title: Batch-incremental versus instance-incremental learning in dynamic and evolving data

authors: Read, Jesse

subjects: data streams

abstract: Many real world problems involve the challenging context of data streams, where classifiers must be incremental: able to learn from a theoretically- infinite stream of examples using limited time and memory, while being able to predict at any point. Two approaches dominate the literature: batch-incremental methods that gather examples in batches to train models; and instance-incremental methods that learn from each example as it arrives. Typically, papers in the literature choose one of these approaches, but provide insufficient evidence or references to justify their choice. We provide a first in-depth analysis comparing both approaches, including how they adapt to concept drift, and an extensive empirical study to compare several different versions of each approach. Our results reveal the respective advantages and disadvantages of the methods, which we discuss in detail.

text: Batch-incremental versus instance-incremental learning in dynamic and evolving data Many real world problems involve the challenging context of data streams, where classifiers must be incremental: able to learn from a theoretically- infinite stream of examples using limited time and memory, while being able to predict at any point. Two approaches dominate the literature: batch-incremental methods that gather examples in batches to train models; and instance-incremental methods that learn from each example as it arrives. Typically, papers in the literature choose one of these approaches, but provide insufficient evidence or references to justify their choice. We provide a first in-depth analysis comparing both approaches, including how they adapt to concept drift, and an extensive empirical study to compare several different versions of each approach. Our results reveal the respective advantages and disadvantages of the methods, which we discuss in detail.

year: 2012

title: Historical and contemporary perspectives on the sediments of Lake Rotorua

authors: Hamilton, David P.

subjects: Lake Rotorua

abstract: Lake Rotorua is probably the oldest continuously inundated lake in New Zealand, occupying a caldera formed by or closely associated with the eruption of the Mamaku ignimbrite and the collapse of the Rotorua caldera (Healy, 1975; Lowe and Green, 1991). The lake has undergone drastic changes in size and depth as a result of tectonics, volcanic activity and erosion. Since the Rotoehu eruption, (~60 kyr), the lake level has fluctuated between 120 m above present (280 m asl) and 10 m below present level. The modern lake covers an area of 79 km2 and has a mean depth of 10 m. Despite its long history of sedimentation, Lake Rotorua has an irregular bathymetry with features including faulted blocks, slumps, hydrothermal explosion craters, springs and large methane discharge pock marks.

text: Historical and contemporary perspectives on the sediments of Lake Rotorua Lake Rotorua is probably the oldest continuously inundated lake in New Zealand, occupying a caldera formed by or closely associated with the eruption of the Mamaku ignimbrite and the collapse of the Rotorua caldera (Healy, 1975; Lowe and Green, 1991). The lake has undergone drastic changes in size and depth as a result of tectonics, volcanic activity and erosion. Since the Rotoehu eruption, (~60 kyr), the lake level has fluctuated between 120 m above present (280 m asl) and 10 m below present level. The modern lake covers an area of 79 km2 and has a mean depth of 10 m. Despite its long history of sedimentation, Lake Rotorua has an irregular bathymetry with features including faulted blocks, slumps, hydrothermal explosion craters, springs and large methane discharge pock marks.

year: 2007-07

title: The reform of Maori land tenure and the quest for sustainability in New Zealand

authors: Jay, Grace Mairi M.

subjects: geography

abstract: Many of the countries of the Pacific region (including Australia and New Zealand) have a British colonial legacy. This history has had wide implications for the development of the region: economically, politically and socially. The cadastral (property based) systems in these countries have been influenced by British land conveyance and registration practices, and by colonial history. To date, Australia and new Zealand are still trying to resolve land tenure and information problems which are steeped in historical and ethnic dimensions. Land is the single most important factor for Maori development in New Zealand, and has great implications for the development of this country.

text: The reform of Maori land tenure and the quest for sustainability in New Zealand Many of the countries of the Pacific region (including Australia and New Zealand) have a British colonial legacy. This history has had wide implications for the development of the region: economically, politically and socially. The cadastral (property based) systems in these countries have been influenced by British land conveyance and registration practices, and by colonial history. To date, Australia and new Zealand are still trying to resolve land tenure and information problems which are steeped in historical and ethnic dimensions. Land is the single most important factor for Maori development in New Zealand, and has great implications for the development of this country.

year: 1997