title: Synthesis and characterization of flavonoid laurate esters by transesterification

authors: Bridson, James Hadley

subjects: biopolymers and renewable polymers

abstract: Laurate esters of catechin and condensed tannins were synthesized by both transesterification and conventional acylation techniques. Transesterification was developed as an alternative route to prepare flavonoid fatty acid esters as a prerequisite to advancing potential applications. Resorcinol, catechin, and two condensed tannins were transesterified with vinyl esters, and the resulting products were compared to those formed with lauroyl chloride. The esterified products, including catechin pentalaurate, were characterized both chemically and thermally. Transesterification produced partially substituted derivatives, with a preference for substitution at the catechol ring. Melt features were identified at or below 50°C, which were dependent upon the level of substitution. In addition, the tannin laurates showed thermal stability to at least 100°C and moderate retention of antioxidant properties.

text: Synthesis and characterization of flavonoid laurate esters by transesterification Laurate esters of catechin and condensed tannins were synthesized by both transesterification and conventional acylation techniques. Transesterification was developed as an alternative route to prepare flavonoid fatty acid esters as a prerequisite to advancing potential applications. Resorcinol, catechin, and two condensed tannins were transesterified with vinyl esters, and the resulting products were compared to those formed with lauroyl chloride. The esterified products, including catechin pentalaurate, were characterized both chemically and thermally. Transesterification produced partially substituted derivatives, with a preference for substitution at the catechol ring. Melt features were identified at or below 50°C, which were dependent upon the level of substitution. In addition, the tannin laurates showed thermal stability to at least 100°C and moderate retention of antioxidant properties.

year: 2013

title: A digital library of language learning exercises

authors: Wu, Shaoqun

subjects: computer science

abstract: Recent years have seen widespread adoption of the Internet for language teaching and learning. Interactive systems on the World-Wide Web provide useful alternatives to face-to-face tuition, and both teachers and learners can benefit from the exercises available. However, although there is a wealth of suitable material, it is hard to find because it is scattered around the web. Moreover, teachers are restricted by the material that is available, and cannot provide their own.
To tackle these problems we have constructed a digital library of language learning exercises that presents students with different kinds of exercise, and also lets teachers contribute new material. We first reviewed existing language learning systems on the web in order to develop a taxonomy of exercise types used for language activity. A prototype, ELLE, based on this taxonomy, provides various kinds of interactive exercises using material that teachers submit. The system has been evaluated by practicing language teachers.

text: A digital library of language learning exercises Recent years have seen widespread adoption of the Internet for language teaching and learning. Interactive systems on the World-Wide Web provide useful alternatives to face-to-face tuition, and both teachers and learners can benefit from the exercises available. However, although there is a wealth of suitable material, it is hard to find because it is scattered around the web. Moreover, teachers are restricted by the material that is available, and cannot provide their own.
To tackle these problems we have constructed a digital library of language learning exercises that presents students with different kinds of exercise, and also lets teachers contribute new material. We first reviewed existing language learning systems on the web in order to develop a taxonomy of exercise types used for language activity. A prototype, ELLE, based on this taxonomy, provides various kinds of interactive exercises using material that teachers submit. The system has been evaluated by practicing language teachers.

year: 2007

title: Dis-lodging literature from English: Challenging linguistic hegemonies

authors: Locke, Terry

subjects: literature

abstract: This paper problematises the location of literature "teaching" within the English (L1) curriculum, as is the case in New Zealand and other settings. It defamiliarises this arrangement by drawing attention to official New Zealand policies of biculturalism and to the increasing cultural and linguistic diversity in many New Zealand classrooms. It identifies a number of social justice issues arising from the current arrangement, and also raises issues in respect of educational policy and ways in which canonical subjects become constructed in practice. It then discusses ways in which a new qualifications template developed at the University of Waikato might provide a vehicle for establishing a new arrangement, in terms of which literature study is dislodged from English and reshaped as a course of study entitled Literature in Society. It indicates ways in which Comparative Literature, as a predominantly university-constituted discipline, might contribute to the theorisation of this new arrangement.

text: Dis-lodging literature from English: Challenging linguistic hegemonies This paper problematises the location of literature "teaching" within the English (L1) curriculum, as is the case in New Zealand and other settings. It defamiliarises this arrangement by drawing attention to official New Zealand policies of biculturalism and to the increasing cultural and linguistic diversity in many New Zealand classrooms. It identifies a number of social justice issues arising from the current arrangement, and also raises issues in respect of educational policy and ways in which canonical subjects become constructed in practice. It then discusses ways in which a new qualifications template developed at the University of Waikato might provide a vehicle for establishing a new arrangement, in terms of which literature study is dislodged from English and reshaped as a course of study entitled Literature in Society. It indicates ways in which Comparative Literature, as a predominantly university-constituted discipline, might contribute to the theorisation of this new arrangement.

year: 2004-05-01