title: The First World War in New Zealand Fiction

authors: Wood, Ryan

abstract: New Zealand fiction in which the First World War features either directly or indirectly has steadily grown in volume since the end of the war in 1918. Well-known texts, such as Passport to Hell (1936) and Once on Chunuk Bair (1982), have been the subjects of much literary criticism and evaluation. But there are several more New Zealand texts that fall within the sub-genre of Great War fiction that have not been subject to the same academic scrutiny; nor has there been a comparative study of these texts. Some of these include Robin Hyde’s Nor The Years Condemn (a less well-known sequel to Passport to Hell) as well as more contemporary novels such as Elizabeth Knox’s After Z-Hour and C.K. Stead’s Mansfield, along with short texts such as Barbara Anderson’s ‘Real Beach Weather’ and Dean Parker’s counterfactual essay ‘What if a poet had taken us out of the Great War?’. This thesis seeks to fill this gap in academic thought by closely examining several fictional accounts, and detecting both their differences, but also the common concerns that might unify them beyond merely including reference to the First World War. The thesis addresses the motives behind writing about the war, and its haunting nature, before moving on to a discussion of the presence (or lack thereof) of the Gallipoli myth in our fiction. The thesis then explores the different ‘worlds’ of the war, both literally and metaphorically, including the use of pastoral New Zealand as a contrast to the industrialised front. Finally, the thesis examines the impact of the war on heterosexual relationships, and how the fiction responds to this often unremembered legacy of the Great War.

text: The First World War in New Zealand Fiction New Zealand fiction in which the First World War features either directly or indirectly has steadily grown in volume since the end of the war in 1918. Well-known texts, such as Passport to Hell (1936) and Once on Chunuk Bair (1982), have been the subjects of much literary criticism and evaluation. But there are several more New Zealand texts that fall within the sub-genre of Great War fiction that have not been subject to the same academic scrutiny; nor has there been a comparative study of these texts. Some of these include Robin Hyde’s Nor The Years Condemn (a less well-known sequel to Passport to Hell) as well as more contemporary novels such as Elizabeth Knox’s After Z-Hour and C.K. Stead’s Mansfield, along with short texts such as Barbara Anderson’s ‘Real Beach Weather’ and Dean Parker’s counterfactual essay ‘What if a poet had taken us out of the Great War?’. This thesis seeks to fill this gap in academic thought by closely examining several fictional accounts, and detecting both their differences, but also the common concerns that might unify them beyond merely including reference to the First World War. The thesis addresses the motives behind writing about the war, and its haunting nature, before moving on to a discussion of the presence (or lack thereof) of the Gallipoli myth in our fiction. The thesis then explores the different ‘worlds’ of the war, both literally and metaphorically, including the use of pastoral New Zealand as a contrast to the industrialised front. Finally, the thesis examines the impact of the war on heterosexual relationships, and how the fiction responds to this often unremembered legacy of the Great War.

year: 2016

title: Automated Boundary Testing from Z and B

authors: Legeard, Bruno

subjects: computer science

abstract: We present a method for black-box boundary testing from B and Z formal specifications. The basis of the method is to test every operation of the system at every boundary state using all input boundary values of that operation. The test generation process is highly automated. It starts by calculating boundary goals from Pre/Post predicates derived from the formal model. Then each boundary goal is instantiated to a reachable boundary state, by searching for a sequence of operations that reaches the boundary goal from the initial state. This process makes intensive use of a set-oriented constraint technology, both for boundary computation and to traverse the state space. The method was designed on the basis of industrial applications in the domain of critical software (Smart card and transportation). Application results show the effectiveness and the scalability of the method. In this paper, we give an overview of the method and focus on the calculation of the boundary goals and states.

text: Automated Boundary Testing from Z and B We present a method for black-box boundary testing from B and Z formal specifications. The basis of the method is to test every operation of the system at every boundary state using all input boundary values of that operation. The test generation process is highly automated. It starts by calculating boundary goals from Pre/Post predicates derived from the formal model. Then each boundary goal is instantiated to a reachable boundary state, by searching for a sequence of operations that reaches the boundary goal from the initial state. This process makes intensive use of a set-oriented constraint technology, both for boundary computation and to traverse the state space. The method was designed on the basis of industrial applications in the domain of critical software (Smart card and transportation). Application results show the effectiveness and the scalability of the method. In this paper, we give an overview of the method and focus on the calculation of the boundary goals and states.

year: 2002

title: Materials for enhancing denitrification performance in partially saturated vertical flow wetlands for marae

authors: Liu, Lucian XiaoRan

abstract: There are upwards of 773 marae in New Zealand which are responsible for many key events for the indigenous people, Māori, many of which are located rurally and have inadequate on-site wastewater treatment mostly comprising of a septic tank followed by land application. Māori have many strong beliefs about water and subsequently criteria surround the treatment of wastewater due to the effects it can have on people and environment. One proposed solution that meets criteria are treatment wetlands, more specifically partially saturated vertical flow wetlands which require a smaller footprint and produce better effluent than traditional wetland designs. NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research) has experimented with mesocosm scale versions of this design and has encountered issues with denitrification in the saturated zone.

This research is therefore directed at enhancing denitrification in the saturated zone with materials that are able to supplement organic carbon for denitrification. Several woodchip materials (Eastern Cottonwood, Mahogany, Manuka, Eucalyptus, Crack Willow, Princess Tree and Pine) along with two industry by-product materials (Brewers Spent Grain and Slum gum) and Coir (Coconut derivative) were examined for denitrification capabilities and to serve in producing a leachate for dosing the proposed system to supplement organic carbon for denitrification.

The research is split into three phases; the first examines the ability of materials to release organic carbon into water over 60 days, the second examines the same but over three 10 day cycles, and the third quantifies denitrification performance of the materials at lab scale.

Results showed that producing a suitable leachate is not possible without the use of fresh material for each batch. By-product materials had great capacity for releasing organic carbon into water and denitrification (up to 85.5% nitrate removal) but had limited lifespans as media. While woodchip materials did not exhibit as great carbon release, they achieved comparable denitrification (74.2-74.5% nitrate removal) with long lifespans. Therefore, a woodchip and industry by-product mix could be the solution. Alternatively, there are many woodchip species, some which could have better denitrification capacity or suitable industry by-products with longer useful lifespans.

text: Materials for enhancing denitrification performance in partially saturated vertical flow wetlands for marae There are upwards of 773 marae in New Zealand which are responsible for many key events for the indigenous people, Māori, many of which are located rurally and have inadequate on-site wastewater treatment mostly comprising of a septic tank followed by land application. Māori have many strong beliefs about water and subsequently criteria surround the treatment of wastewater due to the effects it can have on people and environment. One proposed solution that meets criteria are treatment wetlands, more specifically partially saturated vertical flow wetlands which require a smaller footprint and produce better effluent than traditional wetland designs. NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research) has experimented with mesocosm scale versions of this design and has encountered issues with denitrification in the saturated zone.

This research is therefore directed at enhancing denitrification in the saturated zone with materials that are able to supplement organic carbon for denitrification. Several woodchip materials (Eastern Cottonwood, Mahogany, Manuka, Eucalyptus, Crack Willow, Princess Tree and Pine) along with two industry by-product materials (Brewers Spent Grain and Slum gum) and Coir (Coconut derivative) were examined for denitrification capabilities and to serve in producing a leachate for dosing the proposed system to supplement organic carbon for denitrification.

The research is split into three phases; the first examines the ability of materials to release organic carbon into water over 60 days, the second examines the same but over three 10 day cycles, and the third quantifies denitrification performance of the materials at lab scale.

Results showed that producing a suitable leachate is not possible without the use of fresh material for each batch. By-product materials had great capacity for releasing organic carbon into water and denitrification (up to 85.5% nitrate removal) but had limited lifespans as media. While woodchip materials did not exhibit as great carbon release, they achieved comparable denitrification (74.2-74.5% nitrate removal) with long lifespans. Therefore, a woodchip and industry by-product mix could be the solution. Alternatively, there are many woodchip species, some which could have better denitrification capacity or suitable industry by-products with longer useful lifespans.

year: 2023