title: The impact of flipped classrooms in nurse education: A literature review

authors: Edwards, Frances

subjects: Nursing education research

abstract: Flipped classroom pedagogy is increasingly being used in tertiary education including within nurse education programmes. This literature review aims to critically examine empirical published work (from 2012 to 2019) which reports of the impact of flipped classroom pedagogies on nursing students’ learning and performance. Global themes identified include student performance outcomes, engagement and enhanced/diminished student satisfaction. Synthesis of the findings of this literature review indicates that in nurse education the flipped classroom supports retention of knowledge, improves performance outcomes in areas as diverse as caring and examination results and there is enhanced student satisfaction with this method of learning. Enhancements to student learning and achievement using the flipped classroom model are connected to extra time and opportunities available for development of critical thinking and complex reasoning skills in class. As well, improvements are linked to the flexibility and self-efficacy accorded to students by the provision of learning opportunities in the form of deeply personalised online support. There is also evidence to suggest that students initially find this method stressful but with tutors and faculty staff providing information and rationale for the flipped classroom approach, this stress can be reduced.

text: The impact of flipped classrooms in nurse education: A literature review Flipped classroom pedagogy is increasingly being used in tertiary education including within nurse education programmes. This literature review aims to critically examine empirical published work (from 2012 to 2019) which reports of the impact of flipped classroom pedagogies on nursing students’ learning and performance. Global themes identified include student performance outcomes, engagement and enhanced/diminished student satisfaction. Synthesis of the findings of this literature review indicates that in nurse education the flipped classroom supports retention of knowledge, improves performance outcomes in areas as diverse as caring and examination results and there is enhanced student satisfaction with this method of learning. Enhancements to student learning and achievement using the flipped classroom model are connected to extra time and opportunities available for development of critical thinking and complex reasoning skills in class. As well, improvements are linked to the flexibility and self-efficacy accorded to students by the provision of learning opportunities in the form of deeply personalised online support. There is also evidence to suggest that students initially find this method stressful but with tutors and faculty staff providing information and rationale for the flipped classroom approach, this stress can be reduced.

year: 2020

title: Prioritising ecological restoration sites and strategies in Hamilton City, New Zealand

authors: Rogers, Hannah Catherine

subjects: Urban ecological restoration

abstract: Urban ecological restoration faces distinct challenges due to the highly modified biophysical conditions that characterise cities. To overcome these difficulties and assist in decision-making, ecological principles should underpin comprehensive analyses at both the landscape and site-specific scale. With increasing recognition of the role that the environment plays in social and economic prosperity, there are a growing number of strategies focused on increasing native habitat in urban centres. This thesis presents three integrated studies in support of Hamilton City Council’s goal under the Nature in the City Strategy to increase indigenous vegetation cover from about 1.8% to a minimum of 10% by 2050. Landform and ecological unit representativeness analyses in the city reveal the extent of under-represented environments, but it also presents opportunities to improve this criterion rapidly. Then, a multicriteria ecological prioritisation tool specifically developed for Hamilton City identified the most ecologically intact sites that could support the selection of potential gully and reserve restoration sites following the Nature in the City Strategy. Finally, at the site-specific scale, assessments of the vegetation composition and structure of three kahikatea forest remnants determined appropriate restoration strategies that may guide restoration projects in other cities.

Landform and ecological unit areas in Hamilton City that would need to be restored to meet ecological representativeness thresholds under the 10% goal are presented. The peatlands, alluvial plains and hills landform and their respective ecological units are severely under-represented, while the gullies are sufficiently represented. However, gullies tend to contain more micro-environments and diversity than the other landforms, so restoring them may provide greater biodiversity rewards. Compared to previous representativeness studies of Hamilton City, this assessment provides more refined information available on a geographic information system (GIS) and highlights opportunities for its rapid improvement. For example, adequately representing some of the most under-represented ecological units, such as peat domes, would require the least restoration effort by extent (14 hectares (ha)). While improving representativeness could enhance the city’s pool of indigenous species, this study demonstrated that it should not be used alone to prioritise restoration sites in highly modified urban environments. Rather, representativeness could be included in a wider range of criteria and more appropriately employed for regional or national strategies.

About 198 ha of Hamilton City is dominated by native vegetation, requiring the restoration of 886 ha or approximately 32 ha annually from 2023 to achieve the 10% goal by 2050. A prioritisation tool specifically developed for the city comprising eight ecological criteria identified 873 gully and reserve sites with the most intact ecological integrity that satisfy this area. These sites were allocated into five prioritisation categories to support the adoption of a staged approach for this city-wide restoration project. Sites that received high ecological scores included sections within Hamilton Gardens, Hammond Park, Minogue Park, Kirikiriroa gully, the major riverside gully and Mangaonua gully. Most high-ranking sites were found in the city’s east, although restoring sites on both sides of Hamilton City would enhance ecological connectivity on a regional scale. As the city expands, restoring large undeveloped areas would likely require fewer resources than restoring many dispersed isolated patches. Similarly, restoring whole systems, such as the high-ranking Kirikiriroa gully, is suggested to provide greater biodiversity rewards. Further application of this tool could incorporate social, economic and cultural criteria for a more holistic prioritisation of sites. 

The condition of kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, white pine) forest remnants at Totara Park, Hillcrest Park and Grove Park was examined and compared with Te Papanui (Claudelands Bush/Jubilee Park) as the reference site to identify restoration strategies. Age structure analyses found that Hillcrest Park comprises the oldest kahikatea population with an average age of 82 years, followed by Grove Park (70 years), Te Papanui (60 years) and Totara Park (32 years). The Kahikatea Green Wheel, life form and epiphyte analyses highlighted the importance of Totara Park’s high water table and sheltered conditions. While Te Papanui was found to support the most native vascular plants (64 species), Totara Park’s conditions have contributed to its greater species richness (41 species) than Hillcrest Park (15 species) and Grove Park (eight species). More native epiphytes were also identified at Totara Park (nine) than Te Papanui (six), Hillcrest Park (one) and Grove Park (none). Epiphytes absent from Te Papanui found at Totara Park may be due to the loss of the once abundant Dicksonia squarrosa (whekī), a prominent host. Differences between the native vascular plants found at Te Papanui and the case studies signal gaps in characteristic species of kahikatea forest that could be filled by relevant planting at each site. While Totara Park’s remnant requires a careful manipulation restoration strategy to gradually remove troublesome plants without disturbing its locally rare native flora, the ecological integrity of Hillcrest Park and Grove Park could improve most from buffer, ground cover and shrub tier plantings.

text: Prioritising ecological restoration sites and strategies in Hamilton City, New Zealand Urban ecological restoration faces distinct challenges due to the highly modified biophysical conditions that characterise cities. To overcome these difficulties and assist in decision-making, ecological principles should underpin comprehensive analyses at both the landscape and site-specific scale. With increasing recognition of the role that the environment plays in social and economic prosperity, there are a growing number of strategies focused on increasing native habitat in urban centres. This thesis presents three integrated studies in support of Hamilton City Council’s goal under the Nature in the City Strategy to increase indigenous vegetation cover from about 1.8% to a minimum of 10% by 2050. Landform and ecological unit representativeness analyses in the city reveal the extent of under-represented environments, but it also presents opportunities to improve this criterion rapidly. Then, a multicriteria ecological prioritisation tool specifically developed for Hamilton City identified the most ecologically intact sites that could support the selection of potential gully and reserve restoration sites following the Nature in the City Strategy. Finally, at the site-specific scale, assessments of the vegetation composition and structure of three kahikatea forest remnants determined appropriate restoration strategies that may guide restoration projects in other cities.

Landform and ecological unit areas in Hamilton City that would need to be restored to meet ecological representativeness thresholds under the 10% goal are presented. The peatlands, alluvial plains and hills landform and their respective ecological units are severely under-represented, while the gullies are sufficiently represented. However, gullies tend to contain more micro-environments and diversity than the other landforms, so restoring them may provide greater biodiversity rewards. Compared to previous representativeness studies of Hamilton City, this assessment provides more refined information available on a geographic information system (GIS) and highlights opportunities for its rapid improvement. For example, adequately representing some of the most under-represented ecological units, such as peat domes, would require the least restoration effort by extent (14 hectares (ha)). While improving representativeness could enhance the city’s pool of indigenous species, this study demonstrated that it should not be used alone to prioritise restoration sites in highly modified urban environments. Rather, representativeness could be included in a wider range of criteria and more appropriately employed for regional or national strategies.

About 198 ha of Hamilton City is dominated by native vegetation, requiring the restoration of 886 ha or approximately 32 ha annually from 2023 to achieve the 10% goal by 2050. A prioritisation tool specifically developed for the city comprising eight ecological criteria identified 873 gully and reserve sites with the most intact ecological integrity that satisfy this area. These sites were allocated into five prioritisation categories to support the adoption of a staged approach for this city-wide restoration project. Sites that received high ecological scores included sections within Hamilton Gardens, Hammond Park, Minogue Park, Kirikiriroa gully, the major riverside gully and Mangaonua gully. Most high-ranking sites were found in the city’s east, although restoring sites on both sides of Hamilton City would enhance ecological connectivity on a regional scale. As the city expands, restoring large undeveloped areas would likely require fewer resources than restoring many dispersed isolated patches. Similarly, restoring whole systems, such as the high-ranking Kirikiriroa gully, is suggested to provide greater biodiversity rewards. Further application of this tool could incorporate social, economic and cultural criteria for a more holistic prioritisation of sites. 

The condition of kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, white pine) forest remnants at Totara Park, Hillcrest Park and Grove Park was examined and compared with Te Papanui (Claudelands Bush/Jubilee Park) as the reference site to identify restoration strategies. Age structure analyses found that Hillcrest Park comprises the oldest kahikatea population with an average age of 82 years, followed by Grove Park (70 years), Te Papanui (60 years) and Totara Park (32 years). The Kahikatea Green Wheel, life form and epiphyte analyses highlighted the importance of Totara Park’s high water table and sheltered conditions. While Te Papanui was found to support the most native vascular plants (64 species), Totara Park’s conditions have contributed to its greater species richness (41 species) than Hillcrest Park (15 species) and Grove Park (eight species). More native epiphytes were also identified at Totara Park (nine) than Te Papanui (six), Hillcrest Park (one) and Grove Park (none). Epiphytes absent from Te Papanui found at Totara Park may be due to the loss of the once abundant Dicksonia squarrosa (whekī), a prominent host. Differences between the native vascular plants found at Te Papanui and the case studies signal gaps in characteristic species of kahikatea forest that could be filled by relevant planting at each site. While Totara Park’s remnant requires a careful manipulation restoration strategy to gradually remove troublesome plants without disturbing its locally rare native flora, the ecological integrity of Hillcrest Park and Grove Park could improve most from buffer, ground cover and shrub tier plantings.

year: 2022

title: When your maunga is a mountain but your moana is not a sea; Insights from the perception of synonymy of te reo Māori loanwords and New Zealand English lexical equivalents

authors: Pohl, Alexander

abstract: Languages and their speakers are in ongoing contact with one another, which inevitably leads to a flow of words being borrowed from one language into another (Haspelmath 2009; Winford 2010). One perspective that has comparatively seen less attention in language contact research concerns how loanword relate to existing lexical alternatives. In recent years, language contact research has thus seen a paradigm shift towards an onomasiological perspective (see Anderson et al. 2017; Crombez et al. 2022; Zenner et al. 2023). Within this shift, most studies looking at lexical variation between loanwords and their near synonyms equivalents employ corpus linguistics methods (e.g. Onysko & WinterFroemel 2011; Soares da Silva 2013). 

This project presents a large-scale experimental approach from a case-study involving Māori loanwords borrowed into New Zealand English (NZE). Māori loanwords are ubiquitous, salient and probably still increasing within the NZE lexicon (Macalister 2007; Trye et al. 2019). Regarding onomasiology, Māori loanwords have been glossed and explained in different ways, and to date, there has been to our knowledge almost no research focused specifically on the relationship between loanwords and their near synonyms. 

Here, we report on a Qualtrics experiment devised to probe the perceived relationship between 60 Māori loanwords (spanning established semantic categories: flora and fauna, material culture, and social culture) and their NZE equivalents, as ascertained from published sources. The synonymy judgments were elicited for pairs (e.g. whānau – family), using an analogue slider (ranging from 0 = non-synonymous to 100 = fully synonymous; see Figure 1). Because synonymy judgements are subjective, we also included ten fillers, to help us calibrate and interpret participant judgements. The 60 words were divided into two-word lists in order avoid fatigue, resulting in a within participant design. The target demographic for our population of interest consisted of young adults (18-24 years). 

Following cleaning and exclusions (e.g. participants who ignored filler items), the final dataset contained 260 participants. Inspecting the dataset showed a skew towards female participants, and for this reason, we focus our statistical analysis on this core sample, while keeping an eye on the full dataset containing all participants. Preliminary findings suggest that young adults think Māori loanwords are (highly) synonymous with NZE lexical alternatives. These findings will be further scrutinised with regression techniques and qualitative analyses of the comments provided in an open answer section of the questionnaire.

text: When your maunga is a mountain but your moana is not a sea; Insights from the perception of synonymy of te reo Māori loanwords and New Zealand English lexical equivalents Languages and their speakers are in ongoing contact with one another, which inevitably leads to a flow of words being borrowed from one language into another (Haspelmath 2009; Winford 2010). One perspective that has comparatively seen less attention in language contact research concerns how loanword relate to existing lexical alternatives. In recent years, language contact research has thus seen a paradigm shift towards an onomasiological perspective (see Anderson et al. 2017; Crombez et al. 2022; Zenner et al. 2023). Within this shift, most studies looking at lexical variation between loanwords and their near synonyms equivalents employ corpus linguistics methods (e.g. Onysko & WinterFroemel 2011; Soares da Silva 2013). 

This project presents a large-scale experimental approach from a case-study involving Māori loanwords borrowed into New Zealand English (NZE). Māori loanwords are ubiquitous, salient and probably still increasing within the NZE lexicon (Macalister 2007; Trye et al. 2019). Regarding onomasiology, Māori loanwords have been glossed and explained in different ways, and to date, there has been to our knowledge almost no research focused specifically on the relationship between loanwords and their near synonyms. 

Here, we report on a Qualtrics experiment devised to probe the perceived relationship between 60 Māori loanwords (spanning established semantic categories: flora and fauna, material culture, and social culture) and their NZE equivalents, as ascertained from published sources. The synonymy judgments were elicited for pairs (e.g. whānau – family), using an analogue slider (ranging from 0 = non-synonymous to 100 = fully synonymous; see Figure 1). Because synonymy judgements are subjective, we also included ten fillers, to help us calibrate and interpret participant judgements. The 60 words were divided into two-word lists in order avoid fatigue, resulting in a within participant design. The target demographic for our population of interest consisted of young adults (18-24 years). 

Following cleaning and exclusions (e.g. participants who ignored filler items), the final dataset contained 260 participants. Inspecting the dataset showed a skew towards female participants, and for this reason, we focus our statistical analysis on this core sample, while keeping an eye on the full dataset containing all participants. Preliminary findings suggest that young adults think Māori loanwords are (highly) synonymous with NZE lexical alternatives. These findings will be further scrutinised with regression techniques and qualitative analyses of the comments provided in an open answer section of the questionnaire.

year: 2024