title: Not empty vessels: New Zealand pre-service additional language teacher identity.

authors: Daly, Nicola

subjects: teacher identity

abstract: Researchers have identified the importance of understanding language teacher identity in order to understand more about language teacher education (Johnston, Pawan, & Mahan-Taylor, 2005; Varghese, Morgan, Johnston, & Johnson, 2005). The role of previous experience in shaping language teacher identity and beliefs and practices has been commented on by many writers (e.g., Crandall, 2000; Freeman & Johnson, 1998). This paper reports on themes from semi-structured interviews conducted individually with four pre-service teachers of additional languages in the first stage of a longitudinal study of an Additional Language Teacher Education (ALTE) paper in a New Zealand tertiary institution. Results show that prior experience was pivotal to their conceptions of language teacher identity both prior to and after completion of the ALTE paper. The potential role of the ALTE paper in creating a wider net for students' experiences which could be drawn upon and incorporated into their conception of language teacher identity is discussed.

text: Not empty vessels: New Zealand pre-service additional language teacher identity. Researchers have identified the importance of understanding language teacher identity in order to understand more about language teacher education (Johnston, Pawan, & Mahan-Taylor, 2005; Varghese, Morgan, Johnston, & Johnson, 2005). The role of previous experience in shaping language teacher identity and beliefs and practices has been commented on by many writers (e.g., Crandall, 2000; Freeman & Johnson, 1998). This paper reports on themes from semi-structured interviews conducted individually with four pre-service teachers of additional languages in the first stage of a longitudinal study of an Additional Language Teacher Education (ALTE) paper in a New Zealand tertiary institution. Results show that prior experience was pivotal to their conceptions of language teacher identity both prior to and after completion of the ALTE paper. The potential role of the ALTE paper in creating a wider net for students' experiences which could be drawn upon and incorporated into their conception of language teacher identity is discussed.

year: 2008

title: Geology of the northern Mamaku Plateau

authors: Morgan, Michael Denis

abstract: The geology of the northern Mamaku Plateau is dominated by the rhyolitic Mamaku and Waimakariri lgnimbrites, although exposures of the dacitic Waiteariki Ignimbrite are common in river gorges. 

The Mamaku lgnimbrite comprises 4 flow units (sheets 1 to 4). The base of sheet 2 (the bulk of the ignimbrite) is an uncompacted pyroclastic breccia to lapilli tuff grading into a moderate to strongly welded zone, often lenticulitic. The upper zone is incipiently welded, often light pinkish grey, with poor to moderate crystal contents. Fossil fumeroles are common in the upper middle of the flow, devitrification and vapour phase alteration is extensive. The upper zone of the Waimakariri Ignimbrite is usually light grey and incipiently welded. Towards the lower middle of the flow this grades down into a welded lenticulite, occasionally eutaxitic. The base is usually an incipiently welded pyroclastic breccia enriched in lithics. This ignimbrite has a poor to moderate crystal content, is composed of at least three flow units and often has an underlying Plinian airfall. Gas escape structures appear in distal outcrops.

The unwelded top of the Waiteariki Ignimbrite is often eroded. Usually only the middle of the flow, a densely welded lenticulitic with eutaxitic texture is present. The base of the flow is a moderately devitrified, incipiently welded, pyroclastic breccia to fine tuff. Evidence suggests the Waiteariki Ignimbrite comprises 2 cooling units both of which are crystal rich.

With increasing distance from source plagioclase crystal percentages, pumice size and pumice percentages decrease in the Mamaku Ignimbrite (sheet 2). For the Waimakariri Ignimbrite, there is a decrease in crystal lengths with distance from source (assumed to be the Taupo Volcanic Zone). There is an increase in crystal percentages from a medial to distal position, and a moderate increase in pumice percentages. This is explained by elutruation of vitric material from the Waimakariri as a co-ignimbrite air fall ash concentrating pumice and crystals.

No relationship exists between crystal length and vertical position in the Mamaku ignimbrite. Pumice percentages often increase towards the top of the flow, while pumice numbers increase towards the middle of the flow. Welding is at a minimum at the base, at a maximum in the lower middle of the outcrop, reducing towards the top of the flow. Phenocryst increase towards the base of sheet 2 is attributed to welding/compaction. No relation exists between crystal length and vertical position in the Waimakariri Ignimbrite; pumice percentages and size increase towards the base of the flow, while pumice numbers often increase towards the base and top of the flow. 

Horizontal sections over distances of 194 and 350 m for the Mamaku and Waimakariri Ignimbrites respectively, demonstrated that they are relatively homogeneous over short distances.

Both the Mamaku and Waimakariri Ignimbrites traveled as moderately fluidized laminar flows, but the surge deposits separating Mamaku flow units were turbulent as were parts of distal Waimakariri. The surges (probably foward jetting from the front of the flow) imply the Waimakariri flowed faster than the Mamaku Ignimbrite. A new flow unit is presented, perhaps more applicable to distal large ignimbrite eruptions, than the standard ignimbrite flow unit. Most field evidence indicated the Mamaku and Waimakariri Ignimbrites were emplaced en masse. The diversity of facies in both Mamaku and Waimakariri Ignimbrites implies a single large pyroclastic flow can operate under several flow regimes, dependent to some extent on local paleo-surface conditions.

text: Geology of the northern Mamaku Plateau The geology of the northern Mamaku Plateau is dominated by the rhyolitic Mamaku and Waimakariri lgnimbrites, although exposures of the dacitic Waiteariki Ignimbrite are common in river gorges. 

The Mamaku lgnimbrite comprises 4 flow units (sheets 1 to 4). The base of sheet 2 (the bulk of the ignimbrite) is an uncompacted pyroclastic breccia to lapilli tuff grading into a moderate to strongly welded zone, often lenticulitic. The upper zone is incipiently welded, often light pinkish grey, with poor to moderate crystal contents. Fossil fumeroles are common in the upper middle of the flow, devitrification and vapour phase alteration is extensive. The upper zone of the Waimakariri Ignimbrite is usually light grey and incipiently welded. Towards the lower middle of the flow this grades down into a welded lenticulite, occasionally eutaxitic. The base is usually an incipiently welded pyroclastic breccia enriched in lithics. This ignimbrite has a poor to moderate crystal content, is composed of at least three flow units and often has an underlying Plinian airfall. Gas escape structures appear in distal outcrops.

The unwelded top of the Waiteariki Ignimbrite is often eroded. Usually only the middle of the flow, a densely welded lenticulitic with eutaxitic texture is present. The base of the flow is a moderately devitrified, incipiently welded, pyroclastic breccia to fine tuff. Evidence suggests the Waiteariki Ignimbrite comprises 2 cooling units both of which are crystal rich.

With increasing distance from source plagioclase crystal percentages, pumice size and pumice percentages decrease in the Mamaku Ignimbrite (sheet 2). For the Waimakariri Ignimbrite, there is a decrease in crystal lengths with distance from source (assumed to be the Taupo Volcanic Zone). There is an increase in crystal percentages from a medial to distal position, and a moderate increase in pumice percentages. This is explained by elutruation of vitric material from the Waimakariri as a co-ignimbrite air fall ash concentrating pumice and crystals.

No relationship exists between crystal length and vertical position in the Mamaku ignimbrite. Pumice percentages often increase towards the top of the flow, while pumice numbers increase towards the middle of the flow. Welding is at a minimum at the base, at a maximum in the lower middle of the outcrop, reducing towards the top of the flow. Phenocryst increase towards the base of sheet 2 is attributed to welding/compaction. No relation exists between crystal length and vertical position in the Waimakariri Ignimbrite; pumice percentages and size increase towards the base of the flow, while pumice numbers often increase towards the base and top of the flow. 

Horizontal sections over distances of 194 and 350 m for the Mamaku and Waimakariri Ignimbrites respectively, demonstrated that they are relatively homogeneous over short distances.

Both the Mamaku and Waimakariri Ignimbrites traveled as moderately fluidized laminar flows, but the surge deposits separating Mamaku flow units were turbulent as were parts of distal Waimakariri. The surges (probably foward jetting from the front of the flow) imply the Waimakariri flowed faster than the Mamaku Ignimbrite. A new flow unit is presented, perhaps more applicable to distal large ignimbrite eruptions, than the standard ignimbrite flow unit. Most field evidence indicated the Mamaku and Waimakariri Ignimbrites were emplaced en masse. The diversity of facies in both Mamaku and Waimakariri Ignimbrites implies a single large pyroclastic flow can operate under several flow regimes, dependent to some extent on local paleo-surface conditions.

year: 1986

title: Mātauranga Māori to inform understanding of population dynamics and health of pipi in Waihī Estuary, Bay of Plenty.

authors: Kettle, Tyla

abstract: Estuaries are among the most productive ecosystems on earth. They hold significant value to Māori as they connect the whenua (land), awa (river) and moana (ocean), and are an important source of kaimoana (seafood) including shellfish. However, due to increased anthropogenic pressures, many estuaries are degraded, affecting taonga (Māori treasure) species such as pipi (Paphies australis). My thesis uses kaupapa Māori methodology and is co-developed with Ngāti Whakahemo, tangata whenua (people of the land) of Waihī Estuary. This project fundamentally draws upon mātauranga Māori (traditional Māori knowledge), combined with western science to map the historic and current distribution, abundance and health of pipi in Waihī Estuary; as well as explore the perceptions of threats to pipi and estuary ecology from tangata whenua and the regional authority. 
Participatory mapping was used via kōrero/interviews with kaumātua to identify sites of significance for pipi, which were then sampled in November 2020. Mātauranga ā iwi from Ngāti Whakahemo informed the sampling locations. Previous pipi sampling methodology and protocols undertaken by the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) were used to facilitate temporal comparisons of pipi distribution and abundance. Environmental factors including sediment grain size, organic content, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were also measured to help understand what drives the population dynamics of pipi. Perceptions of tangata whenua and staff members of the Bay of Plenty Regional Council (BOPRC) were also explored following methods similar to Klain et al. (2018) and implementing a dread risk tool via participatory mapping.
Results show that culturally significant sites identified by kaumātua support high pipi abundances of large size (40mm+), with low abundances of pipi in the upper reaches of the estuary. The inclusion of sites identified by MPI allowed for more comprehensive survey on pipi population dynamics by utilising a stratified survey design. Pipi size and abundance was significantly correlated with environmental factors with high pipi densities associated with medium grain size fractions and low levels of TN, TP and organic content. Over harvesting was perceived by kaumātua and BOPRC staff members as the dominant threat to pipi abundance and Waihī Estuary. Nutrients related to sewage inputs and runoff were rated as the second highest perceived threat and diseased shellfish ranked third by kaumātua and BOPRC staff members. 
This study demonstrates that the sharing of mātauranga ā iwi can fundamentally inform western science methods and can be used as an approach to research in the marine science realm. The research space was shared by researchers and kaumātua, was honourable of the mātauranga, iwi voices were heard and a co-developed field survey plan/research plan was produced. Iwi concerns were made a priority throughout, and incorporated into the monitoring, mapping and management frameworks. Thus, I had a Māori-centred agenda which is important as Ngāti Whakahemo are looking to utilise the results from my research to inform their iwi environmental management plan. This approach will help to strengthen current marine management practices and in turn Aotearoa New Zealand’s ecosystems due to iwi environmental management plans being informed by such results.

text: Mātauranga Māori to inform understanding of population dynamics and health of pipi in Waihī Estuary, Bay of Plenty. Estuaries are among the most productive ecosystems on earth. They hold significant value to Māori as they connect the whenua (land), awa (river) and moana (ocean), and are an important source of kaimoana (seafood) including shellfish. However, due to increased anthropogenic pressures, many estuaries are degraded, affecting taonga (Māori treasure) species such as pipi (Paphies australis). My thesis uses kaupapa Māori methodology and is co-developed with Ngāti Whakahemo, tangata whenua (people of the land) of Waihī Estuary. This project fundamentally draws upon mātauranga Māori (traditional Māori knowledge), combined with western science to map the historic and current distribution, abundance and health of pipi in Waihī Estuary; as well as explore the perceptions of threats to pipi and estuary ecology from tangata whenua and the regional authority. 
Participatory mapping was used via kōrero/interviews with kaumātua to identify sites of significance for pipi, which were then sampled in November 2020. Mātauranga ā iwi from Ngāti Whakahemo informed the sampling locations. Previous pipi sampling methodology and protocols undertaken by the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) were used to facilitate temporal comparisons of pipi distribution and abundance. Environmental factors including sediment grain size, organic content, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were also measured to help understand what drives the population dynamics of pipi. Perceptions of tangata whenua and staff members of the Bay of Plenty Regional Council (BOPRC) were also explored following methods similar to Klain et al. (2018) and implementing a dread risk tool via participatory mapping.
Results show that culturally significant sites identified by kaumātua support high pipi abundances of large size (40mm+), with low abundances of pipi in the upper reaches of the estuary. The inclusion of sites identified by MPI allowed for more comprehensive survey on pipi population dynamics by utilising a stratified survey design. Pipi size and abundance was significantly correlated with environmental factors with high pipi densities associated with medium grain size fractions and low levels of TN, TP and organic content. Over harvesting was perceived by kaumātua and BOPRC staff members as the dominant threat to pipi abundance and Waihī Estuary. Nutrients related to sewage inputs and runoff were rated as the second highest perceived threat and diseased shellfish ranked third by kaumātua and BOPRC staff members. 
This study demonstrates that the sharing of mātauranga ā iwi can fundamentally inform western science methods and can be used as an approach to research in the marine science realm. The research space was shared by researchers and kaumātua, was honourable of the mātauranga, iwi voices were heard and a co-developed field survey plan/research plan was produced. Iwi concerns were made a priority throughout, and incorporated into the monitoring, mapping and management frameworks. Thus, I had a Māori-centred agenda which is important as Ngāti Whakahemo are looking to utilise the results from my research to inform their iwi environmental management plan. This approach will help to strengthen current marine management practices and in turn Aotearoa New Zealand’s ecosystems due to iwi environmental management plans being informed by such results.

year: 2021