title: Disordered eating behaviors among transgender youth: Probability profiles from risk and protective factors

authors: Watson, Ryan J.

subjects: Social Sciences

abstract: Purpose
Research has documented high rates of disordered eating for lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth, but prevalence and patterns of disordered eating among transgender youth remain unexplored. This is despite unique challenges faced by this group, including gender‐related body image and the use of hormones. We explore the relationship between disordered eating and risk and protective factors for transgender youth.

Methods
An online survey of 923 transgender youth (aged 14–25) across Canada was conducted, primarily using measures from existing youth health surveys. Analyses were stratified by gender identity and included logistic regressions with probability profiles to illustrate combinations of risk and protective factors for eating disordered behaviors.

Results
Enacted stigma (the higher rates of harassment and discrimination sexual minority youth experience) was linked to higher odds of reported past year binge eating and fasting or vomiting to lose weight, while protective factors, including family connectedness, school connectedness, caring friends, and social support, were linked to lower odds of past year disordered eating. Youth with the highest levels of enacted stigma and no protective factors had high probabilities of past year eating disordered behaviors.

Discussion
Our study found high prevalence of disorders. Risk for these behaviors was linked to stigma and violence exposure, but offset by social supports. Health professionals should assess transgender youth for disordered eating behaviors and supportive resources. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:515–522)

text: Disordered eating behaviors among transgender youth: Probability profiles from risk and protective factors Purpose
Research has documented high rates of disordered eating for lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth, but prevalence and patterns of disordered eating among transgender youth remain unexplored. This is despite unique challenges faced by this group, including gender‐related body image and the use of hormones. We explore the relationship between disordered eating and risk and protective factors for transgender youth.

Methods
An online survey of 923 transgender youth (aged 14–25) across Canada was conducted, primarily using measures from existing youth health surveys. Analyses were stratified by gender identity and included logistic regressions with probability profiles to illustrate combinations of risk and protective factors for eating disordered behaviors.

Results
Enacted stigma (the higher rates of harassment and discrimination sexual minority youth experience) was linked to higher odds of reported past year binge eating and fasting or vomiting to lose weight, while protective factors, including family connectedness, school connectedness, caring friends, and social support, were linked to lower odds of past year disordered eating. Youth with the highest levels of enacted stigma and no protective factors had high probabilities of past year eating disordered behaviors.

Discussion
Our study found high prevalence of disorders. Risk for these behaviors was linked to stigma and violence exposure, but offset by social supports. Health professionals should assess transgender youth for disordered eating behaviors and supportive resources. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:515–522)

year: 2017

title: Investigation into the microbial ecology and persistence of soil taxa through trace-gas oxidation in Tongariro National Park

authors: Peach, Hanna Annette Caroline Georgia

subjects: Trade Gas Oxidation

abstract: Cultivation-dependent and metagenomic surveys of bare, volcanic and hyperarid oligotrophic ecosystems have revealed surprisingly diverse microbial communities¹⁻⁴. The richness of Mt. Tongariro soil communities is surprising considering the extreme environmental parameters. Given that soil moisture on Mt. Tongariro is highly variable dependent on season, and both phototrophic Cyanobacteria and trace gas oxidising taxa from the phyla Actinobacteria, WPS-2 and AD3 are detected in these soils, it is postulated that these taxa alternate as the primary producers in these oligotrophic soils. In this scenario, cyanobacteria are the phototrophic backbone and trace-gas oxidisers use atmospheric trace gases (H₂, CO) as supplemental cell energy for mixotrophic metabolism to persist. Mt. Tongariro soil communities were shown to encode high affinity hydrogenases and carbon monoxide dehydrogenases, which are necessary for atmospheric oxidation of H₂ and CO. This thesis details the microbial ecology and effect of physicochemistry on the alpha and beta diversity of Mt. Tongariro soils. It also addresses microbial persistence by the use oxidation of trace gases H₂ and CO at 4 °C and 60 °C for the South, Red and Central Craters of Mt. Tongariro on the southernmost point of the Taupo Volcanic Centre (TVZ), and control soils from White Island (Whakaari), Mt. Urchin and Mt. Sugarloaf. This preliminary study uncovers the microbial ecology of Mt. Tongariro and other bare, high elevation control soils from around New Zealand. Although, more extensive testing is required such as testing isolated Mt. Tongariro strains to understand whether the thermophilic taxa present are capable of oxidising trace gas, or whether they harbour low affinity enzymes suited to elevated levels of CO and H₂. This study indicates that trace gas oxidation may be an important mechanism for persistence or a dependable source of supplemental energy to specific mixotrophic trace-gas oxidising taxa in all communities from bare, oligotrophic systems.

text: Investigation into the microbial ecology and persistence of soil taxa through trace-gas oxidation in Tongariro National Park Cultivation-dependent and metagenomic surveys of bare, volcanic and hyperarid oligotrophic ecosystems have revealed surprisingly diverse microbial communities¹⁻⁴. The richness of Mt. Tongariro soil communities is surprising considering the extreme environmental parameters. Given that soil moisture on Mt. Tongariro is highly variable dependent on season, and both phototrophic Cyanobacteria and trace gas oxidising taxa from the phyla Actinobacteria, WPS-2 and AD3 are detected in these soils, it is postulated that these taxa alternate as the primary producers in these oligotrophic soils. In this scenario, cyanobacteria are the phototrophic backbone and trace-gas oxidisers use atmospheric trace gases (H₂, CO) as supplemental cell energy for mixotrophic metabolism to persist. Mt. Tongariro soil communities were shown to encode high affinity hydrogenases and carbon monoxide dehydrogenases, which are necessary for atmospheric oxidation of H₂ and CO. This thesis details the microbial ecology and effect of physicochemistry on the alpha and beta diversity of Mt. Tongariro soils. It also addresses microbial persistence by the use oxidation of trace gases H₂ and CO at 4 °C and 60 °C for the South, Red and Central Craters of Mt. Tongariro on the southernmost point of the Taupo Volcanic Centre (TVZ), and control soils from White Island (Whakaari), Mt. Urchin and Mt. Sugarloaf. This preliminary study uncovers the microbial ecology of Mt. Tongariro and other bare, high elevation control soils from around New Zealand. Although, more extensive testing is required such as testing isolated Mt. Tongariro strains to understand whether the thermophilic taxa present are capable of oxidising trace gas, or whether they harbour low affinity enzymes suited to elevated levels of CO and H₂. This study indicates that trace gas oxidation may be an important mechanism for persistence or a dependable source of supplemental energy to specific mixotrophic trace-gas oxidising taxa in all communities from bare, oligotrophic systems.

year: 2019

title: Riariakina ō rongo hirikapo From kōhanga reo to kura

authors: Hohepa, Margie Kahukura

abstract: Ko te kaupapa tonu, ko te whakatupu i te mahara o te hirikapo kia tiu ai ki te muri, arā, kia puta he whakaaro i pokepokengia nō roto tonu i ngā whakahekenga kāwai o ngā tūpuna o te tamaiti, kua maranga te wā e kaumātua haere ana te tamaiti, ngōna kanohi kua huaki, ngōna taringa kua pīkari, ngā whakaaro kua korikori, tōna wairua hīkaka kua ngawhā, ngērā kaupapa katoa o te tamaiti i taua wā o te tupu. Mā tēnei kōrero hoki hei kawe te taonga o te rongo hirikapo, arā, ngā whakaaro, ngā mahara, nāna ko te waha, nā te waha ko te kupu kōrero e makere iho ai i te ārero tarapepe. Heoi anō he tohutohu anō kei roto e kī ana, manaakingia ngā kai o te hirikapo o te tamaiti, he taonga. Ki te kore e tika te manaakingia e ngā mātua, tērā te wā ka ātitirauhea i te puāwaitanga o te rau. Ngērā kaupapa katoa. (Haki Tuaupiki, 2013)
This project grew out of the desire of a kōhanga and a kura—Te Kōhanga Reo o Ngā Kuaka and Tōku Māpihi Maurea Kura Kaupapa Māori respectively—to enhance transitions between their two sites for tamariki and whānau. Although visits to Tōku Māpihi Maurea before beginning at the kura were available for Ngā Kuaka tamariki on acceptance for enrolment, the instigators of this project believed a more formal transition programme would be beneficial to tamariki and their whānau. The kōhanga and kura were interested in tamariki and whānau experiencing a more effective transition across the two environments and the learning and curriculum in those respective sites.
The kōhanga and kura approached researchers at the University of Waikato Te Kura Toi Tangata Faculty of Education with the research question below and together we developed the proposal. From the outset the project was collaborative, cross-sector, and involved researchers from the kōhanga, the kura and the university.

text: Riariakina ō rongo hirikapo From kōhanga reo to kura Ko te kaupapa tonu, ko te whakatupu i te mahara o te hirikapo kia tiu ai ki te muri, arā, kia puta he whakaaro i pokepokengia nō roto tonu i ngā whakahekenga kāwai o ngā tūpuna o te tamaiti, kua maranga te wā e kaumātua haere ana te tamaiti, ngōna kanohi kua huaki, ngōna taringa kua pīkari, ngā whakaaro kua korikori, tōna wairua hīkaka kua ngawhā, ngērā kaupapa katoa o te tamaiti i taua wā o te tupu. Mā tēnei kōrero hoki hei kawe te taonga o te rongo hirikapo, arā, ngā whakaaro, ngā mahara, nāna ko te waha, nā te waha ko te kupu kōrero e makere iho ai i te ārero tarapepe. Heoi anō he tohutohu anō kei roto e kī ana, manaakingia ngā kai o te hirikapo o te tamaiti, he taonga. Ki te kore e tika te manaakingia e ngā mātua, tērā te wā ka ātitirauhea i te puāwaitanga o te rau. Ngērā kaupapa katoa. (Haki Tuaupiki, 2013)
This project grew out of the desire of a kōhanga and a kura—Te Kōhanga Reo o Ngā Kuaka and Tōku Māpihi Maurea Kura Kaupapa Māori respectively—to enhance transitions between their two sites for tamariki and whānau. Although visits to Tōku Māpihi Maurea before beginning at the kura were available for Ngā Kuaka tamariki on acceptance for enrolment, the instigators of this project believed a more formal transition programme would be beneficial to tamariki and their whānau. The kōhanga and kura were interested in tamariki and whānau experiencing a more effective transition across the two environments and the learning and curriculum in those respective sites.
The kōhanga and kura approached researchers at the University of Waikato Te Kura Toi Tangata Faculty of Education with the research question below and together we developed the proposal. From the outset the project was collaborative, cross-sector, and involved researchers from the kōhanga, the kura and the university.

year: 2017