title: The Te Aroha goldfield from its opening until Christmas 1880

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: To explore the new field, men were attracted by the excitement and the great hopes expressed, although others deprecated rushing to Te Aroha before payable gold was found. In the immediate aftermath of the opening, disputes over ownership of township allotments and mining claims were resolved quickly and peaceably, mostly without the need to involve the warden, Harry Kenrick, who was praised for his handling of issues brought before him. He declined requests for protection, requiring claims to be manned for the first month to encourage working rather than speculation; unworked ground could be forfeited and granted to others.
Kenrick expected the goldfield to be a permanent one, and preliminary work was encouraging, though the hopes were exaggerated, and much ground was abandoned after initial examination. As most prospectors did not understand geology, tests were made in Thames to discover the nature of the stone they uncovered. During December new finds were made, notably in the Tui district, but as all the ore was low grade, some decried the field whereas others were more optimistic, with little evidence either way. An examination of the occupations of those who became owners of claims revealed that most knew nothing of mining. As capital was required for development, some small, undercapitalized, companies were formed.
By the time mining ceased for the Christmas holidays, preliminary development had taken place in several claims, but the amount done was not sufficient to prove whether the field would be a success.

text: The Te Aroha goldfield from its opening until Christmas 1880 To explore the new field, men were attracted by the excitement and the great hopes expressed, although others deprecated rushing to Te Aroha before payable gold was found. In the immediate aftermath of the opening, disputes over ownership of township allotments and mining claims were resolved quickly and peaceably, mostly without the need to involve the warden, Harry Kenrick, who was praised for his handling of issues brought before him. He declined requests for protection, requiring claims to be manned for the first month to encourage working rather than speculation; unworked ground could be forfeited and granted to others.
Kenrick expected the goldfield to be a permanent one, and preliminary work was encouraging, though the hopes were exaggerated, and much ground was abandoned after initial examination. As most prospectors did not understand geology, tests were made in Thames to discover the nature of the stone they uncovered. During December new finds were made, notably in the Tui district, but as all the ore was low grade, some decried the field whereas others were more optimistic, with little evidence either way. An examination of the occupations of those who became owners of claims revealed that most knew nothing of mining. As capital was required for development, some small, undercapitalized, companies were formed.
By the time mining ceased for the Christmas holidays, preliminary development had taken place in several claims, but the amount done was not sufficient to prove whether the field would be a success.

year: 2016

title: Investigating Macromolecular Rate Theory

authors: Prentice, Erica J.

subjects: MMRT

abstract: Curvature with temperature is a defining characteristic of enzyme catalysed rates.  Historically, curvature has been described by Arrhenius behaviour up to a temperature optimum (Tₒₚₜ), while decreases in rates above Tₒₚₜ have been attributed to protein denaturation.  However, various evidence indicates that denaturation is insufficient to explain the decreases in rates above Tₒₚₜ.  Macromolecular rate theory (MMRT) has been proposed as a description of the temperature dependent curvature of enzyme rates based on the expansion of established thermodynamic principals.  MMRT postulates that it is the unusually large change in heat capacity associated with enzyme catalysis (ΔCǂₚ) that results in curvature of rates with temperature.  This description is commensurate with the classical description of enzyme catalysis which involves the tighter binding of the transition state (TS) to the enzyme.  
Here, the molecular origins of the ΔCǂₚ associated with catalysis are explored through crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations.  Methods are developed which calculate a ΔCǂₚ commensurate with experimental values from in silico data.  Simulations reveal that global rigidification is responsible for reduced heat capacity at the TS, although some protein regions contribute more significantly to differences at the TS.  Exploration of the relationship between enzyme mass and catalytic efficiency implicates the vibrational modes captured in dynamics simulations as a reservoir for energy, some of which is available to drive catalysis.  This provides a theoretical framework for the large size of enzymes and extraordinary rate enhancements enzyme catalysts achieve.      
Curvature with temperature is also a feature of organism growth rates and the fluxes through ecosystems.  Here, an experimental validation of the applicability of MMRT to these multi-enzyme systems is presented based on the characterisation of an enzymatic pathway.  The inherent temperature dependence of an enzyme pathway is found to be an average of the temperature dependence of the constituent enzymes.  This relationship shows the factors influencing the rates of enzymes are relevant at the organism level, providing an intrinsic temperature response upon which regulatory responses act.  This proof gives an experimental justification of the application of MMRT to organism and ecosystem temperature data.

text: Investigating Macromolecular Rate Theory Curvature with temperature is a defining characteristic of enzyme catalysed rates.  Historically, curvature has been described by Arrhenius behaviour up to a temperature optimum (Tₒₚₜ), while decreases in rates above Tₒₚₜ have been attributed to protein denaturation.  However, various evidence indicates that denaturation is insufficient to explain the decreases in rates above Tₒₚₜ.  Macromolecular rate theory (MMRT) has been proposed as a description of the temperature dependent curvature of enzyme rates based on the expansion of established thermodynamic principals.  MMRT postulates that it is the unusually large change in heat capacity associated with enzyme catalysis (ΔCǂₚ) that results in curvature of rates with temperature.  This description is commensurate with the classical description of enzyme catalysis which involves the tighter binding of the transition state (TS) to the enzyme.  
Here, the molecular origins of the ΔCǂₚ associated with catalysis are explored through crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations.  Methods are developed which calculate a ΔCǂₚ commensurate with experimental values from in silico data.  Simulations reveal that global rigidification is responsible for reduced heat capacity at the TS, although some protein regions contribute more significantly to differences at the TS.  Exploration of the relationship between enzyme mass and catalytic efficiency implicates the vibrational modes captured in dynamics simulations as a reservoir for energy, some of which is available to drive catalysis.  This provides a theoretical framework for the large size of enzymes and extraordinary rate enhancements enzyme catalysts achieve.      
Curvature with temperature is also a feature of organism growth rates and the fluxes through ecosystems.  Here, an experimental validation of the applicability of MMRT to these multi-enzyme systems is presented based on the characterisation of an enzymatic pathway.  The inherent temperature dependence of an enzyme pathway is found to be an average of the temperature dependence of the constituent enzymes.  This relationship shows the factors influencing the rates of enzymes are relevant at the organism level, providing an intrinsic temperature response upon which regulatory responses act.  This proof gives an experimental justification of the application of MMRT to organism and ecosystem temperature data.

year: 2017

title: Fragmentation and Restoration: Generational Legacies of 21st Century Māori

authors: Malcolm-Buchanan, Vincent Alan

subjects: Maori

abstract: The content of this thesis is premised on a reflexive examination of some historical juxtapositions culminating in critical aspects of being Māori in the twenty first century and how such aspects have informed contemporary indigenous identity. That is, the continuing acknowledgement and exponential public recognition of critical concepts which inextricably link indigenous and civic identity. 

The theoretical sources for this research are, in the main, derived from anthropological and religious studies, particularly on the significance of mythologies and oral histories, as well as from the oral theorising of elders in Aotearoa New Zealand. A very significant contribution from one such elder, a senior Māori woman academic, has been included in the form of the transcript of an interview. She herself had collected the views of a number of elders on myth, creating a rare and valuable resource.  In the interview she married her reflections on these with her own experiences and her cogent analyses. 

From the outset, it was necessary to be discerning so as to ensure the thesis workload was manageable and realistic.  For this reason the selected critical aspects that have been used to frame this research are (1) a developing Western validation (that is, acknowledgement and respect) of Māori, Māori culture and their mythology; (2) oral history (genealogy) and traditions that have remained constant despite the influences of modernity; and (3) notions of fluidity, negotiation and pragmatism regarding kinship legacies and cultural heritage. The thesis is comprised of six chapters starting from a subjective narrative leading through increasingly objective discourses that culminate in a conclusion which supports a belief that modern Māori require a balancing of critical aspects of cultural heritage, with a broad understanding of the world of the 'other', in order to realise and develop their contemporary indigenous identity.

Ultimately, indigenous ideologies, practices and knowledge recorded and examined in the world of academia today, become potential resources for tomorrow. The intention of this research is to aggregate and discuss intrinsic aspects of the Māori past as well as developing aspects of the present, in order to better understand the significance of the future, and to add to the growing corpus of indigenous worldviews.

text: Fragmentation and Restoration: Generational Legacies of 21st Century Māori The content of this thesis is premised on a reflexive examination of some historical juxtapositions culminating in critical aspects of being Māori in the twenty first century and how such aspects have informed contemporary indigenous identity. That is, the continuing acknowledgement and exponential public recognition of critical concepts which inextricably link indigenous and civic identity. 

The theoretical sources for this research are, in the main, derived from anthropological and religious studies, particularly on the significance of mythologies and oral histories, as well as from the oral theorising of elders in Aotearoa New Zealand. A very significant contribution from one such elder, a senior Māori woman academic, has been included in the form of the transcript of an interview. She herself had collected the views of a number of elders on myth, creating a rare and valuable resource.  In the interview she married her reflections on these with her own experiences and her cogent analyses. 

From the outset, it was necessary to be discerning so as to ensure the thesis workload was manageable and realistic.  For this reason the selected critical aspects that have been used to frame this research are (1) a developing Western validation (that is, acknowledgement and respect) of Māori, Māori culture and their mythology; (2) oral history (genealogy) and traditions that have remained constant despite the influences of modernity; and (3) notions of fluidity, negotiation and pragmatism regarding kinship legacies and cultural heritage. The thesis is comprised of six chapters starting from a subjective narrative leading through increasingly objective discourses that culminate in a conclusion which supports a belief that modern Māori require a balancing of critical aspects of cultural heritage, with a broad understanding of the world of the 'other', in order to realise and develop their contemporary indigenous identity.

Ultimately, indigenous ideologies, practices and knowledge recorded and examined in the world of academia today, become potential resources for tomorrow. The intention of this research is to aggregate and discuss intrinsic aspects of the Māori past as well as developing aspects of the present, in order to better understand the significance of the future, and to add to the growing corpus of indigenous worldviews.

year: 2009