title: The Waikato invasion 1863-1864: A counter-insurgency approach

authors: Swears, Calum Robert

subjects: Counterinsurgency

abstract: Counter-insurgency as a strategy has only been explicitly espoused in American and British military tactical manuals in recent decades. It is anachronistic to military terminology before the last half century, but as this thesis illustrates counter-insurgency can be seen in embryonic form in the conflicts of the 1860s between Indigenous Māori and invading British forces in Aotearoa New Zealand. This thesis examines how early counter-insurgency strategy was evident in the tactical and strategic approaches used by Crown forces during the invasion of the Waikato in 1863-64. It asks: what evidence of counter-insurgency strategy can be seen in both British and Māori tactics at the time, and were they planned and intentional? 
Using two recent counter-insurgency tactical manuals - one American and the other British - this study compares present-day counter-insurgency principles, philosophies, and approaches to examples of Māori and British strategies during the 1860’s wars in Waikato, New Zealand. It illustrates how the Crown’s “suppression of rebellion” served as the contemporary political wording for its counter-insurgency campaign, which effectively repositioned Indigenous peoples as insurgents and “rebels” in their own territories and legitimated British colonial authority. Thus, this study argues that counter-insurgency in British military history arose from the various colonial invasions and occupations it undertook over several centuries. In Aotearoa, as this thesis argues, counter-insurgency tactics were used to establish legitimacy through civil-military operations such as land seizure, public proclamations and reports that vilified Māori and asserted British governing authority. The history of counter-insurgency as it is understood in British and American military thinking today, then, as this study contends is deeply connected to, and informed by, powerful colonial discourses, strategies, and experiences similar to those explored in this study of the Waikato invasion.

text: The Waikato invasion 1863-1864: A counter-insurgency approach Counter-insurgency as a strategy has only been explicitly espoused in American and British military tactical manuals in recent decades. It is anachronistic to military terminology before the last half century, but as this thesis illustrates counter-insurgency can be seen in embryonic form in the conflicts of the 1860s between Indigenous Māori and invading British forces in Aotearoa New Zealand. This thesis examines how early counter-insurgency strategy was evident in the tactical and strategic approaches used by Crown forces during the invasion of the Waikato in 1863-64. It asks: what evidence of counter-insurgency strategy can be seen in both British and Māori tactics at the time, and were they planned and intentional? 
Using two recent counter-insurgency tactical manuals - one American and the other British - this study compares present-day counter-insurgency principles, philosophies, and approaches to examples of Māori and British strategies during the 1860’s wars in Waikato, New Zealand. It illustrates how the Crown’s “suppression of rebellion” served as the contemporary political wording for its counter-insurgency campaign, which effectively repositioned Indigenous peoples as insurgents and “rebels” in their own territories and legitimated British colonial authority. Thus, this study argues that counter-insurgency in British military history arose from the various colonial invasions and occupations it undertook over several centuries. In Aotearoa, as this thesis argues, counter-insurgency tactics were used to establish legitimacy through civil-military operations such as land seizure, public proclamations and reports that vilified Māori and asserted British governing authority. The history of counter-insurgency as it is understood in British and American military thinking today, then, as this study contends is deeply connected to, and informed by, powerful colonial discourses, strategies, and experiences similar to those explored in this study of the Waikato invasion.

year: 2022

title: Working to End Racial Oppression: Project findings

authors: Waitoki, Moana

abstract: WERO webinar hosted by Māori and Indigenous Analysis Ltd & AATEA Solutions.

text: Working to End Racial Oppression: Project findings WERO webinar hosted by Māori and Indigenous Analysis Ltd & AATEA Solutions.

year: 2025

title: Numerical calculation of series and shunt resistances and diode quality factor of a photovoltaic cell using the Lambert W-function

authors: Ghani, Faisal Abid

subjects: cell modelling

abstract: A number of methods currently exist to determine the modeling parameters of a solar cell. The authors presented in earlier a work a method to numerically determine the values of series and shunt resistance using the Lambert W-function at maximum power point primarily using data provided by the manufacturer. This method however assumes the diode constant value is known. An experimental investigation revealed that by setting the diode constant to unity as suggested in other work, a growing disparity between model output and experimental values would arise away from the maximum power point. To address this issue, a modification is proposed to the method of Ghani and Duke (2011) which permits the calculation of the diode constant and the corresponding values of series and shunt resistances. The method was experimentally validated by collecting the current-voltage characteristics of a multi-crystalline cell exposed to 800, 900, and 1000 W/m² of outdoor illumination in Hamilton, New Zealand. A comparative analysis of the model generated data using parameters found by the proposed method and two additional methods against experimental data revealed a significant reduction in the root mean square error over the entire current vector was obtained using the proposed method. The method is simple to apply and can be carried out using data provided the manufacturer.

text: Numerical calculation of series and shunt resistances and diode quality factor of a photovoltaic cell using the Lambert W-function A number of methods currently exist to determine the modeling parameters of a solar cell. The authors presented in earlier a work a method to numerically determine the values of series and shunt resistance using the Lambert W-function at maximum power point primarily using data provided by the manufacturer. This method however assumes the diode constant value is known. An experimental investigation revealed that by setting the diode constant to unity as suggested in other work, a growing disparity between model output and experimental values would arise away from the maximum power point. To address this issue, a modification is proposed to the method of Ghani and Duke (2011) which permits the calculation of the diode constant and the corresponding values of series and shunt resistances. The method was experimentally validated by collecting the current-voltage characteristics of a multi-crystalline cell exposed to 800, 900, and 1000 W/m² of outdoor illumination in Hamilton, New Zealand. A comparative analysis of the model generated data using parameters found by the proposed method and two additional methods against experimental data revealed a significant reduction in the root mean square error over the entire current vector was obtained using the proposed method. The method is simple to apply and can be carried out using data provided the manufacturer.

year: 2013