title: Maximize or normalize? Examining single-leg drop-land-cut distances in young athletes: A pilot study

authors: Butcher, Anna J.

subjects: ACL

abstract: This study investigated differences in leap distance for a single-leg drop-land-cut (CUT) task based on using either a maximal or normalized (150% leg length) method or the influence of condition order and leg dominance on distance achieved. Twenty-six young court and field sport athletes (61.5% female) completed the single-leg drop-land-cut task on the dominant and nondominant leg under maximal and normalized conditions in a randomized order. Multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance tests with post hoc pairwise comparisons were used to determine the effect of condition (maximal and normalized), leg dominance (dominant and nondominant), and interaction effect on leaping distance. Potential order effects were explored as a between-subjects factor within the analysis of variance. Our findings showed significantly larger leap distances under the maximal condition (P < .001, η2p ≥ .417), with the maximal mean being 154.5 (24.7) cm (175.1% [18.6%] leg length) and the normalized mean being 140.7 (19.7) cm (159.0% [5.8%] of leg length). Furthermore, greater distances were achieved during the maximal task when performed following the normalized task (P < .001, 24.5% further). Practically, the normalized task may be better suited for heterogeneous samples; yet, the maximal task may be more suitable for homogeneous samples or pre–post study designs.

text: Maximize or normalize? Examining single-leg drop-land-cut distances in young athletes: A pilot study This study investigated differences in leap distance for a single-leg drop-land-cut (CUT) task based on using either a maximal or normalized (150% leg length) method or the influence of condition order and leg dominance on distance achieved. Twenty-six young court and field sport athletes (61.5% female) completed the single-leg drop-land-cut task on the dominant and nondominant leg under maximal and normalized conditions in a randomized order. Multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance tests with post hoc pairwise comparisons were used to determine the effect of condition (maximal and normalized), leg dominance (dominant and nondominant), and interaction effect on leaping distance. Potential order effects were explored as a between-subjects factor within the analysis of variance. Our findings showed significantly larger leap distances under the maximal condition (P < .001, η2p ≥ .417), with the maximal mean being 154.5 (24.7) cm (175.1% [18.6%] leg length) and the normalized mean being 140.7 (19.7) cm (159.0% [5.8%] of leg length). Furthermore, greater distances were achieved during the maximal task when performed following the normalized task (P < .001, 24.5% further). Practically, the normalized task may be better suited for heterogeneous samples; yet, the maximal task may be more suitable for homogeneous samples or pre–post study designs.

year: 2025

title: Regioisomeric preferences in the orthomanganation of meta-substituted acetophenones and isopropyl benzoates, and application of iodo-demanganation with iodine chloride to the synthesis of 2-iodo-3-O-substituted and other ortho-iodo arylcarbonyl compounds

authors: Cooney, Janine M.

subjects: Manganese

abstract: Synthesis is reported of regioisomeric ortho-[Mn(CO)4] derivatives of aryl ketones (2-chlorothioxanthen-9-one and 3′,4′-methylenedioxyacetophenone) and esters (isopropyl 3-methoxy- and 3-acetoxy-benzoate), as well as of the single ortho-[Mn(CO)4] products from methyl 4-methoxy- and 3,5-dimethoxy-benzoate. Factors influencing the preference for manganation at the crowded positions ortho to the C=O in meta-substituted aryl ketones and esters are considered. The frequency of the lowest energy metal carbonyl stretching mode is useful in the structural assignment of the regioisomers. Isopropyl 2-iodo-3-methoxy- and 2-iodo-3-acetoxy-benzoates are obtained by reaction of iodine chloride to replace the Mn(CO)4 group at the crowded 2-position of the corresponding orthomanganated 3-O-substituted benzoate esters. ortho-Iodoacetophenones were prepared likewise, without α-iodination, some with iodine in crowded positions (2′-iodo-3′-methoxy-, -3′,4′-methylenedioxy- and -3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy-acetophenone), others with O-protected 2′-hydroxy groups (2′-benzyloxy- and 2′-t-butyldimethylsilyloxy-3′,4′-dimethoxy-6′-iodobenzene and 2′-t-butyldimethylsiloxy-6′-iodobenzene). Potential general synthetic routes to derivatives of 2-iodo-3-hydroxy-, 2-iodo-3,4-dihydroxy-, and 2-iodo-6-hydroxy-aryl carbonyl compounds are indicated. The corresponding routes to 3-iodo-4-acetyl-2,5-dimethylthiophene and 3-iodo-2-acetylthiophene are also reported.

text: Regioisomeric preferences in the orthomanganation of meta-substituted acetophenones and isopropyl benzoates, and application of iodo-demanganation with iodine chloride to the synthesis of 2-iodo-3-O-substituted and other ortho-iodo arylcarbonyl compounds Synthesis is reported of regioisomeric ortho-[Mn(CO)4] derivatives of aryl ketones (2-chlorothioxanthen-9-one and 3′,4′-methylenedioxyacetophenone) and esters (isopropyl 3-methoxy- and 3-acetoxy-benzoate), as well as of the single ortho-[Mn(CO)4] products from methyl 4-methoxy- and 3,5-dimethoxy-benzoate. Factors influencing the preference for manganation at the crowded positions ortho to the C=O in meta-substituted aryl ketones and esters are considered. The frequency of the lowest energy metal carbonyl stretching mode is useful in the structural assignment of the regioisomers. Isopropyl 2-iodo-3-methoxy- and 2-iodo-3-acetoxy-benzoates are obtained by reaction of iodine chloride to replace the Mn(CO)4 group at the crowded 2-position of the corresponding orthomanganated 3-O-substituted benzoate esters. ortho-Iodoacetophenones were prepared likewise, without α-iodination, some with iodine in crowded positions (2′-iodo-3′-methoxy-, -3′,4′-methylenedioxy- and -3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy-acetophenone), others with O-protected 2′-hydroxy groups (2′-benzyloxy- and 2′-t-butyldimethylsilyloxy-3′,4′-dimethoxy-6′-iodobenzene and 2′-t-butyldimethylsiloxy-6′-iodobenzene). Potential general synthetic routes to derivatives of 2-iodo-3-hydroxy-, 2-iodo-3,4-dihydroxy-, and 2-iodo-6-hydroxy-aryl carbonyl compounds are indicated. The corresponding routes to 3-iodo-4-acetyl-2,5-dimethylthiophene and 3-iodo-2-acetylthiophene are also reported.

year: 2001-09-01

title: Kai whakakitenga-nui te whakatōhea: Whenua planning for kai security

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: To exercise Tino Rangatiratanga in our pursuit to define our local food systems through the traditional knowledge and practice of growing kai that will inspire and transform the health and well-being of all Whakatōhea, Whānau, Hapū, Iwi.

text: Kai whakakitenga-nui te whakatōhea: Whenua planning for kai security To exercise Tino Rangatiratanga in our pursuit to define our local food systems through the traditional knowledge and practice of growing kai that will inspire and transform the health and well-being of all Whakatōhea, Whānau, Hapū, Iwi.

year: 2025