title: Future research

authors: Holm, Nils G.

subjects: natural system

abstract: What field studies need to be carried out in order to test the hydrotherrnal model for the origin of life? This question was already raised in 1989 by the workshop in Prague on 'Chemical Evolution and Neo-Abiogenesis in Marine Hydrothermal Systems' (Holm, 1990). The full range and diversity of hydrothermal environments can only be revealed if more exploration work is carried out on a world-wide basis. Much progress has been made in understanding the controls on the hydrothermal fluids of individual areas, but extension to a global context remains difficult (cf. Von Datum, 1990). In Chapter 2 off-axis hydrothermal systems are discussed, pointing out that only minor surveys have been directed towards this type of hydrothermal activity, even though the amount of water which circulates through off-axis systems is estimated to exceed that of on-axis systems by a factor of between 20 and 25.

text: Future research What field studies need to be carried out in order to test the hydrotherrnal model for the origin of life? This question was already raised in 1989 by the workshop in Prague on 'Chemical Evolution and Neo-Abiogenesis in Marine Hydrothermal Systems' (Holm, 1990). The full range and diversity of hydrothermal environments can only be revealed if more exploration work is carried out on a world-wide basis. Much progress has been made in understanding the controls on the hydrothermal fluids of individual areas, but extension to a global context remains difficult (cf. Von Datum, 1990). In Chapter 2 off-axis hydrothermal systems are discussed, pointing out that only minor surveys have been directed towards this type of hydrothermal activity, even though the amount of water which circulates through off-axis systems is estimated to exceed that of on-axis systems by a factor of between 20 and 25.

year: 1992

title: Development of a Method for the Quantitative Detection of Honey in Imported Products.

authors: Dumté, Mérine Emilie Jennifer

subjects: Asian honey

abstract: The carbohydrate composition of Asian honeys was determined using analysis of per-O-trimethylsilylated sugar alditols by GC-FID. This method was established to detect the presence and quantify honey in imported products scheduled for investigation by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF) Biosecurity, because the import of honey products is regulated. The Asian honeys analysed had a carbohydrate composition within the limits set for honey by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, and had a disaccharide profile similar to honeys from elsewhere in the world. Kojibiose, and peaks corresponding to turanose/nigerose and turanose/maltulose, which are carbohydrates not common in nature, were present in all the honey samples analysed. A reference database of the sugar content of these honeys was created; and the presence of these disaccharides together in imported products under investigation would indicate that the product contains honey. Several samples were found to be adulterated, mostly with sucrose syrup and also with glucose syrup through improper bee-feeding. This method is suitable for detection of the presence of honey in a product being investigated but might encounter problems when quantitation of the honey at low levels of honey addition is required, due to the poor precision of the method. This low precision resulted from the difficulty in getting a homogeneous honey sample and quantifying the small or poorly resolved peaks in the chromatograms. A report on the analysis of actual samples supplied by MAF is presented in Appendix A; quantitation of the monosaccharides, the ratio of glucose:fructose and ratio of disaccharides to monosaccharides could be used to quantitate the amount of honey present and this method is recommended for future use.

text: Development of a Method for the Quantitative Detection of Honey in Imported Products. The carbohydrate composition of Asian honeys was determined using analysis of per-O-trimethylsilylated sugar alditols by GC-FID. This method was established to detect the presence and quantify honey in imported products scheduled for investigation by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF) Biosecurity, because the import of honey products is regulated. The Asian honeys analysed had a carbohydrate composition within the limits set for honey by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, and had a disaccharide profile similar to honeys from elsewhere in the world. Kojibiose, and peaks corresponding to turanose/nigerose and turanose/maltulose, which are carbohydrates not common in nature, were present in all the honey samples analysed. A reference database of the sugar content of these honeys was created; and the presence of these disaccharides together in imported products under investigation would indicate that the product contains honey. Several samples were found to be adulterated, mostly with sucrose syrup and also with glucose syrup through improper bee-feeding. This method is suitable for detection of the presence of honey in a product being investigated but might encounter problems when quantitation of the honey at low levels of honey addition is required, due to the poor precision of the method. This low precision resulted from the difficulty in getting a homogeneous honey sample and quantifying the small or poorly resolved peaks in the chromatograms. A report on the analysis of actual samples supplied by MAF is presented in Appendix A; quantitation of the monosaccharides, the ratio of glucose:fructose and ratio of disaccharides to monosaccharides could be used to quantitate the amount of honey present and this method is recommended for future use.

year: 2010

title: E Ara Apanui

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: E Ara Apanui recites the genealogical links between the Te Whakatōhea iwi and the host people of the Te Whānau a Apanui iwi. This new composition was performed by Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti at the Mātaatua Regional Kapa Haka Competition to qualify for Te Matatini 2013.

text: E Ara Apanui E Ara Apanui recites the genealogical links between the Te Whakatōhea iwi and the host people of the Te Whānau a Apanui iwi. This new composition was performed by Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti at the Mātaatua Regional Kapa Haka Competition to qualify for Te Matatini 2013.

year: 2012