should be included in these names.
This study investigated the background, methods and the knowledge associated with matauranga Māori and scientific naming protocols and how these could be incorporated into the naming of new species of Aotearoa New Zealand.  Data were gathered from historical manuscripts that mention naming or classification of species in Aotearoa New Zealand, literature about classification, and eight interviews with people knowledgeable in the Māori and western scientific naming traditions of nomenclature and classification.  The interview data was transcribed and analysed using these themes drawn both from the literature and the data.  The study considered the rightful place of Māori knowledge and western scientific systems of naming new species, including the appropriate use of Te Reo Māori in a uniquely Aotearoa New Zealand way.
My findings indicate that the practice of naming species in Aotearoa New Zealand by scientists is governed by international protocols and that any incorporation of Te Reo Māori varied, and this variation depended on individual researchers that have developed their own method of using Te Reo Māori in the names of new species.  The findings indicate however that Te Reo Māori is of utmost importance to a Māori cultural context and must be used appropriately for the benefit of future generations of Māori.  
In my conclusions I acknowledge the two systems of biological classification and matauranga Māori and their historical importance in the classification of species in Aotearoa New Zealand and on the international stage.  I also recommend a set of guidelines derived from the research findings on the appropriate use of Te Reo Māori in naming new species.

text: The appropriate use of Te Reo Maori in the names of new species discovered in Aotearoa New Zealand Language is the key to understanding
Ko te reo te taikura o te whakaao-mārama
In this thesis I investigate the naming of new species that are being discovered in and around the waters of the coastline, across the vast landscape and in remote areas of Aotearoa New Zealand. These native species often endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand are often named with no reference to the native landscape and wear names that pay homage to or represent ancestors and traditions of another culture.   Few of these species have been given scientific names that include Te Reo Māori and this study sought to explore why this was the case and how Te Reo Māori should be included in these names.
This study investigated the background, methods and the knowledge associated with matauranga Māori and scientific naming protocols and how these could be incorporated into the naming of new species of Aotearoa New Zealand.  Data were gathered from historical manuscripts that mention naming or classification of species in Aotearoa New Zealand, literature about classification, and eight interviews with people knowledgeable in the Māori and western scientific naming traditions of nomenclature and classification.  The interview data was transcribed and analysed using these themes drawn both from the literature and the data.  The study considered the rightful place of Māori knowledge and western scientific systems of naming new species, including the appropriate use of Te Reo Māori in a uniquely Aotearoa New Zealand way.
My findings indicate that the practice of naming species in Aotearoa New Zealand by scientists is governed by international protocols and that any incorporation of Te Reo Māori varied, and this variation depended on individual researchers that have developed their own method of using Te Reo Māori in the names of new species.  The findings indicate however that Te Reo Māori is of utmost importance to a Māori cultural context and must be used appropriately for the benefit of future generations of Māori.  
In my conclusions I acknowledge the two systems of biological classification and matauranga Māori and their historical importance in the classification of species in Aotearoa New Zealand and on the international stage.  I also recommend a set of guidelines derived from the research findings on the appropriate use of Te Reo Māori in naming new species.

year: 2012