title: The sociocultural impact of tourism on the Te Arawa people of Rotorua, New Zealand

authors: Te Awekotuku, Ngahuia

subjects: Te Arawa

abstract: This is a study of how tourism in New Zealand has affected a major tribal community; their insights, reactions, and experiences. Covering five generations, it presents an oral account of the actively concerned social groups. Wherever possible, or necessary, this is reiterated and reinforced by the written record.

The work comprises two parts, the first which outlines the historic background according to available documentation, and the second which focusses on particular aspects of tribal culture and experience. Material for this section, otherwise unrecorded, came from the narrated stories, reminiscences, and often shrewd observations of the people themselves. It deals with residential community, song and dance, arts and crafts, and the role of women.

As an essentially ethnographic commentary, the study does not examine the economic features or effects of tourism, except where fiscal factors are pertinent to the understanding or continuity of the Te Arawa experience of the tourist world.

text: The sociocultural impact of tourism on the Te Arawa people of Rotorua, New Zealand This is a study of how tourism in New Zealand has affected a major tribal community; their insights, reactions, and experiences. Covering five generations, it presents an oral account of the actively concerned social groups. Wherever possible, or necessary, this is reiterated and reinforced by the written record.

The work comprises two parts, the first which outlines the historic background according to available documentation, and the second which focusses on particular aspects of tribal culture and experience. Material for this section, otherwise unrecorded, came from the narrated stories, reminiscences, and often shrewd observations of the people themselves. It deals with residential community, song and dance, arts and crafts, and the role of women.

As an essentially ethnographic commentary, the study does not examine the economic features or effects of tourism, except where fiscal factors are pertinent to the understanding or continuity of the Te Arawa experience of the tourist world.

year: 1981

title: Whakatautika: Generating balance in the business and activity of fishing at Moana New Zealand - A case study on Indigenising the blue economy in Aotearoa

authors: Mika, Jason

abstract: This report sets out the results of a case study on Moana New Zealand, an iwi (tribal) owned fishing company formed out of the Treaty of Waitangi fisheries settlement and a whānau (family) owned inshore fishing enterprise known as The Rawlinson Group (TRG). The research is part of an Indigenising the blue economy project funded by Ngā Moana Whakauka Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge. This case study draws on the knowledge and experience of Moana New Zealand and TRG to understand relationships between iwi and whānau scale enterprises in the Māori marine economy (MME). TRG is a Māori-owned family inshore fishing business which has been operating for 30 years. As first-generation fishers, the Rawlinson whānau have prioritised both strategic and family decisions that have established their business and assured their role in Aotearoa New Zealand’s commercial fishing industry. The case study sought to learn how Māori marine-based enterprises apply mātauranga Māori to achieve multidimensional wellbeing, human potential, and relational balance with Tangaroa.

text: Whakatautika: Generating balance in the business and activity of fishing at Moana New Zealand - A case study on Indigenising the blue economy in Aotearoa This report sets out the results of a case study on Moana New Zealand, an iwi (tribal) owned fishing company formed out of the Treaty of Waitangi fisheries settlement and a whānau (family) owned inshore fishing enterprise known as The Rawlinson Group (TRG). The research is part of an Indigenising the blue economy project funded by Ngā Moana Whakauka Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge. This case study draws on the knowledge and experience of Moana New Zealand and TRG to understand relationships between iwi and whānau scale enterprises in the Māori marine economy (MME). TRG is a Māori-owned family inshore fishing business which has been operating for 30 years. As first-generation fishers, the Rawlinson whānau have prioritised both strategic and family decisions that have established their business and assured their role in Aotearoa New Zealand’s commercial fishing industry. The case study sought to learn how Māori marine-based enterprises apply mātauranga Māori to achieve multidimensional wellbeing, human potential, and relational balance with Tangaroa.

year: 2024

title: Kinetic studies of cyclisations of 2'-hydroxychalcones and derivatives

authors: Old, Kenneth Barry

abstract: The rates of cyclisation of various 2'-hydroxychalcones to the equilibrium mixture of chalcone and flavanone have been determined over the pH range in which the chalcones undergo ionisation. The compounds studied were 2'-hydroxy-, 2'-hydroxy-5', 6'-benzo-, 2',4'-dihydroxy-, 2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-, 2'-hydroxy-6'-methoxy-, and 2'-hydroxy-4', 6'-dimethylchalcone. In each case the observed first order rate constant has been fitted to a theoretical pH-rate profile based on the equation
kₒbₛ = kfCH + k’fC⁻ + k’’ {OH⁻} 
where k is the rate constant for the cyclisation of neutral chalcone (fCH is the fraction of neutral chalcone), k' is the rate constant for the cyclisation of the ionised chalcone (fC⁻ is the fraction of ionised chalcone), and k" is a measure of the rate in the reverse reaction. The expression implies that the reaction in the forward direction can proceed from neutral or ionised chalcone, and in the reverse direction through the reaction of flavanone with hydroxide ion. In all cases the forward reaction of the ionised chalcone (k') is very much faster than that of the neutral species (k). Weak catalysis by some buffer species has been detected but the origin of this catalysis has not been pursued in detail. Comparisons are made between the forward and reverse rate constants for the different chalcones in order to see how they are affected by different A-ring substituents. It is observed that electron releasing groups at the 4'- or 6'- positions decrease the rate. This diminution in the observed rate is particularly pronounced with 6'-substituents, and is considered as possibly due to the steric and/or electrostatic interaction of this substituent with the carbonyl group an interaction that could force the carbonyl group to lie out of the plane of the A-ring thereby changing rates of reactions by electronic or steric effects.
The first kinetic study of the reactivity of a 2'-hydroxychalcone epoxide is reported. The variation of the rate of cyclisation of the parent epoxide, 2'-hydroxychalcone epoxide, to 3-hydroxyflavanone in water, over the range pH 1 - 6.5, is shown to be consistent with the rate equation.
Rate = 0.235 [Epoxide]{H⁺} + 1.85 x 10⁶ [Expoxide] {OH⁻} mol 1⁻¹s⁻¹
This shows the epoxide to be very unstable at or above neutral pH, and suggests that such compounds, if they do occur, as has often been suggested, as intermediates in flavanoid biosynthesis would probably be very difficult to isolate. Their detection under the basic conditions of either the Algar-Flynn-Oyamada oxidation of 2'-hydroxychalcones, or the formation of aurones from certain 2'-hydroxychalcone dibromides, both reactions in which they have been suggested as intermediates, would be equally unlikely : based on a suggested mechanism, the parent epoxide of this study can be predicted to have a half-life at pH 10 of the order of a few milliseconds.
The first determination of the ratio of E- and Z-2'-hydroxy-α-bromochalcones formed directly from a 2'-hydroxychalcone dibromide is described. Combined kinetic and spectrophotometric measurements give the yield (%) of E- and Z-2'-hydroxy-α-bromochalcone as 35 ± 2 and 63 ± 8 respectively for the reaction of erythro-2'-hydroxychalcone dibromide in 4:1 ethanol-water buffered at pH 7.88 with N-ethylmorpholine. Direct cyclisation of the dibromo compound, if it occurs at all, is only a very minor route to 3-bromoflavanone. The lack of any detected dependence buffer concentrations of the rate constants or of the proportions of the E- and Z-isomers formed suggest, an E1cв mechanism rather than an E2. However, with the particular elimination involved (i.e. a double bond being formed α, β to a carbonyl group) there is precedence for small catalysis by N-alkylmorpholines and therefore, it is not certain that the lack of measurable buffer catalysis does in fact mean a total lack of catalysis. Further, if the elimination is in fact by an E1cв type mechanism, a carbanion is not necessarily involved, as the elimination could proceed from the phenolate ion as conjugate base, the phenoxide group acting in place of an external base. An El mechanism is excluded on kinetic grounds.

text: Kinetic studies of cyclisations of 2'-hydroxychalcones and derivatives The rates of cyclisation of various 2'-hydroxychalcones to the equilibrium mixture of chalcone and flavanone have been determined over the pH range in which the chalcones undergo ionisation. The compounds studied were 2'-hydroxy-, 2'-hydroxy-5', 6'-benzo-, 2',4'-dihydroxy-, 2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-, 2'-hydroxy-6'-methoxy-, and 2'-hydroxy-4', 6'-dimethylchalcone. In each case the observed first order rate constant has been fitted to a theoretical pH-rate profile based on the equation
kₒbₛ = kfCH + k’fC⁻ + k’’ {OH⁻} 
where k is the rate constant for the cyclisation of neutral chalcone (fCH is the fraction of neutral chalcone), k' is the rate constant for the cyclisation of the ionised chalcone (fC⁻ is the fraction of ionised chalcone), and k" is a measure of the rate in the reverse reaction. The expression implies that the reaction in the forward direction can proceed from neutral or ionised chalcone, and in the reverse direction through the reaction of flavanone with hydroxide ion. In all cases the forward reaction of the ionised chalcone (k') is very much faster than that of the neutral species (k). Weak catalysis by some buffer species has been detected but the origin of this catalysis has not been pursued in detail. Comparisons are made between the forward and reverse rate constants for the different chalcones in order to see how they are affected by different A-ring substituents. It is observed that electron releasing groups at the 4'- or 6'- positions decrease the rate. This diminution in the observed rate is particularly pronounced with 6'-substituents, and is considered as possibly due to the steric and/or electrostatic interaction of this substituent with the carbonyl group an interaction that could force the carbonyl group to lie out of the plane of the A-ring thereby changing rates of reactions by electronic or steric effects.
The first kinetic study of the reactivity of a 2'-hydroxychalcone epoxide is reported. The variation of the rate of cyclisation of the parent epoxide, 2'-hydroxychalcone epoxide, to 3-hydroxyflavanone in water, over the range pH 1 - 6.5, is shown to be consistent with the rate equation.
Rate = 0.235 [Epoxide]{H⁺} + 1.85 x 10⁶ [Expoxide] {OH⁻} mol 1⁻¹s⁻¹
This shows the epoxide to be very unstable at or above neutral pH, and suggests that such compounds, if they do occur, as has often been suggested, as intermediates in flavanoid biosynthesis would probably be very difficult to isolate. Their detection under the basic conditions of either the Algar-Flynn-Oyamada oxidation of 2'-hydroxychalcones, or the formation of aurones from certain 2'-hydroxychalcone dibromides, both reactions in which they have been suggested as intermediates, would be equally unlikely : based on a suggested mechanism, the parent epoxide of this study can be predicted to have a half-life at pH 10 of the order of a few milliseconds.
The first determination of the ratio of E- and Z-2'-hydroxy-α-bromochalcones formed directly from a 2'-hydroxychalcone dibromide is described. Combined kinetic and spectrophotometric measurements give the yield (%) of E- and Z-2'-hydroxy-α-bromochalcone as 35 ± 2 and 63 ± 8 respectively for the reaction of erythro-2'-hydroxychalcone dibromide in 4:1 ethanol-water buffered at pH 7.88 with N-ethylmorpholine. Direct cyclisation of the dibromo compound, if it occurs at all, is only a very minor route to 3-bromoflavanone. The lack of any detected dependence buffer concentrations of the rate constants or of the proportions of the E- and Z-isomers formed suggest, an E1cв mechanism rather than an E2. However, with the particular elimination involved (i.e. a double bond being formed α, β to a carbonyl group) there is precedence for small catalysis by N-alkylmorpholines and therefore, it is not certain that the lack of measurable buffer catalysis does in fact mean a total lack of catalysis. Further, if the elimination is in fact by an E1cв type mechanism, a carbanion is not necessarily involved, as the elimination could proceed from the phenolate ion as conjugate base, the phenoxide group acting in place of an external base. An El mechanism is excluded on kinetic grounds.

year: 1980