title: Mad Max: Fury Road - Challenging narrative and gender representation in the action genre

authors: Barrett, Kyle

subjects: Gender

abstract: This article explores the key components that made "Mad Max: Fury Road" a subversive text within the action/post-apocalyptic genre. There will be a discussion of the film’s narrative (or lack of), Miller’s visual language and gender representation.

text: Mad Max: Fury Road - Challenging narrative and gender representation in the action genre This article explores the key components that made "Mad Max: Fury Road" a subversive text within the action/post-apocalyptic genre. There will be a discussion of the film’s narrative (or lack of), Miller’s visual language and gender representation.

year: 2017

title: Chemical aspects of saponin bioactivity and ovine photosensitization diseases

authors: Loader, Jared I.

abstract: A general review of saponin chemistry, bioactivities and of chemical aspects of saponin-associated hepatogenous photosensitization of ruminants (sheep, goats, and cattle) is presented. 
A field trial was undertaken to explore the genin dose/response hypothesis that saponins produced by the plant Narthecium ossifragum may be the direct cause of the toxicity leading to the photosensitization disease alveld seen in Norwegian lambs grazing N. ossifragum containing pastures. The genin content of N. ossifragum leaves from 2 control and 2 outbreak pasture areas, in a region of Norway known for periodic livestock outbreaks of alveld, ranged from 4553 to 10879 mg/kg DM. No significant statistical differences in the mean sapogenin content from the 2 control and 2 outbreak pasture areas were found. Total faecal sapogenin levels determined for lambs grazing the 2 control and 2 outbreak areas ranged from 973 to 36314 mg/kg DM. No obvious relationships between faecal sapogenin levels of lambs exhibiting external alveld symptoms and lambs not exhibiting symptoms were identified. The data does not support the hypothesis that saponins are the sole causative agent for the development of alveld disease symptoms in lambs grazing pastures containing N. ossifragum. 
Genin levels in Scottish collections of N. ossifragum plant material, gathered from pasture on which sheep were photosensitized, were determined. Elevated levels of sarsasapogenin and smilagenin containing saponins were found in flower heads (ca. 18000 mg/kg DM). Significant levels of free genins were found in plant roots (832-1184 mg/kg DM). The percentage contribution (ca. 45-65%) of smilagenin (a 25R-genin) in the Scottish samples was typically 2-4 times greater than is the case for Norwegian collections of N. ossifragum (typically ca. 10-15%). 
A field trial involving the daily intraruminal administration of a 1:4 mixture of [2,2,4,4-2H4]sarsasapogenin and [2,2,4,4-2H4]episarsasapogenin to 4 ewes, their twin lambs, and to 3 weaned lambs over a 21 day period was undertaken in Norway. The results showed that the isotope-dilution methodology can be applied under field conditions to estimate the uptake of sapogenins from plant material under conditions characteristically associated with the development of al veld. 
Mother ewes, on average, consumed 2-3 times the daily weight of N. ossifragum (ca. 700-750 g DM/day) consumed by the lambs (ca. 200-250 g DM/day). Percentage deuterium ratios, determined using SIM GC-MS protocols, while lower that anticipated, were consistent across the animals involved in the trial (between ca. 2-3%). Average N. ossifragum intakes, calculated relative to live-weights, were determined for all sheep involved in the trial. No correlation between the quantity of N. ossifragum consumed and live-weight (g DM day/kg) and the development of alveld was identified. 
The synthesis of sarsasapogenin β-D-galactoside, episarsasapogenin β-D-glucoside, episarsasapogenin β-D-galactoside, betulin 3-(β-D-glucoside) and betulin 3,28-(β-D-diglucoside), was performed via Koenig-Knorr coupling of sarsasapogenin, episarsasapogenin, or betulin with 2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide, or the corresponding galactoside, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting tetra-0-acetyl-β-Dglycosides.Structures of intermediates, and product glycosides were established using a combination of ES-MS and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectral data. 
The synthesized sarsasapogenin, episarsasapogenin and betulin saponins, 4-methoxyfuran-2(5H)-one 5-(β-D-glucoside), Yucca schidigera 70° Brix extract, a methanol conjugate extract of N. ossifragum leaves and the active triketone fraction (triketone oil) from East Cape Manuka oil were subjected to a bioactivity evaluation against a range of bacterial and fungal organisms using the agar gel well diffusion technique. A possible structure-activity relationship amongst the synthesized saponins is discussed. 
The activity of triketone oil against two fish-pathogenic strains of Saprolegnia parasiticawas evaluated. The evaluation, performed in vitro, required the use of small percentages of water-miscible organic solvents and phosphate buffer solutions to obtain homogenous aqueous solutions. Inhibition of S. parasitica growth was seen at triketone oil concentrations of: (i) 150 and 200 ppm using aqueous solutions containing 0.5% and 1.0% pyrrolidinone, each containing 0.5% Tween 80 and (ii) at 150 and 200 ppm, at both pH 7 .0 and 7.5 of a 0.25 molL-1  phosphate buffer solution. An in vivo toxicity trial found that East Cape triketone oil at 200 ppm was acutely toxic to Atlantic salmon fry, with a 50% mortality rate after a 2 h single dose static bath exposure.

text: Chemical aspects of saponin bioactivity and ovine photosensitization diseases A general review of saponin chemistry, bioactivities and of chemical aspects of saponin-associated hepatogenous photosensitization of ruminants (sheep, goats, and cattle) is presented. 
A field trial was undertaken to explore the genin dose/response hypothesis that saponins produced by the plant Narthecium ossifragum may be the direct cause of the toxicity leading to the photosensitization disease alveld seen in Norwegian lambs grazing N. ossifragum containing pastures. The genin content of N. ossifragum leaves from 2 control and 2 outbreak pasture areas, in a region of Norway known for periodic livestock outbreaks of alveld, ranged from 4553 to 10879 mg/kg DM. No significant statistical differences in the mean sapogenin content from the 2 control and 2 outbreak pasture areas were found. Total faecal sapogenin levels determined for lambs grazing the 2 control and 2 outbreak areas ranged from 973 to 36314 mg/kg DM. No obvious relationships between faecal sapogenin levels of lambs exhibiting external alveld symptoms and lambs not exhibiting symptoms were identified. The data does not support the hypothesis that saponins are the sole causative agent for the development of alveld disease symptoms in lambs grazing pastures containing N. ossifragum. 
Genin levels in Scottish collections of N. ossifragum plant material, gathered from pasture on which sheep were photosensitized, were determined. Elevated levels of sarsasapogenin and smilagenin containing saponins were found in flower heads (ca. 18000 mg/kg DM). Significant levels of free genins were found in plant roots (832-1184 mg/kg DM). The percentage contribution (ca. 45-65%) of smilagenin (a 25R-genin) in the Scottish samples was typically 2-4 times greater than is the case for Norwegian collections of N. ossifragum (typically ca. 10-15%). 
A field trial involving the daily intraruminal administration of a 1:4 mixture of [2,2,4,4-2H4]sarsasapogenin and [2,2,4,4-2H4]episarsasapogenin to 4 ewes, their twin lambs, and to 3 weaned lambs over a 21 day period was undertaken in Norway. The results showed that the isotope-dilution methodology can be applied under field conditions to estimate the uptake of sapogenins from plant material under conditions characteristically associated with the development of al veld. 
Mother ewes, on average, consumed 2-3 times the daily weight of N. ossifragum (ca. 700-750 g DM/day) consumed by the lambs (ca. 200-250 g DM/day). Percentage deuterium ratios, determined using SIM GC-MS protocols, while lower that anticipated, were consistent across the animals involved in the trial (between ca. 2-3%). Average N. ossifragum intakes, calculated relative to live-weights, were determined for all sheep involved in the trial. No correlation between the quantity of N. ossifragum consumed and live-weight (g DM day/kg) and the development of alveld was identified. 
The synthesis of sarsasapogenin β-D-galactoside, episarsasapogenin β-D-glucoside, episarsasapogenin β-D-galactoside, betulin 3-(β-D-glucoside) and betulin 3,28-(β-D-diglucoside), was performed via Koenig-Knorr coupling of sarsasapogenin, episarsasapogenin, or betulin with 2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide, or the corresponding galactoside, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting tetra-0-acetyl-β-Dglycosides.Structures of intermediates, and product glycosides were established using a combination of ES-MS and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectral data. 
The synthesized sarsasapogenin, episarsasapogenin and betulin saponins, 4-methoxyfuran-2(5H)-one 5-(β-D-glucoside), Yucca schidigera 70° Brix extract, a methanol conjugate extract of N. ossifragum leaves and the active triketone fraction (triketone oil) from East Cape Manuka oil were subjected to a bioactivity evaluation against a range of bacterial and fungal organisms using the agar gel well diffusion technique. A possible structure-activity relationship amongst the synthesized saponins is discussed. 
The activity of triketone oil against two fish-pathogenic strains of Saprolegnia parasiticawas evaluated. The evaluation, performed in vitro, required the use of small percentages of water-miscible organic solvents and phosphate buffer solutions to obtain homogenous aqueous solutions. Inhibition of S. parasitica growth was seen at triketone oil concentrations of: (i) 150 and 200 ppm using aqueous solutions containing 0.5% and 1.0% pyrrolidinone, each containing 0.5% Tween 80 and (ii) at 150 and 200 ppm, at both pH 7 .0 and 7.5 of a 0.25 molL-1  phosphate buffer solution. An in vivo toxicity trial found that East Cape triketone oil at 200 ppm was acutely toxic to Atlantic salmon fry, with a 50% mortality rate after a 2 h single dose static bath exposure.

year: 2004

title: Te ao hurihuri : iwi identification in the census

authors: Kukutai, Tahu

abstract: As the flagship of official statistics, the national population census is an important forum for the recognition of indigenous peoples in their homelands and territories (United Nations, 2008). While most governments worldwide count and classify their populations by ethnicity, New Zealand is rare in enabling multiple expressions of indigenous identity in the census. Since 1991, it has been possible to identify as Māori in three ways: by descent, ethnicity and iwi (tribal) affiliation (see Figure 1). The Māori descent population is the largest— in 2013, just under 669,000 individuals ticked the Māori descent box. The number identifying as Māori by ethnicity - intended as a measure of cultural belonging - was substantially lower at just under 600,000. Most of the remaining 69,000 Māori descendants identified solely as NZ European. In 2013 nearly 83 per cent of Māori descendants (n=535,941) reported belonging to at least one iwi. Of those that did not report an iwi affiliation, 40 per cent did not identify as Māori by ethnicity either.

text: Te ao hurihuri : iwi identification in the census As the flagship of official statistics, the national population census is an important forum for the recognition of indigenous peoples in their homelands and territories (United Nations, 2008). While most governments worldwide count and classify their populations by ethnicity, New Zealand is rare in enabling multiple expressions of indigenous identity in the census. Since 1991, it has been possible to identify as Māori in three ways: by descent, ethnicity and iwi (tribal) affiliation (see Figure 1). The Māori descent population is the largest— in 2013, just under 669,000 individuals ticked the Māori descent box. The number identifying as Māori by ethnicity - intended as a measure of cultural belonging - was substantially lower at just under 600,000. Most of the remaining 69,000 Māori descendants identified solely as NZ European. In 2013 nearly 83 per cent of Māori descendants (n=535,941) reported belonging to at least one iwi. Of those that did not report an iwi affiliation, 40 per cent did not identify as Māori by ethnicity either.

year: 2015