title: Significance of an early date from an adzed tree stump in Northland

authors: Higham, Thomas F.G.

abstract: Ogle, Jones, Sutton and Wallace (1998) have recently investigated the radiocarbon dating of a tree stump ('Ogle's stump’) which had evidence of adze marks, near the site of Taumatawhana pa, Houhora, Northland. The conventional radiocarbon age of 938 ± 31 BP was obtained at the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd (formerly INS) laboratory in 1971. Ogle et al.(1998) considered the 'inbuilt age' of the wood (see McFadgen, 1982) and assessed its contribution to the radiocarbon determination. In this brief paper we re-evaluate that methodology and question the conclusion of Ogle et al. (1998) that the date is reliable. We are particularly concerned with the comparison of the date with an associated radiocarbon result obtained by Elliot et al. (1995) from a nearby site at Lake Taumatawhana, which we think is misleading.

text: Significance of an early date from an adzed tree stump in Northland Ogle, Jones, Sutton and Wallace (1998) have recently investigated the radiocarbon dating of a tree stump ('Ogle's stump’) which had evidence of adze marks, near the site of Taumatawhana pa, Houhora, Northland. The conventional radiocarbon age of 938 ± 31 BP was obtained at the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd (formerly INS) laboratory in 1971. Ogle et al.(1998) considered the 'inbuilt age' of the wood (see McFadgen, 1982) and assessed its contribution to the radiocarbon determination. In this brief paper we re-evaluate that methodology and question the conclusion of Ogle et al. (1998) that the date is reliable. We are particularly concerned with the comparison of the date with an associated radiocarbon result obtained by Elliot et al. (1995) from a nearby site at Lake Taumatawhana, which we think is misleading.

year: 1998

title: A reflective account of successful leadership: Māori special character secondary boarding schools.

authors: McAllister, Theresa

abstract: This thesis explores the leadership and Māori student achievement in Māori boarding schools taking into account cultural contexts, environments and the leadership ideologies around educational leadership. What are the leadership practices in Māori boarding schools that have made a difference for Māori student achievement? I argue that, Māori secondary boarding schools continue to offer an educational framework whereby Māori students achieve as Maori.
In order to better understand the philosophies and goals of those early Māori boarding school leaders through to the present time I have researched a sample of current leaders within those boarding schools. This research interest arose many years ago when I first realised that there was a significant gap in Māori student educational achievement compared to non-Māori. What was also realised was that few people understood the contribution that Māori boarding schools have played in Māori student achievement and success over many decades. While some people had heard of Māori boarding schools, not a great deal was really known about what Māori boarding schools delivered in terms of education for Māori and Māori culture. What is apparent from an historical perspective is that Māori boarding schools have contributed to the retention of Māori culture, language and identity resulting in student achievement. This is a result of what successful leadership has provided for Māori students to achieve.
Student achievement is a direct result of leadership. In a Māori boarding school setting, achievement is multifaceted. For Māori secondary boarding schools, achievement is taken from three perspectives: Christian, Māori and Academic. Flowing down from those three perspectives is the holistic wellbeing of students’, mind, body and soul, while recognizing and including whānau, hapū and iwi. Therefore, this research investigates the leadership practices in Māori boarding schools that have made a difference for Māori student achievement.

text: A reflective account of successful leadership: Māori special character secondary boarding schools. This thesis explores the leadership and Māori student achievement in Māori boarding schools taking into account cultural contexts, environments and the leadership ideologies around educational leadership. What are the leadership practices in Māori boarding schools that have made a difference for Māori student achievement? I argue that, Māori secondary boarding schools continue to offer an educational framework whereby Māori students achieve as Maori.
In order to better understand the philosophies and goals of those early Māori boarding school leaders through to the present time I have researched a sample of current leaders within those boarding schools. This research interest arose many years ago when I first realised that there was a significant gap in Māori student educational achievement compared to non-Māori. What was also realised was that few people understood the contribution that Māori boarding schools have played in Māori student achievement and success over many decades. While some people had heard of Māori boarding schools, not a great deal was really known about what Māori boarding schools delivered in terms of education for Māori and Māori culture. What is apparent from an historical perspective is that Māori boarding schools have contributed to the retention of Māori culture, language and identity resulting in student achievement. This is a result of what successful leadership has provided for Māori students to achieve.
Student achievement is a direct result of leadership. In a Māori boarding school setting, achievement is multifaceted. For Māori secondary boarding schools, achievement is taken from three perspectives: Christian, Māori and Academic. Flowing down from those three perspectives is the holistic wellbeing of students’, mind, body and soul, while recognizing and including whānau, hapū and iwi. Therefore, this research investigates the leadership practices in Māori boarding schools that have made a difference for Māori student achievement.

year: 2016

title: Remediating small-scale migratory fish barriers with floating fish ramps

authors: Fake, Daniel Ryan

subjects: fish barriers

abstract: Instream barriers are a well-documented stressor for diadromous fish species, and can be numerous and costly to remediate. In New Zealand, previous experiments have investigated the swimming ability of indigenous migratory fish over small ramps, but this work has not led to the development of cost-effective ramps that can be deployed by river managers. This study built on previous research and investigated the effect of ramp surface type on the swimming ability of two species of diadromous fish; inanga (Galaxias maculatus) a weak swimmer, and redfin bully (Gobiomorphus huttoni) a moderate climber, in an effort to inform the design of a floating plastic ramp that could be installed at low head instream barriers. Three phases of tank trials in the Hawke’s Bay tested different ramp substrates, including rock climbing holds, and small and large raised Miradrain® cusps. The results indicated that a linear arrangement of small cusps provided an optimal surface for swimming species such as inanga while redfin bully passage rates did not differ between the surfaces tested. The addition of spat rope reduced velocities and increased depth on all surfaces, and increased passage rates for inanga on ramps with large cusps, and redfin bullies on both cusp sizes. Fish surveys were conducted at 4 lowland streams in Hawke’s Bay in order to characterise fish communities, investigate the impact of barriers on their distribution, and evaluate the success of ramp installations in facilitating passage. Fish communities were impacted by barriers to varying degrees depending on the climbing ability of different species present. Inanga and redfin bully abundances were lower above the barriers, whereas eel abundances were similar between upstream and downstream reaches. Rotomoulded plastic floating ramps lined with small cusps were installed at barriers on 2 streams, the Awanui and the Irongate. Inanga were found above the barrier in the Awanui Stream 12 months after a ramp was installed, but fish did not pass over the wooden weir on the Irongate Stream. Buoyancy issues with the Irongate ramp are thought to have reduced its utility and potentially hindered fish passage. The buoyancy issues have since been overcome, and further monitoring is required to assess whether fish passage is consequently improved. These results show that floating rotomoulded ramps can be an effective and cost-effective tool for remediating small scale instream barriers to migratory fish.

text: Remediating small-scale migratory fish barriers with floating fish ramps Instream barriers are a well-documented stressor for diadromous fish species, and can be numerous and costly to remediate. In New Zealand, previous experiments have investigated the swimming ability of indigenous migratory fish over small ramps, but this work has not led to the development of cost-effective ramps that can be deployed by river managers. This study built on previous research and investigated the effect of ramp surface type on the swimming ability of two species of diadromous fish; inanga (Galaxias maculatus) a weak swimmer, and redfin bully (Gobiomorphus huttoni) a moderate climber, in an effort to inform the design of a floating plastic ramp that could be installed at low head instream barriers. Three phases of tank trials in the Hawke’s Bay tested different ramp substrates, including rock climbing holds, and small and large raised Miradrain® cusps. The results indicated that a linear arrangement of small cusps provided an optimal surface for swimming species such as inanga while redfin bully passage rates did not differ between the surfaces tested. The addition of spat rope reduced velocities and increased depth on all surfaces, and increased passage rates for inanga on ramps with large cusps, and redfin bullies on both cusp sizes. Fish surveys were conducted at 4 lowland streams in Hawke’s Bay in order to characterise fish communities, investigate the impact of barriers on their distribution, and evaluate the success of ramp installations in facilitating passage. Fish communities were impacted by barriers to varying degrees depending on the climbing ability of different species present. Inanga and redfin bully abundances were lower above the barriers, whereas eel abundances were similar between upstream and downstream reaches. Rotomoulded plastic floating ramps lined with small cusps were installed at barriers on 2 streams, the Awanui and the Irongate. Inanga were found above the barrier in the Awanui Stream 12 months after a ramp was installed, but fish did not pass over the wooden weir on the Irongate Stream. Buoyancy issues with the Irongate ramp are thought to have reduced its utility and potentially hindered fish passage. The buoyancy issues have since been overcome, and further monitoring is required to assess whether fish passage is consequently improved. These results show that floating rotomoulded ramps can be an effective and cost-effective tool for remediating small scale instream barriers to migratory fish.

year: 2018