title: Small Performance Effects of a Practical Mixed-Methods Cooling Strategy in Elite Team Sport Athletes

authors: Fenemor, Stephen Paul

subjects: Exercise

abstract: Purpose: The ingestion of ice slurry and application of ice towels can elicit favorable physiological, perceptual, and performance benefits when used individually; however, the combined use and effectiveness of these practical cooling strategies have not been assessed using a sport-specific performance test, based on actual match demands, in an elite team sport context. Methods: Ten non-heat acclimated elite male rugby sevens athletes undertook two cycling heat response tests (HRT) designed to be specific to the demands of rugby sevens in hot conditions (35°C, 80% rH). In a crossover design, the HRTs were conducted with (COOLING) and without (HOT) the combined use of internal (ice slushy ingestion) and external (application of ice towels to the head, neck, and face) pre- and per-cooling strategies. Physiological, perceptual, and performance variables were monitored throughout each HRT. Results: COOLING resulted in reductions in mean tympanic temperature (-0.4 ± 0.2°C; d = 1.18); mean heart rate (-5 ± 8 bpm; d = 0.53); thermal discomfort (-0.5 ± 0.9 AU; d = 0.48); and thirst sensation (-1.0 ± 1.1 AU; d = 0.61) during the HRT. COOLING also resulted in a small increase in 4-min time trial power output (by 7 ± 33 W, ~3%; d = 0.35) compared to HOT. Discussion: A combination of internal and external pre- and per-cooling strategies can result in a range of small physiological, perceptual, and performance benefits during a rugby sevens specific HRT, compared to undertaking no cooling. Practitioners should include such strategies when performing in hot conditions.

text: Small Performance Effects of a Practical Mixed-Methods Cooling Strategy in Elite Team Sport Athletes Purpose: The ingestion of ice slurry and application of ice towels can elicit favorable physiological, perceptual, and performance benefits when used individually; however, the combined use and effectiveness of these practical cooling strategies have not been assessed using a sport-specific performance test, based on actual match demands, in an elite team sport context. Methods: Ten non-heat acclimated elite male rugby sevens athletes undertook two cycling heat response tests (HRT) designed to be specific to the demands of rugby sevens in hot conditions (35°C, 80% rH). In a crossover design, the HRTs were conducted with (COOLING) and without (HOT) the combined use of internal (ice slushy ingestion) and external (application of ice towels to the head, neck, and face) pre- and per-cooling strategies. Physiological, perceptual, and performance variables were monitored throughout each HRT. Results: COOLING resulted in reductions in mean tympanic temperature (-0.4 ± 0.2°C; d = 1.18); mean heart rate (-5 ± 8 bpm; d = 0.53); thermal discomfort (-0.5 ± 0.9 AU; d = 0.48); and thirst sensation (-1.0 ± 1.1 AU; d = 0.61) during the HRT. COOLING also resulted in a small increase in 4-min time trial power output (by 7 ± 33 W, ~3%; d = 0.35) compared to HOT. Discussion: A combination of internal and external pre- and per-cooling strategies can result in a range of small physiological, perceptual, and performance benefits during a rugby sevens specific HRT, compared to undertaking no cooling. Practitioners should include such strategies when performing in hot conditions.

year: 2022-09-27

title: Assessment of trophic state change and lake health in selected lakes of the Auckland region based on zooplankton assemblages: 2012-2019

authors: Duggan, Ian C.

abstract: This report provides an assessment of eight natural lakes in the Auckland region, from zooplankton samples collected between 2012 and late 2019 at a frequency of six to eight samples per year. From these samples, the lakes have been assessed to establish their trophic state, the proportion of nonnative zooplankton species, and the proportion of crustacean zooplankton relative to rotifers. 

Inferred trophic states of the lakes based on zooplankton composition has been generally ranked in a similar manner over time; of the lakes sampled over the entire period, Lake Tomarata typically had the best inferred water quality (generally as mesotrophic, though late in the study it sat near the eutrophic boundary). The median Trophic Level Index (TLI) based on zooplankton for this lake was 3.5 between 2015 and 2019. Lake Whatihua, only sampled from late-2017, was also assessed to contain species typical of mesotrophic conditions (median TLI = 3.4). For the remaining lakes, median TLI values based on zooplankton composition between 2015 and 2019 were; Rototoa 3.5 (mesotrophic), Wainamu 4.0, Pupuke 4.3 (both eutrophic) and Kuwakatai 5.2 (supertrophic; sampling ceased in August 2017). Lakes Kereta and Spectacle were not assessed during the 2015- 2019 time period. 

Lake Pupuke rapidly declined in water quality in 2019, to have hypertrophic assessments at the end of the study; this is consistent with reported high chlorophyll a concentrations at this time. Lake Tomarata was assessed to have declining water quality based on zooplankton composition, in common with traditional TLI assessments. However, this lake was assessed to have higher water quality overall, and to diverge in assessments by 1.2 TLI units; this may in part be due to elevated TN concentrations in this lake, not reflected in concentrations of TP or chlorophyll a, which may unduly affect traditional TLI assessments for this lake. The other long-term lakes, Waimanu, Pupuke and Rototoa, all has assessments within 0.5 TLI units when comparing the traditional and rotifer inferred TLI systems. 

The proportion of non-native species and the proportion of crustacean zooplankton relative to rotifers both showed promise as monitoring tools for the Auckland lakes. Two non-native species were recorded in the lakes, with various levels of dominance. Daphnia galeata was recorded in all of the monitored lakes, while Skistopiaptomus pallidus was recorded in Lake Kereta only. For the proportions of non-native species, Lake Tomarata was least affected, with samples comprising 4.9% non-native species on average. Data from 2012 and 2013 indicated that the overall relative abundances of the calanoid copepod Skistodiaptomus pallidus in Lake Kereta were far lower than they were in the year’s immediately following invasion in late 2008. No new non-native species were recognised in the monitored lakes during this survey, although an unusual occurrence of the copepod Boeckella propinqua was recorded in Lake Whatihua; this species has otherwise been found from natural lakes only in the central North Island, although has been recorded previously in Auckland dams. 

On average, larger crustaceans dominated over the smaller rotifers in all of the Auckland lakes monitored. Lake Rototoa was the least crustacean dominated (53%), followed by lakes Tomarata (58%), Kereta (68%), Spectacle (78%), Whatihua (79%), Wainamu (81%), Pupuke (88%), and Kuwakatai (95%) was the most crustacean dominated. Lake Wainamu appears to have reduced proportions of crustaceans between 2018 and 2019 relative to the 2012 to 2017 period, which may indicate this lake is undergoing a change in its trophic ecology; control of pest fish ceased in this lake in 2015, including of European perch (Perca fluviatilis), which may be reducing the importance of larger, more visible crustaceans.

text: Assessment of trophic state change and lake health in selected lakes of the Auckland region based on zooplankton assemblages: 2012-2019 This report provides an assessment of eight natural lakes in the Auckland region, from zooplankton samples collected between 2012 and late 2019 at a frequency of six to eight samples per year. From these samples, the lakes have been assessed to establish their trophic state, the proportion of nonnative zooplankton species, and the proportion of crustacean zooplankton relative to rotifers. 

Inferred trophic states of the lakes based on zooplankton composition has been generally ranked in a similar manner over time; of the lakes sampled over the entire period, Lake Tomarata typically had the best inferred water quality (generally as mesotrophic, though late in the study it sat near the eutrophic boundary). The median Trophic Level Index (TLI) based on zooplankton for this lake was 3.5 between 2015 and 2019. Lake Whatihua, only sampled from late-2017, was also assessed to contain species typical of mesotrophic conditions (median TLI = 3.4). For the remaining lakes, median TLI values based on zooplankton composition between 2015 and 2019 were; Rototoa 3.5 (mesotrophic), Wainamu 4.0, Pupuke 4.3 (both eutrophic) and Kuwakatai 5.2 (supertrophic; sampling ceased in August 2017). Lakes Kereta and Spectacle were not assessed during the 2015- 2019 time period. 

Lake Pupuke rapidly declined in water quality in 2019, to have hypertrophic assessments at the end of the study; this is consistent with reported high chlorophyll a concentrations at this time. Lake Tomarata was assessed to have declining water quality based on zooplankton composition, in common with traditional TLI assessments. However, this lake was assessed to have higher water quality overall, and to diverge in assessments by 1.2 TLI units; this may in part be due to elevated TN concentrations in this lake, not reflected in concentrations of TP or chlorophyll a, which may unduly affect traditional TLI assessments for this lake. The other long-term lakes, Waimanu, Pupuke and Rototoa, all has assessments within 0.5 TLI units when comparing the traditional and rotifer inferred TLI systems. 

The proportion of non-native species and the proportion of crustacean zooplankton relative to rotifers both showed promise as monitoring tools for the Auckland lakes. Two non-native species were recorded in the lakes, with various levels of dominance. Daphnia galeata was recorded in all of the monitored lakes, while Skistopiaptomus pallidus was recorded in Lake Kereta only. For the proportions of non-native species, Lake Tomarata was least affected, with samples comprising 4.9% non-native species on average. Data from 2012 and 2013 indicated that the overall relative abundances of the calanoid copepod Skistodiaptomus pallidus in Lake Kereta were far lower than they were in the year’s immediately following invasion in late 2008. No new non-native species were recognised in the monitored lakes during this survey, although an unusual occurrence of the copepod Boeckella propinqua was recorded in Lake Whatihua; this species has otherwise been found from natural lakes only in the central North Island, although has been recorded previously in Auckland dams. 

On average, larger crustaceans dominated over the smaller rotifers in all of the Auckland lakes monitored. Lake Rototoa was the least crustacean dominated (53%), followed by lakes Tomarata (58%), Kereta (68%), Spectacle (78%), Whatihua (79%), Wainamu (81%), Pupuke (88%), and Kuwakatai (95%) was the most crustacean dominated. Lake Wainamu appears to have reduced proportions of crustaceans between 2018 and 2019 relative to the 2012 to 2017 period, which may indicate this lake is undergoing a change in its trophic ecology; control of pest fish ceased in this lake in 2015, including of European perch (Perca fluviatilis), which may be reducing the importance of larger, more visible crustaceans.

year: 2021

title: Bicultural perspectives on Māori legal research

authors: Mackinnon, Jacquelin

subjects: Māori

abstract: Increasingly, legal research projects undertaken at law school or in practice will involve Māori custom law and/or tikanga Māori.' The role of both Māori custom law and tikanga Māori is most evident in the work of the Māori Land Court in the interpretation and application of legislation relating to Māori land. Increasingly, general statutes incorporate Māori principles and values, such as those to be found in the Resource Management Act 1991, or make explicit reference to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. The statutory interpretation function of the Courts in relation to these, and less obvious examples, requires knowledge of tikanga Māori and/or Māori custom law. For any analysis of the work of the Courts or of the legislature, knowledge of tikanga Māori and/or custom law is required. Both Māori custom law and tikanga Māori are preserved by and accessed through the oral tradition. In addition to its role in the Courts and in relation to legislation, the most significant role played by the oral tradition is in the work of the Waitangi Tribunal. The oral tradition also plays an increasingly important part in other areas requiring research. What follows is an introduction to the oral tradition and its role in the legal system of Aotearoa/New Zealand. An understanding of the oral tradition is essential to the construction of a research path that is both ethical and effective.

text: Bicultural perspectives on Māori legal research Increasingly, legal research projects undertaken at law school or in practice will involve Māori custom law and/or tikanga Māori.' The role of both Māori custom law and tikanga Māori is most evident in the work of the Māori Land Court in the interpretation and application of legislation relating to Māori land. Increasingly, general statutes incorporate Māori principles and values, such as those to be found in the Resource Management Act 1991, or make explicit reference to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. The statutory interpretation function of the Courts in relation to these, and less obvious examples, requires knowledge of tikanga Māori and/or Māori custom law. For any analysis of the work of the Courts or of the legislature, knowledge of tikanga Māori and/or custom law is required. Both Māori custom law and tikanga Māori are preserved by and accessed through the oral tradition. In addition to its role in the Courts and in relation to legislation, the most significant role played by the oral tradition is in the work of the Waitangi Tribunal. The oral tradition also plays an increasingly important part in other areas requiring research. What follows is an introduction to the oral tradition and its role in the legal system of Aotearoa/New Zealand. An understanding of the oral tradition is essential to the construction of a research path that is both ethical and effective.

year: 2007