title: µ-Charts and Z: hows, whys and wherefores

authors: Reeve, Greg

subjects: computer science

abstract: In this paper we show, by a series of examples, how the µ-chart formalism can be translated into Z. We give reasons for why this is an interesting and sensible thing to do and what it might be used for.

text: µ-Charts and Z: hows, whys and wherefores In this paper we show, by a series of examples, how the µ-chart formalism can be translated into Z. We give reasons for why this is an interesting and sensible thing to do and what it might be used for.

year: 2000-03

title: Exploring the perceptions of teachers on women principals in the Solomon Islands

authors: Elisha, Laisa Nadia

subjects: women principal

abstract: This study explores the perceptions of teachers who have worked under female principals in the Solomon Islands. While much research on this discourse has been concentrated on developed countries, less has been done in developing countries, particularly in Melanesian society. Most literature in Melanesian countries concentrates on the experiences of women as principals, deputies, head of department, and higher education. However, nothing has explored the views of teachers who have worked under women principals in the Solomon Islands.

This study is a qualitative methodology that uses the Talanoa (Pasifika research method) to support. A thematic approach was used in analysing data. The data gathering was conducted in January 2012. Interviews were conducted with nine teachers who were working under women principals. The four schools involved were urban schools centred around Honiara, the capital of Solomon islands. These four schools were chosen because all four had women principals. The four schools were a primary, two community high schools and a national secondary high school.

Findings on the perceptions of teachers include the influence and effect that cultural norms had in shaping the attitudes and beliefs that teachers had as they commenced working for women principals. Secondly, the findings from the study revealed that teachers’ perceptions changed on how they viewed women principals. From the findings it was found that teachers valued and appreciated the leadership of their women principals. Female teachers even aspired for leadership because women principals became role models to them. Thirdly, the findings showed that within schools there are expectations and challenges that teachers face while under the leadership of women principals. This sometimes challenges the status of women principals and their leadership. Lastly the findings showed that there were leadership styles of women principals that were said to be effective and positive by teachers in this study. This study showed that both male and female teachers tended to appreciate the leadership and encouraged more women principals.

text: Exploring the perceptions of teachers on women principals in the Solomon Islands This study explores the perceptions of teachers who have worked under female principals in the Solomon Islands. While much research on this discourse has been concentrated on developed countries, less has been done in developing countries, particularly in Melanesian society. Most literature in Melanesian countries concentrates on the experiences of women as principals, deputies, head of department, and higher education. However, nothing has explored the views of teachers who have worked under women principals in the Solomon Islands.

This study is a qualitative methodology that uses the Talanoa (Pasifika research method) to support. A thematic approach was used in analysing data. The data gathering was conducted in January 2012. Interviews were conducted with nine teachers who were working under women principals. The four schools involved were urban schools centred around Honiara, the capital of Solomon islands. These four schools were chosen because all four had women principals. The four schools were a primary, two community high schools and a national secondary high school.

Findings on the perceptions of teachers include the influence and effect that cultural norms had in shaping the attitudes and beliefs that teachers had as they commenced working for women principals. Secondly, the findings from the study revealed that teachers’ perceptions changed on how they viewed women principals. From the findings it was found that teachers valued and appreciated the leadership of their women principals. Female teachers even aspired for leadership because women principals became role models to them. Thirdly, the findings showed that within schools there are expectations and challenges that teachers face while under the leadership of women principals. This sometimes challenges the status of women principals and their leadership. Lastly the findings showed that there were leadership styles of women principals that were said to be effective and positive by teachers in this study. This study showed that both male and female teachers tended to appreciate the leadership and encouraged more women principals.

year: 2012

title: Indigenous fertility in Aotearoa New Zealand: How does ethnic identity affect birth spacing and timing?

authors: Rarere, Moana

abstract: The survival of Indigenous peoples in the CANZUS states of Canada, Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand, and the United States is nothing short of remarkable. Not only have Indigenous peoples thwarted colonial tropes of the vanishing native but, for decades, Indigenous population growth rates have significantly outpaced those of the dominant settler populations. The future survival of Indigenous peoples fundamentally rests on continued natural increase, and understanding the causes and consequences of fertility behaviour is critical. While total fertility rates for Indigenous women in CANZUS countries are relatively low, childbearing tends to be concentrated at younger ages in contrast to the dominant white populations. The fertility transitions of both settler and Indigenous populations in the CANZUS states are well documented, however, a significant gap remains: how cultural factors shape contemporary Indigenous fertility behaviours. Using Aotearoa as a case study, we explore the relationship between Māori cultural identity, birth timing, and the duration of birth intervals. We use the 1995 New Zealand Women: Family, Employment and Education survey data to further test the impact of cultural identity on birth transition rates using the piecewise exponential model and Kaplan-Meier estimates. We find that women who identify Mainly Māori (exclusively or primarily) are at greater risk of bearing much earlier to first birth but not necessarily subsequent births. However, because of the earlier start, Māori have a longer reproductive window to bear more children, and at higher birth orders still bear earlier than non-Māori. The empirical evidence strengthens our case to suggest that cultural orientation has some influence on Indigenous fertility and contributes to the development of Indigenous-centred theories of fertility and demography more broadly.

text: Indigenous fertility in Aotearoa New Zealand: How does ethnic identity affect birth spacing and timing? The survival of Indigenous peoples in the CANZUS states of Canada, Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand, and the United States is nothing short of remarkable. Not only have Indigenous peoples thwarted colonial tropes of the vanishing native but, for decades, Indigenous population growth rates have significantly outpaced those of the dominant settler populations. The future survival of Indigenous peoples fundamentally rests on continued natural increase, and understanding the causes and consequences of fertility behaviour is critical. While total fertility rates for Indigenous women in CANZUS countries are relatively low, childbearing tends to be concentrated at younger ages in contrast to the dominant white populations. The fertility transitions of both settler and Indigenous populations in the CANZUS states are well documented, however, a significant gap remains: how cultural factors shape contemporary Indigenous fertility behaviours. Using Aotearoa as a case study, we explore the relationship between Māori cultural identity, birth timing, and the duration of birth intervals. We use the 1995 New Zealand Women: Family, Employment and Education survey data to further test the impact of cultural identity on birth transition rates using the piecewise exponential model and Kaplan-Meier estimates. We find that women who identify Mainly Māori (exclusively or primarily) are at greater risk of bearing much earlier to first birth but not necessarily subsequent births. However, because of the earlier start, Māori have a longer reproductive window to bear more children, and at higher birth orders still bear earlier than non-Māori. The empirical evidence strengthens our case to suggest that cultural orientation has some influence on Indigenous fertility and contributes to the development of Indigenous-centred theories of fertility and demography more broadly.

year: 2023