title: How climate change displaces Pacific Island settlements and the public’s perception of large scale migration

authors: Allwood, James

subjects: climate change

abstract: Low lying Pacific Island countries are coming under threat from climate change. Island nations are suffering from the impacts of inundation, severe storms, droughts and shortages in fresh water. Climate change impacts are affecting daily life activities and are prompting Island nations to plan for the possibility of relocation. With climate change inducing human migration, this study has investigated how host nation people respond to possibly accommodating large Pacific Island communities. 

A literature review was carried out to research climate change impacts in the Pacific islands, migration theories and cultural interaction. To support this, Semi structured interviews were conducted to gain insight from the host population. Upon conducting interviews, three major themes were found. 
1) Host population want the migrant population to integrate with them and be part of their communities. They do not want migrants to isolate and segregate themselves and create cultural factions.
2) With facing the possibility of large numbers of migrants relocating they could create a welfare burden on New Zealand economy. This is because migrants could be unskilled or the New Zealand economy may struggle to find sufficient employment. Migrants may also group together in an area to create support networks and host population are apprehensive that this could create ethnic enclaves amongst communities.
3) Migrants should be treated like everyone else and should relocate to wherever they can find work. The maintenance of cultural traditions and identity for migrant groups would be difficult to keep from disintegrating when migrant communities are dispersed around New Zealand and relocated away from coastal environments.

text: How climate change displaces Pacific Island settlements and the public’s perception of large scale migration Low lying Pacific Island countries are coming under threat from climate change. Island nations are suffering from the impacts of inundation, severe storms, droughts and shortages in fresh water. Climate change impacts are affecting daily life activities and are prompting Island nations to plan for the possibility of relocation. With climate change inducing human migration, this study has investigated how host nation people respond to possibly accommodating large Pacific Island communities. 

A literature review was carried out to research climate change impacts in the Pacific islands, migration theories and cultural interaction. To support this, Semi structured interviews were conducted to gain insight from the host population. Upon conducting interviews, three major themes were found. 
1) Host population want the migrant population to integrate with them and be part of their communities. They do not want migrants to isolate and segregate themselves and create cultural factions.
2) With facing the possibility of large numbers of migrants relocating they could create a welfare burden on New Zealand economy. This is because migrants could be unskilled or the New Zealand economy may struggle to find sufficient employment. Migrants may also group together in an area to create support networks and host population are apprehensive that this could create ethnic enclaves amongst communities.
3) Migrants should be treated like everyone else and should relocate to wherever they can find work. The maintenance of cultural traditions and identity for migrant groups would be difficult to keep from disintegrating when migrant communities are dispersed around New Zealand and relocated away from coastal environments.

year: 2013

title: Bloodmeal Hydrolysate In Novatein Thermoplastic Protein

authors: Ahuja, Gaurav

subjects: Bloodmeal

abstract: Novatein Thermoplastic (NTP) is a bloodmeal based plastic developed by the University of Waikato by mixing bloodmeal with water, additives and tri-ethylene glycol (TEG - a plasticiser and petroleum based product) so it can be extruded and injection moulded. The aim of this research was to produce a bloodmeal hydrolysate that could be used in NTP as a substitute for TEG, and also used to treat sodium bentonite clay to improve its properties as a filler in NTP.
Bloodmeal was hydrolysed with pepsin and alcalase to determine the reaction rate, degree of hydrolysis and optimum conditions.  Bloodmeal could be readily hydrolysed giving up to 80% hydrolysis yield with 25-40% degree of hydrolysis, with average peptide molecular weight ranging between 2-12 kDa for alcalase, and 20-25% degree of hydrolysis and average molecular weights of 20-80 kDa for pepsin.  Large scale hydrolysis with alcalase, trypsin and then pepsin gave 80% hydrolysis yield, and peptide average molecular weights at 8.9 kDa for alcalase, to 5.5 for trypsin.
Adsorption of hydrolysate on to sodium bentonite gave 127 mg/g clay adsorption for alcalase, but was low for trypsin, and no adsorption occurred for pepsin hydrolysate.
Specific mechanical energy required to extrude NTP increased with increasing hydrolysate content but only slightly increased with clay content, but in both cases increased with extent of hydrolysis, i.e. trypsin hydrolysate gave greater SME than alcalase, and pepsin hydrolysate gave greater SME than trypsin, which could be due to the increasing salt content in the hydrolysate.
Tensile strength, secant modulus, crystallinity, thermostability and glass transition temperature decreased with increasing hydrolysate content in NTP, likely due to the shorter average protein chain length, indicative of some plasticisation.  Glass transition temperature did not change for NTP with alcalase hydrolysate.  Toughness, strain at break, and impact strength were low indicating a very brittle material.
Highly variable results were obtained for the NTP with treated and untreated clay as a filler, but generally gave lower mechanical properties than conventional NTP.  Alcalase treated clay was particularly detrimental on NTP composite strain at break and toughness.  Thermostability of the composites increased within the 450-600oC region with increasing clay concentration for all treated clays, but showed a much more rapid decrease in mass loss.

text: Bloodmeal Hydrolysate In Novatein Thermoplastic Protein Novatein Thermoplastic (NTP) is a bloodmeal based plastic developed by the University of Waikato by mixing bloodmeal with water, additives and tri-ethylene glycol (TEG - a plasticiser and petroleum based product) so it can be extruded and injection moulded. The aim of this research was to produce a bloodmeal hydrolysate that could be used in NTP as a substitute for TEG, and also used to treat sodium bentonite clay to improve its properties as a filler in NTP.
Bloodmeal was hydrolysed with pepsin and alcalase to determine the reaction rate, degree of hydrolysis and optimum conditions.  Bloodmeal could be readily hydrolysed giving up to 80% hydrolysis yield with 25-40% degree of hydrolysis, with average peptide molecular weight ranging between 2-12 kDa for alcalase, and 20-25% degree of hydrolysis and average molecular weights of 20-80 kDa for pepsin.  Large scale hydrolysis with alcalase, trypsin and then pepsin gave 80% hydrolysis yield, and peptide average molecular weights at 8.9 kDa for alcalase, to 5.5 for trypsin.
Adsorption of hydrolysate on to sodium bentonite gave 127 mg/g clay adsorption for alcalase, but was low for trypsin, and no adsorption occurred for pepsin hydrolysate.
Specific mechanical energy required to extrude NTP increased with increasing hydrolysate content but only slightly increased with clay content, but in both cases increased with extent of hydrolysis, i.e. trypsin hydrolysate gave greater SME than alcalase, and pepsin hydrolysate gave greater SME than trypsin, which could be due to the increasing salt content in the hydrolysate.
Tensile strength, secant modulus, crystallinity, thermostability and glass transition temperature decreased with increasing hydrolysate content in NTP, likely due to the shorter average protein chain length, indicative of some plasticisation.  Glass transition temperature did not change for NTP with alcalase hydrolysate.  Toughness, strain at break, and impact strength were low indicating a very brittle material.
Highly variable results were obtained for the NTP with treated and untreated clay as a filler, but generally gave lower mechanical properties than conventional NTP.  Alcalase treated clay was particularly detrimental on NTP composite strain at break and toughness.  Thermostability of the composites increased within the 450-600oC region with increasing clay concentration for all treated clays, but showed a much more rapid decrease in mass loss.

year: 2014

title: Upoko Tapu, Upoko Whakakapowai, Upoko Hokona

authors: Gabel, Robert Rutene Whakaangi

subjects: Ngāpuhi

abstract: Ngāpuhi, a confederation of Māori iwi (tribes) from Te Tai Tokerau, the northern region of Aotearoa, is the largest iwi of New Zealand. They were one of the first iwi to come into contact with Europeans in the early 19th century. During this period of contact, particularly between the years 1820 – 1831, Ngāpuhi had a devastating impact on the history of Māori, as they amassed a fighting force of some two thousand warriors and acquired the use of European firearms. Ngāpuhi then circumnavigated the North Island, waging war on coastal and inland tribes with the purpose of avenging past defeats and losses suffered at the hands of their traditional enemies. This objective was ultimately achieved, but this period of war also saw the emergence of another key event in Māori history, the beginning of the trade in what we now call toi moko, which were used to trade with Europeans for muskets. 

Given that Māori have always regarded the head as the most tapu part of the human anatomy, this thesis investigates and explores what effect or influence tikanga and tapu had on this trade. It further studies some of the rationales which allowed Ngāpuhi to override that sacred tradition and move into the trade of toi moko. This thesis argues that Ngāpuhi did not desecrate tapu in the selling and trading of toi moko but took advantage of another long-standing tradition that the tapu of the vanquished ceased to exist upon his death. Lastly, it argues that the trade in toi moko was necessary to ensure the safety and continuity of the Ngāpuhi iwi.

text: Upoko Tapu, Upoko Whakakapowai, Upoko Hokona Ngāpuhi, a confederation of Māori iwi (tribes) from Te Tai Tokerau, the northern region of Aotearoa, is the largest iwi of New Zealand. They were one of the first iwi to come into contact with Europeans in the early 19th century. During this period of contact, particularly between the years 1820 – 1831, Ngāpuhi had a devastating impact on the history of Māori, as they amassed a fighting force of some two thousand warriors and acquired the use of European firearms. Ngāpuhi then circumnavigated the North Island, waging war on coastal and inland tribes with the purpose of avenging past defeats and losses suffered at the hands of their traditional enemies. This objective was ultimately achieved, but this period of war also saw the emergence of another key event in Māori history, the beginning of the trade in what we now call toi moko, which were used to trade with Europeans for muskets. 

Given that Māori have always regarded the head as the most tapu part of the human anatomy, this thesis investigates and explores what effect or influence tikanga and tapu had on this trade. It further studies some of the rationales which allowed Ngāpuhi to override that sacred tradition and move into the trade of toi moko. This thesis argues that Ngāpuhi did not desecrate tapu in the selling and trading of toi moko but took advantage of another long-standing tradition that the tapu of the vanquished ceased to exist upon his death. Lastly, it argues that the trade in toi moko was necessary to ensure the safety and continuity of the Ngāpuhi iwi.

year: 2012