title: He Taonga te Ta Moko ki Tauranga Moana: A survey of attitudes, opinions, whakāro noa iho, towards ta moko during the Tauranga Moana, Tauranga Tangata Festival (Labour Weekend 2002)

authors: Cairns, Puawai

subjects: Maori

abstract: During Labour Weekend (26 – 28 October 2002) in Tauranga, a celebration called
the Tauranga Moana, Tauranga Tangata Festival was held. The festival
represented the artists, kapa haka, lectures, sports, and personalities of Tauranga
Moana. It was during this festival that a ta moko survey was conducted, with the
support of the lead ta moko artist there, with the aim to canvass opinions and
attitudes towards ta moko. The basis of the survey was to broadly examine the
extent to which ta moko has become a form of inscribed identity for Māori. This is
a first stage in a wider research project to examine Māori attitudes towards ta
moko, but it happens that this initial step was taken in the author’s own rohe.

text: He Taonga te Ta Moko ki Tauranga Moana: A survey of attitudes, opinions, whakāro noa iho, towards ta moko during the Tauranga Moana, Tauranga Tangata Festival (Labour Weekend 2002) During Labour Weekend (26 – 28 October 2002) in Tauranga, a celebration called
the Tauranga Moana, Tauranga Tangata Festival was held. The festival
represented the artists, kapa haka, lectures, sports, and personalities of Tauranga
Moana. It was during this festival that a ta moko survey was conducted, with the
support of the lead ta moko artist there, with the aim to canvass opinions and
attitudes towards ta moko. The basis of the survey was to broadly examine the
extent to which ta moko has become a form of inscribed identity for Māori. This is
a first stage in a wider research project to examine Māori attitudes towards ta
moko, but it happens that this initial step was taken in the author’s own rohe.

year: 2003

title: The relationship between on-water performance and physical characteristics in elite and sub-elite outrigger canoe paddlers

authors: King, Tupuria

abstract: Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare and investigate the relationship between 500 m on-water performance and physical characteristics in elite and sub-elite outrigger canoe paddlers. Methods: A total of 16 males participated in the study including eight elite paddlers (age: 24.8 ± 10.5 yrs., total paddling experience: 12.5 ± 5.2 yrs.) and eight sub-elite paddlers (age: 34.4 ± 15.4 yrs., total paddling experience: 6.8 ± 5.2 yrs.). Body mass, height, sitting height, arm span, arm length, body fat percentage, 50 kg muscular endurance (bench press and bench pull), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and Wingate performance (30 sec maximal effort) were assessed and subsequently correlated with 500 m outrigger canoeing performance at a national championship’s regatta. Results: When group data were combined, moderate to strong correlations were found between 500 m outrigger canoeing performance and absolute VO2peak (r = -0.61), upper limb length (r = -0.60) 50 kg bench press (r = -0.56), total paddling experience (r = -0.53), body mass (r = -0.51), sitting height (r = -0.51), singles paddling experience (r = -0.49), height (r = -0.48) and Wingate distance (r = -0.42). When groups were compared, elite paddlers showed significantly greater Wingate mean power and distance, paddling experience and 500 m on-water performance times than sub-elite paddlers (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in anthropometrical measures, muscular endurance and VO2peak between the two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: VO2peak and upper limb length were the best predictors of performance over the 500 m sprint distance across the entire group. Thirty-second Wingate mean power and distance, years of paddling experience and subsequent 500 m on-water performance differentiated elite from sub-elite paddlers.

text: The relationship between on-water performance and physical characteristics in elite and sub-elite outrigger canoe paddlers Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare and investigate the relationship between 500 m on-water performance and physical characteristics in elite and sub-elite outrigger canoe paddlers. Methods: A total of 16 males participated in the study including eight elite paddlers (age: 24.8 ± 10.5 yrs., total paddling experience: 12.5 ± 5.2 yrs.) and eight sub-elite paddlers (age: 34.4 ± 15.4 yrs., total paddling experience: 6.8 ± 5.2 yrs.). Body mass, height, sitting height, arm span, arm length, body fat percentage, 50 kg muscular endurance (bench press and bench pull), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and Wingate performance (30 sec maximal effort) were assessed and subsequently correlated with 500 m outrigger canoeing performance at a national championship’s regatta. Results: When group data were combined, moderate to strong correlations were found between 500 m outrigger canoeing performance and absolute VO2peak (r = -0.61), upper limb length (r = -0.60) 50 kg bench press (r = -0.56), total paddling experience (r = -0.53), body mass (r = -0.51), sitting height (r = -0.51), singles paddling experience (r = -0.49), height (r = -0.48) and Wingate distance (r = -0.42). When groups were compared, elite paddlers showed significantly greater Wingate mean power and distance, paddling experience and 500 m on-water performance times than sub-elite paddlers (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in anthropometrical measures, muscular endurance and VO2peak between the two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: VO2peak and upper limb length were the best predictors of performance over the 500 m sprint distance across the entire group. Thirty-second Wingate mean power and distance, years of paddling experience and subsequent 500 m on-water performance differentiated elite from sub-elite paddlers.

year: 2019

title: Evolution of the Tauranga Harbour Entrance: Influences of tsunami, geology and dredging

authors: de Lange, Willem P.

abstract: The eastern entrance to Tauranga Harbour has been modified by capital and maintenance dredging since 1968, raising concerns that there have been, or will be, adverse impacts. This paper reviews the effects that extreme events, such as tsunami, and the influence that the underlying geological structures have had on the evolution of the present day entrance; and assesses the possible effects of historic dredging. A regional tsunami around the start of the 15th Century removed ~3 km from the eastern end of Matakana Island. Seismic data indicate the harbour entrance was probably located ~2 km west of the present position. Panepane Pt accreted eastward between the 15th and 19th Centuries displacing the harbour entrance until further migration was prevented by the rhyolite dome of Mauao. 
Seismic and core data indicate that the present-day ebb tidal delta consists of a thin veneer of Holocene sediments over a relict topography of Pleistocene volcaniclastic sediments. These form subsurface ridges parallel to the coast and one is connected at the eastern end to Mauao. The Entrance Channel was excavated through this ridge in 1968. Previously, the Pleistocene ridge restricted the depth to which the ebb jet could excavate a channel through the delta to ~10 m.
 The first complete bathymetric survey of the harbour entrance was in 1852. At this time the entrance was wide and shallow. By 1954, Panepane Pt had accreted 300 m eastward, and the harbour entrance had deepened in response. Over this period the ebb jet orientation became increasingly oblique to the shoreline, and the width of the jet decreased with an increase in velocity and offshore extent.
 Dredging since 1968 has had two main direct effects on the morphology of the entrance: a shallow shelf of boulders has been largely removed, deepening the channel along the flanks of Mauao; and creating a deep channel through the Pleistocene ridge. Indirect effects have included further accretion of Panepane Pt, an increase in the offshore extent of the ebb tidal delta, and the development of multiple lines of swash bars on the swash platform.

text: Evolution of the Tauranga Harbour Entrance: Influences of tsunami, geology and dredging The eastern entrance to Tauranga Harbour has been modified by capital and maintenance dredging since 1968, raising concerns that there have been, or will be, adverse impacts. This paper reviews the effects that extreme events, such as tsunami, and the influence that the underlying geological structures have had on the evolution of the present day entrance; and assesses the possible effects of historic dredging. A regional tsunami around the start of the 15th Century removed ~3 km from the eastern end of Matakana Island. Seismic data indicate the harbour entrance was probably located ~2 km west of the present position. Panepane Pt accreted eastward between the 15th and 19th Centuries displacing the harbour entrance until further migration was prevented by the rhyolite dome of Mauao. 
Seismic and core data indicate that the present-day ebb tidal delta consists of a thin veneer of Holocene sediments over a relict topography of Pleistocene volcaniclastic sediments. These form subsurface ridges parallel to the coast and one is connected at the eastern end to Mauao. The Entrance Channel was excavated through this ridge in 1968. Previously, the Pleistocene ridge restricted the depth to which the ebb jet could excavate a channel through the delta to ~10 m.
 The first complete bathymetric survey of the harbour entrance was in 1852. At this time the entrance was wide and shallow. By 1954, Panepane Pt had accreted 300 m eastward, and the harbour entrance had deepened in response. Over this period the ebb jet orientation became increasingly oblique to the shoreline, and the width of the jet decreased with an increase in velocity and offshore extent.
 Dredging since 1968 has had two main direct effects on the morphology of the entrance: a shallow shelf of boulders has been largely removed, deepening the channel along the flanks of Mauao; and creating a deep channel through the Pleistocene ridge. Indirect effects have included further accretion of Panepane Pt, an increase in the offshore extent of the ebb tidal delta, and the development of multiple lines of swash bars on the swash platform.

year: 2015-09-16