title: Revisiting Elton's copepods: lake construction has altered the distribution and composition of calanoid copepods in the British Isles

authors: Duggan, Ian C.

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: It is now widely accepted that the construction of new lakes, ponds and reservoirs facilitates the invasion of non-indigenous aquatic species, due largely to low biotic resistance from native communities. The role played by constructed waters appears to be a particularly frequent feature of zooplankton invasions. Charles Elton, in his classic 1927 book “Animal Ecology”, noted that the estuarine calanoid copepod Eurytemora velox had invaded constructed inland waters in Britain and highlighted the lack of a key species, Eudiaptomus gracilis, in allowing its establishment. At the time, Elton’s observations were dismissed and his findings largely consigned to obscurity. Using occurrence records gathered since this time and current knowledge of calanoid copepod ecology and invasion biology, we re-examined the distributions of three species of freshwater calanoid copepods in the British Isles to: 1) determine the legacy of lake and pond construction on their distributions, and 2) reassess the conclusions made by Elton in light of this knowledge. The lack of natural lakes in the south and east of England, and the subsequent widespread development of new lakes and ponds, has altered calanoid copepod distributions. The common E. gracilis occurs frequently in the north and west of the British Isles in natural lakes, and is found in the south and east in constructed waters. The estuarine E. velox was found only in 3 natural freshwater sites, all in close proximity to the coast, but has been recorded in 23 constructed sites, many of these well inland. Elton noted a general lack of co-existence between E. velox and E. gracilis, with the relatively slow establishment rates of E. gracilis thought key in allowing the estuarine species to invade. However, subsequent collections suggest long-term cooccurrence of these species at some sites. We suggest that E. velox has now successfully invaded freshwaters in the British Isles. Eudiaptomus vulgaris is not known from natural lakes, but has been recorded in several constructed waters, and appears to have invaded Britain facilitated by lake construction. Current knowledge supports Elton’s contention that constructed waters are more readily invaded than natural waters, and that biotic resistance due to the presence of key species is important. While some specific criticisms of Elton’s ideas were valid, we argue that Elton’s concepts regarding constructed waters and invasions were in many ways correct and prescient of current understanding.

text: Revisiting Elton's copepods: lake construction has altered the distribution and composition of calanoid copepods in the British Isles It is now widely accepted that the construction of new lakes, ponds and reservoirs facilitates the invasion of non-indigenous aquatic species, due largely to low biotic resistance from native communities. The role played by constructed waters appears to be a particularly frequent feature of zooplankton invasions. Charles Elton, in his classic 1927 book “Animal Ecology”, noted that the estuarine calanoid copepod Eurytemora velox had invaded constructed inland waters in Britain and highlighted the lack of a key species, Eudiaptomus gracilis, in allowing its establishment. At the time, Elton’s observations were dismissed and his findings largely consigned to obscurity. Using occurrence records gathered since this time and current knowledge of calanoid copepod ecology and invasion biology, we re-examined the distributions of three species of freshwater calanoid copepods in the British Isles to: 1) determine the legacy of lake and pond construction on their distributions, and 2) reassess the conclusions made by Elton in light of this knowledge. The lack of natural lakes in the south and east of England, and the subsequent widespread development of new lakes and ponds, has altered calanoid copepod distributions. The common E. gracilis occurs frequently in the north and west of the British Isles in natural lakes, and is found in the south and east in constructed waters. The estuarine E. velox was found only in 3 natural freshwater sites, all in close proximity to the coast, but has been recorded in 23 constructed sites, many of these well inland. Elton noted a general lack of co-existence between E. velox and E. gracilis, with the relatively slow establishment rates of E. gracilis thought key in allowing the estuarine species to invade. However, subsequent collections suggest long-term cooccurrence of these species at some sites. We suggest that E. velox has now successfully invaded freshwaters in the British Isles. Eudiaptomus vulgaris is not known from natural lakes, but has been recorded in several constructed waters, and appears to have invaded Britain facilitated by lake construction. Current knowledge supports Elton’s contention that constructed waters are more readily invaded than natural waters, and that biotic resistance due to the presence of key species is important. While some specific criticisms of Elton’s ideas were valid, we argue that Elton’s concepts regarding constructed waters and invasions were in many ways correct and prescient of current understanding.

year: 2017

title: Energy digital twin technology for industrial energy management: Classification, challenges and future

authors: Yu, Wei

subjects: software engineering

abstract: Digitalisation of the process and energy industries through energy digital twin technology promises step-improvements in energy management and optimisation, better servicing and maintenance, energy-efficient design and evolution of existing sites, and integration with locally and regionally generated renewable energy. This systematic and critical review aims to accelerate the understanding, classification, and application of energy digital twin technology. It adds to the literature by developing an original multi-dimensional digital twin classification framework, summarising the applications of energy digital twins throughout a site's lifecycle, and constructing a proposal of how to apply the technology to industrial sites and local areas to enable a reduction in carbon and other environmental footprints. The review concludes by identifying key challenges that face uptake of energy digital twins and a framework to apply the energy digital twins.

text: Energy digital twin technology for industrial energy management: Classification, challenges and future Digitalisation of the process and energy industries through energy digital twin technology promises step-improvements in energy management and optimisation, better servicing and maintenance, energy-efficient design and evolution of existing sites, and integration with locally and regionally generated renewable energy. This systematic and critical review aims to accelerate the understanding, classification, and application of energy digital twin technology. It adds to the literature by developing an original multi-dimensional digital twin classification framework, summarising the applications of energy digital twins throughout a site's lifecycle, and constructing a proposal of how to apply the technology to industrial sites and local areas to enable a reduction in carbon and other environmental footprints. The review concludes by identifying key challenges that face uptake of energy digital twins and a framework to apply the energy digital twins.

year: 2022

title: It's harder in my language, but I still choose it

authors: Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory

abstract: In New Zealand, the language that dominates most technologies is English. For a variety of reasons, interfaces have been made available in the Maori language for a range of modem technological tools. We have conducted usability studies on many of these products and fluent Maori users have almost unanimously stated that the products are more difficult and time consuming to use in the indigenous (Maori) language. They allude to unfamiliar instances and uses of Maori words, and to an ingrained familiarity with the English-language versions of these technologies, saying they would revert to the English-language interfaces if time is a factor. However, they also express a sense of pride at being able to see and use the Maori language in these various forms of media and state that although they experience some difficulty, the Maori-language versions would still be their first preference.

text: It's harder in my language, but I still choose it In New Zealand, the language that dominates most technologies is English. For a variety of reasons, interfaces have been made available in the Maori language for a range of modem technological tools. We have conducted usability studies on many of these products and fluent Maori users have almost unanimously stated that the products are more difficult and time consuming to use in the indigenous (Maori) language. They allude to unfamiliar instances and uses of Maori words, and to an ingrained familiarity with the English-language versions of these technologies, saying they would revert to the English-language interfaces if time is a factor. However, they also express a sense of pride at being able to see and use the Maori language in these various forms of media and state that although they experience some difficulty, the Maori-language versions would still be their first preference.

year: 2014