title: Multi-hazard analysis and mapping in support of coastal city growth planning and resilience building

authors: Raynor, Steve C.

abstract: High growth in Tauranga is causing increased pressure to develop hazard-prone land. A key tool in evaluating safer potential growth areas is the quantification and spatial mapping of individual natural hazards. In a hazard-rich, coastal environment like Tauranga a newly developed multi-hazard mapping technique gives additional clarity through direct comparison of total hazard levels across the city. By aggregating individual hazards, a summative multi-hazard rating for each part of the city can be developed as a strategic decision support tool, aiding in city planning and engineering decision making. This study initially quantifies Tauranga’s natural hazards of sea-level rise, tsunami, flooding, storm surge, earthquake, coastal erosion, liquefaction and landslides. Each hazard is spatially represented through hazard maps and additionally processed to enable aggregation with other hazards to produce the multi-hazard rating. Individual hazards are combined by application of a new technique to create a summative multihazard model representing the aggregated hazard at each point of the city. This allows an area with tsunami, liquefaction and storm surge as dominant hazards to be directly compared with an area of different hazards such as flooding and landslides. The resultant spatial map provides a visual interpretation of the accumulated hazard level at all points of the city. Map results show the highest aggregated hazard areas in Tauranga are along the coast. Lower hazard areas suitable for urban growth are distributed mostly away from the open coast on slightly elevated topography. Isolated high exposure pockets are additionally located throughout the city. This multi-hazard comparison can be adopted to guide city growth and enable targeted investment in resilience building projects.

text: Multi-hazard analysis and mapping in support of coastal city growth planning and resilience building High growth in Tauranga is causing increased pressure to develop hazard-prone land. A key tool in evaluating safer potential growth areas is the quantification and spatial mapping of individual natural hazards. In a hazard-rich, coastal environment like Tauranga a newly developed multi-hazard mapping technique gives additional clarity through direct comparison of total hazard levels across the city. By aggregating individual hazards, a summative multi-hazard rating for each part of the city can be developed as a strategic decision support tool, aiding in city planning and engineering decision making. This study initially quantifies Tauranga’s natural hazards of sea-level rise, tsunami, flooding, storm surge, earthquake, coastal erosion, liquefaction and landslides. Each hazard is spatially represented through hazard maps and additionally processed to enable aggregation with other hazards to produce the multi-hazard rating. Individual hazards are combined by application of a new technique to create a summative multihazard model representing the aggregated hazard at each point of the city. This allows an area with tsunami, liquefaction and storm surge as dominant hazards to be directly compared with an area of different hazards such as flooding and landslides. The resultant spatial map provides a visual interpretation of the accumulated hazard level at all points of the city. Map results show the highest aggregated hazard areas in Tauranga are along the coast. Lower hazard areas suitable for urban growth are distributed mostly away from the open coast on slightly elevated topography. Isolated high exposure pockets are additionally located throughout the city. This multi-hazard comparison can be adopted to guide city growth and enable targeted investment in resilience building projects.

year: 2020

title: An Antarctic hot spot for Fungi at Shackleton's Historic Hut on Cape Royds

authors: Blanchette, Robert A.

subjects: Antarctic

abstract: The historic expedition huts located in the Ross Sea Region of the Antarctic and the thousands of artifacts left behind by the early explorers represent important cultural heritage from the “Heroic Era” of Polar exploration. The hut at Cape Royds built by Ernest Shackleton and members of the 1907–1908 British Antarctic Expedition has survived the extreme Antarctic environment for over 100 years, but recent studies have shown many forms of deterioration are causing serious problems, and microbial degradation is evident in the historic wood. Conservation work to reduce moisture at the hut required removal of fodder, wood, and many different types of organic materials from the stables area on the north side of the structure allowing large numbers of samples to be obtained for these investigations. In addition, wood from historic food storage boxes exposed in a ravine adjacent to the hut were also sampled. Fungi were cultured on several different media, and pure cultures were obtained and identified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA. From the 69 cultures of filamentous fungi obtained, the most predominant genera were Cadophora (44%) followed by Thielavia (17%) and Geomyces (15%). Other fungi found included Cladosporium, Chaetomium, and isolates identified as being in Pezizomycotina, Onygenales, Nectriaceae, and others. No filamentous basidiomycetes were found. Phylogenetic analyses of the Cadophora species showed great species diversity present revealing Cadophora malorum, Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Cadophora fastigiata, as well as Cadophora sp. 4E71-1, a C. malorum-like species, and Cadophora sp. 7R16-1, a C. fastigiata-like species. Scanning electron microscopy showed extensive decay was present in the wood samples with type 1 and type 2 forms of soft rot evident in pine and birch wood, respectively. Fungi causing decay in the historic wooden structures and artifacts are of great concern, and this investigation provides insight into the identity and species diversity of fungi found at the site. The historic woods and other organic materials at this site represent a large input of carbon into the Antarctic environment. This as well as nutrient additions from the nearby Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colony and favorable conditions for fungal growth at Cape Royds appear responsible for the significant fungal diversity, and where extensive decay is taking place in wood in contact with the ground.

text: An Antarctic hot spot for Fungi at Shackleton's Historic Hut on Cape Royds The historic expedition huts located in the Ross Sea Region of the Antarctic and the thousands of artifacts left behind by the early explorers represent important cultural heritage from the “Heroic Era” of Polar exploration. The hut at Cape Royds built by Ernest Shackleton and members of the 1907–1908 British Antarctic Expedition has survived the extreme Antarctic environment for over 100 years, but recent studies have shown many forms of deterioration are causing serious problems, and microbial degradation is evident in the historic wood. Conservation work to reduce moisture at the hut required removal of fodder, wood, and many different types of organic materials from the stables area on the north side of the structure allowing large numbers of samples to be obtained for these investigations. In addition, wood from historic food storage boxes exposed in a ravine adjacent to the hut were also sampled. Fungi were cultured on several different media, and pure cultures were obtained and identified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA. From the 69 cultures of filamentous fungi obtained, the most predominant genera were Cadophora (44%) followed by Thielavia (17%) and Geomyces (15%). Other fungi found included Cladosporium, Chaetomium, and isolates identified as being in Pezizomycotina, Onygenales, Nectriaceae, and others. No filamentous basidiomycetes were found. Phylogenetic analyses of the Cadophora species showed great species diversity present revealing Cadophora malorum, Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Cadophora fastigiata, as well as Cadophora sp. 4E71-1, a C. malorum-like species, and Cadophora sp. 7R16-1, a C. fastigiata-like species. Scanning electron microscopy showed extensive decay was present in the wood samples with type 1 and type 2 forms of soft rot evident in pine and birch wood, respectively. Fungi causing decay in the historic wooden structures and artifacts are of great concern, and this investigation provides insight into the identity and species diversity of fungi found at the site. The historic woods and other organic materials at this site represent a large input of carbon into the Antarctic environment. This as well as nutrient additions from the nearby Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colony and favorable conditions for fungal growth at Cape Royds appear responsible for the significant fungal diversity, and where extensive decay is taking place in wood in contact with the ground.

year: 2010

title: Te Kōtihitihi: Ngā Tuhinga Reo Māori, Putanga 2

authors: Ngāpō, Korohere

abstract: Koinei te katoa o te Putanga 2 o te puka hautaka, Te Kōtihitihi.

text: Te Kōtihitihi: Ngā Tuhinga Reo Māori, Putanga 2 Koinei te katoa o te Putanga 2 o te puka hautaka, Te Kōtihitihi.

year: 2012-05