title: A case for paid surrogate motherhood

authors: van Zyl, Liezl

subjects: commercial surrogacy

abstract: It has become commonplace to distinguish between altruistic and commercial surrogate motherhood. Altruistic surrogacy refers to cases where the surrogate mother is motivated by care or concern for an infertile couple, usually friends or relatives, to bear a child and then to transfer parental rights to them. Although she may be reimbursed for expenses associated with the pregnancy, she is not paid. Commercial surrogacy, on the other hand, is arranged through an agency which puts potential surrogates in contact with people wishing to employ their services. In addition to her expenses, the surrogate mother is paid a fee. Although both forms of surrogacy are morally controversial, the dominant view is that altruistic surrogacy is morally superior to, or at least less problematic than, commercial surrogacy.

text: A case for paid surrogate motherhood It has become commonplace to distinguish between altruistic and commercial surrogate motherhood. Altruistic surrogacy refers to cases where the surrogate mother is motivated by care or concern for an infertile couple, usually friends or relatives, to bear a child and then to transfer parental rights to them. Although she may be reimbursed for expenses associated with the pregnancy, she is not paid. Commercial surrogacy, on the other hand, is arranged through an agency which puts potential surrogates in contact with people wishing to employ their services. In addition to her expenses, the surrogate mother is paid a fee. Although both forms of surrogacy are morally controversial, the dominant view is that altruistic surrogacy is morally superior to, or at least less problematic than, commercial surrogacy.

year: 2008

title: Designing a low cost solar collector system for process industry applications

authors: Anderson, Timothy Nicholas

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: New Zealand is a large producer and processor of primary products and has a climate with high levels of solar radiation. However, the use of solar energy for heating and cooling in the processing industries has received limited attention. 
For this study, the design of a low cost solar collector is analysed and discussed. Furthermore, the methods for integrating the collector into water heating and cooling systems in a hypothetical processing environment are examined. An F-Chart analysis is used to simulate the performance of large-area arrays of the solar collector and to determine its potential contribution to heating and cooling loads. 
The study shows that for a storage-based system, the contribution of solar energy is determined mainly by the collector area to storage volume ratio. It is suggested that this low cost collector could make a significant contribution to energy use in processing plants and may be an attractive future technology.

text: Designing a low cost solar collector system for process industry applications New Zealand is a large producer and processor of primary products and has a climate with high levels of solar radiation. However, the use of solar energy for heating and cooling in the processing industries has received limited attention. 
For this study, the design of a low cost solar collector is analysed and discussed. Furthermore, the methods for integrating the collector into water heating and cooling systems in a hypothetical processing environment are examined. An F-Chart analysis is used to simulate the performance of large-area arrays of the solar collector and to determine its potential contribution to heating and cooling loads. 
The study shows that for a storage-based system, the contribution of solar energy is determined mainly by the collector area to storage volume ratio. It is suggested that this low cost collector could make a significant contribution to energy use in processing plants and may be an attractive future technology.

year: 2008

title: Important lessons for trust governance from trusts that benefit New Zealand's Indigenous Maori – Recent developments

authors: Manyam, Joel

abstract: The landmark New Zealand Court of Appeal decision in New Zealand Maori Council v AttorneyGeneral [1987] 1 NZLR 641[SOE Case] marked a watershed in New Zealand's jurisprudence concerning the relationship between the Government of New Zealand('the Crown') and the indigenous Maori peoples of New Zealand. Very recently , New Zealand's highest Court, the Supreme Court in its decision in New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General[2013] 3 NZLR 31 referred to the SOE case as follows:
'The SOE case by the Court of Appeal is a judgment of great authority and importance to the law concerning the relationship between the Crown and Maori" (emphasis added)[S3].

text: Important lessons for trust governance from trusts that benefit New Zealand's Indigenous Maori – Recent developments The landmark New Zealand Court of Appeal decision in New Zealand Maori Council v AttorneyGeneral [1987] 1 NZLR 641[SOE Case] marked a watershed in New Zealand's jurisprudence concerning the relationship between the Government of New Zealand('the Crown') and the indigenous Maori peoples of New Zealand. Very recently , New Zealand's highest Court, the Supreme Court in its decision in New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General[2013] 3 NZLR 31 referred to the SOE case as follows:
'The SOE case by the Court of Appeal is a judgment of great authority and importance to the law concerning the relationship between the Crown and Maori" (emphasis added)[S3].

year: 2015