title: Lake Rotorua treated wastewater discharge: Environmental effects study

authors: Abell, Jonathan Michael

abstract: Rotorua Lakes Council is undertaking a decision-making process to resolve how treated municipal wastewater from the city of Rotorua (Bay of Plenty) should be discharged after 2019, when irrigation operations at the Land Treatment System (LTS) in the Whakarewarewa Forest are scheduled to cease.
Six main options for enhanced wastewater treatment were assessed in this study, which include several additional sub-options. The options involve varying grades of treatment to enhance the removal of nutrients from the wastewater relative to current treatment performance. Seven potential discharge sites to water have been identified in three areas: in the lower reach of the Puarenga Stream; on the lake shoreline near Sulphur Bay, and; offshore on the lake bed, 2 km to the north of the Puarenga Stream mouth.

text: Lake Rotorua treated wastewater discharge: Environmental effects study Rotorua Lakes Council is undertaking a decision-making process to resolve how treated municipal wastewater from the city of Rotorua (Bay of Plenty) should be discharged after 2019, when irrigation operations at the Land Treatment System (LTS) in the Whakarewarewa Forest are scheduled to cease.
Six main options for enhanced wastewater treatment were assessed in this study, which include several additional sub-options. The options involve varying grades of treatment to enhance the removal of nutrients from the wastewater relative to current treatment performance. Seven potential discharge sites to water have been identified in three areas: in the lower reach of the Puarenga Stream; on the lake shoreline near Sulphur Bay, and; offshore on the lake bed, 2 km to the north of the Puarenga Stream mouth.

year: 2015

title: Tephrostratigraphy arid chronology of the kaipo lagoon, an 11, 500 year-old montane peat bog in urewera national Park, New Zealand

authors: Lowe, David J.

abstract: Eleven well-preserved Holocene tephras occur interbedded with peat in the Kaipo Lagoon bog in Urewera National Park, North Island. They are identified chiefly by their field appearance, stratigraphy, and ferromagnesian mineralogy. Glass shards from one tephra (Hinemaiaia) were analysed by electron microprobe.The tephras originate from the Taupo, Okataina, and Tongariro Volcanic Centres and, from youngest to oldest, are: Kaharoa Ash, Taupo Pumice, Mapara Tephra, Waimihia Lapilli, Hinemaiaia Tephra, Whakatane Ash, Rotoma Ash, Opepe Tephra, Poronui Tephra, Karapiti Tephra, and Okupata Tephra. Thirteen new radiocarbon ages were obtained on six of the tephras (old TY2, years B.P.): Waimihia, 3, 250 ± 70 (Wk498), 2, 910 ± 60 (Wk499), 3, 040 ± 50 (Wk500); Hinemaiaia and Whakatane, 4, 490 ± 60 (Wk496), 4, 530 ± 60 (Wk497); Whakatane, 4, 860 ± 70 (Wk501); Rotoma, 5, 440 ± 170 (Wk493), 7, 380 ± 80 (Wk494), 7, 560 ± 100 (Wk495) (Wk493 -495 are all considered anomalously young); Opepe, 8, 7lO ± 80 (Wk492); Poronui, 10, 160 ± 130 (Wk351), 9, 960 ± 90 (Wk352), 9, 560 ± 80 (Wk491). Estimated ages, assuming constant sedimentation rates, for Karapiti Tephra and Okupata Tephra are 10, 100 and 10, 300 years, respectively. Two peat horizons below the Okupata Tephra were dated at (old TY2) 10, 600 ± 90 years B.P. (Wk263) and 11, 500 ± 80 years B.P. (Wk264) and date the initial growth of the Kaipo Lagoon bog. Peat accumulation rates have been slow (average 0.19 mm/year) but variable.The identification and dating of the tephras at Kaipo extends their known distribution in eastern North Island, and improves their potential usefulness as isochronous stratigraphic marker units.

text: Tephrostratigraphy arid chronology of the kaipo lagoon, an 11, 500 year-old montane peat bog in urewera national Park, New Zealand Eleven well-preserved Holocene tephras occur interbedded with peat in the Kaipo Lagoon bog in Urewera National Park, North Island. They are identified chiefly by their field appearance, stratigraphy, and ferromagnesian mineralogy. Glass shards from one tephra (Hinemaiaia) were analysed by electron microprobe.The tephras originate from the Taupo, Okataina, and Tongariro Volcanic Centres and, from youngest to oldest, are: Kaharoa Ash, Taupo Pumice, Mapara Tephra, Waimihia Lapilli, Hinemaiaia Tephra, Whakatane Ash, Rotoma Ash, Opepe Tephra, Poronui Tephra, Karapiti Tephra, and Okupata Tephra. Thirteen new radiocarbon ages were obtained on six of the tephras (old TY2, years B.P.): Waimihia, 3, 250 ± 70 (Wk498), 2, 910 ± 60 (Wk499), 3, 040 ± 50 (Wk500); Hinemaiaia and Whakatane, 4, 490 ± 60 (Wk496), 4, 530 ± 60 (Wk497); Whakatane, 4, 860 ± 70 (Wk501); Rotoma, 5, 440 ± 170 (Wk493), 7, 380 ± 80 (Wk494), 7, 560 ± 100 (Wk495) (Wk493 -495 are all considered anomalously young); Opepe, 8, 7lO ± 80 (Wk492); Poronui, 10, 160 ± 130 (Wk351), 9, 960 ± 90 (Wk352), 9, 560 ± 80 (Wk491). Estimated ages, assuming constant sedimentation rates, for Karapiti Tephra and Okupata Tephra are 10, 100 and 10, 300 years, respectively. Two peat horizons below the Okupata Tephra were dated at (old TY2) 10, 600 ± 90 years B.P. (Wk263) and 11, 500 ± 80 years B.P. (Wk264) and date the initial growth of the Kaipo Lagoon bog. Peat accumulation rates have been slow (average 0.19 mm/year) but variable.The identification and dating of the tephras at Kaipo extends their known distribution in eastern North Island, and improves their potential usefulness as isochronous stratigraphic marker units.

year: 1986-01-01

title: The legacy of Ngatoroirangi: Maori customary use of geothermal resources

authors: Stokes, Evelyn

subjects: geothermal resources

abstract: Geothermal activity has always been regarded as a significant traditional resource among Maori communities of the Bay of Plenty, Rotorua and Taupo districts. The principal settlements of the tribes of Te Arawa, Ngati Tahu and Ngati Tuwharetoa were associated with geothermal areas. Outside the Taupo Volcanic Zone there were numerous other hot springs which were also highly valued by Maori. Areas of surface geothermal activity all have some traditions, cultural and historical associations for local tribes. Geothermal resources were used in various ways.

text: The legacy of Ngatoroirangi: Maori customary use of geothermal resources Geothermal activity has always been regarded as a significant traditional resource among Maori communities of the Bay of Plenty, Rotorua and Taupo districts. The principal settlements of the tribes of Te Arawa, Ngati Tahu and Ngati Tuwharetoa were associated with geothermal areas. Outside the Taupo Volcanic Zone there were numerous other hot springs which were also highly valued by Maori. Areas of surface geothermal activity all have some traditions, cultural and historical associations for local tribes. Geothermal resources were used in various ways.

year: 2000