title: A discourse perspective for critical public relations research: Life Sciences Network and the battle for truth

authors: Motion, Judy

subjects: public relations

abstract: Critical public relations scholarship is increasingly required to justify the contribution that is made to theory and practice. Within this article, an integrated political economy and discourse analysis is deployed to examine a progenetic engineering advocacy campaign conducted by the Life Sciences Network in New Zealand. The analysis demonstrates the value of examining the sociopolitical contexts in which public relations operates and the discourses that it seeks to produce or influence and thus provides a constructive foundation for further critical research.

text: A discourse perspective for critical public relations research: Life Sciences Network and the battle for truth Critical public relations scholarship is increasingly required to justify the contribution that is made to theory and practice. Within this article, an integrated political economy and discourse analysis is deployed to examine a progenetic engineering advocacy campaign conducted by the Life Sciences Network in New Zealand. The analysis demonstrates the value of examining the sociopolitical contexts in which public relations operates and the discourses that it seeks to produce or influence and thus provides a constructive foundation for further critical research.

year: 2005-01-01

title: The Effect of Pax3 Over-expression on Myoblast Function

authors: Brijs, Erik

subjects: Pax3 over-expression

abstract: The paired-box transcription factor 3 (Pax3), is a powerful myogenic regulatory factor during embryo-myogenesis. The expression of Pax3 is involved in determining somitic cell fate, resulting in the formation of the first differentiated muscle, the myotome. In addition, Pax3 expression in embryonic hypaxial precursor cells prevents premature differentiation, whilst promoting cellular migration and thus ensuring the proper development of limb muscles. Subsequent muscle growth in the developing embryo is provided by myogenic precursor cells marked by the expression of Pax3 and its paralogue, Pax7. Following foetal development, these precursor cells establish the distinct lineage of myogenic stem cells referred to as satellite cells, responsible for post-natal development and regeneration. However, satellite cells are not the only population of cells that generate myogenic precursor cells in adult muscle for regeneration and growth. Recently, it has been shown that in adult muscle, Pax3 is expressed in a population of novel, interstitial cells, and is up-regulated upon muscle injury.
To determine the role played by Pax3 in post-natal muscle development and regeneration, three Pax3 over-expressing myoblast (C2C12) cell lines were generated and experimentally compared with control cells. Four facets of myoblast function were assessed: proliferation, differentiation, survival and migration. 
The proliferation assay showed that Pax3 over-expression significantly (Plt0.001) slowed C2C12 myoblast proliferation, Pax3 over-expressing clones only reached 63% of the proliferative rate of control C2C12 cells. Furthermore, this study clearly showed that over-expression of Pax3 significantly (Plt0.01) delayed the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. Analysis showed that following 72 h of low serum induced differentiation 52% of the control C2C12 cell population had fused to form myofibres, in comparison only 16-32% of the myoblast population that over-expressed Pax3 had fused to from myofibres. Taken together, these data suggest that following satellite cell activation, Pax3 expression could be maintained in precursor cells to expand the myogenic population, as their myogenic commitment is delayed by Pax3 expression and this would facilitate increased cell cycling, albeit at a reduced rate. Furthermore, a low percentage of fusion strongly indicates a higher proportion of cells that are renewing the quiescent satellite cell population.
Furthermore, over-expression of Pax3 also conferred a dose-dependent anti-apoptotic function to C2C12 myoblasts. Myoblasts that over-expressed a low level of Pax3 were more resistant to apoptosis in comparison to control C2C12 cells and to myoblasts that over-expressed Pax3 at higher level. The anti-apoptotic function conferred by Pax3 expression would come into effect within the Pax3+ self-renewing satellite cell lineage. 
Finally, Pax3 over-expression was shown to increase the migratory ability of C2C12 myoblasts. In a chemotaxis assay, there was a strong indication that an intermediate over-expression of Pax3 increased myoblast sensitivity to chemotactic signals, priming cells for migration.  The delay in differentiation also exhibited by Pax3 over-expression may function to allow satellite cell-derived progenitors to migrate to sites of injury, therefore enhancing skeletal muscle regenerative capacity.

text: The Effect of Pax3 Over-expression on Myoblast Function The paired-box transcription factor 3 (Pax3), is a powerful myogenic regulatory factor during embryo-myogenesis. The expression of Pax3 is involved in determining somitic cell fate, resulting in the formation of the first differentiated muscle, the myotome. In addition, Pax3 expression in embryonic hypaxial precursor cells prevents premature differentiation, whilst promoting cellular migration and thus ensuring the proper development of limb muscles. Subsequent muscle growth in the developing embryo is provided by myogenic precursor cells marked by the expression of Pax3 and its paralogue, Pax7. Following foetal development, these precursor cells establish the distinct lineage of myogenic stem cells referred to as satellite cells, responsible for post-natal development and regeneration. However, satellite cells are not the only population of cells that generate myogenic precursor cells in adult muscle for regeneration and growth. Recently, it has been shown that in adult muscle, Pax3 is expressed in a population of novel, interstitial cells, and is up-regulated upon muscle injury.
To determine the role played by Pax3 in post-natal muscle development and regeneration, three Pax3 over-expressing myoblast (C2C12) cell lines were generated and experimentally compared with control cells. Four facets of myoblast function were assessed: proliferation, differentiation, survival and migration. 
The proliferation assay showed that Pax3 over-expression significantly (Plt0.001) slowed C2C12 myoblast proliferation, Pax3 over-expressing clones only reached 63% of the proliferative rate of control C2C12 cells. Furthermore, this study clearly showed that over-expression of Pax3 significantly (Plt0.01) delayed the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. Analysis showed that following 72 h of low serum induced differentiation 52% of the control C2C12 cell population had fused to form myofibres, in comparison only 16-32% of the myoblast population that over-expressed Pax3 had fused to from myofibres. Taken together, these data suggest that following satellite cell activation, Pax3 expression could be maintained in precursor cells to expand the myogenic population, as their myogenic commitment is delayed by Pax3 expression and this would facilitate increased cell cycling, albeit at a reduced rate. Furthermore, a low percentage of fusion strongly indicates a higher proportion of cells that are renewing the quiescent satellite cell population.
Furthermore, over-expression of Pax3 also conferred a dose-dependent anti-apoptotic function to C2C12 myoblasts. Myoblasts that over-expressed a low level of Pax3 were more resistant to apoptosis in comparison to control C2C12 cells and to myoblasts that over-expressed Pax3 at higher level. The anti-apoptotic function conferred by Pax3 expression would come into effect within the Pax3+ self-renewing satellite cell lineage. 
Finally, Pax3 over-expression was shown to increase the migratory ability of C2C12 myoblasts. In a chemotaxis assay, there was a strong indication that an intermediate over-expression of Pax3 increased myoblast sensitivity to chemotactic signals, priming cells for migration.  The delay in differentiation also exhibited by Pax3 over-expression may function to allow satellite cell-derived progenitors to migrate to sites of injury, therefore enhancing skeletal muscle regenerative capacity.

year: 2009

title: New Zealand and Maori land trusts

authors: Chevalier-Watts, Juliet

abstract: New Zealand, as in other jurisdictions, has a range of recognized trusts that would be familiar to many. These include express trusts, resulting trusts, constructive trusts, and charitable trusts. Perhaps more unfamiliar, at least to those outside New Zealand, are trusts that are unique to the New Zealand legal landscape and that are specific to Maori land. This article explores the relevance, and importance, of such trusts within New Zealand—Aotearoa. In doing so, the author considers a number of these Maori land trusts, and critically evaluates a range of issues, which includes governance; conflict of interest; unsatisfactory conduct; and dysfunction. While Maori land trusts are subject to the general laws of trust, it can be seen from the article how valuable such trusts are in recognizing and protecting Maori interests. As such, their unique nature reflects their fundamental relevance in indigenous culture, and also generally as an effective management tool for much Maori land.

text: New Zealand and Maori land trusts New Zealand, as in other jurisdictions, has a range of recognized trusts that would be familiar to many. These include express trusts, resulting trusts, constructive trusts, and charitable trusts. Perhaps more unfamiliar, at least to those outside New Zealand, are trusts that are unique to the New Zealand legal landscape and that are specific to Maori land. This article explores the relevance, and importance, of such trusts within New Zealand—Aotearoa. In doing so, the author considers a number of these Maori land trusts, and critically evaluates a range of issues, which includes governance; conflict of interest; unsatisfactory conduct; and dysfunction. While Maori land trusts are subject to the general laws of trust, it can be seen from the article how valuable such trusts are in recognizing and protecting Maori interests. As such, their unique nature reflects their fundamental relevance in indigenous culture, and also generally as an effective management tool for much Maori land.

year: 2016