title: A new technology for imparting oak character to wine: application to a New Zealand chardonnay wine

authors: Gribble, Craig Peter

abstract: An analytical method using gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry in selected ion mode (GC/MS-SIM) was developed to monitor the levels of aromatic woody compounds present in a New Zealand Chardonnay wine at the part per billion level. This technique was also used to determine the levels of compounds present in oak wood.

Sensory evaluations of experimental wines were carried out by experienced winemakers. Each assessment was complemented by the chemical analyses to provide an overall impression for the wines. The combination of winemaker’s perception and chemical determinations were employed with all wine ageing and wooding trials carried out as part of the project.

A selection of ageing containers were chosen to monitor the ageing profiles of a Chardonnay wine under different conditions. New French oak barrels are the preferred ageing containers by the winemakers at Morton Estate Winery; especially those from Seguin Moreau and Dargaud & Jaegle. New French oak releases extractable compounds at a rate which is considered desirable. Wines which were aged in new French oak were described as ‘elegant’ and showed ‘crisp, fresh oaky character.’ Wines aged in used barrels and stainless steel scored lower in the sensory evaluations.

New French oak barrels contain elevated levels of aromatic compounds on the interior surface of each barrel due to thermal modifications which occur during the toasting process. The levels of these compounds are lower in used oak barrels.

It was found that heating used oak wood in an electric kiln increased the levels of aromatic compounds in the wood. Wrapping the oak in foil allowed longer toasting times and produced higher levels of thermal degradation products. These same products are considered desirable in higher quality wines.

The rates of release of extractable compounds from wood into ethanolic solutions and the effect of surface area was investigated. Toasted oak cubes of a particular dimension were found to release these compounds at a rate similar to that of new French oak. These cubes were suspended throughout the body of the wine using a new technology called the ‘oak necklace.’ The oak ageing trials over the 1993, 1994 and 1995 vintages provided encouraging evidence that Chardonnay wine exhibiting new oak character can be achieved using this new technology.

text: A new technology for imparting oak character to wine: application to a New Zealand chardonnay wine An analytical method using gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry in selected ion mode (GC/MS-SIM) was developed to monitor the levels of aromatic woody compounds present in a New Zealand Chardonnay wine at the part per billion level. This technique was also used to determine the levels of compounds present in oak wood.

Sensory evaluations of experimental wines were carried out by experienced winemakers. Each assessment was complemented by the chemical analyses to provide an overall impression for the wines. The combination of winemaker’s perception and chemical determinations were employed with all wine ageing and wooding trials carried out as part of the project.

A selection of ageing containers were chosen to monitor the ageing profiles of a Chardonnay wine under different conditions. New French oak barrels are the preferred ageing containers by the winemakers at Morton Estate Winery; especially those from Seguin Moreau and Dargaud & Jaegle. New French oak releases extractable compounds at a rate which is considered desirable. Wines which were aged in new French oak were described as ‘elegant’ and showed ‘crisp, fresh oaky character.’ Wines aged in used barrels and stainless steel scored lower in the sensory evaluations.

New French oak barrels contain elevated levels of aromatic compounds on the interior surface of each barrel due to thermal modifications which occur during the toasting process. The levels of these compounds are lower in used oak barrels.

It was found that heating used oak wood in an electric kiln increased the levels of aromatic compounds in the wood. Wrapping the oak in foil allowed longer toasting times and produced higher levels of thermal degradation products. These same products are considered desirable in higher quality wines.

The rates of release of extractable compounds from wood into ethanolic solutions and the effect of surface area was investigated. Toasted oak cubes of a particular dimension were found to release these compounds at a rate similar to that of new French oak. These cubes were suspended throughout the body of the wine using a new technology called the ‘oak necklace.’ The oak ageing trials over the 1993, 1994 and 1995 vintages provided encouraging evidence that Chardonnay wine exhibiting new oak character can be achieved using this new technology.

year: 1998

title: Zinc toxicity and its pathology in relation to facial eczema prophylaxis in ruminants

authors: Smith, Barry L.

abstract: Because of the possible administration of high dose rates of zinc compounds to ruminants as a prophylactic measure against facial eczema, the toxicities and pathological effects of certain zinc compounds have been examined in sheep and cattle.

At daily dose rates of zinc as low as 15 mg Zn/kg b.wt. lesions of zinc toxicity were observed but these were not always accompanied by clinical signs. After long term administration, zinc oxide treated sheep were heavier and fatter than controls. At higher dose rates of zinc oxide, body weight losses were recorded. Zinc sulphate caused greater weight loss, more deaths, more severe lesions and higher serum and organ zinc concentrations than zinc oxide which in turn was more toxic than zinc EDTA. Single zinc EDTA administrations resulted in more rapid rises and falls in serum zinc concentration and higher urinary zinc concentrations than the other two forms of zinc. Although most toxicity trials were conducted using sheep, some cattle were also dosed and these findings suggested that cattle react to high dose rates of zinc similarly to sheep.

The administration of zinc sulphate solutions to sheep and cattle by drenching gun caused abomasitis and other lesions of zinc toxicity were more severe and elevations of organ zinc higher than when the zinc was given by intraruminal intubation. Zinc solutions were shown to stimulate the reticular groove reflex causing the bolus to be deposited in the abomasum where it caused severe mucosal damage. When, for the same drenched dose rate of zinc sulphate, alternative combinations of volume and concentration were tried, it was shown that the greater volume alternative was more important than greater concentration in the production of zinc toxicity. 

Single intraruminal doses of zinc sulphate (100 and 200 mg Zn/kg b.wt) caused reductions in food intake, elevations of duodenal pH and the secretion of acid from isolated abomasal pouches was doubled. All forms of zinc administered caused lesions of the exocrine pancreas comprising duct necrosis and inflammation, acinar cell degeneration and inter-and intralobular fibrosis. The characteristics and chronology of these lesions suggested that the primary site of zinc-induced pancreopathy is in the pancreatic ductule. Severe pancreatic lesions caused by zinc oxide resulted in marked reductions of flow rates of pancreatic juice and in the concentration of protein and amylase in pancreatic juice. Although pancreatic bicarbonate output decreased, the concentration of bicarbonate in pancreatic juice was unaffected.

In subacute or chronic zinc sulphate toxicity of sheep and cattle there were often lesions indicative of one or more haemolytic episode. These consisted of a nephrosis and focal hepatic necrosis. Additional lesions seen in zinc toxicity were a periacinar fatty change, atrophy of ruminal papillae with epithelial metaplasia and a thymic atrophy. 

When zinc was added to the milk of sucking lambs (0 .2 g Zn ℓ) the typical pancreopathy of zinc toxicity occurred and, in addition, severe nephrosis with extremely high concentrations of kidney zinc were found. 

Zinc concentrations were increased considerably in liver, kidney and pancreas, but not muscle, in all experiments. After cessation of zinc dosing zinc concentrations in these organs rapidly returned to normal.

Zinc was shown to interfere with selenium metabolism but this did not appear to be responsible for any of the lesions recognised in zinc toxicity.

The addition of zinc sulphate to the sole drinking water (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g Zn/ℓ water) of yearling cattle for nine weeks reduced water consumption. This effect was greatest soon after the introduction of zinc to the drinking water. At the highest zinc concentration, there were pancreatic lesions in all cattle and less body weight gains than in controls.

text: Zinc toxicity and its pathology in relation to facial eczema prophylaxis in ruminants Because of the possible administration of high dose rates of zinc compounds to ruminants as a prophylactic measure against facial eczema, the toxicities and pathological effects of certain zinc compounds have been examined in sheep and cattle.

At daily dose rates of zinc as low as 15 mg Zn/kg b.wt. lesions of zinc toxicity were observed but these were not always accompanied by clinical signs. After long term administration, zinc oxide treated sheep were heavier and fatter than controls. At higher dose rates of zinc oxide, body weight losses were recorded. Zinc sulphate caused greater weight loss, more deaths, more severe lesions and higher serum and organ zinc concentrations than zinc oxide which in turn was more toxic than zinc EDTA. Single zinc EDTA administrations resulted in more rapid rises and falls in serum zinc concentration and higher urinary zinc concentrations than the other two forms of zinc. Although most toxicity trials were conducted using sheep, some cattle were also dosed and these findings suggested that cattle react to high dose rates of zinc similarly to sheep.

The administration of zinc sulphate solutions to sheep and cattle by drenching gun caused abomasitis and other lesions of zinc toxicity were more severe and elevations of organ zinc higher than when the zinc was given by intraruminal intubation. Zinc solutions were shown to stimulate the reticular groove reflex causing the bolus to be deposited in the abomasum where it caused severe mucosal damage. When, for the same drenched dose rate of zinc sulphate, alternative combinations of volume and concentration were tried, it was shown that the greater volume alternative was more important than greater concentration in the production of zinc toxicity. 

Single intraruminal doses of zinc sulphate (100 and 200 mg Zn/kg b.wt) caused reductions in food intake, elevations of duodenal pH and the secretion of acid from isolated abomasal pouches was doubled. All forms of zinc administered caused lesions of the exocrine pancreas comprising duct necrosis and inflammation, acinar cell degeneration and inter-and intralobular fibrosis. The characteristics and chronology of these lesions suggested that the primary site of zinc-induced pancreopathy is in the pancreatic ductule. Severe pancreatic lesions caused by zinc oxide resulted in marked reductions of flow rates of pancreatic juice and in the concentration of protein and amylase in pancreatic juice. Although pancreatic bicarbonate output decreased, the concentration of bicarbonate in pancreatic juice was unaffected.

In subacute or chronic zinc sulphate toxicity of sheep and cattle there were often lesions indicative of one or more haemolytic episode. These consisted of a nephrosis and focal hepatic necrosis. Additional lesions seen in zinc toxicity were a periacinar fatty change, atrophy of ruminal papillae with epithelial metaplasia and a thymic atrophy. 

When zinc was added to the milk of sucking lambs (0 .2 g Zn ℓ) the typical pancreopathy of zinc toxicity occurred and, in addition, severe nephrosis with extremely high concentrations of kidney zinc were found. 

Zinc concentrations were increased considerably in liver, kidney and pancreas, but not muscle, in all experiments. After cessation of zinc dosing zinc concentrations in these organs rapidly returned to normal.

Zinc was shown to interfere with selenium metabolism but this did not appear to be responsible for any of the lesions recognised in zinc toxicity.

The addition of zinc sulphate to the sole drinking water (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g Zn/ℓ water) of yearling cattle for nine weeks reduced water consumption. This effect was greatest soon after the introduction of zinc to the drinking water. At the highest zinc concentration, there were pancreatic lesions in all cattle and less body weight gains than in controls.

year: 1981

title: Kia tata mai te pae tāwhiti: Nurturing success in psychology for Māori and Pasifika

authors: Bidois, Devyn

abstract: Embarking on the university education journey is commonly perceived as a pathway to success and enhanced career prospects. However, for Māori and Pasifika students in psychology, this trajectory is distinctly burdened with challenges beyond their control, particularly concerning low clinician representation and educational achievement. This thesis thus explores the experiences, barriers, and aspirations of Māori and Pasifika students engaged in psychology studies in Tauranga Moana. Guided by the principles of Kaupapa Māori, the overarching goal of this thesis is to empower and advocate for students, shedding light on their unique journeys and fostering a platform for meaningful change within the academic landscape. Two group interviews with undergraduate students and two individual interviews with postgraduate students were conducted to explore the research topic. These were then analysed using inductive thematic analysis, and a social constructionist epistemology within a Kaupapa Māori paradigm, to contextualise participant experiences. Three core themes are identified in this analysis. The first theme, the Western Educational Environment, underscores the challenges students face within a system shaped by Western norms. A monocultural, individualistic approach to curriculum, assessments, and teaching methods impacts the diverse cultural perspectives of students, shaping their overall study experiences. The second theme, Pathways, explores the nuanced journeys of tauira navigating various options related to papers, qualifications, and future career prospects. The third theme, Equity, critically examines the (lack of) equity in relation to facilities and services at the Tauranga campus compared to those in Hamilton. Recommendations for the School of Psychology focus on improving discipline relevance for Māori and Pasifika students through methods integrating Kaupapa Māori content and strategies as well as addressing historical issues aims to empower, retain, and support students to higher positions in psychology.

text: Kia tata mai te pae tāwhiti: Nurturing success in psychology for Māori and Pasifika Embarking on the university education journey is commonly perceived as a pathway to success and enhanced career prospects. However, for Māori and Pasifika students in psychology, this trajectory is distinctly burdened with challenges beyond their control, particularly concerning low clinician representation and educational achievement. This thesis thus explores the experiences, barriers, and aspirations of Māori and Pasifika students engaged in psychology studies in Tauranga Moana. Guided by the principles of Kaupapa Māori, the overarching goal of this thesis is to empower and advocate for students, shedding light on their unique journeys and fostering a platform for meaningful change within the academic landscape. Two group interviews with undergraduate students and two individual interviews with postgraduate students were conducted to explore the research topic. These were then analysed using inductive thematic analysis, and a social constructionist epistemology within a Kaupapa Māori paradigm, to contextualise participant experiences. Three core themes are identified in this analysis. The first theme, the Western Educational Environment, underscores the challenges students face within a system shaped by Western norms. A monocultural, individualistic approach to curriculum, assessments, and teaching methods impacts the diverse cultural perspectives of students, shaping their overall study experiences. The second theme, Pathways, explores the nuanced journeys of tauira navigating various options related to papers, qualifications, and future career prospects. The third theme, Equity, critically examines the (lack of) equity in relation to facilities and services at the Tauranga campus compared to those in Hamilton. Recommendations for the School of Psychology focus on improving discipline relevance for Māori and Pasifika students through methods integrating Kaupapa Māori content and strategies as well as addressing historical issues aims to empower, retain, and support students to higher positions in psychology.

year: 2024