title: The international law gaze: Indonesia — Import Licensing Regimes (New Zealand)

authors: Alvarez-Jimenez, Alberto

abstract: The results in inter-State litigation seldom permit comparisons with competitive sports. A rare exception is the panel report of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Indonesia – Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Products [Indonesia – Import Licences Regimes]. The score at the first stage of this litigation is New Zealand 18 – Indonesia 0. New Zealand and the United States, separately, challenged 18 of Indonesia’s import restrictions adopted since 2011, which were aimed at protecting the local beef and horticultural industries (the measures), and the panel declared that all of them were contrary to the law of the WTO. New Zealand’s like industries may see the end of their problems in Indonesia on the horizon. The win, though, is not definitive, since the latter has appealed the report before the WTO Appellate Body. (World Trade Organization, Notification of an Appeal by Indonesia under Article 16.4 and Article 17 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, 21 February 2017).

text: The international law gaze: Indonesia — Import Licensing Regimes (New Zealand) The results in inter-State litigation seldom permit comparisons with competitive sports. A rare exception is the panel report of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Indonesia – Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Products [Indonesia – Import Licences Regimes]. The score at the first stage of this litigation is New Zealand 18 – Indonesia 0. New Zealand and the United States, separately, challenged 18 of Indonesia’s import restrictions adopted since 2011, which were aimed at protecting the local beef and horticultural industries (the measures), and the panel declared that all of them were contrary to the law of the WTO. New Zealand’s like industries may see the end of their problems in Indonesia on the horizon. The win, though, is not definitive, since the latter has appealed the report before the WTO Appellate Body. (World Trade Organization, Notification of an Appeal by Indonesia under Article 16.4 and Article 17 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, 21 February 2017).

year: 2017

title: The critical role of technical and social principles and values in encryption regulation

authors: Dizon, Michael

abstract: Encryption is a complex and enigmatic technology that poses significant challenges to regulators. While encryption is crucial to preserving the security and privacy of information and communications, it can also be used for illegal purposes and means and impede criminal investigations. Governments around the world have been proposing various ways to regulate this technology since the widespread presence and use of computers and the internet in the 1990s. Legislators have unsurprisingly taken a very law-centred approach to regulating encryption. They assume that the enactment of laws can definitively solve the problems brought about by new or disruptive technologies such as encryption. This regulatory mindset is encapsulated in a statement made by former Austrian Prime Minister Turnbull about how law trumps the underlying mathematics of encryption. He said, “The laws of Australia prevail in Australia, I can assure you of that. The laws of mathematics are very commendable, but the only law that applies in Australia is the law of Australia”. The issue with this exceedingly narrow and one-sided view of the relationship between law and technology is that it neglects to take into account important non-legal factors and considerations that are necessary in order to properly deal with encryption or any technology for that matter. Focusing solely on the laws and legal aspects of encryption without sufficient recognition of its technical and social contexts and conditions can result in the adoption of laws that are either ineffectual or unacceptable to the relevant stakeholders or society as a whole. This presentation will discuss the attendant technical and social principles and values of encryption that must be considered when seeking to develop appropriate laws and policies. Through the examination of the often overlooked technical and social dimensions of encryption, this presentation can provide key insights into how to better regulate encryption and technology more generally.

text: The critical role of technical and social principles and values in encryption regulation Encryption is a complex and enigmatic technology that poses significant challenges to regulators. While encryption is crucial to preserving the security and privacy of information and communications, it can also be used for illegal purposes and means and impede criminal investigations. Governments around the world have been proposing various ways to regulate this technology since the widespread presence and use of computers and the internet in the 1990s. Legislators have unsurprisingly taken a very law-centred approach to regulating encryption. They assume that the enactment of laws can definitively solve the problems brought about by new or disruptive technologies such as encryption. This regulatory mindset is encapsulated in a statement made by former Austrian Prime Minister Turnbull about how law trumps the underlying mathematics of encryption. He said, “The laws of Australia prevail in Australia, I can assure you of that. The laws of mathematics are very commendable, but the only law that applies in Australia is the law of Australia”. The issue with this exceedingly narrow and one-sided view of the relationship between law and technology is that it neglects to take into account important non-legal factors and considerations that are necessary in order to properly deal with encryption or any technology for that matter. Focusing solely on the laws and legal aspects of encryption without sufficient recognition of its technical and social contexts and conditions can result in the adoption of laws that are either ineffectual or unacceptable to the relevant stakeholders or society as a whole. This presentation will discuss the attendant technical and social principles and values of encryption that must be considered when seeking to develop appropriate laws and policies. Through the examination of the often overlooked technical and social dimensions of encryption, this presentation can provide key insights into how to better regulate encryption and technology more generally.

year: 2021-07-21

title: Can large taonga bivalves speed up recovery in degraded estuaries?

authors: Prinz, Natalie

abstract: THE QUESTION:
Will there introduction of adult, long-lived bivalves with differing functional traits speed up recovery of degraded soft sediment habitats in estuaries?
RESULTS:
Average bivalve survival after one year was 18% in + tuangi plot sand 59% in + hanikura plots. Sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) after one month was enhanced by 116% in treatments containing tuangi compared to control treatments. After one year those were similar to ambient levels, still showed higher SOC than control plots.

text: Can large taonga bivalves speed up recovery in degraded estuaries? THE QUESTION:
Will there introduction of adult, long-lived bivalves with differing functional traits speed up recovery of degraded soft sediment habitats in estuaries?
RESULTS:
Average bivalve survival after one year was 18% in + tuangi plot sand 59% in + hanikura plots. Sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) after one month was enhanced by 116% in treatments containing tuangi compared to control treatments. After one year those were similar to ambient levels, still showed higher SOC than control plots.

year: 2023