title: Fluorescent probes of the orientation of myosin regulatory light chains in relaxed, rigor, and contracting muscle.

authors: Ling, Nicholas

abstract: The orientation of the light-chain region of myosin heads in relaxed, rigor, and isometrically contracting fibers from rabbit psoas muscle was studied by fluorescence polarization. Cysteine 108 of chicken gizzard myosin regulatory light chain (cgRLC) was covalently modified with iodoacetamidotetramethylrhodamine (iodo-ATR). Native RLC of single glycerinated muscle fibers was exchanged for labeled cgRLC in a low [Mg2+] rigor solution at 30 degrees C. Troponin and troponin C removed in this procedure were replaced. RLC exchange had little effect on active force production. X-ray diffraction showed normal structure in rigor after RLC exchange, but loss of axial and helical order in relaxation. In isolated myofibrils labeled cgRLC was confined to the regions of the sarcomere containing myosin heads. The ATR dipoles showed a preference for orientations perpendicular to the fiber axis, combined with limited nanosecond rotational motion, in all conditions studied. The perpendicular orientation preference was more marked in rigor than in either relaxation or active contraction. Stretching relaxed fibers to sarcomere length 4 microns to eliminate overlap between actin- and myosin-containing filaments had little effect on the orientation preference. There was no change in orientation preference when fibers were put into rigor at sarcomere length 4.0 microns. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with ATR-labeled rabbit skeletal RLC.

text: Fluorescent probes of the orientation of myosin regulatory light chains in relaxed, rigor, and contracting muscle. The orientation of the light-chain region of myosin heads in relaxed, rigor, and isometrically contracting fibers from rabbit psoas muscle was studied by fluorescence polarization. Cysteine 108 of chicken gizzard myosin regulatory light chain (cgRLC) was covalently modified with iodoacetamidotetramethylrhodamine (iodo-ATR). Native RLC of single glycerinated muscle fibers was exchanged for labeled cgRLC in a low [Mg2+] rigor solution at 30 degrees C. Troponin and troponin C removed in this procedure were replaced. RLC exchange had little effect on active force production. X-ray diffraction showed normal structure in rigor after RLC exchange, but loss of axial and helical order in relaxation. In isolated myofibrils labeled cgRLC was confined to the regions of the sarcomere containing myosin heads. The ATR dipoles showed a preference for orientations perpendicular to the fiber axis, combined with limited nanosecond rotational motion, in all conditions studied. The perpendicular orientation preference was more marked in rigor than in either relaxation or active contraction. Stretching relaxed fibers to sarcomere length 4 microns to eliminate overlap between actin- and myosin-containing filaments had little effect on the orientation preference. There was no change in orientation preference when fibers were put into rigor at sarcomere length 4.0 microns. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with ATR-labeled rabbit skeletal RLC.

year: 1996-04

title: The volcanic geology of the Mt Karioi region

authors: Matheson, Stephen

subjects: Volcanoes New Zealand

abstract: Mt Karioi is a 756 m high stratovolcano of Pliocene age (2.9 - 2.3 m.y. B.P.) situated south of Raglan, on the west coast of the North Island. Immediately surrounding Mt Karioi are a number of small low-lying volcanic centres of the Plio-Pleistocene Okete Volcanic Formation (3.79 – 1.80 m.y.B.P.) which can be separated from the Karioi Volcanic Formation by their volcanic form, petrology and petrochemistry.
The Karioi Volcanic Formation consists of basalt, basaltic andesite and andesite lavas, volcanic breccias and tuffs produced by strombolian eruptions, and lahar deposits initiated by heavy rain on the upper slopes of the volcano. The Okete Volcanic Formation, comprising olivine basalt lava flows, scoria cones and ash, was produced by strombolian and phrea­tomamgatic activity. Karioi lavas are generally coarse-grained porphyritic rocks with large phenocrysts of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and olivine. The Okete lavas are dominated by olivine phenocrysts set in a fine-grained pilotaxitic groundmass. 
Thirteen new analyses of lavas in the region are presented and discussed with ten previously published analyses. Chemically the Karioi lavas show a complete range from basanitoids to quartz tholeiites. The Okete lavas show less variation and are mainly basanitoids with minor alkali olivine basalts and olivine tholeiites. From the trace element data, strontium isotope information and restriction of ultramafic nodules to the Okete Volcanics, it is apparent that these two formations are not linked petrogenetically. The Karioi calc-alkaline rock series is largely the result of amphibole fractionation of a nepheline normative hydrous basaltic melt which produced a series of liquids which crossed the critical plane of undersaturation. The Okete Volcanics underwent little or no differentiation; each magma type is the result of varying degrees of 1-Jartial melting of mantle at different depths which produced a variety of melts with a range in saturation. 
The basalts of both volcanic formations are behind-arc basalts which show little pattern in relation to a subducting lithospheric slab and were probably derived from a source in the lower velocity zone of the upper mantle. The limited volumes of andesite having been derived by fractional crystallisation of a basalt cannot themselves be anyway related to the Benioff Zone. 
A summary of the volcanic history of the Mt Karioi region is discussed and shown in a series of schematic diagrams.

text: The volcanic geology of the Mt Karioi region Mt Karioi is a 756 m high stratovolcano of Pliocene age (2.9 - 2.3 m.y. B.P.) situated south of Raglan, on the west coast of the North Island. Immediately surrounding Mt Karioi are a number of small low-lying volcanic centres of the Plio-Pleistocene Okete Volcanic Formation (3.79 – 1.80 m.y.B.P.) which can be separated from the Karioi Volcanic Formation by their volcanic form, petrology and petrochemistry.
The Karioi Volcanic Formation consists of basalt, basaltic andesite and andesite lavas, volcanic breccias and tuffs produced by strombolian eruptions, and lahar deposits initiated by heavy rain on the upper slopes of the volcano. The Okete Volcanic Formation, comprising olivine basalt lava flows, scoria cones and ash, was produced by strombolian and phrea­tomamgatic activity. Karioi lavas are generally coarse-grained porphyritic rocks with large phenocrysts of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and olivine. The Okete lavas are dominated by olivine phenocrysts set in a fine-grained pilotaxitic groundmass. 
Thirteen new analyses of lavas in the region are presented and discussed with ten previously published analyses. Chemically the Karioi lavas show a complete range from basanitoids to quartz tholeiites. The Okete lavas show less variation and are mainly basanitoids with minor alkali olivine basalts and olivine tholeiites. From the trace element data, strontium isotope information and restriction of ultramafic nodules to the Okete Volcanics, it is apparent that these two formations are not linked petrogenetically. The Karioi calc-alkaline rock series is largely the result of amphibole fractionation of a nepheline normative hydrous basaltic melt which produced a series of liquids which crossed the critical plane of undersaturation. The Okete Volcanics underwent little or no differentiation; each magma type is the result of varying degrees of 1-Jartial melting of mantle at different depths which produced a variety of melts with a range in saturation. 
The basalts of both volcanic formations are behind-arc basalts which show little pattern in relation to a subducting lithospheric slab and were probably derived from a source in the lower velocity zone of the upper mantle. The limited volumes of andesite having been derived by fractional crystallisation of a basalt cannot themselves be anyway related to the Benioff Zone. 
A summary of the volcanic history of the Mt Karioi region is discussed and shown in a series of schematic diagrams.

year: 1981

title: What a difference a default setting makes

authors: Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory

subjects: computer science

abstract: This paper examines the effect of the default interface language on the usage of a bilingual digital library. In 2005 the default interface language of a bilingual digital library was alternated on a monthly basis between Māori and English. A comprehensive transaction log analysis over this period reveals that not only did usage in a particular language increase when the default interface language was set to that language but that the way the interface was used, in both languages, was quite different depending on the default language.

text: What a difference a default setting makes This paper examines the effect of the default interface language on the usage of a bilingual digital library. In 2005 the default interface language of a bilingual digital library was alternated on a monthly basis between Māori and English. A comprehensive transaction log analysis over this period reveals that not only did usage in a particular language increase when the default interface language was set to that language but that the way the interface was used, in both languages, was quite different depending on the default language.

year: 2008