title: Using endemic road features to create self-explaining roads and reduce vehicle speeds

authors: Charlton, Samuel G.

subjects: speed management

abstract: This paper describes a project undertaken to establish a self-explaining roads (SER) design programme on existing streets in an urban area. The methodology focussed on developing a process to identify functional road categories and designs based on endemic road characteristics taken from functional exemplars in the study area. The study area was divided into two sections, one to receive SER treatments designed to maximise visual differences between road categories, and a matched control area to remain untreated for purposes of comparison. The SER design for local roads included increased landscaping and community islands to limit forward visibility, and removal of road markings to create a visually distinct road environment. In comparison, roads categorised as collectors received increased delineation, addition of cycle lanes, and improved amenity for pedestrians. Speed data collected 3 months after implementation showed a significant reduction in vehicle speeds on local roads and increased homogeneity of speeds on both local and collector roads. The objective speed data, combined with residents’ speed choice ratings, indicated that the project was successful in creating two discriminably different road categories.

text: Using endemic road features to create self-explaining roads and reduce vehicle speeds This paper describes a project undertaken to establish a self-explaining roads (SER) design programme on existing streets in an urban area. The methodology focussed on developing a process to identify functional road categories and designs based on endemic road characteristics taken from functional exemplars in the study area. The study area was divided into two sections, one to receive SER treatments designed to maximise visual differences between road categories, and a matched control area to remain untreated for purposes of comparison. The SER design for local roads included increased landscaping and community islands to limit forward visibility, and removal of road markings to create a visually distinct road environment. In comparison, roads categorised as collectors received increased delineation, addition of cycle lanes, and improved amenity for pedestrians. Speed data collected 3 months after implementation showed a significant reduction in vehicle speeds on local roads and increased homogeneity of speeds on both local and collector roads. The objective speed data, combined with residents’ speed choice ratings, indicated that the project was successful in creating two discriminably different road categories.

year: 2010

title: Development of a novel cyanide-free method for analysis of vitamin B₁₂ in milk-based infant formula

authors: Li, Yanan

abstract: The analysis of vitamin B₁₂ in infant formulas requires the use of cyanide during the sample preparation process to convert the three unstable vitamers (hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin) to cyanocobalamin, the most stable form of vitamin B₁₂. The undesirable handling of cyanide for the analyst in the laboratory and the associated safety risk indicates a clear necessity for development of a cyanide-free method for vitamin B₁₂ analysis without compromising the analytical quality.
This doctoral research demonstrates the possibility of using cobalamin-derived α-ribazole to represent total vitamin B₁₂, since the α-ribazole exists in all vitamin B₁₂ forms removing the necessity for conversion. The absence of a commercial standard of α-ribazole required its in-house isolation from a cyanocobalamin standard. The α-ribazole was released through consecutive acidic hydrolysis and dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase. The freed α-ribazole was collected by boronate affinity chromatography and concentrated by lyophilisation. α-Ribazole was identified and characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to demonstrate its suitability as a standard. This protocol was optimised and adopted in the sample preparation for analysing vitamin B₁₂ in infant formulas. Several extra steps were added to eliminate or limit interferences, including protein denaturation and sugar removal using C₁₈ solid phase extraction. The final analyte was quantified using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
The single laboratory validation experiment showed that this cyanide-free method is fit for purpose. Analysis of various milk-based infant formulas and comparison with current procedure demonstrated no bias for vitamin B₁₂ analysis.

text: Development of a novel cyanide-free method for analysis of vitamin B₁₂ in milk-based infant formula The analysis of vitamin B₁₂ in infant formulas requires the use of cyanide during the sample preparation process to convert the three unstable vitamers (hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin) to cyanocobalamin, the most stable form of vitamin B₁₂. The undesirable handling of cyanide for the analyst in the laboratory and the associated safety risk indicates a clear necessity for development of a cyanide-free method for vitamin B₁₂ analysis without compromising the analytical quality.
This doctoral research demonstrates the possibility of using cobalamin-derived α-ribazole to represent total vitamin B₁₂, since the α-ribazole exists in all vitamin B₁₂ forms removing the necessity for conversion. The absence of a commercial standard of α-ribazole required its in-house isolation from a cyanocobalamin standard. The α-ribazole was released through consecutive acidic hydrolysis and dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase. The freed α-ribazole was collected by boronate affinity chromatography and concentrated by lyophilisation. α-Ribazole was identified and characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to demonstrate its suitability as a standard. This protocol was optimised and adopted in the sample preparation for analysing vitamin B₁₂ in infant formulas. Several extra steps were added to eliminate or limit interferences, including protein denaturation and sugar removal using C₁₈ solid phase extraction. The final analyte was quantified using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
The single laboratory validation experiment showed that this cyanide-free method is fit for purpose. Analysis of various milk-based infant formulas and comparison with current procedure demonstrated no bias for vitamin B₁₂ analysis.

year: 2023

title: Land/seascapes of exclusion: social order on the coastal margins

authors: Ryks, John

abstract: The hegemonic discourse of coastal planning and development has an impact on the social ordering of Aotearoa/New Zealand’s coastal communities in a number of ways. One way in which social order is controlled and maintained is through the (ab)use of boundaries. Boundaries constructed and maintained under the authority of government and/or funded by development dictate where people may or may not live. In many cases these boundaries are used as instruments of exclusion. Boundaries constructed by hegemonic groups exclude those who define the coast according to other criteria. The hegemonic deployment of boundaries and the domination of coastal people and place generally is explored through an analysis of discourse. This analysis is structured according to differences in social order, coded as places of Otherness (heterotopia), Euclidean coasts, and places in transition reflecting images of both the former and the latter.
Drawing on a number of coastal communities, including the Northland community of Otia (otherwise known as the Seaweed Pickers), Taylor’s Mistake, Whitianga and the wealth enclave of Pauanui, it is shown that the land/seascape of coastal Aotearoa/New Zealand is gradually being disciplined through the design of coasts that are accommodating of a particular patronage. These ‘exclusive’ coasts appear in stark contrast to those places where an alternative social ordering takes place. Here, in the absence of a Euclidean spatiality, uncertainty and liminality feature in the social construction of the coast. Residents of these places mark out and define the coast in a way that is quite different from the accepted norm, a fact that determines a particular ‘cartographic anxiety’ on the part of the dominant. This anxiety is instrumental in the construction of Otherness and the (re)production of exclusion.

text: Land/seascapes of exclusion: social order on the coastal margins The hegemonic discourse of coastal planning and development has an impact on the social ordering of Aotearoa/New Zealand’s coastal communities in a number of ways. One way in which social order is controlled and maintained is through the (ab)use of boundaries. Boundaries constructed and maintained under the authority of government and/or funded by development dictate where people may or may not live. In many cases these boundaries are used as instruments of exclusion. Boundaries constructed by hegemonic groups exclude those who define the coast according to other criteria. The hegemonic deployment of boundaries and the domination of coastal people and place generally is explored through an analysis of discourse. This analysis is structured according to differences in social order, coded as places of Otherness (heterotopia), Euclidean coasts, and places in transition reflecting images of both the former and the latter.
Drawing on a number of coastal communities, including the Northland community of Otia (otherwise known as the Seaweed Pickers), Taylor’s Mistake, Whitianga and the wealth enclave of Pauanui, it is shown that the land/seascape of coastal Aotearoa/New Zealand is gradually being disciplined through the design of coasts that are accommodating of a particular patronage. These ‘exclusive’ coasts appear in stark contrast to those places where an alternative social ordering takes place. Here, in the absence of a Euclidean spatiality, uncertainty and liminality feature in the social construction of the coast. Residents of these places mark out and define the coast in a way that is quite different from the accepted norm, a fact that determines a particular ‘cartographic anxiety’ on the part of the dominant. This anxiety is instrumental in the construction of Otherness and the (re)production of exclusion.

year: 2002