title: Studies of Leaching of Metals from Food Ceramics

authors: Velayudhan, Prajusha Veethampulli

abstract: In this study the leaching potential of food ceramic wares available in New Zealand has been done using ICP-MS analysis. A survey of ceramic wares purchased in New Zealand markets ranging from historical (antique) Victorian eras (Wilemen bone china and Chapman), mid - 20th century (Alfred Meakin), 1960-1980’s New Zealand-made (Crown Lynn) and modern day ceramic wares manufactured in China, India and Thailand was carried out with respect to their elemental compositions, ceramic composition and leaching potential. All these ceramic wares were found to contain various amounts of heavy metals in their glazes used for imparting special colours, texture and smooth finishes.  
Structural characterisation of these ceramic wares was carried out using different techniques such as solid state magic angle spinning NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine which elements were present in the bulk of ceramics clay sourced-body and in the glazes. The results of the XRF analysis informed the inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) studies by providing a list of elements to follow. In general XRF identified a number of heavy metals of interest in all the ceramic wares such as lead and cadmium in Victorian era Wileman and Chapman, mid-20th century Alfred Meakin and especially in the Crown Lynn wares. Barium was predominantly the heavy metal of interest in all modern ceramic wares that are predominantly used by many people in New Zealand. Cobalt, chromium, tin and zinc were present in all the ceramic wares. However, cadmium was significantly present in  the red coloured modern ceramic wares.
These ceramic wares were subjected to leaching tests to detect whether various elements of relevance such as lead, cadmium, barium, cobalt and chromium migrated to any great extent into liquids exposed to these ceramic wares. Leaching studies were done following the ASTM 738 -94 standard test methods for specific metals leaching into 4% acetic acid solutions after a 24 hour exposure time. The lead leached from Victorian era Wileman bone chinaware studied with 4% acetic acid leaching solution was found to exceed the standard safe limits of lead as given by  the FDA (3 µg/mL) and European Council Directive 84/500/EC (4mg/L). The Victorian era Chapman and the New Zealand made Crown Lynn ceramic wares leached lead with 4% acetic acid leaching solution but was below the standard safe limit. However, the modern day ceramic wares manufactured in China, India and Thailand analysed in this research were found to leach extremely low levels of barium being well below the oral reference dose (RFD) for barium given by the US Environmental protection agency (EPA) as 0.07 mg/kg/day, i.e. 4 mg/person/day.
Ceramic teacups were exposed to other leachate solutions based on the normal domestic use and all the leachate solutions were analysed with ICP-MS. These leachate solutions which were exposed to the ceramic teacups for a ten minutes leaching test included: orange juice at room temperature, hot tea at 80 - 95 oC, hot water at 80 - 95 o C, cold water at 4 oC and Coca Cola at room temperature in which some of the Crown Lynn teacups studied were found to be continuously leaching lead in all the tested solutions at varying conditions i.e. pH of the leaching solutions, its temperature and duration of exposure to the leaching solution have influence in migrating the metals from these ceramic teacups tested. However, the level of lead leached from these ceramic teacups was well below the standard safe limits of lead leached from ceramic wares.

text: Studies of Leaching of Metals from Food Ceramics In this study the leaching potential of food ceramic wares available in New Zealand has been done using ICP-MS analysis. A survey of ceramic wares purchased in New Zealand markets ranging from historical (antique) Victorian eras (Wilemen bone china and Chapman), mid - 20th century (Alfred Meakin), 1960-1980’s New Zealand-made (Crown Lynn) and modern day ceramic wares manufactured in China, India and Thailand was carried out with respect to their elemental compositions, ceramic composition and leaching potential. All these ceramic wares were found to contain various amounts of heavy metals in their glazes used for imparting special colours, texture and smooth finishes.  
Structural characterisation of these ceramic wares was carried out using different techniques such as solid state magic angle spinning NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine which elements were present in the bulk of ceramics clay sourced-body and in the glazes. The results of the XRF analysis informed the inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) studies by providing a list of elements to follow. In general XRF identified a number of heavy metals of interest in all the ceramic wares such as lead and cadmium in Victorian era Wileman and Chapman, mid-20th century Alfred Meakin and especially in the Crown Lynn wares. Barium was predominantly the heavy metal of interest in all modern ceramic wares that are predominantly used by many people in New Zealand. Cobalt, chromium, tin and zinc were present in all the ceramic wares. However, cadmium was significantly present in  the red coloured modern ceramic wares.
These ceramic wares were subjected to leaching tests to detect whether various elements of relevance such as lead, cadmium, barium, cobalt and chromium migrated to any great extent into liquids exposed to these ceramic wares. Leaching studies were done following the ASTM 738 -94 standard test methods for specific metals leaching into 4% acetic acid solutions after a 24 hour exposure time. The lead leached from Victorian era Wileman bone chinaware studied with 4% acetic acid leaching solution was found to exceed the standard safe limits of lead as given by  the FDA (3 µg/mL) and European Council Directive 84/500/EC (4mg/L). The Victorian era Chapman and the New Zealand made Crown Lynn ceramic wares leached lead with 4% acetic acid leaching solution but was below the standard safe limit. However, the modern day ceramic wares manufactured in China, India and Thailand analysed in this research were found to leach extremely low levels of barium being well below the oral reference dose (RFD) for barium given by the US Environmental protection agency (EPA) as 0.07 mg/kg/day, i.e. 4 mg/person/day.
Ceramic teacups were exposed to other leachate solutions based on the normal domestic use and all the leachate solutions were analysed with ICP-MS. These leachate solutions which were exposed to the ceramic teacups for a ten minutes leaching test included: orange juice at room temperature, hot tea at 80 - 95 oC, hot water at 80 - 95 o C, cold water at 4 oC and Coca Cola at room temperature in which some of the Crown Lynn teacups studied were found to be continuously leaching lead in all the tested solutions at varying conditions i.e. pH of the leaching solutions, its temperature and duration of exposure to the leaching solution have influence in migrating the metals from these ceramic teacups tested. However, the level of lead leached from these ceramic teacups was well below the standard safe limits of lead leached from ceramic wares.

year: 2013

title: Editorial: Work Family & Gender

authors: Haar, Jarrod M.

subjects: work family

abstract: Welcome to the third issue in our set of Special Editions of the New Zealand Journal of Human Resource Management (NZJHRM). As mentioned previously (Issues 1 and 2), the current set of Special Issue’s seeks to promote emerging research and researchers from New Zealand and Australasia undertaking research of interest to Human Resource Management professionals, academics, and researchers. As with the two previous issues, a number of these papers were presented at the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management (ANZAM) Conference in Auckland 2008. Let me reiterate my thanks to those reviewers for their initial work with the conference. This Special Issue focuses on work-family and gender, and I have combined these due to their complimentary nature, rather than suggesting they are inexorably linked together. As a work-family researcher myself, I believe work-family issues are important and relevant to all employees, not just females. However, I combined papers into this stream because clearly there are issues and theoretical underpinnings that make these streams of HRM research sufficiently close to relate.

text: Editorial: Work Family & Gender Welcome to the third issue in our set of Special Editions of the New Zealand Journal of Human Resource Management (NZJHRM). As mentioned previously (Issues 1 and 2), the current set of Special Issue’s seeks to promote emerging research and researchers from New Zealand and Australasia undertaking research of interest to Human Resource Management professionals, academics, and researchers. As with the two previous issues, a number of these papers were presented at the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management (ANZAM) Conference in Auckland 2008. Let me reiterate my thanks to those reviewers for their initial work with the conference. This Special Issue focuses on work-family and gender, and I have combined these due to their complimentary nature, rather than suggesting they are inexorably linked together. As a work-family researcher myself, I believe work-family issues are important and relevant to all employees, not just females. However, I combined papers into this stream because clearly there are issues and theoretical underpinnings that make these streams of HRM research sufficiently close to relate.

year: 2009

title: Te Ahurei a Rangatahi sexual health programme: An evaluation

authors: Nikora, Linda Waimarie

subjects: youth

abstract: The Maori and Psychology Research Unit was engaged in August 2001 to evaluate a
sexual health programme delivered by Te Ahurei a Rangatahi. Established in 1997,
Te Ahurei a Rangatahi is a community based charitable trust that delivers a variety of
programmes to Rangatahi.

text: Te Ahurei a Rangatahi sexual health programme: An evaluation The Maori and Psychology Research Unit was engaged in August 2001 to evaluate a
sexual health programme delivered by Te Ahurei a Rangatahi. Established in 1997,
Te Ahurei a Rangatahi is a community based charitable trust that delivers a variety of
programmes to Rangatahi.

year: 2001-12-01