title: Response to George Parker

authors: van Zyl, Liezl

abstract: George Parker quite rightly claims that the focus of the debate about ARTs needs to be on women’s health, rather than on abstract philosophical questions regarding for instance the personhood of embryos, as this is a central moral concern that is not always taken as seriously as it should be when it comes to surrogate motherhood and egg donation. We also think reproductive justice is a helpful framework for evaluating current practices in these matters. In particular, we share Parker’s concerns about the import of gametes from less regulated jurisdictions. The risk that the gametes have been gained in coercive or exploitative situations is a real one. The right of any child born of donated gametes to know his or her genetic origins also precludes sourcing anonymous gametes. Willing, registered donors are required regardless of whether gametes are imported or donated locally. It may be possible to extend the range of potential donors beyond New Zealand borders if a similarly regulated system was willing to export gametes.

text: Response to George Parker George Parker quite rightly claims that the focus of the debate about ARTs needs to be on women’s health, rather than on abstract philosophical questions regarding for instance the personhood of embryos, as this is a central moral concern that is not always taken as seriously as it should be when it comes to surrogate motherhood and egg donation. We also think reproductive justice is a helpful framework for evaluating current practices in these matters. In particular, we share Parker’s concerns about the import of gametes from less regulated jurisdictions. The risk that the gametes have been gained in coercive or exploitative situations is a real one. The right of any child born of donated gametes to know his or her genetic origins also precludes sourcing anonymous gametes. Willing, registered donors are required regardless of whether gametes are imported or donated locally. It may be possible to extend the range of potential donors beyond New Zealand borders if a similarly regulated system was willing to export gametes.

year: 2015

title: Riparian zone as a variable source area for the estimation of evapotranspiration through the analysis of daily fluctuations in streamflow

authors: Sarwar, Muhammad Waqas

subjects: baseflow

abstract: Evapotranspiration is a critical component of the water balance of a catchment, and riparian zones play a crucial role in the hydrological process. However, the influence of riparian zones on evapotranspiration, especially at a catchment scale, needs more investigation. Since evapotranspiration is negligible at night, the difference in recharge between day and night generates diurnal fluctuations in streamflows. A new method is developed to estimate riparian evapotranspiration by analysing the streamflow response to diurnal evapotranspiration. The potential evapotranspiration (PET) calculated by FAO-56 is used as a true reference for validation. The estimated evapotranspiration shows acceptable goodness of fit with the hourly PET calculated from FAO 56. However, the new approach estimates average evapotranspiration across the entire riparian area than a point observation and provides a better understanding of the impact of the riparian zone on streamflow patterns.

text: Riparian zone as a variable source area for the estimation of evapotranspiration through the analysis of daily fluctuations in streamflow Evapotranspiration is a critical component of the water balance of a catchment, and riparian zones play a crucial role in the hydrological process. However, the influence of riparian zones on evapotranspiration, especially at a catchment scale, needs more investigation. Since evapotranspiration is negligible at night, the difference in recharge between day and night generates diurnal fluctuations in streamflows. A new method is developed to estimate riparian evapotranspiration by analysing the streamflow response to diurnal evapotranspiration. The potential evapotranspiration (PET) calculated by FAO-56 is used as a true reference for validation. The estimated evapotranspiration shows acceptable goodness of fit with the hourly PET calculated from FAO 56. However, the new approach estimates average evapotranspiration across the entire riparian area than a point observation and provides a better understanding of the impact of the riparian zone on streamflow patterns.

year: 2022-09-23

title: Replacing medical and social models of disability by a communities-based model of equal access for people of differing abilities: A Māori perspective

authors: Hickey, Huhana

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: I argue here that although the social model of disability which currently prevails in New Zealand is preferable in many ways to the earlier medical model, it is nevertheless based on a largely uni-dimensional concept of society and continues an established tradition of negativity, one that is evident in the ongoing use of the word 'disabled' itself by those who subscribe to the social model. I argue here that the social model of disability should be replaced by a communities-based model of equal access for people of differing abilities, one that is, in the New Zealand context, informed by a further developed Māori model of health and wellbeing proposed by Mason Durie, Te Whare Tapa Whā. This mode is designed in such a way as to accommodate difference and diversity. In the discussion of different models, I use the words 'disabled' and 'disability'; in other contexts, I replace 'disabled people' by 'people of differing abilities'.

text: Replacing medical and social models of disability by a communities-based model of equal access for people of differing abilities: A Māori perspective I argue here that although the social model of disability which currently prevails in New Zealand is preferable in many ways to the earlier medical model, it is nevertheless based on a largely uni-dimensional concept of society and continues an established tradition of negativity, one that is evident in the ongoing use of the word 'disabled' itself by those who subscribe to the social model. I argue here that the social model of disability should be replaced by a communities-based model of equal access for people of differing abilities, one that is, in the New Zealand context, informed by a further developed Māori model of health and wellbeing proposed by Mason Durie, Te Whare Tapa Whā. This mode is designed in such a way as to accommodate difference and diversity. In the discussion of different models, I use the words 'disabled' and 'disability'; in other contexts, I replace 'disabled people' by 'people of differing abilities'.

year: 2006-02