title: Marx’s social and political thought after the MECW and MEGA²

authors: Archer, Buissink

subjects: Marx

abstract: Recent decades have seen significant advancements in the accessibility of Marx and Engels’ social and political thought due to publication of most of their writings, published or otherwise. The Marx and Engels Collected Works, which contains their published works, some economic manuscripts and important drafts, and letters translated into English, was completed in 2004; and the more extensive Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (Complete Edition) is nearing completion. In parallel, the removal of Soviet editorial influence over the publication and interpretation of these collections has facilitated new interpretations and challenges to old dogmas surrounding the thought of Marx and Engels. However, this process has been questioned for a total depoliticisation which overemphasises an amorphous ‘thought’ and abandons the political, activist nature of their work. This thesis uses recently available and partially untranslated material published within the Collected Works and the Gesamtausgabe to present three vignettes of Marx’s social thought: the development of the proletariat as their focus in the 1840s; solidarity with Poland and the international relations of the workers’ movement; and the theory of the machine system, applied to contemporary platform capitalism. While these confirm the contradictory nature of Marx’s social thought across different writings, recognition of the political nature of Marx’s analysis means this contradiction can be contextualised through the fluid political situation which Marx and Engels sought to interpret and change. Thus, a less dogmatic and more nuanced picture of Marx can emerge from the MECW and MEGA2, yet this must still be seen as a political, activist Marx.

text: Marx’s social and political thought after the MECW and MEGA² Recent decades have seen significant advancements in the accessibility of Marx and Engels’ social and political thought due to publication of most of their writings, published or otherwise. The Marx and Engels Collected Works, which contains their published works, some economic manuscripts and important drafts, and letters translated into English, was completed in 2004; and the more extensive Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (Complete Edition) is nearing completion. In parallel, the removal of Soviet editorial influence over the publication and interpretation of these collections has facilitated new interpretations and challenges to old dogmas surrounding the thought of Marx and Engels. However, this process has been questioned for a total depoliticisation which overemphasises an amorphous ‘thought’ and abandons the political, activist nature of their work. This thesis uses recently available and partially untranslated material published within the Collected Works and the Gesamtausgabe to present three vignettes of Marx’s social thought: the development of the proletariat as their focus in the 1840s; solidarity with Poland and the international relations of the workers’ movement; and the theory of the machine system, applied to contemporary platform capitalism. While these confirm the contradictory nature of Marx’s social thought across different writings, recognition of the political nature of Marx’s analysis means this contradiction can be contextualised through the fluid political situation which Marx and Engels sought to interpret and change. Thus, a less dogmatic and more nuanced picture of Marx can emerge from the MECW and MEGA2, yet this must still be seen as a political, activist Marx.

year: 2023

title: Trends in soil carbon and nutrients of hill-country pastures receiving different phosphorus fertilizer loadings for 20 years

authors: Schipper, Louis A.

subjects: soil carbon

abstract: There are few records of long-term trends in soil C and N in grazed pasture systems but recent measurements have demonstrated unexplained losses on New Zealand lowlands. To determine whether losses were also occurring in hill country pastures, we analyzed archived soil samples collected between 1983 and 2006 from two slope classes (steep and easy) at the Whatawhata Research Centre. Soils were Ultic Hapludand and Typic Haplohumult on the easy slopes (10–20°), and Typic Haplohumult on the steeper slopes (30–40°). Soil samples (0–75 mm) had been collected from paddocks that were fertilized with six different loading rates of P (ranging from 0 to 100 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ since 1985). This range of P loadings allowed us to determine whether P inputs would regulate trends in soil C and N. While there were significant temporal trends in C and N (P < 0.05), these were not unidirectional and trends were not dependent on P loading rate. On average, soil C initially increased during the first 6 years of the trial at 0.270% C year⁻¹ (1.56 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) and 0.156% C year⁻¹ (1.06 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on easy and steep slopes, respectively. Subsequently, there was no significant trend in soil C on the easy slopes but soil C declined at −0.066% year⁻¹ (0.45 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on the steep slopes. Similarly, soil N increased between 1983 and 1989 at 0.025% N year⁻¹ (144 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) and 0.012% N year⁻¹ (82 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on easy and steep slopes, respectively. Post-1989, small but significant losses of total N were measured on the steep slopes of 0.004% year⁻¹ (27 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) (P < 0.05) with no trend on the easy slopes. Two potential causal factors for these decadal-scale patterns were identified, operating via changes in primary productivity. These were lower S inputs from 1989 due to a change in fertilizer type, and a series of relatively dry summers during the 1990s. These significant inter-annual trends in soil C and N complicate attempts to measure long-term changes in soil organic matter associated with land use change and management practices. This study has demonstrated the potential error associated with infrequent soil sampling to determine long-term trends in soil C and N; large gains or losses could have been detected at Whatawhata depending on when sampling started and finished. Understanding these long-term trends in soil organic matter dynamics and driving factors requires more long-term sampling trials.

text: Trends in soil carbon and nutrients of hill-country pastures receiving different phosphorus fertilizer loadings for 20 years There are few records of long-term trends in soil C and N in grazed pasture systems but recent measurements have demonstrated unexplained losses on New Zealand lowlands. To determine whether losses were also occurring in hill country pastures, we analyzed archived soil samples collected between 1983 and 2006 from two slope classes (steep and easy) at the Whatawhata Research Centre. Soils were Ultic Hapludand and Typic Haplohumult on the easy slopes (10–20°), and Typic Haplohumult on the steeper slopes (30–40°). Soil samples (0–75 mm) had been collected from paddocks that were fertilized with six different loading rates of P (ranging from 0 to 100 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ since 1985). This range of P loadings allowed us to determine whether P inputs would regulate trends in soil C and N. While there were significant temporal trends in C and N (P < 0.05), these were not unidirectional and trends were not dependent on P loading rate. On average, soil C initially increased during the first 6 years of the trial at 0.270% C year⁻¹ (1.56 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) and 0.156% C year⁻¹ (1.06 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on easy and steep slopes, respectively. Subsequently, there was no significant trend in soil C on the easy slopes but soil C declined at −0.066% year⁻¹ (0.45 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on the steep slopes. Similarly, soil N increased between 1983 and 1989 at 0.025% N year⁻¹ (144 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) and 0.012% N year⁻¹ (82 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on easy and steep slopes, respectively. Post-1989, small but significant losses of total N were measured on the steep slopes of 0.004% year⁻¹ (27 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) (P < 0.05) with no trend on the easy slopes. Two potential causal factors for these decadal-scale patterns were identified, operating via changes in primary productivity. These were lower S inputs from 1989 due to a change in fertilizer type, and a series of relatively dry summers during the 1990s. These significant inter-annual trends in soil C and N complicate attempts to measure long-term changes in soil organic matter associated with land use change and management practices. This study has demonstrated the potential error associated with infrequent soil sampling to determine long-term trends in soil C and N; large gains or losses could have been detected at Whatawhata depending on when sampling started and finished. Understanding these long-term trends in soil organic matter dynamics and driving factors requires more long-term sampling trials.

year: 2010

title: He Poroporoaki ki a Kahurangi Te Heikōkō Kāterina Mataira

authors: Temara, Pou

subjects: Poroporoaki

abstract: He kupu whakamānawa nā Ahorangi Pou Temara ki a Kahurangi Te Heikōkō Kāterina Mataira i tana matenga.

text: He Poroporoaki ki a Kahurangi Te Heikōkō Kāterina Mataira He kupu whakamānawa nā Ahorangi Pou Temara ki a Kahurangi Te Heikōkō Kāterina Mataira i tana matenga.

year: 2012-05