title: Empowerment, constraint, and the entrepreneurial self: A study of white women entrepreneurs

authors: Gill, Rebecca

subjects: discourse

abstract: Discourses of entrepreneurship and research on women entrepreneurs have proliferated in the last two decades. This study argues that a particular conception of an entrepreneurial self underlies much literature on women entrepreneurs and their empowerment, and identifies several key assumptions of this entrepreneurial self. The study then assesses the motivations and experiences of several white women entrepreneurs in a northwestern state in the United States, finding that aspects of the entrepreneurial self are most evident in the reasons that women provide about why they became entrepreneurs. However, the experiences the women narrate reveal a more constraints-centered discourse, which features a particular interpretation of the frontier myth of the American West, and bears traces of an emergent, collective notion of empowerment. The authors explain such empowerment from critical and feminist perspectives, offering the concept of bounded empowerment as a lens through which to examine entrepreneurship and gender, and discussing its practical implications.

text: Empowerment, constraint, and the entrepreneurial self: A study of white women entrepreneurs Discourses of entrepreneurship and research on women entrepreneurs have proliferated in the last two decades. This study argues that a particular conception of an entrepreneurial self underlies much literature on women entrepreneurs and their empowerment, and identifies several key assumptions of this entrepreneurial self. The study then assesses the motivations and experiences of several white women entrepreneurs in a northwestern state in the United States, finding that aspects of the entrepreneurial self are most evident in the reasons that women provide about why they became entrepreneurs. However, the experiences the women narrate reveal a more constraints-centered discourse, which features a particular interpretation of the frontier myth of the American West, and bears traces of an emergent, collective notion of empowerment. The authors explain such empowerment from critical and feminist perspectives, offering the concept of bounded empowerment as a lens through which to examine entrepreneurship and gender, and discussing its practical implications.

year: 2007

title: An orthomanganation route to 2-substituted derivatives of N-methyl-1,8-naphthalimide

authors: Nicholson, Brian K.

subjects: Naphthalimide

abstract: N-methyl naphthalimide can be readily cyclomanganated at the 2-position, directed by the adjacent amide O atom. Di-cyclomanganation also occurs readily to attach Mn(CO)₄ groups at both 2, 7 positions. An X-ray structure determination of the mono-substituted example confirmed the five-membered metallocyclic ring. Cleavage of the Mn–C bond by HgCl₂ or ICl generates 2-substituted HgCl or I derivatives respectively. Reaction of the mono-cyclomanganated N-methyl naphthalimide with phenylacetylene gives an (η⁵-cyclohexadienyl)Mn(CO)₃ complex where the cyclohexadienyl ring has formed by two PhCCH adding in a formal [2 + 2 + 2] process across the C(1)–C(2) bond of the naphthalimide, breaking the aromaticity of the naphthalene ring as shown by a single crystal structure determination.

text: An orthomanganation route to 2-substituted derivatives of N-methyl-1,8-naphthalimide N-methyl naphthalimide can be readily cyclomanganated at the 2-position, directed by the adjacent amide O atom. Di-cyclomanganation also occurs readily to attach Mn(CO)₄ groups at both 2, 7 positions. An X-ray structure determination of the mono-substituted example confirmed the five-membered metallocyclic ring. Cleavage of the Mn–C bond by HgCl₂ or ICl generates 2-substituted HgCl or I derivatives respectively. Reaction of the mono-cyclomanganated N-methyl naphthalimide with phenylacetylene gives an (η⁵-cyclohexadienyl)Mn(CO)₃ complex where the cyclohexadienyl ring has formed by two PhCCH adding in a formal [2 + 2 + 2] process across the C(1)–C(2) bond of the naphthalimide, breaking the aromaticity of the naphthalene ring as shown by a single crystal structure determination.

year: 2012

title: Chief’s Mana in action; a study investigating the team’s perspective.

authors: Howarth, Joelene

subjects: Sports psychology

abstract: Team culture, and its relevance to performance behaviour and attitudes, has recently gained increased focus in sport psychology research and practice (Schroeder, 2010; Cruickshank & Collins 2012; Morgan, Fletcher & Sarkar, 2014). Cruickshank and Collins (2012) state that“high performing cultures prevail when the shared perception and action of the elite team environment members; (a) supports sustained optimal performance; (b) persists across time in the face of variable results(i.e. wins, losses, ties); and most importantly, (c) leads to consistently high performance” (p.340). Spink et al. (2013) found preliminary evidence that a positive psychological climate, as defined by the significance and meaning of the work environment to the individual, is also linked to increased athlete effort. Various researchers suggests that it is a difficult task to change, cultivate and maintain a team culture, that is the social and psychological environment, which promotes best performance (Cruickshank & Collins 2012; Schroeder, 2010).

text: Chief’s Mana in action; a study investigating the team’s perspective. Team culture, and its relevance to performance behaviour and attitudes, has recently gained increased focus in sport psychology research and practice (Schroeder, 2010; Cruickshank & Collins 2012; Morgan, Fletcher & Sarkar, 2014). Cruickshank and Collins (2012) state that“high performing cultures prevail when the shared perception and action of the elite team environment members; (a) supports sustained optimal performance; (b) persists across time in the face of variable results(i.e. wins, losses, ties); and most importantly, (c) leads to consistently high performance” (p.340). Spink et al. (2013) found preliminary evidence that a positive psychological climate, as defined by the significance and meaning of the work environment to the individual, is also linked to increased athlete effort. Various researchers suggests that it is a difficult task to change, cultivate and maintain a team culture, that is the social and psychological environment, which promotes best performance (Cruickshank & Collins 2012; Schroeder, 2010).

year: 2016