title: The state of the Rotorua Lakes in 2017

authors: Hamilton, David P.

abstract: I have been asked to give an overview of the Rotorua Te Arawa Lakes and then focus on just four of the lakes. Chris McBride will pick up other lakes.  I would like to acknowledge Warwick Silvester who set up the Lakes Chair, Simon Stuart who is working outside the rohe, on Lake Taupō, but has a great body of knowledge on the food chain in that lake, with potential applications to the Te Arawa lakes. Also to Kohji Muraoka who helped me over the last 24 hours, putting data together which enabled me to synthesise my thoughts on these lakes.

text: The state of the Rotorua Lakes in 2017 I have been asked to give an overview of the Rotorua Te Arawa Lakes and then focus on just four of the lakes. Chris McBride will pick up other lakes.  I would like to acknowledge Warwick Silvester who set up the Lakes Chair, Simon Stuart who is working outside the rohe, on Lake Taupō, but has a great body of knowledge on the food chain in that lake, with potential applications to the Te Arawa lakes. Also to Kohji Muraoka who helped me over the last 24 hours, putting data together which enabled me to synthesise my thoughts on these lakes.

year: 2017

title: Cultural justice, ethics and teaching

authors: Nairn, Ray

subjects: Maori

abstract: Te Tiriti o Waitangi provides both a basis for cultural justice in this society and an explication of the term; each of the articles identifying a significant aspect of cultural justice. First, there is the guarantee to the Maori signatories that the Crown would protect their independence - tino rangatiratanga, (also read as authority, autonomy or self-determination) [Article II]. In Article III Maori are promised that they will also have the “Rights and Privileges of British subjects”. Finally, in Article I, Maori cede to the Crown the right to govern, to make laws to protect all peoples from the evil consequences of lawlessness. The 1835 Declaration of Independence located legislative authority in the Wakaminenga (the gathered rangatira meeting in Congress); and in 1840, in the context of the Crown promises, Maori authorised the Crown to exercise that authority. For Maori Te Tiriti specifies cultural justice for interactions between Maori and settlers in the new society. Maori are guaranteed the right to self-determination (and the economic and social resources to make that practical) in their relations with New Zealand society. They are also entitled to the same opportunities as other citizens. The latter rights, embodied in local legislation and international covenants to which we are signatory, are not alternatives to the prior right of Maori people to their (cultural) autonomy. The exercise of legislative and organisational authority must be exercised in a manner consistent with the promises which clearly requires consultation and negotiation with Maori.

text: Cultural justice, ethics and teaching Te Tiriti o Waitangi provides both a basis for cultural justice in this society and an explication of the term; each of the articles identifying a significant aspect of cultural justice. First, there is the guarantee to the Maori signatories that the Crown would protect their independence - tino rangatiratanga, (also read as authority, autonomy or self-determination) [Article II]. In Article III Maori are promised that they will also have the “Rights and Privileges of British subjects”. Finally, in Article I, Maori cede to the Crown the right to govern, to make laws to protect all peoples from the evil consequences of lawlessness. The 1835 Declaration of Independence located legislative authority in the Wakaminenga (the gathered rangatira meeting in Congress); and in 1840, in the context of the Crown promises, Maori authorised the Crown to exercise that authority. For Maori Te Tiriti specifies cultural justice for interactions between Maori and settlers in the new society. Maori are guaranteed the right to self-determination (and the economic and social resources to make that practical) in their relations with New Zealand society. They are also entitled to the same opportunities as other citizens. The latter rights, embodied in local legislation and international covenants to which we are signatory, are not alternatives to the prior right of Maori people to their (cultural) autonomy. The exercise of legislative and organisational authority must be exercised in a manner consistent with the promises which clearly requires consultation and negotiation with Maori.

year: 1993

title: Landing error scoring system: The effect of head turned position and dual tasking

authors: Anderson, Blake

subjects: sport

abstract: Sport has many mental and physical health benefits. However, with overall participation in sport 
increasing, sport-related issues and injuries are also increasing. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 
injuries are common knee injuries in athletes and the general population, often occurring through non
contact mechanisms. The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is a screening task used to identify 
athletes at higher risk of non-contact ACL and musculoskeletal injuries, where higher scores indicate 
poorer landing mechanics and greater risk of injury. Although the LESS is reliable, its predictive value 
is debated and it has been criticised for lacking validity in a sporting context. Previous studies have 
adapted LESS protocols in attempts to increase sport specificity, with changing head position or 
completing a dual task potentially suitable for this purpose as linked with ACL injury situations in 
sports. This thesis contains two experimental chapters. 
In the first experiment, 35 participants (22 males, 13 females) performed the LESS in two conditions 
allocated in a random order. In the control condition, participants jumped horizontally with both legs 
from a 30-cm high box to half their body height, landed with both feet, and jumped vertically as high 
as possible in one motion. In the head turned condition, participants performed the same double-leg 
jump landing movement while maintaining eye contact with an ‘X’ marked on a wall to their right, in 
line with the landing area. Participants performed three trials in each condition. Group mean LESS 
scores were significantly greater (P = 0.027) in the head turned (mean errors = 6.8 ± 1.5) than the 
control (mean errors = 6.4 ± 1.4) condition, with the mean difference of 0.4 errors being of small 
magnitude (Cohen’s d = 0.27 [0.51, 0.03]). No significant difference was found in the odds of being 
categorised at risk between conditions (P = 0.625, odds ratio = 3.00 [0.312, 28.8] based on a 5-error 
threshold. On an individual level, 28 participants were at risk in both conditions, although 13 had a 
meaningful increase in LESS score of one or more in the head turned condition. Average jump heights 
were significantly lower in the head turned condition, with the mean difference of 2.1 cm being of small 
magnitude (Cohen’s d = 0.20 [0.07,0.34]). Overall, performing the LESS with a head turned position 
appeared to increase the complexity and sport specificity of the task. Future research is required to 
determine the ability of the LESS to predict ACL injuries with a head turned condition as this aspect 
was not assessed. 
In the second experiment, an element of cognitive challenge was incorporated to the LESS in attempt 
to recreate the complex athlete-environment relationship of sports. In experiment two, 41 participants 
(20 males, 19 females, 2 others) performed the LESS in two conditions allocated in a random order. 
The control condition was the same as in the first experiment. In the tone counting condition, 
participants completed the same double-leg jump landing movement while mentally counting a random 
series of high-pitched and low-pitched tones, known as a tone counting task. Group mean LESS scores 
were not significantly different between tone counting (mean errors = 6.0 ± 1.3) and control (mean 
errors = 6.2 ± 1.5) conditions. Average jump heights were significantly lower in the tone counting than 
the control condition, with the mean difference of -4.2 cm being of small magnitude (Cohen’s d = 0.48 
[0.30, 0.66]). No significant difference was found in the odds of being categorised at risk between 
conditions (P = 1.000, odds ratio = 1.00 [0.20, 4.95]) based on a 5-error threshold. Overall, performing 
the LESS with a secondary tone counting task significantly decreased jump heights with a small effect 
size, corroborating an increased cognitive load during testing that impaired jump performance. 
However, LESS scores were not meaningfully influenced. 
Overall, introducing a head turned position to the LESS task increased LESS errors significantly, and 
introducing a tone counting task or head turned position decreased jump heights. Although future 
research is required to determine the ability of the LESS to predict ACL injuries with these dual tasking 
conditions, this Thesis demonstrates that the complexity and sport specificity of the LESS task can be 
increased by introducing dual tasking requirements.

text: Landing error scoring system: The effect of head turned position and dual tasking Sport has many mental and physical health benefits. However, with overall participation in sport 
increasing, sport-related issues and injuries are also increasing. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 
injuries are common knee injuries in athletes and the general population, often occurring through non
contact mechanisms. The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is a screening task used to identify 
athletes at higher risk of non-contact ACL and musculoskeletal injuries, where higher scores indicate 
poorer landing mechanics and greater risk of injury. Although the LESS is reliable, its predictive value 
is debated and it has been criticised for lacking validity in a sporting context. Previous studies have 
adapted LESS protocols in attempts to increase sport specificity, with changing head position or 
completing a dual task potentially suitable for this purpose as linked with ACL injury situations in 
sports. This thesis contains two experimental chapters. 
In the first experiment, 35 participants (22 males, 13 females) performed the LESS in two conditions 
allocated in a random order. In the control condition, participants jumped horizontally with both legs 
from a 30-cm high box to half their body height, landed with both feet, and jumped vertically as high 
as possible in one motion. In the head turned condition, participants performed the same double-leg 
jump landing movement while maintaining eye contact with an ‘X’ marked on a wall to their right, in 
line with the landing area. Participants performed three trials in each condition. Group mean LESS 
scores were significantly greater (P = 0.027) in the head turned (mean errors = 6.8 ± 1.5) than the 
control (mean errors = 6.4 ± 1.4) condition, with the mean difference of 0.4 errors being of small 
magnitude (Cohen’s d = 0.27 [0.51, 0.03]). No significant difference was found in the odds of being 
categorised at risk between conditions (P = 0.625, odds ratio = 3.00 [0.312, 28.8] based on a 5-error 
threshold. On an individual level, 28 participants were at risk in both conditions, although 13 had a 
meaningful increase in LESS score of one or more in the head turned condition. Average jump heights 
were significantly lower in the head turned condition, with the mean difference of 2.1 cm being of small 
magnitude (Cohen’s d = 0.20 [0.07,0.34]). Overall, performing the LESS with a head turned position 
appeared to increase the complexity and sport specificity of the task. Future research is required to 
determine the ability of the LESS to predict ACL injuries with a head turned condition as this aspect 
was not assessed. 
In the second experiment, an element of cognitive challenge was incorporated to the LESS in attempt 
to recreate the complex athlete-environment relationship of sports. In experiment two, 41 participants 
(20 males, 19 females, 2 others) performed the LESS in two conditions allocated in a random order. 
The control condition was the same as in the first experiment. In the tone counting condition, 
participants completed the same double-leg jump landing movement while mentally counting a random 
series of high-pitched and low-pitched tones, known as a tone counting task. Group mean LESS scores 
were not significantly different between tone counting (mean errors = 6.0 ± 1.3) and control (mean 
errors = 6.2 ± 1.5) conditions. Average jump heights were significantly lower in the tone counting than 
the control condition, with the mean difference of -4.2 cm being of small magnitude (Cohen’s d = 0.48 
[0.30, 0.66]). No significant difference was found in the odds of being categorised at risk between 
conditions (P = 1.000, odds ratio = 1.00 [0.20, 4.95]) based on a 5-error threshold. Overall, performing 
the LESS with a secondary tone counting task significantly decreased jump heights with a small effect 
size, corroborating an increased cognitive load during testing that impaired jump performance. 
However, LESS scores were not meaningfully influenced. 
Overall, introducing a head turned position to the LESS task increased LESS errors significantly, and 
introducing a tone counting task or head turned position decreased jump heights. Although future 
research is required to determine the ability of the LESS to predict ACL injuries with these dual tasking 
conditions, this Thesis demonstrates that the complexity and sport specificity of the LESS task can be 
increased by introducing dual tasking requirements.

year: 2025