title: The Effects of Chronic Cold Water Immersion in Elite Rugby Players

authors: Tavares, Francisco

subjects: Recovery

abstract: Purpose:
While the acute effects of cold water immersion (CWI) have been widely investigated, research analysing the effects of CWI over a chronic period in highly-trained athletes is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CWI during an intense three week pre-season phase in elite rugby athletes.

Methods:
Twenty-three elite male rugby union athletes were randomized to either CWI (10 min at 10 ºC, n = 10) or a passive recovery control (CON, n = 12) during three-weeks of high volume training. Athletes were exposed to either CWI or CON, after each training day (12 days in total). Running loads, conditioning and gym sessions were kept the same between groups. Measures of countermovement jump (CMJ), perceived muscle soreness and wellness were obtained twice a week, and saliva samples for determining cortisol and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were collected once per week.

Results:
Although no significant differences were observed between CWI and CON for any measure, CWI resulted in lower fatigue markers throughout the study, as demonstrated by the moderate effects on muscle soreness (d = 0.58 to 0.91) and IL-6 (d = -0.83), and the small effects (d = 0.23 to 0.38) on CMJ in comparison to CON.

Conclusions:
The results from this study demonstrate that CWI may provide some beneficial effect by reducing fatigue and soreness during an intense three week training phase in elite rugby athletes.

text: The Effects of Chronic Cold Water Immersion in Elite Rugby Players Purpose:
While the acute effects of cold water immersion (CWI) have been widely investigated, research analysing the effects of CWI over a chronic period in highly-trained athletes is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CWI during an intense three week pre-season phase in elite rugby athletes.

Methods:
Twenty-three elite male rugby union athletes were randomized to either CWI (10 min at 10 ºC, n = 10) or a passive recovery control (CON, n = 12) during three-weeks of high volume training. Athletes were exposed to either CWI or CON, after each training day (12 days in total). Running loads, conditioning and gym sessions were kept the same between groups. Measures of countermovement jump (CMJ), perceived muscle soreness and wellness were obtained twice a week, and saliva samples for determining cortisol and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were collected once per week.

Results:
Although no significant differences were observed between CWI and CON for any measure, CWI resulted in lower fatigue markers throughout the study, as demonstrated by the moderate effects on muscle soreness (d = 0.58 to 0.91) and IL-6 (d = -0.83), and the small effects (d = 0.23 to 0.38) on CMJ in comparison to CON.

Conclusions:
The results from this study demonstrate that CWI may provide some beneficial effect by reducing fatigue and soreness during an intense three week training phase in elite rugby athletes.

year: 2018

title: From means to occasion: walking in the life of homeless people

authors: Radley, Alan

subjects: visual anthropology

abstract: This article discusses walking by homeless people, who were asked to take photographs of their everyday lives. These individuals walked to take their pictures, and they used their photographs to explain the walking that homeless people do. Stories about photographs taken were used to explain the significance of different modes of walking, as means, as condition and as occasion. Rather than see walking as integral with a kind of method - or ready-made technique - the authors argue that whatever walking 'is' emerges in the course of producing (not just analysing) that experience. They suggest that walking tears at the fabric of symbols and voiced conventions to produce traces and dissonances that invite repair - repair through 'storying' the journeys made.

text: From means to occasion: walking in the life of homeless people This article discusses walking by homeless people, who were asked to take photographs of their everyday lives. These individuals walked to take their pictures, and they used their photographs to explain the walking that homeless people do. Stories about photographs taken were used to explain the significance of different modes of walking, as means, as condition and as occasion. Rather than see walking as integral with a kind of method - or ready-made technique - the authors argue that whatever walking 'is' emerges in the course of producing (not just analysing) that experience. They suggest that walking tears at the fabric of symbols and voiced conventions to produce traces and dissonances that invite repair - repair through 'storying' the journeys made.

year: 2010

title: Cultural knowledge and identity for wellbeing and success: Trying to make the connections in the north of New Zealand.

authors: Hohepa, Margie Kahukura

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: This paper argues that secure cultural identity is essential to wellbeing and cultural identity is important to Māori youth participation and success. The roles of community and schools in developing secure cultural identity are increasingly complex, as both become increasingly more culturally and ethnically diverse in many parts of the world.
The paper discusses findings from student survey data from a 2 year project ‘Te Wehi Nui a Mamao: Maximising the potential of tribal marae and regional language among youth', which began in July 2008, supported by funding from New Zealand's Foundation of Research, Science and Technology. This project aims to strengthen the relevance of tribal marae and regional Maori language among Maori youth, which are identified as important to Māori cultural identity.
Inter-generational transfer of tribal marae knowledge and language is becoming more compromised. Many cultural values are defined on marae. Tribal leaders have long been concerned about disconnections between Māori youth and tribal marae, poor knowledge of regional dialect and the potential negative consequences for full participation in society. .It appears that Māori youth are disconnected from regional language dialects and marae knowledge now more than ever. Reconnecting Māori youth with these two sources of tribal identity is the key to the purpose of this project.

text: Cultural knowledge and identity for wellbeing and success: Trying to make the connections in the north of New Zealand. This paper argues that secure cultural identity is essential to wellbeing and cultural identity is important to Māori youth participation and success. The roles of community and schools in developing secure cultural identity are increasingly complex, as both become increasingly more culturally and ethnically diverse in many parts of the world.
The paper discusses findings from student survey data from a 2 year project ‘Te Wehi Nui a Mamao: Maximising the potential of tribal marae and regional language among youth', which began in July 2008, supported by funding from New Zealand's Foundation of Research, Science and Technology. This project aims to strengthen the relevance of tribal marae and regional Maori language among Maori youth, which are identified as important to Māori cultural identity.
Inter-generational transfer of tribal marae knowledge and language is becoming more compromised. Many cultural values are defined on marae. Tribal leaders have long been concerned about disconnections between Māori youth and tribal marae, poor knowledge of regional dialect and the potential negative consequences for full participation in society. .It appears that Māori youth are disconnected from regional language dialects and marae knowledge now more than ever. Reconnecting Māori youth with these two sources of tribal identity is the key to the purpose of this project.

year: 2010