title: The reproductive organs, sexual behaviour, and pheromone glands of Costelytra zealandica (White) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), and Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidotera: Gelechiidae)

authors: Stringer, Ian Alexander Noel

abstract: Separate studies concerning reproduction were made of Costelytra zealandica (White) (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae), and of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelechiidae: Gnorimoschemini). 
In C. zealandica sexual dimorphism was described; the male and female external genitalia were described in more detail than previously; an account was given of the muscles of the external genitalia and of the mechanics of copulation; and the first description was provided of the morphology and histology of the internal reproductive organs. The latter were shown to differ from these of other Scarabaeidae in only a few minor respects. In addition the accessory glands of the female were described and a preliminary identification of the contained bacteria was carried out.
The first account of the sexual behaviour of C. zealandica was given and the influences of environmental factors on both this and flight were noted. In addition, sexual attraction was investigated in the field: extracts of females were found to be attractive to males and confirmation was obtained that phenol attracts males. The sex attractant was demonstrated to be most effective when located near the edges of tall edible plants where the beetles swarm.
In P. operculella, sexual dimorphism, and the morphology and histology of the internal reproductive organs were described for the first time. The latter were found to show close similarities with these of various other Lepidoptera. In addition, the male and female external genitalia were described in more detail than previously.
The sexual behaviour of P. operculella was described for the first time and the time of day when this moth is sexually active was investigated both in the field and laboratory. It was shown that the time when mating occurs is determined by the female releasing her sex pheromone whereas the male will respond at any time although this is maximal when the female is attractive.
An objective and quantitative laboratory bioassay was developed for the female sex pheromone of P. operculella and this was used to conclusively demonstrate the presence of a female sex pheromone and to show that it is produced in the middle third of the ovipositor. A histological examination confirmed that the pheromone gland is a dorsal sac-like region of the intersegmental membrane between the 9th and 10th abdominal segments on the ovipositor. The male pheromone glands were shown by histological methods to be located on the hindwings, and an indication was obtained that their scent subdues the escape reactions of females prior to copulation. Finally, the morphology, histology, and ultrastructure of male and female pheromone glands were described and compared with these of other Lepidoptera.

text: The reproductive organs, sexual behaviour, and pheromone glands of Costelytra zealandica (White) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), and Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidotera: Gelechiidae) Separate studies concerning reproduction were made of Costelytra zealandica (White) (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae), and of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelechiidae: Gnorimoschemini). 
In C. zealandica sexual dimorphism was described; the male and female external genitalia were described in more detail than previously; an account was given of the muscles of the external genitalia and of the mechanics of copulation; and the first description was provided of the morphology and histology of the internal reproductive organs. The latter were shown to differ from these of other Scarabaeidae in only a few minor respects. In addition the accessory glands of the female were described and a preliminary identification of the contained bacteria was carried out.
The first account of the sexual behaviour of C. zealandica was given and the influences of environmental factors on both this and flight were noted. In addition, sexual attraction was investigated in the field: extracts of females were found to be attractive to males and confirmation was obtained that phenol attracts males. The sex attractant was demonstrated to be most effective when located near the edges of tall edible plants where the beetles swarm.
In P. operculella, sexual dimorphism, and the morphology and histology of the internal reproductive organs were described for the first time. The latter were found to show close similarities with these of various other Lepidoptera. In addition, the male and female external genitalia were described in more detail than previously.
The sexual behaviour of P. operculella was described for the first time and the time of day when this moth is sexually active was investigated both in the field and laboratory. It was shown that the time when mating occurs is determined by the female releasing her sex pheromone whereas the male will respond at any time although this is maximal when the female is attractive.
An objective and quantitative laboratory bioassay was developed for the female sex pheromone of P. operculella and this was used to conclusively demonstrate the presence of a female sex pheromone and to show that it is produced in the middle third of the ovipositor. A histological examination confirmed that the pheromone gland is a dorsal sac-like region of the intersegmental membrane between the 9th and 10th abdominal segments on the ovipositor. The male pheromone glands were shown by histological methods to be located on the hindwings, and an indication was obtained that their scent subdues the escape reactions of females prior to copulation. Finally, the morphology, histology, and ultrastructure of male and female pheromone glands were described and compared with these of other Lepidoptera.

year: 1977

title: Mountain areas and visitor usage - motivations and determinants of satisfaction: The case of Pirongia Forest Park, New Zealand

authors: Pan, Steve

subjects: forest parks

abstract: This paper reports on visitor motivations and satisfaction at Pirongia Forest Park, New Zealand. The study used a derivative of the Leisure Motivation Scale to assess motives, and a factor analysis confirmed five dimensions of ‘relaxation’, ‘social needs’, ‘a sense of belonging’, ‘mastery skills’, and ‘intellectual needs’. From the scales, five clusters were identified; ‘active social relaxers’, ‘enthusiastic visitors’, ‘nature isolates’, ‘relaxers’, and ‘reluctant visitors’. Using regression analysis, it appears that ‘pull’ factors are better predictors of overall satisfaction than motivational ‘push’ factors, but a key aspect is that among local residents who use the Park there is a high level of repeat usage. Management implications are explored.

text: Mountain areas and visitor usage - motivations and determinants of satisfaction: The case of Pirongia Forest Park, New Zealand This paper reports on visitor motivations and satisfaction at Pirongia Forest Park, New Zealand. The study used a derivative of the Leisure Motivation Scale to assess motives, and a factor analysis confirmed five dimensions of ‘relaxation’, ‘social needs’, ‘a sense of belonging’, ‘mastery skills’, and ‘intellectual needs’. From the scales, five clusters were identified; ‘active social relaxers’, ‘enthusiastic visitors’, ‘nature isolates’, ‘relaxers’, and ‘reluctant visitors’. Using regression analysis, it appears that ‘pull’ factors are better predictors of overall satisfaction than motivational ‘push’ factors, but a key aspect is that among local residents who use the Park there is a high level of repeat usage. Management implications are explored.

year: 2007

title: A Pilot investigation into the assessment of changes in the psycholinguistic abilities of new-entrant Māori school children using the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities

authors: St George, William Vivian Ross

abstract: The role of language as the principal medium of instruction within the New Zealand (N .Z.) educational system has recently received increasing attention both from researchers and those responsible for the formulation of our national educational policy. In particular, much attention has been directed toward the Maori pupil and the use of the English language as the medium for his instruction. The range of literature on this question includes controlled research studies on English usage by Maori children, educational policy statements concerning the - medium of instruction to be employed in New Zealand schools and writings of a more speculative, and potentially political nature, questioning educational policy and the role of language in "Maori education".

text: A Pilot investigation into the assessment of changes in the psycholinguistic abilities of new-entrant Māori school children using the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities The role of language as the principal medium of instruction within the New Zealand (N .Z.) educational system has recently received increasing attention both from researchers and those responsible for the formulation of our national educational policy. In particular, much attention has been directed toward the Maori pupil and the use of the English language as the medium for his instruction. The range of literature on this question includes controlled research studies on English usage by Maori children, educational policy statements concerning the - medium of instruction to be employed in New Zealand schools and writings of a more speculative, and potentially political nature, questioning educational policy and the role of language in "Maori education".

year: 1969