title: Groundwater in the Okataina caldera: Model of future nitrogen loads to Lake Tarawera

authors: Gillon, Nicholas

abstract: Protection and restoration of water quality are a major priority of the New Zealand government. To support this objective, a monitoring and an action programme named “The Regional Water and Land Plan” was set up by the Environment Bay of Plenty Regional Council in February 2005 for the Rotorua lakes district. Lake Tarawera is part of this programme. The plan includes a Tarawera River management plan developed originally by Bay of Plenty Catchment Commission (1985).

Currently water quality of Lake Tarawera is slightly worse than during the 1990s (Environment Bay of Plenty 1997). The Trophic Level Index (TLI), a measure of water quality, is 2.9 in Lake Tarawera. Environment Bay of Plenty wishes to reduce the TLI to 2.6, to improve the water quality of the lake. Actions have already been programmed to support this initiative, including sewage treatment. 

Most of the water inflow to the lake is from groundwater. Nitrogen loads to the lake from groundwater are largely unknown as there is limited monitoring data. Development of highly productive pasture in the last 50 years, coupled with a residence time for the groundwater estimated on average to be c. 200 years, look likely to result in increasing nutrient loads to the lake with potential for deterioration of water quality.

The objective of this study was to assess current and future groundwater nutrient loads to Lake Tarawera, particularly nitrogen loads. Following a consideration of the Lake Tarawera catchment water balance, a hydrogeological model was created. Nitrogen discharge with groundwater to Lake Tarawera is assessed based on pre-development land use, current land use and scenarios of future land use, allowing conclusions to be made for priorities for the maintenance of lake water quality.

text: Groundwater in the Okataina caldera: Model of future nitrogen loads to Lake Tarawera Protection and restoration of water quality are a major priority of the New Zealand government. To support this objective, a monitoring and an action programme named “The Regional Water and Land Plan” was set up by the Environment Bay of Plenty Regional Council in February 2005 for the Rotorua lakes district. Lake Tarawera is part of this programme. The plan includes a Tarawera River management plan developed originally by Bay of Plenty Catchment Commission (1985).

Currently water quality of Lake Tarawera is slightly worse than during the 1990s (Environment Bay of Plenty 1997). The Trophic Level Index (TLI), a measure of water quality, is 2.9 in Lake Tarawera. Environment Bay of Plenty wishes to reduce the TLI to 2.6, to improve the water quality of the lake. Actions have already been programmed to support this initiative, including sewage treatment. 

Most of the water inflow to the lake is from groundwater. Nitrogen loads to the lake from groundwater are largely unknown as there is limited monitoring data. Development of highly productive pasture in the last 50 years, coupled with a residence time for the groundwater estimated on average to be c. 200 years, look likely to result in increasing nutrient loads to the lake with potential for deterioration of water quality.

The objective of this study was to assess current and future groundwater nutrient loads to Lake Tarawera, particularly nitrogen loads. Following a consideration of the Lake Tarawera catchment water balance, a hydrogeological model was created. Nitrogen discharge with groundwater to Lake Tarawera is assessed based on pre-development land use, current land use and scenarios of future land use, allowing conclusions to be made for priorities for the maintenance of lake water quality.

year: 2009-09

title: Sowing the seeds of conflict: Britain

authors: Rohorua, Frederick Isom

subjects: Development studies

abstract: It is argued here that independent Solomon Islands was poorly prepared for the development tasks that lay ahead. That argument is based on the nature of the last two development plans produced for the British Solomon Islands Protectorate before the departure of the British. The failure of the British to take development planning seriously left the newly independent country with a range of problems that even very experienced politicians and administrators would have found extremely difficult to address adequately. As there can be little doubt that the later outbreak of ethnic tension related, in part at least, to the perception that development activities had had little effect on the lives of Solomon Islanders (particularly rural Solomon Islanders), it follows that responsibility rests not only with Solomon Islanders themselves, but also with the British.

text: Sowing the seeds of conflict: Britain It is argued here that independent Solomon Islands was poorly prepared for the development tasks that lay ahead. That argument is based on the nature of the last two development plans produced for the British Solomon Islands Protectorate before the departure of the British. The failure of the British to take development planning seriously left the newly independent country with a range of problems that even very experienced politicians and administrators would have found extremely difficult to address adequately. As there can be little doubt that the later outbreak of ethnic tension related, in part at least, to the perception that development activities had had little effect on the lives of Solomon Islanders (particularly rural Solomon Islanders), it follows that responsibility rests not only with Solomon Islanders themselves, but also with the British.

year: 2005-09

title: An examination of genres and text-types in written Māori discourse: Analysis and pedagogic implications

authors: Houia-Roberts, Ngaere

abstract: The overall aim of this research project is to determine what genres and text-types are most commonly required of students at upper secondary and tertiary levels in Māori-medium educational settings (Chapter 4), and to further determine, in relation to the analysis of authentic texts written by educated users of the language who have a high level of proficiency, how such genres and text-types are typically structured (Chapters 5 and 6). It is intended that this information should provide teachers and students with a solid foundation for the development of the skills required to create written texts in Māori that are structured in ways that are as close as possible to authentic discourses written by educated and highly proficient users of the language (Chapter 7). The thesis begins by providing some background to the research and outlining the primary aims, research questions and research methods (Chapter 1). This is followed by a critical review of some general landmark publications in the area of genre and text-type (Chapter 2).More pedagogically-centred, process-oriented approaches to genre and text-type are then critically reviewed in the context of the design of the model which underpins the analyses conducted in the following chapters.

text: An examination of genres and text-types in written Māori discourse: Analysis and pedagogic implications The overall aim of this research project is to determine what genres and text-types are most commonly required of students at upper secondary and tertiary levels in Māori-medium educational settings (Chapter 4), and to further determine, in relation to the analysis of authentic texts written by educated users of the language who have a high level of proficiency, how such genres and text-types are typically structured (Chapters 5 and 6). It is intended that this information should provide teachers and students with a solid foundation for the development of the skills required to create written texts in Māori that are structured in ways that are as close as possible to authentic discourses written by educated and highly proficient users of the language (Chapter 7). The thesis begins by providing some background to the research and outlining the primary aims, research questions and research methods (Chapter 1). This is followed by a critical review of some general landmark publications in the area of genre and text-type (Chapter 2).More pedagogically-centred, process-oriented approaches to genre and text-type are then critically reviewed in the context of the design of the model which underpins the analyses conducted in the following chapters.

year: 2004