title: Development of proteinous bioplastics using bloodmeal

authors: Vebeek, Casparus J.R.

subjects: protein

abstract: The aim of this work was to investigate the use of bloodmeal as a thermoplastic biopolymer. Processing required water and chemical additives to perform three main functions: breaking covalent cross-links using sodium sulfite (SS), sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea as processing aids, and evaporating some processing water to allow formation of new interactions to stabilize the final structure. Extrusion was only possible in the presence of SS and strongly influenced by water and urea content. It was found that once water had been removed, mechanical properties increased significantly, indicating the formation of new intermolecular forces. SDS was required for processing and consolidation, but, it may restrict formation of new intermolecular forces, if used in excessive quantities. Materials based on optimal additive levels had a tensile strength of 8 MPa, Young’s modulus of 320 MPa and toughness 1.6 MPa m½.

text: Development of proteinous bioplastics using bloodmeal The aim of this work was to investigate the use of bloodmeal as a thermoplastic biopolymer. Processing required water and chemical additives to perform three main functions: breaking covalent cross-links using sodium sulfite (SS), sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea as processing aids, and evaporating some processing water to allow formation of new interactions to stabilize the final structure. Extrusion was only possible in the presence of SS and strongly influenced by water and urea content. It was found that once water had been removed, mechanical properties increased significantly, indicating the formation of new intermolecular forces. SDS was required for processing and consolidation, but, it may restrict formation of new intermolecular forces, if used in excessive quantities. Materials based on optimal additive levels had a tensile strength of 8 MPa, Young’s modulus of 320 MPa and toughness 1.6 MPa m½.

year: 2011

title: Nutrient Budget for Lakes Rotoiti and Rotorua. Part I: Internal Nutrient Loads

authors: Hamilton, David P.

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: Time series data of temperature and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and nutrients (total nitrogen – TN, total phosphorus – TP, nitrate – NO³, ammonium – NH₄ and filterable reactive phosphorus - FRP) were examined for trends in Lake Rotoiti for 1981-82 and 1990-2003 and in Lake Rotorua for 2002-03. TP, NO₃, NH₄ in bottom waters (40-60m) of Lake Rotoiti, below the thermocline, were examined using regression equations to quantify seasonal transformations of TP, NO₃ and NH₄. There is a relatively linear build-up of phosphorus through time in the hypolimnion following the onset of stratification and initiation of deoxygenation until the time of winter mixing. When there were high frequency nutrient data for Lake Rotoiti (1981-82 at 60 m, 1991-94 at 60 m and 2001-02 at 40 m depth) the rate of seasonal phosphorus build-up could be quantified by regression to within a relatively narrow range of 111 mg TP m⁻³ yr⁻¹ (0.304 mg TP m⁻³  day⁻¹  ) in 1992-93 to 136 mg TP m⁻³ yr⁻¹(0.373 mg TP m⁻³  day⁻¹  )in 1981-82. Based on the first and last points of all the regression equations developed for TP increase, approximately 14.4 (1993-94) to 20.5 tonnes (2001-02) of phosphorus may be added to the hypolimnion of Lake Rotoiti during stratification. There is no evidence of a consistant interannual change in the seasonal build-up of phosphorus over the years considered and the reasons for interannual variations in the rates are not immediately apparent.

text: Nutrient Budget for Lakes Rotoiti and Rotorua. Part I: Internal Nutrient Loads Time series data of temperature and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and nutrients (total nitrogen – TN, total phosphorus – TP, nitrate – NO³, ammonium – NH₄ and filterable reactive phosphorus - FRP) were examined for trends in Lake Rotoiti for 1981-82 and 1990-2003 and in Lake Rotorua for 2002-03. TP, NO₃, NH₄ in bottom waters (40-60m) of Lake Rotoiti, below the thermocline, were examined using regression equations to quantify seasonal transformations of TP, NO₃ and NH₄. There is a relatively linear build-up of phosphorus through time in the hypolimnion following the onset of stratification and initiation of deoxygenation until the time of winter mixing. When there were high frequency nutrient data for Lake Rotoiti (1981-82 at 60 m, 1991-94 at 60 m and 2001-02 at 40 m depth) the rate of seasonal phosphorus build-up could be quantified by regression to within a relatively narrow range of 111 mg TP m⁻³ yr⁻¹ (0.304 mg TP m⁻³  day⁻¹  ) in 1992-93 to 136 mg TP m⁻³ yr⁻¹(0.373 mg TP m⁻³  day⁻¹  )in 1981-82. Based on the first and last points of all the regression equations developed for TP increase, approximately 14.4 (1993-94) to 20.5 tonnes (2001-02) of phosphorus may be added to the hypolimnion of Lake Rotoiti during stratification. There is no evidence of a consistant interannual change in the seasonal build-up of phosphorus over the years considered and the reasons for interannual variations in the rates are not immediately apparent.

year: 2004

title: “This is not a riot, it is a protest”: A discourse analysis of prison violence in New Zealand news media

authors: Membery, Liam

subjects: Prison Violence

abstract: This thesis examines the discourses of prison violence in the New Zealand news media. Prison violence is a pressing social issue that harms those involved and has permeating consequences for the institution. Prison riots, specifically, involve serious instances of disorder and violence that incur physical, psychological, social and economic harm. Despite prisons being private institutions, prison riots are public events that amass large social responses through news media coverage. The public often use news media to co-construct their perceptions of social phenomena, and policymakers use both public opinion and the news media to guide their decisions when shaping policy. Subsequently, the ways in which the news media discursively construct prison riots will have direct consequences for public attitudes and policy relating to prison violence, a phenomenon that exists outside of the public eye. However, there is currently no research that has examined discourses of prison violence and, further, what the consequences of these discourses may be. Therefore, using a Foucauldian approach to discourse analysis, this study examined the discourses in the news media representations of the large-scale prison violence at the Spring Hill Corrections Facility (2013) and Waikeria Prison (2020-2021). The results uncovered three discourses: the riot discourse, the gang discourse, and the protest discourse. The riot discourse was identified as dominant and constructed prison violence as an individualised issue perpetrated by inherently violent prisoners. The gang discourse worked in conjunction with the riot discourse, constructing prison violence as an individualised issue perpetrated by gang members. The protest discourse was identified as a counter-discourse and constructed the unrest at both facilities as protests against living conditions and inhumane treatment. Each discourse has consequences for public attitudes and in turn, penal policy and practice.

text: “This is not a riot, it is a protest”: A discourse analysis of prison violence in New Zealand news media This thesis examines the discourses of prison violence in the New Zealand news media. Prison violence is a pressing social issue that harms those involved and has permeating consequences for the institution. Prison riots, specifically, involve serious instances of disorder and violence that incur physical, psychological, social and economic harm. Despite prisons being private institutions, prison riots are public events that amass large social responses through news media coverage. The public often use news media to co-construct their perceptions of social phenomena, and policymakers use both public opinion and the news media to guide their decisions when shaping policy. Subsequently, the ways in which the news media discursively construct prison riots will have direct consequences for public attitudes and policy relating to prison violence, a phenomenon that exists outside of the public eye. However, there is currently no research that has examined discourses of prison violence and, further, what the consequences of these discourses may be. Therefore, using a Foucauldian approach to discourse analysis, this study examined the discourses in the news media representations of the large-scale prison violence at the Spring Hill Corrections Facility (2013) and Waikeria Prison (2020-2021). The results uncovered three discourses: the riot discourse, the gang discourse, and the protest discourse. The riot discourse was identified as dominant and constructed prison violence as an individualised issue perpetrated by inherently violent prisoners. The gang discourse worked in conjunction with the riot discourse, constructing prison violence as an individualised issue perpetrated by gang members. The protest discourse was identified as a counter-discourse and constructed the unrest at both facilities as protests against living conditions and inhumane treatment. Each discourse has consequences for public attitudes and in turn, penal policy and practice.

year: 2022