title: Numeracy is more than number: The teaching of mathematics for numeracy

authors: Mills, Judith Patricia

abstract: In recent years, the term numeracy has been commonly used in reference to school mathematics education, alongside its counterpart literacy. While many teachers appear comfortable differentiating between the curriculum area, English and the term literacy, they are not so clear about the terms mathematics and numeracy. However, the development and conceptualisation of the term numeracy has been an important influence on the teaching of mathematics, after first being attributed to the United Kingdom’s Crowther report in 1959, where numeracy was described as the mirror image of literacy (Tout & Motteram, 2006). Just as the skills associated with reading and writing are taught and discussed in order to enable students to become literate, so too are the key ideas of mathematics taught with understanding, in order to enable students to become numerate.

text: Numeracy is more than number: The teaching of mathematics for numeracy In recent years, the term numeracy has been commonly used in reference to school mathematics education, alongside its counterpart literacy. While many teachers appear comfortable differentiating between the curriculum area, English and the term literacy, they are not so clear about the terms mathematics and numeracy. However, the development and conceptualisation of the term numeracy has been an important influence on the teaching of mathematics, after first being attributed to the United Kingdom’s Crowther report in 1959, where numeracy was described as the mirror image of literacy (Tout & Motteram, 2006). Just as the skills associated with reading and writing are taught and discussed in order to enable students to become literate, so too are the key ideas of mathematics taught with understanding, in order to enable students to become numerate.

year: 2018

title: Techniques for Failure Recovery in a Software-Defined Network

authors: Lorier, Christopher Martin

subjects: Software-Defined Networking

abstract: As our lives become ever more dependent on network connectivity, it becomes increasingly more important for networks to be able to overcome the failure of individual components and continue to function. This thesis examines approaches to fault tolerance in software defined networks, and how the global viewpoint that Software-Defined Networking provides can be leveraged to create more reliable networks.

In order to continue operation after the failure of a network component, the failure must first be detected, and then the network must automatically change its behaviour to mitigate any adverse consequences.  This thesis evaluates a variety of fault detection methods and potential responses. Based on these evaluations the design for a fault tolerance system for software defined networks is presented. This system builds protected paths using Ring Based Forwarding, an algorithm for creating a full mesh of paths between switches in a network where each path has a fail-over path at each hop. The system monitors the network for faults using Traffic Colouring, a technique for passively monitoring network traffic.

text: Techniques for Failure Recovery in a Software-Defined Network As our lives become ever more dependent on network connectivity, it becomes increasingly more important for networks to be able to overcome the failure of individual components and continue to function. This thesis examines approaches to fault tolerance in software defined networks, and how the global viewpoint that Software-Defined Networking provides can be leveraged to create more reliable networks.

In order to continue operation after the failure of a network component, the failure must first be detected, and then the network must automatically change its behaviour to mitigate any adverse consequences.  This thesis evaluates a variety of fault detection methods and potential responses. Based on these evaluations the design for a fault tolerance system for software defined networks is presented. This system builds protected paths using Ring Based Forwarding, an algorithm for creating a full mesh of paths between switches in a network where each path has a fail-over path at each hop. The system monitors the network for faults using Traffic Colouring, a technique for passively monitoring network traffic.

year: 2014

title: Explaining Maori under-achievement in standardised reading tests: The role of social and individual characteristics

authors: Lock, Kelly J.

subjects: education

abstract: In New Zealand, Maori students have lower educational attainment levels than their Pakeha counterparts, which is a major contributor to the earnings inequality between these two groups. This study attempts to identify determinants of the gap in educational attainment using data on reading test scores for a sample of 3031 15‐year‐old Maori and Pakeha students. Using a decomposition method that is commonly applied to income inequality analyses, the determinants of the reading literacy test score gap between Maori and Pakeha students are identified. The main contributors to this gap are family factors, student's opinions, and school factors (including decile). An understanding of the determinants of the test score gap provides insights into how effective policy makers can be at reducing this inequality.

text: Explaining Maori under-achievement in standardised reading tests: The role of social and individual characteristics In New Zealand, Maori students have lower educational attainment levels than their Pakeha counterparts, which is a major contributor to the earnings inequality between these two groups. This study attempts to identify determinants of the gap in educational attainment using data on reading test scores for a sample of 3031 15‐year‐old Maori and Pakeha students. Using a decomposition method that is commonly applied to income inequality analyses, the determinants of the reading literacy test score gap between Maori and Pakeha students are identified. The main contributors to this gap are family factors, student's opinions, and school factors (including decile). An understanding of the determinants of the test score gap provides insights into how effective policy makers can be at reducing this inequality.

year: 2008