title: The TIP/Greenstone Bridge: A Service for Mobile Location-Based Access to Digital Libraries

authors: Hinze, Annika

subjects: computer science

abstract: This paper introduces the first combination of a mobile tourist guide with a digital library. Location-based search allows for access to a rich set of materials with cross references between different digital library collections and the tourist information system. The paper introduces the system’s design and implementation; it also gives details about the user interface and interactions, and derives a general set of requirements through a discussion of related work.

text: The TIP/Greenstone Bridge: A Service for Mobile Location-Based Access to Digital Libraries This paper introduces the first combination of a mobile tourist guide with a digital library. Location-based search allows for access to a rich set of materials with cross references between different digital library collections and the tourist information system. The paper introduces the system’s design and implementation; it also gives details about the user interface and interactions, and derives a general set of requirements through a discussion of related work.

year: 2006

title: Visual discrimination and object/picture recognition in hens

authors: Railton, Renee Caron Richards

subjects: hens

abstract: Eight experiments were conducted to examine different aspects of hen’s visual behaviour, and to assess whether hens responded to photographs in the same way they do to the real objects that were depicted in the photographs. In Experiment 1, six hens were trained to perform either a conditional discrimination (successive) or forced-choice discrimination (simultaneous) between flickering (25 Hz) and steady lights. A descending method of limits procedure was then used to increase the flicker speed by 5 Hz over blocks of 20 trials until percentages correct decreased below 55%. The critical flicker fusion frequency of hens was found to range between 68.5 and 95.4 Hz (at a luminance of 300 cd/m2). In Experiment 2, hens were trained to discriminate between steady images presented on a TFT screen, and tested for transfer of that discrimination to a CRT monitor at different refresh rates, on which the images were assumed to appear flickering. It was found that hens showed transfer across all refresh rates with coloured stimuli, but that the degree of transfer decreased as refresh rate decreased with stimuli that were discriminable only on shape. In Experiment 3, a similar decrease in accuracy was shown as refresh rate decreased using a range of stimuli. However, hens did not learn to discriminate all stimuli, and thus transfer could not be assessed with some stimuli. Experiment 4, hens were trained with flickering images and showed relatively high transfer to less flickering, or steady, images. In Experiment 5, a procedure was developed to assess whether hens transferred a discrimination of 3D object to 2D photographs of those objects, and vice versa. In Experiment 6, hens were trained to discriminate stimuli of different colours, or of different shapes. The hens learned to discriminate, and transferred this discrimination, with the coloured shapes. The hens also learned to discriminate the same colour (but differently shaped) stimuli, however, further testing showed that an extraneous variables had come to control behaviour. As a result, the equipment was modified for Experiments 7 and 8. In both experiments, only three of the six hens showed discrimination to any degree, and none transferred this discrimination to photographs or objects. It was concluded that hens do not respond to objects depicted in pictures in the same way they do to the real objects. Thus, these experiments show that that animals’ visual systems need to taken into account when visual stimuli are used in research, and researchers first need to establish that animals can see the visual stimuli and that the method of stimulus presentation is species appropriate if images are to be used as representatives of real world stimuli.

text: Visual discrimination and object/picture recognition in hens Eight experiments were conducted to examine different aspects of hen’s visual behaviour, and to assess whether hens responded to photographs in the same way they do to the real objects that were depicted in the photographs. In Experiment 1, six hens were trained to perform either a conditional discrimination (successive) or forced-choice discrimination (simultaneous) between flickering (25 Hz) and steady lights. A descending method of limits procedure was then used to increase the flicker speed by 5 Hz over blocks of 20 trials until percentages correct decreased below 55%. The critical flicker fusion frequency of hens was found to range between 68.5 and 95.4 Hz (at a luminance of 300 cd/m2). In Experiment 2, hens were trained to discriminate between steady images presented on a TFT screen, and tested for transfer of that discrimination to a CRT monitor at different refresh rates, on which the images were assumed to appear flickering. It was found that hens showed transfer across all refresh rates with coloured stimuli, but that the degree of transfer decreased as refresh rate decreased with stimuli that were discriminable only on shape. In Experiment 3, a similar decrease in accuracy was shown as refresh rate decreased using a range of stimuli. However, hens did not learn to discriminate all stimuli, and thus transfer could not be assessed with some stimuli. Experiment 4, hens were trained with flickering images and showed relatively high transfer to less flickering, or steady, images. In Experiment 5, a procedure was developed to assess whether hens transferred a discrimination of 3D object to 2D photographs of those objects, and vice versa. In Experiment 6, hens were trained to discriminate stimuli of different colours, or of different shapes. The hens learned to discriminate, and transferred this discrimination, with the coloured shapes. The hens also learned to discriminate the same colour (but differently shaped) stimuli, however, further testing showed that an extraneous variables had come to control behaviour. As a result, the equipment was modified for Experiments 7 and 8. In both experiments, only three of the six hens showed discrimination to any degree, and none transferred this discrimination to photographs or objects. It was concluded that hens do not respond to objects depicted in pictures in the same way they do to the real objects. Thus, these experiments show that that animals’ visual systems need to taken into account when visual stimuli are used in research, and researchers first need to establish that animals can see the visual stimuli and that the method of stimulus presentation is species appropriate if images are to be used as representatives of real world stimuli.

year: 2011

title: Kūkū te kererū, ketekete te kākā: The role of literature in indigenous methods of naming native and introduced birds to Aotearoa New Zealand

authors: Raharuhi, Te Urukeiha

subjects: indigenous methods of naming

abstract: This thesis describes the role of academic literature in indigenous epistemology with a focus on indigenous methods of naming native and introduced birds to Aotearoa New Zealand. The story of the role of academic literature in mātauranga Māori transmission presented in this thesis, describes a narrative of indigenous people being increasingly excluded from transmission of mātauranga Māori in literature production. Importantly the exclusion of original sources from participation in literature production and revision resulted in a high degree of persistent error in academic literature presenting oral narratives and te reo Māori bird names.

Currently, te reo Māori names of native and introduced birds are represented in English language academic literature, as subject matter or topic of interest predominately within a scientific research paradigm, in the fields of linguistics, ornithology, ethnology or disciplines where these are combined such as ethno-ornithology or folk-taxonomy. Research inquiry conducted in this study is influenced by a potential to explore indigenous methods of naming in terms of what they reveal about our ways of being (ontology) and our ways of knowing (epistemology).

This thesis presents two literature reviews and the findings of seven semi-structured interviews to explore the complexities of the role of academic literature in indigenous epistemology with a focus on indigenous methods of naming native and indigenous birds to Aotearoa New Zealand. Exploring indigenous methods of naming in this way provides an opportunity to tease out the influence of translation, Western scientific paradigms and the medium of academic literature on the transmission of mātauranga Māori as well as identify opportunities and limitations for indigenous epistemology offered through the medium of academic literature.

A comprehensive index of te reo Māori bird names with attention to the variety of linguistic nuances of geographically specific vernacular presented consistently in the context of indigenous methods of naming, potentially provides an accessible and meaningful taxonomic reference document. At the present time such an index has not been published. The findings of the research presented in this thesis support the potential of academic literature to meaningfully contribute to indigenous methods of naming when it records or facilitates direct participation of hapū in indigenous epistemology rather than predetermine or prematurely theorise indigenous methods of naming native and introduced birds to Aotearoa New Zealand. Equally, it presents findings to support potential for academic literature to contribute to mātauranga Māori when it articulates indigenous epistemology as a valuable way of knowing and does not assume to replace memory arts as the primary methods of mātauranga Māori transmission. Furthermore, the application of an indigenous paradigm to the production of literature about indigenous methods of naming as an aspect of mātauranga Māori has the potential to constitute an accurate and authentic body of knowledge.

text: Kūkū te kererū, ketekete te kākā: The role of literature in indigenous methods of naming native and introduced birds to Aotearoa New Zealand This thesis describes the role of academic literature in indigenous epistemology with a focus on indigenous methods of naming native and introduced birds to Aotearoa New Zealand. The story of the role of academic literature in mātauranga Māori transmission presented in this thesis, describes a narrative of indigenous people being increasingly excluded from transmission of mātauranga Māori in literature production. Importantly the exclusion of original sources from participation in literature production and revision resulted in a high degree of persistent error in academic literature presenting oral narratives and te reo Māori bird names.

Currently, te reo Māori names of native and introduced birds are represented in English language academic literature, as subject matter or topic of interest predominately within a scientific research paradigm, in the fields of linguistics, ornithology, ethnology or disciplines where these are combined such as ethno-ornithology or folk-taxonomy. Research inquiry conducted in this study is influenced by a potential to explore indigenous methods of naming in terms of what they reveal about our ways of being (ontology) and our ways of knowing (epistemology).

This thesis presents two literature reviews and the findings of seven semi-structured interviews to explore the complexities of the role of academic literature in indigenous epistemology with a focus on indigenous methods of naming native and indigenous birds to Aotearoa New Zealand. Exploring indigenous methods of naming in this way provides an opportunity to tease out the influence of translation, Western scientific paradigms and the medium of academic literature on the transmission of mātauranga Māori as well as identify opportunities and limitations for indigenous epistemology offered through the medium of academic literature.

A comprehensive index of te reo Māori bird names with attention to the variety of linguistic nuances of geographically specific vernacular presented consistently in the context of indigenous methods of naming, potentially provides an accessible and meaningful taxonomic reference document. At the present time such an index has not been published. The findings of the research presented in this thesis support the potential of academic literature to meaningfully contribute to indigenous methods of naming when it records or facilitates direct participation of hapū in indigenous epistemology rather than predetermine or prematurely theorise indigenous methods of naming native and introduced birds to Aotearoa New Zealand. Equally, it presents findings to support potential for academic literature to contribute to mātauranga Māori when it articulates indigenous epistemology as a valuable way of knowing and does not assume to replace memory arts as the primary methods of mātauranga Māori transmission. Furthermore, the application of an indigenous paradigm to the production of literature about indigenous methods of naming as an aspect of mātauranga Māori has the potential to constitute an accurate and authentic body of knowledge.

year: 2015