title: The Influence of Match-Day Napping in Elite Female Netball Athletes

authors: O'Donnell, Shannon Lea

subjects: team-sports

abstract: Purpose:
To assess the effect of match-day napping and duration of naps on perceptual and performance indices in elite female netball players over two consecutive netball seasons.

Methods:
Fourteen elite female netball athletes (mean ± SD; age = 23 ± 6 yr) participated in an observational study over 26 competition matches. On each match day, athletes provided information on their napping habits, perceived energy levels, and then performed 3 countermovement jumps (CMJ) 3h30 prior to the start of the match. One hour following the match, subjective player performance ratings from the players and two members of the coaching staff were obtained. Naps were characterized into 3 conditions for analysis; No Nap (NN), <20 min Nap (SHORT), and ≥20 min Nap (LONG).

Results:
A significant difference in peak jump velocity was observed between the SHORT and the NN condition in favor of the shorter nap (3.23 ± 0.26 and 3.07 ± 0.36 m.s-1, respectively, d = 0.34, p < 0.05). A moderate, significant difference (d = 0.85; p < 0.05) was observed for the coach rating of performance (out of 10) between the SHORT and the NN condition (7.2 ± 0.8 and 6.4 ± 0.9, respectively) in favor of SHORT.

Conclusion:
The findings from the study would suggest that a short nap (<20 min) on the day of competition can enhance jump velocity and improve subjective performance in elite netball players, as assessed by coaching staff.

text: The Influence of Match-Day Napping in Elite Female Netball Athletes Purpose:
To assess the effect of match-day napping and duration of naps on perceptual and performance indices in elite female netball players over two consecutive netball seasons.

Methods:
Fourteen elite female netball athletes (mean ± SD; age = 23 ± 6 yr) participated in an observational study over 26 competition matches. On each match day, athletes provided information on their napping habits, perceived energy levels, and then performed 3 countermovement jumps (CMJ) 3h30 prior to the start of the match. One hour following the match, subjective player performance ratings from the players and two members of the coaching staff were obtained. Naps were characterized into 3 conditions for analysis; No Nap (NN), <20 min Nap (SHORT), and ≥20 min Nap (LONG).

Results:
A significant difference in peak jump velocity was observed between the SHORT and the NN condition in favor of the shorter nap (3.23 ± 0.26 and 3.07 ± 0.36 m.s-1, respectively, d = 0.34, p < 0.05). A moderate, significant difference (d = 0.85; p < 0.05) was observed for the coach rating of performance (out of 10) between the SHORT and the NN condition (7.2 ± 0.8 and 6.4 ± 0.9, respectively) in favor of SHORT.

Conclusion:
The findings from the study would suggest that a short nap (<20 min) on the day of competition can enhance jump velocity and improve subjective performance in elite netball players, as assessed by coaching staff.

year: 2018

title: Managed retreat governance: Insights from Matatā, New Zealand.

authors: Hanna, Christina Jane

abstract: This report provides an initial summary of case study findings from PhD research investigating the role of environmental planning in enabling managed retreat in New Zealand. It begins with an overview of the case study and background to the decisions that have led to managed retreat in Matatā. Fundamentally, it highlights key administrative barriers and enablers to implementing managed retreat, which will be further developed in the doctoral thesis. Principal findings are summarised below:
1. There is a lack of national policy guidance, legislative mechanisms and implementation support to achieve managed retreat of existing land-use activities under the current planning system. This not only creates difficulties for managed retreat policy formation and implementation (requiring a process of learning by doing) but more broadly, it hinders anticipatory governance and favours absorptive resilience over transformation away from risk.
2. There is no specific risk tolerance criteria in New Zealand to determine when a particular annual loss-of-life risk is acceptable or not. This makes it more difficult to determine the point at which risk reduction (such as managed retreat) is required.
3. The process for funding managed retreat (particularly where there is risk to life) is ad hoc and uncertain, with potential to undermine the legitimacy of incentivised retreat.
4. Whilst ‘voluntary retreat’ is the only tool currently available to territorial authorities to achieve (incentivised) managed retreat of existing uses, (where the Public Works Act 1981 cannot be applied) it is not perceived as being ‘voluntary’ by people and communities if it is combined with regulation to remove existing use rights or withdrawal of service. This perception undermines trust in the retreat process and further emphasises the need for mechanisms that affected communities consider fair.
5. Provision of risk information and previous disaster experience is ineffective in avoiding investment in risky areas. Therefore, other means of implementing managed retreat are necessary in order to reduce intolerable risk to life. 
6. There is a mismatch of responsibilities and jurisdiction in the management of existing land uses between territorial and regional authorities under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). Integrated management (and potential transfer of powers) is necessary in order to overcome this barrier. Early political alignment and collaborative policy development may also help the political acceptability of retreat within local government.
7. While regional councils are generally considered to have the ability to extinguish existing use rights, there is uncertainty regarding the application of s85 RMA, and the presence of existing resource consents as highlighted by Grace, France-Hudson, and Kilvington (2018). It is likely that case law arising from the Bay of Plenty Regional Plan Change 17 will provide legal clarity on these matters.
8. In the absence of a national framework, Regional Policy Statements can assist in the enablement of managed retreat where they provide a strong policy framework including a community tested, risk-based approach with key risk thresholds and direction to reduce risk to acceptable levels.
9. Policy learning is occurring across New Zealand, driven by local leadership. Development of national managed retreat principles arising from Matatā demonstrate aspects of adaptive governance.

text: Managed retreat governance: Insights from Matatā, New Zealand. This report provides an initial summary of case study findings from PhD research investigating the role of environmental planning in enabling managed retreat in New Zealand. It begins with an overview of the case study and background to the decisions that have led to managed retreat in Matatā. Fundamentally, it highlights key administrative barriers and enablers to implementing managed retreat, which will be further developed in the doctoral thesis. Principal findings are summarised below:
1. There is a lack of national policy guidance, legislative mechanisms and implementation support to achieve managed retreat of existing land-use activities under the current planning system. This not only creates difficulties for managed retreat policy formation and implementation (requiring a process of learning by doing) but more broadly, it hinders anticipatory governance and favours absorptive resilience over transformation away from risk.
2. There is no specific risk tolerance criteria in New Zealand to determine when a particular annual loss-of-life risk is acceptable or not. This makes it more difficult to determine the point at which risk reduction (such as managed retreat) is required.
3. The process for funding managed retreat (particularly where there is risk to life) is ad hoc and uncertain, with potential to undermine the legitimacy of incentivised retreat.
4. Whilst ‘voluntary retreat’ is the only tool currently available to territorial authorities to achieve (incentivised) managed retreat of existing uses, (where the Public Works Act 1981 cannot be applied) it is not perceived as being ‘voluntary’ by people and communities if it is combined with regulation to remove existing use rights or withdrawal of service. This perception undermines trust in the retreat process and further emphasises the need for mechanisms that affected communities consider fair.
5. Provision of risk information and previous disaster experience is ineffective in avoiding investment in risky areas. Therefore, other means of implementing managed retreat are necessary in order to reduce intolerable risk to life. 
6. There is a mismatch of responsibilities and jurisdiction in the management of existing land uses between territorial and regional authorities under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). Integrated management (and potential transfer of powers) is necessary in order to overcome this barrier. Early political alignment and collaborative policy development may also help the political acceptability of retreat within local government.
7. While regional councils are generally considered to have the ability to extinguish existing use rights, there is uncertainty regarding the application of s85 RMA, and the presence of existing resource consents as highlighted by Grace, France-Hudson, and Kilvington (2018). It is likely that case law arising from the Bay of Plenty Regional Plan Change 17 will provide legal clarity on these matters.
8. In the absence of a national framework, Regional Policy Statements can assist in the enablement of managed retreat where they provide a strong policy framework including a community tested, risk-based approach with key risk thresholds and direction to reduce risk to acceptable levels.
9. Policy learning is occurring across New Zealand, driven by local leadership. Development of national managed retreat principles arising from Matatā demonstrate aspects of adaptive governance.

year: 2018

title: The role of coastal marae in natural hazard response and climate change adaptation

authors: Bailey-Winiata, Akuhata

abstract: Marae are much more than infrastructure. They are spiritual places and community hubs. Marae are often positioned in places that are known to be safe based on mātauranga a whānau/hapū/iwi (often more generally referred to as mātauranga Māori - Māori knowledge), and often near waterbodies including rivers/streams, estuaries, and the ocean. Although there are many advantages to living near waterbodies, such features are prone to natural hazards such as flooding and erosion. The impact of these hazards is being exacerbated by climate change and sea level rise.

Hapū and iwi in the past adapted to the impact of natural hazards, and continue to do so, and are now adapting to climate change through a carefully considered process informed by mātauranga Māori developed through generations of observations. Coastal adaptation is generally categorised into three broad types: 1) Protect, 2) Accommodate and 3) Retreat, and many coastal marae are already adapting across all these responses.

Heading into the future, marae are likely to play an increasingly important role for communities in Aotearoa New Zealand. They are examples of mātauranga in action and will continue to protect and shelter people from hazards and following disasters.

text: The role of coastal marae in natural hazard response and climate change adaptation Marae are much more than infrastructure. They are spiritual places and community hubs. Marae are often positioned in places that are known to be safe based on mātauranga a whānau/hapū/iwi (often more generally referred to as mātauranga Māori - Māori knowledge), and often near waterbodies including rivers/streams, estuaries, and the ocean. Although there are many advantages to living near waterbodies, such features are prone to natural hazards such as flooding and erosion. The impact of these hazards is being exacerbated by climate change and sea level rise.

Hapū and iwi in the past adapted to the impact of natural hazards, and continue to do so, and are now adapting to climate change through a carefully considered process informed by mātauranga Māori developed through generations of observations. Coastal adaptation is generally categorised into three broad types: 1) Protect, 2) Accommodate and 3) Retreat, and many coastal marae are already adapting across all these responses.

Heading into the future, marae are likely to play an increasingly important role for communities in Aotearoa New Zealand. They are examples of mātauranga in action and will continue to protect and shelter people from hazards and following disasters.

year: 2022-11