title: Understanding informal learning among international students through their brokering practices

authors: Lee, Sherrie

subjects: international students

abstract: While informal learning is recognised as an important part of academic learning, the significance of learning outside the prescribed curriculum has been largely overlooked in the literature on international students. The purpose of this study is to better understand the informal academic learning practices of international EAL students through the concept of brokering. In this study, brokering practices are defined as academic help-seeking social interactions outside the formal curriculum. Examples of brokering interactions include translating academic-related information or making explicit the requirements of an academic task. This paper is based on an ethnographic study involving ten international EAL students at a New Zealand university. Students were interviewed regularly over the period of one academic semester. Based on initial findings, the article details the characteristics of peer and non-peer brokers. Brokers were chosen because they had prior experience or recognised expertise in particular academic areas. At times, they were also chosen because they could communicate in the students’ native language. It is hoped that understanding the different types of brokers will allow institutions to develop more effective strategies in supporting international students’ academic needs.

text: Understanding informal learning among international students through their brokering practices While informal learning is recognised as an important part of academic learning, the significance of learning outside the prescribed curriculum has been largely overlooked in the literature on international students. The purpose of this study is to better understand the informal academic learning practices of international EAL students through the concept of brokering. In this study, brokering practices are defined as academic help-seeking social interactions outside the formal curriculum. Examples of brokering interactions include translating academic-related information or making explicit the requirements of an academic task. This paper is based on an ethnographic study involving ten international EAL students at a New Zealand university. Students were interviewed regularly over the period of one academic semester. Based on initial findings, the article details the characteristics of peer and non-peer brokers. Brokers were chosen because they had prior experience or recognised expertise in particular academic areas. At times, they were also chosen because they could communicate in the students’ native language. It is hoped that understanding the different types of brokers will allow institutions to develop more effective strategies in supporting international students’ academic needs.

year: 2017

title: Regioisomeric preferences in the orthomanganation of meta-substituted acetophenones and isopropyl benzoates, and application of iodo-demanganation with iodine chloride to the synthesis of 2-iodo-3-O-substituted and other ortho-iodo arylcarbonyl compounds

authors: Cooney, Janine M.

subjects: Manganese

abstract: Synthesis is reported of regioisomeric ortho-[Mn(CO)4] derivatives of aryl ketones (2-chlorothioxanthen-9-one and 3′,4′-methylenedioxyacetophenone) and esters (isopropyl 3-methoxy- and 3-acetoxy-benzoate), as well as of the single ortho-[Mn(CO)4] products from methyl 4-methoxy- and 3,5-dimethoxy-benzoate. Factors influencing the preference for manganation at the crowded positions ortho to the C=O in meta-substituted aryl ketones and esters are considered. The frequency of the lowest energy metal carbonyl stretching mode is useful in the structural assignment of the regioisomers. Isopropyl 2-iodo-3-methoxy- and 2-iodo-3-acetoxy-benzoates are obtained by reaction of iodine chloride to replace the Mn(CO)4 group at the crowded 2-position of the corresponding orthomanganated 3-O-substituted benzoate esters. ortho-Iodoacetophenones were prepared likewise, without α-iodination, some with iodine in crowded positions (2′-iodo-3′-methoxy-, -3′,4′-methylenedioxy- and -3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy-acetophenone), others with O-protected 2′-hydroxy groups (2′-benzyloxy- and 2′-t-butyldimethylsilyloxy-3′,4′-dimethoxy-6′-iodobenzene and 2′-t-butyldimethylsiloxy-6′-iodobenzene). Potential general synthetic routes to derivatives of 2-iodo-3-hydroxy-, 2-iodo-3,4-dihydroxy-, and 2-iodo-6-hydroxy-aryl carbonyl compounds are indicated. The corresponding routes to 3-iodo-4-acetyl-2,5-dimethylthiophene and 3-iodo-2-acetylthiophene are also reported.

text: Regioisomeric preferences in the orthomanganation of meta-substituted acetophenones and isopropyl benzoates, and application of iodo-demanganation with iodine chloride to the synthesis of 2-iodo-3-O-substituted and other ortho-iodo arylcarbonyl compounds Synthesis is reported of regioisomeric ortho-[Mn(CO)4] derivatives of aryl ketones (2-chlorothioxanthen-9-one and 3′,4′-methylenedioxyacetophenone) and esters (isopropyl 3-methoxy- and 3-acetoxy-benzoate), as well as of the single ortho-[Mn(CO)4] products from methyl 4-methoxy- and 3,5-dimethoxy-benzoate. Factors influencing the preference for manganation at the crowded positions ortho to the C=O in meta-substituted aryl ketones and esters are considered. The frequency of the lowest energy metal carbonyl stretching mode is useful in the structural assignment of the regioisomers. Isopropyl 2-iodo-3-methoxy- and 2-iodo-3-acetoxy-benzoates are obtained by reaction of iodine chloride to replace the Mn(CO)4 group at the crowded 2-position of the corresponding orthomanganated 3-O-substituted benzoate esters. ortho-Iodoacetophenones were prepared likewise, without α-iodination, some with iodine in crowded positions (2′-iodo-3′-methoxy-, -3′,4′-methylenedioxy- and -3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy-acetophenone), others with O-protected 2′-hydroxy groups (2′-benzyloxy- and 2′-t-butyldimethylsilyloxy-3′,4′-dimethoxy-6′-iodobenzene and 2′-t-butyldimethylsiloxy-6′-iodobenzene). Potential general synthetic routes to derivatives of 2-iodo-3-hydroxy-, 2-iodo-3,4-dihydroxy-, and 2-iodo-6-hydroxy-aryl carbonyl compounds are indicated. The corresponding routes to 3-iodo-4-acetyl-2,5-dimethylthiophene and 3-iodo-2-acetylthiophene are also reported.

year: 2001-09-01

title: Waitangi Soda Springs alum dosing – bioavailability of aluminium 2013

authors: Ling, Nicholas

abstract: Continuous alum dosing of the Waitangi Soda Springs at Lake Rotoehu commenced in 2010 to reduce inflows of dissolved reactive phosphorus to Lake Rotoehu. Analyses of bioaccumulation in the tissues of kōura and goldfish from Lake Rotoehu were undertaken on animals collected in September 2013 to determine the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of aluminium. Comparative analyses were undertaken on kōura and goldfish collected from Lakes Rotorua and Rotoiti. Lake Rotoehu kōura and goldfish showed slightly elevated aluminium concentrations in the gills indicating enhanced exposure to aluminium but little evidence for significant bioaccumulation in tissues.

text: Waitangi Soda Springs alum dosing – bioavailability of aluminium 2013 Continuous alum dosing of the Waitangi Soda Springs at Lake Rotoehu commenced in 2010 to reduce inflows of dissolved reactive phosphorus to Lake Rotoehu. Analyses of bioaccumulation in the tissues of kōura and goldfish from Lake Rotoehu were undertaken on animals collected in September 2013 to determine the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of aluminium. Comparative analyses were undertaken on kōura and goldfish collected from Lakes Rotorua and Rotoiti. Lake Rotoehu kōura and goldfish showed slightly elevated aluminium concentrations in the gills indicating enhanced exposure to aluminium but little evidence for significant bioaccumulation in tissues.

year: 2015