title: Fused deposition modelling of natural fibre/polylactic acid composites

authors: Stoof, David

abstract: Fused deposition modelling is a simple additive manufacturing technology utilising fine filament extrusion of predominantly thermoplastic materials to build 3D objects layer by layer. This research explores the feasibility and the factors involved in using fused deposition modelling to produce natural fibre reinforced composite components. Uniform 3-mm filaments of both hemp and harakeke (Phormium tenax) in varying weight percentages within polylactic acid (PLA) polymer were successfully produced and used to print tensile test samples. Tensile test results supported harakeke to be a useful fibre in terms of mechanical properties achieved which surpassed the Young’s modulus and tensile strength of plain PLA samples by 42.3% and 5.4%, respectively.

text: Fused deposition modelling of natural fibre/polylactic acid composites Fused deposition modelling is a simple additive manufacturing technology utilising fine filament extrusion of predominantly thermoplastic materials to build 3D objects layer by layer. This research explores the feasibility and the factors involved in using fused deposition modelling to produce natural fibre reinforced composite components. Uniform 3-mm filaments of both hemp and harakeke (Phormium tenax) in varying weight percentages within polylactic acid (PLA) polymer were successfully produced and used to print tensile test samples. Tensile test results supported harakeke to be a useful fibre in terms of mechanical properties achieved which surpassed the Young’s modulus and tensile strength of plain PLA samples by 42.3% and 5.4%, respectively.

year: 2017

title: Twelve years on: Christchurch’s recovery from the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes

authors: Lianyan, Li

subjects: 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence

abstract: What does the recovery of Christchurch, New Zealand’s garden city, look like twelve years on from the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence? And what lessons has its long-term recovery offered? To answer these questions, a field trip to Christchurch and in-depth interviews with policymakers, engineering professionals and other recovery practitioners were undertaken in October 2022. The recovery state of Christchurch Central Business District (CBD) was observed. Interviews revealed lessons from CBD’s recovery from a longitudinal, retrospective perspective. There was a consensus that between 70 per cent to 80 per cent of damaged buildings in CBD had been repaired or replaced for other functions. Significant delays can be attributed to 1) the scale of the event, with tens of thousands of aftershocks and widespread demolitions in CBD, 2) the delayed decision-making process, 3) overwhelmed legal changes, and 4) limited resource availability. Moreover, it is found that building resilience was emphasised and well incorporated in architectural designs to ensure redundancy provided in newly constructed and retrofitted buildings in CBD. Such consideration also incurred the broad adoption of low-damage designs (e.g., base isolation), despite a slightly higher repair cost. Further, this paper also investigated the effectiveness of recovery agencies and affirmed their essential role in recovery. While New Zealand is proactively preparing for major seismic events such as the Magnitude 8.0 Alpine Fault earthquake (AF8), lessons elicited from Christchurch recovery included the necessity of available training programmes for engineers, a stronger emphasis on building resilience in engineering design, a need for functionality-focused building code, and the development of advanced National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM) specific to New Zealand. It is hoped that these lessons can collectively translate into enhanced earthquake preparedness and resilience in the future.

text: Twelve years on: Christchurch’s recovery from the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes What does the recovery of Christchurch, New Zealand’s garden city, look like twelve years on from the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence? And what lessons has its long-term recovery offered? To answer these questions, a field trip to Christchurch and in-depth interviews with policymakers, engineering professionals and other recovery practitioners were undertaken in October 2022. The recovery state of Christchurch Central Business District (CBD) was observed. Interviews revealed lessons from CBD’s recovery from a longitudinal, retrospective perspective. There was a consensus that between 70 per cent to 80 per cent of damaged buildings in CBD had been repaired or replaced for other functions. Significant delays can be attributed to 1) the scale of the event, with tens of thousands of aftershocks and widespread demolitions in CBD, 2) the delayed decision-making process, 3) overwhelmed legal changes, and 4) limited resource availability. Moreover, it is found that building resilience was emphasised and well incorporated in architectural designs to ensure redundancy provided in newly constructed and retrofitted buildings in CBD. Such consideration also incurred the broad adoption of low-damage designs (e.g., base isolation), despite a slightly higher repair cost. Further, this paper also investigated the effectiveness of recovery agencies and affirmed their essential role in recovery. While New Zealand is proactively preparing for major seismic events such as the Magnitude 8.0 Alpine Fault earthquake (AF8), lessons elicited from Christchurch recovery included the necessity of available training programmes for engineers, a stronger emphasis on building resilience in engineering design, a need for functionality-focused building code, and the development of advanced National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM) specific to New Zealand. It is hoped that these lessons can collectively translate into enhanced earthquake preparedness and resilience in the future.

year: 2023

title: Mapping Māori knowledge from the past to inform marine management futures

authors: Paul-Burke, Kura

subjects: mātauranga Māori

abstract: This article provides an overview of research which used mātauranga moana (Māori marine knowledge systems) to inform and assist Western science field research methods and surveys. Place-based Māori marine knowledge identified the traditional distribution range and sizing of taonga (culturally important) species in traditional coastal areas which had been fished and managed by consecutive generations of Māori; kina, Evechinus chloroticus, sea urchin; koura, Jasus edwardsii, red rock lobster; kūtai, Perna canaliculus, green lipped mussel; and pāua, Haliotis iris, abalone. This knowledge was then mapped and used as the baseline for sub-tidal marine science field research surveys. Findings from the transdisciplinary marine research was used to develop management actions to assist Māori and Government entities for improving, enhancing and safeguarding marine taonga species into the future. This article critically discusses and demonstrates the relevance and complementarity of mātauranga Māori and Western science, and the importance of kaupapa Māori strategies for empowering Māori collaboration and voices in marine research co-development, implementation and communication.

text: Mapping Māori knowledge from the past to inform marine management futures This article provides an overview of research which used mātauranga moana (Māori marine knowledge systems) to inform and assist Western science field research methods and surveys. Place-based Māori marine knowledge identified the traditional distribution range and sizing of taonga (culturally important) species in traditional coastal areas which had been fished and managed by consecutive generations of Māori; kina, Evechinus chloroticus, sea urchin; koura, Jasus edwardsii, red rock lobster; kūtai, Perna canaliculus, green lipped mussel; and pāua, Haliotis iris, abalone. This knowledge was then mapped and used as the baseline for sub-tidal marine science field research surveys. Findings from the transdisciplinary marine research was used to develop management actions to assist Māori and Government entities for improving, enhancing and safeguarding marine taonga species into the future. This article critically discusses and demonstrates the relevance and complementarity of mātauranga Māori and Western science, and the importance of kaupapa Māori strategies for empowering Māori collaboration and voices in marine research co-development, implementation and communication.

year: 2020