title: Evaluation approaches for a national ICT initiative: the example of laptops for New Zealand teachers

authors: Jones, Alister

subjects: policy evaluation

abstract: This paper will highlight the successful evaluation approaches deployed for long-term exploration of the impact of a national policy initiative as well as some of the results and outcomes. An interactive feedback process informed decision-making at the national and local level thereby enhancing both the initiative and its implementation in schools. The integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) into schools has been a focus of a plethora of policy initiatives by governments worldwide for over 20 years. The provision of laptops to teachers is one component of the New Zealand compulsory school sector ICT strategy. The evaluation research design was to use a mixed-methods approach incorporating three yearly cycles of annual nationwide surveys, regional focus groups, and school-based longitudinal case studies. Randomized sampling was used to identify 20% of the available laptop schools as potential participants in the survey. The same schools participated in each of the 3 years. A distinctive feature of this evaluation has been the regular feedback loops between the evaluators and the stakeholders. The stakeholders included the Ministry of Education and laptop suppliers as well as schools, school leaders, and teacher unions. In the current accountability, environment schools are increasingly being asked to participate in evaluation studies. In long-term studies, it is important to establish effective relationships with the schools and the policy-makers and to deploy robust evaluation methodologies. This is essential for both validity and reliability of the findings and the useability and utilization of the findings.

text: Evaluation approaches for a national ICT initiative: the example of laptops for New Zealand teachers This paper will highlight the successful evaluation approaches deployed for long-term exploration of the impact of a national policy initiative as well as some of the results and outcomes. An interactive feedback process informed decision-making at the national and local level thereby enhancing both the initiative and its implementation in schools. The integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) into schools has been a focus of a plethora of policy initiatives by governments worldwide for over 20 years. The provision of laptops to teachers is one component of the New Zealand compulsory school sector ICT strategy. The evaluation research design was to use a mixed-methods approach incorporating three yearly cycles of annual nationwide surveys, regional focus groups, and school-based longitudinal case studies. Randomized sampling was used to identify 20% of the available laptop schools as potential participants in the survey. The same schools participated in each of the 3 years. A distinctive feature of this evaluation has been the regular feedback loops between the evaluators and the stakeholders. The stakeholders included the Ministry of Education and laptop suppliers as well as schools, school leaders, and teacher unions. In the current accountability, environment schools are increasingly being asked to participate in evaluation studies. In long-term studies, it is important to establish effective relationships with the schools and the policy-makers and to deploy robust evaluation methodologies. This is essential for both validity and reliability of the findings and the useability and utilization of the findings.

year: 2010

title: The Chemistry of Cycloaurated Complexes

authors: Kilpin, Kelly Joan

subjects: gold

abstract: New cycloaurated complexes have been synthesised and characterised. The biological and catalytic activity (in the addition of 2-methylfuran to methyl vinyl ketone) of selected complexes was evaluated. New complexes reported in this thesis where fully characterised by NMR (¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P when appropriate) and IR spectroscopy, ESI-mass spectrometry and elemental analysis.

The simple cycloaurated iminophosphoranes (2-AuCl₂C₆H₄)Ph₂P=N-R (R = (R,S)-CHMePh, (S)-CHMePh, p-C₆H₄F or But) were synthesised by the reaction of the appropriate ortho-mercurated compound with [Me₄N][AuCl₄] and [Me₄N]Cl in acetonitrile; the complex (2-AuCl₂C₆H₄)Ph₂P=N-(S)-CHMePh was structurally characterised. The cis chloride ligands on the complexes were replaced by chelating dianionic ligands such as thiosalicylate and catecholate - the resulting bis-metallacyclic complexes have a better anti-tumour activity (against P388 murine leukemia cells) than the parent dichlorides. The nitrogen-gold coordinate bond is relatively robust and is not cleaved by cyanide or dithiocarbamate ligands. The reaction of (2-AuCl₂C₆H₄)Ph₂P=N-Ph with PPh₃ results in substitution of the chloride ligand trans to the nitrogen (shown by an X-ray crystal structure). Both the endo ((2-AuCl₂C₆H₄)Ph₂P=NC(O)Ph) and exo ((2-AuCl₂C₆H₄)C(O)N=PPh₃) cycloaurated isomers of the stabilised iminophosphorane Ph₃P=NC(O)Ph were synthesised and structurally characterised.

Cycloaurated Ph₃P=S and Ph₃P=Se were synthesised by a transmetallation reaction from 2-Hg[(C₆H₄)P(E)Ph₂]₂ (E = S or Se). The synthesis of cycloaurated Ph₃P=O by an analogous method was unsuccessful. PhP(S)(NEt₂)₂ was also cycloaurated via a transmetallation reaction. X-ray crystallography confirmed the sulfur (not the nitrogen) was coordinated to the gold centre. The complexes show a similar stability and reactivity to the C,N cycloaurated species - the cis chloride ligands can be replaced by the chelating thiosalicylate ligand. Again the bis-metallacyclic species showed better biological activity than the parent dichloride. 

The direct reaction of the 2-pyridyl sulfonamide ligands 2-(C₅H₅N)CH₂NHSO₂R (R = p-tolyl, Ph or Me), 2-(C₅H₅N)CH₂CH₂NHSO₂R (R = p-tolyl or Ph) or 8-(p-tosylamino)quinoline with refluxing aqueous H[AuCl₄] gave N,N' coordinated complexes containing a five- or six-membered cycloaurated ring. The cycloaurated complexes derived from the ligands 2-(C₅H₅N)CH₂NHSO₂Me and 8-(p-tosylamino)quinoline were structurally characterised. The cycloaurated N,N' systems were not as stable as the C,N systems - reaction with reducing agents led to reduction of Au(III) to Au(I) and elemental gold. 

The 2-pyridine thiocarboxamide ligands 2-(C₅H₅N)C(S)NHR (R= p-tolyl, CH₂Ph, Me, p-C₆H₅OMe) also underwent direct cycloauration upon reaction with H[AuCl₄]. Coordination via the pyridyl nitrogen and sulfur atom was confirmed by an X-ray crystal structure of cycloaurated 2-(C₅H₅N)C(S)NHCH₂Ph. The N,S cycloaurated systems show poor stability in solution and decompose relatively quickly so applications are limited. The ligand with a 2 pyridyl substituent reacted with H[AuCl₄] in a different manner. Instead of cycloauration, the ligand was oxidised and an internal cyclisation occurred to give a 1,2,4-thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyridinium heterocyclic ring. 

The reaction of the cycloaurated dichloride complexes (2-benzylpyridine)AuCl₂ and (2-AuCl₂C₆H₄)Ph₂P=N-Ph with the tripodal Kläui ligands (Na[(C₅H₅)Co{P(O)R₂}₃], R = OMe or OEt) and Tl[BF₄] resulted in the formation of cationic gold(III) salts. In the solid state the Kläui ligand is strongly coordinated through two of the three oxygen atoms, and weakly by the third, giving the gold a distorted square pyramidal geometry. In solution there is rapid interchange between the coordinated and non-coordinated oxygen atoms.

text: The Chemistry of Cycloaurated Complexes New cycloaurated complexes have been synthesised and characterised. The biological and catalytic activity (in the addition of 2-methylfuran to methyl vinyl ketone) of selected complexes was evaluated. New complexes reported in this thesis where fully characterised by NMR (¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P when appropriate) and IR spectroscopy, ESI-mass spectrometry and elemental analysis.

The simple cycloaurated iminophosphoranes (2-AuCl₂C₆H₄)Ph₂P=N-R (R = (R,S)-CHMePh, (S)-CHMePh, p-C₆H₄F or But) were synthesised by the reaction of the appropriate ortho-mercurated compound with [Me₄N][AuCl₄] and [Me₄N]Cl in acetonitrile; the complex (2-AuCl₂C₆H₄)Ph₂P=N-(S)-CHMePh was structurally characterised. The cis chloride ligands on the complexes were replaced by chelating dianionic ligands such as thiosalicylate and catecholate - the resulting bis-metallacyclic complexes have a better anti-tumour activity (against P388 murine leukemia cells) than the parent dichlorides. The nitrogen-gold coordinate bond is relatively robust and is not cleaved by cyanide or dithiocarbamate ligands. The reaction of (2-AuCl₂C₆H₄)Ph₂P=N-Ph with PPh₃ results in substitution of the chloride ligand trans to the nitrogen (shown by an X-ray crystal structure). Both the endo ((2-AuCl₂C₆H₄)Ph₂P=NC(O)Ph) and exo ((2-AuCl₂C₆H₄)C(O)N=PPh₃) cycloaurated isomers of the stabilised iminophosphorane Ph₃P=NC(O)Ph were synthesised and structurally characterised.

Cycloaurated Ph₃P=S and Ph₃P=Se were synthesised by a transmetallation reaction from 2-Hg[(C₆H₄)P(E)Ph₂]₂ (E = S or Se). The synthesis of cycloaurated Ph₃P=O by an analogous method was unsuccessful. PhP(S)(NEt₂)₂ was also cycloaurated via a transmetallation reaction. X-ray crystallography confirmed the sulfur (not the nitrogen) was coordinated to the gold centre. The complexes show a similar stability and reactivity to the C,N cycloaurated species - the cis chloride ligands can be replaced by the chelating thiosalicylate ligand. Again the bis-metallacyclic species showed better biological activity than the parent dichloride. 

The direct reaction of the 2-pyridyl sulfonamide ligands 2-(C₅H₅N)CH₂NHSO₂R (R = p-tolyl, Ph or Me), 2-(C₅H₅N)CH₂CH₂NHSO₂R (R = p-tolyl or Ph) or 8-(p-tosylamino)quinoline with refluxing aqueous H[AuCl₄] gave N,N' coordinated complexes containing a five- or six-membered cycloaurated ring. The cycloaurated complexes derived from the ligands 2-(C₅H₅N)CH₂NHSO₂Me and 8-(p-tosylamino)quinoline were structurally characterised. The cycloaurated N,N' systems were not as stable as the C,N systems - reaction with reducing agents led to reduction of Au(III) to Au(I) and elemental gold. 

The 2-pyridine thiocarboxamide ligands 2-(C₅H₅N)C(S)NHR (R= p-tolyl, CH₂Ph, Me, p-C₆H₅OMe) also underwent direct cycloauration upon reaction with H[AuCl₄]. Coordination via the pyridyl nitrogen and sulfur atom was confirmed by an X-ray crystal structure of cycloaurated 2-(C₅H₅N)C(S)NHCH₂Ph. The N,S cycloaurated systems show poor stability in solution and decompose relatively quickly so applications are limited. The ligand with a 2 pyridyl substituent reacted with H[AuCl₄] in a different manner. Instead of cycloauration, the ligand was oxidised and an internal cyclisation occurred to give a 1,2,4-thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyridinium heterocyclic ring. 

The reaction of the cycloaurated dichloride complexes (2-benzylpyridine)AuCl₂ and (2-AuCl₂C₆H₄)Ph₂P=N-Ph with the tripodal Kläui ligands (Na[(C₅H₅)Co{P(O)R₂}₃], R = OMe or OEt) and Tl[BF₄] resulted in the formation of cationic gold(III) salts. In the solid state the Kläui ligand is strongly coordinated through two of the three oxygen atoms, and weakly by the third, giving the gold a distorted square pyramidal geometry. In solution there is rapid interchange between the coordinated and non-coordinated oxygen atoms.

year: 2009

title: Section 2: Native disruption: Maori and the precariat: Introduction

authors: Masters-Awatere, Bridgette

abstract: Within this section, the authors encourage the reader to look back into history and then consider the future. We are invited to re-examine deeds from this country’s past. To immerse ourselves in a narrative that may be different to the one we have been taught in school, or heard among our friends and family. Through their stories we can see multiple narratives. Readers are invited to understand, embrace and own the past. By recognising and accepting the past — our collective histories — we can determine our collective present and future.

text: Section 2: Native disruption: Maori and the precariat: Introduction Within this section, the authors encourage the reader to look back into history and then consider the future. We are invited to re-examine deeds from this country’s past. To immerse ourselves in a narrative that may be different to the one we have been taught in school, or heard among our friends and family. Through their stories we can see multiple narratives. Readers are invited to understand, embrace and own the past. By recognising and accepting the past — our collective histories — we can determine our collective present and future.

year: 2017