title: Trade, migration, poverty and inequality: A global perspective

authors: Abdul Ghani, Rosmaiza Binti

subjects: Bilateral trade

abstract: Trade and migration have been extensively studied in a variety of disciplines but their inter relationship is still arguable. It is crucial to understand how trade and migration are linked, since they are important elements in a modern, globalized economy. This thesis presents three interconnected studies on trade and migration that make use of newly estimated international migration flows data, to understand these relationships and the potential contributions of trade and migration to global poverty and inequality reduction. The first study examines the bi-directional relationship between trade and migration using international bilateral trade and migration flows data within a seemingly unrelated regression gravity model framework. The study finds that trade and migration are complements, which means that larger migration flows are associated with higher trade flows, and vice versa. Although these results do not definitively demonstrate causality, they suggest that, if world trade decreases due to countries implementation on current protectionist policies, migration flows might also be likely to decline. The second study extends the investigation by examining the causal relationship between trade and migration. The study uses a novel instrumental variables strategy, utilising World Trade Organisation (WTO) affiliation and average tariff rates as instruments within a gravity model framework, to overcome endogeneity in the regression model. The results suggest that trade is a causal driver of migration. This means that migration flows would increase following an increase in trade flows. The third study investigates whether international trade or migration has a larger effect on global extreme poverty and inequality. Again, an instrumental variables approach is used to address any endogeneity problems. The results suggest that trade has a larger potential impact on reducing extreme poverty and inequality. Overall, the outcomes of this thesis are important to policy makers in countries where growing migration is a political issue, and to origin countries that want to restrict the mobility of migrants and reduce the brain drain from their countries. It suggests that how countries treat their borders influences poverty and income inequality outcomes. This thesis suggests that trade provides a greater impact than migration on extreme poverty as well as inequality. Therefore, a country might want to allow freer trade by reducing their national border barriers, in order to reduce extreme poverty and inequality.

text: Trade, migration, poverty and inequality: A global perspective Trade and migration have been extensively studied in a variety of disciplines but their inter relationship is still arguable. It is crucial to understand how trade and migration are linked, since they are important elements in a modern, globalized economy. This thesis presents three interconnected studies on trade and migration that make use of newly estimated international migration flows data, to understand these relationships and the potential contributions of trade and migration to global poverty and inequality reduction. The first study examines the bi-directional relationship between trade and migration using international bilateral trade and migration flows data within a seemingly unrelated regression gravity model framework. The study finds that trade and migration are complements, which means that larger migration flows are associated with higher trade flows, and vice versa. Although these results do not definitively demonstrate causality, they suggest that, if world trade decreases due to countries implementation on current protectionist policies, migration flows might also be likely to decline. The second study extends the investigation by examining the causal relationship between trade and migration. The study uses a novel instrumental variables strategy, utilising World Trade Organisation (WTO) affiliation and average tariff rates as instruments within a gravity model framework, to overcome endogeneity in the regression model. The results suggest that trade is a causal driver of migration. This means that migration flows would increase following an increase in trade flows. The third study investigates whether international trade or migration has a larger effect on global extreme poverty and inequality. Again, an instrumental variables approach is used to address any endogeneity problems. The results suggest that trade has a larger potential impact on reducing extreme poverty and inequality. Overall, the outcomes of this thesis are important to policy makers in countries where growing migration is a political issue, and to origin countries that want to restrict the mobility of migrants and reduce the brain drain from their countries. It suggests that how countries treat their borders influences poverty and income inequality outcomes. This thesis suggests that trade provides a greater impact than migration on extreme poverty as well as inequality. Therefore, a country might want to allow freer trade by reducing their national border barriers, in order to reduce extreme poverty and inequality.

year: 2020

title: Behavioural interventions delivered to people in rural areas via telehealth: A narrative systematic review of studies from the last 12 years

authors: Gustilo, Jovani

subjects: Behaviour

abstract: People who live in rural areas have historically experienced a disparity when receiving behavioural health services. Specialty treatment providers are often located in cities and require people who need help to travel great distances. The recent advent of COVID 19 has highlighted this issue but has also pushed forward the necessity of developing alternative means of service delivery which can be beneficial for people in rural areas. One such alternative is telehealth, which utilises telecommunications technologies in place of traditional media. Clients could receive much needed treatment via synchronous telehealth using videoconferencing technology, asynchronous telehealth, which could be an effective consultation tool, patient monitoring with the help of fitness trackers or diaries and mobile health which makes use of applications on mobile devices. This review seeks to answer the following questions: A.) What behavioural interventions are currently being adapted to be delivered via telehealth to people in rural areas? B.) What types and methods of telehealth delivery is most used? C.) How effectively are these interventions being applied? D.) What elements make them effective? E.) What are the challenges of delivering ABA interventions via telehealth technologies to rural areas? F.) What solutions have the studies presented to overcome these challenges?

Methodology
Five databases were searched using multiple keywords optimised to find studies that are most relevant to the research questions. The studies needed to have been conducted in rural areas, implemented behavioural interventions, delivered via telehealth and should have been conducted in the last ten years.

Results
The behavioural interventions that the researchers trialled in the qualifying studies were Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Behavioural strategies such as contingency management, shaping, prompting, and fading. The most common type of telehealth used was hybrid telehealth which is a combination of two or more types, followed by asynchronous telehealth and synchronous telehealth. An element that may have contributed to success was the level of therapist involvement in the treatment and the immediacy of feedback. The interventions were also found to be cost effective and highly acceptable by the participants. The researchers reported having encountered technical difficulties, limited availability and knowledge on equipment, internet inconsistencies, constant distractions due to uncontrolled settings and reduced participant adherence in the absence of therapist involvement. Some of the solutions suggested included providing a nearby centralised venue with good internet and equipment access, utilising more easily accessible technologies such as mobile phones, setting up a specific area in the home for treatment, and increasing therapist involvement in care.

Conclusion
Although only few studies met the inclusion criteria, this review was able to determine that behavioural interventions can be delivered effectively to people in rural areas and be highly acceptable by the target population despite existing limitations.

text: Behavioural interventions delivered to people in rural areas via telehealth: A narrative systematic review of studies from the last 12 years People who live in rural areas have historically experienced a disparity when receiving behavioural health services. Specialty treatment providers are often located in cities and require people who need help to travel great distances. The recent advent of COVID 19 has highlighted this issue but has also pushed forward the necessity of developing alternative means of service delivery which can be beneficial for people in rural areas. One such alternative is telehealth, which utilises telecommunications technologies in place of traditional media. Clients could receive much needed treatment via synchronous telehealth using videoconferencing technology, asynchronous telehealth, which could be an effective consultation tool, patient monitoring with the help of fitness trackers or diaries and mobile health which makes use of applications on mobile devices. This review seeks to answer the following questions: A.) What behavioural interventions are currently being adapted to be delivered via telehealth to people in rural areas? B.) What types and methods of telehealth delivery is most used? C.) How effectively are these interventions being applied? D.) What elements make them effective? E.) What are the challenges of delivering ABA interventions via telehealth technologies to rural areas? F.) What solutions have the studies presented to overcome these challenges?

Methodology
Five databases were searched using multiple keywords optimised to find studies that are most relevant to the research questions. The studies needed to have been conducted in rural areas, implemented behavioural interventions, delivered via telehealth and should have been conducted in the last ten years.

Results
The behavioural interventions that the researchers trialled in the qualifying studies were Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Behavioural strategies such as contingency management, shaping, prompting, and fading. The most common type of telehealth used was hybrid telehealth which is a combination of two or more types, followed by asynchronous telehealth and synchronous telehealth. An element that may have contributed to success was the level of therapist involvement in the treatment and the immediacy of feedback. The interventions were also found to be cost effective and highly acceptable by the participants. The researchers reported having encountered technical difficulties, limited availability and knowledge on equipment, internet inconsistencies, constant distractions due to uncontrolled settings and reduced participant adherence in the absence of therapist involvement. Some of the solutions suggested included providing a nearby centralised venue with good internet and equipment access, utilising more easily accessible technologies such as mobile phones, setting up a specific area in the home for treatment, and increasing therapist involvement in care.

Conclusion
Although only few studies met the inclusion criteria, this review was able to determine that behavioural interventions can be delivered effectively to people in rural areas and be highly acceptable by the target population despite existing limitations.

year: 2023

title: Tikanga Tainui: Tikanga whare wānanga

authors: Roa, Tom

subjects: Tikanga Māori

abstract: This paper is a preliminary report on an ongoing research project begun in 1999. The project involves consultation with Waikato-Tainui, the tāngata whenua of the Waikato region, about the construction of guidelines for University of Waikato staff (both Māori and non-Māori) who are involved in gatherings that call for adherence to Tainui protocols. Here, the emphasis is on guidelines for the conduct of pōwhiri (formal welcomes) on the University Marae.

text: Tikanga Tainui: Tikanga whare wānanga This paper is a preliminary report on an ongoing research project begun in 1999. The project involves consultation with Waikato-Tainui, the tāngata whenua of the Waikato region, about the construction of guidelines for University of Waikato staff (both Māori and non-Māori) who are involved in gatherings that call for adherence to Tainui protocols. Here, the emphasis is on guidelines for the conduct of pōwhiri (formal welcomes) on the University Marae.

year: 2005-09