title: Recognition of Facial Affect in individuals scoring high and low on Psychopathic Personality Characteristics

authors: Ali, Afiya

subjects: psychopathy

abstract: The accuracy of perception of facial emotion expressions was studied in individuals with low and high psychopathic personality characteristics in a sample of 21 male and 39 female university students. Participants completed the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI), and the Behavioural Inhibition Scale and the Behavioural Activation Scale (BIS/BAS) as measures of psychopathy. Participants completed a computerised emotion recognition task containing six emotions of facial expressions (each emotion had five different intensities). The results showed that participants scoring low on the BIS and high on the BAS scores showed significant impairments in the recognition of both sad and fearful expressions. On the other hand, group scoring high on the PPI, showed significant impairment in the recognition of angry, but not fearful or sad expressions in the total sample. Males with high psychopathic personality characteristics showed significant impairments in the recognition of sad, fearful and angry expressions compared to males with low psychopathic personality characteristics. On the other hand females with high psychopathic personality characteristics showed significant impairment in recognising the expression of disgust only compared to females with low psychopathic personality characteristics. The PPI and the BIS/BAS scales showed reasonable alpha reliabilities with some exceptions for one subscale in each measure. Correlations between the PPI and the BIS/BAS scales were weak to moderate. The current findings suggest that different dimensions of psychopathy may be associated with selective impairments in recognising unpleasant emotion expressions in others.

text: Recognition of Facial Affect in individuals scoring high and low on Psychopathic Personality Characteristics The accuracy of perception of facial emotion expressions was studied in individuals with low and high psychopathic personality characteristics in a sample of 21 male and 39 female university students. Participants completed the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI), and the Behavioural Inhibition Scale and the Behavioural Activation Scale (BIS/BAS) as measures of psychopathy. Participants completed a computerised emotion recognition task containing six emotions of facial expressions (each emotion had five different intensities). The results showed that participants scoring low on the BIS and high on the BAS scores showed significant impairments in the recognition of both sad and fearful expressions. On the other hand, group scoring high on the PPI, showed significant impairment in the recognition of angry, but not fearful or sad expressions in the total sample. Males with high psychopathic personality characteristics showed significant impairments in the recognition of sad, fearful and angry expressions compared to males with low psychopathic personality characteristics. On the other hand females with high psychopathic personality characteristics showed significant impairment in recognising the expression of disgust only compared to females with low psychopathic personality characteristics. The PPI and the BIS/BAS scales showed reasonable alpha reliabilities with some exceptions for one subscale in each measure. Correlations between the PPI and the BIS/BAS scales were weak to moderate. The current findings suggest that different dimensions of psychopathy may be associated with selective impairments in recognising unpleasant emotion expressions in others.

year: 2007

title: How essential is the quality of the working relationship, between Probation Officer and Client, in ensuring client compliance with community based sentences?

authors: Swain, Kerry Lauree

abstract: Within the field of psychology there has long been debate, between researchers and opinion makers, on how important the relationship between clients and probation officer is, in determining probation outcomes. During the 1970s’ tough probation supervision practices emphasized surveillance, authority, and control to try to reduce re-offending. This management style prevailed despite the abundance of evidence to suggest such an approach did not work, rather it increased the likelihood of recidivism. Although these practices continue in some countries, in others a more responsive, and inclusive management style has become increasingly popular within probation officers. So, does a more responsive management style better support compliance?
To answer this question, we utilised an existing dataset of 106 participants involved in “The Traumatic Brain Injury Project”. We interviewed probation officers to determine the quality of the relationship they have with their supervisees. Using a mixed method design we analysed the data to ascertain what factors, if any, had an impact on probation outcomes. Lastly, we identified individual client needs, such as trauma and substance abuse, to determine whether they have any bearing on sentence compliance.
We found that the quality of the relationship between client and probation officer had no bearing on noncompliance outcomes. However, the acute factors recorded in a risk assessment tool at sentence commencement, although not predictive of non-compliance, had a bearing on probation outcomes for clients. Additionally, we found that a client’s complex needs, such as mental health or homelessness did not impact on sentence compliance.

text: How essential is the quality of the working relationship, between Probation Officer and Client, in ensuring client compliance with community based sentences? Within the field of psychology there has long been debate, between researchers and opinion makers, on how important the relationship between clients and probation officer is, in determining probation outcomes. During the 1970s’ tough probation supervision practices emphasized surveillance, authority, and control to try to reduce re-offending. This management style prevailed despite the abundance of evidence to suggest such an approach did not work, rather it increased the likelihood of recidivism. Although these practices continue in some countries, in others a more responsive, and inclusive management style has become increasingly popular within probation officers. So, does a more responsive management style better support compliance?
To answer this question, we utilised an existing dataset of 106 participants involved in “The Traumatic Brain Injury Project”. We interviewed probation officers to determine the quality of the relationship they have with their supervisees. Using a mixed method design we analysed the data to ascertain what factors, if any, had an impact on probation outcomes. Lastly, we identified individual client needs, such as trauma and substance abuse, to determine whether they have any bearing on sentence compliance.
We found that the quality of the relationship between client and probation officer had no bearing on noncompliance outcomes. However, the acute factors recorded in a risk assessment tool at sentence commencement, although not predictive of non-compliance, had a bearing on probation outcomes for clients. Additionally, we found that a client’s complex needs, such as mental health or homelessness did not impact on sentence compliance.

year: 2020

title: Cultural justice, ethics and teaching

authors: Nairn, Ray

subjects: Maori

abstract: Te Tiriti o Waitangi provides both a basis for cultural justice in this society and an explication of the term; each of the articles identifying a significant aspect of cultural justice. First, there is the guarantee to the Maori signatories that the Crown would protect their independence - tino rangatiratanga, (also read as authority, autonomy or self-determination) [Article II]. In Article III Maori are promised that they will also have the “Rights and Privileges of British subjects”. Finally, in Article I, Maori cede to the Crown the right to govern, to make laws to protect all peoples from the evil consequences of lawlessness. The 1835 Declaration of Independence located legislative authority in the Wakaminenga (the gathered rangatira meeting in Congress); and in 1840, in the context of the Crown promises, Maori authorised the Crown to exercise that authority. For Maori Te Tiriti specifies cultural justice for interactions between Maori and settlers in the new society. Maori are guaranteed the right to self-determination (and the economic and social resources to make that practical) in their relations with New Zealand society. They are also entitled to the same opportunities as other citizens. The latter rights, embodied in local legislation and international covenants to which we are signatory, are not alternatives to the prior right of Maori people to their (cultural) autonomy. The exercise of legislative and organisational authority must be exercised in a manner consistent with the promises which clearly requires consultation and negotiation with Maori.

text: Cultural justice, ethics and teaching Te Tiriti o Waitangi provides both a basis for cultural justice in this society and an explication of the term; each of the articles identifying a significant aspect of cultural justice. First, there is the guarantee to the Maori signatories that the Crown would protect their independence - tino rangatiratanga, (also read as authority, autonomy or self-determination) [Article II]. In Article III Maori are promised that they will also have the “Rights and Privileges of British subjects”. Finally, in Article I, Maori cede to the Crown the right to govern, to make laws to protect all peoples from the evil consequences of lawlessness. The 1835 Declaration of Independence located legislative authority in the Wakaminenga (the gathered rangatira meeting in Congress); and in 1840, in the context of the Crown promises, Maori authorised the Crown to exercise that authority. For Maori Te Tiriti specifies cultural justice for interactions between Maori and settlers in the new society. Maori are guaranteed the right to self-determination (and the economic and social resources to make that practical) in their relations with New Zealand society. They are also entitled to the same opportunities as other citizens. The latter rights, embodied in local legislation and international covenants to which we are signatory, are not alternatives to the prior right of Maori people to their (cultural) autonomy. The exercise of legislative and organisational authority must be exercised in a manner consistent with the promises which clearly requires consultation and negotiation with Maori.

year: 1993