title: The application of equilibrium beach profile theory to coastal hazard identification in the Bay of Plenty

authors: Pickett, Vernon

abstract: The Bay of Plenty (BoP) is situated on the north-eastern coast of New Zealand. It is low wave energy sand rich environment that is susceptible to the effects of intense mid latitude depressions and ex tropical cyclones. These can produce strong winds and onshore directed swells that are frequently associated with episodes of significant beach erosion. Such conditions are often exacerbated during the La Nina phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). 

The beaches in the BoP monitoring data set (48 sites) have been classified in this research using Dean's parameter to determine beach states according to the classification system of Wright and Short. Principally the beaches can be described from this analysis as Intermediate beaches with occasional Dissipative beach types, for example those located in the lee of headlands as at West End Ohope, and Reflective beach types, as for example those on the steeper opencoast beaches at Otamarakau. 

Intermediate beaches consist modally of Longshore Bar and Trough morphologies (LBT) with strong representations from the other more dynamic and responsive intermediate beach types including the Low Tide Terrace (LTT), Transverse Bar and Rip (TBR) and Rhythmic Bar and Beach (RBB). The analysis confirmed that considerable beach state variability (involving up to +56 to - 60 m³m⁻¹) can be expected from these beach types over relatively short time frames of days to months. The indications are that the Dean beach equilibrium model (1977) fitted the more dynamic intermediate beaches better than beaches located at the extremes of the Wright and Short (1983) spectrum.

The equilibrium beach profile (EBP) models and their derivations have been described prior to applying the Dean (1977) and Dean et al. (1993) two dimensional parametric models to the 48 profiles in the BoP dataset. The purpose of this assessment was to determine the equilibrium beach status of profiles for potential use in defining coastal hazard zones in the BoP. Both models require the definition of boundary conditions, the onshore limit being defined by mean sea level, while the offshore limit was defined by closure depth. This was determined from review of the geomorphic evidence, repeat profile analysis and calculation using wave data and the Hallermeier formulae (19878, 1981a).

The two EBP models were fitted by least squares regression (LSR) analysis to all beach profiles in the BoP dataset. In carrying this out both scale and shape factors were allowed freedom to vary so as to minimise the residual errors in the assessments. The results from this allowed statistical analyses to be carried out on both parameters to determine their most probable values. This confirmed the appropriateness of Dean's (1977) value of ⅔ for the shape factor (or exponent) based on linear wave theory and uniform wave energy dissipation per unit volume. 

The LSR analysis was repeated holding the shape factor at ⅔ while allowing the scale factor (A) to change. The results from this analysis were then compared to the mean sediment data obtained from the profile monitoring database. This confirmed Dean's relationship between sediment fall velocity (grain diameter) and the regression derived scale factor values based on a log-log transformation.

Dean's 1977 and 1991 equilibrium profile models were then applied to the BoP profile dataset to determine each profile's equilibrium status representing the beach's potential to either erode or accrete. This potentially forms the first element of inputs to any coastal hazard zone determination because it affects spatially the location of mean sea level as a baseline from which to measure erosion limits. This analysis was carried out using three different closure depths and the two models with or without piecewise variation of the scale factor. The best overall fit using LSR analysis confirmed the appropriateness of the Dean (1977) model with profile averaged scale factor derived from the related sediment sampling. 

As part of this work the Wang and Davis three sector profile model was also examined and applied to the BoP dataset. This model potentially better describes the nearshore 2-dimensional beach morphology because it incorporates the offshore bar so typical of Intermediate beaches in the BoP. However when scale and shape factors were held according to the data obtained from the earlier LSR analysis, the model fails to replicate the success achieved by its authors using Florida data. 

Sea Level Rise (SLR) forms a second component of any coastal hazard analysis. The derivation of the Bruun Rule was examined from a variety of theoretical perspectives and was confirmed using equilibrium beach profile theory. As a consequence the Bruun Rule was applied within an equilibrium model using a MATLAB routine to predict likely profile shifts for the 'business as usual' climate change scenario of the IPPCC. Large Scale Coastal Behaviour (LSCB) theory (Cowell et al., 2003; Stive, 2004) was then applied to four different locations to ascertain the potential counter effects of sedimentation utilising coastal sediment budgets and progradation rates.

Storm erosion presents a third coastal hazard component predictable using EBP theory. The model chosen for this was EDUNE (Kriebel, 1989), a two dimensional parametric model based around the concepts described in Kriebel and Dean (1985) and Kriebel (1989). A design storm was developed from regional climate and weather information and applied to all profiles in the dataset to determine erosion limits. This was then applied cumulatively with the other two erosion drivers (profile disequilibrium and SLR) as shown to predict a suitable coastal setback line (or coastal hazard zone) from mean sea level as a protection measure for development occurring along this sandy coastline.

text: The application of equilibrium beach profile theory to coastal hazard identification in the Bay of Plenty The Bay of Plenty (BoP) is situated on the north-eastern coast of New Zealand. It is low wave energy sand rich environment that is susceptible to the effects of intense mid latitude depressions and ex tropical cyclones. These can produce strong winds and onshore directed swells that are frequently associated with episodes of significant beach erosion. Such conditions are often exacerbated during the La Nina phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). 

The beaches in the BoP monitoring data set (48 sites) have been classified in this research using Dean's parameter to determine beach states according to the classification system of Wright and Short. Principally the beaches can be described from this analysis as Intermediate beaches with occasional Dissipative beach types, for example those located in the lee of headlands as at West End Ohope, and Reflective beach types, as for example those on the steeper opencoast beaches at Otamarakau. 

Intermediate beaches consist modally of Longshore Bar and Trough morphologies (LBT) with strong representations from the other more dynamic and responsive intermediate beach types including the Low Tide Terrace (LTT), Transverse Bar and Rip (TBR) and Rhythmic Bar and Beach (RBB). The analysis confirmed that considerable beach state variability (involving up to +56 to - 60 m³m⁻¹) can be expected from these beach types over relatively short time frames of days to months. The indications are that the Dean beach equilibrium model (1977) fitted the more dynamic intermediate beaches better than beaches located at the extremes of the Wright and Short (1983) spectrum.

The equilibrium beach profile (EBP) models and their derivations have been described prior to applying the Dean (1977) and Dean et al. (1993) two dimensional parametric models to the 48 profiles in the BoP dataset. The purpose of this assessment was to determine the equilibrium beach status of profiles for potential use in defining coastal hazard zones in the BoP. Both models require the definition of boundary conditions, the onshore limit being defined by mean sea level, while the offshore limit was defined by closure depth. This was determined from review of the geomorphic evidence, repeat profile analysis and calculation using wave data and the Hallermeier formulae (19878, 1981a).

The two EBP models were fitted by least squares regression (LSR) analysis to all beach profiles in the BoP dataset. In carrying this out both scale and shape factors were allowed freedom to vary so as to minimise the residual errors in the assessments. The results from this allowed statistical analyses to be carried out on both parameters to determine their most probable values. This confirmed the appropriateness of Dean's (1977) value of ⅔ for the shape factor (or exponent) based on linear wave theory and uniform wave energy dissipation per unit volume. 

The LSR analysis was repeated holding the shape factor at ⅔ while allowing the scale factor (A) to change. The results from this analysis were then compared to the mean sediment data obtained from the profile monitoring database. This confirmed Dean's relationship between sediment fall velocity (grain diameter) and the regression derived scale factor values based on a log-log transformation.

Dean's 1977 and 1991 equilibrium profile models were then applied to the BoP profile dataset to determine each profile's equilibrium status representing the beach's potential to either erode or accrete. This potentially forms the first element of inputs to any coastal hazard zone determination because it affects spatially the location of mean sea level as a baseline from which to measure erosion limits. This analysis was carried out using three different closure depths and the two models with or without piecewise variation of the scale factor. The best overall fit using LSR analysis confirmed the appropriateness of the Dean (1977) model with profile averaged scale factor derived from the related sediment sampling. 

As part of this work the Wang and Davis three sector profile model was also examined and applied to the BoP dataset. This model potentially better describes the nearshore 2-dimensional beach morphology because it incorporates the offshore bar so typical of Intermediate beaches in the BoP. However when scale and shape factors were held according to the data obtained from the earlier LSR analysis, the model fails to replicate the success achieved by its authors using Florida data. 

Sea Level Rise (SLR) forms a second component of any coastal hazard analysis. The derivation of the Bruun Rule was examined from a variety of theoretical perspectives and was confirmed using equilibrium beach profile theory. As a consequence the Bruun Rule was applied within an equilibrium model using a MATLAB routine to predict likely profile shifts for the 'business as usual' climate change scenario of the IPPCC. Large Scale Coastal Behaviour (LSCB) theory (Cowell et al., 2003; Stive, 2004) was then applied to four different locations to ascertain the potential counter effects of sedimentation utilising coastal sediment budgets and progradation rates.

Storm erosion presents a third coastal hazard component predictable using EBP theory. The model chosen for this was EDUNE (Kriebel, 1989), a two dimensional parametric model based around the concepts described in Kriebel and Dean (1985) and Kriebel (1989). A design storm was developed from regional climate and weather information and applied to all profiles in the dataset to determine erosion limits. This was then applied cumulatively with the other two erosion drivers (profile disequilibrium and SLR) as shown to predict a suitable coastal setback line (or coastal hazard zone) from mean sea level as a protection measure for development occurring along this sandy coastline.

year: 2004

title: A State of the Art Review of Fillet Welded Joints

authors: Chandramohan, Dinesh Lakshmanan

subjects: fatigue strength

abstract: Fillet welded joints are commonly used in steel structures for various engineering applications such as buildings, bridges, railways, ships, and marine structures. Fillet welded joints are generally subjected to static and fatigue loading, resulting in failures of such welded joints. A number of experimental and numerical investigations on the strength and failure behaviour of fillet welded joints have been published. This paper presents a comprehensive review of research results on the static strength, fatigue life, and thermal performance of fillet welded joints. The review covers the various influential factors, such as loading direction, weld geometry, grades of steel, filler materials, welding process, weld penetration, strength mismatch of weld metal, and post-welded treatment. In total, 100 papers were critically reviewed, which were published from 1970 till date. The key findings and research developments on fillet welded joints are summarised. It was found that the transverse fillet welded joints have a higher static strength than the longitudinal fillet welded joints. Filler materials, post-welded treatment, and penetration of weld metal can offer significant strength enhancements in terms of their static and fatigue strength. Lastly, research gaps have been found in the existing body of knowledge, which will help guide future research.

text: A State of the Art Review of Fillet Welded Joints Fillet welded joints are commonly used in steel structures for various engineering applications such as buildings, bridges, railways, ships, and marine structures. Fillet welded joints are generally subjected to static and fatigue loading, resulting in failures of such welded joints. A number of experimental and numerical investigations on the strength and failure behaviour of fillet welded joints have been published. This paper presents a comprehensive review of research results on the static strength, fatigue life, and thermal performance of fillet welded joints. The review covers the various influential factors, such as loading direction, weld geometry, grades of steel, filler materials, welding process, weld penetration, strength mismatch of weld metal, and post-welded treatment. In total, 100 papers were critically reviewed, which were published from 1970 till date. The key findings and research developments on fillet welded joints are summarised. It was found that the transverse fillet welded joints have a higher static strength than the longitudinal fillet welded joints. Filler materials, post-welded treatment, and penetration of weld metal can offer significant strength enhancements in terms of their static and fatigue strength. Lastly, research gaps have been found in the existing body of knowledge, which will help guide future research.

year: 2022-12-07

title: Te Kahautu Maxwell  | Te Matatini Mātaatua representative [Interviewed by Dale Husband]

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: This weekend in the Bay of Plenty, twenty-two kapa haka teams, including the reigning Te Matatini winners, showcased some of the nation’s best kapa haka performers during the Mātaatua senior regional tournaments.

text: Te Kahautu Maxwell  | Te Matatini Mātaatua representative [Interviewed by Dale Husband] This weekend in the Bay of Plenty, twenty-two kapa haka teams, including the reigning Te Matatini winners, showcased some of the nation’s best kapa haka performers during the Mātaatua senior regional tournaments.

year: 2024