title: Kia mate rā anō a Tama-nui-te-rā: reversing language shift in Kōhanga reo

authors: Skerrett White, Mere Ngāutauta

abstract: This thesis focuses on reversing language shift (RLS) efforts via the revernacularisation of te reo Māori (the Māori language) in Te Amokura Kōhanga Reo (Māori language nest). J. Fishman’s (2001a) graded intergenerational disruption scale (GIDS), and M. Durie’s (2001, 2003) discussions on Māori educational advancement provide conceptual frameworks for the meaning-making, cultural and symbolic relationships of language to culture and identity (Fishman, 1996). This qualitative case study involves three young children and their families who are committed to the intergenerational transmission of te reo Māori, the threatened indigenous heritage language of Aotearoa/New Zealand. Observational data was analysed illustrating these bilingual, biliterate, bicultural, bicognitive and bilateral children and their use of sophisticated language for increasingly complex purposes. This study identifies how children’s learning dispositions for shared reference with adults (who are active listeners and thoughtful speakers in meaningful activities [Carr, M., 2000, 2001]) are part of the deep structure of a unique cultural context successfully supporting language revernacularisation. In addition the study develops critical insights into how RLS can be viewed as the linguistic arm for furthering Māori aspirations of tino rangatiratanga (Bishop, R., 1997a; Bishop R., & Glynn, T., 1999) and has further implications for language planning, pedagogy and praxis in Kōhanga Reo.

text: Kia mate rā anō a Tama-nui-te-rā: reversing language shift in Kōhanga reo This thesis focuses on reversing language shift (RLS) efforts via the revernacularisation of te reo Māori (the Māori language) in Te Amokura Kōhanga Reo (Māori language nest). J. Fishman’s (2001a) graded intergenerational disruption scale (GIDS), and M. Durie’s (2001, 2003) discussions on Māori educational advancement provide conceptual frameworks for the meaning-making, cultural and symbolic relationships of language to culture and identity (Fishman, 1996). This qualitative case study involves three young children and their families who are committed to the intergenerational transmission of te reo Māori, the threatened indigenous heritage language of Aotearoa/New Zealand. Observational data was analysed illustrating these bilingual, biliterate, bicultural, bicognitive and bilateral children and their use of sophisticated language for increasingly complex purposes. This study identifies how children’s learning dispositions for shared reference with adults (who are active listeners and thoughtful speakers in meaningful activities [Carr, M., 2000, 2001]) are part of the deep structure of a unique cultural context successfully supporting language revernacularisation. In addition the study develops critical insights into how RLS can be viewed as the linguistic arm for furthering Māori aspirations of tino rangatiratanga (Bishop, R., 1997a; Bishop R., & Glynn, T., 1999) and has further implications for language planning, pedagogy and praxis in Kōhanga Reo.

year: 2003

title: The peopling and development of Aotearoa New Zealand: A demographic history, 1769-2020

authors: Pool, Ian

subjects: Aotearoa

abstract: This unpublished manuscript is the first demographic history of Aotearoa New Zealand, integrating 250 years of Māori and non-Māori data. It explores how development, in the broadest social, cultural and economic sense drove population changes, but was in turn driven by demographic factors. Based on extensively referenced research and analysis, the timeline starts with the earliest European settlement and finishes with the multicultural and aging society of the first decades of the twenty-first century.  It encompasses momentous changes, including: successive waves of migration, European settler demographic dominance occurring rapidly through natural increase, Māori nineteenth century cultural devastation and population decline, and twentieth-century resurgence, the Māori rural/urban exodus beginning in the 1940s, and the post-war non-Māori baby boom and baby bust. At each stage, this book demonstrates how profoundly the story of Aotearoa New Zealand is also the demographic story of its peopling.

text: The peopling and development of Aotearoa New Zealand: A demographic history, 1769-2020 This unpublished manuscript is the first demographic history of Aotearoa New Zealand, integrating 250 years of Māori and non-Māori data. It explores how development, in the broadest social, cultural and economic sense drove population changes, but was in turn driven by demographic factors. Based on extensively referenced research and analysis, the timeline starts with the earliest European settlement and finishes with the multicultural and aging society of the first decades of the twenty-first century.  It encompasses momentous changes, including: successive waves of migration, European settler demographic dominance occurring rapidly through natural increase, Māori nineteenth century cultural devastation and population decline, and twentieth-century resurgence, the Māori rural/urban exodus beginning in the 1940s, and the post-war non-Māori baby boom and baby bust. At each stage, this book demonstrates how profoundly the story of Aotearoa New Zealand is also the demographic story of its peopling.

year: 2026

title: Changes in carbon and nitrogen stocks following conversion of plantation forest to dairy pasture on pumice soils, in the Central North Island

authors: Lewis, Riki Windsor

subjects: Carbon

abstract: Since 1990 approximately 36,000 ha of land in the Waikato has been converted from pine plantation to dairy farms. By changing land use from plantation forest to pasture there is potential to change soil properties. The property of interest, due to international discussion (Kyoto Protocol), is the potential for soils to store carbon. My main objective was to determine the rate and magnitude of change in soil carbon, soil nitrogen, and C:N ratio following land conversion from pine plantation to pasture. My study examined three areas (Atiamuri, Tokoroa and Wairakei) in the Central North Island of New Zealand. At each study area sites ranging from pine plantation, through 2, 3, 4, 5 and 11 years since conversion, to long-term (>40 years) dairy or sheep/beef pasture, were identified. Three transects were established at each site and 7 soil core samples each to a depth of 60 cm, were taken at random intervals along each transect. Soil cores were split into horizons with samples from each horizon bulked together for each transect. At the midpoint of each transect a pit was dug and soil dry bulk density samples were taken from each horizon. At one pit from each site a sample of each soil horizon was taken. In the laboratory all soil samples were passed through a 2 mm sieve and air dried. Air dried samples were crushed and analysed for total carbon and total nitrogen with a TruSpec CN Carbon/Nitrogen Determinator. Soil dry bulk density was lower (P<0.05) in the pine sites Ap horizons (0.47 to 0.54 g cm-3) than the Ap horizon for all other sites (0.59 to 0.76 g cm-3) at the Atiamuri, Tokoroa and Wairakei areas. There was no significant difference in Ap horizon depths between pine forest, recent conversion and long-term pasture sites at any of the study areas. Carbon concentration in the Ap horizon (5.5 to 9 %) showed few significant differences between land-use sites. The total soil carbon at Atiamuri and Wairakei was higher (P<0.05) in the long-term pastures (88 to 100 t/ha) than in the pine (42 to 54 t/ha), however there was no significant difference between pine and long-term pasture at Tokoroa and data from recently converted sites were variable with no apparent significant differences. Total soil nitrogen at all three study areas was higher (P<0.05) in the long-term pasture sites (5 to 8 t/ha) than in the pine sites (9 to 12 t/ha). The C:N ratio in the Ap horizon was higher (P<0.05) in pine sites (mean of 16) than in the long-term pasture sites (mean of 10). The variability in the recently converted sites meant that generally no short-term changes in carbon, nitrogen or C:N ratio, following conversion from pine forest to dairy pasture were discernable.

text: Changes in carbon and nitrogen stocks following conversion of plantation forest to dairy pasture on pumice soils, in the Central North Island Since 1990 approximately 36,000 ha of land in the Waikato has been converted from pine plantation to dairy farms. By changing land use from plantation forest to pasture there is potential to change soil properties. The property of interest, due to international discussion (Kyoto Protocol), is the potential for soils to store carbon. My main objective was to determine the rate and magnitude of change in soil carbon, soil nitrogen, and C:N ratio following land conversion from pine plantation to pasture. My study examined three areas (Atiamuri, Tokoroa and Wairakei) in the Central North Island of New Zealand. At each study area sites ranging from pine plantation, through 2, 3, 4, 5 and 11 years since conversion, to long-term (>40 years) dairy or sheep/beef pasture, were identified. Three transects were established at each site and 7 soil core samples each to a depth of 60 cm, were taken at random intervals along each transect. Soil cores were split into horizons with samples from each horizon bulked together for each transect. At the midpoint of each transect a pit was dug and soil dry bulk density samples were taken from each horizon. At one pit from each site a sample of each soil horizon was taken. In the laboratory all soil samples were passed through a 2 mm sieve and air dried. Air dried samples were crushed and analysed for total carbon and total nitrogen with a TruSpec CN Carbon/Nitrogen Determinator. Soil dry bulk density was lower (P<0.05) in the pine sites Ap horizons (0.47 to 0.54 g cm-3) than the Ap horizon for all other sites (0.59 to 0.76 g cm-3) at the Atiamuri, Tokoroa and Wairakei areas. There was no significant difference in Ap horizon depths between pine forest, recent conversion and long-term pasture sites at any of the study areas. Carbon concentration in the Ap horizon (5.5 to 9 %) showed few significant differences between land-use sites. The total soil carbon at Atiamuri and Wairakei was higher (P<0.05) in the long-term pastures (88 to 100 t/ha) than in the pine (42 to 54 t/ha), however there was no significant difference between pine and long-term pasture at Tokoroa and data from recently converted sites were variable with no apparent significant differences. Total soil nitrogen at all three study areas was higher (P<0.05) in the long-term pasture sites (5 to 8 t/ha) than in the pine sites (9 to 12 t/ha). The C:N ratio in the Ap horizon was higher (P<0.05) in pine sites (mean of 16) than in the long-term pasture sites (mean of 10). The variability in the recently converted sites meant that generally no short-term changes in carbon, nitrogen or C:N ratio, following conversion from pine forest to dairy pasture were discernable.

year: 2011