title: Hōmai te Waiora ki Ahau: te ara whakamua - towards the establishment of construct validity

authors: Palmer, Stephanie

abstract: Hōmai te Waiora ki Ahau: te ara
whakamua, is about the development of a
tool to measure psychological wellbeing
among Māori. Why is it relevant? Because
a quick look at the June 2002 edition of
New Zealand’s Journal of Psychology will
show you that the wellbeing measures
being used in this country are not responsive to the needs of
Māori, are not based on Māori concepts or
Constructs, do not facilitate Māori participation in
te ao Māori and do not provide pathways through
which Māori can develop a positive Māori
identity.
It is highly unlikely that the tools
which psychologists use to measure
wellbeing among Māori will help Māori to
experience whānau ora and that, as we all
know, is the paramount health objective for
Māori (Ministry of Health, 2002). In this
regard, it would seem that the powers that
be in psychology are failing to meet their
Treaty obligations to Māori. Therefore,
Hōmai te Waiora ki Ahau simply aims to assist change. This presentation will briefly
describe the context of the development of
this measure, the methodologies used to
develop this tool, the outcomes of a small
pilot-study, and current challenges and
future directions for Hōmai te Waiora ki
Ahau.

text: Hōmai te Waiora ki Ahau: te ara whakamua - towards the establishment of construct validity Hōmai te Waiora ki Ahau: te ara
whakamua, is about the development of a
tool to measure psychological wellbeing
among Māori. Why is it relevant? Because
a quick look at the June 2002 edition of
New Zealand’s Journal of Psychology will
show you that the wellbeing measures
being used in this country are not responsive to the needs of
Māori, are not based on Māori concepts or
Constructs, do not facilitate Māori participation in
te ao Māori and do not provide pathways through
which Māori can develop a positive Māori
identity.
It is highly unlikely that the tools
which psychologists use to measure
wellbeing among Māori will help Māori to
experience whānau ora and that, as we all
know, is the paramount health objective for
Māori (Ministry of Health, 2002). In this
regard, it would seem that the powers that
be in psychology are failing to meet their
Treaty obligations to Māori. Therefore,
Hōmai te Waiora ki Ahau simply aims to assist change. This presentation will briefly
describe the context of the development of
this measure, the methodologies used to
develop this tool, the outcomes of a small
pilot-study, and current challenges and
future directions for Hōmai te Waiora ki
Ahau.

year: 2003

title: Tito Waiata-Tito Pūoro: extending the Kīngitanga music tradition.

authors: Rollo, Te Manaaroha Pirihira

subjects: Kīngitanga

abstract: Since 1858, music has always been an integral part of the Kīngitanga movement in New Zealand. As this music tradition evolves with the introduction of new musical idioms, genres and digital technology, so too do the practices of composing new works. 

The objective of this research was to construct a model for combining waiata, taonga pūoro and New Zealand electroacoustic music, in order to create new works that enhance the Kīngitanga music tradition.  Developing a model for composing and integrating these idioms within a Māori context presented problems, as traditional Māori music conflict with contemporary Western forms. 

To generate a framework and practical model for composing hybrid music, an examination of selected New Zealand works was first carried out through: a) the collection of 50 traditional and contemporary waiata relating to the Kīngitanga b) the collection of 10 New Zealand taonga pūoro works and c) a collection of 10 New Zealand electroacoustic music. An analysis of the music and compositional processes of each idiom implementing the ‘de-construct in order to re-construct’ approach to understand how they work musically and compositionally was accomplished. 

To demonstrate the outcome of my models, six original compositions were presented exploring different aspects of musical composition. These models focused on sound architecture and explored a) communicative relationships between composer, performer, and audience b) Holistic Co-hear-ence, implementing the horizontal and vertical layering model, and c) technical approaches using digital technology. To comply with Māori principles of composition and performance, each model and new work demonstrated Kaupapa Māori , Wairua  and Te Mana - Te Ihi - Te Wehi - Te Tapu . 

The findings and original contributions of this research provide a model that combines two musical traditions and three music idioms, and in turn, may guide contemporary composers in creating new works that extend the Kīngitanga music tradition.

text: Tito Waiata-Tito Pūoro: extending the Kīngitanga music tradition. Since 1858, music has always been an integral part of the Kīngitanga movement in New Zealand. As this music tradition evolves with the introduction of new musical idioms, genres and digital technology, so too do the practices of composing new works. 

The objective of this research was to construct a model for combining waiata, taonga pūoro and New Zealand electroacoustic music, in order to create new works that enhance the Kīngitanga music tradition.  Developing a model for composing and integrating these idioms within a Māori context presented problems, as traditional Māori music conflict with contemporary Western forms. 

To generate a framework and practical model for composing hybrid music, an examination of selected New Zealand works was first carried out through: a) the collection of 50 traditional and contemporary waiata relating to the Kīngitanga b) the collection of 10 New Zealand taonga pūoro works and c) a collection of 10 New Zealand electroacoustic music. An analysis of the music and compositional processes of each idiom implementing the ‘de-construct in order to re-construct’ approach to understand how they work musically and compositionally was accomplished. 

To demonstrate the outcome of my models, six original compositions were presented exploring different aspects of musical composition. These models focused on sound architecture and explored a) communicative relationships between composer, performer, and audience b) Holistic Co-hear-ence, implementing the horizontal and vertical layering model, and c) technical approaches using digital technology. To comply with Māori principles of composition and performance, each model and new work demonstrated Kaupapa Māori , Wairua  and Te Mana - Te Ihi - Te Wehi - Te Tapu . 

The findings and original contributions of this research provide a model that combines two musical traditions and three music idioms, and in turn, may guide contemporary composers in creating new works that extend the Kīngitanga music tradition.

year: 2014

title: Stream sediment sources: A comparison between a native forest catchment and a mixed-use pine and pasture catchment in the Waikato Region of New Zealand

authors: Huirama, Manawa Kokiri

subjects: sediment

abstract: Sediment entering streams and rivers is a global concern for water quality. Suspended sediment can reduce visual clarity, light penetration, and amenity values of water. Transported sediment can also smother benthic fauna and flora and increase the infilling of receiving environments such as lakes and estuaries. In New Zealand catchments, there are three primary sources of erosion i) hillslopes through sheetwash and rill erosion ii) stream bank erosion and iii) mass wasting of hillslopes. There has been little research conducted on the relative contribution of sediment sources to fine sediment within New Zealand. However, some limited research in New Zealand, and research from other countries has identified stream bank erosion as a major source of fine sediment.  

The aim of this thesis was to identify the contribution of various erosion sources to sediment in streams. This study tested the hypothesis that stream bank erosion would be dominant in a pasture catchment, and hillslope erosion would be dominant in a native catchment. This study used paired, adjacent headwater catchments with similar sizes, slopes, soils, and underlying geology but contrasting land uses. The Mangaotama catchment was predominantly pastoral land use, with some areas of pine plantation, while the Whakakai catchment had regenerated and pristine indigenous forest. 

Qualitative field surveys were conducted in the Mangaotama catchment (total length 1.3 km with 0.9 km under pastoral land use and 0.4 km under pine plantation) and Whakakai catchment (0.9 km) to assess stream and riparian conditions including stream bank erosion. Stream banks in the Mangaotama catchment were primarily stable (pasture section (left: 64%, right: 65%); pine section (left: 91%, right: 85%)) and the Whakakai catchment was generally stable (left: 84%, right: 86%). Stock damage dominated stream bank erosion in the pastoral section of the Mangaotama catchment (left: 23%, right: 19%), while stream bank undercutting dominated the pine section of the Mangaotama (left: 9%, right: 13%) and the Whakakai catchment (left: 15% and right: 13%). 

Sediment fingerprinting used radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pbₑₓ, ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra), to determine the relative contribution of stream bank erosion and hillslope erosion in suspended sediment samples collected during high flow events. The concentrations of all radionuclides were higher in the hillslopes (P <0.001) ((mean ¹³⁷Cs: 5.8 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 2.4 Bq kg⁻¹); (mean ²¹⁰Pbex: 32.5 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 16.0 Bq kg⁻¹); (mean ²²⁶Ra: 24.9 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 2.1 Bq kg⁻¹); (mean ²²⁸Ra: 35.3 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 4.0 Bq kg⁻¹)) of both the Mangaotama and Whakakai catchments than in the streambanks ((mean ¹³⁷Cs: 0.9 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 0.3 Bq kg⁻¹); (mean ²¹⁰Pbex: 8.4 Bq kg-1, std: 4.6 Bq kg⁻¹); (mean ²²⁶Ra: 28.8 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 1.7 Bq kg⁻¹); (mean ²²⁸Ra: 47.2 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 2.2 Bq kg⁻¹)), clearly distinguishing the sources of sediment. A numerical mixing model determined that stream bank erosion was the dominant source of sediment (90%) within both catchments, with the remaining 10% originating from hillslope erosion. 

Simultaneously recorded continuous turbidity and discharge (Q) data were analysed for the previous year (2017). Six flood events were analysed in the Mangaotama and Whakakai catchments (three large events Q > 1,000 l s⁻¹ and three smaller events (Mangaotama: Q between 127 l s⁻¹ to 606 l s⁻¹, Whakakai: Q between 219 l s⁻¹ and 1398 l s⁻¹). Turbidity was greater in the Mangaotama catchment for four events (ranging from 237 NTU to 3,402 NTU) and greater in the Whakakai catchment for two events (1,293 NTU and 1,435 NTU). Strong clockwise hysteresis dominated (5 out of 6) of the flood events in the Mangaotama catchment, suggesting that stream bank erosion was the dominant source of sediment. Weak anti-clockwise hysteresis dominated the Whakakai catchment (5 out of 6) flood events, indicating sources further away from the sample point. Anti-clockwise hysteresis is primarily associated with hillslope erosion, however, in this study, it was most likely attributed to stream bank erosion sources in the upper reaches of the Whakakai catchment. 

Terrestrial photogrammetry was tested, as it is potentially an effective, simple and cost-effective tool to monitor stream bank erosion over time. Further, a baseline was established which could be re-surveyed though it is recommended that further baseline sites be established to provide improved rigour.

Stream bank erosion was the greatest contributor (90%) to stream sediment loads in both the Mangaotama and Whakakai catchments, with the remaining 10% the stream sediment in both catchments being derived from hillslope erosion. Thus, the hypothesis for this study was rejected. This study demonstrates that stream bank erosion is a natural process and can dominate the supply of sediment to river systems even in relatively unimpacted catchments. Catchment managers need to take this into account when considering catchment rehabilitation projects aimed at reducing the delivery of sediment to streams.

text: Stream sediment sources: A comparison between a native forest catchment and a mixed-use pine and pasture catchment in the Waikato Region of New Zealand Sediment entering streams and rivers is a global concern for water quality. Suspended sediment can reduce visual clarity, light penetration, and amenity values of water. Transported sediment can also smother benthic fauna and flora and increase the infilling of receiving environments such as lakes and estuaries. In New Zealand catchments, there are three primary sources of erosion i) hillslopes through sheetwash and rill erosion ii) stream bank erosion and iii) mass wasting of hillslopes. There has been little research conducted on the relative contribution of sediment sources to fine sediment within New Zealand. However, some limited research in New Zealand, and research from other countries has identified stream bank erosion as a major source of fine sediment.  

The aim of this thesis was to identify the contribution of various erosion sources to sediment in streams. This study tested the hypothesis that stream bank erosion would be dominant in a pasture catchment, and hillslope erosion would be dominant in a native catchment. This study used paired, adjacent headwater catchments with similar sizes, slopes, soils, and underlying geology but contrasting land uses. The Mangaotama catchment was predominantly pastoral land use, with some areas of pine plantation, while the Whakakai catchment had regenerated and pristine indigenous forest. 

Qualitative field surveys were conducted in the Mangaotama catchment (total length 1.3 km with 0.9 km under pastoral land use and 0.4 km under pine plantation) and Whakakai catchment (0.9 km) to assess stream and riparian conditions including stream bank erosion. Stream banks in the Mangaotama catchment were primarily stable (pasture section (left: 64%, right: 65%); pine section (left: 91%, right: 85%)) and the Whakakai catchment was generally stable (left: 84%, right: 86%). Stock damage dominated stream bank erosion in the pastoral section of the Mangaotama catchment (left: 23%, right: 19%), while stream bank undercutting dominated the pine section of the Mangaotama (left: 9%, right: 13%) and the Whakakai catchment (left: 15% and right: 13%). 

Sediment fingerprinting used radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pbₑₓ, ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra), to determine the relative contribution of stream bank erosion and hillslope erosion in suspended sediment samples collected during high flow events. The concentrations of all radionuclides were higher in the hillslopes (P <0.001) ((mean ¹³⁷Cs: 5.8 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 2.4 Bq kg⁻¹); (mean ²¹⁰Pbex: 32.5 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 16.0 Bq kg⁻¹); (mean ²²⁶Ra: 24.9 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 2.1 Bq kg⁻¹); (mean ²²⁸Ra: 35.3 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 4.0 Bq kg⁻¹)) of both the Mangaotama and Whakakai catchments than in the streambanks ((mean ¹³⁷Cs: 0.9 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 0.3 Bq kg⁻¹); (mean ²¹⁰Pbex: 8.4 Bq kg-1, std: 4.6 Bq kg⁻¹); (mean ²²⁶Ra: 28.8 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 1.7 Bq kg⁻¹); (mean ²²⁸Ra: 47.2 Bq kg⁻¹, std: 2.2 Bq kg⁻¹)), clearly distinguishing the sources of sediment. A numerical mixing model determined that stream bank erosion was the dominant source of sediment (90%) within both catchments, with the remaining 10% originating from hillslope erosion. 

Simultaneously recorded continuous turbidity and discharge (Q) data were analysed for the previous year (2017). Six flood events were analysed in the Mangaotama and Whakakai catchments (three large events Q > 1,000 l s⁻¹ and three smaller events (Mangaotama: Q between 127 l s⁻¹ to 606 l s⁻¹, Whakakai: Q between 219 l s⁻¹ and 1398 l s⁻¹). Turbidity was greater in the Mangaotama catchment for four events (ranging from 237 NTU to 3,402 NTU) and greater in the Whakakai catchment for two events (1,293 NTU and 1,435 NTU). Strong clockwise hysteresis dominated (5 out of 6) of the flood events in the Mangaotama catchment, suggesting that stream bank erosion was the dominant source of sediment. Weak anti-clockwise hysteresis dominated the Whakakai catchment (5 out of 6) flood events, indicating sources further away from the sample point. Anti-clockwise hysteresis is primarily associated with hillslope erosion, however, in this study, it was most likely attributed to stream bank erosion sources in the upper reaches of the Whakakai catchment. 

Terrestrial photogrammetry was tested, as it is potentially an effective, simple and cost-effective tool to monitor stream bank erosion over time. Further, a baseline was established which could be re-surveyed though it is recommended that further baseline sites be established to provide improved rigour.

Stream bank erosion was the greatest contributor (90%) to stream sediment loads in both the Mangaotama and Whakakai catchments, with the remaining 10% the stream sediment in both catchments being derived from hillslope erosion. Thus, the hypothesis for this study was rejected. This study demonstrates that stream bank erosion is a natural process and can dominate the supply of sediment to river systems even in relatively unimpacted catchments. Catchment managers need to take this into account when considering catchment rehabilitation projects aimed at reducing the delivery of sediment to streams.

year: 2019