title: The Fault in our Hill: Characterisation of the Rangitawa Tephra, and insight into tectonic influences at Hillcrest Road

authors: Gibbons, Vittoria

subjects: Tephra

abstract: This study aimed to identify deformation and characterise the Rangitawa Tephra in terms of geomechanical and geochemical properties, and relate these properties to the deformation potential/activity. It was hypothesised there is a fault present in the site at 59 Hillcrest Road, and that the Rangitawa Tephra deforms plastically and accommodates deformation thereby reducing the amount of deformation in the geological units above.  

Field analyses included stratigraphic observations, unit descriptions, structural observations and anomaly identification, sensitivity measurements, and description of soft sediment deformation structures. Laboratory analyses consisted of particle-size, mineralogy, chemistry, and microstructure analyses and geomechanical behaviour identification through Atterberg Limits and Triaxial shear testing. 

Field analyses showed the presence of soft sediment deformation in the form of offset and deformed bedding at the base of the Rangitawa Tephra unit, and in the Hamilton Ash Formation above, along with a significant offset of approximately 6 metres within the cutting at 59 Hillcrest Road. This is inferred to be a normal fault, with the surrounding deformation seismites resulting from seismic triggers in the area along this fault plane. 

Laboratory analyses were used to characterise the Rangitawa Tephra at Hillcrest Road based on geomechanical, chemical, and mineralogical properties indicated the Rangitawa is bimodal extra-fine silt and extra-fine sand with an average of medium silt texture, behaving as a low compressibility silt. The clay mineralogy present as halloysite, dehydrated in Atterberg Limits testing, but hydrated otherwise. Triaxial shear testing identified the Rangitawa Tephra at Hillcrest to be of normally consolidated material, exhibiting ductile-plastic characteristics. The properties indicated during laboratory analyses were used to provide explanations for the deformation structures observed in the exposure at 59 Hillcrest Road. Field analyses along with the laboratory characterisation of the Rangitawa Tephra confirm the presence of a fault plane at the exposure. 


The thesis concludes the Rangitawa Tephra exhibits plastic deformation characteristics, presenting the potential to exhibit cyclic softening. These findings confirm the presence of ductile displacement, and support the soft sediment deformation structures observed at the base of the Rangitawa Tephra, and in the Hamilton Ash formation, are the direct result of paleoseismic influences within the area. It can then be suggested this fault zone may be active (displacement younger than 100 ky.) (GNS, 2017). The ductile plastic characteristics of the Rangitawa Tephra suggests deformation within and above this unit could be present, masked by the atypical displacement features and reduced by the accommodated deformation by the Rangitawa Tephra, suggesting the inferred ages on other faults found within the basin may be much younger than expected.

text: The Fault in our Hill: Characterisation of the Rangitawa Tephra, and insight into tectonic influences at Hillcrest Road This study aimed to identify deformation and characterise the Rangitawa Tephra in terms of geomechanical and geochemical properties, and relate these properties to the deformation potential/activity. It was hypothesised there is a fault present in the site at 59 Hillcrest Road, and that the Rangitawa Tephra deforms plastically and accommodates deformation thereby reducing the amount of deformation in the geological units above.  

Field analyses included stratigraphic observations, unit descriptions, structural observations and anomaly identification, sensitivity measurements, and description of soft sediment deformation structures. Laboratory analyses consisted of particle-size, mineralogy, chemistry, and microstructure analyses and geomechanical behaviour identification through Atterberg Limits and Triaxial shear testing. 

Field analyses showed the presence of soft sediment deformation in the form of offset and deformed bedding at the base of the Rangitawa Tephra unit, and in the Hamilton Ash Formation above, along with a significant offset of approximately 6 metres within the cutting at 59 Hillcrest Road. This is inferred to be a normal fault, with the surrounding deformation seismites resulting from seismic triggers in the area along this fault plane. 

Laboratory analyses were used to characterise the Rangitawa Tephra at Hillcrest Road based on geomechanical, chemical, and mineralogical properties indicated the Rangitawa is bimodal extra-fine silt and extra-fine sand with an average of medium silt texture, behaving as a low compressibility silt. The clay mineralogy present as halloysite, dehydrated in Atterberg Limits testing, but hydrated otherwise. Triaxial shear testing identified the Rangitawa Tephra at Hillcrest to be of normally consolidated material, exhibiting ductile-plastic characteristics. The properties indicated during laboratory analyses were used to provide explanations for the deformation structures observed in the exposure at 59 Hillcrest Road. Field analyses along with the laboratory characterisation of the Rangitawa Tephra confirm the presence of a fault plane at the exposure. 


The thesis concludes the Rangitawa Tephra exhibits plastic deformation characteristics, presenting the potential to exhibit cyclic softening. These findings confirm the presence of ductile displacement, and support the soft sediment deformation structures observed at the base of the Rangitawa Tephra, and in the Hamilton Ash formation, are the direct result of paleoseismic influences within the area. It can then be suggested this fault zone may be active (displacement younger than 100 ky.) (GNS, 2017). The ductile plastic characteristics of the Rangitawa Tephra suggests deformation within and above this unit could be present, masked by the atypical displacement features and reduced by the accommodated deformation by the Rangitawa Tephra, suggesting the inferred ages on other faults found within the basin may be much younger than expected.

year: 2020

title: Accounting for stream variability in retrofit problems using Monte Carlo simulation

authors: Lal, Nathan S.

abstract: The aim of this paper is to use Monte Carlo simulation to analyse the effect of stream data variation on the economic performance of retrofit designs. The input stream data is fitted to a distribution which can be sampled from to calculate the outputs of the Heat Exchanger Network model, stochastically. A simple four-stream problem is used to demonstrate the method, comparing two retrofit designs that each reduce the hot utility by 700 kW. Monte Carlo simulation analyses how the similar designs behave differently under the variable conditions and the results show that time-average analysis can not only overestimate the Total Retrofit Profit but can also favour a different design to that favoured by the Monte Carlo results. Of the two compared designs, the Design 2 was selected with an annual Total Retrofit Profit of NZD 215,553, requiring one new exchanger and additional area on an existing one. The Monte Carlo analysis also shed light on controllability and feasibility issues in the Heat Exchanger Network.

text: Accounting for stream variability in retrofit problems using Monte Carlo simulation The aim of this paper is to use Monte Carlo simulation to analyse the effect of stream data variation on the economic performance of retrofit designs. The input stream data is fitted to a distribution which can be sampled from to calculate the outputs of the Heat Exchanger Network model, stochastically. A simple four-stream problem is used to demonstrate the method, comparing two retrofit designs that each reduce the hot utility by 700 kW. Monte Carlo simulation analyses how the similar designs behave differently under the variable conditions and the results show that time-average analysis can not only overestimate the Total Retrofit Profit but can also favour a different design to that favoured by the Monte Carlo results. Of the two compared designs, the Design 2 was selected with an annual Total Retrofit Profit of NZD 215,553, requiring one new exchanger and additional area on an existing one. The Monte Carlo analysis also shed light on controllability and feasibility issues in the Heat Exchanger Network.

year: 2018

title: Place attachment of Ngāi Te Ahi to Hairini Marae

authors: Teddy, Lani

subjects: Hairini

abstract: Twelve members of Ngāi Te Ahi, a hapū from Tauranga, were interviewed to explore how they talk about their place attachment to Hairini Marae.  This was organized around five key dimensions of place attachment taken from the literature—continuity, distinctiveness, symbolism, attachment and familiarity.  We found that in discussing all dimensions, place attachment was equally about social and cultural relationships, history, and socialization.  Place attachment for groups such as Māori is complex because it encompasses all social relationships past and present.  The implication for those working with Māori is to take seriously the wider connotations of place when talking to Māori about marae, traditional homelands, and their land.

text: Place attachment of Ngāi Te Ahi to Hairini Marae Twelve members of Ngāi Te Ahi, a hapū from Tauranga, were interviewed to explore how they talk about their place attachment to Hairini Marae.  This was organized around five key dimensions of place attachment taken from the literature—continuity, distinctiveness, symbolism, attachment and familiarity.  We found that in discussing all dimensions, place attachment was equally about social and cultural relationships, history, and socialization.  Place attachment for groups such as Māori is complex because it encompasses all social relationships past and present.  The implication for those working with Māori is to take seriously the wider connotations of place when talking to Māori about marae, traditional homelands, and their land.

year: 2008