title: A two-component transport model for solar wind fluctuations: Waves plus quasi-2D turbulence

authors: Oughton, Sean

subjects: solar wind

abstract: We present a model for the transport of solar wind fluctuations, based on the assumption that they can be well-represented using two distinct components: a quasi-2D turbulence piece and a wave-like piece. For each component, coupled transport equations for its energy, cross helicity, and characteristic lengthscale(s) are derived, along with an equation for the proton temperature. This energy-containing “two-component” model includes the effects of solar wind expansion and advection, driving by stream shear and pickup ions, and nonlinear cascades. Nonlinear effects are modeled using a recently developed one-point phenomenology for such a two-component model of homogeneous MHD turbulence [1]. Heating due to these nonlinear effects is included in the temperature equation. Numerical solutions are discussed and compared with observations

text: A two-component transport model for solar wind fluctuations: Waves plus quasi-2D turbulence We present a model for the transport of solar wind fluctuations, based on the assumption that they can be well-represented using two distinct components: a quasi-2D turbulence piece and a wave-like piece. For each component, coupled transport equations for its energy, cross helicity, and characteristic lengthscale(s) are derived, along with an equation for the proton temperature. This energy-containing “two-component” model includes the effects of solar wind expansion and advection, driving by stream shear and pickup ions, and nonlinear cascades. Nonlinear effects are modeled using a recently developed one-point phenomenology for such a two-component model of homogeneous MHD turbulence [1]. Heating due to these nonlinear effects is included in the temperature equation. Numerical solutions are discussed and compared with observations

year: 2010

title: A typical meteorological year for energy simulations in Hamilton, New Zealand

authors: Anderson, Timothy Nicholas

subjects: typical meteorological year

abstract: Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) data is used extensively in building energy simulations and solar energy analysis. TMY data for New Zealand, however, is relatively limited and no such data existed for Hamilton.
Ten years of hourly meteorological data was analysed, and a TMY was developed. Simulations using the TMY data were conducted to determine the performance of a solar pool-heating system. It was found that the TMY was able to predict the annual performance of this system to within 2% of the long-term mean. It is intended that this TMY could be used to perform simulations on building energy use and solar heating systems in Hamilton.

text: A typical meteorological year for energy simulations in Hamilton, New Zealand Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) data is used extensively in building energy simulations and solar energy analysis. TMY data for New Zealand, however, is relatively limited and no such data existed for Hamilton.
Ten years of hourly meteorological data was analysed, and a TMY was developed. Simulations using the TMY data were conducted to determine the performance of a solar pool-heating system. It was found that the TMY was able to predict the annual performance of this system to within 2% of the long-term mean. It is intended that this TMY could be used to perform simulations on building energy use and solar heating systems in Hamilton.

year: 2007

title: Telomere length in early childhood is associated with sex and ethnicity

authors: Ly, Kien

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes that function to protect chromosomes from degradation. Throughout the life course, telomere length decreases with age and is influenced by environmental factors and health conditions. This study aimed to determine the relative telomere lengths in a diverse cohort of about 4000 four-year-old children in New Zealand. Linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between telomere length, child gender, ethnicity, paternal age and deprivation. We observed substantial variation in telomere length according to sex and self-identified ethnicity. Telomere length was longer in females compared to males (coefficient of 0.042, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.024–0.060). European children had shorter telomere than both the indigenous Māori (coefficient of 0.03, CI 0.007–0.055) and Pacific children (coefficient of 0.15, CI 0.12–0.18). The data suggest that telomere lengths are highly variable and variability between individuals arise from early age, influenced partly by sex and ethnicity. Longer telomeres in indigenous Māori and Pacific children may reflect the heritability of telomere length in genetically less complex populations. This study increases our understanding of telomere dynamics in young children since the majority of telomere studies are conducted in adults.

text: Telomere length in early childhood is associated with sex and ethnicity Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes that function to protect chromosomes from degradation. Throughout the life course, telomere length decreases with age and is influenced by environmental factors and health conditions. This study aimed to determine the relative telomere lengths in a diverse cohort of about 4000 four-year-old children in New Zealand. Linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between telomere length, child gender, ethnicity, paternal age and deprivation. We observed substantial variation in telomere length according to sex and self-identified ethnicity. Telomere length was longer in females compared to males (coefficient of 0.042, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.024–0.060). European children had shorter telomere than both the indigenous Māori (coefficient of 0.03, CI 0.007–0.055) and Pacific children (coefficient of 0.15, CI 0.12–0.18). The data suggest that telomere lengths are highly variable and variability between individuals arise from early age, influenced partly by sex and ethnicity. Longer telomeres in indigenous Māori and Pacific children may reflect the heritability of telomere length in genetically less complex populations. This study increases our understanding of telomere dynamics in young children since the majority of telomere studies are conducted in adults.

year: 2019