title: A Scale to measure motivation and behaviour in psychological experiments

authors: Flay, Brian Richard

abstract: The aim in this study was to develop and validate a set of scales to measure subject motivation and behaviour in psychological experiments. This was achieved by factor analysing the responses by 140 subjects to 60 statements concerning the feelings aroused and the behaviour adopted when a subject in a psychological experiment, and attitudes towards psychology, psychological research, science, and scientific method. Seven factors were obtained: 
I Attitudes towards psychology and psychological research 
II Evaluation apprehension 
III The good-negativistic subject role 
IV Volunteering 
V The faithful subject role 
VI Awareness of deception and 
VII Attitudes towards science and scientific method. 
The validity of each factor was studied by considering its relationship with other psychological variables and the other factors, using a sample of 96 psychology students. Reliability estimates were also obtained from test-retest scores for 31 subjects, as well as from item-total correlations. 
The limitations and usefulness of the scale are discussed, and suggestions for further research are made.

text: A Scale to measure motivation and behaviour in psychological experiments The aim in this study was to develop and validate a set of scales to measure subject motivation and behaviour in psychological experiments. This was achieved by factor analysing the responses by 140 subjects to 60 statements concerning the feelings aroused and the behaviour adopted when a subject in a psychological experiment, and attitudes towards psychology, psychological research, science, and scientific method. Seven factors were obtained: 
I Attitudes towards psychology and psychological research 
II Evaluation apprehension 
III The good-negativistic subject role 
IV Volunteering 
V The faithful subject role 
VI Awareness of deception and 
VII Attitudes towards science and scientific method. 
The validity of each factor was studied by considering its relationship with other psychological variables and the other factors, using a sample of 96 psychology students. Reliability estimates were also obtained from test-retest scores for 31 subjects, as well as from item-total correlations. 
The limitations and usefulness of the scale are discussed, and suggestions for further research are made.

year: 1972

title: Personal experiences and beliefs in probabilistic reasoning: Implications for research

authors: Sharma, Sashi

subjects: probabilistic reasoning

abstract: Concerns about students' difficulties in statistical thinking led to a study which explored form five (14 to 16 year olds) students’ ideas in this area. The study focussed on probability, descriptive statistics and graphical representations. This paper presents and discusses the ways in which students made sense of probability concepts used in individual interviews. The findings revealed that many of the students used strategies based on beliefs, prior experiences (everyday and school) and intuitive strategies. From the analysis, I identified a four category rubric that could be considered for describing how students construct meanings for probability questions. While students showed competence with theoretical interpretation, they were less competent on tasks involving frequentist definition of probability. This could be due to instructional neglect of this viewpoint or linguistic problems. The paper concludes by suggesting some implications for further research.

text: Personal experiences and beliefs in probabilistic reasoning: Implications for research Concerns about students' difficulties in statistical thinking led to a study which explored form five (14 to 16 year olds) students’ ideas in this area. The study focussed on probability, descriptive statistics and graphical representations. This paper presents and discusses the ways in which students made sense of probability concepts used in individual interviews. The findings revealed that many of the students used strategies based on beliefs, prior experiences (everyday and school) and intuitive strategies. From the analysis, I identified a four category rubric that could be considered for describing how students construct meanings for probability questions. While students showed competence with theoretical interpretation, they were less competent on tasks involving frequentist definition of probability. This could be due to instructional neglect of this viewpoint or linguistic problems. The paper concludes by suggesting some implications for further research.

year: 2006

title: Upoko Tapu, Upoko Whakakapowai, Upoko Hokona

authors: Gabel, Robert Rutene Whakaangi

subjects: Ngāpuhi

abstract: Ngāpuhi, a confederation of Māori iwi (tribes) from Te Tai Tokerau, the northern region of Aotearoa, is the largest iwi of New Zealand. They were one of the first iwi to come into contact with Europeans in the early 19th century. During this period of contact, particularly between the years 1820 – 1831, Ngāpuhi had a devastating impact on the history of Māori, as they amassed a fighting force of some two thousand warriors and acquired the use of European firearms. Ngāpuhi then circumnavigated the North Island, waging war on coastal and inland tribes with the purpose of avenging past defeats and losses suffered at the hands of their traditional enemies. This objective was ultimately achieved, but this period of war also saw the emergence of another key event in Māori history, the beginning of the trade in what we now call toi moko, which were used to trade with Europeans for muskets. 

Given that Māori have always regarded the head as the most tapu part of the human anatomy, this thesis investigates and explores what effect or influence tikanga and tapu had on this trade. It further studies some of the rationales which allowed Ngāpuhi to override that sacred tradition and move into the trade of toi moko. This thesis argues that Ngāpuhi did not desecrate tapu in the selling and trading of toi moko but took advantage of another long-standing tradition that the tapu of the vanquished ceased to exist upon his death. Lastly, it argues that the trade in toi moko was necessary to ensure the safety and continuity of the Ngāpuhi iwi.

text: Upoko Tapu, Upoko Whakakapowai, Upoko Hokona Ngāpuhi, a confederation of Māori iwi (tribes) from Te Tai Tokerau, the northern region of Aotearoa, is the largest iwi of New Zealand. They were one of the first iwi to come into contact with Europeans in the early 19th century. During this period of contact, particularly between the years 1820 – 1831, Ngāpuhi had a devastating impact on the history of Māori, as they amassed a fighting force of some two thousand warriors and acquired the use of European firearms. Ngāpuhi then circumnavigated the North Island, waging war on coastal and inland tribes with the purpose of avenging past defeats and losses suffered at the hands of their traditional enemies. This objective was ultimately achieved, but this period of war also saw the emergence of another key event in Māori history, the beginning of the trade in what we now call toi moko, which were used to trade with Europeans for muskets. 

Given that Māori have always regarded the head as the most tapu part of the human anatomy, this thesis investigates and explores what effect or influence tikanga and tapu had on this trade. It further studies some of the rationales which allowed Ngāpuhi to override that sacred tradition and move into the trade of toi moko. This thesis argues that Ngāpuhi did not desecrate tapu in the selling and trading of toi moko but took advantage of another long-standing tradition that the tapu of the vanquished ceased to exist upon his death. Lastly, it argues that the trade in toi moko was necessary to ensure the safety and continuity of the Ngāpuhi iwi.

year: 2012