title: Response-strengthening effects of same- and different-context DRA training: The effects of two disruptors

authors: Layton, Karen Lorraine

subjects: behavior momentum

abstract: Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) involves placing problem behavior under extinction and simultaneously reinforcing a desirable behavior. Recent research revealed that, as predicted by Behavioral Momentum Theory, DRA may also increase the persistence of the problem behavior. This research has also shown that a different approach to DRA, in which an alternative behavior is trained in a separate context from the target behavior, produces less persistence than the standard procedure. The research on this phenomenon, so far, assessed persistence using extinction as the disruptor. DRA, however, is often implemented under conditions in which extinction of the problem behavior is not feasible. This study evaluated persistence of problem behavior following same- and separate- context DRA training using an alternative disruptor, an additional source of reinforcement. Following a successful reproduction of a previous study of extinction as a disruptor but with domestic hens, this study produced similar findings using an additional source of reinforcement as the disruptor. These findings add to the evidence that alternative DRA arrangements may avoid the response-strengthening effects found with traditional DRA procedures. The findings also demonstrate that disruptors other than extinction can be used to investigate response persistence following DRA and other procedures.

text: Response-strengthening effects of same- and different-context DRA training: The effects of two disruptors Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) involves placing problem behavior under extinction and simultaneously reinforcing a desirable behavior. Recent research revealed that, as predicted by Behavioral Momentum Theory, DRA may also increase the persistence of the problem behavior. This research has also shown that a different approach to DRA, in which an alternative behavior is trained in a separate context from the target behavior, produces less persistence than the standard procedure. The research on this phenomenon, so far, assessed persistence using extinction as the disruptor. DRA, however, is often implemented under conditions in which extinction of the problem behavior is not feasible. This study evaluated persistence of problem behavior following same- and separate- context DRA training using an alternative disruptor, an additional source of reinforcement. Following a successful reproduction of a previous study of extinction as a disruptor but with domestic hens, this study produced similar findings using an additional source of reinforcement as the disruptor. These findings add to the evidence that alternative DRA arrangements may avoid the response-strengthening effects found with traditional DRA procedures. The findings also demonstrate that disruptors other than extinction can be used to investigate response persistence following DRA and other procedures.

year: 2022-11

title: Perched and leaky layers in complex surface-subsurface flow environments: the Kawerau shallow groundwater aquifer (New Zealand)

authors: Shokri, Ali

subjects: perched and leaky

abstract: Perched and leaky geological layers can play an important role in hydrological systems by redirecting land surface recharge and reducing total recharge volume to regional aquifers. The extent of continuity and permeability of perched layers can be key physical parameters in surface and subsurface flow connection to regional groundwater systems. A semi-permeable perched layer with discontinuities, heterogeneity, fractures and faults will inevitably increase the spatial complexity of local recharge in an otherwise simple system. Relatively little is known about how perched and leaky layers might control linkages between surface flow, shallow groundwater flow, and regional groundwater. We describe one such system in the Kawerau shallow groundwater aquifer (New Zealand), where a thin, semi-permeable and fractured layer alternates between leaky and perching behaviour. A numerical groundwater model indicates the perching layer plays a critical role in controlling the volume and spatial pattern of water exchange between surface water and local and regional groundwater systems.

text: Perched and leaky layers in complex surface-subsurface flow environments: the Kawerau shallow groundwater aquifer (New Zealand) Perched and leaky geological layers can play an important role in hydrological systems by redirecting land surface recharge and reducing total recharge volume to regional aquifers. The extent of continuity and permeability of perched layers can be key physical parameters in surface and subsurface flow connection to regional groundwater systems. A semi-permeable perched layer with discontinuities, heterogeneity, fractures and faults will inevitably increase the spatial complexity of local recharge in an otherwise simple system. Relatively little is known about how perched and leaky layers might control linkages between surface flow, shallow groundwater flow, and regional groundwater. We describe one such system in the Kawerau shallow groundwater aquifer (New Zealand), where a thin, semi-permeable and fractured layer alternates between leaky and perching behaviour. A numerical groundwater model indicates the perching layer plays a critical role in controlling the volume and spatial pattern of water exchange between surface water and local and regional groundwater systems.

year: 2017

title: Ngati Rahiri versus Ngati Tamatera

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Conflict between Ngati Tamatera, of Ohinemuri, and Ngati Rahiri, of Te Aroha, was provoked by the latter believing that members of other hapu had received money for the Aroha Block to which they were not entitled. In addition, the two hapu disagreed over the block’s northern boundary. In early 1877 Ngati Rahiri threatened violence and even fired over the heads of several rangatira passing through their land, thereby challenging their right to intrude on it. In response, Ngati Tamatera, with the assistance of Ngati Koi, blocked the road to Te Aroha and also the Waihou River against Ngati Rahiri, although they permitted Pakeha to pass. Pakeha took a relaxed attitude to the conflict, not expecting any real battles occurring during a squabble they understood to have been caused by members of an inferior hapu having their names wrongly included in Crown grants.
After Ngati Tamatera erected two small and unimpressive pa to block both road and river, Ngati Rahiri retaliated by constructing a similarly unimpressive pa at Omahu, their settlement at Te Aroha. Apart from much posturing, the only actions taken were Ngati Tamatera sending back to Omahu an aged woman who had come down the river in a canoe and Ngati Rahiri stealing pigs and peaches and firing shots near a settlement. The Native Minister and various officials, notably James Mackay, intervened to resolve the conflict, which was ended with a reconciliation initiated by Ngati Tamatera and formalized by a large meeting of both hapu at Omahu.
Once this quarrel was settled, negotiations to enable the Crown to purchase the Aroha Block were resumed.

text: Ngati Rahiri versus Ngati Tamatera Conflict between Ngati Tamatera, of Ohinemuri, and Ngati Rahiri, of Te Aroha, was provoked by the latter believing that members of other hapu had received money for the Aroha Block to which they were not entitled. In addition, the two hapu disagreed over the block’s northern boundary. In early 1877 Ngati Rahiri threatened violence and even fired over the heads of several rangatira passing through their land, thereby challenging their right to intrude on it. In response, Ngati Tamatera, with the assistance of Ngati Koi, blocked the road to Te Aroha and also the Waihou River against Ngati Rahiri, although they permitted Pakeha to pass. Pakeha took a relaxed attitude to the conflict, not expecting any real battles occurring during a squabble they understood to have been caused by members of an inferior hapu having their names wrongly included in Crown grants.
After Ngati Tamatera erected two small and unimpressive pa to block both road and river, Ngati Rahiri retaliated by constructing a similarly unimpressive pa at Omahu, their settlement at Te Aroha. Apart from much posturing, the only actions taken were Ngati Tamatera sending back to Omahu an aged woman who had come down the river in a canoe and Ngati Rahiri stealing pigs and peaches and firing shots near a settlement. The Native Minister and various officials, notably James Mackay, intervened to resolve the conflict, which was ended with a reconciliation initiated by Ngati Tamatera and formalized by a large meeting of both hapu at Omahu.
Once this quarrel was settled, negotiations to enable the Crown to purchase the Aroha Block were resumed.

year: 2016