title: Examining young students’ preference for parenting styles and the effects of gender and emotions

authors: Mir, Zara

subjects: young participant's preference

abstract: This study used a new research method in order to examine the preference of young participants for a particular parenting style and how self-reported emotions (positive or negative) could have influenced their preference. Also of interest were participants’ perceptions of their parents’ parenting styles. More specifically, the research aimed to determine (1) which is the most preferred parenting style of  young participants and is there a gender effect when selecting a preferred parenting style?; (2) what parenting style ratings do participants give to their parents (biological fathers and mothers) and will they be different from their own ratings? – And finally (3) are the ratings for the three parenting styles somehow related and did the levels of their current emotions (positive and negative) relate to these ratings? The study recruited 100 students (18-25 years) from the University of Waikato. They all completed the first questionnaire “Parenting Style and Dimension Questionnaire,” which involved measures of parenting practice towards the children as well as a second questionnaire “The PERMA Profiler” which involved measures of overall positive and negative emotions among participants in the past few months. First, it was found that authoritative parenting style was the most preferred parenting style as compared to authoritarian and permissive parenting style. The permissive parenting style was the second preferred parenting style and the authoritarian style was the least preferred parenting style. Moreover, only a small gender effect was observed in those preferences.  Further, our research demonstrated that participants’ ratings for their own parenting style were similar to the ratings they gave to their parents’ parenting style. Participants rated the authoritative parenting style for themselves slightly higher than for their parents, the authoritarian parenting style as slightly lower, and the permissive parenting style was rated similar as for their fathers, and slightly lower than their ratings for their mothers. Inferential statistics revealed that self-reported overall positive emotions as assessed by the PERMA profiler (positive emotions, relationships, meaning, and achievements) positively correlated with the ratings of participants’ authoritative parenting style. On the other hand, self-reported negative emotions and loneliness positively correlated with the ratings of the authoritarian and permissive parenting styles. These findings will hopefully help to promote more research into factors influencing parent’s preference for certain parenting styles, which are particularly helpful in creating flourishing upbringing in children.

text: Examining young students’ preference for parenting styles and the effects of gender and emotions This study used a new research method in order to examine the preference of young participants for a particular parenting style and how self-reported emotions (positive or negative) could have influenced their preference. Also of interest were participants’ perceptions of their parents’ parenting styles. More specifically, the research aimed to determine (1) which is the most preferred parenting style of  young participants and is there a gender effect when selecting a preferred parenting style?; (2) what parenting style ratings do participants give to their parents (biological fathers and mothers) and will they be different from their own ratings? – And finally (3) are the ratings for the three parenting styles somehow related and did the levels of their current emotions (positive and negative) relate to these ratings? The study recruited 100 students (18-25 years) from the University of Waikato. They all completed the first questionnaire “Parenting Style and Dimension Questionnaire,” which involved measures of parenting practice towards the children as well as a second questionnaire “The PERMA Profiler” which involved measures of overall positive and negative emotions among participants in the past few months. First, it was found that authoritative parenting style was the most preferred parenting style as compared to authoritarian and permissive parenting style. The permissive parenting style was the second preferred parenting style and the authoritarian style was the least preferred parenting style. Moreover, only a small gender effect was observed in those preferences.  Further, our research demonstrated that participants’ ratings for their own parenting style were similar to the ratings they gave to their parents’ parenting style. Participants rated the authoritative parenting style for themselves slightly higher than for their parents, the authoritarian parenting style as slightly lower, and the permissive parenting style was rated similar as for their fathers, and slightly lower than their ratings for their mothers. Inferential statistics revealed that self-reported overall positive emotions as assessed by the PERMA profiler (positive emotions, relationships, meaning, and achievements) positively correlated with the ratings of participants’ authoritative parenting style. On the other hand, self-reported negative emotions and loneliness positively correlated with the ratings of the authoritarian and permissive parenting styles. These findings will hopefully help to promote more research into factors influencing parent’s preference for certain parenting styles, which are particularly helpful in creating flourishing upbringing in children.

year: 2020

title: Reliability of overground running measures from 2D video Analyses in a field environment.

authors: Murray, Lauralee

subjects: biomechanics

abstract: Two-dimensional running analyses are common in research and practice, and have been shown to be reliable when conducted on a treadmill. However, running is typically performed outdoors. Our aim was to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of two-dimensional analyses of overground running in an outdoor environment. Two raters independently evaluated 155 high-speed videos (240 Hz) of overground running from recreationally competitive runners on two occasions, seven days apart (test-retest study design). The reliability of foot-strike pattern (rear-foot, mid-foot, and fore-foot), foot-strike angle (°), and running speed (m/s) was assessed using weighted kappa (κ), percentage agreement, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error (TE), and coefficient of variation (CV) statistics. Foot-strike pattern (agreement = 99.4%, κ = 0.96) and running speed (ICC = 0.98, TE = 0.09 m/s, CV = 2.1%) demonstrated excellent relative and absolute reliability. Foot-strike angle exhibited high relative reliability (ICC = 0.88), but suboptimal absolute reliability (TE = 2.5°, CV = 17.6%). Two-dimensional analyses of overground running outdoors were reliable for quantifying foot-strike pattern, foot-strike angle, and running speed, although foot-strike angle errors of 2.5° were typical. Foot-strike angle changes of less than 2.5° should be interpreted with caution in clinical settings, as they might simply reflect measurement errors.

text: Reliability of overground running measures from 2D video Analyses in a field environment. Two-dimensional running analyses are common in research and practice, and have been shown to be reliable when conducted on a treadmill. However, running is typically performed outdoors. Our aim was to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of two-dimensional analyses of overground running in an outdoor environment. Two raters independently evaluated 155 high-speed videos (240 Hz) of overground running from recreationally competitive runners on two occasions, seven days apart (test-retest study design). The reliability of foot-strike pattern (rear-foot, mid-foot, and fore-foot), foot-strike angle (°), and running speed (m/s) was assessed using weighted kappa (κ), percentage agreement, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error (TE), and coefficient of variation (CV) statistics. Foot-strike pattern (agreement = 99.4%, κ = 0.96) and running speed (ICC = 0.98, TE = 0.09 m/s, CV = 2.1%) demonstrated excellent relative and absolute reliability. Foot-strike angle exhibited high relative reliability (ICC = 0.88), but suboptimal absolute reliability (TE = 2.5°, CV = 17.6%). Two-dimensional analyses of overground running outdoors were reliable for quantifying foot-strike pattern, foot-strike angle, and running speed, although foot-strike angle errors of 2.5° were typical. Foot-strike angle changes of less than 2.5° should be interpreted with caution in clinical settings, as they might simply reflect measurement errors.

year: 2018

title: A brief history of Whakapapa: Māori approaches to genealogy

authors: Mahuika, Nepia

subjects: whakapapa

abstract: Whakapapa is the Māori term for genealogy. It has been described by some as the skeletal structure of Maori epistemology because all things have their own genealogies. In research, whakapapa has been presented in tribal histories, Maori Land Court records, and consistently as a framework for matauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) and Māori research methodologies. This essay offers a brief overview of the ways in which whakapapa has been understood and negotiated in research particularly after the arrival of Europeans. Some early ethnographers, for instance, applied their own genealogical methods of dating to whakapapa, which influenced various Māori approaches from the twentieth century. With the advent of literacy and print, Māori experimented with new ways to record genealogy, and yet the underlying oral, ethical, and cultural practices that are crucial to whakapapa have remained integral to how it still lives and operates in Maori communities today.

text: A brief history of Whakapapa: Māori approaches to genealogy Whakapapa is the Māori term for genealogy. It has been described by some as the skeletal structure of Maori epistemology because all things have their own genealogies. In research, whakapapa has been presented in tribal histories, Maori Land Court records, and consistently as a framework for matauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) and Māori research methodologies. This essay offers a brief overview of the ways in which whakapapa has been understood and negotiated in research particularly after the arrival of Europeans. Some early ethnographers, for instance, applied their own genealogical methods of dating to whakapapa, which influenced various Māori approaches from the twentieth century. With the advent of literacy and print, Māori experimented with new ways to record genealogy, and yet the underlying oral, ethical, and cultural practices that are crucial to whakapapa have remained integral to how it still lives and operates in Maori communities today.

year: 2019