title: Numerical simulations of wave setup over barred beach profiles: Implications for predictability

authors: Sephens, Scott A.

subjects: wave transformation

abstract: Numerical simulations of cross‐shore wave transformation and associated wave setup were performed for 100,000 realistic combinations of wave height, period and beach profile. Results of numerical simulations were compared to a widely‐used empirical predictor of wave setup and the outcome was a large variability in setup relative to that calculated by the empirical predictor. The variability, comparable in magnitude to the scatter around the empirical predictor developed with field observations, arose from unaccounted‐for wave energy dissipation over the cross‐shore profile. The beachface slope commonly used in empirical predictors can be a poor descriptor of wave transformation across the beach profile where most of the wave energy dissipation and setup generation occurs. Shoreline setup appears to be far more dependent on accurate characterisation of the offshore profile (e.g. bar location and depth) than the beach face slope.

text: Numerical simulations of wave setup over barred beach profiles: Implications for predictability Numerical simulations of cross‐shore wave transformation and associated wave setup were performed for 100,000 realistic combinations of wave height, period and beach profile. Results of numerical simulations were compared to a widely‐used empirical predictor of wave setup and the outcome was a large variability in setup relative to that calculated by the empirical predictor. The variability, comparable in magnitude to the scatter around the empirical predictor developed with field observations, arose from unaccounted‐for wave energy dissipation over the cross‐shore profile. The beachface slope commonly used in empirical predictors can be a poor descriptor of wave transformation across the beach profile where most of the wave energy dissipation and setup generation occurs. Shoreline setup appears to be far more dependent on accurate characterisation of the offshore profile (e.g. bar location and depth) than the beach face slope.

year: 2010

title: Sustainable milk powder production using enhanced process integration and 100 % renewable energy

authors: Walmsley, Michael R.W.

abstract: This paper presents a Total Site analysis of the requirements to integrate 100 % renewable energy into a 10 t/h ultra-low energy milk power factory of the future in New Zealand and California. The location of the factory is important for selecting renewable energy options and therefore three case studies from three different locations are reported. In New Zealand the best option is to use renewable electricity from wind, hydro and geothermal for the factory electrical needs, and high temperature geothermal energy when available for process heating up to 210 °C and low temperature geothermal energy with MVR technology upgrading for process heating up to 180 °C. When no geothermal energy is available the best option is renewable electricity driven heat pumps for heating up to 85 °C, and biomass (wood residue) for high temperature heating up to 210 °C. Biomass production, however, will require 35 % more land than the farms require for producing the milk. In California renewable energy is best met using biogas from anaerobic digestion of cow manure and solar thermal. Biogas converted into biomethane on farm fuels a combine cycle gas turbine with a heat recover steam generator (HRSG) to meet process heating needs above 80 °C and all factory and biogas compression electrical needs. Solar thermal with day-night storage provides hot water utility. A cow manure collection rate of 37 % is required to meet both process heat and electricity needs.

text: Sustainable milk powder production using enhanced process integration and 100 % renewable energy This paper presents a Total Site analysis of the requirements to integrate 100 % renewable energy into a 10 t/h ultra-low energy milk power factory of the future in New Zealand and California. The location of the factory is important for selecting renewable energy options and therefore three case studies from three different locations are reported. In New Zealand the best option is to use renewable electricity from wind, hydro and geothermal for the factory electrical needs, and high temperature geothermal energy when available for process heating up to 210 °C and low temperature geothermal energy with MVR technology upgrading for process heating up to 180 °C. When no geothermal energy is available the best option is renewable electricity driven heat pumps for heating up to 85 °C, and biomass (wood residue) for high temperature heating up to 210 °C. Biomass production, however, will require 35 % more land than the farms require for producing the milk. In California renewable energy is best met using biogas from anaerobic digestion of cow manure and solar thermal. Biogas converted into biomethane on farm fuels a combine cycle gas turbine with a heat recover steam generator (HRSG) to meet process heating needs above 80 °C and all factory and biogas compression electrical needs. Solar thermal with day-night storage provides hot water utility. A cow manure collection rate of 37 % is required to meet both process heat and electricity needs.

year: 2016

title: Te Mata Ono. E tipu atu te kūmara, e ohu mai te anuhe

authors: Pēwhairangi, Te Aorere Tūwhakairiora

subjects: Māori television

abstract: Mai anō, mai anō kua whakapaoho te iwi Māori, tīmata mai ai i te mahi whaikōrero, i te mahi karanga, i te mahi taonga puoro, i te mahi toi, me te mahi waiata. Ko ngā mahi nei he huarahi tuku karere i tētahi takitahi, takitini rānei ki tētahi takitahi, takitini rānei. Mā ēnei mahi e whakawhitiwhiti mōhiohio ai te tangata. Nō te taitanga mai a te Pākehā kua whai huarahi whakapaoho atu anō te iwi Māori i ō rātau mōhiohio, tīmata ana mai i ngā niu pepa, eke ana rā ki ngā reo irirangi, tae noa mai ki te pouaka whakaata me te ipurangi. Ko te rangahautanga nei ka titiro ki tētahi o ngā huarahi mātāmuri e whakapaohotia ai ngā mōhiohio a te Māori, arā te pouaka whakaata. Ka arotaketia ngā mahi tuari mōhiohio a te whare waihanga hōtaka pouaka whakaata nei a Whakaata Māori mā tētahi anga tātai e kīia nei ko Te Mata Ono.

I ngā tau 15 kua pahure ake nei ehara i te mea kua tū a Whakaata Māori hai kaitohatoha mōhiohio Māori, engari hai kaiwhakarauora hoki i te reo Māori me ngā tikanga Māori. I te tuhinga roa nei ka tirohia ngā huarahi taketake me ngā huarahi hōu o te whakapaoho i ngā mōhiohio o te tangata mā roto i a Whakaata Māori. Mā te whakauruuru i ngā huarahi e rua nei e whakahōuhia ai te ara, e whakapaoho Māoritia ai hoki ngā hōtaka o te wā. 

E ono katoa ngā āhuatanga o te anga e kōrerotia nei. Ko te tuhinga roa nei he haurua o te anga. Nā ngā ture ā-kupu o te tohu paerua nei, ka rangahaua rētōtia e a au ngā wāhanga e toru o te ono e kīia nei ko Te Mata Ako, Te Mata Tikanga, Te Mata Iwi anō hoki. E tuhia ana hoki tētahi atu tuhinga roa i te wā nei e Kimiora Kaire-Melbourne. Kai te titiro ia ki ērā atu wāhanga e toru o te anga, Te Mata Māori, Te Mata Pākehā me Te Mata ō-Tua. Hai te mutunga o ngā tuhinga roa e rua nei, ka whakapiria ai ngā āhuatanga e ono kia waihanga pūmautia ai te anga tātari o Te Mata Ono. Ka piri ana te anga tātari ko te whāinga kia whakahāngaitia ai ki a Whakaata Māori hai tautoko, hai hāpai, hai ārahi hoki i te teihanga ki ngā rā kai te heke mai.

text: Te Mata Ono. E tipu atu te kūmara, e ohu mai te anuhe Mai anō, mai anō kua whakapaoho te iwi Māori, tīmata mai ai i te mahi whaikōrero, i te mahi karanga, i te mahi taonga puoro, i te mahi toi, me te mahi waiata. Ko ngā mahi nei he huarahi tuku karere i tētahi takitahi, takitini rānei ki tētahi takitahi, takitini rānei. Mā ēnei mahi e whakawhitiwhiti mōhiohio ai te tangata. Nō te taitanga mai a te Pākehā kua whai huarahi whakapaoho atu anō te iwi Māori i ō rātau mōhiohio, tīmata ana mai i ngā niu pepa, eke ana rā ki ngā reo irirangi, tae noa mai ki te pouaka whakaata me te ipurangi. Ko te rangahautanga nei ka titiro ki tētahi o ngā huarahi mātāmuri e whakapaohotia ai ngā mōhiohio a te Māori, arā te pouaka whakaata. Ka arotaketia ngā mahi tuari mōhiohio a te whare waihanga hōtaka pouaka whakaata nei a Whakaata Māori mā tētahi anga tātai e kīia nei ko Te Mata Ono.

I ngā tau 15 kua pahure ake nei ehara i te mea kua tū a Whakaata Māori hai kaitohatoha mōhiohio Māori, engari hai kaiwhakarauora hoki i te reo Māori me ngā tikanga Māori. I te tuhinga roa nei ka tirohia ngā huarahi taketake me ngā huarahi hōu o te whakapaoho i ngā mōhiohio o te tangata mā roto i a Whakaata Māori. Mā te whakauruuru i ngā huarahi e rua nei e whakahōuhia ai te ara, e whakapaoho Māoritia ai hoki ngā hōtaka o te wā. 

E ono katoa ngā āhuatanga o te anga e kōrerotia nei. Ko te tuhinga roa nei he haurua o te anga. Nā ngā ture ā-kupu o te tohu paerua nei, ka rangahaua rētōtia e a au ngā wāhanga e toru o te ono e kīia nei ko Te Mata Ako, Te Mata Tikanga, Te Mata Iwi anō hoki. E tuhia ana hoki tētahi atu tuhinga roa i te wā nei e Kimiora Kaire-Melbourne. Kai te titiro ia ki ērā atu wāhanga e toru o te anga, Te Mata Māori, Te Mata Pākehā me Te Mata ō-Tua. Hai te mutunga o ngā tuhinga roa e rua nei, ka whakapiria ai ngā āhuatanga e ono kia waihanga pūmautia ai te anga tātari o Te Mata Ono. Ka piri ana te anga tātari ko te whāinga kia whakahāngaitia ai ki a Whakaata Māori hai tautoko, hai hāpai, hai ārahi hoki i te teihanga ki ngā rā kai te heke mai.

year: 2019