title: Relationships between offenders’ crime locations and different prior activity locations as recorded in Police data

authors: Curtis-Ham, Sophie

abstract: Understanding the relationships between individual offenders’ crime locations and their prior activity locations is important to enable individual level predictions to support crime prevention and investigation strategies. This study examined a wider range of crimes and activity locations than included in previous studies, to determine whether offenders are more likely to commit crime near some types of activity locations than others. Using discrete spatial choice models, we identified relationships between proximity to pre-crime activity locations recorded in a police database (e.g., offenders’ homes, family members’ homes, schools, prior crimes, and other police interactions) and the locations of 17,054 residential burglaries, 10,353 non-residential burglaries, 1,977 commercial robberies, 4,315 personal robberies, and 4,421 extra-familial sex offences in New Zealand. Offenders were generally more likely to commit crime closer to their activity locations than farther away, and closer to those visited more frequently (e.g., home versus family homes) or more likely to impart relevant knowledge about crime opportunities (e.g., prior crimes versus prior victim or witness locations). The observed patterns for different activity locations and crime types broadly support a recently proposed extension to crime pattern theory and illustrate the benefits of differentiating activity location and crime types when examining criminal spatial behaviour. The results have implications for offender risk assessment and management, and geographic profiling in police investigations.

text: Relationships between offenders’ crime locations and different prior activity locations as recorded in Police data Understanding the relationships between individual offenders’ crime locations and their prior activity locations is important to enable individual level predictions to support crime prevention and investigation strategies. This study examined a wider range of crimes and activity locations than included in previous studies, to determine whether offenders are more likely to commit crime near some types of activity locations than others. Using discrete spatial choice models, we identified relationships between proximity to pre-crime activity locations recorded in a police database (e.g., offenders’ homes, family members’ homes, schools, prior crimes, and other police interactions) and the locations of 17,054 residential burglaries, 10,353 non-residential burglaries, 1,977 commercial robberies, 4,315 personal robberies, and 4,421 extra-familial sex offences in New Zealand. Offenders were generally more likely to commit crime closer to their activity locations than farther away, and closer to those visited more frequently (e.g., home versus family homes) or more likely to impart relevant knowledge about crime opportunities (e.g., prior crimes versus prior victim or witness locations). The observed patterns for different activity locations and crime types broadly support a recently proposed extension to crime pattern theory and illustrate the benefits of differentiating activity location and crime types when examining criminal spatial behaviour. The results have implications for offender risk assessment and management, and geographic profiling in police investigations.

year: 2022

title: Effect of rhizobial strain and host plant on nitrogen isotopic fractionation in legumes

authors: Steele, K.W.

abstract: Lotus pedunculatus L., Medicago sativa L., Macroptilium atropurpureum, Glycine max, and Trifolium repens L. were grown in a N-free medium and inoculated with one of ten Rhizobium strains. Dry matter, N content, and tV5N values were determined for various plant parts. Nodules, with the exception of those from lucerne, were enriched in '5N relative to atmospheric N. Considerable variation was found in 815N values of plant herbage (-4.5 to +0.8). The extent of isotopic discrimination was dependent on both the host plant and the infecting rhizobial strain. This further complicates, but does not invalidate, the use of small variations in the natural abundance of 15N to estimate the contribution of symbiotically fixed N2 to the N in legume herbage. Some other implications of the observed differences are also discussed.

text: Effect of rhizobial strain and host plant on nitrogen isotopic fractionation in legumes Lotus pedunculatus L., Medicago sativa L., Macroptilium atropurpureum, Glycine max, and Trifolium repens L. were grown in a N-free medium and inoculated with one of ten Rhizobium strains. Dry matter, N content, and tV5N values were determined for various plant parts. Nodules, with the exception of those from lucerne, were enriched in '5N relative to atmospheric N. Considerable variation was found in 815N values of plant herbage (-4.5 to +0.8). The extent of isotopic discrimination was dependent on both the host plant and the infecting rhizobial strain. This further complicates, but does not invalidate, the use of small variations in the natural abundance of 15N to estimate the contribution of symbiotically fixed N2 to the N in legume herbage. Some other implications of the observed differences are also discussed.

year: 1983

title: How is the circular economy emerging in Aotearoa New Zealand? Research Brief

authors: Diprose, G

abstract: The results of the environmental scan show that there is grass-roots activity and that we have some high level conceptualisations of circular economies (CE) however there is little in-between. As such, it is in the middle that activity needs to occur to transition towards a circular economy. We see a need to move beyond business-as-usual with an entity focus to an ‘ecosystem phase.’ This means that for CE, partnerships are needed across business, organisations, Treaty partners, institutions, NGOs and stakeholders to form collaborations around material and people flows in order for ecosystems to form and create circular economies.

text: How is the circular economy emerging in Aotearoa New Zealand? Research Brief The results of the environmental scan show that there is grass-roots activity and that we have some high level conceptualisations of circular economies (CE) however there is little in-between. As such, it is in the middle that activity needs to occur to transition towards a circular economy. We see a need to move beyond business-as-usual with an entity focus to an ‘ecosystem phase.’ This means that for CE, partnerships are needed across business, organisations, Treaty partners, institutions, NGOs and stakeholders to form collaborations around material and people flows in order for ecosystems to form and create circular economies.

year: 2022