title: Sintering behaviour and microstructures of Ti(Al,O)/Al₂O₃, Ti₃Al(O)/Al₂O₃ and TiAl(O)/Al₂O₃ in situ composites

authors: Cai, Z.H.

subjects: titanium

abstract: The sintering behaviour and microstructures of Ti(Al,O)/Al₂O₃, Ti₃Al(O)/Al₂O₃ and TiAl(O)/Al₂O₃ in situ composites produced using Al/TiO₂ composite powders have been studied. Ti(Al,O), Ti₃Al(O) and TiAl(O) represent α-Ti phase with dissolved Al and O, and Ti3Al and TiAl phases with dissolved O, respectively. The Al/TiO₂ composite powders were produced by high energy mechanical milling using Al and TiO₂ powders as the starting materials. It was found that the matrices of the composites became fully dense after sintering at 1550 °C, and the Al₂O₃ particles became fully sintered when the sintering temperature was increased to 1650 °C. The reactions between Al and TiO₂ which occur during heating the powder compacts to 1400 °C have little effect on the sintering of the composite powders. The Al₂O₃  particles in the composites become significantly coarsened during sintering at 1550 °C or above, and the coarsening rate of the Al₂O₃  particles increases in the order of Ti(Al,O)/Al₂O₃, Ti₃Al(O)/Al₂O₃ and TiAl/Al₂O₃ composites. This can be attributed to the decrease of the solidus temperature or melting points of the corresponding matrices. It is evident that in the initial stage of sintering, coarsening of the Al2O₃ particles occurs through coalescence. Hipping of the pre-sintered composites at 1300 °C with a pressure of 200 MPa without canning causes significant increase of the density and substantial further coarsening of the Al₂O₃ particles.

text: Sintering behaviour and microstructures of Ti(Al,O)/Al₂O₃, Ti₃Al(O)/Al₂O₃ and TiAl(O)/Al₂O₃ in situ composites The sintering behaviour and microstructures of Ti(Al,O)/Al₂O₃, Ti₃Al(O)/Al₂O₃ and TiAl(O)/Al₂O₃ in situ composites produced using Al/TiO₂ composite powders have been studied. Ti(Al,O), Ti₃Al(O) and TiAl(O) represent α-Ti phase with dissolved Al and O, and Ti3Al and TiAl phases with dissolved O, respectively. The Al/TiO₂ composite powders were produced by high energy mechanical milling using Al and TiO₂ powders as the starting materials. It was found that the matrices of the composites became fully dense after sintering at 1550 °C, and the Al₂O₃ particles became fully sintered when the sintering temperature was increased to 1650 °C. The reactions between Al and TiO₂ which occur during heating the powder compacts to 1400 °C have little effect on the sintering of the composite powders. The Al₂O₃  particles in the composites become significantly coarsened during sintering at 1550 °C or above, and the coarsening rate of the Al₂O₃  particles increases in the order of Ti(Al,O)/Al₂O₃, Ti₃Al(O)/Al₂O₃ and TiAl/Al₂O₃ composites. This can be attributed to the decrease of the solidus temperature or melting points of the corresponding matrices. It is evident that in the initial stage of sintering, coarsening of the Al2O₃ particles occurs through coalescence. Hipping of the pre-sintered composites at 1300 °C with a pressure of 200 MPa without canning causes significant increase of the density and substantial further coarsening of the Al₂O₃ particles.

year: 2006

title: Love on the line: The social dynamics involved with people meeting other people using New Zealand online dating sites

authors: Marsh, Maureen Margaret

subjects: online dating; online infidelity; sexual experimentation; 'difference'

abstract: The intention of this thesis is to explore whether New Zealand trends in online dating parallel those identified by overseas studies, or whether patterns are emerging that are unique to New Zealand society.  The Internet Windows Messenger instant messenger service (MSN) was used to interview 32 subjects about their experiences with online dating, covering areas such as motivation for using online dating; types of relationships sought; barriers to online dating; online rapport and offline chemistry; online infidelity; and managing 'difference'.  Drawing on these responses, this thesis presents findings pertaining to a diverse group of New Zealanders' attitudes towards and uses of online dating.  Some of the key findings show that online rapport does not guarantee offline chemistry; that there are gender differences in attitudes towards appearance, age, and receiving sexually explicit material online; and that sexual experimentation and infidelity are being facilitated through online dating.  

The issue of 'difference' as it relates to online dating has been largely neglected by overseas researchers, and for this reason was extensively included in this research.  Key findings relating to 'difference' show that there is a clear split between those interviewees whose 'difference' impacted positively on their online dating experience (those with sexual 'difference' falling into this category), and those whose 'difference' impacted negatively (those with physical or mental 'difference'). In addition, those interviewees with a sexual 'difference' have been able to connect with other like-minded people through online dating, contributing to the 'normalization' of previously considered deviant behaviours. 

Based on the research presented in this thesis, it appears that New Zealand online dating activities are consistent with overseas trends, although there are indications that some behaviour may be more specific to New Zealand society, such as gender differences in relation to bisexuality, and covert same-sex encounters involving men who are either married or who state in their profiles that they are 'straight' or heterosexual.

text: Love on the line: The social dynamics involved with people meeting other people using New Zealand online dating sites The intention of this thesis is to explore whether New Zealand trends in online dating parallel those identified by overseas studies, or whether patterns are emerging that are unique to New Zealand society.  The Internet Windows Messenger instant messenger service (MSN) was used to interview 32 subjects about their experiences with online dating, covering areas such as motivation for using online dating; types of relationships sought; barriers to online dating; online rapport and offline chemistry; online infidelity; and managing 'difference'.  Drawing on these responses, this thesis presents findings pertaining to a diverse group of New Zealanders' attitudes towards and uses of online dating.  Some of the key findings show that online rapport does not guarantee offline chemistry; that there are gender differences in attitudes towards appearance, age, and receiving sexually explicit material online; and that sexual experimentation and infidelity are being facilitated through online dating.  

The issue of 'difference' as it relates to online dating has been largely neglected by overseas researchers, and for this reason was extensively included in this research.  Key findings relating to 'difference' show that there is a clear split between those interviewees whose 'difference' impacted positively on their online dating experience (those with sexual 'difference' falling into this category), and those whose 'difference' impacted negatively (those with physical or mental 'difference'). In addition, those interviewees with a sexual 'difference' have been able to connect with other like-minded people through online dating, contributing to the 'normalization' of previously considered deviant behaviours. 

Based on the research presented in this thesis, it appears that New Zealand online dating activities are consistent with overseas trends, although there are indications that some behaviour may be more specific to New Zealand society, such as gender differences in relation to bisexuality, and covert same-sex encounters involving men who are either married or who state in their profiles that they are 'straight' or heterosexual.

year: 2007

title: The coastal habitats of Tairawhiti: A review of the scientific, local, and customary knowledge

authors: Ross, Philip M.

abstract: In Aotearoa/New Zealand, regional councils and unitary authorities have a range of responsibilities for decision making in the coastal and marine area (CMA). The New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010), in policy 11, sets out requirements for avoiding significant adverse effects on species, habitats and ecosystems, and section 67 of the Resource Management Act (1991) indicates that regional plans must give effect to the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement. For regional councils to be able to successfully manage indigenous marine biodiversity (composed of species, habitats and ecosystems) they must have some understanding of the types of biodiversity present within a region’s CMA, and knowledge of the spatial distribution of that biodiversity. For regions such as Auckland and Northland biodiversity in the CMA has been relatively well described. For example, the Department of Conservation has compiled a marine habitat map for the Northland section of the Northeast Marine Bioregion, which covers an area of 1.34 million hectares of coastal habitat from Ahipara to Mangawhai (https://www.nrc.govt.nz/resource-library-summary/research-and-reports/coastal/).
This knowledge makes it much easier for councils to develop coastal plans that provide appropriate protections and management outcomes. In other regions, less information is available which can make it difficult to put in place appropriate environmental management.
The Gisborne Region (Tairawhiti) is a region for which there is comparatively little information available regarding marine biodiversity and the distribution of coastal habitats. The region has been under-represented in coastal research to date, which is largely a consequence of its remoteness to institutions conducting research in the CMA (Universities, CRIs and other research providers). Consequently the Gisborne District Council (GDC), the unitary authority responsible for Tairawhiti, does not have readily available and robust information about the marine and coastal environments of the region. This lack of knowledge spans the range of coastal habitats which GDC has the task of managing under the Resource Management Act (1991).
As a first step towards gathering the information required to better manage the Tairawhiti CMA, this report collates and summarises the available scientific, local and customary knowledge on the extent, location and state of marine and estuarine habitats within the Tairawhiti region. In addition to the collation of this information, additional objectives for this report include: identifying gaps in the information base; recording information that might explain how pressures and activities within the region may have altered coastal habitats; providing advice on priorities for additional work required to fill knowledge gaps; and where possible, include mātauranga Māori in accordance with tikanga. With this knowledge, GDC will be in a better position to facilitate the development of a Regional Plan for Tairāwhiti to set the strategic direction for growth, development and resource management over the next 30 years.

text: The coastal habitats of Tairawhiti: A review of the scientific, local, and customary knowledge In Aotearoa/New Zealand, regional councils and unitary authorities have a range of responsibilities for decision making in the coastal and marine area (CMA). The New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010), in policy 11, sets out requirements for avoiding significant adverse effects on species, habitats and ecosystems, and section 67 of the Resource Management Act (1991) indicates that regional plans must give effect to the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement. For regional councils to be able to successfully manage indigenous marine biodiversity (composed of species, habitats and ecosystems) they must have some understanding of the types of biodiversity present within a region’s CMA, and knowledge of the spatial distribution of that biodiversity. For regions such as Auckland and Northland biodiversity in the CMA has been relatively well described. For example, the Department of Conservation has compiled a marine habitat map for the Northland section of the Northeast Marine Bioregion, which covers an area of 1.34 million hectares of coastal habitat from Ahipara to Mangawhai (https://www.nrc.govt.nz/resource-library-summary/research-and-reports/coastal/).
This knowledge makes it much easier for councils to develop coastal plans that provide appropriate protections and management outcomes. In other regions, less information is available which can make it difficult to put in place appropriate environmental management.
The Gisborne Region (Tairawhiti) is a region for which there is comparatively little information available regarding marine biodiversity and the distribution of coastal habitats. The region has been under-represented in coastal research to date, which is largely a consequence of its remoteness to institutions conducting research in the CMA (Universities, CRIs and other research providers). Consequently the Gisborne District Council (GDC), the unitary authority responsible for Tairawhiti, does not have readily available and robust information about the marine and coastal environments of the region. This lack of knowledge spans the range of coastal habitats which GDC has the task of managing under the Resource Management Act (1991).
As a first step towards gathering the information required to better manage the Tairawhiti CMA, this report collates and summarises the available scientific, local and customary knowledge on the extent, location and state of marine and estuarine habitats within the Tairawhiti region. In addition to the collation of this information, additional objectives for this report include: identifying gaps in the information base; recording information that might explain how pressures and activities within the region may have altered coastal habitats; providing advice on priorities for additional work required to fill knowledge gaps; and where possible, include mātauranga Māori in accordance with tikanga. With this knowledge, GDC will be in a better position to facilitate the development of a Regional Plan for Tairāwhiti to set the strategic direction for growth, development and resource management over the next 30 years.

year: 2021