title: Put to music by Messiaen

authors: Lodge, Martin

abstract: OLIVIER MESSIAEN ( 1908-92) was one of the most influential composers and teachers of the 20th century, not just within France but internationally. He is noted for inventing new techniques of organising musical materials such as pitch and rhythm, but is also remembered for his lifelong love of birdsong. Many of his greatest works combine visionary Christian mysticism with the songs of birds, whom Messiaen regarded as superlative and divinely created musicians.

text: Put to music by Messiaen OLIVIER MESSIAEN ( 1908-92) was one of the most influential composers and teachers of the 20th century, not just within France but internationally. He is noted for inventing new techniques of organising musical materials such as pitch and rhythm, but is also remembered for his lifelong love of birdsong. Many of his greatest works combine visionary Christian mysticism with the songs of birds, whom Messiaen regarded as superlative and divinely created musicians.

year: 2009

title: Visualising Time

authors: Clarke, Greg

subjects: Time

abstract: This study investigates the visualisation of temporal relationships between objects.  A popular method employed for such information visualisations is the time line consisting of a single horizontal axis along which temporal events or objects are depicted at specific points or intervals.  The orientation of the temporal progression along the axis line will generally coincide with the orientation of the literary writing progression of the culture and language.  For example a time line visualised in a Western culture with English as its literary base will exhibit a temporal progression orientation of early/left, later/right whereas Arabian culture with an Arabic literary base will exhibit the reverse temporal progression orientation.  In both cultures and languages temporal metaphor use spatial concepts to describe temporal relationships with no discourse to transversal orientation.  This is reflected by never hearing the phrase “the months to the right” but rather “the months ahead”.  In science, Einstein showed via his special and general theories of relativity that time and space are interlinked.  The scientific rationalisation of time and space along with the use of spatial concepts as temporal metaphor implies that the underlying perception of time is spatial.  Information visualisations are the externalisations of our perceptions.  Therefore temporal information visualisations should employ spatial visualisation techniques.
This study evaluated spatial visualisation techniques for temporal information visualisations via a web survey.  The spatial temporal information visualisations used in the survey employed no temporal cues such as time or date stamps but conferred all temporal progression via spatial cues.  The findings from the analysis of the participant responses to the survey showed that spatial cues do impart temporal cues for temporal relationships.

text: Visualising Time This study investigates the visualisation of temporal relationships between objects.  A popular method employed for such information visualisations is the time line consisting of a single horizontal axis along which temporal events or objects are depicted at specific points or intervals.  The orientation of the temporal progression along the axis line will generally coincide with the orientation of the literary writing progression of the culture and language.  For example a time line visualised in a Western culture with English as its literary base will exhibit a temporal progression orientation of early/left, later/right whereas Arabian culture with an Arabic literary base will exhibit the reverse temporal progression orientation.  In both cultures and languages temporal metaphor use spatial concepts to describe temporal relationships with no discourse to transversal orientation.  This is reflected by never hearing the phrase “the months to the right” but rather “the months ahead”.  In science, Einstein showed via his special and general theories of relativity that time and space are interlinked.  The scientific rationalisation of time and space along with the use of spatial concepts as temporal metaphor implies that the underlying perception of time is spatial.  Information visualisations are the externalisations of our perceptions.  Therefore temporal information visualisations should employ spatial visualisation techniques.
This study evaluated spatial visualisation techniques for temporal information visualisations via a web survey.  The spatial temporal information visualisations used in the survey employed no temporal cues such as time or date stamps but conferred all temporal progression via spatial cues.  The findings from the analysis of the participant responses to the survey showed that spatial cues do impart temporal cues for temporal relationships.

year: 2013

title: Maori and mining at Te Aroha

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Before the existence of gold was confirmed at Te Aroha, the Ngati Rahiri reserves were finally delineated. For long there had been rumours of gold, but prospecting was not permitted until 1880. Once Hone Werahiko found what might be a payable goldfield on Maori land, one could not be proclaimed until an agreement was reached with the landowners. To prevent confusion, and to be fair to Ngati Rahiri, it was decided to create a separate mining district. 
Members of Ngati Rahiri were divided over the terms of an agreement, with some (possibly prompted by Pakeha) demanding a bonus of £1,000. Rangatira who had received income from the Thames field ignored this demand and agreed to open their land in the expectation of receiving a steady supply of money from mining plus timber cutting rights and residence and business site licenses. Mokena Hou was especially supportive of prospecting and opening his land, and had a township, known as Morgantown, surveyed (his daughter Ema, wife of George Lipsey, owned the adjacent Lipseytown). The agreement specified all the fees to be paid, and permitted Maori to withdraw their land from the goldfield.
Right up to opening day, demands were made for a bonus, but the opening went smoothly, with Mokena and another rangatira participating in the ceremony and many Maori marking out claims. Maori from many hapu were shareholders in all parts of the goldfield, and some actively worked their claims, usually guided by an experienced Pakeha miner. Encouraged by the Te Aroha rush, some Maori prospected elsewhere.
Revenue from the new field soon declined as it faded, prompting complaints and officials requiring all those working on Maori land to hold a miner’s right. Although most Ngati Rahiri did not benefit, the Mokena family most certainly did, and treated the revenue they received as their own personal income.

text: Maori and mining at Te Aroha Before the existence of gold was confirmed at Te Aroha, the Ngati Rahiri reserves were finally delineated. For long there had been rumours of gold, but prospecting was not permitted until 1880. Once Hone Werahiko found what might be a payable goldfield on Maori land, one could not be proclaimed until an agreement was reached with the landowners. To prevent confusion, and to be fair to Ngati Rahiri, it was decided to create a separate mining district. 
Members of Ngati Rahiri were divided over the terms of an agreement, with some (possibly prompted by Pakeha) demanding a bonus of £1,000. Rangatira who had received income from the Thames field ignored this demand and agreed to open their land in the expectation of receiving a steady supply of money from mining plus timber cutting rights and residence and business site licenses. Mokena Hou was especially supportive of prospecting and opening his land, and had a township, known as Morgantown, surveyed (his daughter Ema, wife of George Lipsey, owned the adjacent Lipseytown). The agreement specified all the fees to be paid, and permitted Maori to withdraw their land from the goldfield.
Right up to opening day, demands were made for a bonus, but the opening went smoothly, with Mokena and another rangatira participating in the ceremony and many Maori marking out claims. Maori from many hapu were shareholders in all parts of the goldfield, and some actively worked their claims, usually guided by an experienced Pakeha miner. Encouraged by the Te Aroha rush, some Maori prospected elsewhere.
Revenue from the new field soon declined as it faded, prompting complaints and officials requiring all those working on Maori land to hold a miner’s right. Although most Ngati Rahiri did not benefit, the Mokena family most certainly did, and treated the revenue they received as their own personal income.

year: 2016