title: Thomas William Carr: a Te Aroha storekeeper and speculator

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Thomas William Carr arrived in New Zealand in January 1881 accompanied by his large family and, reportedly, with extensive business experience and a large amount of capital. After first settling at Gisborne he moved to Te Aroha in mid-1882, acquiring land in the township and nearby and establishing stores at Te Aroha, Waiorongomai, Quartzville, and Shaftesbury. He was involved in a variety of commercial activities, and invested in local mining. He was also prominent in the community in general, including in the Anglican Church.
In early 1883, it all fell apart. After being adjudged bankrupt, he was shown to have been careless and indeed reckless in running his businesses; and instead of having large amounts of capital at his disposal, he had started with no capital at all, prompting suggestions of fraudulent dealings. After others acquired his properties and businesses, he fled New Zealand to try his luck in Australia, where he was much more successful. 
Others involved with him also went bankrupt, for his bankruptcy was by no means unusual.

text: Thomas William Carr: a Te Aroha storekeeper and speculator Thomas William Carr arrived in New Zealand in January 1881 accompanied by his large family and, reportedly, with extensive business experience and a large amount of capital. After first settling at Gisborne he moved to Te Aroha in mid-1882, acquiring land in the township and nearby and establishing stores at Te Aroha, Waiorongomai, Quartzville, and Shaftesbury. He was involved in a variety of commercial activities, and invested in local mining. He was also prominent in the community in general, including in the Anglican Church.
In early 1883, it all fell apart. After being adjudged bankrupt, he was shown to have been careless and indeed reckless in running his businesses; and instead of having large amounts of capital at his disposal, he had started with no capital at all, prompting suggestions of fraudulent dealings. After others acquired his properties and businesses, he fled New Zealand to try his luck in Australia, where he was much more successful. 
Others involved with him also went bankrupt, for his bankruptcy was by no means unusual.

year: 2016

title: Sediment transport, river morphology and bottom sediments of the lower Waikato River

authors: Fenton, J. A.

subjects: River sediments

abstract: Sand extraction from the bed of the lower Waikato River has occurred over the past three decades, primarily to meet the demands of the Auckland construction industry. The extraction has affected bed levels over large areas of the river. 

From analysis of the Waikato Catchment Board's periodic river channel cross sectional surveys degradation of river bed levels is seen to be occurring in the Puni to Huntly reach as a result sand extraction and river training, and in the Karapiro to Hamilton reach as a result of construction of the Karapiro dam. Noticeable degradation has occurred since 1964, and the rate has increased between the most recent bed level surveys, 1981 to 1987. The river level has lowered to an extent where further lowering will hinder the operation of water intake structures at the Huntly Power Station, and promote drainage of the Whangamarino wetlands. 

From the interpretation of echo sounding traces, aerial photographs and field observations it is seen that sand bar, dune and ripple bedforms exist in the lower Waikato River. Two distinct dune populations exist, a short steep group with a ripple index (λ/h) of about 24 and a long flat group with a ripple index of about 40. Sand bar bedforms, which have previously been loosely referred to as 'dunes', dominate the Huntly to Mercer reach and are related to a sinuous thalweg pattern. The bars also exist in two forms, with straight or strongly curved crests. A relationship between flow discharge and the rate of bar migration exists. However, at high flows(~> 600 m³/s) the bars become rounded and the crests undefineable. The river bed is devoid of detectable bedform (h < 0.1 m) immediately downstream of sand extraction sites. 

Using the relationship between bedload transport and discharge determined from bar migration in the present study, and a similar relationship developed previously (Finley, 1974), an estimate of medium term (for the period 1975 - 1989) bedload transport is 180 000 m³/yr. Several bedload transport functions were applied to the lower Waikato River. Colby's Relations (1964) was found to be the most applicable mathematical approach as it provided estimates of bedload transport comparable to those estimated from bar migration. The Karapiro dam has blocked the major supply of bedload, so the bedload transport rate can be expected to drop in future. 

The bottom sediments of the lower Waikato River are predominantly coarse poorly sorted pumiceous sands. There is no significant difference in textural statistics between the Mercer and Puni areas. The Puni area has a shallow pre-fluvial basal unit, thereby limiting the useful resource to 7- 9 m³/ m² of river bed. No pre-fluvial unit was found in the Mercer area. A sedimentation rate of 2.8 mm/yr since the Taupo eruption was inferred from stratigraphic data. 

From the results and interpretations in this study, continued sand extraction at the present rate at Mercer will promote further bed level lowering, and operations would be better concentrated in the tidally influenced areas around Puni. It is recommended that future cross sectional surveys should be conducted more regularly (2-3 yrs) and each survey should be completed over a shorter period (4-6 weeks), and regular future assessment of bedload transport should be made. A need exists for further research into the effects of sand extraction and management of the lower Waikato River.

text: Sediment transport, river morphology and bottom sediments of the lower Waikato River Sand extraction from the bed of the lower Waikato River has occurred over the past three decades, primarily to meet the demands of the Auckland construction industry. The extraction has affected bed levels over large areas of the river. 

From analysis of the Waikato Catchment Board's periodic river channel cross sectional surveys degradation of river bed levels is seen to be occurring in the Puni to Huntly reach as a result sand extraction and river training, and in the Karapiro to Hamilton reach as a result of construction of the Karapiro dam. Noticeable degradation has occurred since 1964, and the rate has increased between the most recent bed level surveys, 1981 to 1987. The river level has lowered to an extent where further lowering will hinder the operation of water intake structures at the Huntly Power Station, and promote drainage of the Whangamarino wetlands. 

From the interpretation of echo sounding traces, aerial photographs and field observations it is seen that sand bar, dune and ripple bedforms exist in the lower Waikato River. Two distinct dune populations exist, a short steep group with a ripple index (λ/h) of about 24 and a long flat group with a ripple index of about 40. Sand bar bedforms, which have previously been loosely referred to as 'dunes', dominate the Huntly to Mercer reach and are related to a sinuous thalweg pattern. The bars also exist in two forms, with straight or strongly curved crests. A relationship between flow discharge and the rate of bar migration exists. However, at high flows(~> 600 m³/s) the bars become rounded and the crests undefineable. The river bed is devoid of detectable bedform (h < 0.1 m) immediately downstream of sand extraction sites. 

Using the relationship between bedload transport and discharge determined from bar migration in the present study, and a similar relationship developed previously (Finley, 1974), an estimate of medium term (for the period 1975 - 1989) bedload transport is 180 000 m³/yr. Several bedload transport functions were applied to the lower Waikato River. Colby's Relations (1964) was found to be the most applicable mathematical approach as it provided estimates of bedload transport comparable to those estimated from bar migration. The Karapiro dam has blocked the major supply of bedload, so the bedload transport rate can be expected to drop in future. 

The bottom sediments of the lower Waikato River are predominantly coarse poorly sorted pumiceous sands. There is no significant difference in textural statistics between the Mercer and Puni areas. The Puni area has a shallow pre-fluvial basal unit, thereby limiting the useful resource to 7- 9 m³/ m² of river bed. No pre-fluvial unit was found in the Mercer area. A sedimentation rate of 2.8 mm/yr since the Taupo eruption was inferred from stratigraphic data. 

From the results and interpretations in this study, continued sand extraction at the present rate at Mercer will promote further bed level lowering, and operations would be better concentrated in the tidally influenced areas around Puni. It is recommended that future cross sectional surveys should be conducted more regularly (2-3 yrs) and each survey should be completed over a shorter period (4-6 weeks), and regular future assessment of bedload transport should be made. A need exists for further research into the effects of sand extraction and management of the lower Waikato River.

year: 1989

title: Kaum tuatanga the changing roles of kaum tua in Ng ti Rehua: Future directions

authors: Davies, Sydney Henare

subjects: Indigenous psychology

abstract: This study looks at the roles of kaum tua and investigates how these roles have changed over time. With the ageing Māori population and the reported importance of kaum tua roles in the wellbeing of Māori communities, the findings of this study provide an insight into the possible future direction of these roles. The study was conducted with the assistance of members of one hapu (N=47) that were 65 years of age and over. The study was by interview, utilising a semi-structured questionnaire with both open ended and closed questions. Narratives from participants was analysed and compared to the roles of kaum tua that were found in the literature, namely; Leadership, cultural knowledge, dispute resolution, protection and nurturing of young, provide spiritual and other guidance, social control, provide rituals, preserve te reo Māori and live active and healthy lives. Findings of this research supported the roles found in the literature. The roles of kaum tua still exist but may have diminished over time. The change in roles is in the adaptation to meet the needs of the time period while maintaining the core values of each role and providing a continuation of practices.

text: Kaum tuatanga the changing roles of kaum tua in Ng ti Rehua: Future directions This study looks at the roles of kaum tua and investigates how these roles have changed over time. With the ageing Māori population and the reported importance of kaum tua roles in the wellbeing of Māori communities, the findings of this study provide an insight into the possible future direction of these roles. The study was conducted with the assistance of members of one hapu (N=47) that were 65 years of age and over. The study was by interview, utilising a semi-structured questionnaire with both open ended and closed questions. Narratives from participants was analysed and compared to the roles of kaum tua that were found in the literature, namely; Leadership, cultural knowledge, dispute resolution, protection and nurturing of young, provide spiritual and other guidance, social control, provide rituals, preserve te reo Māori and live active and healthy lives. Findings of this research supported the roles found in the literature. The roles of kaum tua still exist but may have diminished over time. The change in roles is in the adaptation to meet the needs of the time period while maintaining the core values of each role and providing a continuation of practices.

year: 2008