title: Understanding the properties of low-cost iron-containing powder metallurgy titanium alloys

authors: Bolzoni, Leandro

abstract: The high production costs of titanium in comparison to other structural metals is the main limiting factor for the wide employment of titanium. Cost reduction can be addressed considering creative fabrication methods and/or formulating new chemical compositions. In this work the fabrication of low-cost iron-containing powder metallurgy titanium alloys is studied by using a spherical 85Fe/15Ni powder whose small particle size and spherical morphology favours both the densification of the material and the diffusion of the alloying elements. The designed composition are obtained by the blending elemental approach and processed by means of the conventional powder metallurgy route. The high vacuum sintered α + β alloys show homogeneous microstructure and the formation of brittle intermetallic phases is prevented as checked by XRD and DTA analysis. Similar physical and mechanical behaviour to wrought-equivalent structural titanium alloys is obtained for these new low-cost alloys which, therefore, are potential materials for cheaper structural titanium components.

text: Understanding the properties of low-cost iron-containing powder metallurgy titanium alloys The high production costs of titanium in comparison to other structural metals is the main limiting factor for the wide employment of titanium. Cost reduction can be addressed considering creative fabrication methods and/or formulating new chemical compositions. In this work the fabrication of low-cost iron-containing powder metallurgy titanium alloys is studied by using a spherical 85Fe/15Ni powder whose small particle size and spherical morphology favours both the densification of the material and the diffusion of the alloying elements. The designed composition are obtained by the blending elemental approach and processed by means of the conventional powder metallurgy route. The high vacuum sintered α + β alloys show homogeneous microstructure and the formation of brittle intermetallic phases is prevented as checked by XRD and DTA analysis. Similar physical and mechanical behaviour to wrought-equivalent structural titanium alloys is obtained for these new low-cost alloys which, therefore, are potential materials for cheaper structural titanium components.

year: 2016-11-15

title: Case Comment: Re Greenpeace of New Zealand Inc

authors: Chevalier-Watts, Juliet

abstract: This has been a much awaited decision and marks the end of a long journey with regard to matters relating to political activities and charitable trusts, as well as considering illegal activities and charitable purpose. For a charity to be recognised as charitable at law in New Zealand, and thus take advantage of the fiscal and social benefits of this recognition, an entity must apply to the Department of Internal Affairs – Charities1 to register as charity. An entity must demonstrate that it falls under one of the four heads of charity, which find their history in the seminal case of The Commissioners for Special Purposes of the Income Tax v Pemsel2 and now s 5(1) of the Charities Act 2005, which states: 
“In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, charitable purpose includes every charitable purpose, whether it relates to the relief of poverty, the advancement of education or religion, or any other matter beneficial to the community”

text: Case Comment: Re Greenpeace of New Zealand Inc This has been a much awaited decision and marks the end of a long journey with regard to matters relating to political activities and charitable trusts, as well as considering illegal activities and charitable purpose. For a charity to be recognised as charitable at law in New Zealand, and thus take advantage of the fiscal and social benefits of this recognition, an entity must apply to the Department of Internal Affairs – Charities1 to register as charity. An entity must demonstrate that it falls under one of the four heads of charity, which find their history in the seminal case of The Commissioners for Special Purposes of the Income Tax v Pemsel2 and now s 5(1) of the Charities Act 2005, which states: 
“In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, charitable purpose includes every charitable purpose, whether it relates to the relief of poverty, the advancement of education or religion, or any other matter beneficial to the community”

year: 2014

title: The "false generosity" of treaty settlements: innovation and contortion

authors: Te Aho, Linda

abstract: In Aotearoa New Zealand the ways in which indigenous claims to lands and waters are addressed are often looked to as good, or even best, practice by indigenous peoples around the world. While things are far from perfect, in recent decades Maori have succeeded in changing perceptions about the Treaty of Waitangi as the foundation of the nation, and work steadily continues on settling outstanding Treaty claims. The resulting Treaty of Waitangi settlements are negotiated arrangements which aim to remove a sense of historical grievance and achieve significant rebuilding of the Maori economy. They are seen by some as dynamic and powerful steps towards economic independence, as a means of recognising special relationships to lands and waters, and a necessary prerequisite to improved relationships between the state and the indigenous Maori in the future. ¹ Critics see the settlements and the processes followed to reach them as too heavily weighted in the government's favour. ² They argue that the settlements do not sufficiently compensate for actual losses. They are said to pit Maori against Maori. Diverse claimant groups are effectively forced to negotiate within standardised and fixed parameters. For these and other reasons, the settlement agreements, policies and processes have been labelled as divisive and compromising self-determination. ³

text: The "false generosity" of treaty settlements: innovation and contortion In Aotearoa New Zealand the ways in which indigenous claims to lands and waters are addressed are often looked to as good, or even best, practice by indigenous peoples around the world. While things are far from perfect, in recent decades Maori have succeeded in changing perceptions about the Treaty of Waitangi as the foundation of the nation, and work steadily continues on settling outstanding Treaty claims. The resulting Treaty of Waitangi settlements are negotiated arrangements which aim to remove a sense of historical grievance and achieve significant rebuilding of the Maori economy. They are seen by some as dynamic and powerful steps towards economic independence, as a means of recognising special relationships to lands and waters, and a necessary prerequisite to improved relationships between the state and the indigenous Maori in the future. ¹ Critics see the settlements and the processes followed to reach them as too heavily weighted in the government's favour. ² They argue that the settlements do not sufficiently compensate for actual losses. They are said to pit Maori against Maori. Diverse claimant groups are effectively forced to negotiate within standardised and fixed parameters. For these and other reasons, the settlement agreements, policies and processes have been labelled as divisive and compromising self-determination. ³

year: 2017