title: Exploring the duality of harm: Emotion regulation and the functions of non-suicidal self injury and outward-directed injury in young people in Aotearoa

authors: Morrison, Tobey

subjects: ecological momentary assessment

abstract: Understanding why young people engage in self-injurious behaviours is crucial for improving their well-being outcomes. While Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) has been explored to some extent in New Zealand, research on Outward-Directed Injurious Behaviour (ODI) remains limited both within New Zealand and internationally. Although traditionally considered distinct, emerging research suggests that NSSI and ODI may share more commonalities than previously recognised, particularly regarding their role in emotion regulation. This study used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to examine the functions and emotion antecedents of NSSI and ODI among 16–30-year-olds in New Zealand. Eleven participants provided EMA data, and seven of these also participated in interviews, offering deeper insights. Findings reveal key similarities between NSSI and ODI as coping mechanisms for managing distress. NSSI was primarily used to reduce anxiety, while ODI was used to alleviate frustration. 'Neutral' emotions were the most common precursor for NSSI, while 'anger' was the main trigger for ODI. Interview material revealed that participants often felt tired, overwhelmed, anxious, or bored when selecting 'neutral,' as these emotions weren't available as response options. Feelings of shame led to a shift from urges to engage in either behaviour to NSSI, while ODI was closely associated with anger in similar situations. Despite differences in how these behaviours are expressed, both serve to regulate negative emotions, highlighting the need to consider their shared functions in therapeutic and research contexts. This is especially important for ODI, which has traditionally been viewed as a delinquent behaviour, rather than as a coping strategy.

text: Exploring the duality of harm: Emotion regulation and the functions of non-suicidal self injury and outward-directed injury in young people in Aotearoa Understanding why young people engage in self-injurious behaviours is crucial for improving their well-being outcomes. While Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) has been explored to some extent in New Zealand, research on Outward-Directed Injurious Behaviour (ODI) remains limited both within New Zealand and internationally. Although traditionally considered distinct, emerging research suggests that NSSI and ODI may share more commonalities than previously recognised, particularly regarding their role in emotion regulation. This study used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to examine the functions and emotion antecedents of NSSI and ODI among 16–30-year-olds in New Zealand. Eleven participants provided EMA data, and seven of these also participated in interviews, offering deeper insights. Findings reveal key similarities between NSSI and ODI as coping mechanisms for managing distress. NSSI was primarily used to reduce anxiety, while ODI was used to alleviate frustration. 'Neutral' emotions were the most common precursor for NSSI, while 'anger' was the main trigger for ODI. Interview material revealed that participants often felt tired, overwhelmed, anxious, or bored when selecting 'neutral,' as these emotions weren't available as response options. Feelings of shame led to a shift from urges to engage in either behaviour to NSSI, while ODI was closely associated with anger in similar situations. Despite differences in how these behaviours are expressed, both serve to regulate negative emotions, highlighting the need to consider their shared functions in therapeutic and research contexts. This is especially important for ODI, which has traditionally been viewed as a delinquent behaviour, rather than as a coping strategy.

year: 2025

title: “Now you see me, now you don't": Dialogic loopholes in authorship activity with the very young

authors: White, Elizabeth Jayne

abstract: The genesis for this paper lies in the problematic nature of assessment practice, as a central authorship activity, for early childhood education teachers. This paper draws on dialogic philosophy to explore this challenge based on a doctoral investigation of a very young child (White, 2009) and the strategic means by which she reveals and conceals meaning through dialogic loopholes that are generated through eavesdropping tactics.  The central argument made is that what can be seen and interpreted, when language is not shared between dialogic partners, is always and only an ontologic endeavour and never an epistemological truth. Seen in relation to the very young child, this tenet invites the potential to ‘see’ more and to move beyond narrow definitions of learning as an outcome of authorial intervention on the part of the teacher; to embrace uncertainty and difference as a central pedagogical stance; and to re-vision the infant as polyphonic hero in their own adventure plots.

text: “Now you see me, now you don't": Dialogic loopholes in authorship activity with the very young The genesis for this paper lies in the problematic nature of assessment practice, as a central authorship activity, for early childhood education teachers. This paper draws on dialogic philosophy to explore this challenge based on a doctoral investigation of a very young child (White, 2009) and the strategic means by which she reveals and conceals meaning through dialogic loopholes that are generated through eavesdropping tactics.  The central argument made is that what can be seen and interpreted, when language is not shared between dialogic partners, is always and only an ontologic endeavour and never an epistemological truth. Seen in relation to the very young child, this tenet invites the potential to ‘see’ more and to move beyond narrow definitions of learning as an outcome of authorial intervention on the part of the teacher; to embrace uncertainty and difference as a central pedagogical stance; and to re-vision the infant as polyphonic hero in their own adventure plots.

year: 2011

title: He whakaemi kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine

authors: Manuirirangi, Hōri

abstract: Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhingaroa, hei whakaemi kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine. I whāia e au te āhua o te tipu o te rākau hei hanga i aku kōhinga kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine. Ko te ūpoko tuatahi, ko ngā pakiaka, arā te tīmatatanga o Ngā Ruahine. I konei ka tirohia ngā kōrero mō ngā waka tawhito mete whakapapa hoki o ngā tūpuna tāngatawhenua o Ngā Ruahine. Whai muri i tēnā, he wāhanga e pā ana ki te haeretanga mai o Aotea waka, ā, ka tirohia hoki tētehi kōrero tawhito mō te wehenga o ngā iwi o Aotea.
Mai i ngā pakiaka ka piki ake ki te tinana o te rākau. Koinei te wāhanga e pā ana ki ngā korero whenua o Ngā Ruahine. Kei te ūpoko tuarua nei, ka āta tirohia ngā kōrero mō ngā tongi o te rohe o Ngā Ruahine, me ngā take kōrero e whakawhanaunga ana i te tangata ki te whenua. Kei te ūpoko tuarua anō hoki ētehi whakaaturanga whenua mō te rohe o Ngā Ruahine, hei āwhina i te kaipānui.  
Mai i te tinana, ka aro atu ki ngā peka o te rākau i raro i te ūpoko tuatoru. Koinei te wāhanga nui o tēnei tuhingaroa, nā te tokomaha o ngā toronga o ngā peka nei. I roto i te ūpoko tuatoru, ka tirohia ētehi kōrero mō ia hapū o Ngā Ruahine. Mai i ngā kōrero mō ngā rohe whenua o ia hapū, ki ngā kōrero mō ngā marae me ngā pā tawhito o ērā hapū, ā, tae atu hoki ki ngā tūpuna rongonui me ā rātou mahi whakaari.  
Hei te mutunga, ka herea katoatia ngā kōrero o te tuhinga nei i raro i te ūpoko tuawhā, kia kite ai , he aha ngā hua e pūawai ai i tēnei tuhinga. Koinei te whakamutunga o ngā kōrero, arā ko te whakakapīnga o ngā kōrero.  
Ko tēnei tuhingaroa, he whakaemi kōrero mai i ngā kaumātua o Ngā Ruahine, ā, he mea tango mai hoki ētehi kōrero i ngā pukapuka, ko ēnei kōrero kua whakatakotoria i roto i tēnei tuhingaroa hei whakawhāriki iho ki te aroaro o te tini. Ko te tūmanako, he tuhinga rangahau tēnei hei āwhina i ngā rangatahi o Ngā Ruahine, kia rongo ai rātou i ngā kōrero kāore i te tino rangona i ēnei rā, kia mau hoki ngā kōrero a ngā kaumātua o Ngā Ruahine, kei ngaro. Erangi, he whakamōhio tēnei, he tīmatanga anahe tēnei tuhingaroa mō te kaupapa nei. Ko te tūmanako, he hua anō ka puta i tēnei rangahau, hei whāngai i ngā manu hiakai o Ngā Ruahine.

text: He whakaemi kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhingaroa, hei whakaemi kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine. I whāia e au te āhua o te tipu o te rākau hei hanga i aku kōhinga kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine. Ko te ūpoko tuatahi, ko ngā pakiaka, arā te tīmatatanga o Ngā Ruahine. I konei ka tirohia ngā kōrero mō ngā waka tawhito mete whakapapa hoki o ngā tūpuna tāngatawhenua o Ngā Ruahine. Whai muri i tēnā, he wāhanga e pā ana ki te haeretanga mai o Aotea waka, ā, ka tirohia hoki tētehi kōrero tawhito mō te wehenga o ngā iwi o Aotea.
Mai i ngā pakiaka ka piki ake ki te tinana o te rākau. Koinei te wāhanga e pā ana ki ngā korero whenua o Ngā Ruahine. Kei te ūpoko tuarua nei, ka āta tirohia ngā kōrero mō ngā tongi o te rohe o Ngā Ruahine, me ngā take kōrero e whakawhanaunga ana i te tangata ki te whenua. Kei te ūpoko tuarua anō hoki ētehi whakaaturanga whenua mō te rohe o Ngā Ruahine, hei āwhina i te kaipānui.  
Mai i te tinana, ka aro atu ki ngā peka o te rākau i raro i te ūpoko tuatoru. Koinei te wāhanga nui o tēnei tuhingaroa, nā te tokomaha o ngā toronga o ngā peka nei. I roto i te ūpoko tuatoru, ka tirohia ētehi kōrero mō ia hapū o Ngā Ruahine. Mai i ngā kōrero mō ngā rohe whenua o ia hapū, ki ngā kōrero mō ngā marae me ngā pā tawhito o ērā hapū, ā, tae atu hoki ki ngā tūpuna rongonui me ā rātou mahi whakaari.  
Hei te mutunga, ka herea katoatia ngā kōrero o te tuhinga nei i raro i te ūpoko tuawhā, kia kite ai , he aha ngā hua e pūawai ai i tēnei tuhinga. Koinei te whakamutunga o ngā kōrero, arā ko te whakakapīnga o ngā kōrero.  
Ko tēnei tuhingaroa, he whakaemi kōrero mai i ngā kaumātua o Ngā Ruahine, ā, he mea tango mai hoki ētehi kōrero i ngā pukapuka, ko ēnei kōrero kua whakatakotoria i roto i tēnei tuhingaroa hei whakawhāriki iho ki te aroaro o te tini. Ko te tūmanako, he tuhinga rangahau tēnei hei āwhina i ngā rangatahi o Ngā Ruahine, kia rongo ai rātou i ngā kōrero kāore i te tino rangona i ēnei rā, kia mau hoki ngā kōrero a ngā kaumātua o Ngā Ruahine, kei ngaro. Erangi, he whakamōhio tēnei, he tīmatanga anahe tēnei tuhingaroa mō te kaupapa nei. Ko te tūmanako, he hua anō ka puta i tēnei rangahau, hei whāngai i ngā manu hiakai o Ngā Ruahine.

year: 1998