title: Restoring giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus) populations in Hamilton's urban streams

authors: Aldridge, Brenda Michelle Te Aroha

subjects: Giant kokopu

abstract: In this study, options for restoring fish populations in Hamilton City (37.47'S, 175.19'E) were explored.  Habitat and fish populations in Hamilton urban streams were manipulated using a two-fold experimental design.  Firstly, habitat was enhanced in ten urban streams with three continuous treatments in a 60-m reach at each site (20 m with 10 ponga logs, 20 m with 20 hollow clay pipes, and 20 m with no added structure).  Secondly, juvenile farm-reared giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus), were stocked into five of the enhanced stream sections.  Giant kokopu are threatened and occur naturally in Hamilton urban streams in sparse populations.  The abundance of wild fish was monitored before and after enhancement and fish release from November 2006 to November 2007.  Stocked fish were monitored for eight months, from April to November 2007.  Over this time electric fishing was conducted three times, trap nets (Gee minnow and fyke nets) were set monthly and spotlighting was conducted monthly at three release sites where water clarity allowed. 

Anticipated outcomes of this research were; to determine whether giant kokopu abundance in Hamilton urban streams is limited by recruitment or by habitat, and to assist with the development of methods to restore fish populations in Hamilton City urban streams.  

Logs used as enhancement structures in Hamilton urban streams provided more stable habitat for fish and created more suitable microhabitat than pipe structures.  Pipes moved considerably during high flows, and their instability made them less effective at providing habitat.  Within the study sites there appeared to be complex interactions with turbidity, stream width and depth, which complicated the effect of the habitat structures.  The limited replication and variability among sites contributed to statistically insignificant results using analysis of variance. 


Retention and recapture rates of stocked juvenile giant kokopu were greatest at Site M11, where the stream was narrow, shallow, clear and had lower numbers and biomass of shortfin eels, compared to other survey sites.  Marked and released giant kokopu were retained in the release reaches at four of the five sites, for a minimum of four months, and exhibited substantial growth.  Daily growth of juvenile giant kokopu ranged from 0.19 to 0.33 mm day-1 and from 0.03 to 0.11 g day-1, exhibiting substantial growth over winter.  Giant kokopu appeared to have a slight bias to the log section of enhanced habitat, but habitat selection appeared to be overwhelmingly controlled by initial habitat selection.  

The stocking of farm-reared fish into urban streams was largely successful, but the success of the habitat enhancement was variable and further work is required to determine better techniques for habitat enhancement in these urban environments.  It is concluded that releasing farm-reared giant kokopu can be used to restore populations especially where recruitment limitations control fish abundance and diversity.

text: Restoring giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus) populations in Hamilton's urban streams In this study, options for restoring fish populations in Hamilton City (37.47'S, 175.19'E) were explored.  Habitat and fish populations in Hamilton urban streams were manipulated using a two-fold experimental design.  Firstly, habitat was enhanced in ten urban streams with three continuous treatments in a 60-m reach at each site (20 m with 10 ponga logs, 20 m with 20 hollow clay pipes, and 20 m with no added structure).  Secondly, juvenile farm-reared giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus), were stocked into five of the enhanced stream sections.  Giant kokopu are threatened and occur naturally in Hamilton urban streams in sparse populations.  The abundance of wild fish was monitored before and after enhancement and fish release from November 2006 to November 2007.  Stocked fish were monitored for eight months, from April to November 2007.  Over this time electric fishing was conducted three times, trap nets (Gee minnow and fyke nets) were set monthly and spotlighting was conducted monthly at three release sites where water clarity allowed. 

Anticipated outcomes of this research were; to determine whether giant kokopu abundance in Hamilton urban streams is limited by recruitment or by habitat, and to assist with the development of methods to restore fish populations in Hamilton City urban streams.  

Logs used as enhancement structures in Hamilton urban streams provided more stable habitat for fish and created more suitable microhabitat than pipe structures.  Pipes moved considerably during high flows, and their instability made them less effective at providing habitat.  Within the study sites there appeared to be complex interactions with turbidity, stream width and depth, which complicated the effect of the habitat structures.  The limited replication and variability among sites contributed to statistically insignificant results using analysis of variance. 


Retention and recapture rates of stocked juvenile giant kokopu were greatest at Site M11, where the stream was narrow, shallow, clear and had lower numbers and biomass of shortfin eels, compared to other survey sites.  Marked and released giant kokopu were retained in the release reaches at four of the five sites, for a minimum of four months, and exhibited substantial growth.  Daily growth of juvenile giant kokopu ranged from 0.19 to 0.33 mm day-1 and from 0.03 to 0.11 g day-1, exhibiting substantial growth over winter.  Giant kokopu appeared to have a slight bias to the log section of enhanced habitat, but habitat selection appeared to be overwhelmingly controlled by initial habitat selection.  

The stocking of farm-reared fish into urban streams was largely successful, but the success of the habitat enhancement was variable and further work is required to determine better techniques for habitat enhancement in these urban environments.  It is concluded that releasing farm-reared giant kokopu can be used to restore populations especially where recruitment limitations control fish abundance and diversity.

year: 2008

title: Tonality re-framed: The tone clock as gateway to expanded tonality

authors: Baker, Shamus Adam

subjects: Tone clock

abstract: During the 20ᵗʰ century, developments in musical practice courted controversy by abandoning traditional means of musical organization and expression. A potent response to this trend was the work of Peter Schat in creating the tone clock theory of musical composition, and Jenny McLeod’s efforts to develop these ideas in the New Zealand context. However, Schat’s claim to have created an ‘atonical tonality’ is problematic. This thesis uses the tone clock as a tool for generating an expanded form of true tonality. Based upon the common branching groupings of both tonal framing and tone clock steering, the two approaches are combined to create an expanded tonality of emancipated intervals, allowing the population of an expanded musical territory with the expressive possibilities tonality is already known to possess through the work of earlier composers and theorists. The approach, developed using small experiments in composition and analysis, is that the groupings which emerge from the small number of tonal framing motions are easily described by a steering tree, which relates them to the principles of the tone clock. This allows the same basic tonal framings to be transposed into a greater number of interval combinations. This expanded tonality is also demonstrated in multi-voice textures, making use of unconventional chordal sonorities channeled according to the same framing principles.

text: Tonality re-framed: The tone clock as gateway to expanded tonality During the 20ᵗʰ century, developments in musical practice courted controversy by abandoning traditional means of musical organization and expression. A potent response to this trend was the work of Peter Schat in creating the tone clock theory of musical composition, and Jenny McLeod’s efforts to develop these ideas in the New Zealand context. However, Schat’s claim to have created an ‘atonical tonality’ is problematic. This thesis uses the tone clock as a tool for generating an expanded form of true tonality. Based upon the common branching groupings of both tonal framing and tone clock steering, the two approaches are combined to create an expanded tonality of emancipated intervals, allowing the population of an expanded musical territory with the expressive possibilities tonality is already known to possess through the work of earlier composers and theorists. The approach, developed using small experiments in composition and analysis, is that the groupings which emerge from the small number of tonal framing motions are easily described by a steering tree, which relates them to the principles of the tone clock. This allows the same basic tonal framings to be transposed into a greater number of interval combinations. This expanded tonality is also demonstrated in multi-voice textures, making use of unconventional chordal sonorities channeled according to the same framing principles.

year: 2022

title: Contemporary attitudes to traditional facial ta moko: A working paper

authors: Rua, Mohi

subjects: Maori

abstract: Until it came under serious attack from nineteenth century missionaries, ta moko was an
integral part of traditional Maori society. Facial moko conveyed important information about
identity, whakapapa and status. The process of receiving a moko was tapu and highly regulated.
Recent years have seen an increase in the number of Maori receiving ta moko. Moko have been
seen as a symbol of Maori pride and identity and have often been associated with political
activism. This study set out to investigate the contemporary meaning of ta moko, the reactions
wearers encounter from others and the ways wearers cope with those reactions.
Three case studies are presented. These show that the issues of personal identity and
whakapapa were central to the meaning wearers attached to their moko. Receiving a moko was
often associated with significant personal changes and an increased political commitment to
Maori self determination. On the whole, positive reactions were more common than negative
reactions but wearers did find themselves subjected to racist and antagonistic responses.
Wearing moko was also reported to mean that others, particularly other Maori, placed certain
expectations on the wearer, notably to be fluent in te reo and to be able to exercise leadership.
Participants considered that there was a need for education about the significance of ta moko
and recommended that those contemplating receiving a moko ensure that they are reasonably
fluent in te reo.

text: Contemporary attitudes to traditional facial ta moko: A working paper Until it came under serious attack from nineteenth century missionaries, ta moko was an
integral part of traditional Maori society. Facial moko conveyed important information about
identity, whakapapa and status. The process of receiving a moko was tapu and highly regulated.
Recent years have seen an increase in the number of Maori receiving ta moko. Moko have been
seen as a symbol of Maori pride and identity and have often been associated with political
activism. This study set out to investigate the contemporary meaning of ta moko, the reactions
wearers encounter from others and the ways wearers cope with those reactions.
Three case studies are presented. These show that the issues of personal identity and
whakapapa were central to the meaning wearers attached to their moko. Receiving a moko was
often associated with significant personal changes and an increased political commitment to
Maori self determination. On the whole, positive reactions were more common than negative
reactions but wearers did find themselves subjected to racist and antagonistic responses.
Wearing moko was also reported to mean that others, particularly other Maori, placed certain
expectations on the wearer, notably to be fluent in te reo and to be able to exercise leadership.
Participants considered that there was a need for education about the significance of ta moko
and recommended that those contemplating receiving a moko ensure that they are reasonably
fluent in te reo.

year: 1999