title: Purification and preliminary characterization of an extracellular pullulanase from Thermoanaerobium Tok6-B1

authors: Plant, Adrian R.

subjects: biology

abstract: Extracellular pullulanase (pullulan 6-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.41) was purified from cell free culture supernatants of Thermoanaerobium Tok6-B1 by ammonium sulphate precipitation, affinity precipitation, gel exclusion and ion exchange chromatography. A final purification factor of over 1600 was achieved. A molecular weight of 120 kD was determined by steric exclusion HPLC. Enzyme activity was specifically directed towards the  1–6 glucosidic linkages of pullulan resulting in 100% conversion to maltotriose and also possessed activity towards  1–4 linkages of starch, amylopectin and amylose producing maltooligosaccharides (DP2-DP4) as products. Maltotetraose was slowly hydrolysed to maltose. Values of K m (% w/v) were 7.3×10⁻³ for pullulan, 2.7×10⁻³ for amylopectin and 4.7×10⁻³ for Lintner's starch. Pullulanase activity was resistant to 6 M urea and was thermostable at temperatures up to 80°C (t 1/2 in the order of hours). Above 80°C thermal denaturation was significant (t 1/2=17 min at 85°C; 5 min at 90°C) but became less so in the presence of substrate (pullulan or starch). Thermostability was greatest at the pH activity optimum (pH 5.5) and was promoted by Ca²⁺ ions.

text: Purification and preliminary characterization of an extracellular pullulanase from Thermoanaerobium Tok6-B1 Extracellular pullulanase (pullulan 6-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.41) was purified from cell free culture supernatants of Thermoanaerobium Tok6-B1 by ammonium sulphate precipitation, affinity precipitation, gel exclusion and ion exchange chromatography. A final purification factor of over 1600 was achieved. A molecular weight of 120 kD was determined by steric exclusion HPLC. Enzyme activity was specifically directed towards the  1–6 glucosidic linkages of pullulan resulting in 100% conversion to maltotriose and also possessed activity towards  1–4 linkages of starch, amylopectin and amylose producing maltooligosaccharides (DP2-DP4) as products. Maltotetraose was slowly hydrolysed to maltose. Values of K m (% w/v) were 7.3×10⁻³ for pullulan, 2.7×10⁻³ for amylopectin and 4.7×10⁻³ for Lintner's starch. Pullulanase activity was resistant to 6 M urea and was thermostable at temperatures up to 80°C (t 1/2 in the order of hours). Above 80°C thermal denaturation was significant (t 1/2=17 min at 85°C; 5 min at 90°C) but became less so in the presence of substrate (pullulan or starch). Thermostability was greatest at the pH activity optimum (pH 5.5) and was promoted by Ca²⁺ ions.

year: 1987

title: Female sexuality in two samples of New Zealand women

authors: Person, Antoinette

subjects: Female sexuality

abstract: The sexuality of New Zealand women, their preferences and their practices, was compared in a questionnaire administered to two groups of New Zealand women. The first sample contained six hundred and forty-five women who attended the United Women's Convention in 1977. The second sample included seventy women who replied to a postal questionnaire sent to a random selection from the Hamilton East electoral roll. The questionnaire was loosely based on Hite's (1976) study of the sexuality of American women. 
The questionnaire examined the respondent's sexual preferences, fantasy, masturbation, orgasm, partner related questions and questions on oral sex. A feminist orientation scale was devised to determine feminist bias, in particular in the first sample. The respondents proved to be unrepresentative of the general population. They were predominantly Pakeha, highly educated, with a high percentage in professional or managerial positions. These women are orgasmic and enjoy it, they masturbate, enjoy fantasies and do not experience orgasm from a penis in vagina only. Following research by Kinsey et al. (1953), Masters and Johnson (1966) and Hite (1976), this study confirms the clitoris as women's orgasmic organ.

text: Female sexuality in two samples of New Zealand women The sexuality of New Zealand women, their preferences and their practices, was compared in a questionnaire administered to two groups of New Zealand women. The first sample contained six hundred and forty-five women who attended the United Women's Convention in 1977. The second sample included seventy women who replied to a postal questionnaire sent to a random selection from the Hamilton East electoral roll. The questionnaire was loosely based on Hite's (1976) study of the sexuality of American women. 
The questionnaire examined the respondent's sexual preferences, fantasy, masturbation, orgasm, partner related questions and questions on oral sex. A feminist orientation scale was devised to determine feminist bias, in particular in the first sample. The respondents proved to be unrepresentative of the general population. They were predominantly Pakeha, highly educated, with a high percentage in professional or managerial positions. These women are orgasmic and enjoy it, they masturbate, enjoy fantasies and do not experience orgasm from a penis in vagina only. Following research by Kinsey et al. (1953), Masters and Johnson (1966) and Hite (1976), this study confirms the clitoris as women's orgasmic organ.

year: 1979

title: Is there a lack of science resources and specialists for kaiako at Kura reo o Waikato?

authors: Hopkins, Aareka

subjects: Kura kaupapa

abstract: The New Zealand debates on culture and science education for Maaori are grounded in the concern for the under-achievement of tauira in science. In 1995, a lack of subject experts, specialists and resources to implement the Ministry of Education’s science curriculum was identified. I investigated the concept of a mobile science laboratory to provide subject experts, specialists and resources to Kura Reo o Tainui as a way of improving and enhancing tauira literacy and engagement in puutaiao. This study used a semi-structured survey to elicit the whakaaro and perceptions of kaiako puutaiao from four Wharekura, three Kura Kaupapa Maaori, and three Rumaki Total Immersion classes in Waikato-Tainui, using registered participants in the inaugural Kura Reo o Tainui Waananga in 2008 to select survey participants.

text: Is there a lack of science resources and specialists for kaiako at Kura reo o Waikato? The New Zealand debates on culture and science education for Maaori are grounded in the concern for the under-achievement of tauira in science. In 1995, a lack of subject experts, specialists and resources to implement the Ministry of Education’s science curriculum was identified. I investigated the concept of a mobile science laboratory to provide subject experts, specialists and resources to Kura Reo o Tainui as a way of improving and enhancing tauira literacy and engagement in puutaiao. This study used a semi-structured survey to elicit the whakaaro and perceptions of kaiako puutaiao from four Wharekura, three Kura Kaupapa Maaori, and three Rumaki Total Immersion classes in Waikato-Tainui, using registered participants in the inaugural Kura Reo o Tainui Waananga in 2008 to select survey participants.

year: 2010-08