title: Firm foundations or castles in sand: The shifting sources of flood risk and the implications for flood governance: An english case study

authors: White, Iain

subjects: flooding

abstract: This chapter will provide an overview and analysis of the experiences of flooding in England since the end of the twentieth century with a view to informing debate in other countries. A critical reflection on the events of the last decade is particularly illuminating; encompassing a complete readjustment of our understanding of the sources of risk and subsequently exposing deficiencies in the ability of related governance frameworks to respond. The response to a series of damaging events from the scientific and policy making community was relatively swift, and included a significant change to the dominant paradigm from flood defence to flood risk management. This fundamental transition did, however, lead to a cascading series of interrelated governance implications and the development of new socio-technical assemblages, some of which were easier to anticipate than others. The effects encompassed alterations to the related methodology and a more neoliberal approach to risk management with repercussions for new responsibilities amongst a wider array of professions. The shift of the main source of flood risk from the rivers and sea towards surface water and drains was sudden and largely driven by forcing trends in climate and urbanization, creating the potential for lessons to be passed on to other countries who may experience similar pressures in the future; in essence to question the governance foundations shaping intervention – do they have longevity or, as was experienced in England, may they be castles on sand?

text: Firm foundations or castles in sand: The shifting sources of flood risk and the implications for flood governance: An english case study This chapter will provide an overview and analysis of the experiences of flooding in England since the end of the twentieth century with a view to informing debate in other countries. A critical reflection on the events of the last decade is particularly illuminating; encompassing a complete readjustment of our understanding of the sources of risk and subsequently exposing deficiencies in the ability of related governance frameworks to respond. The response to a series of damaging events from the scientific and policy making community was relatively swift, and included a significant change to the dominant paradigm from flood defence to flood risk management. This fundamental transition did, however, lead to a cascading series of interrelated governance implications and the development of new socio-technical assemblages, some of which were easier to anticipate than others. The effects encompassed alterations to the related methodology and a more neoliberal approach to risk management with repercussions for new responsibilities amongst a wider array of professions. The shift of the main source of flood risk from the rivers and sea towards surface water and drains was sudden and largely driven by forcing trends in climate and urbanization, creating the potential for lessons to be passed on to other countries who may experience similar pressures in the future; in essence to question the governance foundations shaping intervention – do they have longevity or, as was experienced in England, may they be castles on sand?

year: 2014

title: Transport and retention of benthic marine invertebrates in the Southern Tauranga Basin

authors: Monahan, Bradley John

subjects: Dispersal

abstract: Dispersal is the process in which individuals are transferred between populations, and is essential for population sustainability and longevity. In estuarine soft sediment communities, dispersal often occurs as the interaction between the individual and tidal flows. Many coastal benthic marine invertebrate populations have been considered open because of the dispersal potential of a pelagic larval phase, with populations maintained by an external supply of recruits. However, for estuarine populations, recent evidence has suggested that populations may be more closed because of local hydrodynamic conditions causing larval retention within the source estuary. In this thesis, field observations and numerical simulations were used to investigate the effect of estuary morphology on the transport and retention of benthic invertebrate larvae in Tauranga Harbour, a large (218 km2), shallow (mean depth = 2.8 m) meso-tidal estuary. Previous studies indicate that residence times extracted from hydrodynamic modelling vary throughout the harbour, due to residual circulation patterns caused by complex channel morphology. Field observations indicate increased abundance and differing community composition of invertebrate larvae in the upper harbour compared to the lower. Tidal circulation is asymmetrical, with transport through a seaward channel during flood tides, and in a landward channel during ebb, suggesting that larval retention in the upper harbour may provide a source of larvae for the lower harbour. Larval transport pathways were evaluated by a coupled hydrodynamic-transport model and confirmed those observed in the field. Modelled larvae, released under different stages of spring-neap tidal cycle in the upper harbour, were retained for up to 16 d whereas retention for larvae released in other harbour locations was much more variable and depended on the timing of release and direction of initial transport. Results of this study highlight the impact of complex channel morphology (particularly at a scale of 10s to 100s of meters) on the large scale circulation and subsequent transport and retention of benthic invertebrate larvae. Understanding these influences on the transportation of benthic invertebrate larvae and the identification of retentive regions, will aid future population management or conservation efforts

text: Transport and retention of benthic marine invertebrates in the Southern Tauranga Basin Dispersal is the process in which individuals are transferred between populations, and is essential for population sustainability and longevity. In estuarine soft sediment communities, dispersal often occurs as the interaction between the individual and tidal flows. Many coastal benthic marine invertebrate populations have been considered open because of the dispersal potential of a pelagic larval phase, with populations maintained by an external supply of recruits. However, for estuarine populations, recent evidence has suggested that populations may be more closed because of local hydrodynamic conditions causing larval retention within the source estuary. In this thesis, field observations and numerical simulations were used to investigate the effect of estuary morphology on the transport and retention of benthic invertebrate larvae in Tauranga Harbour, a large (218 km2), shallow (mean depth = 2.8 m) meso-tidal estuary. Previous studies indicate that residence times extracted from hydrodynamic modelling vary throughout the harbour, due to residual circulation patterns caused by complex channel morphology. Field observations indicate increased abundance and differing community composition of invertebrate larvae in the upper harbour compared to the lower. Tidal circulation is asymmetrical, with transport through a seaward channel during flood tides, and in a landward channel during ebb, suggesting that larval retention in the upper harbour may provide a source of larvae for the lower harbour. Larval transport pathways were evaluated by a coupled hydrodynamic-transport model and confirmed those observed in the field. Modelled larvae, released under different stages of spring-neap tidal cycle in the upper harbour, were retained for up to 16 d whereas retention for larvae released in other harbour locations was much more variable and depended on the timing of release and direction of initial transport. Results of this study highlight the impact of complex channel morphology (particularly at a scale of 10s to 100s of meters) on the large scale circulation and subsequent transport and retention of benthic invertebrate larvae. Understanding these influences on the transportation of benthic invertebrate larvae and the identification of retentive regions, will aid future population management or conservation efforts

year: 2018

title: He purapura whetū tō te whakataukī

authors: Tuahine, Hōhepa

subjects: Whakataukī

abstract: Ko te whakataukī he kōrero e whakaatu ana i ngā tini āhuatanga o te Māori me te āhua o tōna taiao (Milroy, 2004, wh. 38).  Hei tuinga ake, he kōrero e pupuri ana i ngā tohutohu e tau ai te noho o te tangata ki te whenua.  Ka rerekē te whakatakotoranga o te kupu o te whakataukī o nehe, ki te reo Māori o nāianei.  Ko ngā whakataukī o tāukiuki i titoa i te wā e ora tonu ana ngā whare wānanga o nehe me ōna tohunga.  Ka mutu, ko te reo me ōna kupu kei tērā taumata e rere ana.  Nō reira, he kōrero e whakaata ana i te ao Māori, ko ōna atua, ko ōna tikanga, ko ōna pakanga, ko ōna tātai whakapapa, ko ōna mātauranga, ko ōna tohutohu (Milroy, 2004, wh. 38).  Ka tākaitia ake aua mātauranga ki te kōrero poto noa iho, ka tuku iho ai ki ngā uri whakaheke.

text: He purapura whetū tō te whakataukī Ko te whakataukī he kōrero e whakaatu ana i ngā tini āhuatanga o te Māori me te āhua o tōna taiao (Milroy, 2004, wh. 38).  Hei tuinga ake, he kōrero e pupuri ana i ngā tohutohu e tau ai te noho o te tangata ki te whenua.  Ka rerekē te whakatakotoranga o te kupu o te whakataukī o nehe, ki te reo Māori o nāianei.  Ko ngā whakataukī o tāukiuki i titoa i te wā e ora tonu ana ngā whare wānanga o nehe me ōna tohunga.  Ka mutu, ko te reo me ōna kupu kei tērā taumata e rere ana.  Nō reira, he kōrero e whakaata ana i te ao Māori, ko ōna atua, ko ōna tikanga, ko ōna pakanga, ko ōna tātai whakapapa, ko ōna mātauranga, ko ōna tohutohu (Milroy, 2004, wh. 38).  Ka tākaitia ake aua mātauranga ki te kōrero poto noa iho, ka tuku iho ai ki ngā uri whakaheke.

year: 2016