title: Monocations of bismuth and indium in arene media: A spectroscopic and EXAFS investigation

authors: Kuznetsov, Alexei N.

subjects: chemistry

abstract: The composition of In–GaCl₃–benzene and In–BiCl₃–GaCl₃–benzene solutions was investigated by Raman, UV/Vis, 71Ga and 115In NMR spectroscopy as well as by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). Indium metal was found to be soluble in GaCl₃–benzene solution at room temperature through the reduction of GaIII, producing Ga⁺ and In⁺ species. The subvalent cations are likely to be stabilized by the interaction with benzene. The use of these solutions as reducing media for BiCl₃ leads to the formation of Bi₅3⁺ polycations, with Bi⁺ as an intermediate product. No other subvalent bismuth species were detected. Multinuclear NMR experiments show that the reducing agent is Ga⁺ rather than In⁺. Indium K-edge EXAFS data recorded from solutions without and with subvalent bismuth species present show that In⁺ is co-ordinated by benzene (at about 2.9 Å) and chlorine atoms from chlorometalate anions (at about 3.3 Å) in a formal ratio of 1 2. Electrospray mass spectroscopic data show that In+ is most likely co-ordinated by one arene molecule.

text: Monocations of bismuth and indium in arene media: A spectroscopic and EXAFS investigation The composition of In–GaCl₃–benzene and In–BiCl₃–GaCl₃–benzene solutions was investigated by Raman, UV/Vis, 71Ga and 115In NMR spectroscopy as well as by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). Indium metal was found to be soluble in GaCl₃–benzene solution at room temperature through the reduction of GaIII, producing Ga⁺ and In⁺ species. The subvalent cations are likely to be stabilized by the interaction with benzene. The use of these solutions as reducing media for BiCl₃ leads to the formation of Bi₅3⁺ polycations, with Bi⁺ as an intermediate product. No other subvalent bismuth species were detected. Multinuclear NMR experiments show that the reducing agent is Ga⁺ rather than In⁺. Indium K-edge EXAFS data recorded from solutions without and with subvalent bismuth species present show that In⁺ is co-ordinated by benzene (at about 2.9 Å) and chlorine atoms from chlorometalate anions (at about 3.3 Å) in a formal ratio of 1 2. Electrospray mass spectroscopic data show that In+ is most likely co-ordinated by one arene molecule.

year: 2000

title: John Squirrell: a farmer and storekeeper who mined (briefly) at Te Aroha

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: An English merchant’s clerk, some years after his wife’s death John Squirrell brought his sister and daughters to New Zealand to settle in the new Shaftesbury settlement, upriver from Te Aroha. His letters to English relatives provided details of their experiments with growing a variety of produce, which they sold locally or sent to the Auckland. He also took over a store, running it with the assistance of one of his daughters and struggling to obtain payment from customers before refusing to sell on credit. A leading member of the small Shaftesbury community, he did his best to assist its development.
In 1888 a blacksmith and sometime miner, James Munro, convinced him to prospect ground in the Tui portion of the goldfield. Again, his letters provided details of their amateur and short-term, unprofitable efforts; lacking capital to open up their ground, it was soon abandoned. His investments in Waiorongomai mines were equally unprofitable.
In 1892 Squirrell acquired land at another settlement, at Gordon, further upriver. He struggled to develop this farm, and was involved in conflicts with other members of the settlement, especially after he became secretary of the association. He continued to farm elsewhere, and became involved in early dairy companies, again becoming caught up in controversy.
A man holding strong opinions on a variety of topics, and very willing to express them, he regarded himself as a radical but opposed the Liberal Government. In his personal life he had to cope with two daughters suffering from mental problems, one of them being admitted to the asylum. He spent all his life attempting to provide for his family, only attaining a modest standard of living.

text: John Squirrell: a farmer and storekeeper who mined (briefly) at Te Aroha An English merchant’s clerk, some years after his wife’s death John Squirrell brought his sister and daughters to New Zealand to settle in the new Shaftesbury settlement, upriver from Te Aroha. His letters to English relatives provided details of their experiments with growing a variety of produce, which they sold locally or sent to the Auckland. He also took over a store, running it with the assistance of one of his daughters and struggling to obtain payment from customers before refusing to sell on credit. A leading member of the small Shaftesbury community, he did his best to assist its development.
In 1888 a blacksmith and sometime miner, James Munro, convinced him to prospect ground in the Tui portion of the goldfield. Again, his letters provided details of their amateur and short-term, unprofitable efforts; lacking capital to open up their ground, it was soon abandoned. His investments in Waiorongomai mines were equally unprofitable.
In 1892 Squirrell acquired land at another settlement, at Gordon, further upriver. He struggled to develop this farm, and was involved in conflicts with other members of the settlement, especially after he became secretary of the association. He continued to farm elsewhere, and became involved in early dairy companies, again becoming caught up in controversy.
A man holding strong opinions on a variety of topics, and very willing to express them, he regarded himself as a radical but opposed the Liberal Government. In his personal life he had to cope with two daughters suffering from mental problems, one of them being admitted to the asylum. He spent all his life attempting to provide for his family, only attaining a modest standard of living.

year: 2016

title: Te tātari i te kaupapa

authors: Ka'ai, Tānia M.

abstract: The primary objective of this thesis focuses on the linking of the National Qualifications Framework and standards-based assessment as an emancipatory mechanism for Māori in Kaupapa Māori schooling and the wider Māori community in New Zealand.

Argued from an eclectic theoretical approach incorporating Kaupapa Māori theory, it espouses a position which rejects structural inequalities that perpetuate the subordinate positioning of Māori people through the development of culturally responsive assessment theories and practices in written language for teachers and children in Kura Kaupapa Māori which purport a culturally responsive pedagogy.

The thesis also links curriculum, assessment and pedagogy using Kaupapa Māori theory which provides insights into Māori views of emancipation in education.

text: Te tātari i te kaupapa The primary objective of this thesis focuses on the linking of the National Qualifications Framework and standards-based assessment as an emancipatory mechanism for Māori in Kaupapa Māori schooling and the wider Māori community in New Zealand.

Argued from an eclectic theoretical approach incorporating Kaupapa Māori theory, it espouses a position which rejects structural inequalities that perpetuate the subordinate positioning of Māori people through the development of culturally responsive assessment theories and practices in written language for teachers and children in Kura Kaupapa Māori which purport a culturally responsive pedagogy.

The thesis also links curriculum, assessment and pedagogy using Kaupapa Māori theory which provides insights into Māori views of emancipation in education.

year: 1995