title: Dama Wallabies: Their history of colonization and control at Okataina/Tarawera

authors: Williams, Dale

abstract: Dama wallabies (Macropus eugenii) were liberated near the southern end of Lake Okareka in 1912. By the 1970s their numbers had built to high levels in the forests surrounding Okareka, Okataina and Tarawera and the damage they were causing to the forest understorey was marked.
In 1984 the New Zealand Forest Service established a pair of ‘exclosure plots’ at Okataina designed to isolate the impacts of wallabies from those caused by deer. A decade later when the vegetation plots were remeasured, species diversity had increased by 142% where both deer and wallabies were excluded. Diversity had increased by 57% where wallabies were excluded and continued to decline by 7% where browsing was unrestricted.
Between 1988 and 1999 three aerial poisoning operations and some ground based pest control, targeting wallabies and possums, were carried out around Okataina and the Makatiti Dome.
Though these operations were highly successful at reducing wallaby numbers (93-95% reductions based on cleared-plot faecal pellet counts) remeasurement of permanent 20x20 metre vegetation plots showed no response in the forest understorey. To some
extent this is not surprising as the control operations were effectively ‘one-offs’ in separate areas and only limited follow-up control took place.

text: Dama Wallabies: Their history of colonization and control at Okataina/Tarawera Dama wallabies (Macropus eugenii) were liberated near the southern end of Lake Okareka in 1912. By the 1970s their numbers had built to high levels in the forests surrounding Okareka, Okataina and Tarawera and the damage they were causing to the forest understorey was marked.
In 1984 the New Zealand Forest Service established a pair of ‘exclosure plots’ at Okataina designed to isolate the impacts of wallabies from those caused by deer. A decade later when the vegetation plots were remeasured, species diversity had increased by 142% where both deer and wallabies were excluded. Diversity had increased by 57% where wallabies were excluded and continued to decline by 7% where browsing was unrestricted.
Between 1988 and 1999 three aerial poisoning operations and some ground based pest control, targeting wallabies and possums, were carried out around Okataina and the Makatiti Dome.
Though these operations were highly successful at reducing wallaby numbers (93-95% reductions based on cleared-plot faecal pellet counts) remeasurement of permanent 20x20 metre vegetation plots showed no response in the forest understorey. To some
extent this is not surprising as the control operations were effectively ‘one-offs’ in separate areas and only limited follow-up control took place.

year: 2015

title: Two-state systems with non-Markovian thermal and squeezed quantum noise inputs

authors: Parkins, Andrew Scott

abstract: The effect of quantum noise on the two-state system is studied in the context of (i) coherent quantum tunnelling in a double-well system subject to low temperature quantum noise, and (ii) the two-level atom subject to finite bandwidth squeezed noise. Our approach to these problems is based on the adjoint equation, which describes the evolution of a quantum stochastic density operator. This equation is amenable to solution by ordinary stochastic methods, of which numerical simulation plays the most significant role in our calculations.
The dissipative double-well system is relevant to the search for macroscopic quantum coherence in superconducting quantum interference devices, and previous work, starting from a two-state model and using path integral methods, has established the so-called “noninteracting-blip approximation” as a central result. The adjoint equation, applied to this problem in the weak coupling limit, is shown to closely reproduce this result. The noninteracting-blip approximation entails a Markovian-type assumption about the noise, and, by means of stochastic simulation, we are able to check, and confirm, the validity of this assumption, even for the case of a zero-temperature bath.
Squeezed light, which has reduced quantum fluctuations in one quadrature phase, has been produced experimentally, and possible applications are under active consideration. Analyses of the effect of squeezed light on fundamental radiative processes in simple atoms have revealed interesting possibilities, most notably line-narrowing in the fluorescence spectrum. The original analyses in this field of research have been based on the assumption of broad bandwidth squeezing, and we review the primary results found in this limit. Also in this limit, we study in more detail the phenomenon of squeezed-light-induced photon echoes.
For broad bandwidth squeezing, line-narrowing in resonance fluorescence is restricted to the central fluorescence peak, while the Rabi sidebands exhibit broadening. We examine strongly driven resonance fluorescence for the case in which squeezing is confined to relatively small regions of frequency space about individual fluorescence peaks. It is shown that the noisy component associated with the unsqueezed quadrature phase can be effectively decoupled from the atomic dynamics, which allows narrowing to occur in all three peaks of the spectrum.
Finally, we address the practical problem of producing an effective coupling between an atom and a realistic three-dimensional squeezed field of modest angular spread. We show that this can be achieved, in principle, inside a microscopic plane mirror cavity, provided the injected squeezed field is suitably mode-matched to the cavity.

text: Two-state systems with non-Markovian thermal and squeezed quantum noise inputs The effect of quantum noise on the two-state system is studied in the context of (i) coherent quantum tunnelling in a double-well system subject to low temperature quantum noise, and (ii) the two-level atom subject to finite bandwidth squeezed noise. Our approach to these problems is based on the adjoint equation, which describes the evolution of a quantum stochastic density operator. This equation is amenable to solution by ordinary stochastic methods, of which numerical simulation plays the most significant role in our calculations.
The dissipative double-well system is relevant to the search for macroscopic quantum coherence in superconducting quantum interference devices, and previous work, starting from a two-state model and using path integral methods, has established the so-called “noninteracting-blip approximation” as a central result. The adjoint equation, applied to this problem in the weak coupling limit, is shown to closely reproduce this result. The noninteracting-blip approximation entails a Markovian-type assumption about the noise, and, by means of stochastic simulation, we are able to check, and confirm, the validity of this assumption, even for the case of a zero-temperature bath.
Squeezed light, which has reduced quantum fluctuations in one quadrature phase, has been produced experimentally, and possible applications are under active consideration. Analyses of the effect of squeezed light on fundamental radiative processes in simple atoms have revealed interesting possibilities, most notably line-narrowing in the fluorescence spectrum. The original analyses in this field of research have been based on the assumption of broad bandwidth squeezing, and we review the primary results found in this limit. Also in this limit, we study in more detail the phenomenon of squeezed-light-induced photon echoes.
For broad bandwidth squeezing, line-narrowing in resonance fluorescence is restricted to the central fluorescence peak, while the Rabi sidebands exhibit broadening. We examine strongly driven resonance fluorescence for the case in which squeezing is confined to relatively small regions of frequency space about individual fluorescence peaks. It is shown that the noisy component associated with the unsqueezed quadrature phase can be effectively decoupled from the atomic dynamics, which allows narrowing to occur in all three peaks of the spectrum.
Finally, we address the practical problem of producing an effective coupling between an atom and a realistic three-dimensional squeezed field of modest angular spread. We show that this can be achieved, in principle, inside a microscopic plane mirror cavity, provided the injected squeezed field is suitably mode-matched to the cavity.

year: 1990

title: Maori at Te Aroha after the opening of the goldfield in 1880 (mostly through Pakeha eyes)

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: As the Maori population continued to decline, the aged rangatira admired by Pakeha (even including those who had fought against the Crown) gradually died off, to be replaced by Maori more noted for their drinking and occasional violence than their prestige. Although concerts and haka were popular with many Pakeha, much Maori behaviour was mocked, including by children. Many Maori were seen as being unsophisticated, unable to express themselves properly in English, and prone to drunkenness and laziness, whereas those who adopted Pakeha ways were praised.
Some Pakeha sympathized with poverty-stricken Maori and regretted the decline of their language. There were many examples of close and friendly relations and of Maori assisting Pakeha in trouble, but in general they lived geographically separate lives. To earn money, Maori were forced to work at road making, timber cutting, gum digging, and farming what land remained in their possession. Most Maori struggled financially, their limited resources being stretched by holding expensive tangi and entertaining visitors – resulting in more land sales. They used the court system to defend their economic interests.
Ngati Rahiri (including supporters of the Kingitanga) were seen as ‘loyal’ to the Crown, and visiting Maori kings received kindly treatment from Pakeha as well as from Maori. 
Poor health prompted some government assistance, but poor housing remained, although some attempts were made to improve it (partly to protect Pakeha from diseases). Before the twentieth century only a few children, mostly ‘half-castes’, were educated. Most Ngati Rahiri were members of the Church of England before being attracted by the new Mormon faith.
Ngati Rahiri participated with Pakeha in horse races, sporting contests, and, especially, rugby, and a few joined the Volunteers. Much less desirable to most residents was their heavy drinking (encouraged by some publicans and their Pakeha drinking buddies), and occasional fights, very occasionally with Pakeha. Overall, Pakeha ways, both good and bad, of necessity were adopted, and Ngati Rahiri became inextricably a subordinate part of the Pakeha community, although still retaining some distinctive features. 

 (Note: Unless otherwise indicated, all those named in this paper, both Maori and Pakeha, were shareholders in claims in the Te Aroha district.)

text: Maori at Te Aroha after the opening of the goldfield in 1880 (mostly through Pakeha eyes) As the Maori population continued to decline, the aged rangatira admired by Pakeha (even including those who had fought against the Crown) gradually died off, to be replaced by Maori more noted for their drinking and occasional violence than their prestige. Although concerts and haka were popular with many Pakeha, much Maori behaviour was mocked, including by children. Many Maori were seen as being unsophisticated, unable to express themselves properly in English, and prone to drunkenness and laziness, whereas those who adopted Pakeha ways were praised.
Some Pakeha sympathized with poverty-stricken Maori and regretted the decline of their language. There were many examples of close and friendly relations and of Maori assisting Pakeha in trouble, but in general they lived geographically separate lives. To earn money, Maori were forced to work at road making, timber cutting, gum digging, and farming what land remained in their possession. Most Maori struggled financially, their limited resources being stretched by holding expensive tangi and entertaining visitors – resulting in more land sales. They used the court system to defend their economic interests.
Ngati Rahiri (including supporters of the Kingitanga) were seen as ‘loyal’ to the Crown, and visiting Maori kings received kindly treatment from Pakeha as well as from Maori. 
Poor health prompted some government assistance, but poor housing remained, although some attempts were made to improve it (partly to protect Pakeha from diseases). Before the twentieth century only a few children, mostly ‘half-castes’, were educated. Most Ngati Rahiri were members of the Church of England before being attracted by the new Mormon faith.
Ngati Rahiri participated with Pakeha in horse races, sporting contests, and, especially, rugby, and a few joined the Volunteers. Much less desirable to most residents was their heavy drinking (encouraged by some publicans and their Pakeha drinking buddies), and occasional fights, very occasionally with Pakeha. Overall, Pakeha ways, both good and bad, of necessity were adopted, and Ngati Rahiri became inextricably a subordinate part of the Pakeha community, although still retaining some distinctive features. 

 (Note: Unless otherwise indicated, all those named in this paper, both Maori and Pakeha, were shareholders in claims in the Te Aroha district.)

year: 2016