title: Electromagnetic stirring using a travelling magnetic field

authors: Saad, Mohd. Noor Bin

abstract: Electromagnetic stirring of liquid metal is widely used during continuous casting in iron and steel industries to improve the quality of the products. In this thesis we aim to develop a theory for traveling linear stirrers in closed channels. 
We consider a channel filled with an incompressible, electrically conducting viscous fluid. A two dimensional multi Fourier-component magnetic field is moved along the channel. Induced currents in the fluid interact with the field to give a Lorentz force which drives fluid motion. When the magnetic Reynolds number is large the imposed magnetic field is changed significantly. 
In this study we consider uniformly-moving and accelerating fields. 
For the initial fluid motion due to a two Fourier-component source moving at a constant velocity, with Rm small, an analytical solution is derived. The LaxWendroff numerical scheme is used to calculate the flow until a steady state is reached. For effective stirring the width of the channel has to be less than the field wavelength. 
The problem of a solid conductor in a steadily-moving field at finite Rm is investigated next. It is shown that as the magnetic Reynolds number increases the flux inclines in the direction of the motion. In the study of the fluid flow at finite Rm it is shown that the narrower the channel the better and stronger will be the magnetic field's penetration. Most effective stirring occurs when magnetic Reynolds number is around 100. 
When the magnetic field is given a time-dependent velocity at large Rm we show that more eddies are created immediately after a velocity reversal. In the process, the layers of magnetic fieldlines on the boundaries incline in the opposite direction of the applied field. Simple harmonic motion of the field is also effective, and becomes more so as the frequency increases (at fixed wavelength) but at the expense of overall fluid velocity.

text: Electromagnetic stirring using a travelling magnetic field Electromagnetic stirring of liquid metal is widely used during continuous casting in iron and steel industries to improve the quality of the products. In this thesis we aim to develop a theory for traveling linear stirrers in closed channels. 
We consider a channel filled with an incompressible, electrically conducting viscous fluid. A two dimensional multi Fourier-component magnetic field is moved along the channel. Induced currents in the fluid interact with the field to give a Lorentz force which drives fluid motion. When the magnetic Reynolds number is large the imposed magnetic field is changed significantly. 
In this study we consider uniformly-moving and accelerating fields. 
For the initial fluid motion due to a two Fourier-component source moving at a constant velocity, with Rm small, an analytical solution is derived. The LaxWendroff numerical scheme is used to calculate the flow until a steady state is reached. For effective stirring the width of the channel has to be less than the field wavelength. 
The problem of a solid conductor in a steadily-moving field at finite Rm is investigated next. It is shown that as the magnetic Reynolds number increases the flux inclines in the direction of the motion. In the study of the fluid flow at finite Rm it is shown that the narrower the channel the better and stronger will be the magnetic field's penetration. Most effective stirring occurs when magnetic Reynolds number is around 100. 
When the magnetic field is given a time-dependent velocity at large Rm we show that more eddies are created immediately after a velocity reversal. In the process, the layers of magnetic fieldlines on the boundaries incline in the opposite direction of the applied field. Simple harmonic motion of the field is also effective, and becomes more so as the frequency increases (at fixed wavelength) but at the expense of overall fluid velocity.

year: 2004

title: Contradictory discourses, state ideology and policy interpretation: A feminist evaluation of the Reproductive and Child Health Programme (RCH) in Kerala, India

authors: Simon-Kumar, Rachel

abstract: The Government of India in 1995 introduced the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) policy, as part of a paradigmatic shift in its ongoing population programme. The shift in policy came in the wake of the International Conference for Population and Development, 1994, which had espoused a rhetoric of reproductive health and empowerment for women in the planning and implementation of population programmes. This thesis explores the process of institutionalization of the ‘gender-sensitive’ discourse of reproductive health within the national population programme in India. This study offers a feminist political analysis of this phenomena; therefore, rather than study reproductive health as demographic or health outcomes, the emphasis is on the analysis of ideological frameworks of the state (and those policy makers who embody its values) that provide particular interpretations of reproductive health. The political analysis of ideology is significant to understanding the translation of global discourses into norms of local practice.

The focus on interpretive frameworks opens up a theoretical exploration of the state’s inherent ideologies. Arguing that India, like many other countries in both the developing and developed world, is moving to a broad political, economic and social ethos of neo-liberalism, I explore the implications of this ideological shift for the process of policy interpretation. There are two dimensions of the neo-liberal ideology that are pertinent to this research. First, the assumptions of the role and functions of the state under neo-liberalism is antagonistic to that which is, prima facie, demanded by reproductive health as a gender-empowering discourse. Second, the discourse of neo-liberalism has implications for women’s positioning as citizens within the developmental state, challenging their claims to access the state. The interactions of both these dimensions, that is, contestation of discourses regarding representation of women, and the definition of the state’s obligations under market development, are critical to the outcome of policy design and practice.

The empirical analysis in this research is fundamentally qualitative in approach. I primarily undertake an analysis of discourses in the RCH policy documents and interviews with key officials in charge of the programme in Kerala. The analysis seeks to explore the discursive manifestation of the neo-liberal/market ideology, particularly in the way that users of public health care are positioned in the programme, and the state’s broader ideology regarding gender and development.

In conclusion, this research seeks to renew a focus on the state as a negotiator of gender discourses in the formulation of development policy. Development policy design and practice cannot be viewed as independent of the ideologies around gender that dominate the state. I argue in this thesis that it is only by addressing issues of political identity that we can develop policies that are more accountable to women, and that are gender-sensitive.

text: Contradictory discourses, state ideology and policy interpretation: A feminist evaluation of the Reproductive and Child Health Programme (RCH) in Kerala, India The Government of India in 1995 introduced the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) policy, as part of a paradigmatic shift in its ongoing population programme. The shift in policy came in the wake of the International Conference for Population and Development, 1994, which had espoused a rhetoric of reproductive health and empowerment for women in the planning and implementation of population programmes. This thesis explores the process of institutionalization of the ‘gender-sensitive’ discourse of reproductive health within the national population programme in India. This study offers a feminist political analysis of this phenomena; therefore, rather than study reproductive health as demographic or health outcomes, the emphasis is on the analysis of ideological frameworks of the state (and those policy makers who embody its values) that provide particular interpretations of reproductive health. The political analysis of ideology is significant to understanding the translation of global discourses into norms of local practice.

The focus on interpretive frameworks opens up a theoretical exploration of the state’s inherent ideologies. Arguing that India, like many other countries in both the developing and developed world, is moving to a broad political, economic and social ethos of neo-liberalism, I explore the implications of this ideological shift for the process of policy interpretation. There are two dimensions of the neo-liberal ideology that are pertinent to this research. First, the assumptions of the role and functions of the state under neo-liberalism is antagonistic to that which is, prima facie, demanded by reproductive health as a gender-empowering discourse. Second, the discourse of neo-liberalism has implications for women’s positioning as citizens within the developmental state, challenging their claims to access the state. The interactions of both these dimensions, that is, contestation of discourses regarding representation of women, and the definition of the state’s obligations under market development, are critical to the outcome of policy design and practice.

The empirical analysis in this research is fundamentally qualitative in approach. I primarily undertake an analysis of discourses in the RCH policy documents and interviews with key officials in charge of the programme in Kerala. The analysis seeks to explore the discursive manifestation of the neo-liberal/market ideology, particularly in the way that users of public health care are positioned in the programme, and the state’s broader ideology regarding gender and development.

In conclusion, this research seeks to renew a focus on the state as a negotiator of gender discourses in the formulation of development policy. Development policy design and practice cannot be viewed as independent of the ideologies around gender that dominate the state. I argue in this thesis that it is only by addressing issues of political identity that we can develop policies that are more accountable to women, and that are gender-sensitive.

year: 2000

title: Older men gardening on the marae: Everyday practices for being Māori

authors: King, Pita

subjects: manaakitanga

abstract: Like indigenous peoples globally, Māori are over- represented among the homeless population due to processes of colonialism, disruptions and continued socio- economic marginalization. This article explores how, through gardening and other everyday practices, a group of older Māori men who are homeless find respite, reconnection, a sense of belonging, and remember Māori ways of being. We consider how the regular participation of these men also contributes to the reconciliation of the marae (communal complex used for everyday Māori life) space that has been reclaimed by Ngāti Whātua (local Auckland tribe) after a lengthy hiatus. Our analysis foregrounds the importance of core values of manaakitanga (care for others), whanaungatanga (relationships based on shared experience or kinship) and wairuatanga (spirituality) for responses to Māori homelessness.

text: Older men gardening on the marae: Everyday practices for being Māori Like indigenous peoples globally, Māori are over- represented among the homeless population due to processes of colonialism, disruptions and continued socio- economic marginalization. This article explores how, through gardening and other everyday practices, a group of older Māori men who are homeless find respite, reconnection, a sense of belonging, and remember Māori ways of being. We consider how the regular participation of these men also contributes to the reconciliation of the marae (communal complex used for everyday Māori life) space that has been reclaimed by Ngāti Whātua (local Auckland tribe) after a lengthy hiatus. Our analysis foregrounds the importance of core values of manaakitanga (care for others), whanaungatanga (relationships based on shared experience or kinship) and wairuatanga (spirituality) for responses to Māori homelessness.

year: 2015