title: Language inference from function words

authors: Smith, Tony C.

abstract: Language surface structures demonstrate regularities that make it possible to learn a capacity for producing an infinite number of well-formed expressions. This paper outlines a system that uncovers and characterizes regularities through principled wholesale pattern analysis of copious amounts of machine-readable text. The system uses the notion of closed-class lexemes to divide the input into phrases, and from these phrases infers lexical and syntactic information. The set of closed-class lexemes is derived from the text, and then these lexemes are clustered into functional types. Next the open-class words are categorized according to how they tend to appear in phrases and then clustered into a smaller number of open-class types. Finally these types are used to infer, and generalize, grammar rules. Statistical criteria are employed for each of these inference operations. The result is a relatively compact grammar that is guaranteed to cover every sentence in the source text that was used to form it. Closed-class inferencing compares well with current linguistic theories of syntax and offers a wide range of potential applications.

text: Language inference from function words Language surface structures demonstrate regularities that make it possible to learn a capacity for producing an infinite number of well-formed expressions. This paper outlines a system that uncovers and characterizes regularities through principled wholesale pattern analysis of copious amounts of machine-readable text. The system uses the notion of closed-class lexemes to divide the input into phrases, and from these phrases infers lexical and syntactic information. The set of closed-class lexemes is derived from the text, and then these lexemes are clustered into functional types. Next the open-class words are categorized according to how they tend to appear in phrases and then clustered into a smaller number of open-class types. Finally these types are used to infer, and generalize, grammar rules. Statistical criteria are employed for each of these inference operations. The result is a relatively compact grammar that is guaranteed to cover every sentence in the source text that was used to form it. Closed-class inferencing compares well with current linguistic theories of syntax and offers a wide range of potential applications.

year: 1993

title: Sustainability, hegemony and the dialectics of change

authors: Roper, Juliet

abstract: Given that at its centre lies a concern for enduring global social and environmental welfare, for many sustainability appears to be a common sense concept. However, in an economic system that is based upon continued economic growth, the notion that social and environmental imperatives should be at least equal in priority across all sectors of society (government, business and civil society) means that sustainability is inherently fraught with tensions. A recent review of business and society literature reveals that little analysis has been published on the nature of these tensions within and between organisations and sectors, including government (Van der Byl & Slawinski, 2015). Further, little critical examination is available of why and how, given what is at stake, economic imperatives continue to be favoured over social and environmental ones.

text: Sustainability, hegemony and the dialectics of change Given that at its centre lies a concern for enduring global social and environmental welfare, for many sustainability appears to be a common sense concept. However, in an economic system that is based upon continued economic growth, the notion that social and environmental imperatives should be at least equal in priority across all sectors of society (government, business and civil society) means that sustainability is inherently fraught with tensions. A recent review of business and society literature reveals that little analysis has been published on the nature of these tensions within and between organisations and sectors, including government (Van der Byl & Slawinski, 2015). Further, little critical examination is available of why and how, given what is at stake, economic imperatives continue to be favoured over social and environmental ones.

year: 2016

title: Taupiri rau kotahi - Taupiri rau manomano

authors: Sam-Turner, Hiko Akuhata Te Ngoungou Raniera

subjects: Taupiri marae

abstract: Kua roa nei te paepae o Taupiri marae e noho mokemoke ana, i te nuinga o te waa kaaore he tangata hei kawe i ngaa tikanga, aa, kua waiho maa te tokoiti e moohio ana me peewhea te whakahaere tika i ngaa tikanga o te marae. I te nuinga o te waa e waimarie ana maatou mehemea ka tae atu ngaa taangata e rua ki te manaaki i te mauri o te paepae moo te roanga ake o te kaupapa, ahakoa tangihanga mai, huritau mai, aha atu raanei.
I ngaa tau kua kaha kitea ahau te toimaha o teeraa o ngaa haepapa ka taka ki runga i te tokoiti. Naa teenaa, ka hua ake te uho o teenei o ngaa kaupapa rangahau, he waihanga i teetehi rautaki whaikoorero e piki ake ai ngaa nama o te hunga kawe i teenei aahuatanga. Ko taa te tuhingaroa nei he waiho i eetehi moohiotanga hei aawhina, hei whakapakari, hei whakamaamaa i ngaa aahuatanga ka tau ki runga i ngaa taangata whaikoorero. Kua waihotia e au eetehi kura hei aarahi, hei aawhina i ngaa whaanau o te marae, heoti, te hunga e piikoko ana ki te kawe i ngaa taonga o too taatou ahurea.
Ko te tino take kua ahu peenei taku rangahau kia moohio pai ngaa whakatupuranga ki eenei maatauranga, heoti, kia moohio pai ngaa whakatupuranga me peewhea te whakahaere i eenei aahuatanga. I runga anoo i te tuupono ka tae mai ki te waa me manaaki te reanga rangatahi i te paepae, ka taka raanei te haepapa whakahaere paepae ki a maatou te hunga rangatahi, ko te wawata ia ka aawhina teenei tuhingaroa i a taatou. Kaaore e kore hei ngaa tau e heke mai nei ka kii pohapoha te paepae o Taupiri marae i te hunga e moohio ana ki te whakatakoto i aana kupu, ki te whaikoorero. Koia te take i hua mai te ingoa o teenei o ngaa tuhingaroa, maa te whaangai i te rau kotahi ko te whaainga ia aa toona waa ka hora katoa eeraa maatauranga ki ngaa rau manomano.
“Hei aha te pae nekeneke, waiho mai raa ki ahau he pae kounga, he pae motuhake”

text: Taupiri rau kotahi - Taupiri rau manomano Kua roa nei te paepae o Taupiri marae e noho mokemoke ana, i te nuinga o te waa kaaore he tangata hei kawe i ngaa tikanga, aa, kua waiho maa te tokoiti e moohio ana me peewhea te whakahaere tika i ngaa tikanga o te marae. I te nuinga o te waa e waimarie ana maatou mehemea ka tae atu ngaa taangata e rua ki te manaaki i te mauri o te paepae moo te roanga ake o te kaupapa, ahakoa tangihanga mai, huritau mai, aha atu raanei.
I ngaa tau kua kaha kitea ahau te toimaha o teeraa o ngaa haepapa ka taka ki runga i te tokoiti. Naa teenaa, ka hua ake te uho o teenei o ngaa kaupapa rangahau, he waihanga i teetehi rautaki whaikoorero e piki ake ai ngaa nama o te hunga kawe i teenei aahuatanga. Ko taa te tuhingaroa nei he waiho i eetehi moohiotanga hei aawhina, hei whakapakari, hei whakamaamaa i ngaa aahuatanga ka tau ki runga i ngaa taangata whaikoorero. Kua waihotia e au eetehi kura hei aarahi, hei aawhina i ngaa whaanau o te marae, heoti, te hunga e piikoko ana ki te kawe i ngaa taonga o too taatou ahurea.
Ko te tino take kua ahu peenei taku rangahau kia moohio pai ngaa whakatupuranga ki eenei maatauranga, heoti, kia moohio pai ngaa whakatupuranga me peewhea te whakahaere i eenei aahuatanga. I runga anoo i te tuupono ka tae mai ki te waa me manaaki te reanga rangatahi i te paepae, ka taka raanei te haepapa whakahaere paepae ki a maatou te hunga rangatahi, ko te wawata ia ka aawhina teenei tuhingaroa i a taatou. Kaaore e kore hei ngaa tau e heke mai nei ka kii pohapoha te paepae o Taupiri marae i te hunga e moohio ana ki te whakatakoto i aana kupu, ki te whaikoorero. Koia te take i hua mai te ingoa o teenei o ngaa tuhingaroa, maa te whaangai i te rau kotahi ko te whaainga ia aa toona waa ka hora katoa eeraa maatauranga ki ngaa rau manomano.
“Hei aha te pae nekeneke, waiho mai raa ki ahau he pae kounga, he pae motuhake”

year: 2022