title: Comparability of language samples elicited in different situations from the same group of children

authors: Hanlon, Noel Norman

abstract: Language samples were elicited in six different situations from 20 five-year-old children (10 boys, 10 girls) in their first six months at Primary School. The samples of language were analyzed using a number of quantitative and qualitative measures. The qualitative measures used were the noun phrase index (NPI), verb phrase index (VPI), and length complexity index (LCI) developed by Shriner (1967). The data was also analyzed according to number of noun phrases, number of verb phrases, and total utterances. 
In the statistical treatment of the analyzed data, correlation coefficients were obtained between all possible pairs of situations and conditions on each of the quantitative and qualitative measures. A series of t tests was also computed between pairs of situations on each of these measures. The analysis of the results of the quantitative and qualitative measures indicated that the samples of language elicited in the six different situations were not comparable. 
Discussion of these results considered a range of factors that may have contributed to the differences noted. Factors related to the nature of the situations, the setting within which the language was elicited, and person factors, such as the effect of the experimenter and the effect of the mother, were considered.
It was concluded that such factors as those mentioned above were integral aspects of the language situation worthy of equal consideration with the language elicited.

text: Comparability of language samples elicited in different situations from the same group of children Language samples were elicited in six different situations from 20 five-year-old children (10 boys, 10 girls) in their first six months at Primary School. The samples of language were analyzed using a number of quantitative and qualitative measures. The qualitative measures used were the noun phrase index (NPI), verb phrase index (VPI), and length complexity index (LCI) developed by Shriner (1967). The data was also analyzed according to number of noun phrases, number of verb phrases, and total utterances. 
In the statistical treatment of the analyzed data, correlation coefficients were obtained between all possible pairs of situations and conditions on each of the quantitative and qualitative measures. A series of t tests was also computed between pairs of situations on each of these measures. The analysis of the results of the quantitative and qualitative measures indicated that the samples of language elicited in the six different situations were not comparable. 
Discussion of these results considered a range of factors that may have contributed to the differences noted. Factors related to the nature of the situations, the setting within which the language was elicited, and person factors, such as the effect of the experimenter and the effect of the mother, were considered.
It was concluded that such factors as those mentioned above were integral aspects of the language situation worthy of equal consideration with the language elicited.

year: 1973

title: A coherent middle Pliocene magnetostratigraphy, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand

authors: Turner, Gillian M.

subjects: palaeomagnetism

abstract: We document magnetostratigraphies for three river sections (Turakina, Rangitikei, Wanganui) in Wanganui Basin and interpret them as corresponding to the Upper Gilbert, the Gauss and lower Matuyama Chrons of the Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale, in agreement with foraminiferal biostratigraphic datums. The Gauss-Gilbert transition (3.58 Ma) is located in both the Turakina and Wanganui River sections, while the Gauss-Matuyama transition (2.58 Ma) is located in all three sections, as are the lower and upper boundaries of the Mammoth (3.33–3.22 Ma) and Kaena (3.11–3.04 Ma) Subchrons. Our interpretations are based in part on the re-analysis of existing datasets and in part on the acquisition and analysis of new data, particularly for the Wanganui River section. The palaeomagnetic dates of these six horizons provide the only numerical age control for a thick (up to 2000 m) mudstone succession (Tangahoe Mudstone) that accumulated chiefly in upper bathyal and outer neritic palaeoenvironments. In the Wanganui River section the mean sediment accumulation rate is estimated to have been about 1.8 m/k.y., in the Turakina section it was about 1.5 m/k.y., and in the Rangitikei section, the mean rate from the beginning of the Mammoth Subchron to the Hautawa Shellbed was about 1.1 m/k.y. The high rates may be associated with the progradation of slope clinoforms northward through the basin. This new palaeomagnetic timescale allows revised correlations to be made between cyclothems in the Rangitikei River section and the global Oxygen Isotope Stages (OIS) as represented in Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 846. The 16 depositional sequences between the end of the Mammoth Subchron and the Gauss-Matuyama Boundary are correlated with OIS MG2 to 100. The cyclothems average 39 k.y. in duration in our age model, which is close to the 41 k.y. duration of the orbital obliquity cycles. We support the arguments advanced recently in defence of the need for local New Zealand stages as a means of classifying New Zealand sedimentary successions, and strongly oppose the proposal to move stage boundaries to selected geomagnetic polarity transitions. The primary magnetisation of New Zealand mudstone is frequently overprinted with secondary components of diagenetic origin, and hence it is often difficult to obtain reliable magnetostratigraphic records. We suggest specific approaches, analytical methods, and criteria to help ensure robustness and coherency in the palaeomagnetic identification of chron boundaries in typical New Zealand Cenozoic mudstone successions.

text: A coherent middle Pliocene magnetostratigraphy, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand We document magnetostratigraphies for three river sections (Turakina, Rangitikei, Wanganui) in Wanganui Basin and interpret them as corresponding to the Upper Gilbert, the Gauss and lower Matuyama Chrons of the Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale, in agreement with foraminiferal biostratigraphic datums. The Gauss-Gilbert transition (3.58 Ma) is located in both the Turakina and Wanganui River sections, while the Gauss-Matuyama transition (2.58 Ma) is located in all three sections, as are the lower and upper boundaries of the Mammoth (3.33–3.22 Ma) and Kaena (3.11–3.04 Ma) Subchrons. Our interpretations are based in part on the re-analysis of existing datasets and in part on the acquisition and analysis of new data, particularly for the Wanganui River section. The palaeomagnetic dates of these six horizons provide the only numerical age control for a thick (up to 2000 m) mudstone succession (Tangahoe Mudstone) that accumulated chiefly in upper bathyal and outer neritic palaeoenvironments. In the Wanganui River section the mean sediment accumulation rate is estimated to have been about 1.8 m/k.y., in the Turakina section it was about 1.5 m/k.y., and in the Rangitikei section, the mean rate from the beginning of the Mammoth Subchron to the Hautawa Shellbed was about 1.1 m/k.y. The high rates may be associated with the progradation of slope clinoforms northward through the basin. This new palaeomagnetic timescale allows revised correlations to be made between cyclothems in the Rangitikei River section and the global Oxygen Isotope Stages (OIS) as represented in Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 846. The 16 depositional sequences between the end of the Mammoth Subchron and the Gauss-Matuyama Boundary are correlated with OIS MG2 to 100. The cyclothems average 39 k.y. in duration in our age model, which is close to the 41 k.y. duration of the orbital obliquity cycles. We support the arguments advanced recently in defence of the need for local New Zealand stages as a means of classifying New Zealand sedimentary successions, and strongly oppose the proposal to move stage boundaries to selected geomagnetic polarity transitions. The primary magnetisation of New Zealand mudstone is frequently overprinted with secondary components of diagenetic origin, and hence it is often difficult to obtain reliable magnetostratigraphic records. We suggest specific approaches, analytical methods, and criteria to help ensure robustness and coherency in the palaeomagnetic identification of chron boundaries in typical New Zealand Cenozoic mudstone successions.

year: 2005

title: Bilingual/Immersion education: Indicators of good practice

authors: May, Stephen

subjects: Maori

abstract: Based on a review of national and international research on bilingualism and bilingual/immersion education, this report explores effective approaches for bilingual education. While the focus was on Māori-medium education, the indicators of good practice can also be applied to other bilingual contexts in Aotearoa/New Zealand, such as Pasifika bilingual education.

text: Bilingual/Immersion education: Indicators of good practice Based on a review of national and international research on bilingualism and bilingual/immersion education, this report explores effective approaches for bilingual education. While the focus was on Māori-medium education, the indicators of good practice can also be applied to other bilingual contexts in Aotearoa/New Zealand, such as Pasifika bilingual education.

year: 2004