title: The policy-research-practice triangle in New Zealand early childhood education: Complexities, impossibilities and silences

authors: Kamenarac, Olivera

abstract: Inspired by the New Zealand Association for Research in Education (NZARE) Conference 2022, entitled ‘The Mighty Triangle: The strength of the research-policy-practice triangle for addressing local, national, and global challenges’ (https://www.nzare.org.nz/ events/te-aonui-the-mighty-triangle/), this article examines some of the relational complexities and specificities within the Aotearoa New Zealand early childhood education and care policy-research- practice triangle. This article problematises the notion of the ‘mighty’ triangle as a ‘durable’ structure by examining how each corner, side and angle is produced in the context of prevailing global neoliberal discourses. We argue that making sense of the complex dynamics within the Aotearoa ECE policy-research- practice triangle requires understanding the politics, relationships and dynamics of conflict and the struggle of those, directly and indirectly, involved in (and excluded) and influenced by the triangle. Therefore, the article critically engages with the ‘impossibilities’ and complexities of the ECE policy-research-practice triangle and takes a closer look at those impacted and/or marginalised by ‘beautiful durable structures’ of ECE triangle politics, particularly the voices of teachers.

text: The policy-research-practice triangle in New Zealand early childhood education: Complexities, impossibilities and silences Inspired by the New Zealand Association for Research in Education (NZARE) Conference 2022, entitled ‘The Mighty Triangle: The strength of the research-policy-practice triangle for addressing local, national, and global challenges’ (https://www.nzare.org.nz/ events/te-aonui-the-mighty-triangle/), this article examines some of the relational complexities and specificities within the Aotearoa New Zealand early childhood education and care policy-research- practice triangle. This article problematises the notion of the ‘mighty’ triangle as a ‘durable’ structure by examining how each corner, side and angle is produced in the context of prevailing global neoliberal discourses. We argue that making sense of the complex dynamics within the Aotearoa ECE policy-research- practice triangle requires understanding the politics, relationships and dynamics of conflict and the struggle of those, directly and indirectly, involved in (and excluded) and influenced by the triangle. Therefore, the article critically engages with the ‘impossibilities’ and complexities of the ECE policy-research-practice triangle and takes a closer look at those impacted and/or marginalised by ‘beautiful durable structures’ of ECE triangle politics, particularly the voices of teachers.

year: 2023

title: Oxidative Decolouring of Bloodmeal Using Peracetic Acid

authors: Hicks, Talia

subjects: Bloodmeal

abstract: Bloodmeal is an ancillary product of the agricultural industry, containing 80 – 100 % protein, and has been used to create a bio-based plastic called Novatein Thermoplastic Protein®, with a proprietary blend of sodium sulfite, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), water and triethylene glycol (TEG). Recent investigation has shown that the colour and odour of bloodmeal based thermoplastic can be significantly improved through the pre-treatment of bloodmeal with equilibrium peracetic acid. The resulting decoloured bloodmeal (DBM) no longer relies on the addition of sodium sulfite to be processed in conventional thermoplastic equipment. The purpose of this study was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the role by which peracetic acid decolours bloodmeal and the consequences of oxidation on composition, physico-chemical properties, protein structure and interactions and final polymer mobility.
Oxidative decolouring of haem is straightforward when the haem is freely accessible or in the form of oxyhaemoglobin and most common oxidants lead to cleavage of the porphyrin ring, resulting in a loss of colour saturation. However, after extensive thermal treatment during manufacture, the haem present in bloodmeal has migrated to inaccessible hydrophobic regions of the protein aggregates or has been oxidised to the form of methaemoglobin. Literature revealed that methaemoglobin catalytically removes hydrogen peroxide, lowering decolouring efficacy. Thus, peracetic acid is required when haem is present in the form of methaemoglobin, as is found in bloodmeal. Further, it was confirmed that a minimum of 3% w/w peracetic acid, in a 3:1 ratio to bloodmeal is required to obtain adequate decolouring (> 70% whiteness based on the RGB colour space).
The role of each component in equilibrium peracetic acid was established; water and acetic acid resulted in protein swelling but were found unlikely to influence accessibility of the oxidants to the haem sites and both hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid were consumed in oxidising reactions. Acidic conditions were found to reduce the consumption of hydrogen peroxide, possibly through the inhibition of hydroxyl radical formation, resulting in less effective decolouring. Acetic acid was observed to have a protective effect on protein recovery as well as the resulting iron content, molecular mass distribution and secondary structure of protein.
Due to the large excess of peracetic acid solution required to facilitate diffusion and subsequent decolouring, a significant quantity remains unreacted in the recovered wastewater. Unreacted peracetic acid was shown to have potential for recycling, although in its immediate state it was insufficient to decolour fresh bloodmeal.
The protein-rich decoloured bloodmeal recovered had undergone a change in secondary structure composition and was found to contain evidence of a diffusion front, consistent with the heterogeneous phase decolouring mechanism. Oxidation with peracetic acid was found to result in less β-sheet aggregation compared to hydrogen peroxide treatment, although all treatments resulted in an increase in the quantity of disordered structures. Oxidation was also found to result in a significantly lowered glass transition temperature and along with an increased enthalpy of relaxation, evidenced a large improvement in polymer chain mobility compared with untreated bloodmeal.
DBM was found to be comprised of 90 – 99% w/w protein (1 – 10% w/w salt), with a significantly higher protein solubility and a similar volume weighted molecular mass compared with untreated bloodmeal. Further, DBM was found to have a greater composition of charged and polar amino acids, along with a large reduction in lysine and small reduction in aromatic and heterocyclic amino acids. Additionally, cystine crosslinks which stabilise bloodmeal were found to be partially oxidised to cysteine sulfonate compounds and cysteic acid (cleavage of the disulfide bond). Such a reduction in the quantity of amino acids which are capable of forming covalent networks (lysine, tyrosine and cysteine) support prior evidence that DBM no longer requires sodium sulfite to produce a thermoplastic.
The influence of SDS and TEG on secondary structure and chain mobility at ambient and elevated temperatures were explored. It was found that heating DBM and DBM with SDS alone is incapable of providing sufficient energy to induce mobility and chain rearrangement. However, the addition of TEG was found to facilitate chain mobility, and beyond 55 oC significant changes to the secondary structure composition was observed, first through the formation of α-helices and finally through the aggregation of chains into β-sheets. Wide angle X-ray scattering confirmed that the changes in ordered structures composition were reversible in DBM which contained both SDS and TEG.
The ability of TEG to plasticise DBM was more thoroughly explored, and it was found that prior to heating TEG was localised into regions either plasticiser-rich or -poor, and this resulted in the presence of two glass transition temperatures. After heating, the TEG was more homogeneously distributed, which resulted in the presence of one broad glass transition region.

text: Oxidative Decolouring of Bloodmeal Using Peracetic Acid Bloodmeal is an ancillary product of the agricultural industry, containing 80 – 100 % protein, and has been used to create a bio-based plastic called Novatein Thermoplastic Protein®, with a proprietary blend of sodium sulfite, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), water and triethylene glycol (TEG). Recent investigation has shown that the colour and odour of bloodmeal based thermoplastic can be significantly improved through the pre-treatment of bloodmeal with equilibrium peracetic acid. The resulting decoloured bloodmeal (DBM) no longer relies on the addition of sodium sulfite to be processed in conventional thermoplastic equipment. The purpose of this study was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the role by which peracetic acid decolours bloodmeal and the consequences of oxidation on composition, physico-chemical properties, protein structure and interactions and final polymer mobility.
Oxidative decolouring of haem is straightforward when the haem is freely accessible or in the form of oxyhaemoglobin and most common oxidants lead to cleavage of the porphyrin ring, resulting in a loss of colour saturation. However, after extensive thermal treatment during manufacture, the haem present in bloodmeal has migrated to inaccessible hydrophobic regions of the protein aggregates or has been oxidised to the form of methaemoglobin. Literature revealed that methaemoglobin catalytically removes hydrogen peroxide, lowering decolouring efficacy. Thus, peracetic acid is required when haem is present in the form of methaemoglobin, as is found in bloodmeal. Further, it was confirmed that a minimum of 3% w/w peracetic acid, in a 3:1 ratio to bloodmeal is required to obtain adequate decolouring (> 70% whiteness based on the RGB colour space).
The role of each component in equilibrium peracetic acid was established; water and acetic acid resulted in protein swelling but were found unlikely to influence accessibility of the oxidants to the haem sites and both hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid were consumed in oxidising reactions. Acidic conditions were found to reduce the consumption of hydrogen peroxide, possibly through the inhibition of hydroxyl radical formation, resulting in less effective decolouring. Acetic acid was observed to have a protective effect on protein recovery as well as the resulting iron content, molecular mass distribution and secondary structure of protein.
Due to the large excess of peracetic acid solution required to facilitate diffusion and subsequent decolouring, a significant quantity remains unreacted in the recovered wastewater. Unreacted peracetic acid was shown to have potential for recycling, although in its immediate state it was insufficient to decolour fresh bloodmeal.
The protein-rich decoloured bloodmeal recovered had undergone a change in secondary structure composition and was found to contain evidence of a diffusion front, consistent with the heterogeneous phase decolouring mechanism. Oxidation with peracetic acid was found to result in less β-sheet aggregation compared to hydrogen peroxide treatment, although all treatments resulted in an increase in the quantity of disordered structures. Oxidation was also found to result in a significantly lowered glass transition temperature and along with an increased enthalpy of relaxation, evidenced a large improvement in polymer chain mobility compared with untreated bloodmeal.
DBM was found to be comprised of 90 – 99% w/w protein (1 – 10% w/w salt), with a significantly higher protein solubility and a similar volume weighted molecular mass compared with untreated bloodmeal. Further, DBM was found to have a greater composition of charged and polar amino acids, along with a large reduction in lysine and small reduction in aromatic and heterocyclic amino acids. Additionally, cystine crosslinks which stabilise bloodmeal were found to be partially oxidised to cysteine sulfonate compounds and cysteic acid (cleavage of the disulfide bond). Such a reduction in the quantity of amino acids which are capable of forming covalent networks (lysine, tyrosine and cysteine) support prior evidence that DBM no longer requires sodium sulfite to produce a thermoplastic.
The influence of SDS and TEG on secondary structure and chain mobility at ambient and elevated temperatures were explored. It was found that heating DBM and DBM with SDS alone is incapable of providing sufficient energy to induce mobility and chain rearrangement. However, the addition of TEG was found to facilitate chain mobility, and beyond 55 oC significant changes to the secondary structure composition was observed, first through the formation of α-helices and finally through the aggregation of chains into β-sheets. Wide angle X-ray scattering confirmed that the changes in ordered structures composition were reversible in DBM which contained both SDS and TEG.
The ability of TEG to plasticise DBM was more thoroughly explored, and it was found that prior to heating TEG was localised into regions either plasticiser-rich or -poor, and this resulted in the presence of two glass transition temperatures. After heating, the TEG was more homogeneously distributed, which resulted in the presence of one broad glass transition region.

year: 2015

title: Participatory data design: managing data sovereignty in IoT solutions

authors: Bowen, Judy

subjects: computer science

abstract: Within the software engineering community, deciding how to collect, store and use personal data has become about more than just understanding our users. This paper considers ethical data use which includes cultural considerations and data ownership rights. We discuss indigenous data sovereignty as a concept and how it potentially impacts technological solutions that gather personal data from users. We propose an extension to typical user-centred design processes which we call participatory data design. This incorporates the use of frameworks and tools that specifically focus on managing data within the cultural context it is gathered from. We also present a specific example of how we have used this approach in the context of a data collection project from M¯aori workers in New Zealand forestry. We conclude with a discussion of the wider implications of this approach.

text: Participatory data design: managing data sovereignty in IoT solutions Within the software engineering community, deciding how to collect, store and use personal data has become about more than just understanding our users. This paper considers ethical data use which includes cultural considerations and data ownership rights. We discuss indigenous data sovereignty as a concept and how it potentially impacts technological solutions that gather personal data from users. We propose an extension to typical user-centred design processes which we call participatory data design. This incorporates the use of frameworks and tools that specifically focus on managing data within the cultural context it is gathered from. We also present a specific example of how we have used this approach in the context of a data collection project from M¯aori workers in New Zealand forestry. We conclude with a discussion of the wider implications of this approach.

year: 2022