title: Regional restructuring and manufacturing firm performance in a Central-Asian transition economy: observations from Kazakhstan

authors: Ketenci, Natalya Schevchik

subjects: regions

abstract: In this paper we analyse survey data in order to identify the regional performance and characteristics of manufacturing industry in Kazakhstan during the transition period of the late 1990s. Our analysis is based on a unique survey-based microeconomic dataset from 202 Kazakhstani manufacturing firms. We employ cross-sectional logit models in order to analyse the determinants of manufacturing firm performance in the period. We find that in addition to individual firm characteristics, the spatial aspects of this industrial restructuring are found to be a key determinant of firm performance. Moreover, these spatial restructuring effects appear to dominate both industry-specific or firm-specific effects. Our results therefore suggest that the process of economic transition is associated with significant regional industrial restructuring.

text: Regional restructuring and manufacturing firm performance in a Central-Asian transition economy: observations from Kazakhstan In this paper we analyse survey data in order to identify the regional performance and characteristics of manufacturing industry in Kazakhstan during the transition period of the late 1990s. Our analysis is based on a unique survey-based microeconomic dataset from 202 Kazakhstani manufacturing firms. We employ cross-sectional logit models in order to analyse the determinants of manufacturing firm performance in the period. We find that in addition to individual firm characteristics, the spatial aspects of this industrial restructuring are found to be a key determinant of firm performance. Moreover, these spatial restructuring effects appear to dominate both industry-specific or firm-specific effects. Our results therefore suggest that the process of economic transition is associated with significant regional industrial restructuring.

year: 2009

title: The paradox of sustainability definitions

authors: Dimitrov, Dara

subjects: Sustainability, definitions, worldviews,

abstract: Purpose: This paper aims to encourage debate and reflection over the increasing application of the word sustainability and the implied meanings are taken from this usage. It is argued that there are increasing numbers of sustainability definitions which are producing negative effects; that the interpretation and dissemination of sustainability definitions are not neutral in their effects of understanding sustainability. 

Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper examines how sustainability is conceptualised from two worldviews and by specifically looking at four different convening parties; how their dimensions of sustainability are linked, influence and drive the construction of the sustainability definitions in a variety of areas and in the public domain. 

Findings: This research has identified that the paradox of sustainability definitions lies in the parties who create them and not in the issues of sustainability; that often sustainability definitions do not share the same goals. 

Practical Implications: This paper seeks to bring the increasing surfeit of sustainability definitions under scrutiny and therefore extend possibilities of further research in the areas of social responsibility, ethics, claims of professionalism and accountability. 

Originality/Value: There has been little if any research that questions the validity of the sustainability definitions and how they address the issues of sustainability. It shows that the sustainability definitions can affect and shape the understanding of sustainability in a variety of areas and for a variety of parties.

text: The paradox of sustainability definitions Purpose: This paper aims to encourage debate and reflection over the increasing application of the word sustainability and the implied meanings are taken from this usage. It is argued that there are increasing numbers of sustainability definitions which are producing negative effects; that the interpretation and dissemination of sustainability definitions are not neutral in their effects of understanding sustainability. 

Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper examines how sustainability is conceptualised from two worldviews and by specifically looking at four different convening parties; how their dimensions of sustainability are linked, influence and drive the construction of the sustainability definitions in a variety of areas and in the public domain. 

Findings: This research has identified that the paradox of sustainability definitions lies in the parties who create them and not in the issues of sustainability; that often sustainability definitions do not share the same goals. 

Practical Implications: This paper seeks to bring the increasing surfeit of sustainability definitions under scrutiny and therefore extend possibilities of further research in the areas of social responsibility, ethics, claims of professionalism and accountability. 

Originality/Value: There has been little if any research that questions the validity of the sustainability definitions and how they address the issues of sustainability. It shows that the sustainability definitions can affect and shape the understanding of sustainability in a variety of areas and for a variety of parties.

year: 2010

title: A core phyllosphere microbiome exists across distant populations of a tree species indigenous to New Zealand

authors: Noble, Anya S.

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: The phyllosphere microbiome is increasingly recognised as an influential component of plant physiology, yet it remains unclear whether stable host-microbe associations generally exist in the phyllosphere. Leptospermum scoparium (mānuka) is a tea tree indigenous to New Zealand, and honey derived from mānuka is widely known to possess unique antimicrobial properties. However, the host physiological traits associated with these antimicrobial properties vary widely, and the specific cause of such variation has eluded scientists despite decades of research. Notably, the mānuka phyllosphere microbiome remains uncharacterised, and its potential role in mediating host physiology has not been considered. Working within the prevailing core microbiome conceptual framework, we hypothesise that the phyllosphere microbiome of mānuka exhibits specific host association patterns congruent with those of a microbial community under host selective pressure (null hypothesis: the mānuka phyllosphere microbiome is recruited stochastically from the surrounding environment). To examine our hypothesis, we characterised the phyllosphere and associated soil microbiomes of five distinct and geographically distant mānuka populations across the North Island of New Zealand. We identified a habitat-specific and relatively abundant core microbiome in the mānuka phyllosphere, which was persistent across all samples. In contrast, non-core phyllosphere microorganisms exhibited significant variation across individual host trees and populations that was strongly driven by environmental and spatial factors. Our results demonstrate the existence of a dominant and ubiquitous core microbiome in the phyllosphere of mānuka, supporting our hypothesis that phyllosphere microorganisms of mānuka exhibit specific host association and potentially mediate physiological traits of this nationally and culturally treasured indigenous plant. In addition, our results illustrate biogeographical patterns in mānuka phyllosphere microbiomes and offer insight into factors contributing to phyllosphere microbiome assembly.

text: A core phyllosphere microbiome exists across distant populations of a tree species indigenous to New Zealand The phyllosphere microbiome is increasingly recognised as an influential component of plant physiology, yet it remains unclear whether stable host-microbe associations generally exist in the phyllosphere. Leptospermum scoparium (mānuka) is a tea tree indigenous to New Zealand, and honey derived from mānuka is widely known to possess unique antimicrobial properties. However, the host physiological traits associated with these antimicrobial properties vary widely, and the specific cause of such variation has eluded scientists despite decades of research. Notably, the mānuka phyllosphere microbiome remains uncharacterised, and its potential role in mediating host physiology has not been considered. Working within the prevailing core microbiome conceptual framework, we hypothesise that the phyllosphere microbiome of mānuka exhibits specific host association patterns congruent with those of a microbial community under host selective pressure (null hypothesis: the mānuka phyllosphere microbiome is recruited stochastically from the surrounding environment). To examine our hypothesis, we characterised the phyllosphere and associated soil microbiomes of five distinct and geographically distant mānuka populations across the North Island of New Zealand. We identified a habitat-specific and relatively abundant core microbiome in the mānuka phyllosphere, which was persistent across all samples. In contrast, non-core phyllosphere microorganisms exhibited significant variation across individual host trees and populations that was strongly driven by environmental and spatial factors. Our results demonstrate the existence of a dominant and ubiquitous core microbiome in the phyllosphere of mānuka, supporting our hypothesis that phyllosphere microorganisms of mānuka exhibit specific host association and potentially mediate physiological traits of this nationally and culturally treasured indigenous plant. In addition, our results illustrate biogeographical patterns in mānuka phyllosphere microbiomes and offer insight into factors contributing to phyllosphere microbiome assembly.

year: 2020