title: Al-doped Zinc Oxide as a Transparent Conductive Material

authors: Linklater, Rachael Annette

subjects: Zinc Oxide

abstract: ZnO powders containing from 1-8 atom% aluminium ions were prepared from aqueous citrate-aminoalcohol-based gels calcined at 500◦C. The powders were characterized using 27Al NMR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Solid state 27Al NMR clearly distinguished between different Al environments and was effective in determining the relative amounts of incorporation of Al dopant ions into the different Zn lattice sites in the zincite structure. A degree of control over dopant placement is demonstrated by modifying sol precursors and processing parameters, which allowed a syn- thesis protocol to be developed to optimise the doping effectiveness. Relatively minor variations in processing conditions can influence the degree and mode of Al incorporation. Thin films (ca 100 nm) were fabricated by spin-coating the Al-doped Zinc citrate sol-gels onto glass and quartz substrates, followed by a drying step and annealing at 500◦C. The degree of crystal alignment in thin films, deter- mined by X-ray diffraction studies, was found to be influenced by both the dopant level and the heating profile. Resistivity measurements showed films with 0.5-1atom %Al and multiple layers which had been heated at 90◦C before annealing at 500◦C, and subjected to post-annealing treatment under vacuum displayed the lowest resistivities. Further post-annealing treatment at 500◦C under H2/N2 reduced resistivities by an order of magnitude. Transparencies for all films were above 80% in the visible range, and thicker multi-layer films generally demonstrated lower transmittances. Preferential c-axis orientation was observed for all films, but showed higher intensities with increasing film thickness, and for films subjected to directional heating on a hotplate. Increased film thickness gave films with lower resistivities, but also lower transparencies

text: Al-doped Zinc Oxide as a Transparent Conductive Material ZnO powders containing from 1-8 atom% aluminium ions were prepared from aqueous citrate-aminoalcohol-based gels calcined at 500◦C. The powders were characterized using 27Al NMR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Solid state 27Al NMR clearly distinguished between different Al environments and was effective in determining the relative amounts of incorporation of Al dopant ions into the different Zn lattice sites in the zincite structure. A degree of control over dopant placement is demonstrated by modifying sol precursors and processing parameters, which allowed a syn- thesis protocol to be developed to optimise the doping effectiveness. Relatively minor variations in processing conditions can influence the degree and mode of Al incorporation. Thin films (ca 100 nm) were fabricated by spin-coating the Al-doped Zinc citrate sol-gels onto glass and quartz substrates, followed by a drying step and annealing at 500◦C. The degree of crystal alignment in thin films, deter- mined by X-ray diffraction studies, was found to be influenced by both the dopant level and the heating profile. Resistivity measurements showed films with 0.5-1atom %Al and multiple layers which had been heated at 90◦C before annealing at 500◦C, and subjected to post-annealing treatment under vacuum displayed the lowest resistivities. Further post-annealing treatment at 500◦C under H2/N2 reduced resistivities by an order of magnitude. Transparencies for all films were above 80% in the visible range, and thicker multi-layer films generally demonstrated lower transmittances. Preferential c-axis orientation was observed for all films, but showed higher intensities with increasing film thickness, and for films subjected to directional heating on a hotplate. Increased film thickness gave films with lower resistivities, but also lower transparencies

year: 2011

title: Sex, Metaphysics, and Mental 'Dis-ease'

authors: Cook, Jane Alexandra

subjects: Plato, Aristotle

abstract: The ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus believed that our metaphysics determines our state of mind: a correct view of the nature of human and worldly existence brings inner peace and tranquillity; an incorrect view, inner turmoil. More recently, Australian philosopher John Bigelow lamented that, despite over 2000 years of theorizing, philosophers have yet to reach consensus on a correct metaphysics. This thesis posits the source of this metaphysical discontent to be the Platonic/Aristotelian conception of essence (or form) as a purely immaterial, male preserve, thereby reducing woman to the material source, (Logical) properties and (sexual) demise of man’s essential being; this phallocentric misconception impelling a history of further misconceptions of essence, and of the metaphysical theories and binary logic based upon it. Through the construction of a genealogy and critique of various historical (re)conceptions and permutations of essence, I theorize the existence of an originary spirogenetic essence that causes, determines and motivates the (whole) individual, species, and sexuate form, function, growth, and development of every human being, the metaphysical and symbolic denial of this essence resulting in, not just inner turmoil, but some forms of mental disorder. 

Empirical research into female self-development and eating disorders yielded support for the hypothesis of a spirogenetic essence and essentially whole, subjective (sexual) female self, the metaphysically based, familialy/socially imposed denial, (de)construction and demonization of which is causing its fragmentation and loss, and the existential need to reconstruct this real, ‘de-formed’ sexual female self/body into the ideal feminine ‘form’ - the perfect pretend self - that will earn Paternal recognition, love, approval, and thus, ongoing subjective existence. While in modern, pre-feminist times, this perfect self was conceived and constructed as the sexual object of male desire, appropriation and control, in these post-feminist, post-modern times in which boys/men are reclaiming the feminine, girls/women have no option but to do what Plato advised, and ‘become a man’. That is, they must hide/erase their real sexual female self/body and attain the boyishly perfect form/function that promises (limited) imitative access to phallic subjectivities and identities. 

Failure to attain or maintain this perfect, pretend (prophylactic) self, and a consequent state of existential distress, is resulting in eating and associated disorders, as an inner, self-adjudicated battle to control, punish, purify, desexualize, defeminize, and thus perfectly ‘re-form’, the real ('Eve-il') sexual female self, as a means of subjective survival. This understanding resituates current discursive approaches to anorexia/bulimia as part of its pathogenic origin; resolution of these and associated existential (dis)orders requiring the metaphysical/social/discursive recognition of what Plato/Aristotle denied: a sexed, spirogenetic essence that is the source of persisting sameness and difference, fixity and fluidity, unity and plurality, and thus, of an essentially whole, subjective fe/male self that can only fully exist, develop, and be constructed within enduring bonds of unconditional, intersubjective recognition and love. It is within this spirogenetic model of human and worldly existence - as it frees patriarchal man from his forbidden, feared, feminizing, ho(m)mosexual desires - that I glimpse that long-sought Epicurean state of peace, contentment, and ‘ease’.

text: Sex, Metaphysics, and Mental 'Dis-ease' The ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus believed that our metaphysics determines our state of mind: a correct view of the nature of human and worldly existence brings inner peace and tranquillity; an incorrect view, inner turmoil. More recently, Australian philosopher John Bigelow lamented that, despite over 2000 years of theorizing, philosophers have yet to reach consensus on a correct metaphysics. This thesis posits the source of this metaphysical discontent to be the Platonic/Aristotelian conception of essence (or form) as a purely immaterial, male preserve, thereby reducing woman to the material source, (Logical) properties and (sexual) demise of man’s essential being; this phallocentric misconception impelling a history of further misconceptions of essence, and of the metaphysical theories and binary logic based upon it. Through the construction of a genealogy and critique of various historical (re)conceptions and permutations of essence, I theorize the existence of an originary spirogenetic essence that causes, determines and motivates the (whole) individual, species, and sexuate form, function, growth, and development of every human being, the metaphysical and symbolic denial of this essence resulting in, not just inner turmoil, but some forms of mental disorder. 

Empirical research into female self-development and eating disorders yielded support for the hypothesis of a spirogenetic essence and essentially whole, subjective (sexual) female self, the metaphysically based, familialy/socially imposed denial, (de)construction and demonization of which is causing its fragmentation and loss, and the existential need to reconstruct this real, ‘de-formed’ sexual female self/body into the ideal feminine ‘form’ - the perfect pretend self - that will earn Paternal recognition, love, approval, and thus, ongoing subjective existence. While in modern, pre-feminist times, this perfect self was conceived and constructed as the sexual object of male desire, appropriation and control, in these post-feminist, post-modern times in which boys/men are reclaiming the feminine, girls/women have no option but to do what Plato advised, and ‘become a man’. That is, they must hide/erase their real sexual female self/body and attain the boyishly perfect form/function that promises (limited) imitative access to phallic subjectivities and identities. 

Failure to attain or maintain this perfect, pretend (prophylactic) self, and a consequent state of existential distress, is resulting in eating and associated disorders, as an inner, self-adjudicated battle to control, punish, purify, desexualize, defeminize, and thus perfectly ‘re-form’, the real ('Eve-il') sexual female self, as a means of subjective survival. This understanding resituates current discursive approaches to anorexia/bulimia as part of its pathogenic origin; resolution of these and associated existential (dis)orders requiring the metaphysical/social/discursive recognition of what Plato/Aristotle denied: a sexed, spirogenetic essence that is the source of persisting sameness and difference, fixity and fluidity, unity and plurality, and thus, of an essentially whole, subjective fe/male self that can only fully exist, develop, and be constructed within enduring bonds of unconditional, intersubjective recognition and love. It is within this spirogenetic model of human and worldly existence - as it frees patriarchal man from his forbidden, feared, feminizing, ho(m)mosexual desires - that I glimpse that long-sought Epicurean state of peace, contentment, and ‘ease’.

year: 2012

title: Tihei Mauri Ora: A Māori response to health disparities

authors: Waitoa, Alieta Jei

subjects: Maori

abstract: Māori bear a disproportionate burden of health problems which, in concert with other factors (e.g. poor housing, low socio-economic status and low education attainment), contribute to and maintain low health status. It is noted that there have been multiple attempts to reduce health inequities – however, such attempts have been largely unsuccessful. Barriers to success include government reticence, restrictions on Māori participation in determining health directions/solutions, current contract paradigms and a reluctance to engage in meaningful partnerships with Māori. Those barriers occur within a cultural framework which defines (and therefore prioritises) the health of an individual over the needs of the collective.

The hypothesis of this research is that Māori health disparities are best addressed via the development and delivery of Māori health models by services which are oriented to kaupapa Māori principles. Utilising a case study approach, this thesis looks at the outcomes generated when a kaupapa Māori service applies key Māori principles to health service delivery. The case study, in tandem with focus group interviews identifies the key elements necessary to developing services which are responsive to the needs of Māori.

This study identified the importance of promoting change (and ultimately improve Māori health status) that encompasses the formation of a framework which considers collective benefit over individualism, encompasses Māori values, acknowledges and accepts Māoricentric clinical interventions. In addition, the thesis asserts that Māori health status will improve once Māori are active participants rather than recipients of health services.

text: Tihei Mauri Ora: A Māori response to health disparities Māori bear a disproportionate burden of health problems which, in concert with other factors (e.g. poor housing, low socio-economic status and low education attainment), contribute to and maintain low health status. It is noted that there have been multiple attempts to reduce health inequities – however, such attempts have been largely unsuccessful. Barriers to success include government reticence, restrictions on Māori participation in determining health directions/solutions, current contract paradigms and a reluctance to engage in meaningful partnerships with Māori. Those barriers occur within a cultural framework which defines (and therefore prioritises) the health of an individual over the needs of the collective.

The hypothesis of this research is that Māori health disparities are best addressed via the development and delivery of Māori health models by services which are oriented to kaupapa Māori principles. Utilising a case study approach, this thesis looks at the outcomes generated when a kaupapa Māori service applies key Māori principles to health service delivery. The case study, in tandem with focus group interviews identifies the key elements necessary to developing services which are responsive to the needs of Māori.

This study identified the importance of promoting change (and ultimately improve Māori health status) that encompasses the formation of a framework which considers collective benefit over individualism, encompasses Māori values, acknowledges and accepts Māoricentric clinical interventions. In addition, the thesis asserts that Māori health status will improve once Māori are active participants rather than recipients of health services.

year: 2014