title: Preteens’ concepts and development of privacy, and the relationship to decisions and actions undertaken in online social environments and with digital devices.

authors: Webster, Angela

subjects: preteens

abstract: A concern for privacy, the development of this, and how it becomes interpreted in offline and complex online environments has potential implications on young people’s wellbeing and safety.  Media often bring to attention more negative aspects of young people’s privacy in relation to their online pursuits, which raises questions about perceived risks to one’s privacy and actual risks encountered online and any subsequent implications.  This study looks at preteens’ broad concepts and development of privacy, and any relationship(s) these may have on their use of digital technologies and decisions and actions in online social contexts.  A review of literature related to preteens’ involvement in online social networks and issues of privacy presents a growing body of information, however, a scarcity of literature related to preteens’ concern for privacy, and the development of privacy concern, suggests this study offers new insights in this particular area.

Students (N=60) aged between 11 and under 13 years from three provincial New Zealand schools participated in this qualitative study, and key data were gathered through a survey.  Preteens indicated they valued privacy and specified its importance across dimensions of self.  Furthermore, a desire for autonomy and control in managing aspects of privacy in their offline and online worlds was evident.  However, concerns were raised regarding preteens’ perceived capabilities and their actual competencies and knowledge of the technical, social, and ethical complexities presented online and in the use of devices.  Also evident were inconsistencies in the types of support needed to care for the safety and wellbeing of young people.  This suggests young people continue to need regular and robust support from agencies they themselves identified as important, and included caregivers, schools, and peers. 

Opportunities to further develop caregivers’ skills and knowledge is recommended, so they may better understand the crucial role they have in supporting the safety and wellbeing of their child in their exploration of complex digital environments.  Their role is essential in positively contributing to the development of a concern for privacy.  Recommendations are made, for schools, educators, and education policy makers in their role in this development.  These include sustained teaching and learning opportunities across all learning levels in building related skills and competencies.  Sourcing perspectives from preteens themselves as the experts of their ideas, experiences and knowledge, is integral to understanding how they navigate privacy issues when living lives both offline and online.

text: Preteens’ concepts and development of privacy, and the relationship to decisions and actions undertaken in online social environments and with digital devices. A concern for privacy, the development of this, and how it becomes interpreted in offline and complex online environments has potential implications on young people’s wellbeing and safety.  Media often bring to attention more negative aspects of young people’s privacy in relation to their online pursuits, which raises questions about perceived risks to one’s privacy and actual risks encountered online and any subsequent implications.  This study looks at preteens’ broad concepts and development of privacy, and any relationship(s) these may have on their use of digital technologies and decisions and actions in online social contexts.  A review of literature related to preteens’ involvement in online social networks and issues of privacy presents a growing body of information, however, a scarcity of literature related to preteens’ concern for privacy, and the development of privacy concern, suggests this study offers new insights in this particular area.

Students (N=60) aged between 11 and under 13 years from three provincial New Zealand schools participated in this qualitative study, and key data were gathered through a survey.  Preteens indicated they valued privacy and specified its importance across dimensions of self.  Furthermore, a desire for autonomy and control in managing aspects of privacy in their offline and online worlds was evident.  However, concerns were raised regarding preteens’ perceived capabilities and their actual competencies and knowledge of the technical, social, and ethical complexities presented online and in the use of devices.  Also evident were inconsistencies in the types of support needed to care for the safety and wellbeing of young people.  This suggests young people continue to need regular and robust support from agencies they themselves identified as important, and included caregivers, schools, and peers. 

Opportunities to further develop caregivers’ skills and knowledge is recommended, so they may better understand the crucial role they have in supporting the safety and wellbeing of their child in their exploration of complex digital environments.  Their role is essential in positively contributing to the development of a concern for privacy.  Recommendations are made, for schools, educators, and education policy makers in their role in this development.  These include sustained teaching and learning opportunities across all learning levels in building related skills and competencies.  Sourcing perspectives from preteens themselves as the experts of their ideas, experiences and knowledge, is integral to understanding how they navigate privacy issues when living lives both offline and online.

year: 2016

title: Exploring cross-modal association in canine (canis familiaris) scent detection: A framework for training dogs to identify multiple odours

authors: Campbell-Smith, Felicity

subjects: canine scent detection

abstract: Dog’s olfaction abilities and trainability have made them valuable companions in scent detection tasks for centuries. While research has focused on dogs detecting single odours, there is a gap in understanding if they can emit different responses to different odours. Based on the principles of stimulus control and existing evidence of dogs’ ability to learn to perform similar tasks, it was hypothesised that dogs, using cross-modal association through olfaction and vision modalities, can match odours to corresponding shapes. Using an automated scent delivery apparatus, four dogs were trained using operant conditioning procedures to discriminate between two odours and select a corresponding shape. One dog met the mastery criteria and progressed to three odours. It was found that dogs were able to discriminate between odours at greater accuracy than chance, confirming our hypothesis. Yet, all dogs did display a bias towards one of the four touchscreen quadrants. The findings were similar to those observed in other studies involving different animal species, but the accuracy rates observed in this study were lower than those reported in other similar studies. These findings have implications for tasks the detection of multiple scents and further the understanding of dogs’ abilities to perform cross-modal discrimination tasks. This study established a methodological framework for cross-modal scent discrimination tasks but there are several improvements to the methods that might enhance dogs’ performance in future research.

text: Exploring cross-modal association in canine (canis familiaris) scent detection: A framework for training dogs to identify multiple odours Dog’s olfaction abilities and trainability have made them valuable companions in scent detection tasks for centuries. While research has focused on dogs detecting single odours, there is a gap in understanding if they can emit different responses to different odours. Based on the principles of stimulus control and existing evidence of dogs’ ability to learn to perform similar tasks, it was hypothesised that dogs, using cross-modal association through olfaction and vision modalities, can match odours to corresponding shapes. Using an automated scent delivery apparatus, four dogs were trained using operant conditioning procedures to discriminate between two odours and select a corresponding shape. One dog met the mastery criteria and progressed to three odours. It was found that dogs were able to discriminate between odours at greater accuracy than chance, confirming our hypothesis. Yet, all dogs did display a bias towards one of the four touchscreen quadrants. The findings were similar to those observed in other studies involving different animal species, but the accuracy rates observed in this study were lower than those reported in other similar studies. These findings have implications for tasks the detection of multiple scents and further the understanding of dogs’ abilities to perform cross-modal discrimination tasks. This study established a methodological framework for cross-modal scent discrimination tasks but there are several improvements to the methods that might enhance dogs’ performance in future research.

year: 2024-04-19

title: Poi Apakura

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: Poi Apakura portrays the battles both pre European contact through to the land wars and the confiscation of 400,000 acres of Te Whakatōhea land s in 1865 with the killing of the missionary Rev Catl Volkner known as Te Wākana. Performed by Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti at the Te Matatini World Championship Kapa Haa Competition 2013.

text: Poi Apakura Poi Apakura portrays the battles both pre European contact through to the land wars and the confiscation of 400,000 acres of Te Whakatōhea land s in 1865 with the killing of the missionary Rev Catl Volkner known as Te Wākana. Performed by Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti at the Te Matatini World Championship Kapa Haa Competition 2013.

year: 2013