title: Eruption Dynamics and Hydrological Implications of Basaltic Volcanic Centres at Lake Taupo

authors: Matheson, Maree Annette

subjects: basalt

abstract: The Taupo Volcanic Centre (TVC) is a major rhyolite centre within the Taupo Volcanic Zone, yet a small volume of the centre is comprised of monogenetic basalt volcanoes.  Four TVC basalts that lie north of Lake Taupo have been examined in this study: the tuff deposits of Acacia Bay, Kaiapo and Kinloch, and the scoria cone complex of Punatekahi.  Inferred ages of the basalts range from ~ 200 ky (Acacia Bay tuff) to lt; 9.5 ky (Kinloch tuff).  The particular aim of this study is to determine the volcanological and hydrological controls responsible for the nature of the basaltic deposits through: field description; data on grain size, vesicularity, componentry and clast morphology (including SEM); petrography; and XRF geochemistry of six representative samples.  
The basalts share a similar mineralogy (plagioclase gt; olivine, augite) and geochemistry (low-K volcanic arc magmas), but can be clearly distinguished by their physical characteristics.  The Punatekahi basalt deposit is comprised of thick beds of scoria lapilli, and welded agglutinate, formed by magmatic strombolian and hawaiian eruptions.  The Acacia Bay, Kaiapo and Kinloch deposits are all tuff deposits that have a significant base surge component resulting from phreatomagmatic surtseyan and taalian eruptions.  The Punatekahi scoria deposit has higher vesicularity values and lower lithic abundance than the other three basalt centres, reflecting the difference between magmatic and phreatomagmatic eruption mechanisms, respectively.
All of the four basalt deposits are located in areas that have at one time been covered by Lake Taupo (or its ancestor Lake Huka), and the phreatomagmatic deposits of Acacia Bay, Kaiapo and Kinloch all have evidence of partial subaqueous deposition, suggesting that a lake was present at those sites at the time of eruption.  Explosive interaction of magma with groundwater occurred during all of the four eruptions.  For the eruptions at Acacia Bay, Kaiapo and Punatekahi, Rangatira Ignimbrite is inferred as a likely aquifer source, and either the rhyolite dome or a fault is posited as the water source for the Kinloch basalt eruption. 
The Kinloch tuff deposit is younger than the other TVC deposits by at least ~ 100 ky.  The presence of this much younger basalt volcano indicates that, despite the dominance of rhyolitic eruptions, basalt volcanism has an ongoing presence in the TVC, and a future basalt eruption, with unique hazards, are a real possibility.

text: Eruption Dynamics and Hydrological Implications of Basaltic Volcanic Centres at Lake Taupo The Taupo Volcanic Centre (TVC) is a major rhyolite centre within the Taupo Volcanic Zone, yet a small volume of the centre is comprised of monogenetic basalt volcanoes.  Four TVC basalts that lie north of Lake Taupo have been examined in this study: the tuff deposits of Acacia Bay, Kaiapo and Kinloch, and the scoria cone complex of Punatekahi.  Inferred ages of the basalts range from ~ 200 ky (Acacia Bay tuff) to lt; 9.5 ky (Kinloch tuff).  The particular aim of this study is to determine the volcanological and hydrological controls responsible for the nature of the basaltic deposits through: field description; data on grain size, vesicularity, componentry and clast morphology (including SEM); petrography; and XRF geochemistry of six representative samples.  
The basalts share a similar mineralogy (plagioclase gt; olivine, augite) and geochemistry (low-K volcanic arc magmas), but can be clearly distinguished by their physical characteristics.  The Punatekahi basalt deposit is comprised of thick beds of scoria lapilli, and welded agglutinate, formed by magmatic strombolian and hawaiian eruptions.  The Acacia Bay, Kaiapo and Kinloch deposits are all tuff deposits that have a significant base surge component resulting from phreatomagmatic surtseyan and taalian eruptions.  The Punatekahi scoria deposit has higher vesicularity values and lower lithic abundance than the other three basalt centres, reflecting the difference between magmatic and phreatomagmatic eruption mechanisms, respectively.
All of the four basalt deposits are located in areas that have at one time been covered by Lake Taupo (or its ancestor Lake Huka), and the phreatomagmatic deposits of Acacia Bay, Kaiapo and Kinloch all have evidence of partial subaqueous deposition, suggesting that a lake was present at those sites at the time of eruption.  Explosive interaction of magma with groundwater occurred during all of the four eruptions.  For the eruptions at Acacia Bay, Kaiapo and Punatekahi, Rangatira Ignimbrite is inferred as a likely aquifer source, and either the rhyolite dome or a fault is posited as the water source for the Kinloch basalt eruption. 
The Kinloch tuff deposit is younger than the other TVC deposits by at least ~ 100 ky.  The presence of this much younger basalt volcano indicates that, despite the dominance of rhyolitic eruptions, basalt volcanism has an ongoing presence in the TVC, and a future basalt eruption, with unique hazards, are a real possibility.

year: 2010

title: Rocks Can Turn to Sand and be Washed Away but Words Last Forever: A Policy Recommendation for New Zealand's Vilification Legislation

authors: Jones, Christopher David

subjects: Hate Speech

abstract: Free speech and free expression are values that are highly prized in western society. The mention of removing or altering that right creates great debate. In 2004 a Select Committee was set up to inquire into what New Zealand's stance on Hate Speech should be. The submissions to that committee made it clear that free expression was a highly held right in New Zealand. While the submitters were overwhelming opposed to any legislation, it was clear that many had no understanding of what hate speech was, and why people would want to restrict it. The select Committee needed to provide the public with more information about what was intended and what the international situation is. If nothing else this thesis should provide that comprehensive background information to ground any further debate.

This thesis makes a policy recommendation for the New Zealand Government. The policy that is examined and contrasted with international experiences is that of hate speech legislation. What should New Zealand do in regards to hate speech? 

The general debate is examined and the free expression versus legislation debate is analysed to provide a comprehensive background to the topic. The reasons why free expression is important to society and democracy are examined. Alongside free expression, the harms of hate speech are also analysed in order to demonstrate what harm occurs and if such harms should be legislated against.

The international situation is contrasted with the New Zealand experience. The legislation of the United States, Canada and Australia, is analysed in order to compare and contrast with New Zealand's legislation. These three countries are closely aligned with New Zealand in terms of language, politics and culture. These countries provide equivalent characteristics and are therefore the most useful for comparison. 

The United States is especially important as it has no hate speech legislation and provides a valuable baseline from which the effects of legislation can be compared against.

The New Zealand situation is then examined to point out its strengths and weaknesses. Where there are weaknesses this thesis recommends changes that could be made in varying political circumstances. 

Hate speech and free speech issues are not largely discussed in New Zealand literature and scholarly work. This thesis follows some work that has been previously done on the topic in New Zealand. The bulk of the work written about hate speech and free speech issues has been completed internationally and needs to be adjusted to fit the New Zealand situation. This recommendation has gone some way to doing that. 

An area of particular interest in this paper is the categories of people that deserve protection. Historically just 'race' has been provided protection from hate speech in New Zealand and this thesis examines why. Central to this investigation is why other categories are not protected.

text: Rocks Can Turn to Sand and be Washed Away but Words Last Forever: A Policy Recommendation for New Zealand's Vilification Legislation Free speech and free expression are values that are highly prized in western society. The mention of removing or altering that right creates great debate. In 2004 a Select Committee was set up to inquire into what New Zealand's stance on Hate Speech should be. The submissions to that committee made it clear that free expression was a highly held right in New Zealand. While the submitters were overwhelming opposed to any legislation, it was clear that many had no understanding of what hate speech was, and why people would want to restrict it. The select Committee needed to provide the public with more information about what was intended and what the international situation is. If nothing else this thesis should provide that comprehensive background information to ground any further debate.

This thesis makes a policy recommendation for the New Zealand Government. The policy that is examined and contrasted with international experiences is that of hate speech legislation. What should New Zealand do in regards to hate speech? 

The general debate is examined and the free expression versus legislation debate is analysed to provide a comprehensive background to the topic. The reasons why free expression is important to society and democracy are examined. Alongside free expression, the harms of hate speech are also analysed in order to demonstrate what harm occurs and if such harms should be legislated against.

The international situation is contrasted with the New Zealand experience. The legislation of the United States, Canada and Australia, is analysed in order to compare and contrast with New Zealand's legislation. These three countries are closely aligned with New Zealand in terms of language, politics and culture. These countries provide equivalent characteristics and are therefore the most useful for comparison. 

The United States is especially important as it has no hate speech legislation and provides a valuable baseline from which the effects of legislation can be compared against.

The New Zealand situation is then examined to point out its strengths and weaknesses. Where there are weaknesses this thesis recommends changes that could be made in varying political circumstances. 

Hate speech and free speech issues are not largely discussed in New Zealand literature and scholarly work. This thesis follows some work that has been previously done on the topic in New Zealand. The bulk of the work written about hate speech and free speech issues has been completed internationally and needs to be adjusted to fit the New Zealand situation. This recommendation has gone some way to doing that. 

An area of particular interest in this paper is the categories of people that deserve protection. Historically just 'race' has been provided protection from hate speech in New Zealand and this thesis examines why. Central to this investigation is why other categories are not protected.

year: 2007

title: Indigenizing outdoor play in New Zealand: A conversation analysis approach

authors: Bateman, Amanda

abstract: This chapter focuses on a single case analysis of one trip to a local bush reserve in New Zealand. The observations included in this chapter begin by exploring the way in which a promise to the Maori God Tane Mahuta is managed by the teachers and children at the beginning of the excursion. The promise made is part of the mundane, everyday activity engaged in by these children and teachers during their weekly visit to the bush reserve, where every child is required to recite a phrase that promises not to hurt the creatures, animals or plants of Tane Mahuta when they are playing in the forest. In the first of the video-recorded episodes, explicit reference to Tane Mahuta is initially oriented through one of the children reciting the promise, unprompted, at the beginning of the recording. The second observation reveals one of the teachers explaining to a child the rules of entering the forest: that you have to ask permission from Tane Mahuta before you enter. When a child does not want to say the promise, he is encouraged to do so collaboratively with the teacher before entering the forest. Only once the child has said the promise does he enter, demonstrating the importance of the verbal commitment and participation in the accountable action of promise-making by the participants prior to entering the forest.

text: Indigenizing outdoor play in New Zealand: A conversation analysis approach This chapter focuses on a single case analysis of one trip to a local bush reserve in New Zealand. The observations included in this chapter begin by exploring the way in which a promise to the Maori God Tane Mahuta is managed by the teachers and children at the beginning of the excursion. The promise made is part of the mundane, everyday activity engaged in by these children and teachers during their weekly visit to the bush reserve, where every child is required to recite a phrase that promises not to hurt the creatures, animals or plants of Tane Mahuta when they are playing in the forest. In the first of the video-recorded episodes, explicit reference to Tane Mahuta is initially oriented through one of the children reciting the promise, unprompted, at the beginning of the recording. The second observation reveals one of the teachers explaining to a child the rules of entering the forest: that you have to ask permission from Tane Mahuta before you enter. When a child does not want to say the promise, he is encouraged to do so collaboratively with the teacher before entering the forest. Only once the child has said the promise does he enter, demonstrating the importance of the verbal commitment and participation in the accountable action of promise-making by the participants prior to entering the forest.

year: 2017