title: Values inconsistency between work and home: Evaluating the impact on stress and well-being, and the role that authenticity has to play

authors: Swart, Eunanda

subjects: Authenticity

abstract: The present study explores the impact of values inconsistency between work and home on employee’s perceived stress and well-being. Values are abstract concepts that express desirable end states and direct an individual’s behaviour accordingly. Previous research has shown that personal and work values may be different in nature. Research in the area of work and home personality has shown that inconsistency may be associated with lower well-being. In this study, we seek to determine whether this is true for work and home values. 
Furthermore, given that felt authenticity is known to influence the relationship between personality inconsistency and well-being, this study also investigated how authenticity influences the  relationship between values inconsistency and well-being. It was proposed that values inconsistency will be positively related to perceived stress and negatively related to well-being. It was also proposed that perceived authenticity will moderate these relationships: strengthening the relationship between values inconsistency and perceived stress, and weakening the relationship between values inconsistency and positive well-being.
A total of 267 participants responded to the questionnaires conducted at Time 1, with 72 responses to the corresponding questionnaires conducted at Time 2. The participants were asked to complete the Time 1 survey in either their home or work context, and then to complete the Time 2 survey in the alternate context. Relationships between values inconsistency and employee’s perceived stress and well-being were explored using Pearson’s r correlations. Furthermore, the impact of perceived authenticity on these relationships was investigated through moderation analysis. 
Due to a relatively small sample size, along with external challenges and factors explored further in the discussion chapter, the results from the present study were not statistically significant. Although no substantial conclusions can be drawn from the findings of this study, looking at the trends in the data could be of interest for researchers wanting to explore these relationships further. 
The trends in the data from the current study suggest that values inconsistency between work and home contexts negatively affects employee’s well-being. More specifically, values inconsistency increases employee’s perceived stress, and decreases well-being. Authenticity may also play an important part in these relationships. The trends in the data suggest that the perceived authenticity of employee’s strengthens the relationship between values inconsistency and perceived stress, and weakens the relationship between values inconsistency and well-being. 
This study is one of the first to compare values inconsistency between work and home contexts, evaluating the impact on employee well-being and offers a fresh perspective in the body of organisational psychology research. Practical implications of the current study include gaining a better understanding of the importance of employees’ value-fit with the organisation they are working for. Poor employee-organisation values fit may lead to more stress and poorer well-being, which in turn could result in higher absenteeism and lower productivity. Therefore, posing a concern for both individuals and organisations.
Future research should focus on continuing to explore the relationships between values consistency and well-being, as well as the relationship between values and personality. The findings from the present and future studies will help to gain a better understanding of the interactions between these variables, and the importance thereof for both individuals and organisations.

text: Values inconsistency between work and home: Evaluating the impact on stress and well-being, and the role that authenticity has to play The present study explores the impact of values inconsistency between work and home on employee’s perceived stress and well-being. Values are abstract concepts that express desirable end states and direct an individual’s behaviour accordingly. Previous research has shown that personal and work values may be different in nature. Research in the area of work and home personality has shown that inconsistency may be associated with lower well-being. In this study, we seek to determine whether this is true for work and home values. 
Furthermore, given that felt authenticity is known to influence the relationship between personality inconsistency and well-being, this study also investigated how authenticity influences the  relationship between values inconsistency and well-being. It was proposed that values inconsistency will be positively related to perceived stress and negatively related to well-being. It was also proposed that perceived authenticity will moderate these relationships: strengthening the relationship between values inconsistency and perceived stress, and weakening the relationship between values inconsistency and positive well-being.
A total of 267 participants responded to the questionnaires conducted at Time 1, with 72 responses to the corresponding questionnaires conducted at Time 2. The participants were asked to complete the Time 1 survey in either their home or work context, and then to complete the Time 2 survey in the alternate context. Relationships between values inconsistency and employee’s perceived stress and well-being were explored using Pearson’s r correlations. Furthermore, the impact of perceived authenticity on these relationships was investigated through moderation analysis. 
Due to a relatively small sample size, along with external challenges and factors explored further in the discussion chapter, the results from the present study were not statistically significant. Although no substantial conclusions can be drawn from the findings of this study, looking at the trends in the data could be of interest for researchers wanting to explore these relationships further. 
The trends in the data from the current study suggest that values inconsistency between work and home contexts negatively affects employee’s well-being. More specifically, values inconsistency increases employee’s perceived stress, and decreases well-being. Authenticity may also play an important part in these relationships. The trends in the data suggest that the perceived authenticity of employee’s strengthens the relationship between values inconsistency and perceived stress, and weakens the relationship between values inconsistency and well-being. 
This study is one of the first to compare values inconsistency between work and home contexts, evaluating the impact on employee well-being and offers a fresh perspective in the body of organisational psychology research. Practical implications of the current study include gaining a better understanding of the importance of employees’ value-fit with the organisation they are working for. Poor employee-organisation values fit may lead to more stress and poorer well-being, which in turn could result in higher absenteeism and lower productivity. Therefore, posing a concern for both individuals and organisations.
Future research should focus on continuing to explore the relationships between values consistency and well-being, as well as the relationship between values and personality. The findings from the present and future studies will help to gain a better understanding of the interactions between these variables, and the importance thereof for both individuals and organisations.

year: 2020

title: A toolbox for the use of electromagnetic induction technology and quasi-3D inversion to determine the spatial heterogeneity of soil texture and moisture in forested catchments

authors: Corbett-Lad, Priscilla

abstract: Forest soils are critical to forest health and productivity, and by recognising their spatial heterogeneity, we can optimise productivity and preserve our natural resources in the face of a changing climate. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) technology provides a repeatable, non-destructive, and cost-effective approach to studying soil heterogeneity in managed forests. Electromagnetic induction technology has proven its versatility in agricultural settings to map soil texture, moisture and crop productivity and geological and archaeological exploration to identify underground natural and anthropogenic structures. Yet, the application in forests has been limited, and it is essential to understand the impact of soil and environmental factors on apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) if attempting to use this EMI technology in a forested environment. The overarching aim of this thesis was to determine if EMI can be used in a forested environment, focusing on two contrasting Pinus radiata D. Don production forests to capture the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties. Furthermore, this thesis can serve as a 'toolbox' for measurement protocols and analysis for forest owners interested in low-cost, time-efficient methods of understanding microsite heterogeneity in their forest soils to guide management practices. The research addressed the three main questions: The impact of various environmental factors on apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), the ability of ECa to characterise soil texture and moisture across forested catchments, and the effectiveness of quasi-3D inversion software in capturing the spatial heterogeneity of forest soils in three dimensions.
To answer the first question, measurements were taken on forest litter thickness, gravimetric water content, density, soil temperature, ambient temperature, instrument temperature, and instrument voltage. The study found no significant linear relationship between ECa and these environmental factors, indicating that a correction factor for drift in ECa caused by temperature and voltage variations was not required. The insulating effect of forest soils, the forest canopy, and the instrument's housing played a role in maintaining stability. In addition, there was no significant effect of the presence or absence of forest litter on ECa, which was most likely due to the structure and makeup of forest litter, indicating that EMI technology could predict soil properties without considering the effect of forest litter.
Questions two and three aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using apparent electrical conductivity and modelled electrical conductivity (ECm) as predictors for soil properties, including gravimetric water content (GWC), the electrical conductivity of a 1-part soil to 5-part water solution (ECe1:5), and the percentages of clay (CLAY), fine sand (FSAND), and medium sand particles (MSAND). Firstly, generalised linear mixed-effects models (GLMERs) were employed to assess the measured variables' main effects and interaction effects on ECa and ECm and the within and between site variability as a random effect. The GLMERs demonstrated that incorporating multiple predictor variables reduced unexplained variability, with specific interactions, such as GWC and ECe1:5, playing crucial roles in explaining ECm variability at particular depths. However, multicollinearity issues were observed, primarily driven by the GWC-ECe1:5 interaction. The study also discussed the findings of 3D inversion maps of ECm, which provided detailed insights into spatial distribution patterns, particularly when overlaid with topographic and soil variable data. Secondly, one-dimension and three-dimensional maps were produced and overlaid onto base maps of each catchment to identify spatial patterns within each catchment related to soil texture and moisture using standard kriging in Arc GIS Pro software and custom EM4Soil software designed to interpolate one-dimensional ECa measurements into three dimensions.
Finally, the research delved into the implications of these findings for forest owners and their management practices. It emphasised that while ECa technology is a valuable tool in predicting forest soil heterogeneity, it should not be used in isolation, and soil sampling and validation remain essential. The study recommended using EMI as a time and cost-effective tool for understanding soil heterogeneity, offering repeatable and non-destructive measurements for informed land use decisions. Overlaying spatial maps with additional geospatial data was recommended to comprehensively understand soil variability within catchments.

text: A toolbox for the use of electromagnetic induction technology and quasi-3D inversion to determine the spatial heterogeneity of soil texture and moisture in forested catchments Forest soils are critical to forest health and productivity, and by recognising their spatial heterogeneity, we can optimise productivity and preserve our natural resources in the face of a changing climate. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) technology provides a repeatable, non-destructive, and cost-effective approach to studying soil heterogeneity in managed forests. Electromagnetic induction technology has proven its versatility in agricultural settings to map soil texture, moisture and crop productivity and geological and archaeological exploration to identify underground natural and anthropogenic structures. Yet, the application in forests has been limited, and it is essential to understand the impact of soil and environmental factors on apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) if attempting to use this EMI technology in a forested environment. The overarching aim of this thesis was to determine if EMI can be used in a forested environment, focusing on two contrasting Pinus radiata D. Don production forests to capture the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties. Furthermore, this thesis can serve as a 'toolbox' for measurement protocols and analysis for forest owners interested in low-cost, time-efficient methods of understanding microsite heterogeneity in their forest soils to guide management practices. The research addressed the three main questions: The impact of various environmental factors on apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), the ability of ECa to characterise soil texture and moisture across forested catchments, and the effectiveness of quasi-3D inversion software in capturing the spatial heterogeneity of forest soils in three dimensions.
To answer the first question, measurements were taken on forest litter thickness, gravimetric water content, density, soil temperature, ambient temperature, instrument temperature, and instrument voltage. The study found no significant linear relationship between ECa and these environmental factors, indicating that a correction factor for drift in ECa caused by temperature and voltage variations was not required. The insulating effect of forest soils, the forest canopy, and the instrument's housing played a role in maintaining stability. In addition, there was no significant effect of the presence or absence of forest litter on ECa, which was most likely due to the structure and makeup of forest litter, indicating that EMI technology could predict soil properties without considering the effect of forest litter.
Questions two and three aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using apparent electrical conductivity and modelled electrical conductivity (ECm) as predictors for soil properties, including gravimetric water content (GWC), the electrical conductivity of a 1-part soil to 5-part water solution (ECe1:5), and the percentages of clay (CLAY), fine sand (FSAND), and medium sand particles (MSAND). Firstly, generalised linear mixed-effects models (GLMERs) were employed to assess the measured variables' main effects and interaction effects on ECa and ECm and the within and between site variability as a random effect. The GLMERs demonstrated that incorporating multiple predictor variables reduced unexplained variability, with specific interactions, such as GWC and ECe1:5, playing crucial roles in explaining ECm variability at particular depths. However, multicollinearity issues were observed, primarily driven by the GWC-ECe1:5 interaction. The study also discussed the findings of 3D inversion maps of ECm, which provided detailed insights into spatial distribution patterns, particularly when overlaid with topographic and soil variable data. Secondly, one-dimension and three-dimensional maps were produced and overlaid onto base maps of each catchment to identify spatial patterns within each catchment related to soil texture and moisture using standard kriging in Arc GIS Pro software and custom EM4Soil software designed to interpolate one-dimensional ECa measurements into three dimensions.
Finally, the research delved into the implications of these findings for forest owners and their management practices. It emphasised that while ECa technology is a valuable tool in predicting forest soil heterogeneity, it should not be used in isolation, and soil sampling and validation remain essential. The study recommended using EMI as a time and cost-effective tool for understanding soil heterogeneity, offering repeatable and non-destructive measurements for informed land use decisions. Overlaying spatial maps with additional geospatial data was recommended to comprehensively understand soil variability within catchments.

year: 2023

title: Decolonising Midwifery Education in Aotearoa: A Case Study Approach

authors: Cleaver,  Deanne Lesley

subjects: Decolonisation

abstract: The bicultural nature of Aotearoa (New Zealand) creates a strong foundation for the unique environment that supports the weaving of indigenous knowledge throughout midwifery education, and in turn creating a platform for decolonisation. Te Tiriti o Waitangi/ The Treaty of Waitangi serves to inform the direction that midwifery education and midwifery practice must take by underpinning these frameworks.
The revised midwifery curriculum and reaccreditation that supported the immersion of Indigenous knowledge throughout the midwifery degree at Wintec is currently in its fifth year. It was identified that there needed to be a more explicit focus of cultural safety and responsiveness, therefore in support of this Mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) was carefully embedded and linked to learning outcomes. This is in direct support of Te Tiriti o Waitangi and a move towards a Te Tiriti honouring programme. Topics that relate to tikanga Māori (customs), Te Ao Māori (Māori worldview) and Te Reo Māori (language) are respectfully taught, providing opportunities for understanding and growing competencies for midwifery tauira.  
Understanding colonisation in its global context alongside its role in the history of Aotearoa supported by Te Tiriti o Waitangi knowledge, is vital in the process of decolonisation. Tauira are encouraged to explore and reflect on these factors throughout their degree, supporting their growing cultural safety and awareness of relationships.  An anti-racism workshop in the final year of the degree adds another layer to the work of decolonisation and equips tauira with tools to be active in their allyship.
This personal and curricula journey empowers tauira to become culturally safe and responsive midwives, positively impacting the health of whānau Māori.
Through a case study approach the effectiveness of the interweaving of indigenous knowledge, Te Tiriti o Waitangi and Anti-Racism praxis will be explored, with the purpose of unpacking the learnings as a tool for social transformation within the process of decolonisation.
These changes promote the professional development of educators and the empowerment of tauira to uphold Indigenous rights, while providing care in partnership that is respectful. Decolonising Midwifery Education in Aotearoa: A Case Study approach’ will be explored and unpacked.

text: Decolonising Midwifery Education in Aotearoa: A Case Study Approach The bicultural nature of Aotearoa (New Zealand) creates a strong foundation for the unique environment that supports the weaving of indigenous knowledge throughout midwifery education, and in turn creating a platform for decolonisation. Te Tiriti o Waitangi/ The Treaty of Waitangi serves to inform the direction that midwifery education and midwifery practice must take by underpinning these frameworks.
The revised midwifery curriculum and reaccreditation that supported the immersion of Indigenous knowledge throughout the midwifery degree at Wintec is currently in its fifth year. It was identified that there needed to be a more explicit focus of cultural safety and responsiveness, therefore in support of this Mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) was carefully embedded and linked to learning outcomes. This is in direct support of Te Tiriti o Waitangi and a move towards a Te Tiriti honouring programme. Topics that relate to tikanga Māori (customs), Te Ao Māori (Māori worldview) and Te Reo Māori (language) are respectfully taught, providing opportunities for understanding and growing competencies for midwifery tauira.  
Understanding colonisation in its global context alongside its role in the history of Aotearoa supported by Te Tiriti o Waitangi knowledge, is vital in the process of decolonisation. Tauira are encouraged to explore and reflect on these factors throughout their degree, supporting their growing cultural safety and awareness of relationships.  An anti-racism workshop in the final year of the degree adds another layer to the work of decolonisation and equips tauira with tools to be active in their allyship.
This personal and curricula journey empowers tauira to become culturally safe and responsive midwives, positively impacting the health of whānau Māori.
Through a case study approach the effectiveness of the interweaving of indigenous knowledge, Te Tiriti o Waitangi and Anti-Racism praxis will be explored, with the purpose of unpacking the learnings as a tool for social transformation within the process of decolonisation.
These changes promote the professional development of educators and the empowerment of tauira to uphold Indigenous rights, while providing care in partnership that is respectful. Decolonising Midwifery Education in Aotearoa: A Case Study approach’ will be explored and unpacked.

year: 2023