title: Methanol oxidation by temperate soils and environmental determinants of associated methylotrophs

authors: Stacheter, Astrid

abstract: The role of soil methylotrophs in methanol exchange with the atmosphere has been widely overlooked. Methanol can be derived from plant polymers and be consumed by soil microbial communities. In the current study, methanol-utilizing methylotrophs of 14 aerated soils were examined to resolve their comparative diversities and capacities to utilize ambient concentrations of methanol. Abundances of cultivable methylotrophs ranged from 10 ⁶-10 ⁸gsoilDW ⁻¹. Methanol dissimilation was measured based on conversion of supplemented 14C-methanol, and occurred at concentrations down to 0.002 μmol methanol gsoilDW ⁻¹. Tested soils exhibited specific affinities to methanol (a ⁰ s=0 ⁻¹) that were similar to those of other environments suggesting that methylotrophs with similar affinities were present. Two deep-branching alphaproteobacterial genotypes of mch responded to the addition of ambient concentrations of methanol (≤0.6 μmol methanol gsoilDW ⁻¹) in one of these soils. Methylotroph community structures were assessed by amplicon pyrosequencing of genes of mono carbon metabolism (mxaF, mch and fae). Alphaproteobacteria-affiliated genotypes were predominant in all investigated soils, and the occurrence of novel genotypes indicated a hitherto unveiled diversity of methylotrophs. Correlations between vegetation type, soil pH and methylotroph community structure suggested that plant-methylotroph interactions were determinative for soil methylotrophs.

text: Methanol oxidation by temperate soils and environmental determinants of associated methylotrophs The role of soil methylotrophs in methanol exchange with the atmosphere has been widely overlooked. Methanol can be derived from plant polymers and be consumed by soil microbial communities. In the current study, methanol-utilizing methylotrophs of 14 aerated soils were examined to resolve their comparative diversities and capacities to utilize ambient concentrations of methanol. Abundances of cultivable methylotrophs ranged from 10 ⁶-10 ⁸gsoilDW ⁻¹. Methanol dissimilation was measured based on conversion of supplemented 14C-methanol, and occurred at concentrations down to 0.002 μmol methanol gsoilDW ⁻¹. Tested soils exhibited specific affinities to methanol (a ⁰ s=0 ⁻¹) that were similar to those of other environments suggesting that methylotrophs with similar affinities were present. Two deep-branching alphaproteobacterial genotypes of mch responded to the addition of ambient concentrations of methanol (≤0.6 μmol methanol gsoilDW ⁻¹) in one of these soils. Methylotroph community structures were assessed by amplicon pyrosequencing of genes of mono carbon metabolism (mxaF, mch and fae). Alphaproteobacteria-affiliated genotypes were predominant in all investigated soils, and the occurrence of novel genotypes indicated a hitherto unveiled diversity of methylotrophs. Correlations between vegetation type, soil pH and methylotroph community structure suggested that plant-methylotroph interactions were determinative for soil methylotrophs.

year: 2012

title: Growth and magmatic evolution of Tongariro and Raupehu volcanoes, New Zealand

authors: Hobden, Barbara J.

abstract: The aim of this excursion is to examine new work on the eruptive and magmatic histories of Tongariro and Ruapehu Volcanoes. By integrating geochemical and isotopic analyses within a well-constrained framework of geochronology and volcanic stratigraphy, our studies have shown that growth of these andesite cone volcanoes involves multiple small batches of magma whose compositions are strongly modified in complex, probably polybaric plumbing systems on time scales as short as a year. Rapid production and ascent of magma is a characteristic of the Quaternary history of both the silicic and andesitic portions of Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ). Central TVZ is dominated by two exceptionally active rhyolitic calderas, Okataina and Taupo, while the landscape of the southem TVZ is dominated by two highly active composite volcanoes, Tonga1iro and Ruapehu. There are strong similarities between Tongariro and Ruapehu (compare for example Hobden et al., 1999 with Gamble et al., 1999).

text: Growth and magmatic evolution of Tongariro and Raupehu volcanoes, New Zealand The aim of this excursion is to examine new work on the eruptive and magmatic histories of Tongariro and Ruapehu Volcanoes. By integrating geochemical and isotopic analyses within a well-constrained framework of geochronology and volcanic stratigraphy, our studies have shown that growth of these andesite cone volcanoes involves multiple small batches of magma whose compositions are strongly modified in complex, probably polybaric plumbing systems on time scales as short as a year. Rapid production and ascent of magma is a characteristic of the Quaternary history of both the silicic and andesitic portions of Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ). Central TVZ is dominated by two exceptionally active rhyolitic calderas, Okataina and Taupo, while the landscape of the southem TVZ is dominated by two highly active composite volcanoes, Tonga1iro and Ruapehu. There are strong similarities between Tongariro and Ruapehu (compare for example Hobden et al., 1999 with Gamble et al., 1999).

year: 2001

title: Te kura o Ruatoki 1896 - 1979

authors: Williams, Kim Reina Reremoana

subjects: Ruatoki Native School

abstract: Ko tēnei tuhinga roa e kōrero ana mō te Kura o Ruatoki i roto i te rohe o te iwi o Tūhoe. I whakatūria he kura i te tau 1896 i runga i te inoi a ngā Koroua ki te Kāwanatanga o taua wā.
Hai te Upoko tuatahi, ka whakatakotoria ngā kōrero mō te āhua o te whenua, ngā tāngata me ā rātau nekeneke. Tutū ana te puehu i runga i ngā whakatū waewae ki te iwi, ki te Pākehā hoki mō taua whenua.
Hai te Upoko tuarua ka takoto ngā kōrero mō te heke o ngā pānui o ngā inoi, ngā reta a ngā Koroua ki te Kāwanatanga mō te whakatū i tētahi Kura i Ruatoki. Te nuinga o ēnei rauemi i rangahaua, i kitea, i te Whare pukapuka o Pōneke. Ko ētahi i te Whare pukapuka o Tāmaki. Ka tau te tono, ka kitea te tūtukitanga o te ao Pākehā ki te ao Māori, otirā, kua puta te kaupapa i whakatūria ake ai te kura hei whakatangata whenua i ngā tāngata, i ngā aronga hinengaro Māori kia rite ki tō te Pākehā.
Hai te Upoko tuatoru ka tirohia ko ngā tuhinga a ngā Tumuaki mai i te tau 1896 ki te tau 1979 mō te Kura o Ruatoki. Ka kite i roto i ā rātau tirohanga te āhua o tā rātau kaihautū i te rerenga o te kaupapa nei. Ko ngā kaihautū i te waka nei, he tūmau noa nā te Kāwanatanga hai whakatō i te Pākehātanga ki roto i te whatumanawa Māori.
He tini o te whārua i hinga i roto i ēnei tau i runga i ngā mate urutī, mate tauhou i pā ki roto i te whārua. Ahakoa tērā ka tukuna tonu ngā tamariki ki te kura i runga i te whakapono he oranga ka puta mai i reira. I te tau 1946 ka tū he kura tuarua, he Māori District High School. Ko te nuinga o ngā tamariki o Tawera rāua ko Ruatoki i haere mai ki tēnei kura. Tokoiti ia tau i whiwhi karahipi mō te haere ki ngā kura hāhi o Tīpene rāua ko Wikitōria. Tērā pea he tango atu i ēnei tamariki mai i ngā āhuatanga Māori o te whārua.
Hai te upoko tuawhā, ka whakakorehia te kura tuarua. Ko ngā take mō te katinga ka āta whakamāramahia. He mahi nanakia nā te tari Mātauranga me āna āpiha i runga i ngā nekeneke mō tēnei kaupapa.
Hai te Upoko tuarima ka whakarerekēhia ngā marautanga ako kia tau ko te kaupapa ako i roto i ngā reo e rua ki roto i te kura. He whakautu tēnei i te kōrero a Richard Benton o te N.Z.C.E.R e kī ana, "Kāore e roa ka ngaro te reo Māori." Koinei te wā i whakapihihia ake ai te kaupapa ako i roto i ngā reo e rua, ā, ka tiritiria ko te kaupapa Rumaki Reo.
Hai te Upoko tuaono ko te kōhuretanga o te kaupapa Māori me te puāwaitanga o ngā hinengaro me ngā wairua o ngā tamariki ki te āhua o te ako i ā rātau mahi i roto i tō rātau ake reo. I tīmatahia te kaupapa i te tau 1977. Tae rawa atu ki ngā tau o muri mai kua kitea kē te huringa o ngā ngākau ki te ako.
Hai te Upoko tuawhitu ka whakaatahia mai ngā whakanekeneke i raro i tēnei kaupapa. He nui ngā tutukitanga ki ngā ture i te whakatūtanga o ngā Kura mō Āpōpō.
Hei whakarāpopototanga i ngā moemoeā me ngā tūmanako ka titiro ake ki ngā waru tekau tau kua pahemo. Kua turuki ki te pō, ki te ao. Kua noho te pukenga o te kupu kōrero, kua taipū ngā kaupapa. Ko taku mahi he whakarārangi i ngā pikinga i ngā hekenga i ngā āhuatanga katoa i mahia i roto i tēnei kura mai kore ka kitea atu he māramatanga he huarahi rānei e tiketike ake ai ngā mahi ako, ngā akoranga, ki ēnei o ā tātau mokopuna o Ngāi Tūhoe e tipu mai nei. Nō reira ka hoki rawa ngā kauhau ki ērā i whakatakotohia mai e ngā mātua tīpuna. Ka tīkina atu te kōrero i reira hai whakatinana i ngā tūmanako mō te wharekura o Ruatoki i tēnei wā.

text: Te kura o Ruatoki 1896 - 1979 Ko tēnei tuhinga roa e kōrero ana mō te Kura o Ruatoki i roto i te rohe o te iwi o Tūhoe. I whakatūria he kura i te tau 1896 i runga i te inoi a ngā Koroua ki te Kāwanatanga o taua wā.
Hai te Upoko tuatahi, ka whakatakotoria ngā kōrero mō te āhua o te whenua, ngā tāngata me ā rātau nekeneke. Tutū ana te puehu i runga i ngā whakatū waewae ki te iwi, ki te Pākehā hoki mō taua whenua.
Hai te Upoko tuarua ka takoto ngā kōrero mō te heke o ngā pānui o ngā inoi, ngā reta a ngā Koroua ki te Kāwanatanga mō te whakatū i tētahi Kura i Ruatoki. Te nuinga o ēnei rauemi i rangahaua, i kitea, i te Whare pukapuka o Pōneke. Ko ētahi i te Whare pukapuka o Tāmaki. Ka tau te tono, ka kitea te tūtukitanga o te ao Pākehā ki te ao Māori, otirā, kua puta te kaupapa i whakatūria ake ai te kura hei whakatangata whenua i ngā tāngata, i ngā aronga hinengaro Māori kia rite ki tō te Pākehā.
Hai te Upoko tuatoru ka tirohia ko ngā tuhinga a ngā Tumuaki mai i te tau 1896 ki te tau 1979 mō te Kura o Ruatoki. Ka kite i roto i ā rātau tirohanga te āhua o tā rātau kaihautū i te rerenga o te kaupapa nei. Ko ngā kaihautū i te waka nei, he tūmau noa nā te Kāwanatanga hai whakatō i te Pākehātanga ki roto i te whatumanawa Māori.
He tini o te whārua i hinga i roto i ēnei tau i runga i ngā mate urutī, mate tauhou i pā ki roto i te whārua. Ahakoa tērā ka tukuna tonu ngā tamariki ki te kura i runga i te whakapono he oranga ka puta mai i reira. I te tau 1946 ka tū he kura tuarua, he Māori District High School. Ko te nuinga o ngā tamariki o Tawera rāua ko Ruatoki i haere mai ki tēnei kura. Tokoiti ia tau i whiwhi karahipi mō te haere ki ngā kura hāhi o Tīpene rāua ko Wikitōria. Tērā pea he tango atu i ēnei tamariki mai i ngā āhuatanga Māori o te whārua.
Hai te upoko tuawhā, ka whakakorehia te kura tuarua. Ko ngā take mō te katinga ka āta whakamāramahia. He mahi nanakia nā te tari Mātauranga me āna āpiha i runga i ngā nekeneke mō tēnei kaupapa.
Hai te Upoko tuarima ka whakarerekēhia ngā marautanga ako kia tau ko te kaupapa ako i roto i ngā reo e rua ki roto i te kura. He whakautu tēnei i te kōrero a Richard Benton o te N.Z.C.E.R e kī ana, "Kāore e roa ka ngaro te reo Māori." Koinei te wā i whakapihihia ake ai te kaupapa ako i roto i ngā reo e rua, ā, ka tiritiria ko te kaupapa Rumaki Reo.
Hai te Upoko tuaono ko te kōhuretanga o te kaupapa Māori me te puāwaitanga o ngā hinengaro me ngā wairua o ngā tamariki ki te āhua o te ako i ā rātau mahi i roto i tō rātau ake reo. I tīmatahia te kaupapa i te tau 1977. Tae rawa atu ki ngā tau o muri mai kua kitea kē te huringa o ngā ngākau ki te ako.
Hai te Upoko tuawhitu ka whakaatahia mai ngā whakanekeneke i raro i tēnei kaupapa. He nui ngā tutukitanga ki ngā ture i te whakatūtanga o ngā Kura mō Āpōpō.
Hei whakarāpopototanga i ngā moemoeā me ngā tūmanako ka titiro ake ki ngā waru tekau tau kua pahemo. Kua turuki ki te pō, ki te ao. Kua noho te pukenga o te kupu kōrero, kua taipū ngā kaupapa. Ko taku mahi he whakarārangi i ngā pikinga i ngā hekenga i ngā āhuatanga katoa i mahia i roto i tēnei kura mai kore ka kitea atu he māramatanga he huarahi rānei e tiketike ake ai ngā mahi ako, ngā akoranga, ki ēnei o ā tātau mokopuna o Ngāi Tūhoe e tipu mai nei. Nō reira ka hoki rawa ngā kauhau ki ērā i whakatakotohia mai e ngā mātua tīpuna. Ka tīkina atu te kōrero i reira hai whakatinana i ngā tūmanako mō te wharekura o Ruatoki i tēnei wā.

year: 1998