title: Review of sand extraction impacts for Miller’s Bank, Kaipara Harbour

authors: de Lange, Willem P.

abstract: A review of the monitoring reports for resource consent MCO623701 (CON20030623701) involving sand extraction near Millers Bank, and additional reports relating to sediment transport within the Kaipara Harbour was undertaken. The available data indicates that the Waikeri Bank and surrounding channels are mobile, and while occupying approximately the same position since the first full survey in 1852, they are not fixed features. The adjacent shoreline between Ru Point and Tauhara Creek, have undergone phases of erosion and accretion since 1852, with variable behaviour along the coast. Overall this section of coast is tending to erode. Monitoring since sand extraction began indicates that natural phenomena, particularly episodic storm conditions from the northeast quadrant, are the dominant cause of shoreline erosion. No quantitative data are available prior to sand extraction, so it is difficult to determine if there has been any change in the rate of erosion since extraction began. Limited current data, and numerical modelling, suggest that Five Fathom Channel is ebb dominated, and the channel between Waikeri Bank and the shore may be flood dominated. This would cause a recirculation of sediment around Waikeri Bank, and the morphology suggests that sediment tends to accumulate at the northern and southern junctions of the two channels. Bathymetric surveys indicate that the supply of sediment to this region is sufficient to replenish sand extracted. However, the surveys completed to date do not have sufficient resolution and datum controls to quantify volumetric changes. The variations recorded by monitoring are minor compared to historic changes, so it is unlikely that the sand extraction is having any measurable effect on flow through either channel or sedimentation in the vicinity.

text: Review of sand extraction impacts for Miller’s Bank, Kaipara Harbour A review of the monitoring reports for resource consent MCO623701 (CON20030623701) involving sand extraction near Millers Bank, and additional reports relating to sediment transport within the Kaipara Harbour was undertaken. The available data indicates that the Waikeri Bank and surrounding channels are mobile, and while occupying approximately the same position since the first full survey in 1852, they are not fixed features. The adjacent shoreline between Ru Point and Tauhara Creek, have undergone phases of erosion and accretion since 1852, with variable behaviour along the coast. Overall this section of coast is tending to erode. Monitoring since sand extraction began indicates that natural phenomena, particularly episodic storm conditions from the northeast quadrant, are the dominant cause of shoreline erosion. No quantitative data are available prior to sand extraction, so it is difficult to determine if there has been any change in the rate of erosion since extraction began. Limited current data, and numerical modelling, suggest that Five Fathom Channel is ebb dominated, and the channel between Waikeri Bank and the shore may be flood dominated. This would cause a recirculation of sediment around Waikeri Bank, and the morphology suggests that sediment tends to accumulate at the northern and southern junctions of the two channels. Bathymetric surveys indicate that the supply of sediment to this region is sufficient to replenish sand extracted. However, the surveys completed to date do not have sufficient resolution and datum controls to quantify volumetric changes. The variations recorded by monitoring are minor compared to historic changes, so it is unlikely that the sand extraction is having any measurable effect on flow through either channel or sedimentation in the vicinity.

year: 2010

title: A review on current trends and future prospectives of electrospun biopolymeric nanofibers for biomedical applications

authors: Syed, Murtaza Haider

abstract: Electrospinning (ES) is considered the most advanced and robust method to make nanoscale materials named nanofibers (NFs) using various polymers. However, due to the hazardous and toxic nature of petroleum based polymers, the trend has shifted toward biopolymers. Conventional techniques to fabricate NFs are nonreproducible, require tedious procedures, and most incorporate toxicity to the final product. ES gained tremendous momentum as it is a crucial solution to the drawbacks of conventional methods. In recent years much prepondering research and review work has been done on ES applications. However, the present paper does not cliche the routine reporting format by review papers in recent years. Instead, it highlights the ignored significant parameters especially solvent related in current research responsible for underutilizing ES and new innovative ES methods. The current review signifies ES's crucial necessity for biomedical applications compared to conventional methods with similar biocomposites. A systematic review of the literature was done to correlate those parameters with the present work to find the gap in the existing literature. The present review is significant in providing a helpful tool to improve further the properties of the NFs biocomposites by ES methods. Significant missing correlations were identified, which, if considered in the future, can drastically improve the future of ES applications.

text: A review on current trends and future prospectives of electrospun biopolymeric nanofibers for biomedical applications Electrospinning (ES) is considered the most advanced and robust method to make nanoscale materials named nanofibers (NFs) using various polymers. However, due to the hazardous and toxic nature of petroleum based polymers, the trend has shifted toward biopolymers. Conventional techniques to fabricate NFs are nonreproducible, require tedious procedures, and most incorporate toxicity to the final product. ES gained tremendous momentum as it is a crucial solution to the drawbacks of conventional methods. In recent years much prepondering research and review work has been done on ES applications. However, the present paper does not cliche the routine reporting format by review papers in recent years. Instead, it highlights the ignored significant parameters especially solvent related in current research responsible for underutilizing ES and new innovative ES methods. The current review signifies ES's crucial necessity for biomedical applications compared to conventional methods with similar biocomposites. A systematic review of the literature was done to correlate those parameters with the present work to find the gap in the existing literature. The present review is significant in providing a helpful tool to improve further the properties of the NFs biocomposites by ES methods. Significant missing correlations were identified, which, if considered in the future, can drastically improve the future of ES applications.

year: 2023-10-10

title: Mining at Te Aroha before the murder in February 1881

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Mining was slow to restart after the Christmas holidays on a goldfield whose value was still unknown. Some miners did not return, but other men, mostly with mining experience, replaced them. As was pointed out, more testing was required to justify the cautious optimism, and more explorations did not discover any payable ore or a reef of any sort. More capital was needed to fund adequate development, and the lack of a battery held back the field.
Some searched the nearby countryside, fruitlessly, but at Tui the mostly Maori miners working there seemed to be having better results. Unskilled miners who drove incompetent and even dangerous adits wasted their efforts, while others were accused of shepherding their ground. Two companies formed during January attracted many small investors, but experienced miners started leaving for newer finds, and non-miners abandoned their attempts at mining after discovering that gold was not easy to find. But others remained hopeful, and waited for the erection of a local battery to prove the value of what they had found.

text: Mining at Te Aroha before the murder in February 1881 Mining was slow to restart after the Christmas holidays on a goldfield whose value was still unknown. Some miners did not return, but other men, mostly with mining experience, replaced them. As was pointed out, more testing was required to justify the cautious optimism, and more explorations did not discover any payable ore or a reef of any sort. More capital was needed to fund adequate development, and the lack of a battery held back the field.
Some searched the nearby countryside, fruitlessly, but at Tui the mostly Maori miners working there seemed to be having better results. Unskilled miners who drove incompetent and even dangerous adits wasted their efforts, while others were accused of shepherding their ground. Two companies formed during January attracted many small investors, but experienced miners started leaving for newer finds, and non-miners abandoned their attempts at mining after discovering that gold was not easy to find. But others remained hopeful, and waited for the erection of a local battery to prove the value of what they had found.

year: 2016