title: Proof-of-learning: A blockchain consensus mechanism based on machine learning competitions

authors: Bravo-Marquez, Felipe

abstract: This article presents WekaCoin, a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency based on a new distributed consensus protocol called Proof-of-Learning. Proof-of-learning achieves distributed consensus by ranking machine learning systems for a given task. The aim of this protocol is to alleviate the computational waste involved in hashing-based puzzles and to create a public distributed and verifiable database of state-of-the-art machine learning models and experiments.

text: Proof-of-learning: A blockchain consensus mechanism based on machine learning competitions This article presents WekaCoin, a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency based on a new distributed consensus protocol called Proof-of-Learning. Proof-of-learning achieves distributed consensus by ranking machine learning systems for a given task. The aim of this protocol is to alleviate the computational waste involved in hashing-based puzzles and to create a public distributed and verifiable database of state-of-the-art machine learning models and experiments.

year: 2019

title: A simple approach to ordinal classification.

authors: Frank, Eibe

subjects: Machine learning

abstract: Machine learning methods for classification problems commonly assume that the class values are unordered.  However, in many practical applications the class values do exhibit a nature order, for example, when learning how to grade.  The standard approach to ordinal classification converts the class value into numeric quantity and applies a regression learner to the transformed data, translating the output back into a discrete class value in a post-processing step.  A disadvantage of this method is that it can only be applied in conjunction with a regression scheme.
In this paper we present a simple method that enables standard classification algorithms to make use of ordering information in class attributes.  By applying it in conjunction with a decision tree learner we show that it outperforms the naïve approach, which treats the class values as an unordered set.  Compared to special-purpose algorithms for ordinal classification our method has the advantage that it can be applied without any modification to the underlying learning scheme.

text: A simple approach to ordinal classification. Machine learning methods for classification problems commonly assume that the class values are unordered.  However, in many practical applications the class values do exhibit a nature order, for example, when learning how to grade.  The standard approach to ordinal classification converts the class value into numeric quantity and applies a regression learner to the transformed data, translating the output back into a discrete class value in a post-processing step.  A disadvantage of this method is that it can only be applied in conjunction with a regression scheme.
In this paper we present a simple method that enables standard classification algorithms to make use of ordering information in class attributes.  By applying it in conjunction with a decision tree learner we show that it outperforms the naïve approach, which treats the class values as an unordered set.  Compared to special-purpose algorithms for ordinal classification our method has the advantage that it can be applied without any modification to the underlying learning scheme.

year: 2001-11-01

title: Te whakahuatanga i te reo Māori: Kua ahatia e tātou i roto i ngā tau 100 kua hipa nei? (The pronunciation of Māori: What have we done to it in the last 100 Years?)

authors: Harlow, Ray

subjects: Te reo Māori

abstract: In the words of the proverb: 'The land remains, but humankind vanishes.' One should perhaps extend this to read: 'The land remains, humankind vanishes, and language changes.' For languages are old, handed down from one generation to another, but no matter what, they change. Present-day English is not Shakespeare's or Chaucer's language. The pronunciation has changed, new words have entered the language, some words have been lost, the grammar is now different. Māori is like that as well. Over the last two centuries, many aspects of the language have become different. Many words have been borrowed from English, and become part of the language. Many new words have been created in recent years to accommodate the new topics now being spoken about in Māori. Many words have changed their meaning, e.g., 'pūtea' originally a type of basket, but now a 'fund', source of money. In the grammar, there are now constructions being used which were not correct in earlier centuries.So far as the pronunciation is concerned, how is one to observe its development? That is the substance of a research project which has only just now begun, and it is the purpose of this paper to explain the nature of that research and show some of the preliminary findings. Hence the title: The pronunciation of Māori: What have we done to it in the last 100 years? The project is supported by the Marsden Research Fund.

text: Te whakahuatanga i te reo Māori: Kua ahatia e tātou i roto i ngā tau 100 kua hipa nei? (The pronunciation of Māori: What have we done to it in the last 100 Years?) In the words of the proverb: 'The land remains, but humankind vanishes.' One should perhaps extend this to read: 'The land remains, humankind vanishes, and language changes.' For languages are old, handed down from one generation to another, but no matter what, they change. Present-day English is not Shakespeare's or Chaucer's language. The pronunciation has changed, new words have entered the language, some words have been lost, the grammar is now different. Māori is like that as well. Over the last two centuries, many aspects of the language have become different. Many words have been borrowed from English, and become part of the language. Many new words have been created in recent years to accommodate the new topics now being spoken about in Māori. Many words have changed their meaning, e.g., 'pūtea' originally a type of basket, but now a 'fund', source of money. In the grammar, there are now constructions being used which were not correct in earlier centuries.So far as the pronunciation is concerned, how is one to observe its development? That is the substance of a research project which has only just now begun, and it is the purpose of this paper to explain the nature of that research and show some of the preliminary findings. Hence the title: The pronunciation of Māori: What have we done to it in the last 100 years? The project is supported by the Marsden Research Fund.

year: 2005-05