title: Sequence stratigraphic, paleoenvironmental, and chronological analysis of the late neogene Wanganui River section, Wanganui basin

authors: Hayton, Shaun

abstract: Between Taranaki Basin and the central ranges of the North Island, New Zealand, lies the broadly elliptical, back-arc Wanganui Basin, half of which is onshore. This basin covers an area of about 22,000 km², and contains a Plio-Pleistocene sedimentary succession some 4 km thick. Ongoing south- to southeast-ward migration of the basin depocentre and thermally driven uplift to the north have resulted in the development of broad east-west trending stratal belts that young and dip to the south. The Wanganui River intersects these stratal belts and offers the potential to examine the entire late Miocene to late Pliocene succession in the western half of Wanganui Basin.

For the first time the Wanganui River section has been divided into five predominantly planktic foraminiferal biozones (Globorotalia conomiozea zone, G. punticulata zone, G. inflata zone, combined dextral G. crassaformis and Cibicides molestus zone, and dextral G. crassaformis zone), that are linked to the New Zealand stage classification system. The absolute ages implied by these biostratigraphic datums, combined with a magnetostratigraphy being developed for the section, form an age framework for the sedimentary succession exposed in the Wanganui River valley between Tieke and Parakino. The apparently diachronous nature of the datums traditionally tied to the Mangapanian-Waipipian Stage boundary are highlighted.

The lithostratigraphy of the approximately 3600 m thick sedimentary succession between Tieke and Parakino has been analysed and recorded. Three lithotypes (sandstone, siltstone, shellbed) have been identified, with each containing a number of lithofacies. These lithofacies represent a variety of paleoenvironments from nearshore (0-25 m) to slope type (200-600 m) depths, as determined by analysis of the benthic foraminiferal content and sedimentary structures. This study has resulted in the identification of key unit boundaries and has to some degree simplified the nomenclature assigned to this succession, with five discrete units being recognised.

The Matemateaonga Formation is an at least 1570 m-thick late Miocene (lower Kapitean) to Pliocene (mid Opoitian) succession with 31 discrete cyclothems being identified in the section studied. Each cyclothem displays a coarsening upward trend, with most being related to high-order (6ᵗʰ) glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations. Some differences are noted between these cyclothems and those modelled by Naish and Kamp (1997), notably the character of the basal boundary and the architecture of the transgressive systems tract.

The Pliocene (mid Opoitian and Waipipian) aged Tangahoe Formation in the Wanganui River valley is predominantly a deep-water (200-600 m) siltstone, within which occur three distinct sandstone-dominated units (Jerusalem, Matahiwi and Koroniti Sandstone Members). The depocentre, in which this unit was deposited, formed in a shallow continental seaway resulting in a foraminiferal signal that was both deep-water and neritic. The sandstone members are composed of multiple mass-emplaced sandstones interbedded with typical Tangahoe Formation siltstone and are interpreted as being slope and basin floor (in terms of the depocentre, rather than a typical continental margin) fan deposits derived from quasi-steady state grain flows.

The Ahurangi Sandstone overlies the siltstone-dominated Tangahoe Formation, with the basal transition occurring over 15 m. The Ahurangi Sandstone is initially massive but becomes bedded in its upper half. This unit is interpreted as reflecting the rapid infilling of the deep-water basin responsible for the development of the Tangahoe Formation. 

The Waipipian and Mangapanian aged cyclothemic Atene Formation overlies the Ahurangi Sandstone and records the return of high-order glacio-eustatic fluctuations as the dominant control on relative sea-level, and thus sedimentation, within a shelf environment. 

The Mangaweka Mudstone is the uppermost unit within this study. The sedimentary succession as observed in the Wanganui River section is interpreted as being deposited in a “giant foreset” type of environment. Using foraminiferal data, the basal boundary of the Mangaweka Mudstone appears time transgressive across the Wanganui Basin.
 
The development of the Wanganui River valley succession between Tieke and Parakino can be subdivided into a series of six phases within an overall subsiding basin. The four complete phases (Ngaporo, Puraroto Caves, Pipiriki and Ranana) show a period of major deepening followed by shallowing before re-establishment of high-order glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations as the primary control on relative sea-level. These deepening events have been interpreted as representing stages of tectonically controlled depocentre development. The variability (lithological, architecture and size) in the phases is related to the proximity of the Wanganui River section to the loci of depocentre development. The Ranana phase is regarded as being centrally located, while the Ngaporo and Puraroto Caves phases represent more distal locations relative to their contemporary depocentre(s).

text: Sequence stratigraphic, paleoenvironmental, and chronological analysis of the late neogene Wanganui River section, Wanganui basin Between Taranaki Basin and the central ranges of the North Island, New Zealand, lies the broadly elliptical, back-arc Wanganui Basin, half of which is onshore. This basin covers an area of about 22,000 km², and contains a Plio-Pleistocene sedimentary succession some 4 km thick. Ongoing south- to southeast-ward migration of the basin depocentre and thermally driven uplift to the north have resulted in the development of broad east-west trending stratal belts that young and dip to the south. The Wanganui River intersects these stratal belts and offers the potential to examine the entire late Miocene to late Pliocene succession in the western half of Wanganui Basin.

For the first time the Wanganui River section has been divided into five predominantly planktic foraminiferal biozones (Globorotalia conomiozea zone, G. punticulata zone, G. inflata zone, combined dextral G. crassaformis and Cibicides molestus zone, and dextral G. crassaformis zone), that are linked to the New Zealand stage classification system. The absolute ages implied by these biostratigraphic datums, combined with a magnetostratigraphy being developed for the section, form an age framework for the sedimentary succession exposed in the Wanganui River valley between Tieke and Parakino. The apparently diachronous nature of the datums traditionally tied to the Mangapanian-Waipipian Stage boundary are highlighted.

The lithostratigraphy of the approximately 3600 m thick sedimentary succession between Tieke and Parakino has been analysed and recorded. Three lithotypes (sandstone, siltstone, shellbed) have been identified, with each containing a number of lithofacies. These lithofacies represent a variety of paleoenvironments from nearshore (0-25 m) to slope type (200-600 m) depths, as determined by analysis of the benthic foraminiferal content and sedimentary structures. This study has resulted in the identification of key unit boundaries and has to some degree simplified the nomenclature assigned to this succession, with five discrete units being recognised.

The Matemateaonga Formation is an at least 1570 m-thick late Miocene (lower Kapitean) to Pliocene (mid Opoitian) succession with 31 discrete cyclothems being identified in the section studied. Each cyclothem displays a coarsening upward trend, with most being related to high-order (6ᵗʰ) glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations. Some differences are noted between these cyclothems and those modelled by Naish and Kamp (1997), notably the character of the basal boundary and the architecture of the transgressive systems tract.

The Pliocene (mid Opoitian and Waipipian) aged Tangahoe Formation in the Wanganui River valley is predominantly a deep-water (200-600 m) siltstone, within which occur three distinct sandstone-dominated units (Jerusalem, Matahiwi and Koroniti Sandstone Members). The depocentre, in which this unit was deposited, formed in a shallow continental seaway resulting in a foraminiferal signal that was both deep-water and neritic. The sandstone members are composed of multiple mass-emplaced sandstones interbedded with typical Tangahoe Formation siltstone and are interpreted as being slope and basin floor (in terms of the depocentre, rather than a typical continental margin) fan deposits derived from quasi-steady state grain flows.

The Ahurangi Sandstone overlies the siltstone-dominated Tangahoe Formation, with the basal transition occurring over 15 m. The Ahurangi Sandstone is initially massive but becomes bedded in its upper half. This unit is interpreted as reflecting the rapid infilling of the deep-water basin responsible for the development of the Tangahoe Formation. 

The Waipipian and Mangapanian aged cyclothemic Atene Formation overlies the Ahurangi Sandstone and records the return of high-order glacio-eustatic fluctuations as the dominant control on relative sea-level, and thus sedimentation, within a shelf environment. 

The Mangaweka Mudstone is the uppermost unit within this study. The sedimentary succession as observed in the Wanganui River section is interpreted as being deposited in a “giant foreset” type of environment. Using foraminiferal data, the basal boundary of the Mangaweka Mudstone appears time transgressive across the Wanganui Basin.
 
The development of the Wanganui River valley succession between Tieke and Parakino can be subdivided into a series of six phases within an overall subsiding basin. The four complete phases (Ngaporo, Puraroto Caves, Pipiriki and Ranana) show a period of major deepening followed by shallowing before re-establishment of high-order glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations as the primary control on relative sea-level. These deepening events have been interpreted as representing stages of tectonically controlled depocentre development. The variability (lithological, architecture and size) in the phases is related to the proximity of the Wanganui River section to the loci of depocentre development. The Ranana phase is regarded as being centrally located, while the Ngaporo and Puraroto Caves phases represent more distal locations relative to their contemporary depocentre(s).

year: 1998

title: Mementos of place: Souvenir purchases at the Bridgetown cruise terminal in Barbados

authors: Cave, Jennifer Barbara Jane

subjects: Atmospherics

abstract: As cultural artifacts, souvenirs can serve as mementos of place for the purchasers. Shopping for a souvenir is a cruise tourism activity, both on board and during port calls. Tourists like to take home a reminder of their trip and portray different shopping behaviors when they are away from home. In addition to shopping for a memento of the trip tourists also purchase gifts for family and friends, influenced by the nature and availability of goods and how they are presented. This article contributes a new perspective on tourist shopping by examining purchase intentions, the role of retail atmospherics in the purchase decision, and purchases made by cruise visitors at the shopping precinct in the Bridgetown Cruise Terminal in Barbados. A survey of 178 cruise visitors found that gender influences the souvenir purchase decision and that cruise tourists buy souvenirs based both on the nature of the item in terms of authenticity, size, weight, and quality and as a memento of place. Further, it was found that high-quality window displays and location are key factors in the decision to enter retail premises. The souvenir memento may be purchased by a visitor for himself or herself or a family or friend, fulfilling a personal need to mark the visit and remember the destination. This article offers recommendations to the industry about design and layout, also adding new information on the importance of gender in purchase decisions

text: Mementos of place: Souvenir purchases at the Bridgetown cruise terminal in Barbados As cultural artifacts, souvenirs can serve as mementos of place for the purchasers. Shopping for a souvenir is a cruise tourism activity, both on board and during port calls. Tourists like to take home a reminder of their trip and portray different shopping behaviors when they are away from home. In addition to shopping for a memento of the trip tourists also purchase gifts for family and friends, influenced by the nature and availability of goods and how they are presented. This article contributes a new perspective on tourist shopping by examining purchase intentions, the role of retail atmospherics in the purchase decision, and purchases made by cruise visitors at the shopping precinct in the Bridgetown Cruise Terminal in Barbados. A survey of 178 cruise visitors found that gender influences the souvenir purchase decision and that cruise tourists buy souvenirs based both on the nature of the item in terms of authenticity, size, weight, and quality and as a memento of place. Further, it was found that high-quality window displays and location are key factors in the decision to enter retail premises. The souvenir memento may be purchased by a visitor for himself or herself or a family or friend, fulfilling a personal need to mark the visit and remember the destination. This article offers recommendations to the industry about design and layout, also adding new information on the importance of gender in purchase decisions

year: 2012

title: Repositioning within indigenous discourses of transformation and self-determination

authors: Berryman, Mere

subjects: research-whanau

abstract: This thesis reflectively and critically examines a series of research case studies initiated by a research-whānau. It explores the thinking, experiences and reflections of this research-whānau, as they worked to enhance the educational achievement of Māori students. Authorship of the thesis was undertaken by me (Mere Berryman). However, the methodology involved a collaborative, retrospective and critical reflection of research-whānau experiences and thinking, in the light of the research findings and experiences since the inception of this research-whānau in 1991. In the course of this work, the research-whānau have been able to explore what it has meant to put the principles of kaupapa Māori research into practice while working within a mainstream organisation (Specialist Education Services then the Ministry of Education). Our research work has involved repositioning ourselves from dependence on Western research methodologies to a better understanding and application of kaupapa Māori conceptualisations of research. 
The thesis begins by identifying mainstream and kaupapa Māori events that have historically and still continue to impact upon Māori students' educational experiences. These events provide the wider context for the work of this research-whānau at the interface of Te Ao Māori and Te Ao Pākehā, and for the 11 case studies that exemplify changes in our thinking and research practice over a period of 15 years. The thesis employs an indigenous (and specifically Māori) worldview as the framework for description, critical reflection, and theorising around these case studies. Common themes are collaboratively co-constructed then each theme is explained in relation to relevant Māori theory.
The thesis concludes with the shifts in theorising and practice made by the research-whānau during the course of our work as we sought to contribute in ways that were more transformative and self-determining. We argue that these shifts in theorising and practice are also required of others if we are to change the status quo and contribute constructively to improving Māori students' potential.

text: Repositioning within indigenous discourses of transformation and self-determination This thesis reflectively and critically examines a series of research case studies initiated by a research-whānau. It explores the thinking, experiences and reflections of this research-whānau, as they worked to enhance the educational achievement of Māori students. Authorship of the thesis was undertaken by me (Mere Berryman). However, the methodology involved a collaborative, retrospective and critical reflection of research-whānau experiences and thinking, in the light of the research findings and experiences since the inception of this research-whānau in 1991. In the course of this work, the research-whānau have been able to explore what it has meant to put the principles of kaupapa Māori research into practice while working within a mainstream organisation (Specialist Education Services then the Ministry of Education). Our research work has involved repositioning ourselves from dependence on Western research methodologies to a better understanding and application of kaupapa Māori conceptualisations of research. 
The thesis begins by identifying mainstream and kaupapa Māori events that have historically and still continue to impact upon Māori students' educational experiences. These events provide the wider context for the work of this research-whānau at the interface of Te Ao Māori and Te Ao Pākehā, and for the 11 case studies that exemplify changes in our thinking and research practice over a period of 15 years. The thesis employs an indigenous (and specifically Māori) worldview as the framework for description, critical reflection, and theorising around these case studies. Common themes are collaboratively co-constructed then each theme is explained in relation to relevant Māori theory.
The thesis concludes with the shifts in theorising and practice made by the research-whānau during the course of our work as we sought to contribute in ways that were more transformative and self-determining. We argue that these shifts in theorising and practice are also required of others if we are to change the status quo and contribute constructively to improving Māori students' potential.

year: 2008