title: Principals in relationship: Work, roles and positioning

authors: Earl Rinehart, (Suzanne) Kerry

abstract: Principalship is complex relational work. Interactions with a long list of individuals, groups and organisations are features of a principals’ work activity. These interactions vary from one time contact to every day for just in time advice or ongoing mentoring to an infrequent media comment or supervision of a beginning teacher, from acquaintance to lasting relationships. Relationships feature in leadership frameworks and expectations of effective and successful school principals. Current educational leadership literature gives attention to personal characteristics understood to make and build connections, and sustain relationships. In this talk I will set this scene and then, using research stories of primary school principals’ interactions with community members, explore what attention to principals in relationship can tell us about principals’ work, roles, and positioning. By unpacking principalship into these three aspects (instead of, for example, administration, leadership and management), positioning theory can be used to shed some light on how principals’ success is ‘community’ dependent. I argue that consideration of work activity, work roles and the significance of positioning could help those in relational, or helping, professions such as principals and teachers, make sense of and develop partnerships with individuals and groups in their work place and community

text: Principals in relationship: Work, roles and positioning Principalship is complex relational work. Interactions with a long list of individuals, groups and organisations are features of a principals’ work activity. These interactions vary from one time contact to every day for just in time advice or ongoing mentoring to an infrequent media comment or supervision of a beginning teacher, from acquaintance to lasting relationships. Relationships feature in leadership frameworks and expectations of effective and successful school principals. Current educational leadership literature gives attention to personal characteristics understood to make and build connections, and sustain relationships. In this talk I will set this scene and then, using research stories of primary school principals’ interactions with community members, explore what attention to principals in relationship can tell us about principals’ work, roles, and positioning. By unpacking principalship into these three aspects (instead of, for example, administration, leadership and management), positioning theory can be used to shed some light on how principals’ success is ‘community’ dependent. I argue that consideration of work activity, work roles and the significance of positioning could help those in relational, or helping, professions such as principals and teachers, make sense of and develop partnerships with individuals and groups in their work place and community

year: 2017

title: New high temperature transcritical CO2 heat pump concept for spray drying

authors: Kong, Lana

subjects: high temperature heat pump

abstract: The need to decarbonise the industrial sector requires new innovations in high temperature heating. The development of an industrial high temperature heat pump presents not only great emissions reduction potential but also cost saving potential for industrial process heat users. Compared to boilers with efficiencies ranging from 70 to 99%, heat pumps have the ability to leverage renewable electricity to supply heating as a standalone technology (air-source heat pumps), with one unit if electricity being able to supply multiple units of heat (Coefficient of Performance > 1) or integrate with existing boilers to reduce steam demand (air-source or waste heat recovery).
This thesis investigates a novel high temperature transcritical CO2 heat pump concept using a case study in milk powder spray drying. A series of cycle architectures were modelled that incorporated internal heat exchangers and cascade arrangements to assess their effect on thermodynamic performance for not only large temperature lifts (>150 °C) but also large temperature glides (>150 °C). A transcritical-transcritical cascade configuration was found to achieve a sink temperature of 200 °C with a COP of 2.22 at moderate discharge pressures (150 bar) compared to what is currently available in the literature (>200 bar). Expansion work recovery, using ejectors and expanders, was further explored to reduce exergy losses, achieving incremental COP gains up to 2.35. However, it was determined that, at this stage, the marginal increases in COP did not overcome the challenges in complexity of integrating an expander or ejector within the system.

A comparison of integration options was undertaken that compared the high temperature heat pump integration with fuel switching to electrode or biomass boilers. Hybrid configurations of heat pump and boilers were also assessed at varying utility prices to determine whether an optimum sink temperature existed to minimise the operational cost. With this, a multi-temperature heat pump configuration was found to improve the COP of the heat pump to 2.55 for air heating to 200 °C, which emphasises the importance of temperature profile matching in heat pump design. Operating costs depended on the electricity-to-biomass price ratio and grid emissions intensity. In all cases, electrode boiler conversions had the highest operational cost. Price ratios below 2.75 were favourable for full electrification using a heat pump, while price ratios above 3.67 favoured a full biomass conversion. Between these two price ratios, the optimal hybrid configuration was to supply the air heating up to the temperature level for the fluidised bed (102 °C) using a heat pump and supply the remainder of the heating using a biomass boiler. In comparison to coal, the proposed solutions achieved emissions savings between 55 and 94 %.

The wider potential for the high temperature heat pump concept was then estimated, revealing a broader potential for CO2 high temperature heat pumps to supply hundreds of petajoules per year of low-carbon heat across a diverse range of industrial sectors. Due to being able to produce both large temperature glides and large temperature lifts, the CO2 high temperature heat pump was particularly suited for a range of drying processes (further than milk powder spray drying). Potential source and sink streams for the heat pump were identified for each application to estimate possible COPs, which ranged between 2.0 and 3.05 for sink outlet temperatures ranging from 110 to 280 °C. Emissions reduction was shown to be viable for nearly all regions when displacing coal, but requires cleaner electricity grids or higher COPs when displacing natural gas.

This thesis contributes an in depth thermodynamic analysis of both a novel high temperature heat pump cycle architecture and a novel application of high temperature heat pumps into the milk powder spray drying process. Additionally, this thesis contributes a cross-sectoral analysis for implementation, collating potential source and sink streams across a variety of applications.

text: New high temperature transcritical CO2 heat pump concept for spray drying The need to decarbonise the industrial sector requires new innovations in high temperature heating. The development of an industrial high temperature heat pump presents not only great emissions reduction potential but also cost saving potential for industrial process heat users. Compared to boilers with efficiencies ranging from 70 to 99%, heat pumps have the ability to leverage renewable electricity to supply heating as a standalone technology (air-source heat pumps), with one unit if electricity being able to supply multiple units of heat (Coefficient of Performance > 1) or integrate with existing boilers to reduce steam demand (air-source or waste heat recovery).
This thesis investigates a novel high temperature transcritical CO2 heat pump concept using a case study in milk powder spray drying. A series of cycle architectures were modelled that incorporated internal heat exchangers and cascade arrangements to assess their effect on thermodynamic performance for not only large temperature lifts (>150 °C) but also large temperature glides (>150 °C). A transcritical-transcritical cascade configuration was found to achieve a sink temperature of 200 °C with a COP of 2.22 at moderate discharge pressures (150 bar) compared to what is currently available in the literature (>200 bar). Expansion work recovery, using ejectors and expanders, was further explored to reduce exergy losses, achieving incremental COP gains up to 2.35. However, it was determined that, at this stage, the marginal increases in COP did not overcome the challenges in complexity of integrating an expander or ejector within the system.

A comparison of integration options was undertaken that compared the high temperature heat pump integration with fuel switching to electrode or biomass boilers. Hybrid configurations of heat pump and boilers were also assessed at varying utility prices to determine whether an optimum sink temperature existed to minimise the operational cost. With this, a multi-temperature heat pump configuration was found to improve the COP of the heat pump to 2.55 for air heating to 200 °C, which emphasises the importance of temperature profile matching in heat pump design. Operating costs depended on the electricity-to-biomass price ratio and grid emissions intensity. In all cases, electrode boiler conversions had the highest operational cost. Price ratios below 2.75 were favourable for full electrification using a heat pump, while price ratios above 3.67 favoured a full biomass conversion. Between these two price ratios, the optimal hybrid configuration was to supply the air heating up to the temperature level for the fluidised bed (102 °C) using a heat pump and supply the remainder of the heating using a biomass boiler. In comparison to coal, the proposed solutions achieved emissions savings between 55 and 94 %.

The wider potential for the high temperature heat pump concept was then estimated, revealing a broader potential for CO2 high temperature heat pumps to supply hundreds of petajoules per year of low-carbon heat across a diverse range of industrial sectors. Due to being able to produce both large temperature glides and large temperature lifts, the CO2 high temperature heat pump was particularly suited for a range of drying processes (further than milk powder spray drying). Potential source and sink streams for the heat pump were identified for each application to estimate possible COPs, which ranged between 2.0 and 3.05 for sink outlet temperatures ranging from 110 to 280 °C. Emissions reduction was shown to be viable for nearly all regions when displacing coal, but requires cleaner electricity grids or higher COPs when displacing natural gas.

This thesis contributes an in depth thermodynamic analysis of both a novel high temperature heat pump cycle architecture and a novel application of high temperature heat pumps into the milk powder spray drying process. Additionally, this thesis contributes a cross-sectoral analysis for implementation, collating potential source and sink streams across a variety of applications.

year: 2026

title: Investigating the Social Supports of Successful Māori Undergraduate Appellants at the University of Waikato

authors: Diamond, Danielle Jade

subjects: Social Supports

abstract: Educational disparities between Māori and non-Māori tertiary students are evident in regards to participation, retention, and completion rates at secondary and tertiary levels. Instead of focusing on negative statistics, it was of interest to investigate Māori students who had failed sufficient papers to initially be denied re-entry to university study, yet continued to attain their degrees, as a result of a successful appeal. Māori undergraduate students, who had successfully appealed from 2003-2012, were recruited for my research. The availability and utilisation of social supports were investigated, along with the decision to make an appeal, the role of cultural expectations, and barriers experienced by participants. A mixed method approach was utilised in this research through use of an adapted overarching Kaupapa Māori framework, statistical analysis, and 13 interviews. My research found that social supports were beneficial for participants throughout their appeal, as they provided: emotional, instrumental, appraisal, and informational support. Although the social supports utilised by participants were satisfactory, barriers to accessing formal supports were also found, which included: perceived stigma having failed their papers, pride, as well as being whakamā. The appeal process was a beneficial intervention from the University of Waikato, which provided participants another opportunity to overcome the factors that contributed to their initial failure. Post appeal, participants implemented strategies to address and reduce their factors in order to become academically engaged. Participants were deemed to be resilient from their continued pursuit of degree attainment, implementation of their strategies, and their use of perceived social supports.

text: Investigating the Social Supports of Successful Māori Undergraduate Appellants at the University of Waikato Educational disparities between Māori and non-Māori tertiary students are evident in regards to participation, retention, and completion rates at secondary and tertiary levels. Instead of focusing on negative statistics, it was of interest to investigate Māori students who had failed sufficient papers to initially be denied re-entry to university study, yet continued to attain their degrees, as a result of a successful appeal. Māori undergraduate students, who had successfully appealed from 2003-2012, were recruited for my research. The availability and utilisation of social supports were investigated, along with the decision to make an appeal, the role of cultural expectations, and barriers experienced by participants. A mixed method approach was utilised in this research through use of an adapted overarching Kaupapa Māori framework, statistical analysis, and 13 interviews. My research found that social supports were beneficial for participants throughout their appeal, as they provided: emotional, instrumental, appraisal, and informational support. Although the social supports utilised by participants were satisfactory, barriers to accessing formal supports were also found, which included: perceived stigma having failed their papers, pride, as well as being whakamā. The appeal process was a beneficial intervention from the University of Waikato, which provided participants another opportunity to overcome the factors that contributed to their initial failure. Post appeal, participants implemented strategies to address and reduce their factors in order to become academically engaged. Participants were deemed to be resilient from their continued pursuit of degree attainment, implementation of their strategies, and their use of perceived social supports.

year: 2013