title: Understanding Socio-Cultural and Organisational Constraints on Women's Leadership: A Case Study in Indonesian Higher Education

authors: Amalo, Elizabeth Anggraeni

subjects: Women's leadership

abstract: In Indonesia, especially in Java, in a range of time, the numbers of women occupying senior leadership positions in state higher institutions are low. My experiences working in such institutions supported this phenomenon. This caused my curiosity to find out why female lecturers did not occupy higher leadership positions. I also wanted to know about the nature of the institution operating towards this situation. I assumed that there were barriers from Javanese culture and from their workplaces. In order to find out whether my assumptions were the case, I conducted case study research in an engineering higher education institution in Indonesia to find out why this situation existed, given that one of the articles in the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia states that every citizen has the rights to work and earn money.
Data from this case study research were collected through interviewing sixteen   senior teaching staff comprised 12 female lecturers, 6 of them were in the lower level of leadership positions, and four men in senior managerial positions. Data were also obtained through accessible documents of the institution, and also from direct observations. 
The key findings revealed that the involvement and interactions of the research participants in their social fields, at macro, meso, and micro levels, influenced the way the participants made decisions and acted towards each level. Especially, it showed how habitus played out in their lives, affecting their thoughts, behaviour and actions, and leading to their perceptions and beliefs about who could be senior leaders in this institution. It revealed that there were tensions and contradictions the women participants experienced due to the expectations from each level of social field. In the meso level of social field, that is their workplace, the tensions and contradictions amplified.

text: Understanding Socio-Cultural and Organisational Constraints on Women's Leadership: A Case Study in Indonesian Higher Education In Indonesia, especially in Java, in a range of time, the numbers of women occupying senior leadership positions in state higher institutions are low. My experiences working in such institutions supported this phenomenon. This caused my curiosity to find out why female lecturers did not occupy higher leadership positions. I also wanted to know about the nature of the institution operating towards this situation. I assumed that there were barriers from Javanese culture and from their workplaces. In order to find out whether my assumptions were the case, I conducted case study research in an engineering higher education institution in Indonesia to find out why this situation existed, given that one of the articles in the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia states that every citizen has the rights to work and earn money.
Data from this case study research were collected through interviewing sixteen   senior teaching staff comprised 12 female lecturers, 6 of them were in the lower level of leadership positions, and four men in senior managerial positions. Data were also obtained through accessible documents of the institution, and also from direct observations. 
The key findings revealed that the involvement and interactions of the research participants in their social fields, at macro, meso, and micro levels, influenced the way the participants made decisions and acted towards each level. Especially, it showed how habitus played out in their lives, affecting their thoughts, behaviour and actions, and leading to their perceptions and beliefs about who could be senior leaders in this institution. It revealed that there were tensions and contradictions the women participants experienced due to the expectations from each level of social field. In the meso level of social field, that is their workplace, the tensions and contradictions amplified.

year: 2014

title: Some characteristics of a serine proteinase isolated from an extreme thermophile for use in kinetically controlled peptide bond synthesis

authors: Peek, Keith

subjects: Proteinases

abstract: The use of proteinases for the synthesis of peptides and esters has been studied for over 50 years and has increased substantially over recent years. In particular, the use of proteinases in anhydrous organic solvents ( < 0.01% water), where they exhibit novel properties, is gaining momentum.¹ However, most of the work on peptide synthesis has been on the use of proteinases in water-miscible solvents. There are a number of advantages in employing water-miscible solvents.² For example, some amino acid derivatives are poorly soluble in nonpolar solvents and limitations due to the diffusion of substrates in biphasic systems or enzymes suspended in hydrophobic solvents are avoided. The main disadvantage of employing water-miscible solvents is that at high concentrations, many enzymes are relatively inactive or denatured due to the stripping of enzyme-bound water.³ The use of proteinases isolated from extreme thermophiles, with their inherent stability to extremes of pH and temperature and to organic solvents, would seem to be one of the obvious ways of solving these problems. In addition, the reactions could be carried out at higher temperatures, which would result in benefits from increased substrate solubilities, accelerated rates of diffusion, and decreased viscosity.

text: Some characteristics of a serine proteinase isolated from an extreme thermophile for use in kinetically controlled peptide bond synthesis The use of proteinases for the synthesis of peptides and esters has been studied for over 50 years and has increased substantially over recent years. In particular, the use of proteinases in anhydrous organic solvents ( < 0.01% water), where they exhibit novel properties, is gaining momentum.¹ However, most of the work on peptide synthesis has been on the use of proteinases in water-miscible solvents. There are a number of advantages in employing water-miscible solvents.² For example, some amino acid derivatives are poorly soluble in nonpolar solvents and limitations due to the diffusion of substrates in biphasic systems or enzymes suspended in hydrophobic solvents are avoided. The main disadvantage of employing water-miscible solvents is that at high concentrations, many enzymes are relatively inactive or denatured due to the stripping of enzyme-bound water.³ The use of proteinases isolated from extreme thermophiles, with their inherent stability to extremes of pH and temperature and to organic solvents, would seem to be one of the obvious ways of solving these problems. In addition, the reactions could be carried out at higher temperatures, which would result in benefits from increased substrate solubilities, accelerated rates of diffusion, and decreased viscosity.

year: 1992

title: He Maimai Aroha mō Nātana Waka Takurua

authors: Manuirirangi, Hōri

subjects: Poroporoaki

abstract: He kupu whakamānawa nā Hōri Manuirirangi ki a Nātana Waka Takurua i tana matenga.

text: He Maimai Aroha mō Nātana Waka Takurua He kupu whakamānawa nā Hōri Manuirirangi ki a Nātana Waka Takurua i tana matenga.

year: 2012-05