title: How many koi? Preliminary estimates of koi carp abundance from boat electrofishing

authors: Hicks, Brendan J.

abstract: Single-pass boat-based electrofishing estimates of the abundance of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) were made in the Waikato River, associated lakes and tributaries, and in two ponds. Catches were converted to density and biomass estimates using distances estimated from global positioning coordinates and a regression equation that related removal population estimates to the number of fish caught in the first pass. Biomass estimates ranged from 26 to 4,053 kg ha-1, with a median of 548 kg ha-1. Ninety-six of the 105 biomass estimates for sites with koi exceeded 150 kg ha-1, a threshold biomass considered to represent the point at which removal of invasive fish will improve water quality. High as these biomass estimates are, the size frequency distribution suggests that koi are still increasing in abundance in the Waikato basin despite the period of at least 25 years since their initial introduction.

Removal of koi will be challenging. Extrapolations of koi densities to whole lakes suggest that Lake Whangape (1,079 ha) might have 165,000 spawners (604 tonnes), and Lake Waikare (3,438 ha) might have 466,000 spawners (851 tonnes). Lake Waahi (444 ha) might have 32,000 spawners (75 tonnes). Added to this, koi are distributed widely in the Waikato River below the Karapiro Dam, probably downstream as far as the estuary. Preliminary estimates of koi densities in four zones suggest that there are 65,000 koi in the river (70 tonnes) and its side channels. These biomass estimates must be regarded as preliminary because 1) an unknown proportion of the fish sensed the electrical field before falling within the capture voltage gradient threshold and were observed to swim away and 2) densities assumed for extrapolations might not apply to all of the extrapolated area. Despite these reservations, these estimates of koi in the Waikato River are conservative because extensive willow fringes and shallow margins were not fishable with the electrofishing boat. Most tributaries hold koi, and these add to the total. The extensive wetlands of the Waikato Basin (e.g., the Whangamarino and Opuatia wetlands) also hold unknown numbers of koi. Any eradication efforts should initially be focussed on water bodies where natural recolonisation cannot occur, or where it can be prevented by suitable artificial barriers to the upstream migration of koi.

text: How many koi? Preliminary estimates of koi carp abundance from boat electrofishing Single-pass boat-based electrofishing estimates of the abundance of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) were made in the Waikato River, associated lakes and tributaries, and in two ponds. Catches were converted to density and biomass estimates using distances estimated from global positioning coordinates and a regression equation that related removal population estimates to the number of fish caught in the first pass. Biomass estimates ranged from 26 to 4,053 kg ha-1, with a median of 548 kg ha-1. Ninety-six of the 105 biomass estimates for sites with koi exceeded 150 kg ha-1, a threshold biomass considered to represent the point at which removal of invasive fish will improve water quality. High as these biomass estimates are, the size frequency distribution suggests that koi are still increasing in abundance in the Waikato basin despite the period of at least 25 years since their initial introduction.

Removal of koi will be challenging. Extrapolations of koi densities to whole lakes suggest that Lake Whangape (1,079 ha) might have 165,000 spawners (604 tonnes), and Lake Waikare (3,438 ha) might have 466,000 spawners (851 tonnes). Lake Waahi (444 ha) might have 32,000 spawners (75 tonnes). Added to this, koi are distributed widely in the Waikato River below the Karapiro Dam, probably downstream as far as the estuary. Preliminary estimates of koi densities in four zones suggest that there are 65,000 koi in the river (70 tonnes) and its side channels. These biomass estimates must be regarded as preliminary because 1) an unknown proportion of the fish sensed the electrical field before falling within the capture voltage gradient threshold and were observed to swim away and 2) densities assumed for extrapolations might not apply to all of the extrapolated area. Despite these reservations, these estimates of koi in the Waikato River are conservative because extensive willow fringes and shallow margins were not fishable with the electrofishing boat. Most tributaries hold koi, and these add to the total. The extensive wetlands of the Waikato Basin (e.g., the Whangamarino and Opuatia wetlands) also hold unknown numbers of koi. Any eradication efforts should initially be focussed on water bodies where natural recolonisation cannot occur, or where it can be prevented by suitable artificial barriers to the upstream migration of koi.

year: 2007-04-25

title: Momentum, idiosyncratic volatility and market dynamics: Evidence from China

authors: Cheema, Muhammad A.

abstract: Recent evidence on the relation between momentum and idiosyncratic volatility (IV) in the U.S. is mixed. We verify the relation between momentum and IV in China and find at best, no relation supporting the view that idiosyncratic risk is not a significant arbitrage cost for momentum returns. While the absence of a positive relation between momentum returns and IV rejects both the underreaction and the overconfidence and self-attribution stories of momentum, we find support for the overconfidence and self-attribution story from our results on market dynamics and momentum. Our results are robust when verified in other Asian markets. We also find support for the suggestion that cross-country differences in momentum returns could be the result of differences in market dynamics rather than differences in levels of individualism as suggested earlier in the literature.

text: Momentum, idiosyncratic volatility and market dynamics: Evidence from China Recent evidence on the relation between momentum and idiosyncratic volatility (IV) in the U.S. is mixed. We verify the relation between momentum and IV in China and find at best, no relation supporting the view that idiosyncratic risk is not a significant arbitrage cost for momentum returns. While the absence of a positive relation between momentum returns and IV rejects both the underreaction and the overconfidence and self-attribution stories of momentum, we find support for the overconfidence and self-attribution story from our results on market dynamics and momentum. Our results are robust when verified in other Asian markets. We also find support for the suggestion that cross-country differences in momentum returns could be the result of differences in market dynamics rather than differences in levels of individualism as suggested earlier in the literature.

year: 2017

title: Ngā maihi o Te Whare Hukahuka, ngā maihi o Te Whare o Ruamano: Te whare kōrero o ngā maihi o Tuteao

authors: Hona, Hakahaka Charlie Barlow

subjects: Tuteao

abstract: Ko Pūtauaki te maunga
Ko Rangitāiki te awa
Ko Hekerangi te papa whenua
Ko Tuteao te marae
Ko Ngā Maihi te hapū
Ko Ngāti Awa te iwi
Ko Mataatua te waka
Tihe mauri-ora
Ko tōku kāwai rangatira tēnei. E mōhio ai te tangata ko wai ahau; nō hea ahau, nā wai hoki ahau. Ā, nā whai anō taku urupounamu, ko wai a Ngā Maihi o Tuteao? E mea ana ngā pākeke, he iwi tawhito a Ngā Maihi i heke mai i ngā tātai whakapapa o Tangaroa, o Pōtiki, o Mahutapoanui, o Toroa, o Tuteao. Hēoi, kua kore e rangona ōna kōrero i runga marae ātea. Kua kore e wānangahia i roto i te poho o te whare o Tuteao. Kua ngū ngā poupou o te whare kōrero. Ka mutu, i roto i ngā tau tata nei kua riro tītapu ngā puna o te kī, ngā whītiki o te kupu, o te hapū; kua kore e rangona ngā kōrero o Ngā Maihi i runga marae ātea. Ko te haumate o te reo i runga o Tuteao tētahi take i pēnei ai. Nō reira, kai te imu te ruhi, kai te imu te ngēngē. E noho pōhara ana a Ngā Maihi ki ngā tāonga o tōna whare kōrero. Hei te tau 2027, ka whakanuia te rautau o te whare tīpuna a Tuteao, ā i tēnei tau tonu 2022, e whai whakaaro ana te hapū ki taua kaupapa otirā ki te hanga whare tīpuna hou; he whare kaitā e uru ai te tokomaha. Nō reira, e whakaaro ana hoki ki ngā kōrero ka whakairohia ki ngā pakitara o te whare. I tēnei tau hoki kua mana te whakaako i ngā kōrero hītori o te Māori i roto i ngā kura, nō reira he aha rā ngā kōrero e wātea ana ki ngā tamariki o ngā kura e pā ana ki a Ngā Maihi? He maramara, he kongakonga, he putunga kōrero e noho marara ana i ngā wāhi tūmatanui. He uaua te kitea o ētahi atu, kei ngā wāhi tūmataiti, pēnei i te Kōti Whenua Māori, i ngā tuhinga ā-whānau, kei ngā pukapuka wānanga o te marae. Nō reira, he uaua te kite atu i tōna whānuitanga, i tōna hohonutanga. Tīmata ake i ngā kohinga kōrero o te hapū tonu o Ngā Maihi, i ōna kaumātua, i ōna wānanga, i ōna whānau. I tua atu i wā te whare pukapuka, kei ngā wāhi tūmataiti ētahi putunga kōrero hei ō mo te whare kōrero o Ngā Maihi o Tuteao. Ka mutu, kei ngā waiata, ngā haka, ngā mōteatea. Kai ngā kōrero hoki o iwi kē, e pā ana ki wō mātou tīpuna. I reira i tōtō mai i te kōrero.

text: Ngā maihi o Te Whare Hukahuka, ngā maihi o Te Whare o Ruamano: Te whare kōrero o ngā maihi o Tuteao Ko Pūtauaki te maunga
Ko Rangitāiki te awa
Ko Hekerangi te papa whenua
Ko Tuteao te marae
Ko Ngā Maihi te hapū
Ko Ngāti Awa te iwi
Ko Mataatua te waka
Tihe mauri-ora
Ko tōku kāwai rangatira tēnei. E mōhio ai te tangata ko wai ahau; nō hea ahau, nā wai hoki ahau. Ā, nā whai anō taku urupounamu, ko wai a Ngā Maihi o Tuteao? E mea ana ngā pākeke, he iwi tawhito a Ngā Maihi i heke mai i ngā tātai whakapapa o Tangaroa, o Pōtiki, o Mahutapoanui, o Toroa, o Tuteao. Hēoi, kua kore e rangona ōna kōrero i runga marae ātea. Kua kore e wānangahia i roto i te poho o te whare o Tuteao. Kua ngū ngā poupou o te whare kōrero. Ka mutu, i roto i ngā tau tata nei kua riro tītapu ngā puna o te kī, ngā whītiki o te kupu, o te hapū; kua kore e rangona ngā kōrero o Ngā Maihi i runga marae ātea. Ko te haumate o te reo i runga o Tuteao tētahi take i pēnei ai. Nō reira, kai te imu te ruhi, kai te imu te ngēngē. E noho pōhara ana a Ngā Maihi ki ngā tāonga o tōna whare kōrero. Hei te tau 2027, ka whakanuia te rautau o te whare tīpuna a Tuteao, ā i tēnei tau tonu 2022, e whai whakaaro ana te hapū ki taua kaupapa otirā ki te hanga whare tīpuna hou; he whare kaitā e uru ai te tokomaha. Nō reira, e whakaaro ana hoki ki ngā kōrero ka whakairohia ki ngā pakitara o te whare. I tēnei tau hoki kua mana te whakaako i ngā kōrero hītori o te Māori i roto i ngā kura, nō reira he aha rā ngā kōrero e wātea ana ki ngā tamariki o ngā kura e pā ana ki a Ngā Maihi? He maramara, he kongakonga, he putunga kōrero e noho marara ana i ngā wāhi tūmatanui. He uaua te kitea o ētahi atu, kei ngā wāhi tūmataiti, pēnei i te Kōti Whenua Māori, i ngā tuhinga ā-whānau, kei ngā pukapuka wānanga o te marae. Nō reira, he uaua te kite atu i tōna whānuitanga, i tōna hohonutanga. Tīmata ake i ngā kohinga kōrero o te hapū tonu o Ngā Maihi, i ōna kaumātua, i ōna wānanga, i ōna whānau. I tua atu i wā te whare pukapuka, kei ngā wāhi tūmataiti ētahi putunga kōrero hei ō mo te whare kōrero o Ngā Maihi o Tuteao. Ka mutu, kei ngā waiata, ngā haka, ngā mōteatea. Kai ngā kōrero hoki o iwi kē, e pā ana ki wō mātou tīpuna. I reira i tōtō mai i te kōrero.

year: 2022