title: Understanding outdoor education in South Korea: The perspectives of current leaders

authors: Hwang, Cho Rok

subjects: Outdoor education

abstract: Outdoor education includes the provision of outdoor learning experiences to assist youth’s holistic development in relation to the outdoor environment. The formalised educational practice of outdoor education internationally derived mainly from the Western part of the world, with famous Western scholars and philosophers providing the root of the ideas and theories (Wurdinger, 1997). The practice is now widespread in different parts of the world, including South Korea. However, outdoor education in South Korea has not yet gone through systematic development (Lee, 2018). In-depth exploration to understand outdoor education through the eyes of current outdoor education leaders in South Korea and the key influences and social and cultural context that impacted the delivery of outdoor education is, therefore, timely. This study aims to understand outdoor education in South Korea, focussing on why and how outdoor education in South Korea has shaped as it is today.

This interpretive qualitative study was framed by critical realism and contextualism and used culturally responsive approaches to explore and highlight the perspectives and experiences of current outdoor leaders in Korea. One-on-one semi-structured interviews were conducted online with six current outdoor education leaders in South Korea from different backgrounds. Through thematic analysis, four main themes were identified. The first theme focused on learning outdoor education in South Korea, highlighting the challenges leaders face in learning and developing themselves as an OE leader. The second theme explored policies and regulation that impacts the operation and delivery of outdoor education. The third theme explored the perception of outdoor education from different parts of society, including parents, teachers, schools and organisations. Lastly, the final theme explored these current leaders' ideas and perceptions of the future of OE in South Korea. Given the interconnection of each challenge identified through the analysis of four themes, for OE to flourish in South Korea, there was the need for clarification of outdoor education, investment in the development of Korean-style outdoor education and changes in perception. The research concludes with areas for further study, limitations and a summary of the entire research.

text: Understanding outdoor education in South Korea: The perspectives of current leaders Outdoor education includes the provision of outdoor learning experiences to assist youth’s holistic development in relation to the outdoor environment. The formalised educational practice of outdoor education internationally derived mainly from the Western part of the world, with famous Western scholars and philosophers providing the root of the ideas and theories (Wurdinger, 1997). The practice is now widespread in different parts of the world, including South Korea. However, outdoor education in South Korea has not yet gone through systematic development (Lee, 2018). In-depth exploration to understand outdoor education through the eyes of current outdoor education leaders in South Korea and the key influences and social and cultural context that impacted the delivery of outdoor education is, therefore, timely. This study aims to understand outdoor education in South Korea, focussing on why and how outdoor education in South Korea has shaped as it is today.

This interpretive qualitative study was framed by critical realism and contextualism and used culturally responsive approaches to explore and highlight the perspectives and experiences of current outdoor leaders in Korea. One-on-one semi-structured interviews were conducted online with six current outdoor education leaders in South Korea from different backgrounds. Through thematic analysis, four main themes were identified. The first theme focused on learning outdoor education in South Korea, highlighting the challenges leaders face in learning and developing themselves as an OE leader. The second theme explored policies and regulation that impacts the operation and delivery of outdoor education. The third theme explored the perception of outdoor education from different parts of society, including parents, teachers, schools and organisations. Lastly, the final theme explored these current leaders' ideas and perceptions of the future of OE in South Korea. Given the interconnection of each challenge identified through the analysis of four themes, for OE to flourish in South Korea, there was the need for clarification of outdoor education, investment in the development of Korean-style outdoor education and changes in perception. The research concludes with areas for further study, limitations and a summary of the entire research.

year: 2023

title: Accounting for the costs of recruiting and training

authors: Twiname, Linda J.

abstract: We investigate the investments made by accounting firms into recruiting and training new employees into entry-level positions. This includes developing a model to capture both the direct and indirect investments/ costs associated with recruitment and training. We quantify time, effort, resources, and associated opportunity costs, on entry-level recruits. The model was converted into a quantitative questionnaire and administered to accounting firms. We administered it to twelve accounting firms. The findings from this study build upon earlier studies (Bliss, 2001; Hansen, 1997; Phillips, 1990) which estimated the cost to recruit and train new employees at approximately 150% of their annual salary. Results revealed that the true investment in recruitment and training is significantly greater for the accountants in our study. On average accountants in our study invest an additional 241% of new employees’ annual salary. The findings provide insight into the true financial investments firms make during recruitment and the first year of employee training for entry-level positions. Our model is a simple tool which managers can use to quantify their investments in new employees during their first year of employment. It has proved insightful for accounting firms and has potential for use in other industries. Further, we found that generally new employees do not reach full productivity within their first year of employment. This highlights the importance for employers to retain new employees to maximise their returns on investment.

text: Accounting for the costs of recruiting and training We investigate the investments made by accounting firms into recruiting and training new employees into entry-level positions. This includes developing a model to capture both the direct and indirect investments/ costs associated with recruitment and training. We quantify time, effort, resources, and associated opportunity costs, on entry-level recruits. The model was converted into a quantitative questionnaire and administered to accounting firms. We administered it to twelve accounting firms. The findings from this study build upon earlier studies (Bliss, 2001; Hansen, 1997; Phillips, 1990) which estimated the cost to recruit and train new employees at approximately 150% of their annual salary. Results revealed that the true investment in recruitment and training is significantly greater for the accountants in our study. On average accountants in our study invest an additional 241% of new employees’ annual salary. The findings provide insight into the true financial investments firms make during recruitment and the first year of employee training for entry-level positions. Our model is a simple tool which managers can use to quantify their investments in new employees during their first year of employment. It has proved insightful for accounting firms and has potential for use in other industries. Further, we found that generally new employees do not reach full productivity within their first year of employment. This highlights the importance for employers to retain new employees to maximise their returns on investment.

year: 2011-06-27

title: Leadership: Going beyond personal will and professional skills to give life to Ka Hikitia

authors: Berryman, Mere

subjects: education policy

abstract: This paper investigates the Ka Hikitia Māori education policy and its subsequent influence in effecting system change towards Māori students’ achievement. It discusses how a Request for Proposal to the Ministry of Education’s Building on Success was conceptualised to support English-medium secondary schools across New Zealand to address this policy. The result, Kia Eke Panuku, is a professional learning and development response that works with Strategic Change Leadership Teams to create culturally responsive and relational contexts for learning, focused on Māori students enjoying and achieving educational success as Māori. It is argued that neither a political mandate for change nor a set of learned strategies by school personnel will truly bring about a changed reality for Māori students. Rather the reform must be led by transformative leaders who are driven by both the moral imperative to change and a keen sense of urgency to see this happen in our schools for Māori students and their home communities.
The major issues raised in this paper, and the solutions that have been reached thus far, can help inform others who are trying to raise the participation, inclusion and achievement of students who may currently be marginalised from formal education settings.

text: Leadership: Going beyond personal will and professional skills to give life to Ka Hikitia This paper investigates the Ka Hikitia Māori education policy and its subsequent influence in effecting system change towards Māori students’ achievement. It discusses how a Request for Proposal to the Ministry of Education’s Building on Success was conceptualised to support English-medium secondary schools across New Zealand to address this policy. The result, Kia Eke Panuku, is a professional learning and development response that works with Strategic Change Leadership Teams to create culturally responsive and relational contexts for learning, focused on Māori students enjoying and achieving educational success as Māori. It is argued that neither a political mandate for change nor a set of learned strategies by school personnel will truly bring about a changed reality for Māori students. Rather the reform must be led by transformative leaders who are driven by both the moral imperative to change and a keen sense of urgency to see this happen in our schools for Māori students and their home communities.
The major issues raised in this paper, and the solutions that have been reached thus far, can help inform others who are trying to raise the participation, inclusion and achievement of students who may currently be marginalised from formal education settings.

year: 2015