title: Flow Cytometric Enumeration of the Blood Cells of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and New Zealand Freshwater Crayfish (Paranephrops planifrons)

authors: Taylor, Sean Charles

subjects: flow cytometry

abstract: The aim of this study was to develop flow cytometric (FC) methods to enumerate rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) whole blood cells and New Zealand freshwater crayfish (Paranephrops planifrons) haemocytes as non-lethal endpoints in the evaluation of physiological status.
In the FC method development for rainbow trout, heparin was found to be superior to neutralised EDTA as a blood anticoagulant, because the use of EDTA resulted in significant lysis and shrinkage of erythrocytes. Leishman's-Giemsa and May Grunwald-Giemsa yielded comparable differential staining of leukocytes, and were superior to Wright-Giemsa staining. Morphological ambiguity between thrombocytes and lymphocytes in smears could not be resolved using Romanowsky or cytochemical staining. Use of FC was demonstrated to be a rapid, more accurate alternative to manual total cell counting procedures. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was found to be superior to IsoTon  II as a FC sheath fluid; IsoTon II induced lysis of erythrocytes. Characterisation of fish blood cell types and differentiation of leukocytes using FC could be achieved using 50 nM concentrations of the fluorescent lipophilic dye dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6(3)), but inconsistent fluorescent behaviour exhibited by thrombocytes between specimens prevented clear resolution of these cells from erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Higher concentrations of DiOC6(3) did not enhance resolution and became cytotoxic, particularly to leukocytes. Resolution between thrombocytes and lymphocytes could only be achieved with a fluorescent-labelled thrombocyte monoclonal antibody (mAb). The results suggest that the application of FC and mAb to fish blood cells is the most accurate approach to differential counting of leukocytes. 
The second FC method objectively characterised and enumerated New Zealand freshwater crayfish haemocytes. Haemocyte populations were isolated by FC sorting based on differential light scatter properties, followed by morphological characterisation by light microscopy and software image analysis. Cells were identified as hyaline, semi-granular and granular haemocytes based on established invertebrate haemocyte classification. A characteristic decrease in nuclear size and increase in granularity between the hyaline and granular cells, and the eccentric location of nuclei in granular cells were also observed. The granulocyte subpopulations were observed to possess varying degrees of granularity. The developed methodology was used to perform total and differential haemocyte counts from three lake crayfish populations and between wild and captive specimens. Differences in total and differential haemocyte counts were not observed between wild populations. However, specimens held in captivity for 14 d exhibited a significant 63% reduction in total haemocyte count, while the relative haemocyte proportions remained the same. These results demonstrate the utility of this method for the investigation of sub-acute stressor effects in selected decapod crustacea.

text: Flow Cytometric Enumeration of the Blood Cells of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and New Zealand Freshwater Crayfish (Paranephrops planifrons) The aim of this study was to develop flow cytometric (FC) methods to enumerate rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) whole blood cells and New Zealand freshwater crayfish (Paranephrops planifrons) haemocytes as non-lethal endpoints in the evaluation of physiological status.
In the FC method development for rainbow trout, heparin was found to be superior to neutralised EDTA as a blood anticoagulant, because the use of EDTA resulted in significant lysis and shrinkage of erythrocytes. Leishman's-Giemsa and May Grunwald-Giemsa yielded comparable differential staining of leukocytes, and were superior to Wright-Giemsa staining. Morphological ambiguity between thrombocytes and lymphocytes in smears could not be resolved using Romanowsky or cytochemical staining. Use of FC was demonstrated to be a rapid, more accurate alternative to manual total cell counting procedures. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was found to be superior to IsoTon  II as a FC sheath fluid; IsoTon II induced lysis of erythrocytes. Characterisation of fish blood cell types and differentiation of leukocytes using FC could be achieved using 50 nM concentrations of the fluorescent lipophilic dye dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6(3)), but inconsistent fluorescent behaviour exhibited by thrombocytes between specimens prevented clear resolution of these cells from erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Higher concentrations of DiOC6(3) did not enhance resolution and became cytotoxic, particularly to leukocytes. Resolution between thrombocytes and lymphocytes could only be achieved with a fluorescent-labelled thrombocyte monoclonal antibody (mAb). The results suggest that the application of FC and mAb to fish blood cells is the most accurate approach to differential counting of leukocytes. 
The second FC method objectively characterised and enumerated New Zealand freshwater crayfish haemocytes. Haemocyte populations were isolated by FC sorting based on differential light scatter properties, followed by morphological characterisation by light microscopy and software image analysis. Cells were identified as hyaline, semi-granular and granular haemocytes based on established invertebrate haemocyte classification. A characteristic decrease in nuclear size and increase in granularity between the hyaline and granular cells, and the eccentric location of nuclei in granular cells were also observed. The granulocyte subpopulations were observed to possess varying degrees of granularity. The developed methodology was used to perform total and differential haemocyte counts from three lake crayfish populations and between wild and captive specimens. Differences in total and differential haemocyte counts were not observed between wild populations. However, specimens held in captivity for 14 d exhibited a significant 63% reduction in total haemocyte count, while the relative haemocyte proportions remained the same. These results demonstrate the utility of this method for the investigation of sub-acute stressor effects in selected decapod crustacea.

year: 2009

title: Preferences for Early Retirement: The Role of Work Related Factors

authors: Fowlie, Toni Jessica

subjects: early retirment

abstract: This study investigated the work related factors related to the retirement preferences of 132 full time older workers, defined as those aged 55+, in a range of New Zealand organisations. This research is important as due to the ageing population, maintaining the employability of the older worker for as long as possible is vital for economic growth and sustainability. Identifying the work related factors that may be influencing the early retirement preferences of older workers may lead to a better understanding of ways to maintain these workers in employment. The aim of this study was to contribute to the understanding of the factors which can be influenced directly by organisations, as retirement preferences are strongly influenced by norms and attitudes within the workplace.
The research proposed that the predictor variables perceived age discrimination, job flexibility satisfaction, attitudes towards information and communication technologies (ICTs), perceptions of techno-complexity, and perceived threat from organisational downsizing, would have a direct relationship with early retirement preferences. In this study, the older worker was considered to have early retirement preferences if their preferred retirement age was earlier than their expected retirement age. The model predicted that job satisfaction and job security would mediate the relationships between the predictor variables and early retirement preferences.
Correlation and mediation analyses were performed in SPSS to test the proposed hypotheses. Several hypotheses were supported: perceived age discrimination was positively related to early retirement preferences; perceived age discrimination was negatively related to job satisfaction; job flexibility satisfaction was positively related to job satisfaction; perceived threat from organisational downsizing was negatively related to job security; job satisfaction was negatively related to early retirement preferences; and job security was negatively related to early retirement preferences. The other hypotheses were not supported. This may be due to external factors not explored in this study potentially influencing the retirement intentions of older workers more heavily than the work related factors studied.
Non-hypothesized significant relationships were also found. Firstly, perceived age discrimination was significantly related to job flexibility satisfaction, job security, and perceived threat from organisational downsizing. Job satisfaction and job security were also found to be significantly related to perceived threat from organisational downsizing. These results indicate that the work related factors thought to predict early retirement intentions, are perhaps not currently as important to New Zealand employees as past research has shown, as none of the predictor variables except perceived age discrimination correlated significantly with early retirement preferences. Overall, the results indicate that there are likely to be other factors not explored in this study influencing the retirement intentions of older workers in New Zealand organisations.
For organisations who have recently been through organisational downsizing, employers should be mindful of the negative impacts this can have on older workers, namely job security and job satisfaction. New Zealand organisations should strive to create working environments that take into consideration the needs of older workers, and which encourage older workers to want to stay working, even past the age they are eligible for New Zealand Superannuation. Older workers who feel as though they have limited choice when it comes to making decisions surrounding their retirement may have difficulty adjusting to post-retirement life, thus organisations should be doing all they can to encourage flexible transitions to retirement

text: Preferences for Early Retirement: The Role of Work Related Factors This study investigated the work related factors related to the retirement preferences of 132 full time older workers, defined as those aged 55+, in a range of New Zealand organisations. This research is important as due to the ageing population, maintaining the employability of the older worker for as long as possible is vital for economic growth and sustainability. Identifying the work related factors that may be influencing the early retirement preferences of older workers may lead to a better understanding of ways to maintain these workers in employment. The aim of this study was to contribute to the understanding of the factors which can be influenced directly by organisations, as retirement preferences are strongly influenced by norms and attitudes within the workplace.
The research proposed that the predictor variables perceived age discrimination, job flexibility satisfaction, attitudes towards information and communication technologies (ICTs), perceptions of techno-complexity, and perceived threat from organisational downsizing, would have a direct relationship with early retirement preferences. In this study, the older worker was considered to have early retirement preferences if their preferred retirement age was earlier than their expected retirement age. The model predicted that job satisfaction and job security would mediate the relationships between the predictor variables and early retirement preferences.
Correlation and mediation analyses were performed in SPSS to test the proposed hypotheses. Several hypotheses were supported: perceived age discrimination was positively related to early retirement preferences; perceived age discrimination was negatively related to job satisfaction; job flexibility satisfaction was positively related to job satisfaction; perceived threat from organisational downsizing was negatively related to job security; job satisfaction was negatively related to early retirement preferences; and job security was negatively related to early retirement preferences. The other hypotheses were not supported. This may be due to external factors not explored in this study potentially influencing the retirement intentions of older workers more heavily than the work related factors studied.
Non-hypothesized significant relationships were also found. Firstly, perceived age discrimination was significantly related to job flexibility satisfaction, job security, and perceived threat from organisational downsizing. Job satisfaction and job security were also found to be significantly related to perceived threat from organisational downsizing. These results indicate that the work related factors thought to predict early retirement intentions, are perhaps not currently as important to New Zealand employees as past research has shown, as none of the predictor variables except perceived age discrimination correlated significantly with early retirement preferences. Overall, the results indicate that there are likely to be other factors not explored in this study influencing the retirement intentions of older workers in New Zealand organisations.
For organisations who have recently been through organisational downsizing, employers should be mindful of the negative impacts this can have on older workers, namely job security and job satisfaction. New Zealand organisations should strive to create working environments that take into consideration the needs of older workers, and which encourage older workers to want to stay working, even past the age they are eligible for New Zealand Superannuation. Older workers who feel as though they have limited choice when it comes to making decisions surrounding their retirement may have difficulty adjusting to post-retirement life, thus organisations should be doing all they can to encourage flexible transitions to retirement

year: 2016

title: Kapa Haka Whakataetae Kua tini haere te kanohi o te mahi kapa haka i te ao hurihuri nei.

authors: Rollo, Te Manaaroha Pirihira

subjects: Kapa Haka

abstract: Tihei Haka! Mauriora Kapa haka (Rollo, 2006)
Ka tū te ihiihi, ka tū te wanawana o te hunga i ngā hui whakataetae kapa haka o te motu. He hui rongonui i te maramataka a te Māori ia tau ia tau, ā, he hui whakahirahira anō mō rātou mā i whakawhiti mai i tāwahi rā hoki. Mā te mahi a te kapa haka ka whakaari ngā rōpū haka i ngā mahi nō nehe rā me ngā mahi hou o te ao onāianei. Ahakoa te āhuatanga o te mahi, he taonga tuku iho nā rātou mā kua mene ki te pō.  Moe mai rā e te kāhui o ngā whetu i te pō, moe mai i te Ariki o te rangi. 

I tēnei tuhinga, e āta titiro ana 'hau ki ngā mahi hou me te āhuatanga hou kei ngā rōpū haka i te whakataetae-a-motu, arā Te Matatini me ētahi atu momo whakataetae i Aotearoa, tāpiri mai hoki ērā kei Te Moana nui a Kiwa. Ko te ingoa matua o tēnei tuhinga,  KAPA HAKA WHAKATAETAE. Kua tīni haere te kanohi o te mahi kapa haka i te ao hurihuri nei .
No reira, ko te tino pātai kei tēnei rangahau ko tērā. He aha ngā mahi hou kei te kapa haka whakataetae? Nā he hua anō hoki kei reira? Ka hāngaia tonu e te tuhinga nei  ngā hui whakataetae kapa haka mai i te tau 1972 tae noa ki te tau 2006.

Ngā ūpoko o te tuhinga whakapae
E whā ngā wāhanga ūpoko o tēnei tuhinga whakapae. Mā ngā ūpoko katoa ka kitea ai ngā momo kaupapa ake e hāngai pū ana ki te kaupapa mō te whakataetae kapa haka me ōna āhuatanga hou. He mahi whakahirahira tāku ki te whakatakoto i ngā kōrero, i ngā whakaaro, i ngā mātauranga o tēnā tangata mōhio, o tēnā tangata mātau ki roto i ngā whare māramatanga, arā ngā  wāhanga wēnā,  hei mātauranga hou mō te ao katoa.

I te ūpoko tuatahi, ka anga te titiro ki ngā whakamāramatanga o ngā tikanga-a-iwi e pā ana ki te  tūturutanga me te ao o te kapa haka. Mā wēnei whakamāramatanga hei awhi i a 'hau i taku rangahau ki te mahi onāianei o te whakataetae kapa haka. Ka whai mātauranga 'hau mō ngā tikanga o ngā kupu e rua. Ko ēnei ko te kupu  haka  te tuatahi, ā, ko te kupu  kapa haka  te tuarua. He aha ngā rerekētanga me te ōritenga o wēnei kupu rongonui? Ka anga whakamua ki ngā tūmanako me ngā ritenga o te whakataetae kapa haka a te motu mai i te New Zealand Polynesian Festival tae atu ki Te Matatini. Ko te whāinga mutunga o tēnei wāhanga, ka hoki whakanui ki te whakataetae-a-motu mai i te tau 1972 tae noa atu ki te tau 2006.

Ko te ūpoko tuarua, ka whakatakoto e 'hau ngā whakautu o ngā patapātai mai i ngā rārangi kōrero me ngā whakaaro whānui i whakahokia mai e ngā tāngata o ngā rōpū haka e whā, arā, Te Rōpū Haka o Te Kotahitanga, Ngāti Poneke Young Māori Club, ko Te Waihīrere, ā, huri atu ki Te Pou a Mangatāwhiri hoki, he rōpū i whakatūhia anō i te tau 2005. I tēnei wāhanga ka kitea ngā kōrero ātaahua, ngā mātauranga tūturu me ngā whakaaro hōhonu o ngā kaiako me ngā tāngata e tautoko ana i taku mahi kimi mātauranga.  Nā rātou ka ohorere, ka mirimiri hoki i tōku hinengaro ki ngā māramatanga hou. He tika anō te kupu ā  Pā Henare Tate nō Ngapuhi nui tonu e kī ana,  Mā te whakaatu, ka mōhio, mā te mōhio, ka mārama, mā te mārama, ka mātau, mā te mātau, ka ora   (Barlow 1991)

I te ūpoko tuatoru he whakaaturanga tēnei o āku tirohanga ki ngā āhua rerekē me ngā mahi hou i roto i ngā rōpū haka i runga i te ātamira o te whakataetae, i roto hoki i te mura o te ahi o te whakataetae. Kua tuhituhi au i ngā momo āhuatanga e pā ana ki  te taha o te kanikani, te mahi-a-korikori me ngā mahi katoa i runga i te atamira. Ahakoa iti ko tētahi atu wahanga o ērā kōrero e pā ana ki te pūoro me ōna mana kua puta i konei. Ka huri taku tuhinga ki te taha o te reo waiata, te toi whakaari me te whakaataata o ngā mahi a te Rēhia. I konei ka titiro ki te tāmoko, te pani kanohi me te pani tinana, arā he mahi hou katoa. Ko te wahanga mutunga e pā ana ki te reo Māori me te tito waiata hoki. Ahakoa he maha ngā āhuatanga, ko ngā tuhinga nei mō ia āhuatanga kia kitea ai ngā rerekēnga me ngā mahi hou i te whakataetae kapa haka o te ao Māori. No reira te nuinga engari ko wētahi i whakaurua mai i ētahi atu iwi ō tāwahi.       

Ko te ūpoko whakamutunga, ka hāngai taku titiro ki te ao o te whakataetae, arā, ki ngā whakaaro me te tā o te hinengaro me te ngākau o te tangata. Ka peka haere ki te whakatū o ngā rōpū whakataetae me te parakatihi o ngā waiata, ngā haka me ngā whakaritenga mo te whakataetae kapa haka. Ko te kōrero whakamutunga, ka huri ki wētahi atu o ngā whakataetae mai i Te Kuki Airani, i Tahiti me Hawaii hoki. Āe mārika, ka ora te ao o te whakataetae puta noa i te ao nui. Ki ahau, mā tēnei tuhinga hei whakapuare ngā hurihanga o te ao Māori me te ao o te kapa haka. Ka ea, he tika hoki te whakataukī rā,  ka pū te ruha, ka hao te rangatahi    (Ryan 1995), arā ka kimi i ērā e pīataata ai o rātou wairua, hinengaro, ngākau.

text: Kapa Haka Whakataetae Kua tini haere te kanohi o te mahi kapa haka i te ao hurihuri nei. Tihei Haka! Mauriora Kapa haka (Rollo, 2006)
Ka tū te ihiihi, ka tū te wanawana o te hunga i ngā hui whakataetae kapa haka o te motu. He hui rongonui i te maramataka a te Māori ia tau ia tau, ā, he hui whakahirahira anō mō rātou mā i whakawhiti mai i tāwahi rā hoki. Mā te mahi a te kapa haka ka whakaari ngā rōpū haka i ngā mahi nō nehe rā me ngā mahi hou o te ao onāianei. Ahakoa te āhuatanga o te mahi, he taonga tuku iho nā rātou mā kua mene ki te pō.  Moe mai rā e te kāhui o ngā whetu i te pō, moe mai i te Ariki o te rangi. 

I tēnei tuhinga, e āta titiro ana 'hau ki ngā mahi hou me te āhuatanga hou kei ngā rōpū haka i te whakataetae-a-motu, arā Te Matatini me ētahi atu momo whakataetae i Aotearoa, tāpiri mai hoki ērā kei Te Moana nui a Kiwa. Ko te ingoa matua o tēnei tuhinga,  KAPA HAKA WHAKATAETAE. Kua tīni haere te kanohi o te mahi kapa haka i te ao hurihuri nei .
No reira, ko te tino pātai kei tēnei rangahau ko tērā. He aha ngā mahi hou kei te kapa haka whakataetae? Nā he hua anō hoki kei reira? Ka hāngaia tonu e te tuhinga nei  ngā hui whakataetae kapa haka mai i te tau 1972 tae noa ki te tau 2006.

Ngā ūpoko o te tuhinga whakapae
E whā ngā wāhanga ūpoko o tēnei tuhinga whakapae. Mā ngā ūpoko katoa ka kitea ai ngā momo kaupapa ake e hāngai pū ana ki te kaupapa mō te whakataetae kapa haka me ōna āhuatanga hou. He mahi whakahirahira tāku ki te whakatakoto i ngā kōrero, i ngā whakaaro, i ngā mātauranga o tēnā tangata mōhio, o tēnā tangata mātau ki roto i ngā whare māramatanga, arā ngā  wāhanga wēnā,  hei mātauranga hou mō te ao katoa.

I te ūpoko tuatahi, ka anga te titiro ki ngā whakamāramatanga o ngā tikanga-a-iwi e pā ana ki te  tūturutanga me te ao o te kapa haka. Mā wēnei whakamāramatanga hei awhi i a 'hau i taku rangahau ki te mahi onāianei o te whakataetae kapa haka. Ka whai mātauranga 'hau mō ngā tikanga o ngā kupu e rua. Ko ēnei ko te kupu  haka  te tuatahi, ā, ko te kupu  kapa haka  te tuarua. He aha ngā rerekētanga me te ōritenga o wēnei kupu rongonui? Ka anga whakamua ki ngā tūmanako me ngā ritenga o te whakataetae kapa haka a te motu mai i te New Zealand Polynesian Festival tae atu ki Te Matatini. Ko te whāinga mutunga o tēnei wāhanga, ka hoki whakanui ki te whakataetae-a-motu mai i te tau 1972 tae noa atu ki te tau 2006.

Ko te ūpoko tuarua, ka whakatakoto e 'hau ngā whakautu o ngā patapātai mai i ngā rārangi kōrero me ngā whakaaro whānui i whakahokia mai e ngā tāngata o ngā rōpū haka e whā, arā, Te Rōpū Haka o Te Kotahitanga, Ngāti Poneke Young Māori Club, ko Te Waihīrere, ā, huri atu ki Te Pou a Mangatāwhiri hoki, he rōpū i whakatūhia anō i te tau 2005. I tēnei wāhanga ka kitea ngā kōrero ātaahua, ngā mātauranga tūturu me ngā whakaaro hōhonu o ngā kaiako me ngā tāngata e tautoko ana i taku mahi kimi mātauranga.  Nā rātou ka ohorere, ka mirimiri hoki i tōku hinengaro ki ngā māramatanga hou. He tika anō te kupu ā  Pā Henare Tate nō Ngapuhi nui tonu e kī ana,  Mā te whakaatu, ka mōhio, mā te mōhio, ka mārama, mā te mārama, ka mātau, mā te mātau, ka ora   (Barlow 1991)

I te ūpoko tuatoru he whakaaturanga tēnei o āku tirohanga ki ngā āhua rerekē me ngā mahi hou i roto i ngā rōpū haka i runga i te ātamira o te whakataetae, i roto hoki i te mura o te ahi o te whakataetae. Kua tuhituhi au i ngā momo āhuatanga e pā ana ki  te taha o te kanikani, te mahi-a-korikori me ngā mahi katoa i runga i te atamira. Ahakoa iti ko tētahi atu wahanga o ērā kōrero e pā ana ki te pūoro me ōna mana kua puta i konei. Ka huri taku tuhinga ki te taha o te reo waiata, te toi whakaari me te whakaataata o ngā mahi a te Rēhia. I konei ka titiro ki te tāmoko, te pani kanohi me te pani tinana, arā he mahi hou katoa. Ko te wahanga mutunga e pā ana ki te reo Māori me te tito waiata hoki. Ahakoa he maha ngā āhuatanga, ko ngā tuhinga nei mō ia āhuatanga kia kitea ai ngā rerekēnga me ngā mahi hou i te whakataetae kapa haka o te ao Māori. No reira te nuinga engari ko wētahi i whakaurua mai i ētahi atu iwi ō tāwahi.       

Ko te ūpoko whakamutunga, ka hāngai taku titiro ki te ao o te whakataetae, arā, ki ngā whakaaro me te tā o te hinengaro me te ngākau o te tangata. Ka peka haere ki te whakatū o ngā rōpū whakataetae me te parakatihi o ngā waiata, ngā haka me ngā whakaritenga mo te whakataetae kapa haka. Ko te kōrero whakamutunga, ka huri ki wētahi atu o ngā whakataetae mai i Te Kuki Airani, i Tahiti me Hawaii hoki. Āe mārika, ka ora te ao o te whakataetae puta noa i te ao nui. Ki ahau, mā tēnei tuhinga hei whakapuare ngā hurihanga o te ao Māori me te ao o te kapa haka. Ka ea, he tika hoki te whakataukī rā,  ka pū te ruha, ka hao te rangatahi    (Ryan 1995), arā ka kimi i ērā e pīataata ai o rātou wairua, hinengaro, ngākau.

year: 2007