title: The use of compression garments for recovery following team-sport exercise

authors: Atkins, Rebecca Leith

subjects: fatigue

abstract: Recovery interventions are constantly being sought after and investigated to determine which method is the most beneficial for exercise recovery. Some athletes (e.g. basketball) must prepare for events such as 3-5 day tournaments; during these types of tournaments, there is a short turn around between games, often having to play multiple games within a 24h period (e.g. two games on the same day or one at night and one in the morning). The short turn around presents a limited time for recovery, which means interventions are often implemented to assist in expediting the recovery rate. The use of compression garments following exercise has been said to increase the rate of recovery by increasing blood flow, reducing space for swelling and reducing levels of muscle damage and inflammatory markers. Research has been performed in different sports and for different time frames when wearing compression garments following exercise. This thesis will firstly review the current literature on compression garments used for recovery in the sport setting and identify the gaps in the literature. The thesis then includes an experimental study in chapter 2, which investigates the effects of compression garments (full length, lower-limb) worn overnight (approx. 15 hours) on markers of recovery, in an attempt to fill some of the gaps highlighted in the literature review. 
The experimental study in this thesis included a parallel-group design, where 30 male basketball athletes (mean ± SD age: 23 ± 4 years) were allocated to either a control group (participants wore loose-fitted clothing following exercise) or an experimental group (participants wore lower-limb compression garments following exercise). An exercise session including basketball specific movements was used to induce physical fatigue. Physical tests (countermovement jump, 20m repeated sprints and 5-0-5 agility tests) and perceptual measures (fatigue and muscle soreness) were conducted pre-exercise, post-exercise and the following morning 15h post-exercise. Perceived and actual sleep measures were recorded during the overnight stay in the laboratory. The main result found in the original study was the perceptual ratings of muscle soreness and fatigue. The results were in favour of the compression garments group with large differences (d = -1.27 and d = -1.61 respectively) and significant improvement (p = 0.04) compared to a control group. This thesis adds knowledge to the existing literature on compression garment use for recovery in a team sport, reporting the limitations, practical implications and future research directions for compression garment in recovery.

text: The use of compression garments for recovery following team-sport exercise Recovery interventions are constantly being sought after and investigated to determine which method is the most beneficial for exercise recovery. Some athletes (e.g. basketball) must prepare for events such as 3-5 day tournaments; during these types of tournaments, there is a short turn around between games, often having to play multiple games within a 24h period (e.g. two games on the same day or one at night and one in the morning). The short turn around presents a limited time for recovery, which means interventions are often implemented to assist in expediting the recovery rate. The use of compression garments following exercise has been said to increase the rate of recovery by increasing blood flow, reducing space for swelling and reducing levels of muscle damage and inflammatory markers. Research has been performed in different sports and for different time frames when wearing compression garments following exercise. This thesis will firstly review the current literature on compression garments used for recovery in the sport setting and identify the gaps in the literature. The thesis then includes an experimental study in chapter 2, which investigates the effects of compression garments (full length, lower-limb) worn overnight (approx. 15 hours) on markers of recovery, in an attempt to fill some of the gaps highlighted in the literature review. 
The experimental study in this thesis included a parallel-group design, where 30 male basketball athletes (mean ± SD age: 23 ± 4 years) were allocated to either a control group (participants wore loose-fitted clothing following exercise) or an experimental group (participants wore lower-limb compression garments following exercise). An exercise session including basketball specific movements was used to induce physical fatigue. Physical tests (countermovement jump, 20m repeated sprints and 5-0-5 agility tests) and perceptual measures (fatigue and muscle soreness) were conducted pre-exercise, post-exercise and the following morning 15h post-exercise. Perceived and actual sleep measures were recorded during the overnight stay in the laboratory. The main result found in the original study was the perceptual ratings of muscle soreness and fatigue. The results were in favour of the compression garments group with large differences (d = -1.27 and d = -1.61 respectively) and significant improvement (p = 0.04) compared to a control group. This thesis adds knowledge to the existing literature on compression garment use for recovery in a team sport, reporting the limitations, practical implications and future research directions for compression garment in recovery.

year: 2019

title: Federalism and resource conflict: Assessing the impact of federalism in curbing conflict over petroleum resource revenues - A case study of Nigeria and Canada

authors: Kalu, John Otisi

subjects: Federalism

abstract: This thesis focuses on lingering conflict over natural resource revenues which has ravaged many countries. The problem has no doubt attracted the attention of researchers who have approached it, mostly, from the angle of how natural resources lead to violent and armed conflict; impact of natural resource conflict on economic growth; causes and the factors that increase the intensity of the conflict. Regrettably, the preoccupation of researches on those other aspects of resource conflict as mentioned, results in the unfortunate dearth of research that focus on charting out the means to bring about solutions to the problem. This study therefore argues that genuine solution to resource conflict can come from a specific design of the political institution of government—precisely, the institutionalization of federalism in the given country. 
However, the case of the Nigerian federation suggests the contrary, with conflict over resource revenues getting increasingly strident. It was therefore deemed vital to undertake a comparative case study of the problem in Nigeria and another federal country – Canada, in order to ascertain the extent to which federalism can contribute to resolve resource conflict. In-depth interviews were conducted with selected respondents in Nigeria and Canada to complement the secondary data from extant literature. The ‘method of difference’ was employed in the analysis of data which aided the identification of significant differences that account for variations in the manifestation of conflict over resource revenues across the countries. 
After the analysis, this study makes two major discoveries that contribute to the existing scholarship on the subject as follows. Firstly, findings from the case of Nigeria reveal that factors inhibiting federalism in mitigating resource conflict are linked primarily to a huge influence of oil and gas on the economy, or over dependence on the resource to drive the economy. The research illustrates clearly how this factor leads to excessive fiscal centralization, which undermines subnational fiscal autonomy, heightens poverty, enables ambiguous design of the fiscal constitution, and facilitates widespread corruption and non-adherence to the rule of law; all of which enhances the severity of resource conflict. Secondly, findings from the Canadian case illustrate how the reinforcement of sub-national fiscal autonomy, which is the hallmark of federalism, counteracts the above mentioned effects of over dependence on petroleum resources. This consequently reduces the violent manifestation of resource conflict. 
With some illustrative diagrams built to support arguments, the study concludes that the institution of federalism provides an effective means through which resource conflict can be addressed. This study provides lessons that would no doubt be useful to, not only Nigeria and Canada but also, many other natural resource endowed countries that are still battling problems of resource revenue dispositions. More so, the analysis in this thesis should be of interest to scholars of conflict and resource governance in deeply divided societies, students of federalism and multilevel governance, as well as policy makers and analysts interested in the facilitation of unity through diversity in their respective countries of focus.

text: Federalism and resource conflict: Assessing the impact of federalism in curbing conflict over petroleum resource revenues - A case study of Nigeria and Canada This thesis focuses on lingering conflict over natural resource revenues which has ravaged many countries. The problem has no doubt attracted the attention of researchers who have approached it, mostly, from the angle of how natural resources lead to violent and armed conflict; impact of natural resource conflict on economic growth; causes and the factors that increase the intensity of the conflict. Regrettably, the preoccupation of researches on those other aspects of resource conflict as mentioned, results in the unfortunate dearth of research that focus on charting out the means to bring about solutions to the problem. This study therefore argues that genuine solution to resource conflict can come from a specific design of the political institution of government—precisely, the institutionalization of federalism in the given country. 
However, the case of the Nigerian federation suggests the contrary, with conflict over resource revenues getting increasingly strident. It was therefore deemed vital to undertake a comparative case study of the problem in Nigeria and another federal country – Canada, in order to ascertain the extent to which federalism can contribute to resolve resource conflict. In-depth interviews were conducted with selected respondents in Nigeria and Canada to complement the secondary data from extant literature. The ‘method of difference’ was employed in the analysis of data which aided the identification of significant differences that account for variations in the manifestation of conflict over resource revenues across the countries. 
After the analysis, this study makes two major discoveries that contribute to the existing scholarship on the subject as follows. Firstly, findings from the case of Nigeria reveal that factors inhibiting federalism in mitigating resource conflict are linked primarily to a huge influence of oil and gas on the economy, or over dependence on the resource to drive the economy. The research illustrates clearly how this factor leads to excessive fiscal centralization, which undermines subnational fiscal autonomy, heightens poverty, enables ambiguous design of the fiscal constitution, and facilitates widespread corruption and non-adherence to the rule of law; all of which enhances the severity of resource conflict. Secondly, findings from the Canadian case illustrate how the reinforcement of sub-national fiscal autonomy, which is the hallmark of federalism, counteracts the above mentioned effects of over dependence on petroleum resources. This consequently reduces the violent manifestation of resource conflict. 
With some illustrative diagrams built to support arguments, the study concludes that the institution of federalism provides an effective means through which resource conflict can be addressed. This study provides lessons that would no doubt be useful to, not only Nigeria and Canada but also, many other natural resource endowed countries that are still battling problems of resource revenue dispositions. More so, the analysis in this thesis should be of interest to scholars of conflict and resource governance in deeply divided societies, students of federalism and multilevel governance, as well as policy makers and analysts interested in the facilitation of unity through diversity in their respective countries of focus.

year: 2016

title: Maori women and research: Researching ourselves

authors: Te Awekotuku, Ngahuia

subjects: Maori

abstract: This was the closing keynote address at the Student Symposium organized by the Maori &
Psychology Research Unit at the University of Waikato, Hamilton in August 1999. Most of the
people attending were Maori, and female, and I spoke to, for, and about us. The speech was
transcribed from an oral address with transparencies, and has been revised here for this
publication.

text: Maori women and research: Researching ourselves This was the closing keynote address at the Student Symposium organized by the Maori &
Psychology Research Unit at the University of Waikato, Hamilton in August 1999. Most of the
people attending were Maori, and female, and I spoke to, for, and about us. The speech was
transcribed from an oral address with transparencies, and has been revised here for this
publication.

year: 1999