title: Copyright law, designs law, and the protection of public art and works on public display

authors: Kingsbury, Anna

subjects: copyright law

abstract: Artworks, designs and architectural forms situated in public places implicate a number of interests. There is a public interest, which arises simply by virtue of situating a work in a public place. More broadly, there is a public interest that arises from the public investment in the work – investment both in terms of money and investment in terms of meaning as people identify with and relate to a particular work. Public works can become important to individuals as landmarks, icons, or locations for significant public or personal events.

text: Copyright law, designs law, and the protection of public art and works on public display Artworks, designs and architectural forms situated in public places implicate a number of interests. There is a public interest, which arises simply by virtue of situating a work in a public place. More broadly, there is a public interest that arises from the public investment in the work – investment both in terms of money and investment in terms of meaning as people identify with and relate to a particular work. Public works can become important to individuals as landmarks, icons, or locations for significant public or personal events.

year: 2007

title: Phosphorus Distribution In Relation To Soil Landscape Groups In Steep North Island Hill Country In New Zealand

authors: Arrowsmith, Max

subjects: Phosphorus

abstract: Phosphorus fertiliser is necessary to maintain the production of New Zealand hill country pastures. Technological advances in GIS and GPS have given aerial fertiliser applicators more precision than ever before.  The key question is; to what extent do soil chemical properties vary within hill country landscapes, and is a knowledge of the variability able to be used to differentially apply fertiliser, maximise P fertiliser use efficiency, and minimise P loss to waterways? The objective of this thesis was to quantify the phosphorus variability on Blue Duck Station, a summer-moist hill-country farm located in the Central North Island of New Zealand. The soil comprised Allophanic Soil (Andisols) on the flat to low slopes with Brown Soil (Inceptisols) on the steeper hills.
Blue Duck Station was delineated into six soil-landscape groups (north facing medium slopes, north facing steep slopes, south facing steep slopes, south facing medium slopes, flat ridge tops, and flat valley floors, based on slope, aspect, and elevation using GIS. Three replicate units were randomly selected from each of the six soil-landscape groups, which gave 18 study-sites in total. For each study site, one transect sample and five grid samples were collected. Olsen P, Anion Storage Capacity, pH, Sulphate-sulphur and Cations (Mg, Na, K, Ca) were determined.
The Olsen P ranged from a mean of 6.8 in the south facing medium slopes to 21.2 in the north facing medium slopes. North facing medium slopes and valley low floors had higher mean Olsen P values than all other landscape groups (P<0.01) and also had the greatest variability in Olsen P values. The majority of Olsen P values were considered ‘low’ or ‘very low’. Soil pH was consistent, ranging between 5 and 5.4, whilst anion storage capacity (ASC) levels ranged from 35% to 85%. High ASC levels indicated soils of volcanic origin, containing tephra, whereas low ASC levels were associated with soil predominantly derived from tertiary sedimentary rock.
At Blue Duck Station, the application of higher rates of P fertiliser to south facing steep slopes and south facing medium slopes, with medium rates of P fertiliser addition to north facing steep slopes and ridge low slopes would optimise fertiliser use. There is limited benefit in applying fertiliser to north medium slopes and flat valley floors as Olsen P is near optimal for this environment and stock transfer will continue to add nutrients to these areas.
The variability within a sample site (between grid and transect samples) was often greater than the range of variability the means across all the landscape groups. Due to such large sample variability, difficulties arise when attempting to recommend accurate fertiliser regime, or sampling programs. The soil analysis results from a small number of samples should be treated with caution.  
The Best Management Practice for soil sampling the Central North Island Hill Country would be to avoid sampling small exceptional areas like flat valley floors and flat ridge tops. Focusing sample regimes on a number of transects across northern and southern slopes would give more representative results.

text: Phosphorus Distribution In Relation To Soil Landscape Groups In Steep North Island Hill Country In New Zealand Phosphorus fertiliser is necessary to maintain the production of New Zealand hill country pastures. Technological advances in GIS and GPS have given aerial fertiliser applicators more precision than ever before.  The key question is; to what extent do soil chemical properties vary within hill country landscapes, and is a knowledge of the variability able to be used to differentially apply fertiliser, maximise P fertiliser use efficiency, and minimise P loss to waterways? The objective of this thesis was to quantify the phosphorus variability on Blue Duck Station, a summer-moist hill-country farm located in the Central North Island of New Zealand. The soil comprised Allophanic Soil (Andisols) on the flat to low slopes with Brown Soil (Inceptisols) on the steeper hills.
Blue Duck Station was delineated into six soil-landscape groups (north facing medium slopes, north facing steep slopes, south facing steep slopes, south facing medium slopes, flat ridge tops, and flat valley floors, based on slope, aspect, and elevation using GIS. Three replicate units were randomly selected from each of the six soil-landscape groups, which gave 18 study-sites in total. For each study site, one transect sample and five grid samples were collected. Olsen P, Anion Storage Capacity, pH, Sulphate-sulphur and Cations (Mg, Na, K, Ca) were determined.
The Olsen P ranged from a mean of 6.8 in the south facing medium slopes to 21.2 in the north facing medium slopes. North facing medium slopes and valley low floors had higher mean Olsen P values than all other landscape groups (P<0.01) and also had the greatest variability in Olsen P values. The majority of Olsen P values were considered ‘low’ or ‘very low’. Soil pH was consistent, ranging between 5 and 5.4, whilst anion storage capacity (ASC) levels ranged from 35% to 85%. High ASC levels indicated soils of volcanic origin, containing tephra, whereas low ASC levels were associated with soil predominantly derived from tertiary sedimentary rock.
At Blue Duck Station, the application of higher rates of P fertiliser to south facing steep slopes and south facing medium slopes, with medium rates of P fertiliser addition to north facing steep slopes and ridge low slopes would optimise fertiliser use. There is limited benefit in applying fertiliser to north medium slopes and flat valley floors as Olsen P is near optimal for this environment and stock transfer will continue to add nutrients to these areas.
The variability within a sample site (between grid and transect samples) was often greater than the range of variability the means across all the landscape groups. Due to such large sample variability, difficulties arise when attempting to recommend accurate fertiliser regime, or sampling programs. The soil analysis results from a small number of samples should be treated with caution.  
The Best Management Practice for soil sampling the Central North Island Hill Country would be to avoid sampling small exceptional areas like flat valley floors and flat ridge tops. Focusing sample regimes on a number of transects across northern and southern slopes would give more representative results.

year: 2013

title: Why do Maori Disconnect?  From their tikanga and legal associated rights and responsibilities within a contemporary world

authors: Jones, Mary Te Kuini

subjects: Ahi Kaa

abstract: This thesis examines some of the reasons why Māori disconnect from their legal and tikanga rights and responsibilities within the contemporary world of today.  The aim of this research project is to identify some of the associated rights and responsibilities of Māori - as land owners, shareholders, Whānau, hapū and tribal members.  Whilst it seeks to reveal some of the desires and visions of the interview participants, the objective is not to seek resolution.  The focus is to identify what deters or dissuades owners from returning and/or participating.  It also seeks to identify whether the assumption or label of disconnection is a reality or myth. 

‘Māori Diaspora’ particularly refers to the substantial increase in outward migration (also referred to as out migration) of Māori leaving New Zealand, and more significantly migrating to Australia, which was in direct response to the neo-liberal reforms of the late 1980’s (Smith L. , 2006).   With the New Zealand government refusing to acknowledge the negative impact their legislation and policy had on Māori, they continued to introduce new systems that were ultimately designed to push many to breaking point.  
Māori who could no longer bear the cumulative effects of such oppression emigrated in search of better economic opportunities and a higher standard of living for their families.  Meanwhile, back home in Aotearoa, the Māori Diaspora left behind a complex set of problems in its wake with diminishing hapū and tribal members driven from their homeland who are gradually becoming dis-connected and estranged from their whenua tipu.   

Whilst repatriation is an uncomfortable topic for many Māori who wish to retain their overseas residency, many continue to dismiss the compounding effects of their absence and the heavy burden carried by those who remain in Aotearoa to keep the home fires burning (or the ‘ahi kaa’).

text: Why do Maori Disconnect?  From their tikanga and legal associated rights and responsibilities within a contemporary world This thesis examines some of the reasons why Māori disconnect from their legal and tikanga rights and responsibilities within the contemporary world of today.  The aim of this research project is to identify some of the associated rights and responsibilities of Māori - as land owners, shareholders, Whānau, hapū and tribal members.  Whilst it seeks to reveal some of the desires and visions of the interview participants, the objective is not to seek resolution.  The focus is to identify what deters or dissuades owners from returning and/or participating.  It also seeks to identify whether the assumption or label of disconnection is a reality or myth. 

‘Māori Diaspora’ particularly refers to the substantial increase in outward migration (also referred to as out migration) of Māori leaving New Zealand, and more significantly migrating to Australia, which was in direct response to the neo-liberal reforms of the late 1980’s (Smith L. , 2006).   With the New Zealand government refusing to acknowledge the negative impact their legislation and policy had on Māori, they continued to introduce new systems that were ultimately designed to push many to breaking point.  
Māori who could no longer bear the cumulative effects of such oppression emigrated in search of better economic opportunities and a higher standard of living for their families.  Meanwhile, back home in Aotearoa, the Māori Diaspora left behind a complex set of problems in its wake with diminishing hapū and tribal members driven from their homeland who are gradually becoming dis-connected and estranged from their whenua tipu.   

Whilst repatriation is an uncomfortable topic for many Māori who wish to retain their overseas residency, many continue to dismiss the compounding effects of their absence and the heavy burden carried by those who remain in Aotearoa to keep the home fires burning (or the ‘ahi kaa’).

year: 2018