title: Report on the New Zealand National Curriculum, 2002 - Australian Council of Educational Research

authors: McGee, Clive

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: As part of the New Zealand Curriculum Stocktake, the New Zealand Ministry of Education commissioned the Australian Council of Educational Research to prepare a commentary on the New Zealand National Curriculum. Sue Ferguson conducted the project as a commissioned consultant to ACER.

text: Report on the New Zealand National Curriculum, 2002 - Australian Council of Educational Research As part of the New Zealand Curriculum Stocktake, the New Zealand Ministry of Education commissioned the Australian Council of Educational Research to prepare a commentary on the New Zealand National Curriculum. Sue Ferguson conducted the project as a commissioned consultant to ACER.

year: 2003

title: Expression of TNF- α at mRNA level in Thp-1 cells exposed to LPS and HSP60: Possible impact on diabetic vascular inflammation

authors: Azfar, Afreen

subjects: mRNA

abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia. It occurs when the b cells of the pancreas produce either low levels of insulin or no insulin at all. The chronic hyperglycaemic condition of diabetes is associated with the dysfunction, long-term damage and failure of organs such as the heart and blood vessels. Diabetes is closely linked to the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, which is one of the highest causes of death worldwide. In particular, the hyperglycaemic and chronic inflammatory state of diabetes has been linked with atherogenesis, which is when fatty deposits build up in the arteries and they become inflamed. It still remains unknown how diabetes contributes to atherosclerosis.
Heat Shock Protein 60 (HSP60) is an important endogenous inflammatory mediator elevated in diabetic patients. HSP60 can be released from various cell types, including monocyte cells, which are the most common cell type found in atherosclerotic plaques. The mechanism behind how HSP60 triggers endothelial cell inflammation remains unknown, but has been hypothesised to be similar to that of a Toll like receptor 4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Understanding the molecular mechanism of HSP60 could give insights into the pathological, cellular and molecular basis of vascular inflammation in diabetes as well as other vascular diseases such as cardiovascular disease.
It is hypothesized that monocyte-derived HSP60 has a role in causing inflammation in the diabetic vasculature through the expression of pro- inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, which could contribute to atherosclerosis. In this study a human monocyte cell line (Thp-1) was used to mimic monocyte behaviour. First a growth curve was established, which indicated when the cells were in their exponential phase. This enabled RNA to be extracted during the period when cells were growing the fastest.
Thp-1 cells were then exposed to LPS for 6, 12, and 24 hours to determine the expression of TNF-α. After conducting RT-PCR, a 12 hour time point was selected. Since inconsistent results were obtained using this semi- quantitative analysis, qPCR was carried out for the rest of the project.
Thp-1 cells were then exposed to 50ng/mL and 100ng/mL of LPS for 12 hours. After conducting and analysing qPCR using the delta-delta Ct method and the Pfaffl method, a ~2 fold increase was seen in the expression of a pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α. These results however were not significant (determined by a Student’s T test).
In order to obtain a higher level of TNF-α expression, this experiment was repeated with 10ng/mL and 50ng/mL of LPS for 4 hours, based on previous published research. These results were analysed using the delta-delta Ct method and the Pfaffl method. The results were not what was expected; only an insignificant <1 fold increase was seen in the samples.
Thp-1 cells were also exposed to 500ng/mL and 1500ng/mL of HSP60 for 4 hours in order to see a TNF-α induction. HSP60 has been hypothesised to work through the same mechanism as LPS to trigger TNF-α , leading to an inflammatory response. However again, no significant increase in expression was seen (as determined by a Student’s T test).
The inability to detect a significant up-regulation of the expression of TNF-α at mRNA level with LPS (positive control) and HSP60 in Thp-1 cells was surprising as this is well documented in the literature. This could possibly have been due to the high passage number of the Thp-1 cell cultures used in this study; mycoplasma contamination or stability of the LPS used. The study therefore needs to be repeated with cells of a lower passage number and cells checked for mycoplasma contamination to establish appropriate time frames of exposure and concentrations of LPS and HSP60 required to see a TNF-α induction. This could then be followed by experiments using receptor antagonists, such as TAK-242, (a TLR4 antagonist) to determine if TNF-α expression levels would give an indication of whether or not HSP60 was using the same pathway as LPS, and if it indeed played a part in causing diabetic vascular inflammation.

text: Expression of TNF- α at mRNA level in Thp-1 cells exposed to LPS and HSP60: Possible impact on diabetic vascular inflammation Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia. It occurs when the b cells of the pancreas produce either low levels of insulin or no insulin at all. The chronic hyperglycaemic condition of diabetes is associated with the dysfunction, long-term damage and failure of organs such as the heart and blood vessels. Diabetes is closely linked to the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, which is one of the highest causes of death worldwide. In particular, the hyperglycaemic and chronic inflammatory state of diabetes has been linked with atherogenesis, which is when fatty deposits build up in the arteries and they become inflamed. It still remains unknown how diabetes contributes to atherosclerosis.
Heat Shock Protein 60 (HSP60) is an important endogenous inflammatory mediator elevated in diabetic patients. HSP60 can be released from various cell types, including monocyte cells, which are the most common cell type found in atherosclerotic plaques. The mechanism behind how HSP60 triggers endothelial cell inflammation remains unknown, but has been hypothesised to be similar to that of a Toll like receptor 4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Understanding the molecular mechanism of HSP60 could give insights into the pathological, cellular and molecular basis of vascular inflammation in diabetes as well as other vascular diseases such as cardiovascular disease.
It is hypothesized that monocyte-derived HSP60 has a role in causing inflammation in the diabetic vasculature through the expression of pro- inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, which could contribute to atherosclerosis. In this study a human monocyte cell line (Thp-1) was used to mimic monocyte behaviour. First a growth curve was established, which indicated when the cells were in their exponential phase. This enabled RNA to be extracted during the period when cells were growing the fastest.
Thp-1 cells were then exposed to LPS for 6, 12, and 24 hours to determine the expression of TNF-α. After conducting RT-PCR, a 12 hour time point was selected. Since inconsistent results were obtained using this semi- quantitative analysis, qPCR was carried out for the rest of the project.
Thp-1 cells were then exposed to 50ng/mL and 100ng/mL of LPS for 12 hours. After conducting and analysing qPCR using the delta-delta Ct method and the Pfaffl method, a ~2 fold increase was seen in the expression of a pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α. These results however were not significant (determined by a Student’s T test).
In order to obtain a higher level of TNF-α expression, this experiment was repeated with 10ng/mL and 50ng/mL of LPS for 4 hours, based on previous published research. These results were analysed using the delta-delta Ct method and the Pfaffl method. The results were not what was expected; only an insignificant <1 fold increase was seen in the samples.
Thp-1 cells were also exposed to 500ng/mL and 1500ng/mL of HSP60 for 4 hours in order to see a TNF-α induction. HSP60 has been hypothesised to work through the same mechanism as LPS to trigger TNF-α , leading to an inflammatory response. However again, no significant increase in expression was seen (as determined by a Student’s T test).
The inability to detect a significant up-regulation of the expression of TNF-α at mRNA level with LPS (positive control) and HSP60 in Thp-1 cells was surprising as this is well documented in the literature. This could possibly have been due to the high passage number of the Thp-1 cell cultures used in this study; mycoplasma contamination or stability of the LPS used. The study therefore needs to be repeated with cells of a lower passage number and cells checked for mycoplasma contamination to establish appropriate time frames of exposure and concentrations of LPS and HSP60 required to see a TNF-α induction. This could then be followed by experiments using receptor antagonists, such as TAK-242, (a TLR4 antagonist) to determine if TNF-α expression levels would give an indication of whether or not HSP60 was using the same pathway as LPS, and if it indeed played a part in causing diabetic vascular inflammation.

year: 2018

title: Indigenous people with disabilities: The argument for representation in human rights legislation (with specific reference to the development stage of the United Nations International Disability Convention)

authors: Hickey, Huhana

subjects: Tangata whaikaha

abstract: Until comparatively recently, human rights legislation was largely based on a universalist analysis. In treating all human beings alike, in failing to acknowledge the need for special measures to combat the marginalisation and oppression of particular groups, such as indigenous people and people with disabilities, it actually contributed to their invisibility and, hence, to their marginalisation and oppression. More recently, however, there has been a global trend towards the recognition of marginalised groups in human rights legislation. Even so, universalism, and the prejudice that so often accompanies it, is still in evidence. For example, although the United Nations is currently involved in drafting a Disabled Persons Convention, indigenous people with disabilities are not specifically represented. Their particular situation, one that involves a dual form of oppression (as indigenous people and as people with disabilities) is not acknowledged. Unless this situation is remedied, the Convention will inevitably be both less acceptable and less useful than would otherwise be the case.

text: Indigenous people with disabilities: The argument for representation in human rights legislation (with specific reference to the development stage of the United Nations International Disability Convention) Until comparatively recently, human rights legislation was largely based on a universalist analysis. In treating all human beings alike, in failing to acknowledge the need for special measures to combat the marginalisation and oppression of particular groups, such as indigenous people and people with disabilities, it actually contributed to their invisibility and, hence, to their marginalisation and oppression. More recently, however, there has been a global trend towards the recognition of marginalised groups in human rights legislation. Even so, universalism, and the prejudice that so often accompanies it, is still in evidence. For example, although the United Nations is currently involved in drafting a Disabled Persons Convention, indigenous people with disabilities are not specifically represented. Their particular situation, one that involves a dual form of oppression (as indigenous people and as people with disabilities) is not acknowledged. Unless this situation is remedied, the Convention will inevitably be both less acceptable and less useful than would otherwise be the case.

year: 2005-09