title: A comprehensive model for assessing university and campus sustainability, accreditation and global ranking

authors: Permatasari, Paulina

abstract: This paper aims to create a comprehensive model of a sustainable university by combining the concepts of sustainable universities with various university assessment systems, including national and international university accreditation, professional accreditation, and global university ranking. The model conceptualisations of university sustainability and university assessment systems were taken from different existing models in higher education. These were summarised and conceptualised to create an integrated model of a sustainable university and its assessment criteria. It was found that the goals of both systems corresponded with one another. Thus, the aim of establishing sustainable universities is also in line with already existing university goals, such as achieving excellence in organisational and academic goals. An innovative model combining university sustainability and university assessment systems would be beneficial in simplifying the complex and multidimensional nature of a sustainable university and may portray a more attainable and relatable view of university sustainability overall.

text: A comprehensive model for assessing university and campus sustainability, accreditation and global ranking This paper aims to create a comprehensive model of a sustainable university by combining the concepts of sustainable universities with various university assessment systems, including national and international university accreditation, professional accreditation, and global university ranking. The model conceptualisations of university sustainability and university assessment systems were taken from different existing models in higher education. These were summarised and conceptualised to create an integrated model of a sustainable university and its assessment criteria. It was found that the goals of both systems corresponded with one another. Thus, the aim of establishing sustainable universities is also in line with already existing university goals, such as achieving excellence in organisational and academic goals. An innovative model combining university sustainability and university assessment systems would be beneficial in simplifying the complex and multidimensional nature of a sustainable university and may portray a more attainable and relatable view of university sustainability overall.

year: 2024-11-22

title: Chemical aspects of some ovine hepatogenous photosensitization diseases

authors: Deng, Dawei

abstract: Current understandings of the chemistry, aetiology of saponin-associated hepatogenous photosensitization diseases of ruminants (sheep, cattle, goats and deer), the distribution of saponins in causative plants (Agave lecheguilla, Brachiaria decumbens, Narthecium ossifragum, Nolina texana, Tribulus terrestris and some Panicum species), and the ovine metabolism of saponins implicated in the development of hepatogenous photosensitization diseases, are reviewed. 

Sarsasapogenin β-D-glucoside and 3β-D-epismilagenin β-D-glucoside were synthesised from sarsasapogenin and α-acetoglucosyl bromide via three and five step reaction sequences respectively. The structures of intermediates and the product glucosides were established using a combination of GC-MS, ES-MS and 400 MHz one- and two- dimensional NMR spectral data.  

20,23,23-D₃-sarsasapogenin was prepared from sarsasapogenin using deuterioacetic acid, and the stability (exchangeability) of the deuterium atoms was determined in a series of pH 1-8 buffer solutions at 37°C, and in acetic acid at room temperature and 37°c.

Administration of an ethanol-water suspension of sarsasapogenin β-D-glucoside to a sheep afforded a maximum level of episarsasapogenin in bile samples 12 hours after dosing. Elevated levels of free sarsasapogenin and low levels of conjugated sarsasapogenin, free and conjugated episarsasapogenins and free and conjugated sarsasapogenones were detected in a rumen sample. 

Administration of mixtures of sarsasapogenin β-D-glucoside and 20,23,23-D₃-sarsasapogenin to two sheep afforded a maximum level of episarsasapogenin in bile samples 7-16 hours after dosing. Unexpected loss of deuterium atoms occurred during ovine metabolism.

Analyses of mass spectral ion ratio data, determined for the mixed dosing experiment (using free and conjugated sarsasapogenins) and an experiment in which only 23,23,23-D₃-sarsasapogenin was dosed, showed that when administered as an ethanol-water suspension sarsasapogenin β-D-glucoside was ca 1.7 times more bioavailable than sarsasapogenin.

Dosing of 3β-D-epismilagenin β-D-glucoside to two sheep showed that oxidation and reduction at C-3 was a reversible process, and that epismilagenin (α-OH), rather than smilagenin (3β-OH), was the favoured reduction product of smilagen-3-one. Deuterium loss occurred at different rates for free and conjugated epismilagenins in different metabolic regions (e.g. the rumen and the jejunum). The ion ratio profile of jejunum epismilagenin conjugates was similar to that of bile epismilagenin conjugates. 

Six saponins (faroecin, asiaticin, asiaticioside, narthecin, narthecioside and 22-methoxy-narthecioside) were isolated from a Norwegian collection of N. ossifragum and their structures were elucidated using ES-MS and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectral data. Three of these saponins, faroecin, asiaticioside and narthecioside, were identified as new compounds. Elevated levels of sarsasapogenin and smilagenin glycosides were found in some N. ossifragum samples (up to 2121 and 557 mg/kg respectively). 

The furostenol tetrasaccharide, (25R/S)-furost-5-ene-3β,22α,26-triol 3-O-{O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl}-26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, was isolated from a USA collection of P. virgatum. Variable levels of diosgenin and yamogenin glycosides were found in 13 USA P. virgatum collections (up to 288 and 42 mg/kg of diosgenin and yamogenin glycosides respectively). 

The furostenol tetrasaccharide, (25R/S)-furost-5-ene-3β,22α,26-triol 3-O-{O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl}-26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and the corresponding spirostenol tetrasaccharide, (25R/S)-spirost-5-en-3β-ol 3-O-{O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-O-[O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside}, were isolated from a New Zealand collection of P. miliaceum.

Hydrolysis of the ethanol-water extracts of a USA collection of N. texana afforded three dihydroxy sapogenins, ruscogenin, neoruscogenin and spirosta-5,25(27)-diene-1β,3β-diol, in a ratio of ca 1:1.2:2.5. Three monoglycosylated saponins, spirosta-5,25(27)-diene- 1β,3β-diol 1-O-α-D-fucopyranoside, spirosta-5,25(27)-diene-1β,3β-diol 1-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside and spirosta-5,25(27)-diene-1β,3β-diol 1-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, were identified as constituents of the N. texana ethanol-water extract. 

The levels of saponins in 82 Papua New Guinea collections of B. decumbens and 4 Iranian collections of Tribulus terrestris were determined. Variable levels of diosgenin and yamogenin glycosides (B. decumbens samples), and diosgenin, smilagenin, sarsasapogenin, tigogenin, neotigogenin, hecogenin and neohecogenin glycosides (T. terrestris samples) were identified.

text: Chemical aspects of some ovine hepatogenous photosensitization diseases Current understandings of the chemistry, aetiology of saponin-associated hepatogenous photosensitization diseases of ruminants (sheep, cattle, goats and deer), the distribution of saponins in causative plants (Agave lecheguilla, Brachiaria decumbens, Narthecium ossifragum, Nolina texana, Tribulus terrestris and some Panicum species), and the ovine metabolism of saponins implicated in the development of hepatogenous photosensitization diseases, are reviewed. 

Sarsasapogenin β-D-glucoside and 3β-D-epismilagenin β-D-glucoside were synthesised from sarsasapogenin and α-acetoglucosyl bromide via three and five step reaction sequences respectively. The structures of intermediates and the product glucosides were established using a combination of GC-MS, ES-MS and 400 MHz one- and two- dimensional NMR spectral data.  

20,23,23-D₃-sarsasapogenin was prepared from sarsasapogenin using deuterioacetic acid, and the stability (exchangeability) of the deuterium atoms was determined in a series of pH 1-8 buffer solutions at 37°C, and in acetic acid at room temperature and 37°c.

Administration of an ethanol-water suspension of sarsasapogenin β-D-glucoside to a sheep afforded a maximum level of episarsasapogenin in bile samples 12 hours after dosing. Elevated levels of free sarsasapogenin and low levels of conjugated sarsasapogenin, free and conjugated episarsasapogenins and free and conjugated sarsasapogenones were detected in a rumen sample. 

Administration of mixtures of sarsasapogenin β-D-glucoside and 20,23,23-D₃-sarsasapogenin to two sheep afforded a maximum level of episarsasapogenin in bile samples 7-16 hours after dosing. Unexpected loss of deuterium atoms occurred during ovine metabolism.

Analyses of mass spectral ion ratio data, determined for the mixed dosing experiment (using free and conjugated sarsasapogenins) and an experiment in which only 23,23,23-D₃-sarsasapogenin was dosed, showed that when administered as an ethanol-water suspension sarsasapogenin β-D-glucoside was ca 1.7 times more bioavailable than sarsasapogenin.

Dosing of 3β-D-epismilagenin β-D-glucoside to two sheep showed that oxidation and reduction at C-3 was a reversible process, and that epismilagenin (α-OH), rather than smilagenin (3β-OH), was the favoured reduction product of smilagen-3-one. Deuterium loss occurred at different rates for free and conjugated epismilagenins in different metabolic regions (e.g. the rumen and the jejunum). The ion ratio profile of jejunum epismilagenin conjugates was similar to that of bile epismilagenin conjugates. 

Six saponins (faroecin, asiaticin, asiaticioside, narthecin, narthecioside and 22-methoxy-narthecioside) were isolated from a Norwegian collection of N. ossifragum and their structures were elucidated using ES-MS and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectral data. Three of these saponins, faroecin, asiaticioside and narthecioside, were identified as new compounds. Elevated levels of sarsasapogenin and smilagenin glycosides were found in some N. ossifragum samples (up to 2121 and 557 mg/kg respectively). 

The furostenol tetrasaccharide, (25R/S)-furost-5-ene-3β,22α,26-triol 3-O-{O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl}-26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, was isolated from a USA collection of P. virgatum. Variable levels of diosgenin and yamogenin glycosides were found in 13 USA P. virgatum collections (up to 288 and 42 mg/kg of diosgenin and yamogenin glycosides respectively). 

The furostenol tetrasaccharide, (25R/S)-furost-5-ene-3β,22α,26-triol 3-O-{O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl}-26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and the corresponding spirostenol tetrasaccharide, (25R/S)-spirost-5-en-3β-ol 3-O-{O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-O-[O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside}, were isolated from a New Zealand collection of P. miliaceum.

Hydrolysis of the ethanol-water extracts of a USA collection of N. texana afforded three dihydroxy sapogenins, ruscogenin, neoruscogenin and spirosta-5,25(27)-diene-1β,3β-diol, in a ratio of ca 1:1.2:2.5. Three monoglycosylated saponins, spirosta-5,25(27)-diene- 1β,3β-diol 1-O-α-D-fucopyranoside, spirosta-5,25(27)-diene-1β,3β-diol 1-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside and spirosta-5,25(27)-diene-1β,3β-diol 1-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, were identified as constituents of the N. texana ethanol-water extract. 

The levels of saponins in 82 Papua New Guinea collections of B. decumbens and 4 Iranian collections of Tribulus terrestris were determined. Variable levels of diosgenin and yamogenin glycosides (B. decumbens samples), and diosgenin, smilagenin, sarsasapogenin, tigogenin, neotigogenin, hecogenin and neohecogenin glycosides (T. terrestris samples) were identified.

year: 1999

title: Listening to the Winds of Change: Assessing culturally responsive and relational pedagogy

authors: Thin-Rabb, Polly

subjects: Culturally responsive and relational pedagogy

abstract: This thesis examines how the Rongohia te Hau tools were used to capture a snapshot of the extent that culturally responsive and relational pedagogies were occurring within classrooms in two English-medium secondary schools in Aotearoa, New Zealand. In this study, school leaders used Rongohia te Hau to measure changes in the educational experiences of Māori learners over twelve to eighteen-months, to prioritise next steps in addressing the educational inequities that were evident. 

With the contribution of teachers, leaders and kaitoro (Kia Eke Panuku facilitators), this research investigates the purpose and place of Rongohia te Hau within the Kia Eke Panuku professional learning and development context. It also presents and discusses the pedagogical shifts that occurred in these two schools over the period of this research, as evidenced by quantitative and qualitative Rongohia te Hau data. Furthermore, the learning implications that arose out of this research are analysed to help generate new questions and considerations, to enable continuing conversations for these schools, other schools, professional learning and development providers and researchers.

text: Listening to the Winds of Change: Assessing culturally responsive and relational pedagogy This thesis examines how the Rongohia te Hau tools were used to capture a snapshot of the extent that culturally responsive and relational pedagogies were occurring within classrooms in two English-medium secondary schools in Aotearoa, New Zealand. In this study, school leaders used Rongohia te Hau to measure changes in the educational experiences of Māori learners over twelve to eighteen-months, to prioritise next steps in addressing the educational inequities that were evident. 

With the contribution of teachers, leaders and kaitoro (Kia Eke Panuku facilitators), this research investigates the purpose and place of Rongohia te Hau within the Kia Eke Panuku professional learning and development context. It also presents and discusses the pedagogical shifts that occurred in these two schools over the period of this research, as evidenced by quantitative and qualitative Rongohia te Hau data. Furthermore, the learning implications that arose out of this research are analysed to help generate new questions and considerations, to enable continuing conversations for these schools, other schools, professional learning and development providers and researchers.

year: 2017