title: Multiclass alternating decision trees

authors: Holmes, Geoffrey

subjects: computer science

abstract: The alternating decision tree (ADTree) is a successful classification technique that combines decision trees with the predictive accuracy of boosting into a set of interpretable classification rules. The original formulation of the tree induction algorithm restricted attention to binary classification problems. This paper empirically evaluates several wrapper methods for extending the algorithm to the multiclass case by splitting the problem into several two-class problems. Seeking a more natural solution we then adapt the multiclass LogitBoost and AdaBoost.MH procedures to induce alternating decision trees directly. Experimental results confirm that these procedures are comparable with wrapper methods that are based on the original ADTree formulation in accuracy, while inducing much smaller trees.

text: Multiclass alternating decision trees The alternating decision tree (ADTree) is a successful classification technique that combines decision trees with the predictive accuracy of boosting into a set of interpretable classification rules. The original formulation of the tree induction algorithm restricted attention to binary classification problems. This paper empirically evaluates several wrapper methods for extending the algorithm to the multiclass case by splitting the problem into several two-class problems. Seeking a more natural solution we then adapt the multiclass LogitBoost and AdaBoost.MH procedures to induce alternating decision trees directly. Experimental results confirm that these procedures are comparable with wrapper methods that are based on the original ADTree formulation in accuracy, while inducing much smaller trees.

year: 2002

title: The critical role of technical and social principles and values in encryption regulation

authors: Dizon, Michael

abstract: Encryption is a complex and enigmatic technology that poses significant challenges to regulators. While encryption is crucial to preserving the security and privacy of information and communications, it can also be used for illegal purposes and means and impede criminal investigations. Governments around the world have been proposing various ways to regulate this technology since the widespread presence and use of computers and the internet in the 1990s. Legislators have unsurprisingly taken a very law-centred approach to regulating encryption. They assume that the enactment of laws can definitively solve the problems brought about by new or disruptive technologies such as encryption. This regulatory mindset is encapsulated in a statement made by former Austrian Prime Minister Turnbull about how law trumps the underlying mathematics of encryption. He said, “The laws of Australia prevail in Australia, I can assure you of that. The laws of mathematics are very commendable, but the only law that applies in Australia is the law of Australia”. The issue with this exceedingly narrow and one-sided view of the relationship between law and technology is that it neglects to take into account important non-legal factors and considerations that are necessary in order to properly deal with encryption or any technology for that matter. Focusing solely on the laws and legal aspects of encryption without sufficient recognition of its technical and social contexts and conditions can result in the adoption of laws that are either ineffectual or unacceptable to the relevant stakeholders or society as a whole. This presentation will discuss the attendant technical and social principles and values of encryption that must be considered when seeking to develop appropriate laws and policies. Through the examination of the often overlooked technical and social dimensions of encryption, this presentation can provide key insights into how to better regulate encryption and technology more generally.

text: The critical role of technical and social principles and values in encryption regulation Encryption is a complex and enigmatic technology that poses significant challenges to regulators. While encryption is crucial to preserving the security and privacy of information and communications, it can also be used for illegal purposes and means and impede criminal investigations. Governments around the world have been proposing various ways to regulate this technology since the widespread presence and use of computers and the internet in the 1990s. Legislators have unsurprisingly taken a very law-centred approach to regulating encryption. They assume that the enactment of laws can definitively solve the problems brought about by new or disruptive technologies such as encryption. This regulatory mindset is encapsulated in a statement made by former Austrian Prime Minister Turnbull about how law trumps the underlying mathematics of encryption. He said, “The laws of Australia prevail in Australia, I can assure you of that. The laws of mathematics are very commendable, but the only law that applies in Australia is the law of Australia”. The issue with this exceedingly narrow and one-sided view of the relationship between law and technology is that it neglects to take into account important non-legal factors and considerations that are necessary in order to properly deal with encryption or any technology for that matter. Focusing solely on the laws and legal aspects of encryption without sufficient recognition of its technical and social contexts and conditions can result in the adoption of laws that are either ineffectual or unacceptable to the relevant stakeholders or society as a whole. This presentation will discuss the attendant technical and social principles and values of encryption that must be considered when seeking to develop appropriate laws and policies. Through the examination of the often overlooked technical and social dimensions of encryption, this presentation can provide key insights into how to better regulate encryption and technology more generally.

year: 2021-07-21

title: Mana whenua, mana tangata: Raukawa ake, Raukawa iho

authors: Peni, Tamati

subjects: Raukawa

abstract: Mā te whakapapa, ngā tohu whenua, ngā pae whenua, ngā mātākōrero, ngā kōrero tuku iho, ka whakatere te takenga mai o ngā ariā me ngā mātāpono o Raukawa.  Ina te matapakinga, ka tīkaro hoki i ngā āhuatanga o tuawhakarere me ngā āhuatanga o te ao hurihuri kia tūhono i ngā matapakinga he aha rānei te Raukawatanga me te pātai he aha hoki ōna pānga ki te ao whai muri ake i te taunaha i ngā take Tiriti.  Nā te whānui rawa me te kaha tīni haere o te taiwhanga nei, ka whakawhāiti te rangahau ki ngā whakamautanga o Raukawa ki ngā pae whenua tawhito, ā, ka whītikihia te aronga ki nāianei, ki te ao hurihuri.

I seek to explore the ideological grounding of Raukawa through whakapapa, land marks, boundaries, oral history, and tradition.  Through this, a simultaneous extraction of traditional and contemporary themes are used to bridge new and old ways of being and what impact this has on being Raukawa in a post-settlement setting.  Because of the vastness and changing nature of this environment, I narrow my focus to how Raukawa maintained traditional boundaries and draw on its relevance to modern Raukawa development today.

text: Mana whenua, mana tangata: Raukawa ake, Raukawa iho Mā te whakapapa, ngā tohu whenua, ngā pae whenua, ngā mātākōrero, ngā kōrero tuku iho, ka whakatere te takenga mai o ngā ariā me ngā mātāpono o Raukawa.  Ina te matapakinga, ka tīkaro hoki i ngā āhuatanga o tuawhakarere me ngā āhuatanga o te ao hurihuri kia tūhono i ngā matapakinga he aha rānei te Raukawatanga me te pātai he aha hoki ōna pānga ki te ao whai muri ake i te taunaha i ngā take Tiriti.  Nā te whānui rawa me te kaha tīni haere o te taiwhanga nei, ka whakawhāiti te rangahau ki ngā whakamautanga o Raukawa ki ngā pae whenua tawhito, ā, ka whītikihia te aronga ki nāianei, ki te ao hurihuri.

I seek to explore the ideological grounding of Raukawa through whakapapa, land marks, boundaries, oral history, and tradition.  Through this, a simultaneous extraction of traditional and contemporary themes are used to bridge new and old ways of being and what impact this has on being Raukawa in a post-settlement setting.  Because of the vastness and changing nature of this environment, I narrow my focus to how Raukawa maintained traditional boundaries and draw on its relevance to modern Raukawa development today.

year: 2013