title: District plan implementation under the RMA: Confessions of a resource consent

authors: Day, Maxine

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: This report focuses on results from Phase 2 of PUCM - the quality of plan
implementation in six district councils selected for their range of plan quality and
capacity to plan. Only those results considered to be important for assisting the six
councils (and others) to improve implementation of their plans are included in this
report. The findings and recommendations, both specific and general, ought to be
instructive for other councils, thereby helping to improve their plans and
implementation processes. Since hapu/iwi interests formed a key component of the
research, the outcomes will help enhance their case for better consideration of their
interests when dealing with local government. As well, many of the findings and
recommendations relate to matters of governance and capacity building that require
Government action, which until done will make it difficult for councils to achieve
quality plans and implementation processes.

text: District plan implementation under the RMA: Confessions of a resource consent This report focuses on results from Phase 2 of PUCM - the quality of plan
implementation in six district councils selected for their range of plan quality and
capacity to plan. Only those results considered to be important for assisting the six
councils (and others) to improve implementation of their plans are included in this
report. The findings and recommendations, both specific and general, ought to be
instructive for other councils, thereby helping to improve their plans and
implementation processes. Since hapu/iwi interests formed a key component of the
research, the outcomes will help enhance their case for better consideration of their
interests when dealing with local government. As well, many of the findings and
recommendations relate to matters of governance and capacity building that require
Government action, which until done will make it difficult for councils to achieve
quality plans and implementation processes.

year: 2003-04-15

title: Waikato Taniwharau: Prioritising competing needs in the management of the Waikato River

authors: Morgan, Te Kipa Kepa Brian

subjects: Mauri

abstract: The Waikato River system is New Zealand’s longest river and has significant spiritual relevance for the Waikato-Tainui people and other river iwi, who regard it as an indicator of their mauri or well-being, and central to their identity. The Waikato has also been the focus of on-going tensions between Māori cultural and spiritual values and beliefs, and national engineering objectives. The Waikato River was the primary source of food, transportation and communications link for the region and of pivotal military significance in the New Zealand land wars of the 19th Century. The river system is also a strategic asset for power generation and the flow has been extensively modified with the engineering of dams, lakes, tunnels and canals used to generate one sixth of New Zealand's total electrical generating capacity via the Waikato and Tongariro Power schemes. 
Large scale deforestation in combination with altered hydrologic characteristics have resulted in siltation of the once navigable river. The Waikato is impacted upon by numerous sources of pollution including; Arsenic from a Geothermal Power Station; nutrient enrichment from fertilizer and effluent spreading practices in dairy farming; more than 80 point source discharges to the main stem; and 1,600 discharges to its tributaries. 
The river system contains numerous fish types and has an international reputation for fishing. More than twenty communities extract and treat its waters for potable use including Auckland City. Historic practices resulted in significant adverse impacts on water quality and the mauri of the Waikato. The river is now administered by a regional council. These attributes make the Waikato River a complex management challenge: a contemporary relevance of the widely known metaphor; Waikato Taniwharau (Waikato with hundreds of guardians). 
Aotearoa New Zealand is currently resolving policy issues for the effective management of its fresh water resource. A national survey of opinion in 2005 distilled public priorities for fresh water management. The Freshwater for a Sustainable Future consultation identified many concerns and that the management of these resources is not being carried out in a sustainable manner. The Land and Water forum acknowledged many of these issues in the National Policy on Fresh Water (2010). The New Zealand government is currently preparing to sell down its 100% control of the hydro generation assets on the river, through a sale of shares in the State owned Enterprises that manage these assets. 
During the initial public consultation, responses from Māori, the indigenous peoples of Aotearoa New Zealand, indicated that there existed significant dissatisfaction with past management and a lack of confidence in future policy and water management decision making. The dissatisfaction manifested as broad opposition to and indifference towards participation in consultation. In subsequent years, some Māori groups have nevertheless chosen to engage in research processes seeking improvements on past practice. A Decision Making Framework (DMF) developed in 2004 has been adopted in several of these proposals due to its ability to balance the competing priorities of engineers representing the dominant western worldview and Māori, the Tangata Whenua (people of the land). 
The Mauri Model DMF is unique in its approach to the management of water resources as the framework offers a transparent and inclusive approach to considering the environmental, economic, social and cultural aspects of decisions being contemplated. The Mauri Model DMF is unique because it is capable of including multiple-worldviews and adopts mauri (intrinsic value or well-being) in the place of money based assessments of pseudo sustainability using Cost Benefit Analysis. 
The Mauri Model DMF does this using a two stage process that first identifies participants’ worldviews and inherent bias regarding water resource management, and then facilitates transparent assessment of selected sustainability performance indicators. The assessment can then be contemplated as the separate environmental, economic, social and cultural dimensions of the decision, collectively as an overall result; or the priorities associated with different worldviews can be applied to determine the sensitivity of the result to different cultural contexts or worldviews. 
A sustainability assessment for the Waikato River is presented within the context of new co-management aspirations that require decision making to reflect the values of both the Government and the Waikato-Tainui peoples. How might the Mauri Model contribute in the complex context of co-management of the Waikato River? Three existing resource uses are assessed to illustrate the contribution that alternative frameworks can make to an enhanced understanding of the challenges that the new co-management regime will need to overcome.

text: Waikato Taniwharau: Prioritising competing needs in the management of the Waikato River The Waikato River system is New Zealand’s longest river and has significant spiritual relevance for the Waikato-Tainui people and other river iwi, who regard it as an indicator of their mauri or well-being, and central to their identity. The Waikato has also been the focus of on-going tensions between Māori cultural and spiritual values and beliefs, and national engineering objectives. The Waikato River was the primary source of food, transportation and communications link for the region and of pivotal military significance in the New Zealand land wars of the 19th Century. The river system is also a strategic asset for power generation and the flow has been extensively modified with the engineering of dams, lakes, tunnels and canals used to generate one sixth of New Zealand's total electrical generating capacity via the Waikato and Tongariro Power schemes. 
Large scale deforestation in combination with altered hydrologic characteristics have resulted in siltation of the once navigable river. The Waikato is impacted upon by numerous sources of pollution including; Arsenic from a Geothermal Power Station; nutrient enrichment from fertilizer and effluent spreading practices in dairy farming; more than 80 point source discharges to the main stem; and 1,600 discharges to its tributaries. 
The river system contains numerous fish types and has an international reputation for fishing. More than twenty communities extract and treat its waters for potable use including Auckland City. Historic practices resulted in significant adverse impacts on water quality and the mauri of the Waikato. The river is now administered by a regional council. These attributes make the Waikato River a complex management challenge: a contemporary relevance of the widely known metaphor; Waikato Taniwharau (Waikato with hundreds of guardians). 
Aotearoa New Zealand is currently resolving policy issues for the effective management of its fresh water resource. A national survey of opinion in 2005 distilled public priorities for fresh water management. The Freshwater for a Sustainable Future consultation identified many concerns and that the management of these resources is not being carried out in a sustainable manner. The Land and Water forum acknowledged many of these issues in the National Policy on Fresh Water (2010). The New Zealand government is currently preparing to sell down its 100% control of the hydro generation assets on the river, through a sale of shares in the State owned Enterprises that manage these assets. 
During the initial public consultation, responses from Māori, the indigenous peoples of Aotearoa New Zealand, indicated that there existed significant dissatisfaction with past management and a lack of confidence in future policy and water management decision making. The dissatisfaction manifested as broad opposition to and indifference towards participation in consultation. In subsequent years, some Māori groups have nevertheless chosen to engage in research processes seeking improvements on past practice. A Decision Making Framework (DMF) developed in 2004 has been adopted in several of these proposals due to its ability to balance the competing priorities of engineers representing the dominant western worldview and Māori, the Tangata Whenua (people of the land). 
The Mauri Model DMF is unique in its approach to the management of water resources as the framework offers a transparent and inclusive approach to considering the environmental, economic, social and cultural aspects of decisions being contemplated. The Mauri Model DMF is unique because it is capable of including multiple-worldviews and adopts mauri (intrinsic value or well-being) in the place of money based assessments of pseudo sustainability using Cost Benefit Analysis. 
The Mauri Model DMF does this using a two stage process that first identifies participants’ worldviews and inherent bias regarding water resource management, and then facilitates transparent assessment of selected sustainability performance indicators. The assessment can then be contemplated as the separate environmental, economic, social and cultural dimensions of the decision, collectively as an overall result; or the priorities associated with different worldviews can be applied to determine the sensitivity of the result to different cultural contexts or worldviews. 
A sustainability assessment for the Waikato River is presented within the context of new co-management aspirations that require decision making to reflect the values of both the Government and the Waikato-Tainui peoples. How might the Mauri Model contribute in the complex context of co-management of the Waikato River? Three existing resource uses are assessed to illustrate the contribution that alternative frameworks can make to an enhanced understanding of the challenges that the new co-management regime will need to overcome.

year: 2013

title: Identification and correlation of thinly bedded late quaternary tephras of Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand

authors: Hogg, Alan G.

abstract: The Coromandel Peninsula of North Island, New Zealand is covered by up to 2.5 m of thinly bedded Late Quaternary tephras. On the basis of their field characteristics, the tephras are divided into five field classes: the Recent bed (field class I) - a black, friable sandy loam; the Pumiceous bed (field class II) - reddish brown coarse lapilli and ash; the Silty bed (field class III) - a yellowish brown silt loam; the Lumpy bed (field class IV) - a brown sandy loam; and the Shower-bedded class ( field class V) - shower bedded and massive sands and loamy sands. 
The properties of the field classes were examined at 17 stratigraphic sections on the peninsula and indicate that classes I to IV each contain a mixture of at least two tephras. Individual tephras were characterised in the laboratory by multicomponent methods of analysis (particle size parameters, mineral assemblages), single component methods of analysis (chemical analysis of titanomagnetites by XRF), and single particle methods of analysis (microprobe analysis of titanornagnetite grains). 
The Recent bed is composed of at least three tephras, including the Kaharoa Tephra (930 yrs B.P.), Taupo Pumice (1,819 yrs B.P.), and the fine upper portion of the Whangamata Tephra (6,280 yrs B.P.). The Pumiceous bed contains a thorough mixture of the coarser, basal component of the Whangamata Tephra and the finer grained Mamaku Ash (7,050 yrs B.P.) and Rotoma Ash (c. 9,000 yrs B.P.). The Silty bed, Lumpy bed and Shower-bedded class all contain a common tephra, the Rotoehu Ash (41,700 yrs B.P.). The Shower-bedded class consists of pure Rotoehu Ash; the Lumpy bed is a composite of the upper part of the Rotoehu Ash and the Hauparu Tephra (30,000-40,000 yrs B.P.); the Silty bed is also a composite, but contains in addition to the upper part of the Rotoehu Ash and Hauparu Tephra, some unidentified hypersthene-bearing tephras of 20,000-11,000 yrs B.P. age, named “X” tephras.
The Whangamata Taphra Formation (symbol Wg) is dated at 6,280 ± 70 yrs B.P. (Wk 106), and is a brown, graded tephra deposited in two lobes, a coarse lobe of pumiceous ash and lapilli, up to 60 cm thick, extending between Whangamata and Thames on the Coromandel Peninsula, and a fine ash lobe, less than 10 cm in thickness, extending to the south and southwest of the Peninsula, in the Bay of Plenty and Waikato regions. The pumiceous lapilli have a peralkaline mineralogy with phenocrysts of anorthoclase, quartz, aegirine, cossyrite, olivine, riebeckite, and tuhualite, which identifies Mayor Island as the source volcano for the tephrae. 
It is suggested that the processes that have mixed the “X”, Hauparu and Rotoehu tophras in the Katikati region (latitude 37° 30’s) are related to the vegetation pattern, in the Late Otiran when the tephras became mixed under a forest cover north of about latitude 37° 30’s, - but remained unmixed under scrubland south of this latitude, in the Katikati-Tauranga area.

text: Identification and correlation of thinly bedded late quaternary tephras of Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand The Coromandel Peninsula of North Island, New Zealand is covered by up to 2.5 m of thinly bedded Late Quaternary tephras. On the basis of their field characteristics, the tephras are divided into five field classes: the Recent bed (field class I) - a black, friable sandy loam; the Pumiceous bed (field class II) - reddish brown coarse lapilli and ash; the Silty bed (field class III) - a yellowish brown silt loam; the Lumpy bed (field class IV) - a brown sandy loam; and the Shower-bedded class ( field class V) - shower bedded and massive sands and loamy sands. 
The properties of the field classes were examined at 17 stratigraphic sections on the peninsula and indicate that classes I to IV each contain a mixture of at least two tephras. Individual tephras were characterised in the laboratory by multicomponent methods of analysis (particle size parameters, mineral assemblages), single component methods of analysis (chemical analysis of titanomagnetites by XRF), and single particle methods of analysis (microprobe analysis of titanornagnetite grains). 
The Recent bed is composed of at least three tephras, including the Kaharoa Tephra (930 yrs B.P.), Taupo Pumice (1,819 yrs B.P.), and the fine upper portion of the Whangamata Tephra (6,280 yrs B.P.). The Pumiceous bed contains a thorough mixture of the coarser, basal component of the Whangamata Tephra and the finer grained Mamaku Ash (7,050 yrs B.P.) and Rotoma Ash (c. 9,000 yrs B.P.). The Silty bed, Lumpy bed and Shower-bedded class all contain a common tephra, the Rotoehu Ash (41,700 yrs B.P.). The Shower-bedded class consists of pure Rotoehu Ash; the Lumpy bed is a composite of the upper part of the Rotoehu Ash and the Hauparu Tephra (30,000-40,000 yrs B.P.); the Silty bed is also a composite, but contains in addition to the upper part of the Rotoehu Ash and Hauparu Tephra, some unidentified hypersthene-bearing tephras of 20,000-11,000 yrs B.P. age, named “X” tephras.
The Whangamata Taphra Formation (symbol Wg) is dated at 6,280 ± 70 yrs B.P. (Wk 106), and is a brown, graded tephra deposited in two lobes, a coarse lobe of pumiceous ash and lapilli, up to 60 cm thick, extending between Whangamata and Thames on the Coromandel Peninsula, and a fine ash lobe, less than 10 cm in thickness, extending to the south and southwest of the Peninsula, in the Bay of Plenty and Waikato regions. The pumiceous lapilli have a peralkaline mineralogy with phenocrysts of anorthoclase, quartz, aegirine, cossyrite, olivine, riebeckite, and tuhualite, which identifies Mayor Island as the source volcano for the tephrae. 
It is suggested that the processes that have mixed the “X”, Hauparu and Rotoehu tophras in the Katikati region (latitude 37° 30’s) are related to the vegetation pattern, in the Late Otiran when the tephras became mixed under a forest cover north of about latitude 37° 30’s, - but remained unmixed under scrubland south of this latitude, in the Katikati-Tauranga area.

year: 1979