title: Rising regional income inequality in China: Fact or artefact?

authors: Li, Chao

subjects: Inequality

abstract: China’s local populations can be counted in two ways; by how many people have hukou household registration from each place and by how many people actually reside in each place. The counts differ by the non-hukou migrants – people that move from their place of registration – who have grown from fewer than five million when reform began in 1978 to over 200 million by 2010. For most of the first three decades of the reform era, the hukou count was used to produce per capita GDP figures. In coastal provinces the resident count is many millions more than the hukou count, while for migrant-sending provinces it is the reverse, creating a systematic and time-varying distortion in provincial GDP per capita. Moreover, a sharp discontinuity occurred when provinces recently switched from the hukou count to the resident count when reporting GDP per capita. A double-count also resulted because some provinces switched before others and initial resident counts were incomplete. This paper describes the changing definition of provincial populations in China and their impact on inequality in provincial GDP per capita. We show that much of the apparent increase in inter-provincial inequality disappears once a consistent series of GDP per resident is used.

text: Rising regional income inequality in China: Fact or artefact? China’s local populations can be counted in two ways; by how many people have hukou household registration from each place and by how many people actually reside in each place. The counts differ by the non-hukou migrants – people that move from their place of registration – who have grown from fewer than five million when reform began in 1978 to over 200 million by 2010. For most of the first three decades of the reform era, the hukou count was used to produce per capita GDP figures. In coastal provinces the resident count is many millions more than the hukou count, while for migrant-sending provinces it is the reverse, creating a systematic and time-varying distortion in provincial GDP per capita. Moreover, a sharp discontinuity occurred when provinces recently switched from the hukou count to the resident count when reporting GDP per capita. A double-count also resulted because some provinces switched before others and initial resident counts were incomplete. This paper describes the changing definition of provincial populations in China and their impact on inequality in provincial GDP per capita. We show that much of the apparent increase in inter-provincial inequality disappears once a consistent series of GDP per resident is used.

year: 2012-07

title: Porphyrins and phthalocyanines as chemical visualisation reagents for latent fingerprint development

authors: Murphy, Karen Ann

abstract: The focus of the research presented in this thesis was the investigation of porphyrins and phthalocyanines as potential reagents for the development of latent fingerprints. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines are structurally related compounds which have many features in common, including the ability to substitute a wide variety of metal ions into the core of the macrocyclic ring, along with the ability to attach a vast range of functional groups to the periphery of the macrocyclic ring and to the metal centre. These compounds also exhibit diverse absorption and emission spectra, which are sensitive to the metal ions and functional groups incorporated. Porphyrins are the most abundant colouring matter found in nature, and phthalocyanines are used extensively as colouring agents. These qualities indicate that such compounds are good candidates for fingerprint reagents. 

A porphyrin and several phthalocyanines were synthesised, characterised, and appraised as potential fingerprint reagents. All compounds examined showed reactivity towards one or more fingerprint components. In particular it was found that dihydroxytetraphenylporphyrinatotin(IV) was capable of developing prints via reaction with water and non-water soluble fingerprint components. This compound may have application for the development of fingerprints on substrates such as thermal paper. It may also be a useful prior treatment to Physical Developer, a currently used technique for the development of fingerprints that have been exposed to water. Another compound, copper(II) tetrachlorosulfonylphthalocyanine was found to develop prints by reaction with water soluble fingerprint components. This compound may be of use on substrates where currently available methods give low contrasting fingerprints. Overall it was determined that porphyrins and phthalocyanines show genuine promise as fingerprint reagents and that further research in this area is clearly warranted.

text: Porphyrins and phthalocyanines as chemical visualisation reagents for latent fingerprint development The focus of the research presented in this thesis was the investigation of porphyrins and phthalocyanines as potential reagents for the development of latent fingerprints. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines are structurally related compounds which have many features in common, including the ability to substitute a wide variety of metal ions into the core of the macrocyclic ring, along with the ability to attach a vast range of functional groups to the periphery of the macrocyclic ring and to the metal centre. These compounds also exhibit diverse absorption and emission spectra, which are sensitive to the metal ions and functional groups incorporated. Porphyrins are the most abundant colouring matter found in nature, and phthalocyanines are used extensively as colouring agents. These qualities indicate that such compounds are good candidates for fingerprint reagents. 

A porphyrin and several phthalocyanines were synthesised, characterised, and appraised as potential fingerprint reagents. All compounds examined showed reactivity towards one or more fingerprint components. In particular it was found that dihydroxytetraphenylporphyrinatotin(IV) was capable of developing prints via reaction with water and non-water soluble fingerprint components. This compound may have application for the development of fingerprints on substrates such as thermal paper. It may also be a useful prior treatment to Physical Developer, a currently used technique for the development of fingerprints that have been exposed to water. Another compound, copper(II) tetrachlorosulfonylphthalocyanine was found to develop prints by reaction with water soluble fingerprint components. This compound may be of use on substrates where currently available methods give low contrasting fingerprints. Overall it was determined that porphyrins and phthalocyanines show genuine promise as fingerprint reagents and that further research in this area is clearly warranted.

year: 1999

title: Wrestling with Biculturalism in Social Work Education

authors: Glubb-Smith, Kelly J.

subjects: Bicultural social work

abstract: When approached to write a piece on Donna Awatere’s (1984) book Māori Sovereignty from a social work perspective we seized the opportunity to reconsider her work. Revisiting the text after a 30-year-plus hiatus sparked a series of reflective conversations about how we wrestle with teaching biculturalism and our efficacy in preparing students for bicultural practice realities. This article draws upon our co-constructed narratives about what it means to be a social work educator in a bicultural practice landscape. Social work students graduate into an exceedingly complex practice environment fraught with tension about how to resolve inequities across the micro-to-macro continuum. The focus of this article is how Donna Awatere’s work is reflected in the tensions and responsibilities experienced when socialising students into the bicultural mission of social work practice in Aotearoa (New Zealand).

text: Wrestling with Biculturalism in Social Work Education When approached to write a piece on Donna Awatere’s (1984) book Māori Sovereignty from a social work perspective we seized the opportunity to reconsider her work. Revisiting the text after a 30-year-plus hiatus sparked a series of reflective conversations about how we wrestle with teaching biculturalism and our efficacy in preparing students for bicultural practice realities. This article draws upon our co-constructed narratives about what it means to be a social work educator in a bicultural practice landscape. Social work students graduate into an exceedingly complex practice environment fraught with tension about how to resolve inequities across the micro-to-macro continuum. The focus of this article is how Donna Awatere’s work is reflected in the tensions and responsibilities experienced when socialising students into the bicultural mission of social work practice in Aotearoa (New Zealand).

year: 2023-07-27