title: Commission 10: Solar Activity

authors: Melrose, Donald B.

subjects: corona

abstract: Commission 10 aims at the study of various forms of solar activity, including networks, plages, pores, spots, fibrils, surges, jets, filaments/prominences, coronal loops, flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar cycle, microflares, nanoflares, coronal heating etc., which are all manifestation of the interplay of magnetic fields and solar plasma. Increasingly important is the study of solar activities as sources of various disturbances in the interplanetary space and near-Earth “space weather”.
Over the past three years a major component of research on the active Sun has involved data from the RHESSI spacecraft. This review starts with an update on current and planned solar observations from spacecraft. The discussion of solar flares gives emphasis to new results from RHESSI, along with updates on other aspects of flares. Recent progress on two theoretical concepts, magnetic reconnection and magnetic helicity is then summarized, followed by discussions of coronal loops and heating, the magnetic carpet and filaments. The final topic discussed is coronal mass ejections and space weather. 
The discussions on each topic is relatively brief, and intended as an outline to put the extensive list of references in context.
The review was prepared jointly by the members of the Organizing Committee, and the names of the primary contributors to the various sections are indicated in parentheses.

text: Commission 10: Solar Activity Commission 10 aims at the study of various forms of solar activity, including networks, plages, pores, spots, fibrils, surges, jets, filaments/prominences, coronal loops, flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar cycle, microflares, nanoflares, coronal heating etc., which are all manifestation of the interplay of magnetic fields and solar plasma. Increasingly important is the study of solar activities as sources of various disturbances in the interplanetary space and near-Earth “space weather”.
Over the past three years a major component of research on the active Sun has involved data from the RHESSI spacecraft. This review starts with an update on current and planned solar observations from spacecraft. The discussion of solar flares gives emphasis to new results from RHESSI, along with updates on other aspects of flares. Recent progress on two theoretical concepts, magnetic reconnection and magnetic helicity is then summarized, followed by discussions of coronal loops and heating, the magnetic carpet and filaments. The final topic discussed is coronal mass ejections and space weather. 
The discussions on each topic is relatively brief, and intended as an outline to put the extensive list of references in context.
The review was prepared jointly by the members of the Organizing Committee, and the names of the primary contributors to the various sections are indicated in parentheses.

year: 2007

title: Distinguishing between the concepts of steady state and dynamic equilibrium in geomorphology

authors: Abrahams, Athol D.

abstract: The development of the concept of equilibrium in geomorphology over the past 15 years has been marked by linguistic difficulties due, in part, to the interchangeable use of the terms, dynamic equilibrium and steady state. It is here proposed that the range of steady state conditions constitute a sub-set of the range of conditions of dynamic equilibrium.
The application of General Systems Theory is responsible for the introduction to geomorphology of the term steady state which in the strictest sense refers to the tendency for constant forms to develop. Gilbert understood dynamic equilibrium to mean an adjustment between the processes of erosion and the resistance of the bedrock. More recently, Leopold and Langbein described dynamic or quasi-equilibrium as a state of energy distribution which does not necessarily involve any regularity of form. However, dynamic equilibrium finds expression over space and time, in the evolving regularity and mutual adjustment of form elements. The development of regular erosional landforms reflects the tendency of the energy conditions of a system to make the final adjustment to the most probable state. If the manner of landform evolution is the point in question, the concepts of dynamic equilibrium and steady state become clearly distinguishable and system boundaries must be precisely defined. In field studies the theoretical approach is often superseded by the pragmatic approach. However, unless the logical distinction between the two concepts is made in the first place confusion will continue to persist in geomorphic analysis.

text: Distinguishing between the concepts of steady state and dynamic equilibrium in geomorphology The development of the concept of equilibrium in geomorphology over the past 15 years has been marked by linguistic difficulties due, in part, to the interchangeable use of the terms, dynamic equilibrium and steady state. It is here proposed that the range of steady state conditions constitute a sub-set of the range of conditions of dynamic equilibrium.
The application of General Systems Theory is responsible for the introduction to geomorphology of the term steady state which in the strictest sense refers to the tendency for constant forms to develop. Gilbert understood dynamic equilibrium to mean an adjustment between the processes of erosion and the resistance of the bedrock. More recently, Leopold and Langbein described dynamic or quasi-equilibrium as a state of energy distribution which does not necessarily involve any regularity of form. However, dynamic equilibrium finds expression over space and time, in the evolving regularity and mutual adjustment of form elements. The development of regular erosional landforms reflects the tendency of the energy conditions of a system to make the final adjustment to the most probable state. If the manner of landform evolution is the point in question, the concepts of dynamic equilibrium and steady state become clearly distinguishable and system boundaries must be precisely defined. In field studies the theoretical approach is often superseded by the pragmatic approach. However, unless the logical distinction between the two concepts is made in the first place confusion will continue to persist in geomorphic analysis.

year: 1968

title: Waata Kukutai: Rangatira o Ngaati Tiipa 1822-1867

authors: Ewe, Denise Te Tuhi

subjects: Biography

abstract: This thesis examines the life of Ngaati Tiipa rangatira Waata Kukutai (1822-1867), and critiques historical perspectives that have narrowly identified him as merely a Kuupapa loyalist. This study argues that Kukutai’s choices and leadership were driven first and foremost by those things he viewed as crucial to Ngaati Tiipa autonomy and wellbeing. Kukutai was an articulate and well-educated leader of Ngaati Tiipa. Waata was governed by principles of rangatiratanga (chieftainship), mana motuhake (independence) and loyalty to Ngaati Tiipa and to the whenua. He was deeply religious and courageous and was an entrepreneur who sought to protect his people by securing economic independence. This thesis shows how he negotiated colonial structures by forming strategic alliances, and in the process led his people through one of the most turbulent periods in New Zealand history.  

Waata was an enigma shaped by loss, vision and hope for a new future in extraordinary times in New Zealand’s history. Waata was a polarising personality who held fast to his life principles. He withstood immense pressure from other Waikato chiefs during the Waikato invasion. During the Waikato War Waata was most active, carrying letters, food and supplies to colonial soldiers and earned himself and his tribe of Ngaati Tiipa the label of kuupapa. While Waata was not the only ‘friendly chief’ during colonial times he has been the most pillorised in Waikato. Seemingly ignored by many historians is at the same time Waata ensued that Ngaati Tiipa land was never invaded by the colonial troops. Waata’s actions protected his people and his land and maintained his mana motuhake, his sovereignty over his district.

text: Waata Kukutai: Rangatira o Ngaati Tiipa 1822-1867 This thesis examines the life of Ngaati Tiipa rangatira Waata Kukutai (1822-1867), and critiques historical perspectives that have narrowly identified him as merely a Kuupapa loyalist. This study argues that Kukutai’s choices and leadership were driven first and foremost by those things he viewed as crucial to Ngaati Tiipa autonomy and wellbeing. Kukutai was an articulate and well-educated leader of Ngaati Tiipa. Waata was governed by principles of rangatiratanga (chieftainship), mana motuhake (independence) and loyalty to Ngaati Tiipa and to the whenua. He was deeply religious and courageous and was an entrepreneur who sought to protect his people by securing economic independence. This thesis shows how he negotiated colonial structures by forming strategic alliances, and in the process led his people through one of the most turbulent periods in New Zealand history.  

Waata was an enigma shaped by loss, vision and hope for a new future in extraordinary times in New Zealand’s history. Waata was a polarising personality who held fast to his life principles. He withstood immense pressure from other Waikato chiefs during the Waikato invasion. During the Waikato War Waata was most active, carrying letters, food and supplies to colonial soldiers and earned himself and his tribe of Ngaati Tiipa the label of kuupapa. While Waata was not the only ‘friendly chief’ during colonial times he has been the most pillorised in Waikato. Seemingly ignored by many historians is at the same time Waata ensued that Ngaati Tiipa land was never invaded by the colonial troops. Waata’s actions protected his people and his land and maintained his mana motuhake, his sovereignty over his district.

year: 2020