title: The Tui Mines: a portion of the Te Aroha mining district

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: After initial interest in it during the initial rush, the Tui portion of the Te Aroha field was largely ignored until Clem Cornes made a discovery in 1885 that produced great hopes for obtaining gold and silver. Investors were quickly interested, but raising sufficient capital was a continual problem; although in time British investors became involved, all the syndicates and companies were under-funded. In addition, there was no agreed method to treat the refractory ore, which was heavily impregnated with base metals, and several processes were tried without success. In addition, the topography of the area required the construction of an access track and, in 1889, of an aerial tramway to transport ore from high on the mountain to the flat. As usual, financial assistance from both local and national governments was sought, and a small amount was received.
Many people were involved as prospectors, miners, investors, and treatment ‘experts’, but despite their efforts the early hopes were never fulfilled. By mid-1888 mining had faded because of the lack of a successful process, and although some London-based companies would be formed in later years, capital remained inadequate and development was minimal, for the basic reason that no suitable treatment had been discovered for the low-grade and complex ore.

text: The Tui Mines: a portion of the Te Aroha mining district After initial interest in it during the initial rush, the Tui portion of the Te Aroha field was largely ignored until Clem Cornes made a discovery in 1885 that produced great hopes for obtaining gold and silver. Investors were quickly interested, but raising sufficient capital was a continual problem; although in time British investors became involved, all the syndicates and companies were under-funded. In addition, there was no agreed method to treat the refractory ore, which was heavily impregnated with base metals, and several processes were tried without success. In addition, the topography of the area required the construction of an access track and, in 1889, of an aerial tramway to transport ore from high on the mountain to the flat. As usual, financial assistance from both local and national governments was sought, and a small amount was received.
Many people were involved as prospectors, miners, investors, and treatment ‘experts’, but despite their efforts the early hopes were never fulfilled. By mid-1888 mining had faded because of the lack of a successful process, and although some London-based companies would be formed in later years, capital remained inadequate and development was minimal, for the basic reason that no suitable treatment had been discovered for the low-grade and complex ore.

year: 2016

title: Combining Hydromorphic and Shape-Shifting Effects for Programmable Passive Actuation in 4D-Printed Biocomposites

authors: Bachmann, Phil Aron

abstract: 4D printing involves the fabrication of structures that respond dynamically to external stimuli. While various actuation mechanisms have been extensively studied, the integration of multiple actuation effects remains relatively unexplored. This study examines the combined influence of hydromorphic and shape-shifting effects in a biocomposite containing 40 wt% cellulose fibres. The biocomposite was combined with polylactide (PLA) and processed via 3D printing to produce bi-material strips, which were then comprehensively analysed for their material properties and shape-changing behaviour. Upon immersion in water, the biocomposite expanded by 3.2 % perpendicular to the printing direction and exhibited a marked decrease in Young’s modulus with increasing water content. Bi-material strips 1 mm thick displayed pronounced hydromorphic behaviour, achieving maximum curvatures of 0.036 - 0.052 mm-1 depending on the passive-to-active layer thickness ratio. Thicker strips (4 mm) reached 0.012 mm-1 under the same conditions. When both heat and water were applied as external stimuli, the biocomposite and neat PLA layers became simultaneously active, and curvatures of up to 0.057 mm⁻¹ were obtained for 4 mm strips. This curvature surpassed the hydromorphic-only and shape-shifting-only responses by factors of 4.77 and 1.82, respectively. The results demonstrate that integrating water- and heat-induced stimuli increases achievable curvature and accelerates the response, enabling high-curvature deformations even in relatively thick structures. The approach therefore holds promise for applications that demand significant shape transformations without compromising structural integrity.

text: Combining Hydromorphic and Shape-Shifting Effects for Programmable Passive Actuation in 4D-Printed Biocomposites 4D printing involves the fabrication of structures that respond dynamically to external stimuli. While various actuation mechanisms have been extensively studied, the integration of multiple actuation effects remains relatively unexplored. This study examines the combined influence of hydromorphic and shape-shifting effects in a biocomposite containing 40 wt% cellulose fibres. The biocomposite was combined with polylactide (PLA) and processed via 3D printing to produce bi-material strips, which were then comprehensively analysed for their material properties and shape-changing behaviour. Upon immersion in water, the biocomposite expanded by 3.2 % perpendicular to the printing direction and exhibited a marked decrease in Young’s modulus with increasing water content. Bi-material strips 1 mm thick displayed pronounced hydromorphic behaviour, achieving maximum curvatures of 0.036 - 0.052 mm-1 depending on the passive-to-active layer thickness ratio. Thicker strips (4 mm) reached 0.012 mm-1 under the same conditions. When both heat and water were applied as external stimuli, the biocomposite and neat PLA layers became simultaneously active, and curvatures of up to 0.057 mm⁻¹ were obtained for 4 mm strips. This curvature surpassed the hydromorphic-only and shape-shifting-only responses by factors of 4.77 and 1.82, respectively. The results demonstrate that integrating water- and heat-induced stimuli increases achievable curvature and accelerates the response, enabling high-curvature deformations even in relatively thick structures. The approach therefore holds promise for applications that demand significant shape transformations without compromising structural integrity.

year: 2025

title: Maori & Psychology Research Unit annual report 2008

authors: Rua, Mohi

subjects: Maori and Psychology Research Unit

abstract: Annual report of the Maori and Psychology Research Unit (MPRU) 2008. The unit was established in August of 1997. The unit is designed to provide a catalyst and support network for enhancing research concerning the psychological needs, aspirations, and priorities of Maori people. The MPRU is well situated to draw together skilled and experienced interdisciplinary research groups by networking and establishing working relationships with staff and students within the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, the University, and the wider community.

text: Maori & Psychology Research Unit annual report 2008 Annual report of the Maori and Psychology Research Unit (MPRU) 2008. The unit was established in August of 1997. The unit is designed to provide a catalyst and support network for enhancing research concerning the psychological needs, aspirations, and priorities of Maori people. The MPRU is well situated to draw together skilled and experienced interdisciplinary research groups by networking and establishing working relationships with staff and students within the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, the University, and the wider community.

year: 2009-03