title: Petrogenesis and evolution of alkalic basaltic magmas in a continental intraplate setting: the South Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand

authors: Cook, Craig

abstract: The South Auckland volcanic field (SAVF) is situated in a continental intraplate tectonic setting and consists of silica-undersaturated alkalic basalts that erupted from about 100 centres between 1.59 and 0.51 Ma. The basalts range in composition from basanites to quartz tholeiites. Two basalt groups are distinguished based on their contrasting mineralogical and geochemical characteristics: group A, a less silica-undersaturated transitional basalt to quartz tholeiite suite; and group B, a strongly silica-undersaturated basanite to nepheline hawaiite suite. The petrogenesis and evolution of the SAVF basalts is examined using new data from 200 samples on mineral chemistry from electron microprobe analyses, major and trace elements from XRF, incompatible trace elements and REE from ICP-MS, and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic data from TIMS analyses.

Forsteritic olivine is the dominant phenocryst phase in each rock group (group A: Fo₆₁ - Fo₈₂; group B: Fo₆₄ - Fo₉₂). Clinopyroxene is abundant and ranges from augite (Wo₃₅₋₄₇ En₃₆₋₅₀ Fs₁₁₋₂₃) in group A to diopside (Wo₄₂₋₅₂ En₃₂₋₄₆ Fs₁₀₋₂₀) in group B basalts. Plagioclase (An₄₀₋₇₀) is found as a phenocryst only in group A basalts. The group A basalts are distinguished by their low total alkalis (3.0 - 4.8 wt.%), Nb (9 - 29 ppm) and Zr (97 - 210 ppm) abundances, and low (La/Yb)N (3.4- 7.6), which contrast with group B that have large total alkalis (3.3 - 7.9 wt.%), Nb (35 - 102 ppm) and Zr (194 - 491 ppm), and (La/Yb)N (12 - 47).

The incompatible trace elements of group A lavas have characteristics indicating derivation from an enriched upper mantle source but relatively depleted in Th, K, Nb, Ta, and LREE with small LREE/HREE values, whereas those in group B exhibit strong trace element affinities (i.e., large Th, Nb, Ta, and LREE abundances) with an OIB-like source. Petrogenetic modelling suggests that the group A and B lavas evolved as discrete lineages that do not appear to be related to a common parental magma or source. Partial melting models indicate that < 8 % melting of a garnet-peridotite source is required to produce primary group B magmas, whereas primary group A magmas are generated from < 11 % melting of a spinel-peridotite source. Differentiation of basalts from each group is dominated by olivine and clinopyroxene fractionation, and only minor plagioclase in group A.

Both rock groups fall within a narrow range of Sr and Nd isotopic compositions (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr= 0.70273±19 - 0.70330±17 and εNd = + 5.97 to + 6.89) similar to the composition of HIMU-OIB, whereas Pb isotopic compositions are unradiogenic relative to HIMU-OIB (i.e., ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.95 - 19.33; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.586 - 15.589; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.731 -38.906) and range between Atlantic MORB and EMII. The group A lavas have slightly higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, lower ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and similar εNd values compared to those in group B, but there is no isotopic or geochemical evidence to suggest that any of the lavas have been contaminated by continental crust. Therefore, the relatively small but distinct differences in Sr and Pb isotopic compositions and similar εNd values are considered to be source-related.

Variations in incompatible element ratios such as K/Nb and Zr/Nb indicate that the SA VF basalts were derived from two distinct sources. Group B basalts show incompatible trace element signatures characteristic of a LREE-enriched HIMU-OIB-like source, which can be accounted for by recycling of subducted oceanic crust at mantle depths. In contrast, the group A basalts have incompatible trace element affinities that are intermediate between a HIMU and an EMII-type component that could have resulted from subduction-related metasomatism of the subcontinental lithosphere modified by a HIMU plume. These events may have been connected with the subduction of the Phoenix plate and plume-related magmatism when New Zealand was at the eastern margin of the Gondwanaland supercontinent.

text: Petrogenesis and evolution of alkalic basaltic magmas in a continental intraplate setting: the South Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand The South Auckland volcanic field (SAVF) is situated in a continental intraplate tectonic setting and consists of silica-undersaturated alkalic basalts that erupted from about 100 centres between 1.59 and 0.51 Ma. The basalts range in composition from basanites to quartz tholeiites. Two basalt groups are distinguished based on their contrasting mineralogical and geochemical characteristics: group A, a less silica-undersaturated transitional basalt to quartz tholeiite suite; and group B, a strongly silica-undersaturated basanite to nepheline hawaiite suite. The petrogenesis and evolution of the SAVF basalts is examined using new data from 200 samples on mineral chemistry from electron microprobe analyses, major and trace elements from XRF, incompatible trace elements and REE from ICP-MS, and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic data from TIMS analyses.

Forsteritic olivine is the dominant phenocryst phase in each rock group (group A: Fo₆₁ - Fo₈₂; group B: Fo₆₄ - Fo₉₂). Clinopyroxene is abundant and ranges from augite (Wo₃₅₋₄₇ En₃₆₋₅₀ Fs₁₁₋₂₃) in group A to diopside (Wo₄₂₋₅₂ En₃₂₋₄₆ Fs₁₀₋₂₀) in group B basalts. Plagioclase (An₄₀₋₇₀) is found as a phenocryst only in group A basalts. The group A basalts are distinguished by their low total alkalis (3.0 - 4.8 wt.%), Nb (9 - 29 ppm) and Zr (97 - 210 ppm) abundances, and low (La/Yb)N (3.4- 7.6), which contrast with group B that have large total alkalis (3.3 - 7.9 wt.%), Nb (35 - 102 ppm) and Zr (194 - 491 ppm), and (La/Yb)N (12 - 47).

The incompatible trace elements of group A lavas have characteristics indicating derivation from an enriched upper mantle source but relatively depleted in Th, K, Nb, Ta, and LREE with small LREE/HREE values, whereas those in group B exhibit strong trace element affinities (i.e., large Th, Nb, Ta, and LREE abundances) with an OIB-like source. Petrogenetic modelling suggests that the group A and B lavas evolved as discrete lineages that do not appear to be related to a common parental magma or source. Partial melting models indicate that < 8 % melting of a garnet-peridotite source is required to produce primary group B magmas, whereas primary group A magmas are generated from < 11 % melting of a spinel-peridotite source. Differentiation of basalts from each group is dominated by olivine and clinopyroxene fractionation, and only minor plagioclase in group A.

Both rock groups fall within a narrow range of Sr and Nd isotopic compositions (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr= 0.70273±19 - 0.70330±17 and εNd = + 5.97 to + 6.89) similar to the composition of HIMU-OIB, whereas Pb isotopic compositions are unradiogenic relative to HIMU-OIB (i.e., ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.95 - 19.33; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.586 - 15.589; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.731 -38.906) and range between Atlantic MORB and EMII. The group A lavas have slightly higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, lower ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and similar εNd values compared to those in group B, but there is no isotopic or geochemical evidence to suggest that any of the lavas have been contaminated by continental crust. Therefore, the relatively small but distinct differences in Sr and Pb isotopic compositions and similar εNd values are considered to be source-related.

Variations in incompatible element ratios such as K/Nb and Zr/Nb indicate that the SA VF basalts were derived from two distinct sources. Group B basalts show incompatible trace element signatures characteristic of a LREE-enriched HIMU-OIB-like source, which can be accounted for by recycling of subducted oceanic crust at mantle depths. In contrast, the group A basalts have incompatible trace element affinities that are intermediate between a HIMU and an EMII-type component that could have resulted from subduction-related metasomatism of the subcontinental lithosphere modified by a HIMU plume. These events may have been connected with the subduction of the Phoenix plate and plume-related magmatism when New Zealand was at the eastern margin of the Gondwanaland supercontinent.

year: 2002

title: Ethics and corporate social responsibility – An analysis of the views of Chinese hotel managers

authors: Gu, Huimin

subjects: hotels

abstract: Based on a sample of 257 Chinese hotel managers, this paper examines the ethical principles to which these managers adhered. The premise is that any application of the principles of corporate social responsibility (CSR) will be facilitated or inhibited by the degree to which management holds to a strong ethical stance. Developing a questionnaire derived from different sources such as the Forsyth Ethics Position Questionnaire and the 12 golden standards of Tao Zhugong developed in the 5th century BCE, a principal components analysis of the scores on a 35 item scale indicated five components to ethical perspectives: namely respect for individuals, tolerance of degree of relativity in moral standards, the role of corporations in current society, expediency in business and adherence to CSR.

text: Ethics and corporate social responsibility – An analysis of the views of Chinese hotel managers Based on a sample of 257 Chinese hotel managers, this paper examines the ethical principles to which these managers adhered. The premise is that any application of the principles of corporate social responsibility (CSR) will be facilitated or inhibited by the degree to which management holds to a strong ethical stance. Developing a questionnaire derived from different sources such as the Forsyth Ethics Position Questionnaire and the 12 golden standards of Tao Zhugong developed in the 5th century BCE, a principal components analysis of the scores on a 35 item scale indicated five components to ethical perspectives: namely respect for individuals, tolerance of degree of relativity in moral standards, the role of corporations in current society, expediency in business and adherence to CSR.

year: 2011

title: Manaakitia te paharakeke: an insight into the daily operational challenges facing Te Whakaruruhau

authors: Kurei, Anna

subjects: Women's refuge

abstract: This report is based on participant observations of the daily operations at Te Whakaruruhau, Hamilton. The observations represent the fieldwork element of an undergraduate paper contributing to the co-author, Anna Kurei’s Bachelor’s degree at the University of Waikato. Anna’s participation and observations over several weeks included attending meetings, shadowing Advocates, contributing (as appropriate) to operations and observing interactions between Advocates and the women in living in the service’s residential housing. 
Founded by Ruahine Albert and Ariana Simpson in 1986, Te Whakaruruhau Incorporated (Waikato women's refuge) was the first Māori women's refuge in Aotearoa. Since its inception, Te Whakaruruhau has been a Kaupapa driven service, with Māori cultural practices consciously employed throughout all its operations. Māori tikanga is fluid and adaptable by nature and can therefore meet the needs of people from multiple cultures and backgrounds. The current service has grown from humble beginnings in a four-bedroom state owned house providing emergency housing, to now include a twenty-four-hour crisis service, residential housing and a broadened community outreach programme. Staff numbers have increased from 7 to 36 paid staff and the twenty-fourhour crisis service has allowed the refuge to provide services for high risk cases that would otherwise be turned away. 
Funding is critical to the successful operation of the service. The refuge provides wrap-around services to meet clients’ needs and help them navigate through a maze of government and community services. The needs of women and families who have lived with domestic violence are deep-seated and complex. Achieving a stable, healthy, independent life is frequently a long-term process. Funding however, is not only limited, but is tied to expectations of achieving successful outcomes in the short-term. It was quickly evident during the fieldwork that Te Whakaruruhau is desperately under-resourced. In the year to June 2015 the Refuge provided services for 6575 cases, but had contracted funds for less than 1600. The consequences of such starkly inadequate resources are dire – for both clients and staff.
Advocates (case workers) are frequently exhausted as they try to assist women and children with high and complex needs with very little resources on a highly restricted budget. Many times, workers were observed relegating their own interests (including their own health and safety) in order to meet the demands and needs of their clients. Similarly, the successful rehabilitation of clients is jeopardised by restricted options, insufficient capacity in the system and at times even the simplest of requirements such as transport to essential services. We know that when women and children become free of violence they have better health, employment and education outcomes. These outcomes benefit not only themselves but their communities and the wider social and economic landscape. Higher levels of funding - with a longer term focus- would therefore ultimately reduce the costs of domestic violence overall. Further to this, Kaupapa-based services at Te Whakaruruhau offer a culturally meaningful response to the high representation of Maori women seeking assistance. Its success in the face of such high levels of under-resourcing suggests that expectations around funding also need to be altered.

text: Manaakitia te paharakeke: an insight into the daily operational challenges facing Te Whakaruruhau This report is based on participant observations of the daily operations at Te Whakaruruhau, Hamilton. The observations represent the fieldwork element of an undergraduate paper contributing to the co-author, Anna Kurei’s Bachelor’s degree at the University of Waikato. Anna’s participation and observations over several weeks included attending meetings, shadowing Advocates, contributing (as appropriate) to operations and observing interactions between Advocates and the women in living in the service’s residential housing. 
Founded by Ruahine Albert and Ariana Simpson in 1986, Te Whakaruruhau Incorporated (Waikato women's refuge) was the first Māori women's refuge in Aotearoa. Since its inception, Te Whakaruruhau has been a Kaupapa driven service, with Māori cultural practices consciously employed throughout all its operations. Māori tikanga is fluid and adaptable by nature and can therefore meet the needs of people from multiple cultures and backgrounds. The current service has grown from humble beginnings in a four-bedroom state owned house providing emergency housing, to now include a twenty-four-hour crisis service, residential housing and a broadened community outreach programme. Staff numbers have increased from 7 to 36 paid staff and the twenty-fourhour crisis service has allowed the refuge to provide services for high risk cases that would otherwise be turned away. 
Funding is critical to the successful operation of the service. The refuge provides wrap-around services to meet clients’ needs and help them navigate through a maze of government and community services. The needs of women and families who have lived with domestic violence are deep-seated and complex. Achieving a stable, healthy, independent life is frequently a long-term process. Funding however, is not only limited, but is tied to expectations of achieving successful outcomes in the short-term. It was quickly evident during the fieldwork that Te Whakaruruhau is desperately under-resourced. In the year to June 2015 the Refuge provided services for 6575 cases, but had contracted funds for less than 1600. The consequences of such starkly inadequate resources are dire – for both clients and staff.
Advocates (case workers) are frequently exhausted as they try to assist women and children with high and complex needs with very little resources on a highly restricted budget. Many times, workers were observed relegating their own interests (including their own health and safety) in order to meet the demands and needs of their clients. Similarly, the successful rehabilitation of clients is jeopardised by restricted options, insufficient capacity in the system and at times even the simplest of requirements such as transport to essential services. We know that when women and children become free of violence they have better health, employment and education outcomes. These outcomes benefit not only themselves but their communities and the wider social and economic landscape. Higher levels of funding - with a longer term focus- would therefore ultimately reduce the costs of domestic violence overall. Further to this, Kaupapa-based services at Te Whakaruruhau offer a culturally meaningful response to the high representation of Maori women seeking assistance. Its success in the face of such high levels of under-resourcing suggests that expectations around funding also need to be altered.

year: 2016