title: Trophic state assessment of global inland waters using a MODIS-derived Forel-Ule index

authors: Wang, Shenglei

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Eutrophication of inland waters is considered a serious global environmental problem. Satellite remote sensing (RS) has been established as an important source of information to determine the trophic state of inland waters through the retrieval of optically active water quality parameters such as chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). However, the use of RS techniques for assessment of the trophic state of inland waters on a global scale is hindered by the performance of retrieval algorithms over highly dynamic and complex optical properties that characterize many of these systems. In this study, we developed a new RS approach to assess the trophic state of global inland water bodies based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery and the Forel-Ule index (FUI). First, the FUI was calculated from MODIS data by dividing natural water colour into 21 indices from dark blue to yellowish-brown. Then the relationship between FUI and the trophic state index (TSI) was established based on in-situ measurements and MODIS products. The water-leaving reflectance at 645 nm band was employed to distinguish coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM)-dominated systems in the FUI-based trophic state assessment. Based on the analysis, the FUI-based trophic state assessment method was developed and applied to assess the trophic states of 2058 large inland water bodies (surface area >25 km2) distributed around the world using MODIS data from the austral and boreal summers of 2012. Our results showed that FUI can be retrieved from MODIS with a considerable accuracy (92.5%, R2 = 0.92) by comparing with concurrent in situ measurements over a wide range of lakes, and the overall accuracy of the FUI-based trophic state assessment method is 80.0% (R2 = 0.75) validated by an independent dataset. Of the global large water bodies considered, oligotrophic large lakes were found to be concentrated in plateau regions in central Asia and southern South America, while eutrophic large lakes were concentrated in central Africa, eastern Asia, and mid-northern and southeast North America.

text: Trophic state assessment of global inland waters using a MODIS-derived Forel-Ule index Eutrophication of inland waters is considered a serious global environmental problem. Satellite remote sensing (RS) has been established as an important source of information to determine the trophic state of inland waters through the retrieval of optically active water quality parameters such as chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). However, the use of RS techniques for assessment of the trophic state of inland waters on a global scale is hindered by the performance of retrieval algorithms over highly dynamic and complex optical properties that characterize many of these systems. In this study, we developed a new RS approach to assess the trophic state of global inland water bodies based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery and the Forel-Ule index (FUI). First, the FUI was calculated from MODIS data by dividing natural water colour into 21 indices from dark blue to yellowish-brown. Then the relationship between FUI and the trophic state index (TSI) was established based on in-situ measurements and MODIS products. The water-leaving reflectance at 645 nm band was employed to distinguish coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM)-dominated systems in the FUI-based trophic state assessment. Based on the analysis, the FUI-based trophic state assessment method was developed and applied to assess the trophic states of 2058 large inland water bodies (surface area >25 km2) distributed around the world using MODIS data from the austral and boreal summers of 2012. Our results showed that FUI can be retrieved from MODIS with a considerable accuracy (92.5%, R2 = 0.92) by comparing with concurrent in situ measurements over a wide range of lakes, and the overall accuracy of the FUI-based trophic state assessment method is 80.0% (R2 = 0.75) validated by an independent dataset. Of the global large water bodies considered, oligotrophic large lakes were found to be concentrated in plateau regions in central Asia and southern South America, while eutrophic large lakes were concentrated in central Africa, eastern Asia, and mid-northern and southeast North America.

year: 2018

title: Applying A human rights-based approach to healthcare

authors: Sterling, Rogena

subjects: Human rights; Rights-based approach; Right to health; Intersex people; Ill-treatment

abstract: Human rights are discussed in many areas but not as often is it discussed in light of medical care and services. When a government announces “rights-based approach to health care for intersex children and young people”, then question becomes what does such a statement mean? Anecdotally, medical professionals often dismiss human rights as though they are not relevant to them in the general work in the general day-to-day medical practice. However, that is not necessarily the case as noted in the case study of ill-treatment of intersex people in the medical setting. This is a statement intersex advocates often hear. To understand what the human right to health is, the Article expounds first the foundation of human rights and then goes on to explain the right to health. The Article then sets out the application of human rights in the health care setting and the obligations of the state and the health sector and industry in general with the key elements of respect, protect and fulfil. Without the right to health, intersex people will fail to develop in dignity, and thus, a violation of human rights by both the health profession and the state who holds ultimate
responsibility

text: Applying A human rights-based approach to healthcare Human rights are discussed in many areas but not as often is it discussed in light of medical care and services. When a government announces “rights-based approach to health care for intersex children and young people”, then question becomes what does such a statement mean? Anecdotally, medical professionals often dismiss human rights as though they are not relevant to them in the general work in the general day-to-day medical practice. However, that is not necessarily the case as noted in the case study of ill-treatment of intersex people in the medical setting. This is a statement intersex advocates often hear. To understand what the human right to health is, the Article expounds first the foundation of human rights and then goes on to explain the right to health. The Article then sets out the application of human rights in the health care setting and the obligations of the state and the health sector and industry in general with the key elements of respect, protect and fulfil. Without the right to health, intersex people will fail to develop in dignity, and thus, a violation of human rights by both the health profession and the state who holds ultimate
responsibility

year: 2023-08-18

title: PIWeCS: enhancing human/machine agency in an interactive composition system

authors: Whalley, Ian

abstract: This paper focuses on the infrastructure and aesthetic approach used in PIWeCS: a Public Space Interactive Web-based Composition System. The concern was to increase the sense of dialogue between human and machine agency in an interactive work by adapting Paine's (2002) notion of a conversational model of interaction as a ‘complex system’. The machine implementation of PIWeCS is achieved through integrating intelligent agent programming with MAX/MSP. Human input is through a web infrastructure. The conversation is initiated and continued by participants through arrangements and composition based on short performed samples of traditional New Zealand Maori instruments. The system allows the extension of a composition through the electroacoustic manipulation of the source material.

text: PIWeCS: enhancing human/machine agency in an interactive composition system This paper focuses on the infrastructure and aesthetic approach used in PIWeCS: a Public Space Interactive Web-based Composition System. The concern was to increase the sense of dialogue between human and machine agency in an interactive work by adapting Paine's (2002) notion of a conversational model of interaction as a ‘complex system’. The machine implementation of PIWeCS is achieved through integrating intelligent agent programming with MAX/MSP. Human input is through a web infrastructure. The conversation is initiated and continued by participants through arrangements and composition based on short performed samples of traditional New Zealand Maori instruments. The system allows the extension of a composition through the electroacoustic manipulation of the source material.

year: 2004