title: The timing of the human discovery and colonization of New Zealand

authors: Sutton, Douglas G.

abstract: In discriminating between the proposed Long, Short and Intermediate Chronologies for New Zealand prehistory, archaeologists have recently voted by a narrow majority that the human commensal, Rattus exulans, was present in New Zealand up to 2000 years BP, although the preferred date of ‘first settlement’ by people was ca 800 years BP. A recalibration of New Zealand chronometric data has resulted in reinterpretations of the date and duration of occupation on critical archaeological sites. A remodelling of the ages of the putatively earliest sites in New Zealand has shown these to indicate only a broadly defined period when settlement occurred rather than the date when New Zealand was discovered (as the Short Chronology advocates have insisted). Finally, comparisons with archaeological research on islands elsewhere in the world have brought with them recognition that the discovery, exploration, initial settlement and colonization of New Zealand by Polynesian voyagers were broadly consecutive processes. This paper reviews a range of current evidence in the context of its current theorization and affirms the Long Chronology, recognizing it as the most plausible hypothesis.

text: The timing of the human discovery and colonization of New Zealand In discriminating between the proposed Long, Short and Intermediate Chronologies for New Zealand prehistory, archaeologists have recently voted by a narrow majority that the human commensal, Rattus exulans, was present in New Zealand up to 2000 years BP, although the preferred date of ‘first settlement’ by people was ca 800 years BP. A recalibration of New Zealand chronometric data has resulted in reinterpretations of the date and duration of occupation on critical archaeological sites. A remodelling of the ages of the putatively earliest sites in New Zealand has shown these to indicate only a broadly defined period when settlement occurred rather than the date when New Zealand was discovered (as the Short Chronology advocates have insisted). Finally, comparisons with archaeological research on islands elsewhere in the world have brought with them recognition that the discovery, exploration, initial settlement and colonization of New Zealand by Polynesian voyagers were broadly consecutive processes. This paper reviews a range of current evidence in the context of its current theorization and affirms the Long Chronology, recognizing it as the most plausible hypothesis.

year: 2008

title: Te Whakatōhea Maurua

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: Te Whakatōhea Maurua is a Whakaeke item that was composed to commemorate the rangatira of Te Whakatōhea that lost their lives in the colonial wars of the mid nineteenth century at the hands of the Te Arawa people who were loyalists to the Crown. This composition was composed also to bury the hatchet between Te Whakatōhea and Te Arawa. This composition was performed by Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti at the Te Matatini World Championship Kapa Haka Competition 2013

text: Te Whakatōhea Maurua Te Whakatōhea Maurua is a Whakaeke item that was composed to commemorate the rangatira of Te Whakatōhea that lost their lives in the colonial wars of the mid nineteenth century at the hands of the Te Arawa people who were loyalists to the Crown. This composition was composed also to bury the hatchet between Te Whakatōhea and Te Arawa. This composition was performed by Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti at the Te Matatini World Championship Kapa Haka Competition 2013

year: 2013

title: A study of the collectivist model of entrepreneurship in the Global South: The case of the Ecuadorian Coast

authors: Gavilanes Valle, Julio

subjects: Entrepreneurship

abstract: Poverty and limited state support, combined with the collectivism of societies in the Global South, have led necessity-driven entrepreneurs to create businesses by pooling resources. However, there are doubts about the limited capacity of this type of entrepreneurship to create value and generate growth. Due to the heterogeneity of the phenomenon in the region, these views are insufficient to fully understand the entrepreneurial process; hence, this thesis explores the effects of collectivism on the entrepreneurship model in the context of necessity of the Global South.	Situated in the interpretivism paradigm and using a qualitative design, the research involved a community in Ecuador as a case study. Twenty-one in-depth interviews were conducted with local entrepreneurs, which were analysed through thematic analysis. Data analysis indicated collectivism at three levels of the social structure: the community, the family, and the individual. At the community level, the findings evidenced a robust "associativity" process, which organised the group and achieved social cohesion, a cornerstone for the region's entrepreneurship development. The effects of collectivism were also manifested at the family level, with the creation of intergenerational and family businesses closely interrelated. At the individual level, the effects of collectivism were evident in peer-to-peer entrepreneurial imitation facilitation as a strategy to create ventures and collectively grow a single industry, creating a previously non-existent market process. Drawing on these remarks, this thesis has contributed to entrepreneurship research by determining the role of entrepreneurial imitation, resource development and collective growth in necessity-driven entrepreneurship in the Global South.

text: A study of the collectivist model of entrepreneurship in the Global South: The case of the Ecuadorian Coast Poverty and limited state support, combined with the collectivism of societies in the Global South, have led necessity-driven entrepreneurs to create businesses by pooling resources. However, there are doubts about the limited capacity of this type of entrepreneurship to create value and generate growth. Due to the heterogeneity of the phenomenon in the region, these views are insufficient to fully understand the entrepreneurial process; hence, this thesis explores the effects of collectivism on the entrepreneurship model in the context of necessity of the Global South.	Situated in the interpretivism paradigm and using a qualitative design, the research involved a community in Ecuador as a case study. Twenty-one in-depth interviews were conducted with local entrepreneurs, which were analysed through thematic analysis. Data analysis indicated collectivism at three levels of the social structure: the community, the family, and the individual. At the community level, the findings evidenced a robust "associativity" process, which organised the group and achieved social cohesion, a cornerstone for the region's entrepreneurship development. The effects of collectivism were also manifested at the family level, with the creation of intergenerational and family businesses closely interrelated. At the individual level, the effects of collectivism were evident in peer-to-peer entrepreneurial imitation facilitation as a strategy to create ventures and collectively grow a single industry, creating a previously non-existent market process. Drawing on these remarks, this thesis has contributed to entrepreneurship research by determining the role of entrepreneurial imitation, resource development and collective growth in necessity-driven entrepreneurship in the Global South.

year: 2024-05-01