title: The Parker problem revisited: Response to the interpretation of Low (2010)

authors: Craig, Ian J.D.

subjects: Parker problem

abstract: This paper responds to points made by Low (Solar Phys. 2010. doi: 10.1007/s11207-010-9619-z ) with regard to the Parker problem as formulated in Craig and Sneyd (Solar Phys. 232, 41, 2005). We first point out that, since Low focuses mainly on interpreting approximate linearized solutions to the Parker problem, his approach cannot address key issues relating to the finite amplitude stability and dynamic accessibility of potential equilibria. Further difficulties are shown to surround Low’s assertion that non-linear equilibria derived by magneto-frictional relaxation of the Parker problem should be discounted. We conclude that both linear and non-linear approaches to the Parker problem appear remarkably consistent: they demonstrate the development of smooth 3D equilibria as opposed to the routine collapse to singular current sheets. 
The online version of the article of B.C. Low “The Craig–Sneyd Analytic Solutions to the Parker Problem” can be found under doi: 10.1007/s11207-010-9619-z .

text: The Parker problem revisited: Response to the interpretation of Low (2010) This paper responds to points made by Low (Solar Phys. 2010. doi: 10.1007/s11207-010-9619-z ) with regard to the Parker problem as formulated in Craig and Sneyd (Solar Phys. 232, 41, 2005). We first point out that, since Low focuses mainly on interpreting approximate linearized solutions to the Parker problem, his approach cannot address key issues relating to the finite amplitude stability and dynamic accessibility of potential equilibria. Further difficulties are shown to surround Low’s assertion that non-linear equilibria derived by magneto-frictional relaxation of the Parker problem should be discounted. We conclude that both linear and non-linear approaches to the Parker problem appear remarkably consistent: they demonstrate the development of smooth 3D equilibria as opposed to the routine collapse to singular current sheets. 
The online version of the article of B.C. Low “The Craig–Sneyd Analytic Solutions to the Parker Problem” can be found under doi: 10.1007/s11207-010-9619-z .

year: 2010

title: Very stable enzymes from extremely thermophilic archaebacteria and eubacteria

authors: Bragger, J.M.

subjects: biology

abstract: Thirty-six thermophilic archaebacteria and nine extremely thermophilic eubacteria have been screened on solid media for extracellular amylase, protease, hemicellulase (xylanase), cellulase, pectinase and lipase activities. Extracellular enzymes were detected in 14 archaebacteria belonging to three different orders. Twelve of these were able to degrade starch and casein and the two Thermofilum strains were able to degrade starch, xylan and carboxymethylcellulose. Three of the eubacteria could degrade only starch. The other six (including four Thermotoga strains) all had activity against starch, xylan and carboxymethylcellulose, and one also had activity against casein. Some of the amylolytic archaebacteria released α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, amylase and transglucosylase activities into liquid media containing starch or maltose. Thermotoga strain FjSS3B.1 released amylase, xylanase, cellulase and β -glucosidase activities into the medium when grown in the presence of substrates. When the partially purified enzymes from Thermotoga and some of the archaebacteria were compared with known thermostable enzymes the majority were found to be the most thermostable of their type. The β-glucosidase, xylanase and cellulase from Thermotoga and two  -glucosidases, a β-glucosidase, an amylase and a pullulanase from archaebacteria all have half-lives of at least 15 min at 105°C.

text: Very stable enzymes from extremely thermophilic archaebacteria and eubacteria Thirty-six thermophilic archaebacteria and nine extremely thermophilic eubacteria have been screened on solid media for extracellular amylase, protease, hemicellulase (xylanase), cellulase, pectinase and lipase activities. Extracellular enzymes were detected in 14 archaebacteria belonging to three different orders. Twelve of these were able to degrade starch and casein and the two Thermofilum strains were able to degrade starch, xylan and carboxymethylcellulose. Three of the eubacteria could degrade only starch. The other six (including four Thermotoga strains) all had activity against starch, xylan and carboxymethylcellulose, and one also had activity against casein. Some of the amylolytic archaebacteria released α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, amylase and transglucosylase activities into liquid media containing starch or maltose. Thermotoga strain FjSS3B.1 released amylase, xylanase, cellulase and β -glucosidase activities into the medium when grown in the presence of substrates. When the partially purified enzymes from Thermotoga and some of the archaebacteria were compared with known thermostable enzymes the majority were found to be the most thermostable of their type. The β-glucosidase, xylanase and cellulase from Thermotoga and two  -glucosidases, a β-glucosidase, an amylase and a pullulanase from archaebacteria all have half-lives of at least 15 min at 105°C.

year: 1989

title: Matariki, commodity culture, and multiple identities

authors: Hardy, Ann

subjects: Matariki

abstract: The event known as Matariki, the rising of the Pleiades in winter, which Māori take as the mark of the beginning of a new year, was not a strong feature of the wider public sphere for most of the 20th century. Since 2001, however, when Te Taura Whiri, the Māori Language Commission, published an explanatory booklet with the aim of reviving interest in Matariki as an aide to the maintenance of te reo, it has been promoted by several quasi-governmental institutions, especially the national museum, Te Papa, as a winter festival for all New Zealanders. Its main public presence to date has been through media products: posters, banners, websites, television programmes, newspaper features, calendars, some theatrical performances and physical commemoration ceremonies.

The larger project, of which this paper represents an initial descriptive and positioning phase, is a continuation of the researcher's long-standing interest in the intersections of religiosity, culture, and media as they are active in the environment of Aotearoa New Zealand. It assumes, building on theorists such as Bellah and Lundby that the creation of such festivals is an act of 'civil religiosity' that attempts to create and strengthen national community around a set of numinous symbols.
However, the development of an enterprise such as Matariki is pursued in a complex political field, where broad agreement across various factions is needed before the festival can take on an enduring material and symbolic existence. In investigating the factors that will determine the future of Matariki it is relevant to consider the interaction of three factors in particular: the ethno-political history of New Zealand; the characteristics of contemporary reflexive spirituality, which are intertwined with commodificatory tendencies and thirdly, the impacts of increasing globalisation on the parameters of identity-formation for citizens in late-modern societies.

text: Matariki, commodity culture, and multiple identities The event known as Matariki, the rising of the Pleiades in winter, which Māori take as the mark of the beginning of a new year, was not a strong feature of the wider public sphere for most of the 20th century. Since 2001, however, when Te Taura Whiri, the Māori Language Commission, published an explanatory booklet with the aim of reviving interest in Matariki as an aide to the maintenance of te reo, it has been promoted by several quasi-governmental institutions, especially the national museum, Te Papa, as a winter festival for all New Zealanders. Its main public presence to date has been through media products: posters, banners, websites, television programmes, newspaper features, calendars, some theatrical performances and physical commemoration ceremonies.

The larger project, of which this paper represents an initial descriptive and positioning phase, is a continuation of the researcher's long-standing interest in the intersections of religiosity, culture, and media as they are active in the environment of Aotearoa New Zealand. It assumes, building on theorists such as Bellah and Lundby that the creation of such festivals is an act of 'civil religiosity' that attempts to create and strengthen national community around a set of numinous symbols.
However, the development of an enterprise such as Matariki is pursued in a complex political field, where broad agreement across various factions is needed before the festival can take on an enduring material and symbolic existence. In investigating the factors that will determine the future of Matariki it is relevant to consider the interaction of three factors in particular: the ethno-political history of New Zealand; the characteristics of contemporary reflexive spirituality, which are intertwined with commodificatory tendencies and thirdly, the impacts of increasing globalisation on the parameters of identity-formation for citizens in late-modern societies.

year: 2011