title: Low Intensity Conflict: Contemporary Approaches and Strategic Thinking

authors: Searle, Deane

subjects: low intensity conflict

abstract: Low Intensity Conflict (LIC) is a significant feature of the contemporary world and it is a particular challenge to the armed forces of many states which are involved is such conflict, or are likely to become so.  This thesis is not concerned with how such difficult conflict situations arise.  Rather it is concerned with how, from the point of view of the state, they may be contained and ultimately brought to a satisfactory resolution.  The work is thus concerned with the practicalities of ending LIC.  More specifically, the purpose of this research is to establish a framework of doctrinal and military principles applicable to the prevention and resolution of LIC.
	The principles of this thesis are based in numerous historical examples of LIC and six in depth case studies.  These distilled principles are analysed in two central chapters, and are then applied in two latter defence force chapters so as to ensure there practicality and resilience.  Numerous defence academics and military practitioners have been consulted in the production of this thesis; their contribution has further reinforced the functionality of the principles examined in this research.
	The research illustrates the criticality of a holistic approach to LIC.  The function of this approach is to guarantee the stability of the sovereign state, by unifying civil, police, intelligence and military services.  The effectiveness of the military elements must also be ensured, as military force is central to the suppression of LIC.  Consequently, the research makes strategic and operational prescriptions, so as to improve the capability of defence forces that are concerned with preventing or resolving LIC.

text: Low Intensity Conflict: Contemporary Approaches and Strategic Thinking Low Intensity Conflict (LIC) is a significant feature of the contemporary world and it is a particular challenge to the armed forces of many states which are involved is such conflict, or are likely to become so.  This thesis is not concerned with how such difficult conflict situations arise.  Rather it is concerned with how, from the point of view of the state, they may be contained and ultimately brought to a satisfactory resolution.  The work is thus concerned with the practicalities of ending LIC.  More specifically, the purpose of this research is to establish a framework of doctrinal and military principles applicable to the prevention and resolution of LIC.
	The principles of this thesis are based in numerous historical examples of LIC and six in depth case studies.  These distilled principles are analysed in two central chapters, and are then applied in two latter defence force chapters so as to ensure there practicality and resilience.  Numerous defence academics and military practitioners have been consulted in the production of this thesis; their contribution has further reinforced the functionality of the principles examined in this research.
	The research illustrates the criticality of a holistic approach to LIC.  The function of this approach is to guarantee the stability of the sovereign state, by unifying civil, police, intelligence and military services.  The effectiveness of the military elements must also be ensured, as military force is central to the suppression of LIC.  Consequently, the research makes strategic and operational prescriptions, so as to improve the capability of defence forces that are concerned with preventing or resolving LIC.

year: 2007

title: Taxonomic, biological, population dynamics and behavioural studies on sod webworms (Lepidoptera : pyralidae: crambinae and scopariinae) of some Waikato (New Zealand) hill country pastures

authors: Cowley, Jocelyn Marie

abstract: New Zealand has a rich fauna of sod webworms (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambinae and Scopariinae) which have been implicated in sporadic outbreaks of pasture damage. This study investigates sod webworms of south facing hill country slopes of some Waikato pastures. Four aspects are considered: taxonomy of the species present; some features of their biology; population dynamics of Eudonia sabulosella (Walker) (the most common species); and adult behaviour, especially flight.

Taxonomy is detailed for male and female adults (with accompanying genitalia figures) and for eggs, larvae and pupae where available. Nine species are involved: Orocrambus flexuosellus (Doubleday), and O. vitellus (Doubleday) (Crambinae); Eudonia psammitis (Meyrick), E. sabulosella (Walker), “Scoparia” bisinualis Hudson, “S”. Diphtheralis Walker, “S”. halopis Meyrick, “S”. philerga Meyrick and “S”. submariginalis (Walker).

A summary of meteorological data including soil moisture content, soil temperature, air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall is given for the main study sites. 

Life cycles and generation times with information on the duration of adult seasons are presented for each species. Habitats of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults are defined and selection of oviposition sites by female Eudonia sabulosella is investigated. Studies are made on food types, larval growth rates and adult reproductive maturity. Longevity of adults, mating frequencies and female fecundity (taken as the number of eggs found in dissected field collected females) are measured. Egg fertility and viability as well as egg incubation times are investigated.

Life tables are presented for Eudonia sabulosella on hill country pasture. Key factor analysis is undertaken to identify major mortality factors. Parasitism by Aucklandella geiri (Ichneumonidae) and arthropod and avian predation on sod webworm larvae are studied. Pathogen infection of E. sabulosella by nematodes (some of which were Steinernema bibionis Wouts et al.) and a neogregarine protozoan (Mattesia sp.) is investigated. Effects of the protozoan on host size (body weight and length) and female fecundity are measured. Median lethal doses of pathogen are presented for larvae and pupae. Methods of protozoan transmission are discussed. 

Adult flight activity is interpreted in relation to air temperature, humidity, rainfall, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, cloud cover, lunar cycle, reproductive state of the adult, time of day, species and sex. Susceptible pastures are indicated. An understanding of some of the factors affecting the sporadic (temporal and spatial) occurrence of sod webworm infestations has been gained.

text: Taxonomic, biological, population dynamics and behavioural studies on sod webworms (Lepidoptera : pyralidae: crambinae and scopariinae) of some Waikato (New Zealand) hill country pastures New Zealand has a rich fauna of sod webworms (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambinae and Scopariinae) which have been implicated in sporadic outbreaks of pasture damage. This study investigates sod webworms of south facing hill country slopes of some Waikato pastures. Four aspects are considered: taxonomy of the species present; some features of their biology; population dynamics of Eudonia sabulosella (Walker) (the most common species); and adult behaviour, especially flight.

Taxonomy is detailed for male and female adults (with accompanying genitalia figures) and for eggs, larvae and pupae where available. Nine species are involved: Orocrambus flexuosellus (Doubleday), and O. vitellus (Doubleday) (Crambinae); Eudonia psammitis (Meyrick), E. sabulosella (Walker), “Scoparia” bisinualis Hudson, “S”. Diphtheralis Walker, “S”. halopis Meyrick, “S”. philerga Meyrick and “S”. submariginalis (Walker).

A summary of meteorological data including soil moisture content, soil temperature, air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall is given for the main study sites. 

Life cycles and generation times with information on the duration of adult seasons are presented for each species. Habitats of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults are defined and selection of oviposition sites by female Eudonia sabulosella is investigated. Studies are made on food types, larval growth rates and adult reproductive maturity. Longevity of adults, mating frequencies and female fecundity (taken as the number of eggs found in dissected field collected females) are measured. Egg fertility and viability as well as egg incubation times are investigated.

Life tables are presented for Eudonia sabulosella on hill country pasture. Key factor analysis is undertaken to identify major mortality factors. Parasitism by Aucklandella geiri (Ichneumonidae) and arthropod and avian predation on sod webworm larvae are studied. Pathogen infection of E. sabulosella by nematodes (some of which were Steinernema bibionis Wouts et al.) and a neogregarine protozoan (Mattesia sp.) is investigated. Effects of the protozoan on host size (body weight and length) and female fecundity are measured. Median lethal doses of pathogen are presented for larvae and pupae. Methods of protozoan transmission are discussed. 

Adult flight activity is interpreted in relation to air temperature, humidity, rainfall, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, cloud cover, lunar cycle, reproductive state of the adult, time of day, species and sex. Susceptible pastures are indicated. An understanding of some of the factors affecting the sporadic (temporal and spatial) occurrence of sod webworm infestations has been gained.

year: 1982

title: An evaluation of Te Rau Puawai workforce 100: Academic mentor's perspectives

authors: Nikora, Linda Waimarie

subjects: Maori students

abstract: To evaluate the Te Rau Puawai programme, the Ministry of Health commissioned the
Maori and Psychology Research Unit of the University of Waikato in July 2001. The
overall aim of the evaluation was to provide the Ministry with a clearer understanding
of the programme including: the perceived critical success factors, the barriers if any
regarding Te Rau Puawai, the impact of the programme, the extent to which the
programme may be transferable, gaps in the programme, and suggested
improvements.
As an integral component of the Te Rau Puawai programme and as a specialised
source of support, academic mentors were identified as an important group to receive
comment from. This report documents the evaluative exchange that occurred by way
of email questionnaire, that we had with 18 out of 46 academic mentors of Te Rau
Puawai bursars in the College of Humanities and Social Sciences responded to our
questionnaire.

text: An evaluation of Te Rau Puawai workforce 100: Academic mentor's perspectives To evaluate the Te Rau Puawai programme, the Ministry of Health commissioned the
Maori and Psychology Research Unit of the University of Waikato in July 2001. The
overall aim of the evaluation was to provide the Ministry with a clearer understanding
of the programme including: the perceived critical success factors, the barriers if any
regarding Te Rau Puawai, the impact of the programme, the extent to which the
programme may be transferable, gaps in the programme, and suggested
improvements.
As an integral component of the Te Rau Puawai programme and as a specialised
source of support, academic mentors were identified as an important group to receive
comment from. This report documents the evaluative exchange that occurred by way
of email questionnaire, that we had with 18 out of 46 academic mentors of Te Rau
Puawai bursars in the College of Humanities and Social Sciences responded to our
questionnaire.

year: 2002-05-01