title: The Control Points of Lactose Synthesis in the Lactating Ruminant

authors: Eichler, Stephen J.

abstract: It has been established that lactose is the major osmole in the milk of many mammalian species, and hence that the amount of water secreted is approximately proportional to the amount of lactose secreted. It is envisaged that reduction of the amount of lactose synthesised would allow a reduction of the amount of water in milk. 
This thesis studied the regulation of lactose synthesis in the mammary glands of goats by altering the flux of glucose and other intermediates of lactose synthesis. The consequent effects were determined by measuring the levels of various metabolites in milk. 
The mechanism of the reduction of milk yield brought about by twenty-four hour fasting in goats was explored by looking for perturbations in some of these parameters measured. Also, known differences between certain bovine genetic groups in water secretion were investigated by measurements in milk of trace metabolites involved in lactose synthesis. 
It was intended to further substantiate the paradigm that availability of glucose within mammary secretory cells of ruminants normally regulates lactose synthesis during midlactation. This widely held belief has not been supported by this research.

text: The Control Points of Lactose Synthesis in the Lactating Ruminant It has been established that lactose is the major osmole in the milk of many mammalian species, and hence that the amount of water secreted is approximately proportional to the amount of lactose secreted. It is envisaged that reduction of the amount of lactose synthesised would allow a reduction of the amount of water in milk. 
This thesis studied the regulation of lactose synthesis in the mammary glands of goats by altering the flux of glucose and other intermediates of lactose synthesis. The consequent effects were determined by measuring the levels of various metabolites in milk. 
The mechanism of the reduction of milk yield brought about by twenty-four hour fasting in goats was explored by looking for perturbations in some of these parameters measured. Also, known differences between certain bovine genetic groups in water secretion were investigated by measurements in milk of trace metabolites involved in lactose synthesis. 
It was intended to further substantiate the paradigm that availability of glucose within mammary secretory cells of ruminants normally regulates lactose synthesis during midlactation. This widely held belief has not been supported by this research.

year: 1993

title: High-risk victims of intimate partner violence within the Integrated Safety Response pilot: An examination of psychosocial stressors and repeat victimisation

authors: Tomkins, Jordan

abstract: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious social issue in Aotearoa New Zealand, especially for victims at high risk of experiencing ongoing harm–or even death–as a result of IPV. Yet there is relatively limited empirical research that quantifies the stressors faced by high-risk victims, nor investigates whether these factors predict IPV recurrence. Using Dutton’s (2006) nested ecological theory to frame this longitudinal study, we examined 165 high-risk IPV cases from the Integrated Safety Response (ISR) pilot. With a primary focus on victims, we manually coded 39 baseline variables across the individual, relationship and community ecological levels; recorded initial engagement with ISR interventions; and examined IPV recurrence reported to police during the 12-month follow up. Results demonstrated that extensive stressors were experienced by these victims and that most victims had at least one IPV recurrence reported to police during follow up. Whilst only a modest number of variables significantly predicted IPV recurrence, physical IPV recurrence or offence detection; we identified that nonfatal strangulation, victim fear, relationship status and the victim’s initial engagement with ISR interventions all uniquely predicted these outcome measures across multivariate analyses. Theoretically, we found empirical support for Dutton’s (2006) nested ecological framework, although the explanatory mechanisms for the four key predictors need to be examined in future research. Practically, improved awareness of high-risk victims’ needs can guide collaborative support responses and, among a group with several possible risk factors, identifying predictors of repeat victimisation can inform risk assessments and prevention strategies for high-risk IPV cases. Finally, we consider limitations of the current research and make several important recommendations for future research.

text: High-risk victims of intimate partner violence within the Integrated Safety Response pilot: An examination of psychosocial stressors and repeat victimisation Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious social issue in Aotearoa New Zealand, especially for victims at high risk of experiencing ongoing harm–or even death–as a result of IPV. Yet there is relatively limited empirical research that quantifies the stressors faced by high-risk victims, nor investigates whether these factors predict IPV recurrence. Using Dutton’s (2006) nested ecological theory to frame this longitudinal study, we examined 165 high-risk IPV cases from the Integrated Safety Response (ISR) pilot. With a primary focus on victims, we manually coded 39 baseline variables across the individual, relationship and community ecological levels; recorded initial engagement with ISR interventions; and examined IPV recurrence reported to police during the 12-month follow up. Results demonstrated that extensive stressors were experienced by these victims and that most victims had at least one IPV recurrence reported to police during follow up. Whilst only a modest number of variables significantly predicted IPV recurrence, physical IPV recurrence or offence detection; we identified that nonfatal strangulation, victim fear, relationship status and the victim’s initial engagement with ISR interventions all uniquely predicted these outcome measures across multivariate analyses. Theoretically, we found empirical support for Dutton’s (2006) nested ecological framework, although the explanatory mechanisms for the four key predictors need to be examined in future research. Practically, improved awareness of high-risk victims’ needs can guide collaborative support responses and, among a group with several possible risk factors, identifying predictors of repeat victimisation can inform risk assessments and prevention strategies for high-risk IPV cases. Finally, we consider limitations of the current research and make several important recommendations for future research.

year: 2020

title: Ethics in Maori research: Working paper

authors: Cram, Fiona

subjects: Maori

abstract: When we think about what we are doing as researchers, one of our main tasks is to acquire knowledge. For some researchers their task begins and ends there. Knowledge is viewed as cumulative, that by adding to some knowledge pool we will one day be able to put the component parts together and discover universal laws. Many researchers also assume that the knowledge they have collected is objective, value-free and apolitical. This is part of psychologists’ ‘physics envy’. A Maori view of knowledge is very different from this. For Maori the purpose of knowledge is to uphold the interests and the mana of the group; it serves the community. Researchers are not building up their own status; they are fighting for the betterment of their iwi and for Maori people in general.

text: Ethics in Maori research: Working paper When we think about what we are doing as researchers, one of our main tasks is to acquire knowledge. For some researchers their task begins and ends there. Knowledge is viewed as cumulative, that by adding to some knowledge pool we will one day be able to put the component parts together and discover universal laws. Many researchers also assume that the knowledge they have collected is objective, value-free and apolitical. This is part of psychologists’ ‘physics envy’. A Maori view of knowledge is very different from this. For Maori the purpose of knowledge is to uphold the interests and the mana of the group; it serves the community. Researchers are not building up their own status; they are fighting for the betterment of their iwi and for Maori people in general.

year: 1993