title: Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe

authors: O'Reilly, Catherine M.

abstract: In this first worldwide synthesis of in situ and satellite-derived lake data, we find that lake summer surface water temperatures rose rapidly (global mean = 0.34°C decade-1) between 1985 and 2009. Our analyses show that surface water warming rates are dependent on combinations of climate and local characteristics, rather than just lake location, leading to the counterintuitive result that regional consistency in lake warming is the exception, rather than the rule. The most rapidly warming lakes are widely geographically distributed, and their warming is associated with interactions among different climatic factors - from seasonally ice-covered lakes in areas where temperature and solar radiation are increasing while cloud cover is diminishing (0.72°C decade-1) to ice-free lakes experiencing increases in air temperature and solar radiation (0.53°C decade-1). The pervasive and rapid warming observed here signals the urgent need to incorporate climate impacts into vulnerability assessments and adaptation efforts for lakes.

text: Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe In this first worldwide synthesis of in situ and satellite-derived lake data, we find that lake summer surface water temperatures rose rapidly (global mean = 0.34°C decade-1) between 1985 and 2009. Our analyses show that surface water warming rates are dependent on combinations of climate and local characteristics, rather than just lake location, leading to the counterintuitive result that regional consistency in lake warming is the exception, rather than the rule. The most rapidly warming lakes are widely geographically distributed, and their warming is associated with interactions among different climatic factors - from seasonally ice-covered lakes in areas where temperature and solar radiation are increasing while cloud cover is diminishing (0.72°C decade-1) to ice-free lakes experiencing increases in air temperature and solar radiation (0.53°C decade-1). The pervasive and rapid warming observed here signals the urgent need to incorporate climate impacts into vulnerability assessments and adaptation efforts for lakes.

year: 2015

title: The application of equilibrium beach profile theory to coastal hazard identification in the Bay of Plenty

authors: Pickett, Vernon

abstract: The Bay of Plenty (BoP) is situated on the north-eastern coast of New Zealand. It is low wave energy sand rich environment that is susceptible to the effects of intense mid latitude depressions and ex tropical cyclones. These can produce strong winds and onshore directed swells that are frequently associated with episodes of significant beach erosion. Such conditions are often exacerbated during the La Nina phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). 

The beaches in the BoP monitoring data set (48 sites) have been classified in this research using Dean's parameter to determine beach states according to the classification system of Wright and Short. Principally the beaches can be described from this analysis as Intermediate beaches with occasional Dissipative beach types, for example those located in the lee of headlands as at West End Ohope, and Reflective beach types, as for example those on the steeper opencoast beaches at Otamarakau. 

Intermediate beaches consist modally of Longshore Bar and Trough morphologies (LBT) with strong representations from the other more dynamic and responsive intermediate beach types including the Low Tide Terrace (LTT), Transverse Bar and Rip (TBR) and Rhythmic Bar and Beach (RBB). The analysis confirmed that considerable beach state variability (involving up to +56 to - 60 m³m⁻¹) can be expected from these beach types over relatively short time frames of days to months. The indications are that the Dean beach equilibrium model (1977) fitted the more dynamic intermediate beaches better than beaches located at the extremes of the Wright and Short (1983) spectrum.

The equilibrium beach profile (EBP) models and their derivations have been described prior to applying the Dean (1977) and Dean et al. (1993) two dimensional parametric models to the 48 profiles in the BoP dataset. The purpose of this assessment was to determine the equilibrium beach status of profiles for potential use in defining coastal hazard zones in the BoP. Both models require the definition of boundary conditions, the onshore limit being defined by mean sea level, while the offshore limit was defined by closure depth. This was determined from review of the geomorphic evidence, repeat profile analysis and calculation using wave data and the Hallermeier formulae (19878, 1981a).

The two EBP models were fitted by least squares regression (LSR) analysis to all beach profiles in the BoP dataset. In carrying this out both scale and shape factors were allowed freedom to vary so as to minimise the residual errors in the assessments. The results from this allowed statistical analyses to be carried out on both parameters to determine their most probable values. This confirmed the appropriateness of Dean's (1977) value of ⅔ for the shape factor (or exponent) based on linear wave theory and uniform wave energy dissipation per unit volume. 

The LSR analysis was repeated holding the shape factor at ⅔ while allowing the scale factor (A) to change. The results from this analysis were then compared to the mean sediment data obtained from the profile monitoring database. This confirmed Dean's relationship between sediment fall velocity (grain diameter) and the regression derived scale factor values based on a log-log transformation.

Dean's 1977 and 1991 equilibrium profile models were then applied to the BoP profile dataset to determine each profile's equilibrium status representing the beach's potential to either erode or accrete. This potentially forms the first element of inputs to any coastal hazard zone determination because it affects spatially the location of mean sea level as a baseline from which to measure erosion limits. This analysis was carried out using three different closure depths and the two models with or without piecewise variation of the scale factor. The best overall fit using LSR analysis confirmed the appropriateness of the Dean (1977) model with profile averaged scale factor derived from the related sediment sampling. 

As part of this work the Wang and Davis three sector profile model was also examined and applied to the BoP dataset. This model potentially better describes the nearshore 2-dimensional beach morphology because it incorporates the offshore bar so typical of Intermediate beaches in the BoP. However when scale and shape factors were held according to the data obtained from the earlier LSR analysis, the model fails to replicate the success achieved by its authors using Florida data. 

Sea Level Rise (SLR) forms a second component of any coastal hazard analysis. The derivation of the Bruun Rule was examined from a variety of theoretical perspectives and was confirmed using equilibrium beach profile theory. As a consequence the Bruun Rule was applied within an equilibrium model using a MATLAB routine to predict likely profile shifts for the 'business as usual' climate change scenario of the IPPCC. Large Scale Coastal Behaviour (LSCB) theory (Cowell et al., 2003; Stive, 2004) was then applied to four different locations to ascertain the potential counter effects of sedimentation utilising coastal sediment budgets and progradation rates.

Storm erosion presents a third coastal hazard component predictable using EBP theory. The model chosen for this was EDUNE (Kriebel, 1989), a two dimensional parametric model based around the concepts described in Kriebel and Dean (1985) and Kriebel (1989). A design storm was developed from regional climate and weather information and applied to all profiles in the dataset to determine erosion limits. This was then applied cumulatively with the other two erosion drivers (profile disequilibrium and SLR) as shown to predict a suitable coastal setback line (or coastal hazard zone) from mean sea level as a protection measure for development occurring along this sandy coastline.

text: The application of equilibrium beach profile theory to coastal hazard identification in the Bay of Plenty The Bay of Plenty (BoP) is situated on the north-eastern coast of New Zealand. It is low wave energy sand rich environment that is susceptible to the effects of intense mid latitude depressions and ex tropical cyclones. These can produce strong winds and onshore directed swells that are frequently associated with episodes of significant beach erosion. Such conditions are often exacerbated during the La Nina phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). 

The beaches in the BoP monitoring data set (48 sites) have been classified in this research using Dean's parameter to determine beach states according to the classification system of Wright and Short. Principally the beaches can be described from this analysis as Intermediate beaches with occasional Dissipative beach types, for example those located in the lee of headlands as at West End Ohope, and Reflective beach types, as for example those on the steeper opencoast beaches at Otamarakau. 

Intermediate beaches consist modally of Longshore Bar and Trough morphologies (LBT) with strong representations from the other more dynamic and responsive intermediate beach types including the Low Tide Terrace (LTT), Transverse Bar and Rip (TBR) and Rhythmic Bar and Beach (RBB). The analysis confirmed that considerable beach state variability (involving up to +56 to - 60 m³m⁻¹) can be expected from these beach types over relatively short time frames of days to months. The indications are that the Dean beach equilibrium model (1977) fitted the more dynamic intermediate beaches better than beaches located at the extremes of the Wright and Short (1983) spectrum.

The equilibrium beach profile (EBP) models and their derivations have been described prior to applying the Dean (1977) and Dean et al. (1993) two dimensional parametric models to the 48 profiles in the BoP dataset. The purpose of this assessment was to determine the equilibrium beach status of profiles for potential use in defining coastal hazard zones in the BoP. Both models require the definition of boundary conditions, the onshore limit being defined by mean sea level, while the offshore limit was defined by closure depth. This was determined from review of the geomorphic evidence, repeat profile analysis and calculation using wave data and the Hallermeier formulae (19878, 1981a).

The two EBP models were fitted by least squares regression (LSR) analysis to all beach profiles in the BoP dataset. In carrying this out both scale and shape factors were allowed freedom to vary so as to minimise the residual errors in the assessments. The results from this allowed statistical analyses to be carried out on both parameters to determine their most probable values. This confirmed the appropriateness of Dean's (1977) value of ⅔ for the shape factor (or exponent) based on linear wave theory and uniform wave energy dissipation per unit volume. 

The LSR analysis was repeated holding the shape factor at ⅔ while allowing the scale factor (A) to change. The results from this analysis were then compared to the mean sediment data obtained from the profile monitoring database. This confirmed Dean's relationship between sediment fall velocity (grain diameter) and the regression derived scale factor values based on a log-log transformation.

Dean's 1977 and 1991 equilibrium profile models were then applied to the BoP profile dataset to determine each profile's equilibrium status representing the beach's potential to either erode or accrete. This potentially forms the first element of inputs to any coastal hazard zone determination because it affects spatially the location of mean sea level as a baseline from which to measure erosion limits. This analysis was carried out using three different closure depths and the two models with or without piecewise variation of the scale factor. The best overall fit using LSR analysis confirmed the appropriateness of the Dean (1977) model with profile averaged scale factor derived from the related sediment sampling. 

As part of this work the Wang and Davis three sector profile model was also examined and applied to the BoP dataset. This model potentially better describes the nearshore 2-dimensional beach morphology because it incorporates the offshore bar so typical of Intermediate beaches in the BoP. However when scale and shape factors were held according to the data obtained from the earlier LSR analysis, the model fails to replicate the success achieved by its authors using Florida data. 

Sea Level Rise (SLR) forms a second component of any coastal hazard analysis. The derivation of the Bruun Rule was examined from a variety of theoretical perspectives and was confirmed using equilibrium beach profile theory. As a consequence the Bruun Rule was applied within an equilibrium model using a MATLAB routine to predict likely profile shifts for the 'business as usual' climate change scenario of the IPPCC. Large Scale Coastal Behaviour (LSCB) theory (Cowell et al., 2003; Stive, 2004) was then applied to four different locations to ascertain the potential counter effects of sedimentation utilising coastal sediment budgets and progradation rates.

Storm erosion presents a third coastal hazard component predictable using EBP theory. The model chosen for this was EDUNE (Kriebel, 1989), a two dimensional parametric model based around the concepts described in Kriebel and Dean (1985) and Kriebel (1989). A design storm was developed from regional climate and weather information and applied to all profiles in the dataset to determine erosion limits. This was then applied cumulatively with the other two erosion drivers (profile disequilibrium and SLR) as shown to predict a suitable coastal setback line (or coastal hazard zone) from mean sea level as a protection measure for development occurring along this sandy coastline.

year: 2004

title: A Critical Tiriti Analysis of the Treaty Statement From a University in Aotearoa New Zealand

authors: Hamley, Logan

abstract: Universities in Aotearoa New Zealand have been placed under the spotlight for claims of systemic racism. Following the claims made in relation to the University of Waikato in 2020 and University of Otago in 2022, universities have the responsibility to create an inclusive environment where systemic racism is dismantled, to meaningfully partner with Māori to construct a model for decolonisation, and to enhance the academic experience of Māori staff and students by weaving in mātauranga Māori into existing teaching and research practices. The University of Waikato progresses ahead of other universities in its attempt to fulfil Te Tiriti o Waitangi commitment through the introduction of the Treaty Statement. In this paper, the Treaty Statement is used as a case study to identify how universities articulate bicultural commitments. To do so, our team (consisting of Māori and tauiwi scholars) performed a critical Tiriti analysis comprising five phases to investigate the degree of alignment of the statement with Te Tiriti. The desktop analysis showed poor engagement with most Te Tiriti elements. The analysis evaluation of “good” (more than satisfactory) was measured for the consideration of “Māori exercising equitable citizenship”. This article concludes with recommendations of how universities can strengthen their practices to live up to Te Tiriti aspirations.

text: A Critical Tiriti Analysis of the Treaty Statement From a University in Aotearoa New Zealand Universities in Aotearoa New Zealand have been placed under the spotlight for claims of systemic racism. Following the claims made in relation to the University of Waikato in 2020 and University of Otago in 2022, universities have the responsibility to create an inclusive environment where systemic racism is dismantled, to meaningfully partner with Māori to construct a model for decolonisation, and to enhance the academic experience of Māori staff and students by weaving in mātauranga Māori into existing teaching and research practices. The University of Waikato progresses ahead of other universities in its attempt to fulfil Te Tiriti o Waitangi commitment through the introduction of the Treaty Statement. In this paper, the Treaty Statement is used as a case study to identify how universities articulate bicultural commitments. To do so, our team (consisting of Māori and tauiwi scholars) performed a critical Tiriti analysis comprising five phases to investigate the degree of alignment of the statement with Te Tiriti. The desktop analysis showed poor engagement with most Te Tiriti elements. The analysis evaluation of “good” (more than satisfactory) was measured for the consideration of “Māori exercising equitable citizenship”. This article concludes with recommendations of how universities can strengthen their practices to live up to Te Tiriti aspirations.

year: 2024-02-21