title: Electromagnetic stirring using a travelling magnetic field

authors: Saad, Mohd. Noor Bin

abstract: Electromagnetic stirring of liquid metal is widely used during continuous casting in iron and steel industries to improve the quality of the products. In this thesis we aim to develop a theory for traveling linear stirrers in closed channels. 
We consider a channel filled with an incompressible, electrically conducting viscous fluid. A two dimensional multi Fourier-component magnetic field is moved along the channel. Induced currents in the fluid interact with the field to give a Lorentz force which drives fluid motion. When the magnetic Reynolds number is large the imposed magnetic field is changed significantly. 
In this study we consider uniformly-moving and accelerating fields. 
For the initial fluid motion due to a two Fourier-component source moving at a constant velocity, with Rm small, an analytical solution is derived. The LaxWendroff numerical scheme is used to calculate the flow until a steady state is reached. For effective stirring the width of the channel has to be less than the field wavelength. 
The problem of a solid conductor in a steadily-moving field at finite Rm is investigated next. It is shown that as the magnetic Reynolds number increases the flux inclines in the direction of the motion. In the study of the fluid flow at finite Rm it is shown that the narrower the channel the better and stronger will be the magnetic field's penetration. Most effective stirring occurs when magnetic Reynolds number is around 100. 
When the magnetic field is given a time-dependent velocity at large Rm we show that more eddies are created immediately after a velocity reversal. In the process, the layers of magnetic fieldlines on the boundaries incline in the opposite direction of the applied field. Simple harmonic motion of the field is also effective, and becomes more so as the frequency increases (at fixed wavelength) but at the expense of overall fluid velocity.

text: Electromagnetic stirring using a travelling magnetic field Electromagnetic stirring of liquid metal is widely used during continuous casting in iron and steel industries to improve the quality of the products. In this thesis we aim to develop a theory for traveling linear stirrers in closed channels. 
We consider a channel filled with an incompressible, electrically conducting viscous fluid. A two dimensional multi Fourier-component magnetic field is moved along the channel. Induced currents in the fluid interact with the field to give a Lorentz force which drives fluid motion. When the magnetic Reynolds number is large the imposed magnetic field is changed significantly. 
In this study we consider uniformly-moving and accelerating fields. 
For the initial fluid motion due to a two Fourier-component source moving at a constant velocity, with Rm small, an analytical solution is derived. The LaxWendroff numerical scheme is used to calculate the flow until a steady state is reached. For effective stirring the width of the channel has to be less than the field wavelength. 
The problem of a solid conductor in a steadily-moving field at finite Rm is investigated next. It is shown that as the magnetic Reynolds number increases the flux inclines in the direction of the motion. In the study of the fluid flow at finite Rm it is shown that the narrower the channel the better and stronger will be the magnetic field's penetration. Most effective stirring occurs when magnetic Reynolds number is around 100. 
When the magnetic field is given a time-dependent velocity at large Rm we show that more eddies are created immediately after a velocity reversal. In the process, the layers of magnetic fieldlines on the boundaries incline in the opposite direction of the applied field. Simple harmonic motion of the field is also effective, and becomes more so as the frequency increases (at fixed wavelength) but at the expense of overall fluid velocity.

year: 2004

title: Pukekohe silt loam, Pukekohe Hill

authors: Lowe, David J.

subjects: Pukekohe Hill

abstract: Pukekohe Hill is an excellent starting point for the tour in various ways: it provides a commanding view of important market gardens developed within Ultisols, and associated landuse issues, and the Massey Memorial on the hilltop commemorates Irish-born, South Auckland identity William (‘Big Bill’) Fergusson Massey (1865-1925), Prime Minister of New Zealand 1912-1925, after whom Massey University is named. Pukekohe town has a population of about 23,000.

text: Pukekohe silt loam, Pukekohe Hill Pukekohe Hill is an excellent starting point for the tour in various ways: it provides a commanding view of important market gardens developed within Ultisols, and associated landuse issues, and the Massey Memorial on the hilltop commemorates Irish-born, South Auckland identity William (‘Big Bill’) Fergusson Massey (1865-1925), Prime Minister of New Zealand 1912-1925, after whom Massey University is named. Pukekohe town has a population of about 23,000.

year: 2010

title: Understanding the Happiness of Māori and the Role of Consumption: Experiences of the Millennial Generation

authors: de Thierry, Ebony

subjects: Māori Well-Being

abstract: Happiness is commonly perceived as the ideal state of being for  all of human kind. Although a universal definition of the term remains elusive, happiness is a goal that everybody wants to achieve. In understanding the different aspects that shape happiness, the literature has shown that this can vary depending on the cultural context. As such, this study investigates the essence of happiness as it is experienced by Māori. In understanding the experiences of the Millennial generation, the role that consumption plays is also explored. This group of young adults have been raised in an era when consumerism and cultural revitalisation are the norm.  

This investigation was guided by hermeneutic phenomenology using a kaupapa Māori research perspective. Through this, thirteen young Māori individuals were interviewed to gain their experiences of happiness. Photo elicitation techniques were utilised as a means to facilitate these interviews. Stories of the participants’ experiences of happiness were crafted and then analysed to explore the role of consumption.

Findings show that the happiness of Māori is shaped by the five themes of; sense of belonging, whānau and relationships, spirituality, achievement and success, and sense of freedom. These themes interrelate as they are underpinned by the collective values of Māori. In particular, the aspects of spirituality and sense of belonging appear to be specific to the Māori realm. These are based on customs, values and beliefs that are inherited from our ancestors yet are still prevalent today. In terms of consumption, happiness can be positively linked to experiential consumption. In this case, it can play three different roles on the happiness of Māori through either; a direct connection, an indirect connection, or a negative connection. For Māori, consumption is more likely to have an indirect connection. This implies that it is able to facilitate, maintain and enhance happiness, but is not essential to creating these feelings. This investigation contributes to the literature in four ways. First, this study serves as a starting point to developing a comprehensive framework of happiness that is specific to the culture, views and values of Māori. This will assist Māori through ensuring that they are accurately represented in policies, frameworks and statistics. Second, it proposes five guidelines for Māori which suggest how they can maximise happiness through consumption. Third, this study provides a more up-to-date understanding of the happiness of Māori at the individual level whilst incorporating the impact of collective values. Marketers, researchers and practitioners can utilise this information in an attempt to aid in improving the happiness of Māori society. Finally, it shows that consumption can continue to be positively related to happiness once basic needs have been met. The positive role that consumption can play on happiness is identified, showing that marketers and consumers can work together to achieve happiness.

text: Understanding the Happiness of Māori and the Role of Consumption: Experiences of the Millennial Generation Happiness is commonly perceived as the ideal state of being for  all of human kind. Although a universal definition of the term remains elusive, happiness is a goal that everybody wants to achieve. In understanding the different aspects that shape happiness, the literature has shown that this can vary depending on the cultural context. As such, this study investigates the essence of happiness as it is experienced by Māori. In understanding the experiences of the Millennial generation, the role that consumption plays is also explored. This group of young adults have been raised in an era when consumerism and cultural revitalisation are the norm.  

This investigation was guided by hermeneutic phenomenology using a kaupapa Māori research perspective. Through this, thirteen young Māori individuals were interviewed to gain their experiences of happiness. Photo elicitation techniques were utilised as a means to facilitate these interviews. Stories of the participants’ experiences of happiness were crafted and then analysed to explore the role of consumption.

Findings show that the happiness of Māori is shaped by the five themes of; sense of belonging, whānau and relationships, spirituality, achievement and success, and sense of freedom. These themes interrelate as they are underpinned by the collective values of Māori. In particular, the aspects of spirituality and sense of belonging appear to be specific to the Māori realm. These are based on customs, values and beliefs that are inherited from our ancestors yet are still prevalent today. In terms of consumption, happiness can be positively linked to experiential consumption. In this case, it can play three different roles on the happiness of Māori through either; a direct connection, an indirect connection, or a negative connection. For Māori, consumption is more likely to have an indirect connection. This implies that it is able to facilitate, maintain and enhance happiness, but is not essential to creating these feelings. This investigation contributes to the literature in four ways. First, this study serves as a starting point to developing a comprehensive framework of happiness that is specific to the culture, views and values of Māori. This will assist Māori through ensuring that they are accurately represented in policies, frameworks and statistics. Second, it proposes five guidelines for Māori which suggest how they can maximise happiness through consumption. Third, this study provides a more up-to-date understanding of the happiness of Māori at the individual level whilst incorporating the impact of collective values. Marketers, researchers and practitioners can utilise this information in an attempt to aid in improving the happiness of Māori society. Finally, it shows that consumption can continue to be positively related to happiness once basic needs have been met. The positive role that consumption can play on happiness is identified, showing that marketers and consumers can work together to achieve happiness.

year: 2012