title: Pinch Analysis Techniques for Carbon Emissions Reduction in the New Zealand Industrial Process Heat Sector

authors: Walmsley, Michael R.W.

abstract: Options for reducing industrial process heat greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in New Zealand are investigated using the Carbon Emissions Pinch Analysis (CEPA) and Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROI) analysis methods. Renewable sources like geothermal, biomass, biogas from animal waste and heat pumps from renewable electricity are investigated. Results indicate that some regions of New Zealand are well placed to make significant reductions to process heat GHG emissions through shifting from fossil fuel heating to renewable heating without a large increase in energy expended or cost. Reducing GHG emissions below 1990 levels can be achieved by using wood waste and biomass in place of coal (33.3 PJ) and biogas from animal waste in place of natural gas (12.1 PJ) where high temperature heating is required (>90 °C), and renewable electricity driven heat pumps for low temperature heating (<90 °C) in dairy and meat processing industries (7.0 PJ). The expected increase in expended energy is 20 %. Over all the Central North Island of New Zealand has a significant degree of renewable and natural resource convergence and hence is a prime region for creating low carbon emission industries requiring process heat based on renewable energy and agricultural and forestry waste.

text: Pinch Analysis Techniques for Carbon Emissions Reduction in the New Zealand Industrial Process Heat Sector Options for reducing industrial process heat greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in New Zealand are investigated using the Carbon Emissions Pinch Analysis (CEPA) and Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROI) analysis methods. Renewable sources like geothermal, biomass, biogas from animal waste and heat pumps from renewable electricity are investigated. Results indicate that some regions of New Zealand are well placed to make significant reductions to process heat GHG emissions through shifting from fossil fuel heating to renewable heating without a large increase in energy expended or cost. Reducing GHG emissions below 1990 levels can be achieved by using wood waste and biomass in place of coal (33.3 PJ) and biogas from animal waste in place of natural gas (12.1 PJ) where high temperature heating is required (>90 °C), and renewable electricity driven heat pumps for low temperature heating (<90 °C) in dairy and meat processing industries (7.0 PJ). The expected increase in expended energy is 20 %. Over all the Central North Island of New Zealand has a significant degree of renewable and natural resource convergence and hence is a prime region for creating low carbon emission industries requiring process heat based on renewable energy and agricultural and forestry waste.

year: 2015-08-27

title: Microstructure and thermal stability of Al₂O₃-20vol%Fe₄₈Co₅₂ composite powder particles prepared by high energy mechanical milling

authors: Yusop, Masleeyati

subjects: High energy mechanical milling

abstract: High energy mechanical milling of a mixture of alumina and nanostructured Fe₄₈Co₅₂ powders was used in producing an Al₂O₃-20vol%Fe₄₈Co₅₂ composite powder. The milling time ranged from 8 to 48 hours. The microstructural changes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD analysis of the powder showed significant reduction in Al₂O₃ grain size after 24h milling to 27nm and approaching the alloy grain size with further milling. However, the alloy particles demonstrated almost unchanged grain size throughout the process. As milling progressed, changes of alloy particles shapes and their location in alumina phases became apparent. After 24h, a small fraction of Al₂O₃  particles became embedded into the alloy particles, forming a complex composite structure. Small change in the microhardness of the particles was observed. It was also observed that the Fe₄₈Co₅₂ particles and Al₂O₃  matrix reacted heavily when the powder was heated to 10500°C.

text: Microstructure and thermal stability of Al₂O₃-20vol%Fe₄₈Co₅₂ composite powder particles prepared by high energy mechanical milling High energy mechanical milling of a mixture of alumina and nanostructured Fe₄₈Co₅₂ powders was used in producing an Al₂O₃-20vol%Fe₄₈Co₅₂ composite powder. The milling time ranged from 8 to 48 hours. The microstructural changes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD analysis of the powder showed significant reduction in Al₂O₃ grain size after 24h milling to 27nm and approaching the alloy grain size with further milling. However, the alloy particles demonstrated almost unchanged grain size throughout the process. As milling progressed, changes of alloy particles shapes and their location in alumina phases became apparent. After 24h, a small fraction of Al₂O₃  particles became embedded into the alloy particles, forming a complex composite structure. Small change in the microhardness of the particles was observed. It was also observed that the Fe₄₈Co₅₂ particles and Al₂O₃  matrix reacted heavily when the powder was heated to 10500°C.

year: 2009

title: A brief history of Whakapapa: Māori approaches to genealogy

authors: Mahuika, Nepia

subjects: whakapapa

abstract: Whakapapa is the Māori term for genealogy. It has been described by some as the skeletal structure of Maori epistemology because all things have their own genealogies. In research, whakapapa has been presented in tribal histories, Maori Land Court records, and consistently as a framework for matauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) and Māori research methodologies. This essay offers a brief overview of the ways in which whakapapa has been understood and negotiated in research particularly after the arrival of Europeans. Some early ethnographers, for instance, applied their own genealogical methods of dating to whakapapa, which influenced various Māori approaches from the twentieth century. With the advent of literacy and print, Māori experimented with new ways to record genealogy, and yet the underlying oral, ethical, and cultural practices that are crucial to whakapapa have remained integral to how it still lives and operates in Maori communities today.

text: A brief history of Whakapapa: Māori approaches to genealogy Whakapapa is the Māori term for genealogy. It has been described by some as the skeletal structure of Maori epistemology because all things have their own genealogies. In research, whakapapa has been presented in tribal histories, Maori Land Court records, and consistently as a framework for matauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) and Māori research methodologies. This essay offers a brief overview of the ways in which whakapapa has been understood and negotiated in research particularly after the arrival of Europeans. Some early ethnographers, for instance, applied their own genealogical methods of dating to whakapapa, which influenced various Māori approaches from the twentieth century. With the advent of literacy and print, Māori experimented with new ways to record genealogy, and yet the underlying oral, ethical, and cultural practices that are crucial to whakapapa have remained integral to how it still lives and operates in Maori communities today.

year: 2019