title: Under the law of charity, is the principle of 'public benefit' being hindered by the doctrinal rule of precedent?

authors: Chevalier-Watts, Juliet

abstract: There is no explicit definition of what constitutes a ‘charitable trust’. S 2 of the Charitable Trusts Act 1957 defines it as ‘every purpose which in accordance with the law of New Zealand is charitable’. 
For a trust to be charitable legally, it must be for the public benefit, meaning: 
a) The purpose must be beneficial in a way that is charitable; and 
b) The benefit has to be shown to be available to the public, or a significant portion of it, not just to a distinct group of particular individual (other than in the case of relief of poverty).  
The definition of ‘charitable’ owes its origins to the list of purposes contained in the Preamble to the Elizabethan Statute of Charitable Uses Act 1601. The preamble stated that the following uses were deemed to be charitable:...

text: Under the law of charity, is the principle of 'public benefit' being hindered by the doctrinal rule of precedent? There is no explicit definition of what constitutes a ‘charitable trust’. S 2 of the Charitable Trusts Act 1957 defines it as ‘every purpose which in accordance with the law of New Zealand is charitable’. 
For a trust to be charitable legally, it must be for the public benefit, meaning: 
a) The purpose must be beneficial in a way that is charitable; and 
b) The benefit has to be shown to be available to the public, or a significant portion of it, not just to a distinct group of particular individual (other than in the case of relief of poverty).  
The definition of ‘charitable’ owes its origins to the list of purposes contained in the Preamble to the Elizabethan Statute of Charitable Uses Act 1601. The preamble stated that the following uses were deemed to be charitable:...

year: 2008

title: Understanding the specificity and complexity of  inter-firm knowledge flows in alliance networks

authors: Ding, Qiang

subjects: inter-firm knowledge transfer

abstract: Research on inter-firm knowledge transfer is burgeoning, yet our understanding of its specificity and complexity in the context of alliance networks remains rather unclear. The main purpose of this paper is to examine how knowledge-specific characteristics, such as a partner’s knowledge base, learning intent, absorptive capacity, knowledge protectiveness, and cultural distance each impact differently on knowledge transfer performance in alliances. This paper suggests that, although the emergence of alliances provides an ideal platform for acquiring knowledge resources, certain challenges are still embedded in inter-firm knowledge transfer process. We also suggest that certain moderating relationship factors (including intensive interaction, inter-partner trust relationship and cognitive shared understanding) may help us understand knowledge transfer in cross-cultural alliance settings. By aggregating and consolidating existing research, our study identifies promising avenues for future research.

text: Understanding the specificity and complexity of  inter-firm knowledge flows in alliance networks Research on inter-firm knowledge transfer is burgeoning, yet our understanding of its specificity and complexity in the context of alliance networks remains rather unclear. The main purpose of this paper is to examine how knowledge-specific characteristics, such as a partner’s knowledge base, learning intent, absorptive capacity, knowledge protectiveness, and cultural distance each impact differently on knowledge transfer performance in alliances. This paper suggests that, although the emergence of alliances provides an ideal platform for acquiring knowledge resources, certain challenges are still embedded in inter-firm knowledge transfer process. We also suggest that certain moderating relationship factors (including intensive interaction, inter-partner trust relationship and cognitive shared understanding) may help us understand knowledge transfer in cross-cultural alliance settings. By aggregating and consolidating existing research, our study identifies promising avenues for future research.

year: 2009

title: Boat electrofishing salvage of fish in the Lower Mangamahoe Dam reservoir

authors: Hicks, Brendan J.

abstract: The aim of the survey was to salvage fish from the Lower Mangamahoe Dam reservoir before dewatering and dam removal. We used the University of Waikato’s 4.5 m-long, aluminium-hulled electrofishing boat to catch a total of 140 fish weighing an estimated 37.0 kg along 8 fishing tracks sites on 24 February 2022. These tracks comprised 2,807 lineal m and 11,228 m2 in area. Shortfin eels (Anguilla australis) and common bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) were the only fish species present. Mean density of eels caught was 2.9 fish 100 m–2 and mean biomass was 7.84 g m–2. The eels and bullies were transferred to sites downstream in the Waiwhakaiho River by iwi members of the two hapū - Ngāti Te Whiti and Ngāti Tawhirikura. Water clarity, expressed as black disc distance (BDD, 1.05 m), was good for a shallow lake, and water temperature and water conductivity were close to optimum for electrofishing. Poor water clarity can reduce the efficiency of electrofishing, so we left time after fishing each track for the sediment suspended by the propellor wash to sink before refishing a track.

text: Boat electrofishing salvage of fish in the Lower Mangamahoe Dam reservoir The aim of the survey was to salvage fish from the Lower Mangamahoe Dam reservoir before dewatering and dam removal. We used the University of Waikato’s 4.5 m-long, aluminium-hulled electrofishing boat to catch a total of 140 fish weighing an estimated 37.0 kg along 8 fishing tracks sites on 24 February 2022. These tracks comprised 2,807 lineal m and 11,228 m2 in area. Shortfin eels (Anguilla australis) and common bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) were the only fish species present. Mean density of eels caught was 2.9 fish 100 m–2 and mean biomass was 7.84 g m–2. The eels and bullies were transferred to sites downstream in the Waiwhakaiho River by iwi members of the two hapū - Ngāti Te Whiti and Ngāti Tawhirikura. Water clarity, expressed as black disc distance (BDD, 1.05 m), was good for a shallow lake, and water temperature and water conductivity were close to optimum for electrofishing. Poor water clarity can reduce the efficiency of electrofishing, so we left time after fishing each track for the sediment suspended by the propellor wash to sink before refishing a track.

year: 2022