title: The natural frequency estimation for a system composed of a beam and a spring-mass system

authors: Sun, Xutao

abstract: This study presents an approximate method for determining the natural frequency of a system composed of a beam and a two-degree-of-freedom spring-mass system. The expression for estimating the natural frequency is derived following the standard procedures of the forced vibration analysis of a beam. The results obtained using the current method are in good agreement with those obtained through the dynamic stiffness method, especially when the spring stiffness is large. The innovativeness of the current method is that it reveals the relevance between the natural frequency of the system, the natural frequency of the beam, and the mode shape data at the positions where the spring-mass system is attached to the beam. The method is potentially useful in the dynamic wheel-track interaction analysis because the train wheel is normally simplified as a spring-mass system with high spring stiffness. It may also be applied to natural frequency-based damage detection where an auxiliary spring-mass system is used. When the spring-mass system roves on the beam, the curve of natural frequency versus spring-mass system location would be relevant to the mode shape square which is sensitive to local damage.

text: The natural frequency estimation for a system composed of a beam and a spring-mass system This study presents an approximate method for determining the natural frequency of a system composed of a beam and a two-degree-of-freedom spring-mass system. The expression for estimating the natural frequency is derived following the standard procedures of the forced vibration analysis of a beam. The results obtained using the current method are in good agreement with those obtained through the dynamic stiffness method, especially when the spring stiffness is large. The innovativeness of the current method is that it reveals the relevance between the natural frequency of the system, the natural frequency of the beam, and the mode shape data at the positions where the spring-mass system is attached to the beam. The method is potentially useful in the dynamic wheel-track interaction analysis because the train wheel is normally simplified as a spring-mass system with high spring stiffness. It may also be applied to natural frequency-based damage detection where an auxiliary spring-mass system is used. When the spring-mass system roves on the beam, the curve of natural frequency versus spring-mass system location would be relevant to the mode shape square which is sensitive to local damage.

year: 2023

title: Sustainability, governance and water management in New Zealand

authors: Daya-Winterbottom, Trevor

abstract: New Zealand is a “pluvial society”.The common perception before 1997 was that there were no serious issues regarding freshwater in New Zealand compared with other jurisdictions, notwithstanding the fact that irrigation had doubled to 500,000ha during the period 1985 to 1997. However, freshwater allocation was set to become a significant issue in the future. By 2003 problems in the Waitaki catchment of the South Island brought matters sharply into focus as competition between productive users became fierce and increasingly litigious, and problems were occuring regarding allocation between competing irrigation applications and between irrigation and hydro electric power schemes. 
Subsequently, freshwater allocation has been subject to legislative amendments and litigation before the Supreme Court, and new planning documents at both national and regional level are being developed to guide decision making. Demand for freshwater use has continued to grow “to the point [in many areas] where shortages occur because the spatial and temporal patterns of supply do not match demand patterns”, and it is expected that “the majority of the catchments that support New Zealand’s main population centres and agricultural production … [will] be fully allocated by 2012”.  
The purpose of this paper is to review the law on restrictions relating to freshwater under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). The paper will focus on the taking and use of water, and current proposals for reform of the water management regime under the RMA.

text: Sustainability, governance and water management in New Zealand New Zealand is a “pluvial society”.The common perception before 1997 was that there were no serious issues regarding freshwater in New Zealand compared with other jurisdictions, notwithstanding the fact that irrigation had doubled to 500,000ha during the period 1985 to 1997. However, freshwater allocation was set to become a significant issue in the future. By 2003 problems in the Waitaki catchment of the South Island brought matters sharply into focus as competition between productive users became fierce and increasingly litigious, and problems were occuring regarding allocation between competing irrigation applications and between irrigation and hydro electric power schemes. 
Subsequently, freshwater allocation has been subject to legislative amendments and litigation before the Supreme Court, and new planning documents at both national and regional level are being developed to guide decision making. Demand for freshwater use has continued to grow “to the point [in many areas] where shortages occur because the spatial and temporal patterns of supply do not match demand patterns”, and it is expected that “the majority of the catchments that support New Zealand’s main population centres and agricultural production … [will] be fully allocated by 2012”.  
The purpose of this paper is to review the law on restrictions relating to freshwater under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). The paper will focus on the taking and use of water, and current proposals for reform of the water management regime under the RMA.

year: 2011

title: Final arrangements following death: Maori indigenous decision making and tangi

authors: Nikora, Linda Waimarie

subjects: Maori death rituals

abstract: Death is a universal event. It will happen to all of us, yet how we respond to death is particular and influenced by our cultural worlds. This study offers an investigation of the idiographic, of how one woman responded to, and made arrangements to, mourn and bury her mother. Specifically, we explore how she and her whanau (family) under pressure of time and grief and in the absence of clear final wishes, met to consider issues and make decisions about the situation they were confronted with. This case forms part of a much larger programme of research into Maori death rituals, change and adaption. Informing a scholarly audience unfamiliar with the Maori world requires a significant amount of contextual information. The case study is a powerful strategy to achieve this and one that draws readers into deep understanding (Willig, 2008). This case provides insight into the struggles of an indigenous fourth-world people living within the heterogeneity of Aotearoa/New Zealand society; it demonstrates how values change across generations as people live their lives increasingly away from their ancestral homelands; and how traditionally defined roles and responsibilities within the whanau (family) are challenged by members living away from each other.

text: Final arrangements following death: Maori indigenous decision making and tangi Death is a universal event. It will happen to all of us, yet how we respond to death is particular and influenced by our cultural worlds. This study offers an investigation of the idiographic, of how one woman responded to, and made arrangements to, mourn and bury her mother. Specifically, we explore how she and her whanau (family) under pressure of time and grief and in the absence of clear final wishes, met to consider issues and make decisions about the situation they were confronted with. This case forms part of a much larger programme of research into Maori death rituals, change and adaption. Informing a scholarly audience unfamiliar with the Maori world requires a significant amount of contextual information. The case study is a powerful strategy to achieve this and one that draws readers into deep understanding (Willig, 2008). This case provides insight into the struggles of an indigenous fourth-world people living within the heterogeneity of Aotearoa/New Zealand society; it demonstrates how values change across generations as people live their lives increasingly away from their ancestral homelands; and how traditionally defined roles and responsibilities within the whanau (family) are challenged by members living away from each other.

year: 2012-03