title: Cost-effective regulation of nonpoint emissions from pastoral agriculture: a stochastic analysis

authors: Doole, Graeme J.

subjects: agricultural policy

abstract: Nutrient emissions from pastoral agriculture are a global cause of declining water quality. Their management is complicated through variability arising from climate and soil influences. This paper compares the implications of input-based policies and direct restrictions on leaching to achieve 10 and 20 per cent reductions in nitrogen (N) load, in the context of pasture-based New Zealand dairy farms. The most important mitigation practices on these farms are de-intensification (involving reductions in N fertiliser application and stocking rate) and the application of nitrification inhibitors. A stylised conceptual model, incorporating both sources of variability, is used to identify the implications of alternative policies. Direct restriction of estimated N leaching is the most cost-effective policy to reduce N leaching by 10 and 20 per cent. These results indicate the general insufficiency of input-based mechanisms for water quality improvement, given the low correlation between input use and leaching, possible substitution with unrestricted inputs and their failure to motivate the use of mitigation strategies. Additionally, model output indicates that inherent variability in water quality, mainly due to climate influences, can dominate the benefits of regulatory action in any given year.

text: Cost-effective regulation of nonpoint emissions from pastoral agriculture: a stochastic analysis Nutrient emissions from pastoral agriculture are a global cause of declining water quality. Their management is complicated through variability arising from climate and soil influences. This paper compares the implications of input-based policies and direct restrictions on leaching to achieve 10 and 20 per cent reductions in nitrogen (N) load, in the context of pasture-based New Zealand dairy farms. The most important mitigation practices on these farms are de-intensification (involving reductions in N fertiliser application and stocking rate) and the application of nitrification inhibitors. A stylised conceptual model, incorporating both sources of variability, is used to identify the implications of alternative policies. Direct restriction of estimated N leaching is the most cost-effective policy to reduce N leaching by 10 and 20 per cent. These results indicate the general insufficiency of input-based mechanisms for water quality improvement, given the low correlation between input use and leaching, possible substitution with unrestricted inputs and their failure to motivate the use of mitigation strategies. Additionally, model output indicates that inherent variability in water quality, mainly due to climate influences, can dominate the benefits of regulatory action in any given year.

year: 2013

title: New ruthenium carbonyl clusters containing unusual  5-sulfido-,  4-benzyne-, and thianthrene-derived ligands: Insertion of ruthenium into the thianthrene ring by C-S activation

authors: Hassan, Mohammad R.

abstract: Treatment of [Ru3(CO)12] with thianthrene in refluxing toluene afforded [( 4-S)Ru4( -CO)2(CO)9( 4- 2-C6H4)] (1), [( 5-S)Ru6( -CO)2(CO)15( - 3-C12H8S)] (2), and [( 5-S)Ru5( -CO)2(CO)11( - 3-C12H8S)( 4- 2-C6H4)] (3) in 18%, 8%, and 16% yields, respectively. Thermolysis of 2 in refluxing heptane gave compounds 1 and 3. A similar thermolysis of 3 in refluxing toluene gave 1 in 90% yield. Treatment of 3 with neat MeCN afforded the labile compound [( 5-S)Ru5( -CO)2(CO)10( - 3-C12H8S)( 4- 2-C6H4)(MeCN)] (4) in 73% yield. The reaction of 4 with P(OMe)3 gave the substitution product [( 5-S)Ru5( -CO)2(CO)10( - 3-C12H8S)( 4- 2-C6H4){P(OMe)3}] (5) in 52% yield. Compounds 1-4 have been structurally characterized. Compound 1 contains a  4-capping sulfido and a  4- 2-benzyne ligand, whereas 3, 4, and 5 contain  5-sulfido and  4- 2-benzyne ligands. The latter three compounds provide rare examples of  5-sulfido and metal-assisted opening of the thianthrene ligand on polynuclear centers. In compounds 1, 3, and 4 the  4- 2-benzyne ligand is perpendicular to the Ru4 face of the clusters and represents a previously uncharacterized bonding mode for benzyne.

text: New ruthenium carbonyl clusters containing unusual  5-sulfido-,  4-benzyne-, and thianthrene-derived ligands: Insertion of ruthenium into the thianthrene ring by C-S activation Treatment of [Ru3(CO)12] with thianthrene in refluxing toluene afforded [( 4-S)Ru4( -CO)2(CO)9( 4- 2-C6H4)] (1), [( 5-S)Ru6( -CO)2(CO)15( - 3-C12H8S)] (2), and [( 5-S)Ru5( -CO)2(CO)11( - 3-C12H8S)( 4- 2-C6H4)] (3) in 18%, 8%, and 16% yields, respectively. Thermolysis of 2 in refluxing heptane gave compounds 1 and 3. A similar thermolysis of 3 in refluxing toluene gave 1 in 90% yield. Treatment of 3 with neat MeCN afforded the labile compound [( 5-S)Ru5( -CO)2(CO)10( - 3-C12H8S)( 4- 2-C6H4)(MeCN)] (4) in 73% yield. The reaction of 4 with P(OMe)3 gave the substitution product [( 5-S)Ru5( -CO)2(CO)10( - 3-C12H8S)( 4- 2-C6H4){P(OMe)3}] (5) in 52% yield. Compounds 1-4 have been structurally characterized. Compound 1 contains a  4-capping sulfido and a  4- 2-benzyne ligand, whereas 3, 4, and 5 contain  5-sulfido and  4- 2-benzyne ligands. The latter three compounds provide rare examples of  5-sulfido and metal-assisted opening of the thianthrene ligand on polynuclear centers. In compounds 1, 3, and 4 the  4- 2-benzyne ligand is perpendicular to the Ru4 face of the clusters and represents a previously uncharacterized bonding mode for benzyne.

year: 2007-07-01

title: Understanding the use of Māori and English in dual language picturebooks through a sociolinguistic lens

authors: Daly, Nicola

abstract: In this presentation I will explore the use of te reo Māori in English text in dual language picturebooks published in Aotearoa/New Zealand. A series of studies examining the frequency of Māori loanwords in children’s picturebooks (Daly 2007; Daly 2008; Macdonald & Daly, 2013) are presented showing that when books came out of a publishing company with a commitment to publishing Māori and Pasifika stories, the frequency of loanwords was much higher than in other contexts; but even when a survey of all picturebooks published in New Zealand between 1995 and 2005 was conducted, the frequency of loanwords was much higher than in previous studies of comparable literature, such as the New Zealand school journal (Macalister, 1999). Very few dual language picturebooks featuring Māori and English are produced in New Zealand (Daly 2016a; Daly 2016b). The synchronous or sequential format of having separate books for each language seems to be favoured. But it is in the parallel dual language format (where both languages are present in a single book) that the relative status of the two languages is evident. In the second part of the presentation the layout and comparative presentation of the two languages are explored in terms of size of font and order of languages, using a Linguistic Landscape framework (Landry & Bourhis, 1997). These uses of two languages within New Zealand children’s literature (both interlingual and dual language) are examined and considered in terms of Bell’s (1984) theory of Audience Design, considering whether writers and publishers of such literature are now catering for a wider and more bilingual audience and whether publishing such linguistically diverse material such linguistically diverse picturebooks may be contributing to the creation of a more bilingual society.

text: Understanding the use of Māori and English in dual language picturebooks through a sociolinguistic lens In this presentation I will explore the use of te reo Māori in English text in dual language picturebooks published in Aotearoa/New Zealand. A series of studies examining the frequency of Māori loanwords in children’s picturebooks (Daly 2007; Daly 2008; Macdonald & Daly, 2013) are presented showing that when books came out of a publishing company with a commitment to publishing Māori and Pasifika stories, the frequency of loanwords was much higher than in other contexts; but even when a survey of all picturebooks published in New Zealand between 1995 and 2005 was conducted, the frequency of loanwords was much higher than in previous studies of comparable literature, such as the New Zealand school journal (Macalister, 1999). Very few dual language picturebooks featuring Māori and English are produced in New Zealand (Daly 2016a; Daly 2016b). The synchronous or sequential format of having separate books for each language seems to be favoured. But it is in the parallel dual language format (where both languages are present in a single book) that the relative status of the two languages is evident. In the second part of the presentation the layout and comparative presentation of the two languages are explored in terms of size of font and order of languages, using a Linguistic Landscape framework (Landry & Bourhis, 1997). These uses of two languages within New Zealand children’s literature (both interlingual and dual language) are examined and considered in terms of Bell’s (1984) theory of Audience Design, considering whether writers and publishers of such literature are now catering for a wider and more bilingual audience and whether publishing such linguistically diverse material such linguistically diverse picturebooks may be contributing to the creation of a more bilingual society.

year: 2018