title: The Development and function of hana keaka (Hawaiian-medium theatre): A tool for the empowering Kanaka Maoli consciousness

authors: Baker, Tammy Haili'ōpua

subjects: Hana Keana

abstract: Since time immemorial Kānaka Maoli have recounted histories, stories, and cultural beliefs through performance. The art of performance is intrinsic to Kanaka Maoli existence, as oratory was the means in which our stories were recorded and shared, prior to the introduction of a writing system. Performance was embedded within the traditional practices of Kānaka Maoli, both religious and secular, through ritual incantations, poetry, dance, formal oratory, and so on. These forms of expression were infused into the theatrical arts to create hana keaka (Hawaiian-medium theatre). Due to the negative effects of colonization that nearly obliterated the Hawaiian language, religion, cultural practices, forms of art, and the indigenous people of the Hawaiian archipelago, hana keaka faded into the background. However, the cultural renaissance of the 1970’s, specifically the movement to revitalize and reinvigorate the Hawaiian language, elevated Hawaiian performing arts moving them into the foreground. The arts have promoted Hawaiian culture, language, and spirituality. Performing arts like hana keaka assert a Kanaka Maoli worldview through the medium of ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i while reaffirming Kanaka Maoli consciousness.
This thesis explores the Kanaka Maoli performing art form of hana keaka, documenting the history, development, and practice of hana keaka from times past into the modern era. The research identifies four kūkulu (pillars) that are fundamental for hana keaka; Mo‘olelo, Kū‘auhau, Hana No‘eau, and ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i. Each kūkulu are necessary elements in the composition of hana keaka. The thesis also examines the cultural practices, creation process, and structure of hana keaka through the creative works of Ka Hālau Hanakeaka, a Hawaiian language theatre troupe based at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. The productions of Ka Hālau Hanakeaka represent an indigenous Hawaiian theatre aesthetic that contributes to the Hawaiian language revitalization movement. This study proves how hana keaka is being used as a tool to promote Kanaka Maoli perspectives, to empower Kanaka Maoli identity, and to reinforce Kanaka Maoli consciousness.

text: The Development and function of hana keaka (Hawaiian-medium theatre): A tool for the empowering Kanaka Maoli consciousness Since time immemorial Kānaka Maoli have recounted histories, stories, and cultural beliefs through performance. The art of performance is intrinsic to Kanaka Maoli existence, as oratory was the means in which our stories were recorded and shared, prior to the introduction of a writing system. Performance was embedded within the traditional practices of Kānaka Maoli, both religious and secular, through ritual incantations, poetry, dance, formal oratory, and so on. These forms of expression were infused into the theatrical arts to create hana keaka (Hawaiian-medium theatre). Due to the negative effects of colonization that nearly obliterated the Hawaiian language, religion, cultural practices, forms of art, and the indigenous people of the Hawaiian archipelago, hana keaka faded into the background. However, the cultural renaissance of the 1970’s, specifically the movement to revitalize and reinvigorate the Hawaiian language, elevated Hawaiian performing arts moving them into the foreground. The arts have promoted Hawaiian culture, language, and spirituality. Performing arts like hana keaka assert a Kanaka Maoli worldview through the medium of ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i while reaffirming Kanaka Maoli consciousness.
This thesis explores the Kanaka Maoli performing art form of hana keaka, documenting the history, development, and practice of hana keaka from times past into the modern era. The research identifies four kūkulu (pillars) that are fundamental for hana keaka; Mo‘olelo, Kū‘auhau, Hana No‘eau, and ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i. Each kūkulu are necessary elements in the composition of hana keaka. The thesis also examines the cultural practices, creation process, and structure of hana keaka through the creative works of Ka Hālau Hanakeaka, a Hawaiian language theatre troupe based at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. The productions of Ka Hālau Hanakeaka represent an indigenous Hawaiian theatre aesthetic that contributes to the Hawaiian language revitalization movement. This study proves how hana keaka is being used as a tool to promote Kanaka Maoli perspectives, to empower Kanaka Maoli identity, and to reinforce Kanaka Maoli consciousness.

year: 2019

title: The post-antibiotic effect of manuka honey on gastrointestinal pathogens

authors: Lin, Shih-Min (Sam)

subjects: biology

abstract: An increasing number of studies have shown that honey has substantial antimicrobial activity [1]. This has mostly been demonstrated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests in which microorganisms are exposed to a constant level of honey for a long period. However, the efficacy of honey taken orally would be greatly affected by dilution in large amounts of body fluids and water from food and drink as well as by a short period of contact with bacterial cells owing to rapid peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract. We therefore investigated how long it would take manuka honey to eliminate microorganisms and whether or not honey has a post-antibiotic effect (PAE) similar to other common drugs.

text: The post-antibiotic effect of manuka honey on gastrointestinal pathogens An increasing number of studies have shown that honey has substantial antimicrobial activity [1]. This has mostly been demonstrated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests in which microorganisms are exposed to a constant level of honey for a long period. However, the efficacy of honey taken orally would be greatly affected by dilution in large amounts of body fluids and water from food and drink as well as by a short period of contact with bacterial cells owing to rapid peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract. We therefore investigated how long it would take manuka honey to eliminate microorganisms and whether or not honey has a post-antibiotic effect (PAE) similar to other common drugs.

year: 2010

title: Microplastics in the marine environment: Sediment contaminant and bioaccumulation rates in bivalves within the Bay of Plenty

authors: Lewis, Anita

subjects: Microplastic

abstract: Microplastic pollution is recognised as a significant anthropogenic issue in coastal ecosystems around the world. The accumulation of microplastics in coastal environments causes both direct and indirect effects on these already vulnerable ecosystems. Limited information was available of the scale of microplastic pollution across New Zealand, including the Bay of Plenty. To enable a greater understanding of microplastic accumulation in sediment and bioaccumulation in bivalves sampling  within the Bay of Plenty area was conducted.
The presence of  microplastic particles was investigated from sediment and shellfish samples collected across the Bay of Plenty, from Waihī Beach in the West, to Ōpōtiki in the East. Three species of shellfish were collected that differed in their functional feeding modes (filter feeder vs deposit feeder): tuangi (cockle: Austrovenus stuchburyi), hanikura (wedge shell: Macomona liliana), and tuatua (surf clam: Paphies subtriangulata). Microplastic particles from sediment and bivalves were separated from the sediment and shellfish samples in the laboratory and identified using visual light stereomicroscopy. Microplastic particles were identified and quantified into three categories: fragments, fibres, and films. 
Significant numbers of fibres, as well as some fragments and films were found to be present in the sediment throughout all sampling locations. The highest density of microplastic particles in sediment (up to 11,087.9 per m²) were observed at sites that were closed to municipal sewage outfalls and populated areas, and the lowest densities were observed at Matakana Island (63 particles per m²). Sites in Ōhiwa Harbour showed an average of 504.6 particles per m² at the high tide zone and 477.6 particles per m² at the intertidal zone in the sediment. Ohiwa Harbour showed similar levels of microplastic accumulation in sediment compared to Tauranga Harbour. However, higher levels of microplastic particles were found in the sediment at open coast sites.
All shellfish sampled had at least one microplastic particle found in their tissues. The highest number of microplastics in shellfish were found in the wedge shell (23 particles), with the least from the cockles (1). Statistical analysis reveal that the deep burrowing deposit feeder (Macomona liliana) demonstrated an elevated amount of microplastic particles ingested relative to the shallow burrowing suspension feeding cockle (Austrovenus stutchburyi). A notable amount of microplastic particles were also found at all sampling locations for the culturally important tuatua (Paphies subtriangulata). However, comparing all three bivalve species, the deposit feeding M. liliana, ingested higher amounts than both the A. stutchburyi and P. subtriangulata, which could be related to their different functional feeding modes in the marine environment. This research provides baseline information to assess the extent of microplastic pollution in sediments and the potential for bioaccumulation in bivalve species with differentiated feeding modes and functional roles in the marine environment. 
The problem with microplastics is a global emerging contaminant. Preventing the problem of plastic wastes in New Zealand will require change across all aspects of society, along with policy regulations to mitigate the issue of microplastic pollution.

text: Microplastics in the marine environment: Sediment contaminant and bioaccumulation rates in bivalves within the Bay of Plenty Microplastic pollution is recognised as a significant anthropogenic issue in coastal ecosystems around the world. The accumulation of microplastics in coastal environments causes both direct and indirect effects on these already vulnerable ecosystems. Limited information was available of the scale of microplastic pollution across New Zealand, including the Bay of Plenty. To enable a greater understanding of microplastic accumulation in sediment and bioaccumulation in bivalves sampling  within the Bay of Plenty area was conducted.
The presence of  microplastic particles was investigated from sediment and shellfish samples collected across the Bay of Plenty, from Waihī Beach in the West, to Ōpōtiki in the East. Three species of shellfish were collected that differed in their functional feeding modes (filter feeder vs deposit feeder): tuangi (cockle: Austrovenus stuchburyi), hanikura (wedge shell: Macomona liliana), and tuatua (surf clam: Paphies subtriangulata). Microplastic particles from sediment and bivalves were separated from the sediment and shellfish samples in the laboratory and identified using visual light stereomicroscopy. Microplastic particles were identified and quantified into three categories: fragments, fibres, and films. 
Significant numbers of fibres, as well as some fragments and films were found to be present in the sediment throughout all sampling locations. The highest density of microplastic particles in sediment (up to 11,087.9 per m²) were observed at sites that were closed to municipal sewage outfalls and populated areas, and the lowest densities were observed at Matakana Island (63 particles per m²). Sites in Ōhiwa Harbour showed an average of 504.6 particles per m² at the high tide zone and 477.6 particles per m² at the intertidal zone in the sediment. Ohiwa Harbour showed similar levels of microplastic accumulation in sediment compared to Tauranga Harbour. However, higher levels of microplastic particles were found in the sediment at open coast sites.
All shellfish sampled had at least one microplastic particle found in their tissues. The highest number of microplastics in shellfish were found in the wedge shell (23 particles), with the least from the cockles (1). Statistical analysis reveal that the deep burrowing deposit feeder (Macomona liliana) demonstrated an elevated amount of microplastic particles ingested relative to the shallow burrowing suspension feeding cockle (Austrovenus stutchburyi). A notable amount of microplastic particles were also found at all sampling locations for the culturally important tuatua (Paphies subtriangulata). However, comparing all three bivalve species, the deposit feeding M. liliana, ingested higher amounts than both the A. stutchburyi and P. subtriangulata, which could be related to their different functional feeding modes in the marine environment. This research provides baseline information to assess the extent of microplastic pollution in sediments and the potential for bioaccumulation in bivalve species with differentiated feeding modes and functional roles in the marine environment. 
The problem with microplastics is a global emerging contaminant. Preventing the problem of plastic wastes in New Zealand will require change across all aspects of society, along with policy regulations to mitigate the issue of microplastic pollution.

year: 2021