title: Illumination waveform optimization for time-of-flight range imaging cameras

authors: Payne, Andrew D.

subjects: time of flight

abstract: Time-of-flight range imaging sensors acquire an image of a scene, where in addition to standard intensity information, the range (or distance) is also measured concurrently by each pixel. Range is measured using a correlation technique, where an amplitude modulated light source illuminates the scene and the reflected light is sampled by a gain modulated image sensor. Typically the illumination source and image sensor are amplitude modulated with square waves, leading to a range measurement linearity error caused by aliased harmonic components within the correlation waveform. A simple method to improve measurement linearity by reducing the duty cycle of the illumination waveform to suppress problematic aliased harmonic components is demonstrated. If the total optical power is kept constant, the measured correlation waveform amplitude also increases at these reduced illumination duty cycles. Measurement performance is evaluated over a range of illumination duty cycles, both for a standard range imaging camera configuration, and also using a more complicated phase encoding method that is designed to cancel aliased harmonics during the sampling process. The standard configuration benefits from improved measurement linearity for illumination duty cycles around 30%, while the measured amplitude, hence range precision, is increased for both methods as the duty cycle is reduced below 50% (while maintaining constant optical power).

text: Illumination waveform optimization for time-of-flight range imaging cameras Time-of-flight range imaging sensors acquire an image of a scene, where in addition to standard intensity information, the range (or distance) is also measured concurrently by each pixel. Range is measured using a correlation technique, where an amplitude modulated light source illuminates the scene and the reflected light is sampled by a gain modulated image sensor. Typically the illumination source and image sensor are amplitude modulated with square waves, leading to a range measurement linearity error caused by aliased harmonic components within the correlation waveform. A simple method to improve measurement linearity by reducing the duty cycle of the illumination waveform to suppress problematic aliased harmonic components is demonstrated. If the total optical power is kept constant, the measured correlation waveform amplitude also increases at these reduced illumination duty cycles. Measurement performance is evaluated over a range of illumination duty cycles, both for a standard range imaging camera configuration, and also using a more complicated phase encoding method that is designed to cancel aliased harmonics during the sampling process. The standard configuration benefits from improved measurement linearity for illumination duty cycles around 30%, while the measured amplitude, hence range precision, is increased for both methods as the duty cycle is reduced below 50% (while maintaining constant optical power).

year: 2011

title: Reactions of cyclomanganated compounds

authors: Mace, Wade

abstract: This thesis describes novel reactions of cyclomanganated compounds of the general form shown below. The ligand is bonded by a metal-carbon σ-bond, with X acting as a donor atom to form the chelate ring. The organic ligands were derived from aryl and heteroaryl ketones, chalcones, dienones and azabutadienes. 
A preliminary investigation has previously been undertaken into the reaction of carbon disulfide with some orthomanganated aryl ketones. In the present study these reactions were further investigated, with the isolation of new η2-S, S-dithiocarboxylate complexes, e.g. 46. In other cases the reaction of carbon disulfide with cyclomanganated compounds afforded the novel Mn4 species 50 in low yield. 
The reactions of orthomanganated acetyl-aryl compounds with organic isocyanides (C≡NR) afforded a number of novel compounds. For example η2-(2-acetylphenyl)-tetracarbonylmanganese (79) afforded four different types of products depending on the isocyanide; tert-butyl isocyanide produced 82, ethyl isocyanide produced 95 and 96, and 4-methoxyphenyl isocyanide produced 98 and 99. 
With orthomanganated 2-acetylthiophene, CNBut gave the quinone species 88 and 89,which showed high anti fungal and antitumor activity. 
Cyclomanganated dienones (e.g. 127) were previously known to react with alkynes to give either (η5-pyranyl)Mn(CO)3 (e.g. 130) or (η5-oxocycloheptadienyl)Mn(C0)3 (e.g.129) products. The factors influencing which product is formed were more systematically investigated and a deuterium-labelling experiment was used to probe the1,2-phenyl shift that occurs for the (η5-oxocycloheptadienyl)Mn(C0)3 products . 
A preliminary investigation of the reactions of 4-phenyl-1-(4-tolyl)-l-azabuta-1, 3-diene(TAD) with PhCH2Mn(CO)5 and unsaturated substrates including phenyl acetylene, methyl acrylate, PhNCO, ButNC and carbon disulfide is also described. A number of novel compounds were produced, including 169 from the reaction involving PhNCO. 
In contrast η2-(5-methoxy-2-acetylphenyl)tetracarbonylmanganese with ally1 isothiocyanate gave simply 2-allyl-4-methoxyacetophenone by allylation of the orthomanganated starting compound. Allyl bromide behaved similarly. However, allyl bromide and ethyl bromide when reacted with the cyclomanganated chalcone 54 gave furanone products (e.g. 190 and 191). An oxidative addition and reductive elimination mechanism was proposed to explain this reaction. 
Among others, the crystal structures of 50, 89 and 130 were determined.

text: Reactions of cyclomanganated compounds This thesis describes novel reactions of cyclomanganated compounds of the general form shown below. The ligand is bonded by a metal-carbon σ-bond, with X acting as a donor atom to form the chelate ring. The organic ligands were derived from aryl and heteroaryl ketones, chalcones, dienones and azabutadienes. 
A preliminary investigation has previously been undertaken into the reaction of carbon disulfide with some orthomanganated aryl ketones. In the present study these reactions were further investigated, with the isolation of new η2-S, S-dithiocarboxylate complexes, e.g. 46. In other cases the reaction of carbon disulfide with cyclomanganated compounds afforded the novel Mn4 species 50 in low yield. 
The reactions of orthomanganated acetyl-aryl compounds with organic isocyanides (C≡NR) afforded a number of novel compounds. For example η2-(2-acetylphenyl)-tetracarbonylmanganese (79) afforded four different types of products depending on the isocyanide; tert-butyl isocyanide produced 82, ethyl isocyanide produced 95 and 96, and 4-methoxyphenyl isocyanide produced 98 and 99. 
With orthomanganated 2-acetylthiophene, CNBut gave the quinone species 88 and 89,which showed high anti fungal and antitumor activity. 
Cyclomanganated dienones (e.g. 127) were previously known to react with alkynes to give either (η5-pyranyl)Mn(CO)3 (e.g. 130) or (η5-oxocycloheptadienyl)Mn(C0)3 (e.g.129) products. The factors influencing which product is formed were more systematically investigated and a deuterium-labelling experiment was used to probe the1,2-phenyl shift that occurs for the (η5-oxocycloheptadienyl)Mn(C0)3 products . 
A preliminary investigation of the reactions of 4-phenyl-1-(4-tolyl)-l-azabuta-1, 3-diene(TAD) with PhCH2Mn(CO)5 and unsaturated substrates including phenyl acetylene, methyl acrylate, PhNCO, ButNC and carbon disulfide is also described. A number of novel compounds were produced, including 169 from the reaction involving PhNCO. 
In contrast η2-(5-methoxy-2-acetylphenyl)tetracarbonylmanganese with ally1 isothiocyanate gave simply 2-allyl-4-methoxyacetophenone by allylation of the orthomanganated starting compound. Allyl bromide behaved similarly. However, allyl bromide and ethyl bromide when reacted with the cyclomanganated chalcone 54 gave furanone products (e.g. 190 and 191). An oxidative addition and reductive elimination mechanism was proposed to explain this reaction. 
Among others, the crystal structures of 50, 89 and 130 were determined.

year: 2003

title: Management of patients with early stage lung cancer - why do some patients not receive treatment with curative intent?

authors: Lawrenson, Ross

subjects: Lung cancer

abstract: BACKGROUNDS: This study aims to understand the factors that influence whether patients receive potentially curative treatment for early stage lung cancer. A key question was whether indigenous Māori patients were less likely to receive treatment. 
METHODS: Patients included those diagnosed with early stage lung cancer in 2011-2018 and resident in the New Zealand Midland Cancer Network region. Logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratios of having curative surgery/ treatment. The Kaplan Meier method was used to examine the all-cause survival and Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratio of death. 
RESULTS: In total 419/583 (71.9%) of patients with Stage I and II disease were treated with curative intent - 272 (46.7%) patients had curative surgery. Patients not receiving potentially curative treatment were older, were less likely to have non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), had poorer lung function and were more likely to have an ECOG performance status of 2+. Current smokers were less likely to be treated with surgery and more likely to receive treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Those who were treated with surgery had a 2-year survival of 87.8% (95% CI: 83.8-91.8%) and 5-year survival of 69.6% (95% CI: 63.2-76.0%). Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) has equivalent effect on survival compared to curative surgery (hazard ratio: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.37-1.61). After adjustment we could find no difference in treatment and survival between Māori and non-Māori. 
CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with stage I and II lung cancer are managed with potentially curative treatment - mainly surgery and increasingly with SABR. The outcomes of those being diagnosed with stage I and II disease and receiving treatment is positive with 70% surviving 5 years.

text: Management of patients with early stage lung cancer - why do some patients not receive treatment with curative intent? BACKGROUNDS: This study aims to understand the factors that influence whether patients receive potentially curative treatment for early stage lung cancer. A key question was whether indigenous Māori patients were less likely to receive treatment. 
METHODS: Patients included those diagnosed with early stage lung cancer in 2011-2018 and resident in the New Zealand Midland Cancer Network region. Logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratios of having curative surgery/ treatment. The Kaplan Meier method was used to examine the all-cause survival and Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratio of death. 
RESULTS: In total 419/583 (71.9%) of patients with Stage I and II disease were treated with curative intent - 272 (46.7%) patients had curative surgery. Patients not receiving potentially curative treatment were older, were less likely to have non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), had poorer lung function and were more likely to have an ECOG performance status of 2+. Current smokers were less likely to be treated with surgery and more likely to receive treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Those who were treated with surgery had a 2-year survival of 87.8% (95% CI: 83.8-91.8%) and 5-year survival of 69.6% (95% CI: 63.2-76.0%). Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) has equivalent effect on survival compared to curative surgery (hazard ratio: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.37-1.61). After adjustment we could find no difference in treatment and survival between Māori and non-Māori. 
CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with stage I and II lung cancer are managed with potentially curative treatment - mainly surgery and increasingly with SABR. The outcomes of those being diagnosed with stage I and II disease and receiving treatment is positive with 70% surviving 5 years.

year: 2020