title: Ecological studies on Lake Ototoa with special reference to the copepod Calamoecia lucasi

authors: Green, J.D.

abstract: New Zealand is a country richly endowed with lakes of all kinds , yet apart from some pioneering surveys (e.g. Cunningham et al 1953, Flint 1938 , Stout 1969, Jolly 1968) and a few more detailed recent studies (e.g. Fish 1970, Barker 1970, Chapman 1972) very little is known about their detailed limnology or of the biology of the plant and animal species inhabiting them. The South Island is characterised by having many large, deep glacial lakes, and a lesser number of smaller bodies of water, supporting populations of various species of the copepod genus Boeckella. In the North Island there are fewer larger lakes, and most of these are concentrated in the volcanic region near the centre of the Island. Elsewhere smaller bodies of water are more characteristic, and particularly in the far north and along the western coastline the most important and common of these are the sand-dune lakes. In contrast with the South Island, species of Boeckella are relatively less common and in most of the smaller lakes, as well as the majority of the larger central ones their place is taken by the small centropagid Calamoecia lucasi which is usually the dominant zooplankter whenever it occurs.
However, only two studies have been made of its biology. Barker (1967) studied some aspects of its seasonal cycle in Lake Pupuke, a eutrophic lake near Auckland, and recently Chapman (1972) has made more extensive investigations of these aspects as well as of population dynamics in Lakes Rotorua and Rotoiti, two large mesotrophic lakes in the centre of the North Island. 
The study upon which this thesis is based is the first of the ecology of C. lucasi in an oligtrophic lake, and was mainly concerned with the copepod’s seasonal biology, population dynamics and production in one of the northern sand-dune lakes. As well as these aspects, the general limnology of the lake and the cycles of phytoplankton were considered in some detail, not only because of the importance of the environment in determining most limnological cycles, but also because of the lack of knowledge of the general limnology of this important class of New Zealand lake.

text: Ecological studies on Lake Ototoa with special reference to the copepod Calamoecia lucasi New Zealand is a country richly endowed with lakes of all kinds , yet apart from some pioneering surveys (e.g. Cunningham et al 1953, Flint 1938 , Stout 1969, Jolly 1968) and a few more detailed recent studies (e.g. Fish 1970, Barker 1970, Chapman 1972) very little is known about their detailed limnology or of the biology of the plant and animal species inhabiting them. The South Island is characterised by having many large, deep glacial lakes, and a lesser number of smaller bodies of water, supporting populations of various species of the copepod genus Boeckella. In the North Island there are fewer larger lakes, and most of these are concentrated in the volcanic region near the centre of the Island. Elsewhere smaller bodies of water are more characteristic, and particularly in the far north and along the western coastline the most important and common of these are the sand-dune lakes. In contrast with the South Island, species of Boeckella are relatively less common and in most of the smaller lakes, as well as the majority of the larger central ones their place is taken by the small centropagid Calamoecia lucasi which is usually the dominant zooplankter whenever it occurs.
However, only two studies have been made of its biology. Barker (1967) studied some aspects of its seasonal cycle in Lake Pupuke, a eutrophic lake near Auckland, and recently Chapman (1972) has made more extensive investigations of these aspects as well as of population dynamics in Lakes Rotorua and Rotoiti, two large mesotrophic lakes in the centre of the North Island. 
The study upon which this thesis is based is the first of the ecology of C. lucasi in an oligtrophic lake, and was mainly concerned with the copepod’s seasonal biology, population dynamics and production in one of the northern sand-dune lakes. As well as these aspects, the general limnology of the lake and the cycles of phytoplankton were considered in some detail, not only because of the importance of the environment in determining most limnological cycles, but also because of the lack of knowledge of the general limnology of this important class of New Zealand lake.

year: 1973

title: Preparation and Properties of Natural, Demineralized, Pure, and Doped Carbons from Biomass; Model of the Chemical Structure of Carbonized Charcoal.

authors: Bourke, Jared

subjects: Flash Carbonization

abstract: Pioneering work performed by Rosalind Franklin over half a century ago provided the first structural models of two distinct carbon types: those that become graphitic during carbonization at high temperatures, and those that do not. Moreover it is known that certain properties of carbonaceous materials including combustion, surface area, electrical resistivity, and catalytic properties are influenced by mineral impurities.  The nature of this division in biocarbon structure and the known effects of minerals on carbon properties have led to this work; three principal topics were addressed; (1) the investigation of the solid state structure of biocarbons derived from various biomass feedstocks, (2) the removal of inorganic minerals from biomass, and (3) the investigation of biocarbon electronic structure subsequent to doping with select inorganic minerals.

Charcoals and carbonized charcoals (i.e. biocarbons) were prepared from a wide variety of biomass substrates, including pure sugars containing 5- and 6-membered rings with furanose and pyranose configurations, lignin, agricultural residues (corncob and nut shells) and a hard wood.  These biocarbons were subject to proximate and elemental analysis, gas sorption analysis, and analysis by ICP-MS, SEM, XRD, ESR, 13C CPMAS NMR, and MALDI-TOF MS.  All the carbonized charcoals contained oxygen heteroatoms, had high surface areas, and were excellent conductors of electricity.  Doping the biocarbon with boron or phosphorus resulted in a slight improvement in its electrical conductivity.  The XRD analysis indicated that the carbonized charcoals possess an aromaticity of about 71% that results from graphite crystallites with an average size of about 20  .  The NMR analysis confirmed the highly aromatic content of the carbonized charcoals.  The ESR signals indicated two major types of carbon-centered organic radicals.  A number of techniques employed highlighted differences between carbonized charcoals and synthetic graphite but none more so than MALDI-TOF spectrometry.  The biocarbons contained readily desorbed discrete ions with m/z values of 701, 685, 465, 453, 429, and 317.  All of the above findings were used to develop a model for the structure of carbonized charcoal that is consistent with the biocarbon's oxygen content, microporosity and surface area, electrical conductivity, radical content, and its MALDI-TOF spectra.

The removal of inorganic mineral constituents from various biomass feedstocks was achieved via simple washing/soaking techniques using two different aqueous media; deionized water and citric acid.  The most effective and consistent demineralization treatment for removing minerals from biomass involved a hot 0.1 molL-1 citric acid percolation treatment, ca.  67% of inorganic mineral matter was removed.  Mineral matter at the levels present in typical biomass derived charcoals and carbons had no significant influence upon the surface area or the electrical resistivity in carbonaceous materials after high heat treatment (950  C).

text: Preparation and Properties of Natural, Demineralized, Pure, and Doped Carbons from Biomass; Model of the Chemical Structure of Carbonized Charcoal. Pioneering work performed by Rosalind Franklin over half a century ago provided the first structural models of two distinct carbon types: those that become graphitic during carbonization at high temperatures, and those that do not. Moreover it is known that certain properties of carbonaceous materials including combustion, surface area, electrical resistivity, and catalytic properties are influenced by mineral impurities.  The nature of this division in biocarbon structure and the known effects of minerals on carbon properties have led to this work; three principal topics were addressed; (1) the investigation of the solid state structure of biocarbons derived from various biomass feedstocks, (2) the removal of inorganic minerals from biomass, and (3) the investigation of biocarbon electronic structure subsequent to doping with select inorganic minerals.

Charcoals and carbonized charcoals (i.e. biocarbons) were prepared from a wide variety of biomass substrates, including pure sugars containing 5- and 6-membered rings with furanose and pyranose configurations, lignin, agricultural residues (corncob and nut shells) and a hard wood.  These biocarbons were subject to proximate and elemental analysis, gas sorption analysis, and analysis by ICP-MS, SEM, XRD, ESR, 13C CPMAS NMR, and MALDI-TOF MS.  All the carbonized charcoals contained oxygen heteroatoms, had high surface areas, and were excellent conductors of electricity.  Doping the biocarbon with boron or phosphorus resulted in a slight improvement in its electrical conductivity.  The XRD analysis indicated that the carbonized charcoals possess an aromaticity of about 71% that results from graphite crystallites with an average size of about 20  .  The NMR analysis confirmed the highly aromatic content of the carbonized charcoals.  The ESR signals indicated two major types of carbon-centered organic radicals.  A number of techniques employed highlighted differences between carbonized charcoals and synthetic graphite but none more so than MALDI-TOF spectrometry.  The biocarbons contained readily desorbed discrete ions with m/z values of 701, 685, 465, 453, 429, and 317.  All of the above findings were used to develop a model for the structure of carbonized charcoal that is consistent with the biocarbon's oxygen content, microporosity and surface area, electrical conductivity, radical content, and its MALDI-TOF spectra.

The removal of inorganic mineral constituents from various biomass feedstocks was achieved via simple washing/soaking techniques using two different aqueous media; deionized water and citric acid.  The most effective and consistent demineralization treatment for removing minerals from biomass involved a hot 0.1 molL-1 citric acid percolation treatment, ca.  67% of inorganic mineral matter was removed.  Mineral matter at the levels present in typical biomass derived charcoals and carbons had no significant influence upon the surface area or the electrical resistivity in carbonaceous materials after high heat treatment (950  C).

year: 2007

title: Are historical perpetual leases on Maori owned land (Native reserves) a basis for currently enforceable fiduciary obligations?

authors: Dimitrov, Dara

subjects: fiduciary obligations

abstract: Colonial perpetual leases over what were once native reserves continue to trouble the New Zealand government. The colonial Public Trust Office was tasked with managing and administering Māori property affairs, with a focus on the administration of the native reserves. However, if the perpetual leases continue to be viewed through the contractual lens, relief for the Māori landowners will not be forthcoming. Therefore, examining the rationale for imposing fiduciary duties upon the colonial Public Trust Office is essential. Where traditional legal fiduciary literature explores the onerous proscriptive duties that bind persons occupying a fiduciary position, this article establishes that the extensive statutory role assigned to colonial Public Trust officers in managing the native reserves for their Māori beneficiaries created a fiduciary relationship. Moreover, this article shows that, when the colonial Public Trust Office exercised its powers, this often led to conflicts of interest with their Māori beneficiaries.

text: Are historical perpetual leases on Maori owned land (Native reserves) a basis for currently enforceable fiduciary obligations? Colonial perpetual leases over what were once native reserves continue to trouble the New Zealand government. The colonial Public Trust Office was tasked with managing and administering Māori property affairs, with a focus on the administration of the native reserves. However, if the perpetual leases continue to be viewed through the contractual lens, relief for the Māori landowners will not be forthcoming. Therefore, examining the rationale for imposing fiduciary duties upon the colonial Public Trust Office is essential. Where traditional legal fiduciary literature explores the onerous proscriptive duties that bind persons occupying a fiduciary position, this article establishes that the extensive statutory role assigned to colonial Public Trust officers in managing the native reserves for their Māori beneficiaries created a fiduciary relationship. Moreover, this article shows that, when the colonial Public Trust Office exercised its powers, this often led to conflicts of interest with their Māori beneficiaries.

year: 2024