title: Illuminations: a proposed taxonomy for death-inspired works in Western art music

authors: Lodge, Martin

subjects: Music writing

abstract: Throughout the history of Western art music, death has been a major stimulus for composers, and it continues to be so for contemporary musicians. Composer responses to death have been predominantly associated with emotions of grief, sadness and loss. An examination of responses in the Western art music repertoire of the past five hundred years, however, reveals that there is a diversity of composer reactions, from mourning through prophetic imaginings to resignation, and extending to spiritual affirmation or theological affirmation of an afterlife. Informed by surveying a number of composers’ diverse responses, this article outlines differences found in order to propose a taxonomy of varying creative musical approaches to death.

text: Illuminations: a proposed taxonomy for death-inspired works in Western art music Throughout the history of Western art music, death has been a major stimulus for composers, and it continues to be so for contemporary musicians. Composer responses to death have been predominantly associated with emotions of grief, sadness and loss. An examination of responses in the Western art music repertoire of the past five hundred years, however, reveals that there is a diversity of composer reactions, from mourning through prophetic imaginings to resignation, and extending to spiritual affirmation or theological affirmation of an afterlife. Informed by surveying a number of composers’ diverse responses, this article outlines differences found in order to propose a taxonomy of varying creative musical approaches to death.

year: 2017

title: Assessment of roughness and chemical modification in determining the hydrophobic properties of metals

authors: Larmour, Iain A.

subjects: chemistry

abstract: “Etch and coat” methods, potentially useful for large scale production of superhydrophobic surfaces on metals, have been extended by introduction of a thin 20 nm Au interlayer which allowed thiol surface modifiers to be investigated. Fe, Ti and Zn surfaces modified in this way with a polyfluorothiol generally had lower contact angles, θ, than their silane modified equivalents but were more uniform and reproducible. The higher θ values for silanes appear to be associated with an increased effective roughness that is not seen in the thiol coatings, which follow the underlying surface. For Fe, Ti and Zn, θ increased to a maximum with etching time but then decreased significantly. Electron microscopy of samples etched for long times showed fewer grain boundaries, suggesting that the loss of hydrophobicity was related to reduced roughness. This was confirmed through quantitative measurements of roughness parameters which were directly correlated with the observed contact angles through the Wenzel equation. The observation of this behaviour for 3 different metals suggests it is a general effect and the assumption that increased etch times will give increased roughness is incorrect. Although etching , Au coating and thiol modification did not provide sufficient roughness for superhydrophobicity, electrodeposition of a Cu layer onto the metal substrates followed by electroless deposition of silver gave uniform surfaces with very high contact angles (up to θ = 168.9°) and low roll-off angles (α < 1°). This method is sufficiently simple and inexpensive to be suitable for application on industrial scales, for example in marine or aeronautical engineering.

text: Assessment of roughness and chemical modification in determining the hydrophobic properties of metals “Etch and coat” methods, potentially useful for large scale production of superhydrophobic surfaces on metals, have been extended by introduction of a thin 20 nm Au interlayer which allowed thiol surface modifiers to be investigated. Fe, Ti and Zn surfaces modified in this way with a polyfluorothiol generally had lower contact angles, θ, than their silane modified equivalents but were more uniform and reproducible. The higher θ values for silanes appear to be associated with an increased effective roughness that is not seen in the thiol coatings, which follow the underlying surface. For Fe, Ti and Zn, θ increased to a maximum with etching time but then decreased significantly. Electron microscopy of samples etched for long times showed fewer grain boundaries, suggesting that the loss of hydrophobicity was related to reduced roughness. This was confirmed through quantitative measurements of roughness parameters which were directly correlated with the observed contact angles through the Wenzel equation. The observation of this behaviour for 3 different metals suggests it is a general effect and the assumption that increased etch times will give increased roughness is incorrect. Although etching , Au coating and thiol modification did not provide sufficient roughness for superhydrophobicity, electrodeposition of a Cu layer onto the metal substrates followed by electroless deposition of silver gave uniform surfaces with very high contact angles (up to θ = 168.9°) and low roll-off angles (α < 1°). This method is sufficiently simple and inexpensive to be suitable for application on industrial scales, for example in marine or aeronautical engineering.

year: 2008

title: The Application of Critical Discourse Theory: A Criterion-Referenced Analysis of Reports Relating to Language Revitalisation in Australia and New Zealand

authors: Lewis, Roger Brian

subjects: te reo Māori

abstract: The discipline of language policy and planning (LPP) is often proposed as a viable tool for language revitalisation. However, the conventional paradigm upon which LPP is based is inadequate for such an inherently political, contentious and problematic area of social policy, and does not address the hegemonic and counter-hegemonic discourse that is at the very core of language revitalisation efforts. It is therefore argued here that LPP needs to be explicitly underpinned by critical discourse theory (CDT) if it is to be of genuine use to those involved in language revitalisation efforts, particularly to grass roots language activists. Following an introductory chapter which provides a background to the research and a rationale for it (Chapter 1), there is a critical review of selected literature on LPP and CDT, a review which ends by proposing a list of criteria which, it is argued, can be used to determine the extent to which discourse that is intended to be counter-hegemonic adheres to the principles of effective counter-hegemonic discourse as outlined in the literature on CDT (Chapter 2). In the following three chapters (Chapters 3, 4 & 5), these criteria are applied to the analysis of three recent reports that have a direct bearing on indigenous language revitalisation in Australia (Our Land Our Languages) and New Zealand (Ko Aotearoa Tēnei and Te Reo Mauriora). The first of these reports is found to adhere very closely to the criteria; the second less so; the third almost not at all. The different ways in which each of these reports has been received would tend to support the hypothesis that, other things being equal, the more closely a text of this type conforms to the criteria - that is, the more closely it is aligned to the fundamental principles of effective counter-hegemonic discourse as outlined in CDT - the more likely it is to be positively received and, therefore, to represent an effective challenge to the existing hegemony. The overall conclusion is that CDT can not only assist language activists by providing a basis for determining how successful counter-hegemonic discourse is likely to be in achieving its aims but has the potential to provide LPP with a secure theoretical foundation (Chapter 6).

text: The Application of Critical Discourse Theory: A Criterion-Referenced Analysis of Reports Relating to Language Revitalisation in Australia and New Zealand The discipline of language policy and planning (LPP) is often proposed as a viable tool for language revitalisation. However, the conventional paradigm upon which LPP is based is inadequate for such an inherently political, contentious and problematic area of social policy, and does not address the hegemonic and counter-hegemonic discourse that is at the very core of language revitalisation efforts. It is therefore argued here that LPP needs to be explicitly underpinned by critical discourse theory (CDT) if it is to be of genuine use to those involved in language revitalisation efforts, particularly to grass roots language activists. Following an introductory chapter which provides a background to the research and a rationale for it (Chapter 1), there is a critical review of selected literature on LPP and CDT, a review which ends by proposing a list of criteria which, it is argued, can be used to determine the extent to which discourse that is intended to be counter-hegemonic adheres to the principles of effective counter-hegemonic discourse as outlined in the literature on CDT (Chapter 2). In the following three chapters (Chapters 3, 4 & 5), these criteria are applied to the analysis of three recent reports that have a direct bearing on indigenous language revitalisation in Australia (Our Land Our Languages) and New Zealand (Ko Aotearoa Tēnei and Te Reo Mauriora). The first of these reports is found to adhere very closely to the criteria; the second less so; the third almost not at all. The different ways in which each of these reports has been received would tend to support the hypothesis that, other things being equal, the more closely a text of this type conforms to the criteria - that is, the more closely it is aligned to the fundamental principles of effective counter-hegemonic discourse as outlined in CDT - the more likely it is to be positively received and, therefore, to represent an effective challenge to the existing hegemony. The overall conclusion is that CDT can not only assist language activists by providing a basis for determining how successful counter-hegemonic discourse is likely to be in achieving its aims but has the potential to provide LPP with a secure theoretical foundation (Chapter 6).

year: 2014