title: Spatial variation in ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit dry matter content within a growing region across seasons

authors: Woodward, Tim J.

subjects: kiwifruit

abstract: Between-orchard variation in fruit dry matter (DM) content at harvest of 341 commercial ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit orchards was spatially modelled across a production region over consecutive growing seasons (2003–08). Within seasons there were spatial patterns to the distribution of fruit DM between orchards. The temporal consistency of the spatial variation enabled segregation of the production region into two geographic zones which contained orchards that consistently produced fruit of distinct DM both within and across seasons. The differences in fruit DM between geographic zones were statistically significant, but were not of sufficient magnitude to be of commercial interest. Although the location of an orchard within the production region had an effect on the DM of the fruit produced, orchard location was not predictive of fruit DM. Therefore, it is concluded that in this situation zonation between orchards should not be where the effort in managing variation in fruit quality is concentrated.

text: Spatial variation in ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit dry matter content within a growing region across seasons Between-orchard variation in fruit dry matter (DM) content at harvest of 341 commercial ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit orchards was spatially modelled across a production region over consecutive growing seasons (2003–08). Within seasons there were spatial patterns to the distribution of fruit DM between orchards. The temporal consistency of the spatial variation enabled segregation of the production region into two geographic zones which contained orchards that consistently produced fruit of distinct DM both within and across seasons. The differences in fruit DM between geographic zones were statistically significant, but were not of sufficient magnitude to be of commercial interest. Although the location of an orchard within the production region had an effect on the DM of the fruit produced, orchard location was not predictive of fruit DM. Therefore, it is concluded that in this situation zonation between orchards should not be where the effort in managing variation in fruit quality is concentrated.

year: 2011

title: Processing time and binder effect on the quality of restructured rolls from hot-boned beef

authors: Farouk, M. M.

subjects: Beef

abstract: The effects of time postmortem and binders on the quality of raw and cooked restructured beef rolls were determined. The use of prerigor meat (1–5 h postmortem) or Activa resulted in higher bind strength for both raw and cooked rolls than the use of postrigor meat (25 h postmortem) or alginate, respectively. Use of prerigor meat or alginate gave a higher cook yield compared to postrigor meat or Activa binder, respectively. Raw slices of product made with Activa were lighter in color, redder and more yellow (higher Hunter L*, a* and b* values) than products made with alginate. Binder had no effect on aerobic plate counts. Raw slices of Activa bound product had better color and overall appearance than product made with alginate; however, cooked rolls made with alginate were more tender and friable and had better overall eating quality, than Activa bound rolls.

text: Processing time and binder effect on the quality of restructured rolls from hot-boned beef The effects of time postmortem and binders on the quality of raw and cooked restructured beef rolls were determined. The use of prerigor meat (1–5 h postmortem) or Activa resulted in higher bind strength for both raw and cooked rolls than the use of postrigor meat (25 h postmortem) or alginate, respectively. Use of prerigor meat or alginate gave a higher cook yield compared to postrigor meat or Activa binder, respectively. Raw slices of product made with Activa were lighter in color, redder and more yellow (higher Hunter L*, a* and b* values) than products made with alginate. Binder had no effect on aerobic plate counts. Raw slices of Activa bound product had better color and overall appearance than product made with alginate; however, cooked rolls made with alginate were more tender and friable and had better overall eating quality, than Activa bound rolls.

year: 2005

title: Contextualising Māori writing: a study of prose fiction written in English by Witi Ihimaera, Patricia Grace, Keri Hulme and Alan Duff

authors: Calvert, Julia Helen

abstract: All prose fiction written in English by Māori is political on one level or another. The authors considered in this thesis, Witi Ihimaera, Patricia Grace, Keri Hulme and Alan Duff, choose to identify as Māori, but for each writer exactly what this entails implies something different. The diverse range of Māori characters represented in their work illustrates the heterogeneity of contemporary Māori identity. Whilst bearing in mind that there is no fixed Māori identity, this thesis proposes that all fiction written in English by Māori is motivated by a belief that Māori are a disadvantaged group within New Zealand society. 

Three of the four writers, Ihimaera, Grace and Hulme, write against a background of colonisation. Their fiction confronts grievances based on perceived injustices committed against Māori in the past by European colonists and is concerned with the restoration of Māori rights pertaining to land, language, identity and political voice. While all three engage with these issues in their fiction, this thesis specifically considers the way in which Ihimaera treats the theme of land, Grace focuses on issues of education and Hulme explores Māori mythology.

Alan Duff stands apart from the other three writers in his belief that colonisation is not to blame for contemporary Māori disadvantage. Rather, Duff considers the situation to be the result of inherent flaws within Māori society. Through his often didactic writing he proposes that improved Māori socioeconomic levels can only be achieved through a radical structural and economic re-evaluation of Māori culture.

This thesis contextualises the work of the four authors and explores the ways in which their fiction engages with historical and contemporary issues of “race relations” and cultural identity in New Zealand. A sociological approach has been applied to the texts. This approach derives from the Māori writers’ own insistent reading of contemporary Māori identity as the product of historical encounter between Māori and Pākehā. The authors work in a dialectical relationship to previous Pākehā representations of Māori in literature, are historically revisionist, and are frequently adversarial. 

Despite the differences in personal and political perspectives held by the authors, their fictions share a common goal in their search for Māori pathways to empowerment. This thesis argues that prose fiction written in English by Māori writers contributes to the political activism of the Māori people and helps to foster an environment in which new perspectives on Māori culture and bicultural relations can be articulated.

text: Contextualising Māori writing: a study of prose fiction written in English by Witi Ihimaera, Patricia Grace, Keri Hulme and Alan Duff All prose fiction written in English by Māori is political on one level or another. The authors considered in this thesis, Witi Ihimaera, Patricia Grace, Keri Hulme and Alan Duff, choose to identify as Māori, but for each writer exactly what this entails implies something different. The diverse range of Māori characters represented in their work illustrates the heterogeneity of contemporary Māori identity. Whilst bearing in mind that there is no fixed Māori identity, this thesis proposes that all fiction written in English by Māori is motivated by a belief that Māori are a disadvantaged group within New Zealand society. 

Three of the four writers, Ihimaera, Grace and Hulme, write against a background of colonisation. Their fiction confronts grievances based on perceived injustices committed against Māori in the past by European colonists and is concerned with the restoration of Māori rights pertaining to land, language, identity and political voice. While all three engage with these issues in their fiction, this thesis specifically considers the way in which Ihimaera treats the theme of land, Grace focuses on issues of education and Hulme explores Māori mythology.

Alan Duff stands apart from the other three writers in his belief that colonisation is not to blame for contemporary Māori disadvantage. Rather, Duff considers the situation to be the result of inherent flaws within Māori society. Through his often didactic writing he proposes that improved Māori socioeconomic levels can only be achieved through a radical structural and economic re-evaluation of Māori culture.

This thesis contextualises the work of the four authors and explores the ways in which their fiction engages with historical and contemporary issues of “race relations” and cultural identity in New Zealand. A sociological approach has been applied to the texts. This approach derives from the Māori writers’ own insistent reading of contemporary Māori identity as the product of historical encounter between Māori and Pākehā. The authors work in a dialectical relationship to previous Pākehā representations of Māori in literature, are historically revisionist, and are frequently adversarial. 

Despite the differences in personal and political perspectives held by the authors, their fictions share a common goal in their search for Māori pathways to empowerment. This thesis argues that prose fiction written in English by Māori writers contributes to the political activism of the Māori people and helps to foster an environment in which new perspectives on Māori culture and bicultural relations can be articulated.

year: 2002