title: Designing the printed book as an interactive environment

authors: Timpany, Claire

subjects: book design

abstract: Reading a book demands a certain level of interaction from the reader. The cover must be opened and pages turned to navigate the information inside. Conventions have been developed over the life of the book to assist the reader in this navigation and provide orientation. The evolution of electronic reading material has given readers greater opportunities for interacting with their reading material, but many readers still prefer reading from a printed book. This paper investigates how the interactive organizational paradigm of hypertext can be implemented in a printed book to give the reader the opportunity for greater interaction and benefit from some of the advantages that electronic reading environments provide. The investigation in this paper follows an iterative design process in consultation with a panel of four experts. Through four rounds of consultation and refinement two potential solutions were developed for the incorporation of hypertext methods in a printed book.

text: Designing the printed book as an interactive environment Reading a book demands a certain level of interaction from the reader. The cover must be opened and pages turned to navigate the information inside. Conventions have been developed over the life of the book to assist the reader in this navigation and provide orientation. The evolution of electronic reading material has given readers greater opportunities for interacting with their reading material, but many readers still prefer reading from a printed book. This paper investigates how the interactive organizational paradigm of hypertext can be implemented in a printed book to give the reader the opportunity for greater interaction and benefit from some of the advantages that electronic reading environments provide. The investigation in this paper follows an iterative design process in consultation with a panel of four experts. Through four rounds of consultation and refinement two potential solutions were developed for the incorporation of hypertext methods in a printed book.

year: 2012

title: Concept-based Text Clustering

authors: Huang, Lan

subjects: clustering

abstract: Thematic organization of text is a natural practice of humans and a crucial task for today's vast repositories. Clustering automates this by assessing the similarity between texts and organizing them accordingly, grouping like ones together and separating those with different topics. Clusters provide a comprehensive logical structure that facilitates exploration, search and interpretation of current texts, as well as organization of future ones. Automatic clustering is usually based on words. Text is represented by the words it mentions, and thematic similarity is based on the proportion of words that texts have in common. The resulting bag-of-words model is semantically ambiguous and undesirably orthogonal|it ignores the connections between words. This thesis claims that using concepts as the basis of clustering can significantly improve effectiveness. Concepts are defined as units of knowledge. When organized according to the relations among them, they form a concept system. Two concept systems are used here: WordNet, which focuses on word knowledge, and Wikipedia, which encompasses world knowledge. We investigate a clustering procedure with three components: using concepts to represent text; taking the semantic relations among them into account during clustering; and learning a text similarity measure from concepts and their relations. First, we demonstrate that concepts provide a succinct and informative representation of the themes in text, exemplifying this with the two concept systems. Second, we define methods for utilizing concept relations to enhance clustering by making the representation models more discriminative and extending thematic similarity beyond surface overlap. Third, we present a similarity measure based on concepts and their relations that is learned from a small number of examples, and show that it both predicts similarity consistently with human judgement and improves clustering. The thesis provides strong support for the use of concept-based representations instead of the classic bag-of-words model.

text: Concept-based Text Clustering Thematic organization of text is a natural practice of humans and a crucial task for today's vast repositories. Clustering automates this by assessing the similarity between texts and organizing them accordingly, grouping like ones together and separating those with different topics. Clusters provide a comprehensive logical structure that facilitates exploration, search and interpretation of current texts, as well as organization of future ones. Automatic clustering is usually based on words. Text is represented by the words it mentions, and thematic similarity is based on the proportion of words that texts have in common. The resulting bag-of-words model is semantically ambiguous and undesirably orthogonal|it ignores the connections between words. This thesis claims that using concepts as the basis of clustering can significantly improve effectiveness. Concepts are defined as units of knowledge. When organized according to the relations among them, they form a concept system. Two concept systems are used here: WordNet, which focuses on word knowledge, and Wikipedia, which encompasses world knowledge. We investigate a clustering procedure with three components: using concepts to represent text; taking the semantic relations among them into account during clustering; and learning a text similarity measure from concepts and their relations. First, we demonstrate that concepts provide a succinct and informative representation of the themes in text, exemplifying this with the two concept systems. Second, we define methods for utilizing concept relations to enhance clustering by making the representation models more discriminative and extending thematic similarity beyond surface overlap. Third, we present a similarity measure based on concepts and their relations that is learned from a small number of examples, and show that it both predicts similarity consistently with human judgement and improves clustering. The thesis provides strong support for the use of concept-based representations instead of the classic bag-of-words model.

year: 2011

title: Military Settlement in the Middle Waikato Basin

authors: Allen, Peter D.H.

abstract: Military settlement formed a brief but distinctive phase in the European occupation of the Middle Waikato Basin. Prior to the 1863 - 1864 Waikato War, few Europeans, other than a small number of missionaries and traders, were settled in the region. The setting of the Middle Waikato Basin was largely unmodified by Man, except along the major rivers where a dense Maori population was settled. 
During the 1850's, the encroachment of European settlers upon Maori tribal lands in many North Island regions, including the Waikato, led to an increase in tension between the two populations and open conflict. This conflict slowed down the progress of colonization in the North Island. To enable colonization to continue in those regions disturbed by Maori unrest, a scheme of military settlement was devised. The aim of this scheme was the formation of compact, self-sufficient defensive settlements to act as a deterrent to Maori unrest. These settlements would also provide an assurance to settlers of security for their life and property.
 Military settlement in the Middle Waikato Basin consisted of two phases. In the first phase, the nodal points of the military settlements, the townships, were established and occupied by the military settlers. In the second phase, farm districts were surveyed around the nodal points and the military settlers moved out from the townships to occupy and develop the land they were allocated. A number of factors, relating to deficiencies in the scheme of military settlement and to the particular problems of settlement in the region, contributed to the failure of the military settlers to successfully establish farms on the land they were allocated. 
The scheme of military settlement largely failed as a method of colonization in the Middle Waikato Basin. However, the pattern of human occupation, established in the initial phase of military settlement, remained when the need for defensive settlements had gone, and forms the basis of the present pattern of settlement.

text: Military Settlement in the Middle Waikato Basin Military settlement formed a brief but distinctive phase in the European occupation of the Middle Waikato Basin. Prior to the 1863 - 1864 Waikato War, few Europeans, other than a small number of missionaries and traders, were settled in the region. The setting of the Middle Waikato Basin was largely unmodified by Man, except along the major rivers where a dense Maori population was settled. 
During the 1850's, the encroachment of European settlers upon Maori tribal lands in many North Island regions, including the Waikato, led to an increase in tension between the two populations and open conflict. This conflict slowed down the progress of colonization in the North Island. To enable colonization to continue in those regions disturbed by Maori unrest, a scheme of military settlement was devised. The aim of this scheme was the formation of compact, self-sufficient defensive settlements to act as a deterrent to Maori unrest. These settlements would also provide an assurance to settlers of security for their life and property.
 Military settlement in the Middle Waikato Basin consisted of two phases. In the first phase, the nodal points of the military settlements, the townships, were established and occupied by the military settlers. In the second phase, farm districts were surveyed around the nodal points and the military settlers moved out from the townships to occupy and develop the land they were allocated. A number of factors, relating to deficiencies in the scheme of military settlement and to the particular problems of settlement in the region, contributed to the failure of the military settlers to successfully establish farms on the land they were allocated. 
The scheme of military settlement largely failed as a method of colonization in the Middle Waikato Basin. However, the pattern of human occupation, established in the initial phase of military settlement, remained when the need for defensive settlements had gone, and forms the basis of the present pattern of settlement.

year: 1969