title: The challenge of integrating non-continuous processes-milk powder plant case study

authors: Atkins, Martin John

subjects: milk production

abstract: The integration of non-continuous processes such as a milk powder plant present a challenge for existing process integration techniques. Current techniques are generally based on steady and continuous operation which for some industries is not the case. Milk production varies considerably during the year as dairy cows in New Zealand are grazed on pasture, which affects the scheduling and operation of plants on site. The frequency and duration of cleaning cycles and non-productive operating states can have a major affect on energy demand and the availability of heat sources and heat sinks. In this paper the potential for indirect heat transfer between the several plants using a heat recovery loop and stratified tank at a typical New Zealand dairy factory is investigated. The maximum amount of heat recovery is calculated for a range of recirculation loop temperatures. The maximum amount of heat recovery can be increased considerably if the temperature of the hot fluid in the recirculation loop is varied depending on which condition the site is operating under.

text: The challenge of integrating non-continuous processes-milk powder plant case study The integration of non-continuous processes such as a milk powder plant present a challenge for existing process integration techniques. Current techniques are generally based on steady and continuous operation which for some industries is not the case. Milk production varies considerably during the year as dairy cows in New Zealand are grazed on pasture, which affects the scheduling and operation of plants on site. The frequency and duration of cleaning cycles and non-productive operating states can have a major affect on energy demand and the availability of heat sources and heat sinks. In this paper the potential for indirect heat transfer between the several plants using a heat recovery loop and stratified tank at a typical New Zealand dairy factory is investigated. The maximum amount of heat recovery is calculated for a range of recirculation loop temperatures. The maximum amount of heat recovery can be increased considerably if the temperature of the hot fluid in the recirculation loop is varied depending on which condition the site is operating under.

year: 2009

title: Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in aluminium reduction cells

authors: Shin, Sung Nam

abstract: In aluminium reduction cells the intense magnetic fields and associated Lorentz forces drive steady flows in the cryolite and aluminium layers. Generally there is a discontinuity in velocity between the layers, which gives rise to a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and the study of this effect is the subject of the thesis. 

The role of the basic steady flow is focused in this analysis, while most previous MHD analyses neglect it and emphasise on the interaction between the interface wave and the electromagnetic field by the electromagnetic perturbation. The stationary magnetic field is considered important as a strong driving source for the steady velocity in our model. 

Steady velocity fields are studied in terms of a stream function and global stability criteria are discussed with disturbances. Non-linear evolution of flow is investigated to find a steady condition and show that steady flows are stable. A normal mode analysis is used to formulate wave evolution equations, which are integrated forwards in time. 

Also an improved treatment of electromagnetic damping is developed, which includes the effect of the induced electric field. 

Using a normal mode form of the steady-state current, magnetic field or flow, the scheme developed in this research is suitable for industrial application where these would be calculated numerically.

text: Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in aluminium reduction cells In aluminium reduction cells the intense magnetic fields and associated Lorentz forces drive steady flows in the cryolite and aluminium layers. Generally there is a discontinuity in velocity between the layers, which gives rise to a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and the study of this effect is the subject of the thesis. 

The role of the basic steady flow is focused in this analysis, while most previous MHD analyses neglect it and emphasise on the interaction between the interface wave and the electromagnetic field by the electromagnetic perturbation. The stationary magnetic field is considered important as a strong driving source for the steady velocity in our model. 

Steady velocity fields are studied in terms of a stream function and global stability criteria are discussed with disturbances. Non-linear evolution of flow is investigated to find a steady condition and show that steady flows are stable. A normal mode analysis is used to formulate wave evolution equations, which are integrated forwards in time. 

Also an improved treatment of electromagnetic damping is developed, which includes the effect of the induced electric field. 

Using a normal mode form of the steady-state current, magnetic field or flow, the scheme developed in this research is suitable for industrial application where these would be calculated numerically.

year: 2000

title: Key informant views on biobanking and genomic research with Māori

authors: Hudson, Maui

abstract: The aim of the Te Mata Ira project was to explore Māori views on biobanking and genomic research, and to identify ways to address Māori concerns over the collection and use of human tissue. Key informant interviews and workshops were conducted with Māori to identify Māori views in relation to biobanking and genomic research; and, informed by these views, interviews and workshops were conducted with Māori and non-Māori key informants (Indigenous Advisory Panel (IAP) members and science communities) to explore key issues in relation to Māori participation in biobanking and genomic research. Māori key informants identified the following as key deliberations: (1) the tension for Māori between previous well-publicised negative experiences with genomic research and the potential value for whanau and communities as technologies develop, (2) protection of Māori rights and interest, (3) focus on Māori health priorities, (4) control of samples and data, (5) expectations of consultation and consent and (6) a desire for greater feedback and communication. Māori and non-Māori key informants highlighted the need to enhance levels of Māori participation in the governance of genomic research and biobanking initiatives, and acknowledged that only by increasing the level of transparency and accountability in relation to these activities will Māori communities feel that their whakapapa, rights and interests are being appropriately protected.

text: Key informant views on biobanking and genomic research with Māori The aim of the Te Mata Ira project was to explore Māori views on biobanking and genomic research, and to identify ways to address Māori concerns over the collection and use of human tissue. Key informant interviews and workshops were conducted with Māori to identify Māori views in relation to biobanking and genomic research; and, informed by these views, interviews and workshops were conducted with Māori and non-Māori key informants (Indigenous Advisory Panel (IAP) members and science communities) to explore key issues in relation to Māori participation in biobanking and genomic research. Māori key informants identified the following as key deliberations: (1) the tension for Māori between previous well-publicised negative experiences with genomic research and the potential value for whanau and communities as technologies develop, (2) protection of Māori rights and interest, (3) focus on Māori health priorities, (4) control of samples and data, (5) expectations of consultation and consent and (6) a desire for greater feedback and communication. Māori and non-Māori key informants highlighted the need to enhance levels of Māori participation in the governance of genomic research and biobanking initiatives, and acknowledged that only by increasing the level of transparency and accountability in relation to these activities will Māori communities feel that their whakapapa, rights and interests are being appropriately protected.

year: 2016