title: The Food Sovereignty Challenge to the Corporate Food Regime: Food for Thought

authors: Howard, Darelle Jane

subjects: Food Sovereignty

abstract: This thesis forms part of an ongoing project working with Neilson (2012; Neilson & Stubbs, 2016) towards a revised version of regulation theory that is still a workin-progress. I have struggled towards a conceptual framework that distinguishes key concepts ‘model of development’, ‘food regime’ and ‘agricultural system’. I argue that this conceptual framework enables a more thorough analysis of the current era and also provides a tool for conceptualising a new one.
I extend on the standard accounts of the concept ‘food regime’ (Friedmann, 1987; McMichael, 1992; 2009b) and attempt to more clearly delineate what I call the ‘agricultural system’, from the regulation/accumulation coupling (i.e. model of development). The corporate food regime while being essentially equivalent to the neoliberal model of development in agriculture, remains distinct from it because the food regime includes, yet is still distinct from, the prevailing model of development which over time transforms the pre-existing regulatory framework of the food regime.
Using my conceptual framework, I critique the dominant agricultural system as environmentally destructive and (key to my project) undermining of food sovereignty. The dominant agricultural system is influenced by, though not solely or directly, the prevailing corporate food regime. The current food regime is largely responsible for the threat to food sovereignty in the current era. However, food sovereignty is an inclusive movement that challenges the dominant agricultural system and I put forward the argument that a new food regime should be premised on food sovereignty.
I investigate emerging agricultural systems in Rome in order to think about the practical realities of alternatives to the dominant agricultural system that are based on food sovereignty. My field research was based on in-depth interviews using a qualitative approach. I looked at both production and consumption elements of an emerging agricultural system – central to any economic system. I met with GAS Testaccio Meticcio and three local producers, La Nuova Arca, Barikamà and Il Papavero.
I pursued a multi-level research agenda that is theoretically informed and grounded in a sense of the big picture and an associated political agenda, and yet goes all the way down to the micro-level of empirical field research. My thesis is structured following this multi-levelled agenda. Beginning with the theoretical foundations I move to a national experience before honing down on the substantive emergence of agricultural systems in Rome. Finally, I integrate these levels in a discussion of a new food regime.
Advocating for structural changes that focus on improving food sovereignty is by no means an original stance. However, my contribution comes from my core argument that the best chance of achieving such goals is through the conceptualisation and implementation of a new food regime. The centre-piece of such a regime needs to be a national template and practical strategy for promoting food sovereignty. Although I have made progress developing my revised account of the relationship between regulation and accumulation in agriculture, there are limitations to my framework which I will continue to work on.

text: The Food Sovereignty Challenge to the Corporate Food Regime: Food for Thought This thesis forms part of an ongoing project working with Neilson (2012; Neilson & Stubbs, 2016) towards a revised version of regulation theory that is still a workin-progress. I have struggled towards a conceptual framework that distinguishes key concepts ‘model of development’, ‘food regime’ and ‘agricultural system’. I argue that this conceptual framework enables a more thorough analysis of the current era and also provides a tool for conceptualising a new one.
I extend on the standard accounts of the concept ‘food regime’ (Friedmann, 1987; McMichael, 1992; 2009b) and attempt to more clearly delineate what I call the ‘agricultural system’, from the regulation/accumulation coupling (i.e. model of development). The corporate food regime while being essentially equivalent to the neoliberal model of development in agriculture, remains distinct from it because the food regime includes, yet is still distinct from, the prevailing model of development which over time transforms the pre-existing regulatory framework of the food regime.
Using my conceptual framework, I critique the dominant agricultural system as environmentally destructive and (key to my project) undermining of food sovereignty. The dominant agricultural system is influenced by, though not solely or directly, the prevailing corporate food regime. The current food regime is largely responsible for the threat to food sovereignty in the current era. However, food sovereignty is an inclusive movement that challenges the dominant agricultural system and I put forward the argument that a new food regime should be premised on food sovereignty.
I investigate emerging agricultural systems in Rome in order to think about the practical realities of alternatives to the dominant agricultural system that are based on food sovereignty. My field research was based on in-depth interviews using a qualitative approach. I looked at both production and consumption elements of an emerging agricultural system – central to any economic system. I met with GAS Testaccio Meticcio and three local producers, La Nuova Arca, Barikamà and Il Papavero.
I pursued a multi-level research agenda that is theoretically informed and grounded in a sense of the big picture and an associated political agenda, and yet goes all the way down to the micro-level of empirical field research. My thesis is structured following this multi-levelled agenda. Beginning with the theoretical foundations I move to a national experience before honing down on the substantive emergence of agricultural systems in Rome. Finally, I integrate these levels in a discussion of a new food regime.
Advocating for structural changes that focus on improving food sovereignty is by no means an original stance. However, my contribution comes from my core argument that the best chance of achieving such goals is through the conceptualisation and implementation of a new food regime. The centre-piece of such a regime needs to be a national template and practical strategy for promoting food sovereignty. Although I have made progress developing my revised account of the relationship between regulation and accumulation in agriculture, there are limitations to my framework which I will continue to work on.

year: 2017

title: Effects of climate change on New Zealand Lakes

authors: Goldman, Charles R.

subjects: climate on New Zealand's lakes

abstract: This chapter contains sections titled: 
-Introduction
-Geographical and climate perspective
-Historical climate
-Future climate
-Overview of lake types and formation processes
-Climate change and impacts on endemic and exotic flora and fauna
-Climate change impacts on fish
-Climate change impacts on aquatic plants and macroinvertebrates
-Effects of climate change on shallow NZ lakes
-Effects of climate change on high-altitude NZ lakes
-Case study: Lake Taupo
-Case study: Lake Pupuke
-Case study: surface temperature in monomictic and polymictic Rotorua lakes
-Case study: bottom-water dissolved oxygen in Lake Rotoiti
-Case study: modeling effects of land use and climate change for Lake Rotorua
-Management challenges and mitigation measures
-Conclusions
-References

text: Effects of climate change on New Zealand Lakes This chapter contains sections titled: 
-Introduction
-Geographical and climate perspective
-Historical climate
-Future climate
-Overview of lake types and formation processes
-Climate change and impacts on endemic and exotic flora and fauna
-Climate change impacts on fish
-Climate change impacts on aquatic plants and macroinvertebrates
-Effects of climate change on shallow NZ lakes
-Effects of climate change on high-altitude NZ lakes
-Case study: Lake Taupo
-Case study: Lake Pupuke
-Case study: surface temperature in monomictic and polymictic Rotorua lakes
-Case study: bottom-water dissolved oxygen in Lake Rotoiti
-Case study: modeling effects of land use and climate change for Lake Rotorua
-Management challenges and mitigation measures
-Conclusions
-References

year: 2013

title: Kei hea te tangi a te Tūī? An exploration of Kaitiakitanga in urban spaces

authors: Walker, Erana

subjects: Kaitiakitanga

abstract: Indigenous people’s connection to the natural world differs from place to place. In Aotearoa, New Zealand, Māori connection to nature is often articulated through the concept of kaitiakitanga whilst intertwining concepts of whakapapa, wairua, mana, mauri and place. Kaitiakitanga captures the relationships, narratives and practices that Māori utilise to protect kin of the natural environment as well as Māori communities in general. Over recent decades increase use of kaitiakitanga with respect to resource management has been linked to ideas of guardianship and stewardship, departing from important aspects such as place, whakapapa, intergenerational knowledge, spirituality and resource use. Calls to recognise the diverse ways kaitiakitanga has and can be expressed by Māori have echoed through academic literature, encouraging wider perspectives and application of the concept to develop. This has reinvigorated not only the need for natures protection but also the recognition of cultural knowledges and concepts in practicing kaitiakitanga. 
 
As with most indigenous people, Māori have experienced urbanisation that has spanned across generations of whānau and hapū. Urbanisation has the ability to challenge health outcomes, cultural practices and cultural knowledge, and more importantly, relationships to nature. Growing urbanisation and environmental degradation continue to challenge people and our relationships to nature. There is now a need to understand how urban spaces may also challenge the concepts that encourage connections to nature like kaitiakitanga. Moreover, there is a need to understand if such cultural concepts can become challenged when transient Māori reside in another tribal group’s boundaries. This research provides a deeper analysis of kaitiakitanga by understanding its application within the urban space of Kirikiriroa/Hamilton. From data gathered through a survey, focus groups and interviews, this research project illustrates the experiences of Māori in the urban space who know and practice kaitiakitanga in Kirikiriroa/Hamilton. More importantly, this study posits the integral role of place connection and mana in supporting and shaping kaitiakitanga practices in urban spaces.

The data from participants shows a clear narrative of kaitiakitanga from both local and transient Māori exist and indicates that kaitiakitanga is practiced in accordance with their location and whakapapa to their area of residence. The study has found that kaitiakitanga practices have adapted to suit urban spaces allowing for both transient and local knowledges to exist within the urban space. The key findings of this research show many influences that impact kaitiakitanga practices like the recognition of childhood spaces and experiences, ideas of kinship, cultural knowledges, spirituality, mobility, nature as well as modernisation. Through exploring participants use and knowledge of kaitiakitanga, this research provides a new lens in which to view this concept and bring to the fore, the various experiences and ways that participants connect to place, people, culture and most importantly, nature.

text: Kei hea te tangi a te Tūī? An exploration of Kaitiakitanga in urban spaces Indigenous people’s connection to the natural world differs from place to place. In Aotearoa, New Zealand, Māori connection to nature is often articulated through the concept of kaitiakitanga whilst intertwining concepts of whakapapa, wairua, mana, mauri and place. Kaitiakitanga captures the relationships, narratives and practices that Māori utilise to protect kin of the natural environment as well as Māori communities in general. Over recent decades increase use of kaitiakitanga with respect to resource management has been linked to ideas of guardianship and stewardship, departing from important aspects such as place, whakapapa, intergenerational knowledge, spirituality and resource use. Calls to recognise the diverse ways kaitiakitanga has and can be expressed by Māori have echoed through academic literature, encouraging wider perspectives and application of the concept to develop. This has reinvigorated not only the need for natures protection but also the recognition of cultural knowledges and concepts in practicing kaitiakitanga. 
 
As with most indigenous people, Māori have experienced urbanisation that has spanned across generations of whānau and hapū. Urbanisation has the ability to challenge health outcomes, cultural practices and cultural knowledge, and more importantly, relationships to nature. Growing urbanisation and environmental degradation continue to challenge people and our relationships to nature. There is now a need to understand how urban spaces may also challenge the concepts that encourage connections to nature like kaitiakitanga. Moreover, there is a need to understand if such cultural concepts can become challenged when transient Māori reside in another tribal group’s boundaries. This research provides a deeper analysis of kaitiakitanga by understanding its application within the urban space of Kirikiriroa/Hamilton. From data gathered through a survey, focus groups and interviews, this research project illustrates the experiences of Māori in the urban space who know and practice kaitiakitanga in Kirikiriroa/Hamilton. More importantly, this study posits the integral role of place connection and mana in supporting and shaping kaitiakitanga practices in urban spaces.

The data from participants shows a clear narrative of kaitiakitanga from both local and transient Māori exist and indicates that kaitiakitanga is practiced in accordance with their location and whakapapa to their area of residence. The study has found that kaitiakitanga practices have adapted to suit urban spaces allowing for both transient and local knowledges to exist within the urban space. The key findings of this research show many influences that impact kaitiakitanga practices like the recognition of childhood spaces and experiences, ideas of kinship, cultural knowledges, spirituality, mobility, nature as well as modernisation. Through exploring participants use and knowledge of kaitiakitanga, this research provides a new lens in which to view this concept and bring to the fore, the various experiences and ways that participants connect to place, people, culture and most importantly, nature.

year: 2021