title: A criterion referenced analysis and evaluation of the processes involved in formulating a Māori language regeneration strategy for Whakamārama marae

authors: Lewis, Roger Brian

subjects: critical success factors

abstract: The quality of the processes involved in language regeneration strategy formation is critical to the creation of an effective language regeneration strategy and this, in turn, is critical to the achievement of successful language regeneration outcomes. The overall aim of this research project was to evaluate, using a range of effectiveness criteria, the processes involved in the creation of a marae-based te reo Māori regeneration strategy in the hope that others involved in similar projects in the future would benefit and in the hope that the Whakamārama whānau will themselves derive benefit from it in reviewing what has already been achieved. In Chapter 1, the background to the research project and its rationale are outlined
and the research questions and research methods are introduced. Chapter 2 provides a critical review of selected literature in the area of strategic planning aspects of language regeneration and relevant aspects of mātauranga Māori. Using an ethnographic approach, the processes and immediate outcomes (in terms of a
survey report and a regeneration plan for Whakamārama marae) of the language regeneration project are outlined in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, effectiveness criteria are derived on the basis of the literature review in Chapter 2. These include criteria relating to leadership, participation, Kaupapa Māori values, environmental
analysis and outcomes. The criteria are then applied to the analysis and evaluation of the processes and outcomes outlined in Chapter 3 in order to identify their strengths and weaknesses. The overall conclusion is that Whakamārama's
language regeneration activities to date can be regarded as successful in many ways, including the fact that they have resulted in the production of high quality documentation that is widely appreciated by the whānau in the form of a maraebased language survey and a marae-based te reo Māori regeneration plan. Working voluntarily and often under difficult circumstances, core group members demonstrated that they possessed the essential characteristics of commitment,
motivation and determination, in addition to the willingness and ability to use existing skills and knowledge effectively and to develop further skills and knowledge as the project proceeded. Perhaps most important, they developed a caring and effective working culture. However, the weaknesses of the project included a lack of preparation and planning prior to the commencement of the project which resulted in a build up of work at a number of stages. This, in turn, lead to delays in producing outcomes and some loss of momentum. It also led, indirectly, to the views of two or three members of the core group being overrepresented in the reo plan goals. The information and analysis provided here
have relevance to any language community involved in micro-level language regeneration activities of a similar type. It is hoped therefore that this thesis may help others to not only avoid the problems experienced by the Whakamārama whānau but also to benefit from their successes.

text: A criterion referenced analysis and evaluation of the processes involved in formulating a Māori language regeneration strategy for Whakamārama marae The quality of the processes involved in language regeneration strategy formation is critical to the creation of an effective language regeneration strategy and this, in turn, is critical to the achievement of successful language regeneration outcomes. The overall aim of this research project was to evaluate, using a range of effectiveness criteria, the processes involved in the creation of a marae-based te reo Māori regeneration strategy in the hope that others involved in similar projects in the future would benefit and in the hope that the Whakamārama whānau will themselves derive benefit from it in reviewing what has already been achieved. In Chapter 1, the background to the research project and its rationale are outlined
and the research questions and research methods are introduced. Chapter 2 provides a critical review of selected literature in the area of strategic planning aspects of language regeneration and relevant aspects of mātauranga Māori. Using an ethnographic approach, the processes and immediate outcomes (in terms of a
survey report and a regeneration plan for Whakamārama marae) of the language regeneration project are outlined in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, effectiveness criteria are derived on the basis of the literature review in Chapter 2. These include criteria relating to leadership, participation, Kaupapa Māori values, environmental
analysis and outcomes. The criteria are then applied to the analysis and evaluation of the processes and outcomes outlined in Chapter 3 in order to identify their strengths and weaknesses. The overall conclusion is that Whakamārama's
language regeneration activities to date can be regarded as successful in many ways, including the fact that they have resulted in the production of high quality documentation that is widely appreciated by the whānau in the form of a maraebased language survey and a marae-based te reo Māori regeneration plan. Working voluntarily and often under difficult circumstances, core group members demonstrated that they possessed the essential characteristics of commitment,
motivation and determination, in addition to the willingness and ability to use existing skills and knowledge effectively and to develop further skills and knowledge as the project proceeded. Perhaps most important, they developed a caring and effective working culture. However, the weaknesses of the project included a lack of preparation and planning prior to the commencement of the project which resulted in a build up of work at a number of stages. This, in turn, lead to delays in producing outcomes and some loss of momentum. It also led, indirectly, to the views of two or three members of the core group being overrepresented in the reo plan goals. The information and analysis provided here
have relevance to any language community involved in micro-level language regeneration activities of a similar type. It is hoped therefore that this thesis may help others to not only avoid the problems experienced by the Whakamārama whānau but also to benefit from their successes.

year: 2007

title: ‘Hospitality’, boundary crossing and thresholds applied in education: Embodying manaakitanga and whanaungatanga

authors: Wright, Noeline

abstract: In everyday understanding, ‘hospitality’ refers to paid work contexts; commodities and transactional tasks. Hospitality can, however, have much broader significance. It can be understood in cultural and social terms within and beyond transactional contexts. In Māori cultural knowledge and practices for example, hospitality has reciprocal, relational nuances. Perhaps both views imply that ‘hospitality’ is an act of ‘crossing boundaries […] or thresholds’ as Still (2013: 4) suggested. Relational, reciprocal, boundary-crossing practices may also infer ritual understandings of respect, kindness, generosity and harmony. Crossing thresholds is a central concept in Māori knowledge and practices and is central to this article exploring concepts and practices of hospitality in a new primary school focused on building its practices on relational and reciprocal values. In Aotearoa New Zealand educational contexts, hospitality is a cultural, social reciprocal and relational practice. Thus, through examining ‘hospitality’, ‘borders’ and ‘thresholds’ across the boundaries of education and commerce, we hope to illuminate both connections and differences. We do so through reviewing both literature about ‘hospitality’, ‘borders’ and ‘thresholds’ and interview data from a new school intentionally valuing whanaungatanga.

text: ‘Hospitality’, boundary crossing and thresholds applied in education: Embodying manaakitanga and whanaungatanga In everyday understanding, ‘hospitality’ refers to paid work contexts; commodities and transactional tasks. Hospitality can, however, have much broader significance. It can be understood in cultural and social terms within and beyond transactional contexts. In Māori cultural knowledge and practices for example, hospitality has reciprocal, relational nuances. Perhaps both views imply that ‘hospitality’ is an act of ‘crossing boundaries […] or thresholds’ as Still (2013: 4) suggested. Relational, reciprocal, boundary-crossing practices may also infer ritual understandings of respect, kindness, generosity and harmony. Crossing thresholds is a central concept in Māori knowledge and practices and is central to this article exploring concepts and practices of hospitality in a new primary school focused on building its practices on relational and reciprocal values. In Aotearoa New Zealand educational contexts, hospitality is a cultural, social reciprocal and relational practice. Thus, through examining ‘hospitality’, ‘borders’ and ‘thresholds’ across the boundaries of education and commerce, we hope to illuminate both connections and differences. We do so through reviewing both literature about ‘hospitality’, ‘borders’ and ‘thresholds’ and interview data from a new school intentionally valuing whanaungatanga.

year: 2021-03-01

title: Target separation of arsenic from contaminated raw water

authors: Aremu, James Oyediji

subjects: arsenic

abstract: Arsenic is known to be one of the most toxic and carcinogenic elements known to have affected millions of people worldwide. Arsenic in surface and groundwater originates from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Prolonged exposure to arsenic can lead to skin disease, cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This thesis investigates target separation of arsenic from contaminated water using the adsorption and coagulation/flocculation/dissolved air flotation (C/F/DAF) processes. 
DMI-65, a silica based catalytic media was used as an adsorbent to investigate As (III) and As (V) removal from a contaminated drinking water. Batch adsorption studies were conducted at different pH (5, 6, 7 and 8.5) to determine adsorption kinetics. Equilibrium was achieved after 6 hours of contact time and experimental data were best fitted to the pseudo second-order kinetic model for As (III) and As (V). The adsorption data were best fitted to Langmuir isotherm models and the maximum adsorption capacity of DMI-65 for As (III) and As (V) were estimated to be 0.318 mg/g and 0.237 mg/g respectively. Thermodynamics studies revealed that adsorption capacity and arsenic removal percentage using DMI-65 increased with increase in temperature. The adsorption process can be attributed to physisorption as a result of Van der Waals interaction at the surface of the adsorbent. Regeneration and reusability of a media is an important economic factor. DMI-65 was able to demonstrate its ability to regenerate after several cycles using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and performed well over a wide pH range. The maximum removal efficiency for As (III) was 96.55 % at pH 5 and 90.40 % for As (V) at pH 8.5. 
A continuous adsorption study was conducted in a fixed-bed column to remove arsenic from the Waikato River using DMI-65. The dynamic adsorption capacity and breakthrough time was well predicted by Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 11.96 mg/g using DMI-65 as adsorbent for initial concentration, flowrate and pH of ~ 13.00 – 20.00 µg/L, 20 mL/min and 5, respectively. Results obtained showed that DMI-65 is effective in removing arsenic from contaminated drinking water. It is also effective in reducing turbidity but fouling of the adsorption column is a major drawback and leads to increased pressure drop in the fixed-bed column. 
Competing ions in the form of organic anions such as nitrate (NO₃⁻), silicate (SiO₄⁴⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), bicarbonate (CO₃²⁻) and phosphate (H₂PO₄⁻) are known to interfere with arsenic removal in natural waters. This interference is also influenced by the pH of the solution and anionic concentration. The study was conducted at pH levels (5 – 9) and anionic concentration strength (1, 5 and 10 mM). The most significant interference with the removal of As (V) by polyaluminium chloride (PAC) occurred in the presence of phosphate at pH 6 with a removal rate of 5.52 % at 10 mM phosphate concentration. Overall, the major impact of the competing anions on As (V) removal followed the following order of H₂PO₄⁻ > CO₃²⁻ > NO₃⁻ > SO₄²⁻.
Target separation of arsenic from other contaminants was investigated in a two-stage C/F/DAF process. The results of this study indicated that increase in flotation time (10 – 30 minutes) and saturation pressure (2 – 4 bar) did not result in any significant increase in arsenic removal efficiency. Turbidity removal efficiency was poor at pH 5 and 6 despite recording higher arsenic removal efficiency. The first stage DAF process showed that 88.10 % of arsenic and 3.44 % turbidity removal efficiency was achieved using 9.4 mg/L of PAC at pH 6. Increasing the pH of the remaining solution to 8 in the second-stage DAF process resulted in 83.55 % arsenic removal and 64.08 % turbidity removal after adding 0.47 mg/L PAC. These findings showed that the amount of arsenic leaving the water treatment plant (WTP) to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) can be reduced from the current 0.942 kg/day to 0.16 kg/day. This represents an overall reduction of 83.01 % in the amount of arsenic that would have end up in the biosolids thereby making it unfit for agricultural purposes. This result showed that arsenic can successfully be separated from other contaminants in a two-stage C/F/DAF process by change in pH from 6 to 8 and under optimised operating conditions.

text: Target separation of arsenic from contaminated raw water Arsenic is known to be one of the most toxic and carcinogenic elements known to have affected millions of people worldwide. Arsenic in surface and groundwater originates from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Prolonged exposure to arsenic can lead to skin disease, cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This thesis investigates target separation of arsenic from contaminated water using the adsorption and coagulation/flocculation/dissolved air flotation (C/F/DAF) processes. 
DMI-65, a silica based catalytic media was used as an adsorbent to investigate As (III) and As (V) removal from a contaminated drinking water. Batch adsorption studies were conducted at different pH (5, 6, 7 and 8.5) to determine adsorption kinetics. Equilibrium was achieved after 6 hours of contact time and experimental data were best fitted to the pseudo second-order kinetic model for As (III) and As (V). The adsorption data were best fitted to Langmuir isotherm models and the maximum adsorption capacity of DMI-65 for As (III) and As (V) were estimated to be 0.318 mg/g and 0.237 mg/g respectively. Thermodynamics studies revealed that adsorption capacity and arsenic removal percentage using DMI-65 increased with increase in temperature. The adsorption process can be attributed to physisorption as a result of Van der Waals interaction at the surface of the adsorbent. Regeneration and reusability of a media is an important economic factor. DMI-65 was able to demonstrate its ability to regenerate after several cycles using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and performed well over a wide pH range. The maximum removal efficiency for As (III) was 96.55 % at pH 5 and 90.40 % for As (V) at pH 8.5. 
A continuous adsorption study was conducted in a fixed-bed column to remove arsenic from the Waikato River using DMI-65. The dynamic adsorption capacity and breakthrough time was well predicted by Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 11.96 mg/g using DMI-65 as adsorbent for initial concentration, flowrate and pH of ~ 13.00 – 20.00 µg/L, 20 mL/min and 5, respectively. Results obtained showed that DMI-65 is effective in removing arsenic from contaminated drinking water. It is also effective in reducing turbidity but fouling of the adsorption column is a major drawback and leads to increased pressure drop in the fixed-bed column. 
Competing ions in the form of organic anions such as nitrate (NO₃⁻), silicate (SiO₄⁴⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), bicarbonate (CO₃²⁻) and phosphate (H₂PO₄⁻) are known to interfere with arsenic removal in natural waters. This interference is also influenced by the pH of the solution and anionic concentration. The study was conducted at pH levels (5 – 9) and anionic concentration strength (1, 5 and 10 mM). The most significant interference with the removal of As (V) by polyaluminium chloride (PAC) occurred in the presence of phosphate at pH 6 with a removal rate of 5.52 % at 10 mM phosphate concentration. Overall, the major impact of the competing anions on As (V) removal followed the following order of H₂PO₄⁻ > CO₃²⁻ > NO₃⁻ > SO₄²⁻.
Target separation of arsenic from other contaminants was investigated in a two-stage C/F/DAF process. The results of this study indicated that increase in flotation time (10 – 30 minutes) and saturation pressure (2 – 4 bar) did not result in any significant increase in arsenic removal efficiency. Turbidity removal efficiency was poor at pH 5 and 6 despite recording higher arsenic removal efficiency. The first stage DAF process showed that 88.10 % of arsenic and 3.44 % turbidity removal efficiency was achieved using 9.4 mg/L of PAC at pH 6. Increasing the pH of the remaining solution to 8 in the second-stage DAF process resulted in 83.55 % arsenic removal and 64.08 % turbidity removal after adding 0.47 mg/L PAC. These findings showed that the amount of arsenic leaving the water treatment plant (WTP) to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) can be reduced from the current 0.942 kg/day to 0.16 kg/day. This represents an overall reduction of 83.01 % in the amount of arsenic that would have end up in the biosolids thereby making it unfit for agricultural purposes. This result showed that arsenic can successfully be separated from other contaminants in a two-stage C/F/DAF process by change in pH from 6 to 8 and under optimised operating conditions.

year: 2020