title: Wellbeing for children with a disability in New Zealand: A search for meaning by Maree Kirk

authors: Kirk, Maree Louise

subjects: children with disability

abstract: This thesis explores the meaning of wellbeing for children with a disability in New Zealand, an area of social policy that has been largely unexamined. Focusing on the school environment, three questions are addressed: What does wellbeing mean for children with a disability? What factors influence it? Are current policy frameworks which address child wellbeing relevant to the wellbeing of children with a disability? The research involved qualitative data collection from nine purposively selected participants: children with a disability, their parents and key informants involved in service provision and policy development. 
A critical review of international and national literature on definitions of wellbeing and disability, and on existing data sources, is followed by a socio-demographic profile of children with a disability in New Zealand. Qualitative findings are interpreted in relation to current New Zealand social policy initiatives and frameworks - New Zealand's Agenda for Children, the Whole Child Approach and the Key Settings Model - as well as the theoretical perspectives of social solidarity, wellbeing, the ecological theory of human development and discourses of disability.
Findings indicate that the concept of wellbeing as applied to all New Zealand children is also relevant to children with a disability. The difference however, lies in the factors which ultimately influence whether the various dimensions of wellbeing will actually be experienced by children with a disability. For these children, communication as a dimension of wellbeing for example, is influenced by language skill acquisition, which in turn depends upon allocation of appropriate and adequate resourcing of the child's learning environment. 
The conclusion drawn is that policy frameworks, principles and social indicators addressing child wellbeing, are inconsistently applied with regard to children with a disability. New Zealand's Agenda for Children which promotes an ecological approach to child wellbeing would benefit from further adaptation to reflect the needs of this specific child population. The notion of wellbeing for children with a disability needs further development for the purpose of knowledge building, and to ensure clearer articulation between processes of policy development, service provision, and resource allocation.

text: Wellbeing for children with a disability in New Zealand: A search for meaning by Maree Kirk This thesis explores the meaning of wellbeing for children with a disability in New Zealand, an area of social policy that has been largely unexamined. Focusing on the school environment, three questions are addressed: What does wellbeing mean for children with a disability? What factors influence it? Are current policy frameworks which address child wellbeing relevant to the wellbeing of children with a disability? The research involved qualitative data collection from nine purposively selected participants: children with a disability, their parents and key informants involved in service provision and policy development. 
A critical review of international and national literature on definitions of wellbeing and disability, and on existing data sources, is followed by a socio-demographic profile of children with a disability in New Zealand. Qualitative findings are interpreted in relation to current New Zealand social policy initiatives and frameworks - New Zealand's Agenda for Children, the Whole Child Approach and the Key Settings Model - as well as the theoretical perspectives of social solidarity, wellbeing, the ecological theory of human development and discourses of disability.
Findings indicate that the concept of wellbeing as applied to all New Zealand children is also relevant to children with a disability. The difference however, lies in the factors which ultimately influence whether the various dimensions of wellbeing will actually be experienced by children with a disability. For these children, communication as a dimension of wellbeing for example, is influenced by language skill acquisition, which in turn depends upon allocation of appropriate and adequate resourcing of the child's learning environment. 
The conclusion drawn is that policy frameworks, principles and social indicators addressing child wellbeing, are inconsistently applied with regard to children with a disability. New Zealand's Agenda for Children which promotes an ecological approach to child wellbeing would benefit from further adaptation to reflect the needs of this specific child population. The notion of wellbeing for children with a disability needs further development for the purpose of knowledge building, and to ensure clearer articulation between processes of policy development, service provision, and resource allocation.

year: 2006

title: A Geography of Marine Farming Rights in New Zealand: Some Rubbings of Patterns on the Face of the Sea

authors: Rennie, Hamish Gordon

subjects: aquaculture

abstract: Sustainable development of global marine resources has been the focus of various United Nations' agencies and coastal nations since World War II.  As capture fisheries resources have come under pressure and perhaps reached their sustainable limit concern has been expressed over the ability to continue to meet the protein needs of expanding populations.  One potentially significant contributor to addressing the food needs of the world is marine farming (mariculture).  The expansion of marine farming in developing countries has been well-addressed in the literature, but marine farming in developed countries has received less attention.  The traditional biophysical requirements of marine farming (sheltered clean water of appropriate depth) have led to conflicts with other users of the coastal environment.  In the developed countries in particular, suitable sites are contested places of consumption (recreation, tourism) as well as production (capture fisheries).  Moreover, the adjacent terrestrial land and water uses can significantly affect acceptability of marine farming.

The avoidance of conflicts and the achievement of sustainable development in such settings are largely dependent on the systems of governance.  In developed countries, these are often articulated through planning regimes and associated 'rights'.  The global terrestrial planning response in the first two thirds of the 20th Century was dominated by a modernist approach to planning.  In the later stages, a post-modern challenge coincided with the rise of neo-liberalism in many developed countries.  Planning in New Zealand has shown a similar pattern.  The extent to which modern, postmodern and neo-liberal approaches might have been manifest in the marine environment, especially with regard to marine farming, has received little attention.

In most developed countries there has been an institutional separation between terrestrial and marine administrative agencies that has resulted in conflict between these agencies and between the regimes they work within and help create. Integrated Coastal Management emerged as a response to this situation and had become the dominant planning regime for coastal resources by the last decade of the 20th Century.  It was largely uncritically promoted and accepted, especially by United Nations and coastal state government agencies.  These themes provide the broad theoretical and practical context for this thesis.

Since the 1970s, there has been a revolutionary break in New Zealand's resource management from a centralized command and control style of modernist planning to a neo-liberal, planning regime characterised by elements of modernism and postmodernism.  Concurrently it has revamped, but failed to integrate, coastal and fisheries management and planning.  Ironically, each of the resulting primary marine resource management statutes (the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) and the Fisheries Act 1983/1996 (FA83/96)) is considered to implement a world-leading model.  Marine farming lies at the interface between the regimes created by these and preceding Acts and the nature of the regimes is explored in relation to marine farming.

The development of the regimes and the rationale for them is set out with the aid of Scott's (1989, 2000b) axial model of the characteristics of a property right.  The thesis groups the development of the New Zealand planning regimes for marine farming into four era: pre-modern (1866-1964), proto-modern (1964-1971), modern (1971-1991), and transitional (1991-2001).  The evolution of the industry is shown largely to follow a generalized model of the industry in developed countries.  This suggests that the nature of the property rights available for marine farming in New Zealand is not of great significance in the general development of the industry.

The planning regime, however, significantly affects the spatial pattern of development of the industry.  An analysis of provisions for marine farms in various plans suggests quite different planning 'styles' and approaches have been adopted in different parts of the country at different times.  A Geographic Information System of all individual marine farms in New Zealand is developed to the stage where it can be combined with other data to investigate the spatial patterns that have evolved in New Zealand.  A typology of patterns of farm arrangement in relation to other farms is apparent from the resultant mapped information. These patterns are shown to represent the outcomes of a combination of competing rights and the responses of and to the contemporaneous planning regimes.  The consequences of adopting different styles of planning are apparent.

This macro-level research is extended to the micro-level by an exploration of variables affecting the individual farmer's locational decisions.  A national postal questionnaire survey of marine farm owners yielded 148 usable responses (32% response rate).  Inferential statistical analytical tools were used to test the significance of relationships between particular variables.  Multivariate analyses were used to cluster the respondents and the variables and to search for latent factors.  These analyses supported field interview findings with regard to the importance of particular variables, especially planning regimes in directing the location and nature of marine farming.  The results enabled development of a descriptive model for exploring and comparing the quality of different means of acquiring marine space for marine farming.

The analyses also confirmed that significant changes were occurring within the structure of the industry.  Analysis of the field interviews, maps, policy documents, Environment Court decisions and other secondary material shows the major capture fishing companies are increasingly dominating the industry.  There was a notable presence of a category of 'entrepreneur site developers' exploiting the neo-liberal nature of the planning regimes of the 1990s to open up new areas for marine farming on scales unprecedented in the rest of the world.  The consequent race for space has met with stiff resistance from the capture fishing industry, but more especially from the recreational sector.  This has led to significant transaction costs.

The Government response, a partial moratorium on marine farm development in November 2001, is shown to emulate the modernist command and control style of planning of twenty years earlier and to signal a failure of neo-liberal ideology to meet the needs of the industry and the public at large.

text: A Geography of Marine Farming Rights in New Zealand: Some Rubbings of Patterns on the Face of the Sea Sustainable development of global marine resources has been the focus of various United Nations' agencies and coastal nations since World War II.  As capture fisheries resources have come under pressure and perhaps reached their sustainable limit concern has been expressed over the ability to continue to meet the protein needs of expanding populations.  One potentially significant contributor to addressing the food needs of the world is marine farming (mariculture).  The expansion of marine farming in developing countries has been well-addressed in the literature, but marine farming in developed countries has received less attention.  The traditional biophysical requirements of marine farming (sheltered clean water of appropriate depth) have led to conflicts with other users of the coastal environment.  In the developed countries in particular, suitable sites are contested places of consumption (recreation, tourism) as well as production (capture fisheries).  Moreover, the adjacent terrestrial land and water uses can significantly affect acceptability of marine farming.

The avoidance of conflicts and the achievement of sustainable development in such settings are largely dependent on the systems of governance.  In developed countries, these are often articulated through planning regimes and associated 'rights'.  The global terrestrial planning response in the first two thirds of the 20th Century was dominated by a modernist approach to planning.  In the later stages, a post-modern challenge coincided with the rise of neo-liberalism in many developed countries.  Planning in New Zealand has shown a similar pattern.  The extent to which modern, postmodern and neo-liberal approaches might have been manifest in the marine environment, especially with regard to marine farming, has received little attention.

In most developed countries there has been an institutional separation between terrestrial and marine administrative agencies that has resulted in conflict between these agencies and between the regimes they work within and help create. Integrated Coastal Management emerged as a response to this situation and had become the dominant planning regime for coastal resources by the last decade of the 20th Century.  It was largely uncritically promoted and accepted, especially by United Nations and coastal state government agencies.  These themes provide the broad theoretical and practical context for this thesis.

Since the 1970s, there has been a revolutionary break in New Zealand's resource management from a centralized command and control style of modernist planning to a neo-liberal, planning regime characterised by elements of modernism and postmodernism.  Concurrently it has revamped, but failed to integrate, coastal and fisheries management and planning.  Ironically, each of the resulting primary marine resource management statutes (the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) and the Fisheries Act 1983/1996 (FA83/96)) is considered to implement a world-leading model.  Marine farming lies at the interface between the regimes created by these and preceding Acts and the nature of the regimes is explored in relation to marine farming.

The development of the regimes and the rationale for them is set out with the aid of Scott's (1989, 2000b) axial model of the characteristics of a property right.  The thesis groups the development of the New Zealand planning regimes for marine farming into four era: pre-modern (1866-1964), proto-modern (1964-1971), modern (1971-1991), and transitional (1991-2001).  The evolution of the industry is shown largely to follow a generalized model of the industry in developed countries.  This suggests that the nature of the property rights available for marine farming in New Zealand is not of great significance in the general development of the industry.

The planning regime, however, significantly affects the spatial pattern of development of the industry.  An analysis of provisions for marine farms in various plans suggests quite different planning 'styles' and approaches have been adopted in different parts of the country at different times.  A Geographic Information System of all individual marine farms in New Zealand is developed to the stage where it can be combined with other data to investigate the spatial patterns that have evolved in New Zealand.  A typology of patterns of farm arrangement in relation to other farms is apparent from the resultant mapped information. These patterns are shown to represent the outcomes of a combination of competing rights and the responses of and to the contemporaneous planning regimes.  The consequences of adopting different styles of planning are apparent.

This macro-level research is extended to the micro-level by an exploration of variables affecting the individual farmer's locational decisions.  A national postal questionnaire survey of marine farm owners yielded 148 usable responses (32% response rate).  Inferential statistical analytical tools were used to test the significance of relationships between particular variables.  Multivariate analyses were used to cluster the respondents and the variables and to search for latent factors.  These analyses supported field interview findings with regard to the importance of particular variables, especially planning regimes in directing the location and nature of marine farming.  The results enabled development of a descriptive model for exploring and comparing the quality of different means of acquiring marine space for marine farming.

The analyses also confirmed that significant changes were occurring within the structure of the industry.  Analysis of the field interviews, maps, policy documents, Environment Court decisions and other secondary material shows the major capture fishing companies are increasingly dominating the industry.  There was a notable presence of a category of 'entrepreneur site developers' exploiting the neo-liberal nature of the planning regimes of the 1990s to open up new areas for marine farming on scales unprecedented in the rest of the world.  The consequent race for space has met with stiff resistance from the capture fishing industry, but more especially from the recreational sector.  This has led to significant transaction costs.

The Government response, a partial moratorium on marine farm development in November 2001, is shown to emulate the modernist command and control style of planning of twenty years earlier and to signal a failure of neo-liberal ideology to meet the needs of the industry and the public at large.

year: 2002

title: huka can haka: Taonga performing tino rangatiratanga

authors: Nopera, Tāwhanga Mary-Legs

subjects: Raranga

abstract: huka can haka is an ongoing body of creative works used to frame the ideas expressed in this thesis. Spoken, ‘huka’ sounds like ‘hooker’, he is a performance persona developed to help heal from the bitter-sweet reality of being Māori, genderfluid, same-sex attracted and HIV positive in Aotearoa New Zealand. huka can haka refers to an inbetween gendered space of performance where ‘huka’ translates from Māori to English as the sea-foam that gathers between land and sea, white rain such as snow or hail, the dancing tags that are woven into cloaks, or as the transliteration of sugar. ‘Haka’ is predominantly perceived as a masculine form of traditional Māori dance and is akin to weaving with the entire body. Haka is highly sexualised and invigorates a sense of connection to Māori genealogies, family, community, language, land and cultural practices. huka can haka infers the agency enacted through the intentional performance of an identity between cultures and gender in Aotearoa New Zealand. ‘Taonga’ translates from Māori to English to represent things people value and treasure – they can be tangible or ephemeral and include shared and individual memories, people, words, actions, the things we make and beautify, as well as the natural environment that sustains us. ‘Tino rangatiratanga’ is a Māori assertion of the right to determine our lives without the disruptive controls enacted through the New Zealand government by the British Crown. Taonga performing tino rangatiratanga, infers the agency present in valuable things – because taonga exist we become aware of reasons to protect them, we create protective processes and we appreciate the value of ourselves as protectors. huka can haka: Taonga performing tino rangatiratanga explores how making art heals – it describes the transformations that manifest when creating through Māori knowledge.


Raranga is the framework used to organise and explain my research. Raranga is a traditional process of Māori weaving and through its use as a methodology, I am able to connect my explorations to the relational values that are part of Māori culture. I use raranga as a framework to interpret my own practice which is unique to me – there is no separation between my practice and the ways I live my life which differs from the approaches of other weavers. Within this project I utilise a range of research approaches that are qualitative, autobiographical, subjective, creative and practice-based.  Traditional Māori methods of story-telling, pūrākau, are used to communicate this research in digital image, digital video, writing and performance art. Through doing this I describe how contemporary media explorations can be interpreted as forms of raranga and haka, which can help mediate the sometimes oppressive use of text, image, moving image and performance in advancing colonial intents. The primary findings in this research are:
1.	that creative practice research can help people to connect sexuality with creativity, to, re-story and re-generate narratives of empowerment; 
2.	that multimedia approaches to identity knowledge gathering, assists in embodying empowerment;
3.	that Kaupapa Māori Theory can challenge dominant perceptions of gendered Māori bodies, and is inclusive of the ‘do it yourself’ strategies described through Transgender theory;
4.	that a raranga methodology can be embodied through performance and performance artefacts, connecting research to the lived experiences of research subjects;
5.	that raranga is a powerful tool to interpret sexual trauma, offering connective strategies to release damaging internalised behaviours;
6.	that raranga can centre marginal identities as bodies full of hope; 
7.	that performance of historical trauma as ceremony can offer collective forms of healing, and;
8.	that raranga heals, giving direction to multiple and conflicting strands of lived experience.


The thesis makes prominent the generative and progressive nature of raranga and is chronological in design. Theoretical explorations inspire creative works, which then in turn inform avenues for deeper theorisation, leading to new creative works and so on until the thesis conclusion. Through this creative practice research project I assert raranga as a powerful process to interpret the agency that grows between makers, the materials we use and the objects we create. Ultimately, this thesis outlines a way to weave experiences of sexualised and gendered trauma, and affirm the healing present at the intersection between oppositional relationships.

text: huka can haka: Taonga performing tino rangatiratanga huka can haka is an ongoing body of creative works used to frame the ideas expressed in this thesis. Spoken, ‘huka’ sounds like ‘hooker’, he is a performance persona developed to help heal from the bitter-sweet reality of being Māori, genderfluid, same-sex attracted and HIV positive in Aotearoa New Zealand. huka can haka refers to an inbetween gendered space of performance where ‘huka’ translates from Māori to English as the sea-foam that gathers between land and sea, white rain such as snow or hail, the dancing tags that are woven into cloaks, or as the transliteration of sugar. ‘Haka’ is predominantly perceived as a masculine form of traditional Māori dance and is akin to weaving with the entire body. Haka is highly sexualised and invigorates a sense of connection to Māori genealogies, family, community, language, land and cultural practices. huka can haka infers the agency enacted through the intentional performance of an identity between cultures and gender in Aotearoa New Zealand. ‘Taonga’ translates from Māori to English to represent things people value and treasure – they can be tangible or ephemeral and include shared and individual memories, people, words, actions, the things we make and beautify, as well as the natural environment that sustains us. ‘Tino rangatiratanga’ is a Māori assertion of the right to determine our lives without the disruptive controls enacted through the New Zealand government by the British Crown. Taonga performing tino rangatiratanga, infers the agency present in valuable things – because taonga exist we become aware of reasons to protect them, we create protective processes and we appreciate the value of ourselves as protectors. huka can haka: Taonga performing tino rangatiratanga explores how making art heals – it describes the transformations that manifest when creating through Māori knowledge.


Raranga is the framework used to organise and explain my research. Raranga is a traditional process of Māori weaving and through its use as a methodology, I am able to connect my explorations to the relational values that are part of Māori culture. I use raranga as a framework to interpret my own practice which is unique to me – there is no separation between my practice and the ways I live my life which differs from the approaches of other weavers. Within this project I utilise a range of research approaches that are qualitative, autobiographical, subjective, creative and practice-based.  Traditional Māori methods of story-telling, pūrākau, are used to communicate this research in digital image, digital video, writing and performance art. Through doing this I describe how contemporary media explorations can be interpreted as forms of raranga and haka, which can help mediate the sometimes oppressive use of text, image, moving image and performance in advancing colonial intents. The primary findings in this research are:
1.	that creative practice research can help people to connect sexuality with creativity, to, re-story and re-generate narratives of empowerment; 
2.	that multimedia approaches to identity knowledge gathering, assists in embodying empowerment;
3.	that Kaupapa Māori Theory can challenge dominant perceptions of gendered Māori bodies, and is inclusive of the ‘do it yourself’ strategies described through Transgender theory;
4.	that a raranga methodology can be embodied through performance and performance artefacts, connecting research to the lived experiences of research subjects;
5.	that raranga is a powerful tool to interpret sexual trauma, offering connective strategies to release damaging internalised behaviours;
6.	that raranga can centre marginal identities as bodies full of hope; 
7.	that performance of historical trauma as ceremony can offer collective forms of healing, and;
8.	that raranga heals, giving direction to multiple and conflicting strands of lived experience.


The thesis makes prominent the generative and progressive nature of raranga and is chronological in design. Theoretical explorations inspire creative works, which then in turn inform avenues for deeper theorisation, leading to new creative works and so on until the thesis conclusion. Through this creative practice research project I assert raranga as a powerful process to interpret the agency that grows between makers, the materials we use and the objects we create. Ultimately, this thesis outlines a way to weave experiences of sexualised and gendered trauma, and affirm the healing present at the intersection between oppositional relationships.

year: 2017