title: Mitochondrial DNA indicates different North American east coast origins for New Zealand and German invasions of Skistodiaptomus pallidus (Copepoda: Calanoida)

authors: Branford, Suzanne Nicola

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: The freshwater calanoid copepod Skistodiaptomus pallidus (Herrick, 1879), native to the Mississippi basin of North America, has recently established non-indigenous populations in New Zealand, Germany and Mexico. We used the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to more precisely identify the origins of S. pallidus populations within New Zealand and Germany. The S. pallidus COI sequences suggested that both New Zealand and German populations were most similar to those from the most easterly regions of the USA (e.g., New York, Virginia and Georgia). However, several haplotypes were found to be divergent between the New Zealand and German populations, indicating the exact sources of the introductions were likely different for each country. German sequences possessed two of the major haplotypes known from the east coast of USA, while New Zealand had one, indicating a shipping related vector of introduction with greater propagule supplies to Germany is plausible. Although both German and New Zealand populations contained haplotypes identical to common east coast North American sequence records, both non-indigenous populations had haplotypes not yet recorded in the USA. Further sampling of the native range will be required to determine the exact origin of the non-indigenous S. pallidus populations and may also help to identify more precisely the vectors and pathways of the translocations.

text: Mitochondrial DNA indicates different North American east coast origins for New Zealand and German invasions of Skistodiaptomus pallidus (Copepoda: Calanoida) The freshwater calanoid copepod Skistodiaptomus pallidus (Herrick, 1879), native to the Mississippi basin of North America, has recently established non-indigenous populations in New Zealand, Germany and Mexico. We used the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to more precisely identify the origins of S. pallidus populations within New Zealand and Germany. The S. pallidus COI sequences suggested that both New Zealand and German populations were most similar to those from the most easterly regions of the USA (e.g., New York, Virginia and Georgia). However, several haplotypes were found to be divergent between the New Zealand and German populations, indicating the exact sources of the introductions were likely different for each country. German sequences possessed two of the major haplotypes known from the east coast of USA, while New Zealand had one, indicating a shipping related vector of introduction with greater propagule supplies to Germany is plausible. Although both German and New Zealand populations contained haplotypes identical to common east coast North American sequence records, both non-indigenous populations had haplotypes not yet recorded in the USA. Further sampling of the native range will be required to determine the exact origin of the non-indigenous S. pallidus populations and may also help to identify more precisely the vectors and pathways of the translocations.

year: 2017

title: Predication and the problem of universals

authors: Legg, Catherine

subjects: David Armstrong

abstract: This paper contrasts the scholastic realists of David Armstrong and Charles Peirce. It is argued that the so-called 'problem of universals' is not a problem in pure ontology (concerning whether universals exist) as Armstrong construes it to be. Rather, it extends to issues concerning which predicates should be applied where, issues which Armstrong sets aside under the label of 'semantics', and which from a Peircean perspective encompass even the fundamentals of scientific methodology. It is argued that Peirce's scholastic realism not only presents a more nuanced ontology (distinguishing the existent front the real) but also provides more of a sense of why realism should be a position worth fighting for.

text: Predication and the problem of universals This paper contrasts the scholastic realists of David Armstrong and Charles Peirce. It is argued that the so-called 'problem of universals' is not a problem in pure ontology (concerning whether universals exist) as Armstrong construes it to be. Rather, it extends to issues concerning which predicates should be applied where, issues which Armstrong sets aside under the label of 'semantics', and which from a Peircean perspective encompass even the fundamentals of scientific methodology. It is argued that Peirce's scholastic realism not only presents a more nuanced ontology (distinguishing the existent front the real) but also provides more of a sense of why realism should be a position worth fighting for.

year: 2001-07

title: It's harder in my language, but I still choose it

authors: Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory

abstract: In New Zealand, the language that dominates most technologies is English. For a variety of reasons, interfaces have been made available in the Maori language for a range of modem technological tools. We have conducted usability studies on many of these products and fluent Maori users have almost unanimously stated that the products are more difficult and time consuming to use in the indigenous (Maori) language. They allude to unfamiliar instances and uses of Maori words, and to an ingrained familiarity with the English-language versions of these technologies, saying they would revert to the English-language interfaces if time is a factor. However, they also express a sense of pride at being able to see and use the Maori language in these various forms of media and state that although they experience some difficulty, the Maori-language versions would still be their first preference.

text: It's harder in my language, but I still choose it In New Zealand, the language that dominates most technologies is English. For a variety of reasons, interfaces have been made available in the Maori language for a range of modem technological tools. We have conducted usability studies on many of these products and fluent Maori users have almost unanimously stated that the products are more difficult and time consuming to use in the indigenous (Maori) language. They allude to unfamiliar instances and uses of Maori words, and to an ingrained familiarity with the English-language versions of these technologies, saying they would revert to the English-language interfaces if time is a factor. However, they also express a sense of pride at being able to see and use the Maori language in these various forms of media and state that although they experience some difficulty, the Maori-language versions would still be their first preference.

year: 2014