title: Hydrodynamic impacts of tectonics in prehistoric Ohiwa Harbour, North Island, New Zealand

authors: Robinson, Benjamin Joseph

subjects: Hydrodynamic

abstract: Ohiwa Harbour is an estuarine lagoon located in the eastern Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand. Ohiwa Harbour is bounded by two sand spits, Ohope and Ohiwa Spits.  
This study assessed the likelihood of a resistant barrier underlying Ohiwa Spit, which would control the inlet and spit locations. The observed depths of layers unable to be penetrated by a vibrocorer on Ohiwa Spit supported this idea, along with the discovery of a rock outcrop on the eastern harbour entrance using sidescan SONAR. 
Vibrocoring on Ohiwa Spit added to the knowledge of the prehistoric evolution of Ohiwa Harbour, and an attempt to infer various subsidence events on Ohiwa Spit were made. Fining upwards coarse sand sequences with dominant shell material were found in the cores. These sequences could be related to a change in harbour hydrodynamics, or recent subsidence events in Ohiwa Harbour, such as the 0.6m subsidence of the Waimana Fault 636 to 575cal yrs BP. A sharp change in the core profile was observed at 1.4m in core C and 1.7m in core C2, marked by increased grain size and an abundance of shell material, mostly Austrovenus stutchburyi. This could be related to a change in wave energy in the harbour or an erosional contact associated with subsidence of Ohiwa Spit. Comparison of radiocarbon dated shells in this study with Murdoch (2005) on Ohope Spit suggests that more subsidence has occurred at Ohiwa Spit than Ohope Spit; this may be associated with a fault through the harbour entrance.       
Subsidence associated with earthquakes, and erosion associated with at least four tsunami events in the last 6000 years has increased the depth and extent of Ohiwa Harbour, increasing its volume. This study used numerical modeling to determine the hydrodynamic impacts of past catastrophic events (earthquake related subsidence and volcanic eruptions) on Ohiwa Harbour. Ten scenarios along with present conditions were modelled. 
•	In scenarios where sea level was modified only (scenarios 1-5 and 8), tidal range and surface elevation increased within the harbour, but not at the harbour entrance. The entrance hydrodynamics were also influenced by its width; as Ohope Spit accreted, the surface elevation and flow velocities increased within the tidal inlet
•	Flow speeds increased at the harbour entrance by up to 50% following subsidence in scenarios 9 and 10
•	A drop in sea level during subsidence (scenario 6) resulted in a smaller tidal prism and hence reduced flow velocities at the inlet, despite the subsidence 
•	Scenario 7 involved subsidence and the breaching of Ohope Spit, which would divert flow away from the entrance and result in reduced flow velocities at the entrance

text: Hydrodynamic impacts of tectonics in prehistoric Ohiwa Harbour, North Island, New Zealand Ohiwa Harbour is an estuarine lagoon located in the eastern Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand. Ohiwa Harbour is bounded by two sand spits, Ohope and Ohiwa Spits.  
This study assessed the likelihood of a resistant barrier underlying Ohiwa Spit, which would control the inlet and spit locations. The observed depths of layers unable to be penetrated by a vibrocorer on Ohiwa Spit supported this idea, along with the discovery of a rock outcrop on the eastern harbour entrance using sidescan SONAR. 
Vibrocoring on Ohiwa Spit added to the knowledge of the prehistoric evolution of Ohiwa Harbour, and an attempt to infer various subsidence events on Ohiwa Spit were made. Fining upwards coarse sand sequences with dominant shell material were found in the cores. These sequences could be related to a change in harbour hydrodynamics, or recent subsidence events in Ohiwa Harbour, such as the 0.6m subsidence of the Waimana Fault 636 to 575cal yrs BP. A sharp change in the core profile was observed at 1.4m in core C and 1.7m in core C2, marked by increased grain size and an abundance of shell material, mostly Austrovenus stutchburyi. This could be related to a change in wave energy in the harbour or an erosional contact associated with subsidence of Ohiwa Spit. Comparison of radiocarbon dated shells in this study with Murdoch (2005) on Ohope Spit suggests that more subsidence has occurred at Ohiwa Spit than Ohope Spit; this may be associated with a fault through the harbour entrance.       
Subsidence associated with earthquakes, and erosion associated with at least four tsunami events in the last 6000 years has increased the depth and extent of Ohiwa Harbour, increasing its volume. This study used numerical modeling to determine the hydrodynamic impacts of past catastrophic events (earthquake related subsidence and volcanic eruptions) on Ohiwa Harbour. Ten scenarios along with present conditions were modelled. 
•	In scenarios where sea level was modified only (scenarios 1-5 and 8), tidal range and surface elevation increased within the harbour, but not at the harbour entrance. The entrance hydrodynamics were also influenced by its width; as Ohope Spit accreted, the surface elevation and flow velocities increased within the tidal inlet
•	Flow speeds increased at the harbour entrance by up to 50% following subsidence in scenarios 9 and 10
•	A drop in sea level during subsidence (scenario 6) resulted in a smaller tidal prism and hence reduced flow velocities at the inlet, despite the subsidence 
•	Scenario 7 involved subsidence and the breaching of Ohope Spit, which would divert flow away from the entrance and result in reduced flow velocities at the entrance

year: 2012

title: Trader sailor spy

authors: Samkin, Grant

subjects: Cape of Good Hope

abstract: Set at the Cape of Good Hope in the late eighteenth early nineteenth century, this study makes use of archival material from the Oriental and Indian Office Collection and the printed records of the Cape Colony to review the employment of John Pringle, an employee of the East India Company from his education through to his death. In addition to providing and intimate understanding of the diverse employee related activities of a single individual during this period, this study provides evidence of the profession of accountant in early trade directories. The paper also provides evidence that as an employer, the East Indian Company exercised a consumer control model of occupational control. By reviewing John Pringle’s early education and his activities, number of very early signals of movements can be identified that provide tentative evidence of progress towards occupational ascendancy occurring as early as the late eighteenth century.

text: Trader sailor spy Set at the Cape of Good Hope in the late eighteenth early nineteenth century, this study makes use of archival material from the Oriental and Indian Office Collection and the printed records of the Cape Colony to review the employment of John Pringle, an employee of the East India Company from his education through to his death. In addition to providing and intimate understanding of the diverse employee related activities of a single individual during this period, this study provides evidence of the profession of accountant in early trade directories. The paper also provides evidence that as an employer, the East Indian Company exercised a consumer control model of occupational control. By reviewing John Pringle’s early education and his activities, number of very early signals of movements can be identified that provide tentative evidence of progress towards occupational ascendancy occurring as early as the late eighteenth century.

year: 2005-12

title: Mokopuna rising: Developing a best practice for early intervention in whanau violence

authors: Cooper, Erana

subjects: Maori

abstract: In a very difficult meeting, an extremely unpleasant man was concerned about the possible loss of his power and the continuation of his plans and dreams for the future. And I said, yeah well, you should be worried, because according to your philosophy, when you’re dead, you’re dead. But when I’m dead, my mokopuna will be rising. (Personal Communication, Rob Cooper, 2007) 
“Mokopuna Rising” is about claiming space for Maori to define best practice for reducing and avoiding whanau violence1 It is research in progress towards a PhD, being carried out with the Ngati Hine Health Trust, in Te Taitokerau (Northland).

text: Mokopuna rising: Developing a best practice for early intervention in whanau violence In a very difficult meeting, an extremely unpleasant man was concerned about the possible loss of his power and the continuation of his plans and dreams for the future. And I said, yeah well, you should be worried, because according to your philosophy, when you’re dead, you’re dead. But when I’m dead, my mokopuna will be rising. (Personal Communication, Rob Cooper, 2007) 
“Mokopuna Rising” is about claiming space for Maori to define best practice for reducing and avoiding whanau violence1 It is research in progress towards a PhD, being carried out with the Ngati Hine Health Trust, in Te Taitokerau (Northland).

year: 2008