title: The international law gaze: America’s fist and the WTO Appellate Body

authors: Alvarez-Jimenez, Alberto

abstract: Saturn Devouring His Son is a famous and disturbing painting by Francisco Goya that you can see at the Prado Museum in Madrid. (http://www.franciscogoya.com/saturn-devouring-his-son.jsp). It depicts the Greek myth of the Titan Cronus (Saturn), who, fearing to be overthrown by his sons, devoured each of them at birth, save one.  Like Saturn, the United States seems to be attempting to devour the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the jewel of the dispute settlement system of an organization that the United States much helped to give birth to. What is the United States doing? It is blocking the consensus within the WTO for the appointment or reappointment of Appellate Body members to the point that the Appellate Body has been forced to operate with a reduced number of members. You should not dismiss this policy as just a new expression of the tragicomedy that is taking place in Washington since January: the attack on the Appellate Body is one and the very same that the Obama administration put in place in 2016 when it blocked the reappointment of Seung Wha Chang, a South Korean Appellate Body member whom the United States thought of as having views that expanded the authority of the Appellate Body. (Alex Lawson, “US Playing with Fire in WTO Appellate Body Spat” QLAW360. May 24, 2016. https://www.law360.com/articles/799678/us-playing-with-fire-in-wto-appellate-body-spat). The action forced WTO members to elect another candidate, Hyun Chong Kim, at the end of 2016. However, he resigned to become South Korea’s Trade Minister in 2017, thus creating a vacancy again. Two other Appellate Body members, Ricardo Ramirez and Peter Van den Bossche, ended their second terms in 2017. The three vacancies have not been filled, due to the United States’ behaviour.  For an institution of seven members, this situation is already severely affecting its operation

text: The international law gaze: America’s fist and the WTO Appellate Body Saturn Devouring His Son is a famous and disturbing painting by Francisco Goya that you can see at the Prado Museum in Madrid. (http://www.franciscogoya.com/saturn-devouring-his-son.jsp). It depicts the Greek myth of the Titan Cronus (Saturn), who, fearing to be overthrown by his sons, devoured each of them at birth, save one.  Like Saturn, the United States seems to be attempting to devour the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the jewel of the dispute settlement system of an organization that the United States much helped to give birth to. What is the United States doing? It is blocking the consensus within the WTO for the appointment or reappointment of Appellate Body members to the point that the Appellate Body has been forced to operate with a reduced number of members. You should not dismiss this policy as just a new expression of the tragicomedy that is taking place in Washington since January: the attack on the Appellate Body is one and the very same that the Obama administration put in place in 2016 when it blocked the reappointment of Seung Wha Chang, a South Korean Appellate Body member whom the United States thought of as having views that expanded the authority of the Appellate Body. (Alex Lawson, “US Playing with Fire in WTO Appellate Body Spat” QLAW360. May 24, 2016. https://www.law360.com/articles/799678/us-playing-with-fire-in-wto-appellate-body-spat). The action forced WTO members to elect another candidate, Hyun Chong Kim, at the end of 2016. However, he resigned to become South Korea’s Trade Minister in 2017, thus creating a vacancy again. Two other Appellate Body members, Ricardo Ramirez and Peter Van den Bossche, ended their second terms in 2017. The three vacancies have not been filled, due to the United States’ behaviour.  For an institution of seven members, this situation is already severely affecting its operation

year: 2017

title: vrfinder: Finding outbound addresses in traceroute

authors: Marder, Alexander

abstract: Current methods to analyze the Internet's router-level topology with paths collected using traceroute assume that the source address for each router in the path is either an inbound or off-path address on each router. In this work, we show that outbound addresses are common in our Internet-wide traceroute dataset collected by CAIDA's Ark vantage points in January 2020, accounting for 1.7% - 5.8% of the addresses seen at some point before the end of a traceroute. This phenomenon can lead to mistakes in Internet topology analysis, such as inferring router ownership and identifying interdomain links. We hypothesize that the primary contributor to outbound addresses is Layer 3 Virtual Private Networks (L3VPNs), and propose vrfinder, a technique for identifying L3VPN outbound addresses in traceroute collections. We validate vrfinder against ground truth from two large research and education networks, demonstrating high precision (100.0%) and recall (82.1% - 95.3%). We also show the benefit of accounting for L3VPNs in traceroute analysis through extensions to bdrmapIT, increasing the accuracy of its router ownership inferences for L3VPN outbound addresses from 61.5% - 79.4% to 88.9% - 95.5%.

text: vrfinder: Finding outbound addresses in traceroute Current methods to analyze the Internet's router-level topology with paths collected using traceroute assume that the source address for each router in the path is either an inbound or off-path address on each router. In this work, we show that outbound addresses are common in our Internet-wide traceroute dataset collected by CAIDA's Ark vantage points in January 2020, accounting for 1.7% - 5.8% of the addresses seen at some point before the end of a traceroute. This phenomenon can lead to mistakes in Internet topology analysis, such as inferring router ownership and identifying interdomain links. We hypothesize that the primary contributor to outbound addresses is Layer 3 Virtual Private Networks (L3VPNs), and propose vrfinder, a technique for identifying L3VPN outbound addresses in traceroute collections. We validate vrfinder against ground truth from two large research and education networks, demonstrating high precision (100.0%) and recall (82.1% - 95.3%). We also show the benefit of accounting for L3VPNs in traceroute analysis through extensions to bdrmapIT, increasing the accuracy of its router ownership inferences for L3VPN outbound addresses from 61.5% - 79.4% to 88.9% - 95.5%.

year: 2020

title: Te Kotahitanga: culturally responsive professional development for teachers

authors: Bishop, Russell

subjects: indigenous

abstract: Te Kotahitanga is a research and professional development project that aims to support teachers to raise the achievement of New Zealand's indigenous Māori students in public/mainstream classrooms. An Effective Teaching Profile, developed from the voices of Māori students, their families, principals and some of their teachers, provides direction and focus for both the classroom pedagogy and the professional development. While the authors understand that there are many institutional changes necessary at the school level, this paper focuses on the professional learning opportunities developed for classroom teachers within this project to support the development of more effective classroom relationships and interactions with Māori students. This has resulted in Māori students attending school more regularly, engaging as learners and achieving to levels where they begin to realise their true potential.

text: Te Kotahitanga: culturally responsive professional development for teachers Te Kotahitanga is a research and professional development project that aims to support teachers to raise the achievement of New Zealand's indigenous Māori students in public/mainstream classrooms. An Effective Teaching Profile, developed from the voices of Māori students, their families, principals and some of their teachers, provides direction and focus for both the classroom pedagogy and the professional development. While the authors understand that there are many institutional changes necessary at the school level, this paper focuses on the professional learning opportunities developed for classroom teachers within this project to support the development of more effective classroom relationships and interactions with Māori students. This has resulted in Māori students attending school more regularly, engaging as learners and achieving to levels where they begin to realise their true potential.

year: 2010-05