title: Late Miocene to early Pliocene stratigraphic record in northern Taranaki Basin: Condensed sedimentation ahead of Northern Graben extension and progradation of the modern continental margin

authors: Hansen, Rochelle J.

subjects: Taranaki Basin

abstract: The middle Pliocene-Pleistocene progradation of the Giant Foresets Formation in Taranaki Basin built up the modern continental margin offshore from western North Island. The late Miocene to early Pliocene interval preceding this progradation was characterised in northern Taranaki Basin by the accumulation of hemipelagic mudstone (Manganui Formation), volcaniclastic sediments (Mohakatino Formation), and marl (Ariki Formation), all at bathyal depths. The Manganui Formation has generally featureless wireline log signatures and moderate to low amplitude seismic reflection characteristics. Mohakatino Formation is characterised by a sharp decrease in the GR log value at its base, a blocky GR log motif reflecting sandstone packets, and erratic resistivity logs. Seismic profiles show bold laterally continuous reflectors. The Ariki Formation has a distinctive barrel-shaped to blocky GR log motif. This signature is mirrored by the SP log and often by an increase in resistivity values through this interval. The Ariki Formation comprises (calcareous) marl made up of abundant planktic foraminifera, is 109 m thick in Ariki-1, and accumulated over parts of the Western Stable Platform and beneath the fill of the Northern Graben. It indicates condensed sedimentation reflecting the distance of the northern region from the contemporary continental margin to the south.

text: Late Miocene to early Pliocene stratigraphic record in northern Taranaki Basin: Condensed sedimentation ahead of Northern Graben extension and progradation of the modern continental margin The middle Pliocene-Pleistocene progradation of the Giant Foresets Formation in Taranaki Basin built up the modern continental margin offshore from western North Island. The late Miocene to early Pliocene interval preceding this progradation was characterised in northern Taranaki Basin by the accumulation of hemipelagic mudstone (Manganui Formation), volcaniclastic sediments (Mohakatino Formation), and marl (Ariki Formation), all at bathyal depths. The Manganui Formation has generally featureless wireline log signatures and moderate to low amplitude seismic reflection characteristics. Mohakatino Formation is characterised by a sharp decrease in the GR log value at its base, a blocky GR log motif reflecting sandstone packets, and erratic resistivity logs. Seismic profiles show bold laterally continuous reflectors. The Ariki Formation has a distinctive barrel-shaped to blocky GR log motif. This signature is mirrored by the SP log and often by an increase in resistivity values through this interval. The Ariki Formation comprises (calcareous) marl made up of abundant planktic foraminifera, is 109 m thick in Ariki-1, and accumulated over parts of the Western Stable Platform and beneath the fill of the Northern Graben. It indicates condensed sedimentation reflecting the distance of the northern region from the contemporary continental margin to the south.

year: 2004-12-01

title: Characterisation of the aroma profiles of New Zealand monofloral honeys

authors: Thomas, Edie Rose

subjects: Honey

abstract: New Zealand hosts a variety of monofloral honeys with distinct aromas and flavours. These sensory properties are determined by the volatile organic compounds present in the honey, of which over 600 have been identified. The volatile profile of honey is primarily influenced by botanical origin, geographic origin, storage and processing conditions. Not all compounds in the volatile fraction are represented in the aroma profile of the honey, due to the varying odour thresholds at which compounds can be detected by the consumer. Volatile compounds in New Zealand honeys have previously been studied for authentication purposes, but no New Zealand studies to date have linked the volatile composition with honey aroma. Thus, the aim of this research was to develop and optimise a method for the extraction and analysis of volatile compounds in New Zealand monofloral honeys, to determine the chemical differences responsible for the unique aromas of honeys of different botanical origins.
Various methods were trialled for the extraction of the volatiles, which are present in very low concentrations, from the complex honey matrix. Solvent extraction using dichloromethane was chosen, and samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. This demonstrated excellent sensitivity at the low part-per-billion level and allowed for identification of compounds not seen in total ion chromatograms. The method showed excellent precision and linearity over wide concentration ranges. Eighteen compounds were semi-quantified using this method, with full quantification achieved for four of these: nonanal, cineole, benzyl alcohol and guaiacol. Additional volatiles were screened using total ion chromatogram.
The optimised method was used for the analysis of 44 New Zealand monofloral honey samples spanning 11 floral origins. All 18 compounds were detected in all honey types, but not in all samples. ᴅ limonene, β-ionone and cineole are reported for the first time in any New Zealand honey, and phenylacetaldehyde and nonanal are reported for the first time in kānuka (Kunzea ericoides) honey. Results were comparable with the literature for these honey types, with mānuka honey characterised by o-methoxyacetophenone and kāmahi honey by 4-oxoisophorone. New Zealand clover honey contained low levels of volatiles which has also been reported for international clover honeys. The volatile profiles were also compared with odour thresholds to suggest possible aroma contributors for each honey type. Nonanal was determined to be aroma-active in all honeys analysed, and cineole in all but ling, lotus/blackberry and rātā. Chemometric methods including principal component analysis, classification and regression trees and linear discriminant analysis were used to identify similarities in samples based on their volatile profiles. Samples were classified by honey type using linear discriminant analysis with 82.9% accuracy, with the most accurate classification achieved for kāmahi and kānuka honeys.

text: Characterisation of the aroma profiles of New Zealand monofloral honeys New Zealand hosts a variety of monofloral honeys with distinct aromas and flavours. These sensory properties are determined by the volatile organic compounds present in the honey, of which over 600 have been identified. The volatile profile of honey is primarily influenced by botanical origin, geographic origin, storage and processing conditions. Not all compounds in the volatile fraction are represented in the aroma profile of the honey, due to the varying odour thresholds at which compounds can be detected by the consumer. Volatile compounds in New Zealand honeys have previously been studied for authentication purposes, but no New Zealand studies to date have linked the volatile composition with honey aroma. Thus, the aim of this research was to develop and optimise a method for the extraction and analysis of volatile compounds in New Zealand monofloral honeys, to determine the chemical differences responsible for the unique aromas of honeys of different botanical origins.
Various methods were trialled for the extraction of the volatiles, which are present in very low concentrations, from the complex honey matrix. Solvent extraction using dichloromethane was chosen, and samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. This demonstrated excellent sensitivity at the low part-per-billion level and allowed for identification of compounds not seen in total ion chromatograms. The method showed excellent precision and linearity over wide concentration ranges. Eighteen compounds were semi-quantified using this method, with full quantification achieved for four of these: nonanal, cineole, benzyl alcohol and guaiacol. Additional volatiles were screened using total ion chromatogram.
The optimised method was used for the analysis of 44 New Zealand monofloral honey samples spanning 11 floral origins. All 18 compounds were detected in all honey types, but not in all samples. ᴅ limonene, β-ionone and cineole are reported for the first time in any New Zealand honey, and phenylacetaldehyde and nonanal are reported for the first time in kānuka (Kunzea ericoides) honey. Results were comparable with the literature for these honey types, with mānuka honey characterised by o-methoxyacetophenone and kāmahi honey by 4-oxoisophorone. New Zealand clover honey contained low levels of volatiles which has also been reported for international clover honeys. The volatile profiles were also compared with odour thresholds to suggest possible aroma contributors for each honey type. Nonanal was determined to be aroma-active in all honeys analysed, and cineole in all but ling, lotus/blackberry and rātā. Chemometric methods including principal component analysis, classification and regression trees and linear discriminant analysis were used to identify similarities in samples based on their volatile profiles. Samples were classified by honey type using linear discriminant analysis with 82.9% accuracy, with the most accurate classification achieved for kāmahi and kānuka honeys.

year: 2023

title: Moko – A Research Project

authors: Te Awekotuku, Ngahuia

subjects: Maori

abstract: Moko colours the lives, and the skins, of all the people involved in the making of this book “Mau Moko”, which began as the Marsden project, “Ta Moko – Culture, Body Modification, and the Psychology of Identity”, 2001-2005. We proposed to study the origins, significance, technology and practice of Ta Moko from the pre-contact period to contemporary times, and to explore how this important art form has become a dynamic and positive assertion of being Maori in our changing world.

text: Moko – A Research Project Moko colours the lives, and the skins, of all the people involved in the making of this book “Mau Moko”, which began as the Marsden project, “Ta Moko – Culture, Body Modification, and the Psychology of Identity”, 2001-2005. We proposed to study the origins, significance, technology and practice of Ta Moko from the pre-contact period to contemporary times, and to explore how this important art form has become a dynamic and positive assertion of being Maori in our changing world.

year: 2008