title: Genetic diversity among populations of Antarctic springtails (Collembola) within the Mackay Glacier ecotone

authors: Beet, Clare Rose

abstract: Climate changes are likely to have major influences on the distribution and abundance of Antarctic terrestrial biota. To assess arthropod distribution and diversity within the Ross Sea region, we examined mitochondrial DNA (COI) sequences for three currently recognized species of springtail (Collembola) collected from sites in the vicinity, and to the north of, the Mackay Glacier (77°S). This area acts as a transition between two biogeographic regions (northern and southern Victoria Land). We found populations of highly divergent individuals (5%–11.3% intraspecific sequence divergence) for each of the three putative springtail species, suggesting the possibility of cryptic diversity. Based on molecular clock estimates, these divergent lineages are likely to have been isolated for 3–5 million years. It was during this time that the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) was likely to have completely collapsed, potentially facilitating springtail dispersal via rafting on running waters and open seaways. The reformation of the WAIS would have isolated newly established populations, with subsequent dispersal restricted by glaciers and ice-covered areas. Given the currently limited distributions for these genetically divergent populations, any future changes in species’ distributions can be easily tracked through the DNA barcoding of springtails from within the Mackay Glacier ecotone.

text: Genetic diversity among populations of Antarctic springtails (Collembola) within the Mackay Glacier ecotone Climate changes are likely to have major influences on the distribution and abundance of Antarctic terrestrial biota. To assess arthropod distribution and diversity within the Ross Sea region, we examined mitochondrial DNA (COI) sequences for three currently recognized species of springtail (Collembola) collected from sites in the vicinity, and to the north of, the Mackay Glacier (77°S). This area acts as a transition between two biogeographic regions (northern and southern Victoria Land). We found populations of highly divergent individuals (5%–11.3% intraspecific sequence divergence) for each of the three putative springtail species, suggesting the possibility of cryptic diversity. Based on molecular clock estimates, these divergent lineages are likely to have been isolated for 3–5 million years. It was during this time that the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) was likely to have completely collapsed, potentially facilitating springtail dispersal via rafting on running waters and open seaways. The reformation of the WAIS would have isolated newly established populations, with subsequent dispersal restricted by glaciers and ice-covered areas. Given the currently limited distributions for these genetically divergent populations, any future changes in species’ distributions can be easily tracked through the DNA barcoding of springtails from within the Mackay Glacier ecotone.

year: 2016

title: Note on the occurrence of Taupo pumice in the Hamilton basin

authors: Tonkin, Philip J.

subjects: Hamilton basin

abstract: The presence of a thin layer of pumice lapilli and ash close to the surface of the Rukuhia and Moanatuatua peat bogs was recorded by Grange and Taylor (1939). Since this time a similar band of pumice has been noted in many of the other peat areas in the Hamilton basin. In the undeveloped fibrous peats of the Woodlands bog a layer of pumice lapilli 2 to 3 inches thick occurs at a depth of 18 to 20 inches from the surface. This is similar to the observations of Grange and Taylor. In the more loamy peats the pumice layer is predominantly fine ash and any lapilli present are extremely weathered and crush easily. In the fibrous peats it is thought that the fine ash that fell on the bog surface soon dispersed in the loose network of dead material, whereas the lapilli were of sufficient size to be trapped. In the loamy peats more active weathering took place in an acid environment as the organic matter was breaking down. This made the lapilli very fragile, so with drainage and compaction of the peat the lapilli were very soon crushed to fine ash size.

text: Note on the occurrence of Taupo pumice in the Hamilton basin The presence of a thin layer of pumice lapilli and ash close to the surface of the Rukuhia and Moanatuatua peat bogs was recorded by Grange and Taylor (1939). Since this time a similar band of pumice has been noted in many of the other peat areas in the Hamilton basin. In the undeveloped fibrous peats of the Woodlands bog a layer of pumice lapilli 2 to 3 inches thick occurs at a depth of 18 to 20 inches from the surface. This is similar to the observations of Grange and Taylor. In the more loamy peats the pumice layer is predominantly fine ash and any lapilli present are extremely weathered and crush easily. In the fibrous peats it is thought that the fine ash that fell on the bog surface soon dispersed in the loose network of dead material, whereas the lapilli were of sufficient size to be trapped. In the loamy peats more active weathering took place in an acid environment as the organic matter was breaking down. This made the lapilli very fragile, so with drainage and compaction of the peat the lapilli were very soon crushed to fine ash size.

year: 1967

title: Important lessons for trust governance from trusts that benefit New Zealand's Indigenous Maori – Recent developments

authors: Manyam, Joel

abstract: The landmark New Zealand Court of Appeal decision in New Zealand Maori Council v AttorneyGeneral [1987] 1 NZLR 641[SOE Case] marked a watershed in New Zealand's jurisprudence concerning the relationship between the Government of New Zealand('the Crown') and the indigenous Maori peoples of New Zealand. Very recently , New Zealand's highest Court, the Supreme Court in its decision in New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General[2013] 3 NZLR 31 referred to the SOE case as follows:
'The SOE case by the Court of Appeal is a judgment of great authority and importance to the law concerning the relationship between the Crown and Maori" (emphasis added)[S3].

text: Important lessons for trust governance from trusts that benefit New Zealand's Indigenous Maori – Recent developments The landmark New Zealand Court of Appeal decision in New Zealand Maori Council v AttorneyGeneral [1987] 1 NZLR 641[SOE Case] marked a watershed in New Zealand's jurisprudence concerning the relationship between the Government of New Zealand('the Crown') and the indigenous Maori peoples of New Zealand. Very recently , New Zealand's highest Court, the Supreme Court in its decision in New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General[2013] 3 NZLR 31 referred to the SOE case as follows:
'The SOE case by the Court of Appeal is a judgment of great authority and importance to the law concerning the relationship between the Crown and Maori" (emphasis added)[S3].

year: 2015