title: International trade agreements and international migration

authors: Poot, Jacques

subjects: international trade agreement

abstract: Despite large potential economic gains, bilateral and multilateral negotiations focusing on liberalisation of migration have not shared the high profile of international trade negotiations and agreements. Migration and trade have been traditionally viewed rather separately and the relevance of the many, and complex, interdependencies has been given remarkably little attention in the literature to date. In this article, we focus on the two-way interaction between international migration and agreements designed to enhance cross-border trade and investment. Liberalisation of international trade in services and in the movement of people potentially offers much greater economic gains than liberalisation of remaining barriers to goods trade. However, progress within multilateral frameworks is fraught with difficulty. The World Trade Organization’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has yielded little real progress so far and negotiations within more flexible unilateral and bilateral frameworks are likely to be more successful in liberalising the movement of labour. We discuss a range of specific examples, focusing particularly on the interesting case of New Zealand. We find that trade agreements are increasingly including agreements on migration, though typically favouring temporary migration and involving numerically modest quotas. We conclude that migration regulatory frameworks are likely to be further and more strongly linked to trade and investment agreements in the future, particularly given changing economic and demographic forces. The primary focus of migration policies may nonetheless remain different from that of trade policies. While further migration liberalisation is likely to be through bilateral and regional agreements, it will be important to try to lock in the gains of such agreements, while simultaneously working to consolidating these in a way that will help to facilitate future multilateral agreement.

text: International trade agreements and international migration Despite large potential economic gains, bilateral and multilateral negotiations focusing on liberalisation of migration have not shared the high profile of international trade negotiations and agreements. Migration and trade have been traditionally viewed rather separately and the relevance of the many, and complex, interdependencies has been given remarkably little attention in the literature to date. In this article, we focus on the two-way interaction between international migration and agreements designed to enhance cross-border trade and investment. Liberalisation of international trade in services and in the movement of people potentially offers much greater economic gains than liberalisation of remaining barriers to goods trade. However, progress within multilateral frameworks is fraught with difficulty. The World Trade Organization’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has yielded little real progress so far and negotiations within more flexible unilateral and bilateral frameworks are likely to be more successful in liberalising the movement of labour. We discuss a range of specific examples, focusing particularly on the interesting case of New Zealand. We find that trade agreements are increasingly including agreements on migration, though typically favouring temporary migration and involving numerically modest quotas. We conclude that migration regulatory frameworks are likely to be further and more strongly linked to trade and investment agreements in the future, particularly given changing economic and demographic forces. The primary focus of migration policies may nonetheless remain different from that of trade policies. While further migration liberalisation is likely to be through bilateral and regional agreements, it will be important to try to lock in the gains of such agreements, while simultaneously working to consolidating these in a way that will help to facilitate future multilateral agreement.

year: 2010

title: Distinguishing rhyolitic and andesitic tephra as soil parent materials for series definition

authors: Lowe, David J.

abstract: I have been following the correspondence in New Zealand Soil- News regarding the classification of the New Plymouth and Otorohanga series with considerable interest - all the comments and replies have been illuminating. In discussing the separation (at series level) of soils developed in andesitic tephra from those in rhyolitic tephra, Clayden et al. (1989, p. 44) ask the questions: (i) ... "can we develop quantitative definitions for each of these materials , and (2) ... "can they be consistently distinguished –in the soil profile by field techniques when weathered to form the horizons of a yellow-brown loam?" The short answer to (1) is yes; the answer to (2) could be yes, but depends on the degree of quantitativeness required and the skill of the field scientist in mineral identification.

text: Distinguishing rhyolitic and andesitic tephra as soil parent materials for series definition I have been following the correspondence in New Zealand Soil- News regarding the classification of the New Plymouth and Otorohanga series with considerable interest - all the comments and replies have been illuminating. In discussing the separation (at series level) of soils developed in andesitic tephra from those in rhyolitic tephra, Clayden et al. (1989, p. 44) ask the questions: (i) ... "can we develop quantitative definitions for each of these materials , and (2) ... "can they be consistently distinguished –in the soil profile by field techniques when weathered to form the horizons of a yellow-brown loam?" The short answer to (1) is yes; the answer to (2) could be yes, but depends on the degree of quantitativeness required and the skill of the field scientist in mineral identification.

year: 1989

title: Re-designing the national imaginary: The development of Matariki as a contemporary festival

authors: Hardy, Ann

subjects: Aotearoa/New Zealand

abstract: This article considers the factors shaping the contemporary redevelopment in Aotearoa/ New Zealand of the indigenous commemoration of the rising of the constellation Matariki as a marker of seasonal change.  Through interviews with producers of media materials celebrating Matariki, it examines the ideological, cultural, and economic factors determining the encoding of the materials, investigating in particular the ways in which Matariki can resource a marketplace for spiritual commodities.

text: Re-designing the national imaginary: The development of Matariki as a contemporary festival This article considers the factors shaping the contemporary redevelopment in Aotearoa/ New Zealand of the indigenous commemoration of the rising of the constellation Matariki as a marker of seasonal change.  Through interviews with producers of media materials celebrating Matariki, it examines the ideological, cultural, and economic factors determining the encoding of the materials, investigating in particular the ways in which Matariki can resource a marketplace for spiritual commodities.

year: 2012