title: To send or not to send nudes: New Zealand girls critically discuss the contradictory gendered pressures of teenage sexting

authors: Thorburn, Brandee

abstract: Drawing on principles of participatory action research, we conducted workshop interviews with New Zealand secondary school girls about the dynamics of sexting between girls and boys. We worked with seven small groups of girls (28 in total) aged 16 and 17 (each participating in a series of three workshops). Talk about the pressures associated with sexting was a key theme in the discussions. Girls identified pressures both to send nudes and to not send nudes. They described these pressures as operating on interpersonal as well as wider sociocultural levels, marked by the complicated intersection of traditional discourses of heterosexuality with permissive and postfeminist discourses of empowered female sexuality. The dynamic participatory methodology we used allowed us to move beyond simply capturing a snapshot of the gendered dynamics of pressure. It provided a space in which girls also shared reflexive critical observations of the gendered inequalities associated with this practice.

text: To send or not to send nudes: New Zealand girls critically discuss the contradictory gendered pressures of teenage sexting Drawing on principles of participatory action research, we conducted workshop interviews with New Zealand secondary school girls about the dynamics of sexting between girls and boys. We worked with seven small groups of girls (28 in total) aged 16 and 17 (each participating in a series of three workshops). Talk about the pressures associated with sexting was a key theme in the discussions. Girls identified pressures both to send nudes and to not send nudes. They described these pressures as operating on interpersonal as well as wider sociocultural levels, marked by the complicated intersection of traditional discourses of heterosexuality with permissive and postfeminist discourses of empowered female sexuality. The dynamic participatory methodology we used allowed us to move beyond simply capturing a snapshot of the gendered dynamics of pressure. It provided a space in which girls also shared reflexive critical observations of the gendered inequalities associated with this practice.

year: 2021

title: Relationships among male size, reproductive success, female choice and male advertising calls in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor)

authors: Miyazaki, Masamine

abstract: The role of male acoustic features in the process of mate choice was investigated in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor). Male call features and the calling behaviour may reveal important information on male attributes that could affect female choice. Larger males showed more aggressive behaviour to simulated nest intruders than smaller males. Chicks of larger males also grew at a faster rate than those of smaller ones, possibly because of differences in the quality of food delivered to chicks or paternal genetic effects on chick growth. However, there were no differences in fledging age, mass or success between larger and smaller males. Larger males also appeared to occupy or select better nest site; they occupied low and middle elevation nesting sites in comparison to smaller males, probably because the sites reduce energetic costs of walking on land. Larger males also mated earlier in the breeding season than smaller ones, suggesting that females may prefer larger males. Thus, male body size may play an important role in the attraction of potential mates in Little Penguins. Acoustic signals can influence female responses to males particularly in nocturnal seabirds. Larger males were found to produce lower-pitched call elements in their exhalation phrases than smaller males. In playback experiments with two loudspeakers, females did not distinguish low from high-pitched calls, although they responded vocally only to low-pitched calls. In another experiment, using current mate and stranger calls, females were more likely to approach their partners’ call and responded vocally only to their current partners, regardless of the stranger’s call pitch and, therefore, apparent size. Females may recognise their partners’ call and maintain mate fidelity even when larger, potentially more successful, strangers are presented. In addition to the effect of call pitch, calling patterns of males could influence female choice. By conducting experiments with a dual-speaker design in which calls from one speaker consistently overlapped those from the other speaker, I found that females approached overlapping advertising calls more than overlapped calls or a silent control speaker. The ‘masking effects’ of call overlap may obscure information that females require for mate choice. Alternatively, females may simply be able to locate overlapping calls more easily. It is possible that call overlap is associated with dominance or other quality indicators of the callers; thus, females may approach overlappers more often because they represent higher quality mates. My results indicate that acoustic signals can reflect the qualities of the males and that female Little Penguins may prefer larger males to enhance their reproductive potential.

text: Relationships among male size, reproductive success, female choice and male advertising calls in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) The role of male acoustic features in the process of mate choice was investigated in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor). Male call features and the calling behaviour may reveal important information on male attributes that could affect female choice. Larger males showed more aggressive behaviour to simulated nest intruders than smaller males. Chicks of larger males also grew at a faster rate than those of smaller ones, possibly because of differences in the quality of food delivered to chicks or paternal genetic effects on chick growth. However, there were no differences in fledging age, mass or success between larger and smaller males. Larger males also appeared to occupy or select better nest site; they occupied low and middle elevation nesting sites in comparison to smaller males, probably because the sites reduce energetic costs of walking on land. Larger males also mated earlier in the breeding season than smaller ones, suggesting that females may prefer larger males. Thus, male body size may play an important role in the attraction of potential mates in Little Penguins. Acoustic signals can influence female responses to males particularly in nocturnal seabirds. Larger males were found to produce lower-pitched call elements in their exhalation phrases than smaller males. In playback experiments with two loudspeakers, females did not distinguish low from high-pitched calls, although they responded vocally only to low-pitched calls. In another experiment, using current mate and stranger calls, females were more likely to approach their partners’ call and responded vocally only to their current partners, regardless of the stranger’s call pitch and, therefore, apparent size. Females may recognise their partners’ call and maintain mate fidelity even when larger, potentially more successful, strangers are presented. In addition to the effect of call pitch, calling patterns of males could influence female choice. By conducting experiments with a dual-speaker design in which calls from one speaker consistently overlapped those from the other speaker, I found that females approached overlapping advertising calls more than overlapped calls or a silent control speaker. The ‘masking effects’ of call overlap may obscure information that females require for mate choice. Alternatively, females may simply be able to locate overlapping calls more easily. It is possible that call overlap is associated with dominance or other quality indicators of the callers; thus, females may approach overlappers more often because they represent higher quality mates. My results indicate that acoustic signals can reflect the qualities of the males and that female Little Penguins may prefer larger males to enhance their reproductive potential.

year: 2002

title: Whakatautika: Generating balance in the business and activity of fishing at Moana New Zealand - A case study on Indigenising the blue economy in Aotearoa

authors: Mika, Jason

abstract: This report sets out the results of a case study on Moana New Zealand, an iwi (tribal) owned fishing company formed out of the Treaty of Waitangi fisheries settlement and a whānau (family) owned inshore fishing enterprise known as The Rawlinson Group (TRG). The research is part of an Indigenising the blue economy project funded by Ngā Moana Whakauka Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge. This case study draws on the knowledge and experience of Moana New Zealand and TRG to understand relationships between iwi and whānau scale enterprises in the Māori marine economy (MME). TRG is a Māori-owned family inshore fishing business which has been operating for 30 years. As first-generation fishers, the Rawlinson whānau have prioritised both strategic and family decisions that have established their business and assured their role in Aotearoa New Zealand’s commercial fishing industry. The case study sought to learn how Māori marine-based enterprises apply mātauranga Māori to achieve multidimensional wellbeing, human potential, and relational balance with Tangaroa.

text: Whakatautika: Generating balance in the business and activity of fishing at Moana New Zealand - A case study on Indigenising the blue economy in Aotearoa This report sets out the results of a case study on Moana New Zealand, an iwi (tribal) owned fishing company formed out of the Treaty of Waitangi fisheries settlement and a whānau (family) owned inshore fishing enterprise known as The Rawlinson Group (TRG). The research is part of an Indigenising the blue economy project funded by Ngā Moana Whakauka Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge. This case study draws on the knowledge and experience of Moana New Zealand and TRG to understand relationships between iwi and whānau scale enterprises in the Māori marine economy (MME). TRG is a Māori-owned family inshore fishing business which has been operating for 30 years. As first-generation fishers, the Rawlinson whānau have prioritised both strategic and family decisions that have established their business and assured their role in Aotearoa New Zealand’s commercial fishing industry. The case study sought to learn how Māori marine-based enterprises apply mātauranga Māori to achieve multidimensional wellbeing, human potential, and relational balance with Tangaroa.

year: 2024