title: The role of colour when perceiving goalkeeper size

authors: Thakur, Vikas

abstract: This research examines the effect of the color of a goalkeeper's uniform on perceived size and performance in sports. The main purpose was to determine the impact of particular colors, namely red, yellow, blue, green, and black on the psychological attitudes of goalkeepers during competition. The quantitative approach was used in the study since the participants were asked to guess the size of goalkeepers wearing uniforms of various colors. The results revealed a significant main effect of uniform color on perceived size, with male goalkeepers in red and yellow uniforms estimated to be larger than those in blue (p = 0.008) and green (p = 0.061). In a follow-up experiment, it was found that male goalkeepers were perceived to be 16.8% larger than their actual size (F(1, 85) = 263.748, p < 0.001), while female goalkeepers were perceived as 6.3% larger (mean difference of 10.480, SE = 0.645, p < 0.001).  The results show that there is a significant gender stereotype, where male goalkeepers are perceived as larger than female goalkeepers irrespective of the color of the uniform they wear. These results indicate that uniform color can be used as a psychological weapon in sports and that the opponents may be conditioned by the color of the uniforms worn by the athletes. The findings of the study have relevance to the management of sports teams and the design of kits where the use of appropriate colors may be a nonverbal communication edge. However, the generalization of the results as well as the reliability of the results may be limited due to the small number and young age of the participants, restricted color options during the design of the uniform, and other features that may limit the applicability of the research in different sports and cultures.

text: The role of colour when perceiving goalkeeper size This research examines the effect of the color of a goalkeeper's uniform on perceived size and performance in sports. The main purpose was to determine the impact of particular colors, namely red, yellow, blue, green, and black on the psychological attitudes of goalkeepers during competition. The quantitative approach was used in the study since the participants were asked to guess the size of goalkeepers wearing uniforms of various colors. The results revealed a significant main effect of uniform color on perceived size, with male goalkeepers in red and yellow uniforms estimated to be larger than those in blue (p = 0.008) and green (p = 0.061). In a follow-up experiment, it was found that male goalkeepers were perceived to be 16.8% larger than their actual size (F(1, 85) = 263.748, p < 0.001), while female goalkeepers were perceived as 6.3% larger (mean difference of 10.480, SE = 0.645, p < 0.001).  The results show that there is a significant gender stereotype, where male goalkeepers are perceived as larger than female goalkeepers irrespective of the color of the uniform they wear. These results indicate that uniform color can be used as a psychological weapon in sports and that the opponents may be conditioned by the color of the uniforms worn by the athletes. The findings of the study have relevance to the management of sports teams and the design of kits where the use of appropriate colors may be a nonverbal communication edge. However, the generalization of the results as well as the reliability of the results may be limited due to the small number and young age of the participants, restricted color options during the design of the uniform, and other features that may limit the applicability of the research in different sports and cultures.

year: 2024

title: Necessary non-apodicity: Hermeneutic priority and textual authority in Christian-Muslim dialogue

authors: Pratt, Douglas

subjects: Christian

abstract: This article seeks to explore something of the significance of the notion of necessary non-apodicity as a leitmotif for the reading of sacred text in the context of Christian-Muslim dialogical engagement. Far from being a contentious challenge to received traditions of the status and reception of our respective scriptures, it contends that the notion of an inherent requirement to apply hermeneutic tools and approaches to sacred text is a mark of the mode of divine revelation as such. The absolute word of God was and is spoken into and through multifarious concrete contexts; the apprehension of the divine message throughout changing contexts and differing situations is thus intended to invite interpretive engagement necessarily. Or, put otherwise, the hermeneutical task that necessarily applies to the reading of scripture suggests that the sacred text of divine revelation is marked by necessary non-apodicity. In exploring this idea further, the article addresses some general issues of Christian and Muslim perspectives on sacred text then turns to an examination of the 2007 letter, 'A Common Word', from Muslims to Christians that seeks a renewed emphasis on dialogue.

text: Necessary non-apodicity: Hermeneutic priority and textual authority in Christian-Muslim dialogue This article seeks to explore something of the significance of the notion of necessary non-apodicity as a leitmotif for the reading of sacred text in the context of Christian-Muslim dialogical engagement. Far from being a contentious challenge to received traditions of the status and reception of our respective scriptures, it contends that the notion of an inherent requirement to apply hermeneutic tools and approaches to sacred text is a mark of the mode of divine revelation as such. The absolute word of God was and is spoken into and through multifarious concrete contexts; the apprehension of the divine message throughout changing contexts and differing situations is thus intended to invite interpretive engagement necessarily. Or, put otherwise, the hermeneutical task that necessarily applies to the reading of scripture suggests that the sacred text of divine revelation is marked by necessary non-apodicity. In exploring this idea further, the article addresses some general issues of Christian and Muslim perspectives on sacred text then turns to an examination of the 2007 letter, 'A Common Word', from Muslims to Christians that seeks a renewed emphasis on dialogue.

year: 2009

title: Working to End Racial Oppression: Project findings

authors: Waitoki, Moana

abstract: WERO webinar hosted by Māori and Indigenous Analysis Ltd & AATEA Solutions.

text: Working to End Racial Oppression: Project findings WERO webinar hosted by Māori and Indigenous Analysis Ltd & AATEA Solutions.

year: 2025