title: The Personality Assessment Inventory as a Proxy for the Psychopathy Checklist Revised: Testing the Incremental Validity and Cross-Sample Robustness of the Antisocial Features Scale

authors: Douglas, Kevin S.

subjects: Psychopathy

abstract: The Personality Assessment Inventory's (PAI's) ability to predict psychopathic personality features, as assessed by the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R), was examined. To investigate whether the PAI Antisocial Features (ANT) Scale and subscales possessed incremental validity beyond other theoretically relevant PAI scales, optimized regression equations were derived in a sample of 281 Canadian federal offenders. ANT, or ANT–Antisocial Behavior (ANT-A), demonstrated unique variance in regression analyses predicting PCL-R total and Factor 2 (Lifestyle Impulsivity and Social Deviance) scores, but only the Dominance (DOM) Scale was retained in models predicting Factor 1 (Interpersonal and Affective Deficits). Attempts to cross-validate the regression equations derived from the first sample on a sample of 85 U.S. sex offenders resulted in considerable validity shrinkage, with the ANT Scale in isolation performing comparably to or better than the statistical models for PCL-R total and Factor 2 scores. Results offer limited evidence of convergent validity between the PAI and the PCL-R.

text: The Personality Assessment Inventory as a Proxy for the Psychopathy Checklist Revised: Testing the Incremental Validity and Cross-Sample Robustness of the Antisocial Features Scale The Personality Assessment Inventory's (PAI's) ability to predict psychopathic personality features, as assessed by the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R), was examined. To investigate whether the PAI Antisocial Features (ANT) Scale and subscales possessed incremental validity beyond other theoretically relevant PAI scales, optimized regression equations were derived in a sample of 281 Canadian federal offenders. ANT, or ANT–Antisocial Behavior (ANT-A), demonstrated unique variance in regression analyses predicting PCL-R total and Factor 2 (Lifestyle Impulsivity and Social Deviance) scores, but only the Dominance (DOM) Scale was retained in models predicting Factor 1 (Interpersonal and Affective Deficits). Attempts to cross-validate the regression equations derived from the first sample on a sample of 85 U.S. sex offenders resulted in considerable validity shrinkage, with the ANT Scale in isolation performing comparably to or better than the statistical models for PCL-R total and Factor 2 scores. Results offer limited evidence of convergent validity between the PAI and the PCL-R.

year: 2007

title: Reproductive investment and strategies of Gobiomorphus cotidianus

authors: Pepper, Kate Louise

subjects: Gobiomorphus cotidianus

abstract: The New Zealand common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) is a member of the family Eleotridae which comprises around 35 genera and some 150 species worldwide. G. cotidianus are abundant throughout New Zealand and thrive in streams, large rivers and lakes, with broad tolerances for temperature, pH, flow and lake trophic status. It is known that male bullies clean and guard a nest site and attract one or possibly more females to spawn within the nest which is then guarded until the eggs hatch. However, due to intraspecific competition, some males miss out. Male alternative reproductive tactics (MARTs) are commonly used to achieve a successful reproductive outcome when the usual reproductive strategy becomes energetically inefficient for the individual. MART’s are common within the closely related family Gobiidae but have not yet been observed in the Eleotridae.
Differential investments in gonadal mass versus parental care are known in many animals from fish to humans. Greater parental investment typically correlates with smaller gonad size. I investigated the relative investment made by male common bully in gonads versus seminal vesicles on the assumption that if non-guarding (parasitic) males occur, they would invest significantly less effort in seminal vesicles (SVs) compared with “bourgeois” (nest guarding) males. I examined these traits monthly to determine possible seasonal changes in reproductive strategies. We found that male investment in SVs does vary significantly between individuals and that the greatest investment in this structure in males coincides with the peak summer breeding season. A small proportion of males (usually larger individuals) invest heavily in SVs but it is currently unknown whether these, and only these, defend nest sites and whether the remainder rely on MART strategies for reproductive success. Seminal vesicle size was positively correlated with fish size whereas testis size declined with increasing size of males.
Sampling of common bully from Lake Karapiro began in December 2013 and finished in January 2015 providing fourteen months of data to
predominantly investigate male reproductive investment using calculations of gonadosomatic index (GSI) and seminal vesicle somatic index (SVSI).
I found that although investment in both gonads and seminal vesicles increase in preparation for the breeding season, the increase in SVSI is considerably greater than the comparatively slight increase in GSI. I also examined female GSI and found that it followed similar trends to that of the SVSI with sharp increases occurring throughout late winter and spring.
Calculations of somatic condition indices were made for both males and females throughout the 14 month sampling period. This identified similar condition trends for both sexes with peaks throughout summer suggesting a slight increase in somatic condition post-breeding season. Male condition was slightly higher and more varied during this summer period.
A behavioural experiment was carried out to investigate male nest preference and guarding behaviour. Obvious nest guarding was displayed in 14 of the 40 nest arenas and 11 of the guarded nests were large pots compared with only 3 guarded small pots. GSI and SVSI data from the males within the experiment suggest an increased investment in seminal vesicles by males displaying nest guarding behaviour. However, the sample size for both of these elements was too small to provide statistically significant results.

text: Reproductive investment and strategies of Gobiomorphus cotidianus The New Zealand common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) is a member of the family Eleotridae which comprises around 35 genera and some 150 species worldwide. G. cotidianus are abundant throughout New Zealand and thrive in streams, large rivers and lakes, with broad tolerances for temperature, pH, flow and lake trophic status. It is known that male bullies clean and guard a nest site and attract one or possibly more females to spawn within the nest which is then guarded until the eggs hatch. However, due to intraspecific competition, some males miss out. Male alternative reproductive tactics (MARTs) are commonly used to achieve a successful reproductive outcome when the usual reproductive strategy becomes energetically inefficient for the individual. MART’s are common within the closely related family Gobiidae but have not yet been observed in the Eleotridae.
Differential investments in gonadal mass versus parental care are known in many animals from fish to humans. Greater parental investment typically correlates with smaller gonad size. I investigated the relative investment made by male common bully in gonads versus seminal vesicles on the assumption that if non-guarding (parasitic) males occur, they would invest significantly less effort in seminal vesicles (SVs) compared with “bourgeois” (nest guarding) males. I examined these traits monthly to determine possible seasonal changes in reproductive strategies. We found that male investment in SVs does vary significantly between individuals and that the greatest investment in this structure in males coincides with the peak summer breeding season. A small proportion of males (usually larger individuals) invest heavily in SVs but it is currently unknown whether these, and only these, defend nest sites and whether the remainder rely on MART strategies for reproductive success. Seminal vesicle size was positively correlated with fish size whereas testis size declined with increasing size of males.
Sampling of common bully from Lake Karapiro began in December 2013 and finished in January 2015 providing fourteen months of data to
predominantly investigate male reproductive investment using calculations of gonadosomatic index (GSI) and seminal vesicle somatic index (SVSI).
I found that although investment in both gonads and seminal vesicles increase in preparation for the breeding season, the increase in SVSI is considerably greater than the comparatively slight increase in GSI. I also examined female GSI and found that it followed similar trends to that of the SVSI with sharp increases occurring throughout late winter and spring.
Calculations of somatic condition indices were made for both males and females throughout the 14 month sampling period. This identified similar condition trends for both sexes with peaks throughout summer suggesting a slight increase in somatic condition post-breeding season. Male condition was slightly higher and more varied during this summer period.
A behavioural experiment was carried out to investigate male nest preference and guarding behaviour. Obvious nest guarding was displayed in 14 of the 40 nest arenas and 11 of the guarded nests were large pots compared with only 3 guarded small pots. GSI and SVSI data from the males within the experiment suggest an increased investment in seminal vesicles by males displaying nest guarding behaviour. However, the sample size for both of these elements was too small to provide statistically significant results.

year: 2015

title: Defence not defiance: The shaping of New Zealand’s volunteer force

authors: Clayton, Garry James

subjects: New Zealand Army history

abstract: In the latter half of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth New Zealand's land defences were primarily the responsibility of its Volunteer Force. This Force over a period of fifty-two years evolved from ill-considered vigilante bands to a well organised and disciplined Army. This thesis examines the evolution of this Volunteer Army in chronological sequence concentrating on the factors which shaped and developed it.
The preface provides a brief outline of this study on New Zealand's Volunteer Force. The thesis then presents the history of the Force in eight chapters. These chapters are in four basic divisions. The first section, of three chapters. examines the origins of the Force, its role in the New Zealand Wars and its subsequent development in the period of tenuous peace during the 1870's . The second section, comprising of two chapters only, examines the transformation of the Volunteers from a military body which primarily looked inward. into a Force which concentrated on protecting the nation's main ports. The third section , also comprising two chapters , then views the development of this coastal protection Force into a Colonial Army, able and willing to provide for the nation's own security as well as expeditionary units to· serve with the British Imperial Forces ·. The last Section, of one Chapter only, concentrates on the demise of Volunteering and the moves to compulsory military training. The conclusion then draws together the analytical threads of the thesis. 
As the thesis is extensive in its coverage of time, it is only possible to outline the very nature of Volunteering. It will be for Regimental Historians to show the uniqueness of each of the 658 different units that comprised the New Zealand Volunteer Force over its fifty-two years of existence. What this broad survey does do, however, is provide a unique window for the examination of the development of an embryonic Colonial Army in the context of a developing nation.

text: Defence not defiance: The shaping of New Zealand’s volunteer force In the latter half of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth New Zealand's land defences were primarily the responsibility of its Volunteer Force. This Force over a period of fifty-two years evolved from ill-considered vigilante bands to a well organised and disciplined Army. This thesis examines the evolution of this Volunteer Army in chronological sequence concentrating on the factors which shaped and developed it.
The preface provides a brief outline of this study on New Zealand's Volunteer Force. The thesis then presents the history of the Force in eight chapters. These chapters are in four basic divisions. The first section, of three chapters. examines the origins of the Force, its role in the New Zealand Wars and its subsequent development in the period of tenuous peace during the 1870's . The second section, comprising of two chapters only, examines the transformation of the Volunteers from a military body which primarily looked inward. into a Force which concentrated on protecting the nation's main ports. The third section , also comprising two chapters , then views the development of this coastal protection Force into a Colonial Army, able and willing to provide for the nation's own security as well as expeditionary units to· serve with the British Imperial Forces ·. The last Section, of one Chapter only, concentrates on the demise of Volunteering and the moves to compulsory military training. The conclusion then draws together the analytical threads of the thesis. 
As the thesis is extensive in its coverage of time, it is only possible to outline the very nature of Volunteering. It will be for Regimental Historians to show the uniqueness of each of the 658 different units that comprised the New Zealand Volunteer Force over its fifty-two years of existence. What this broad survey does do, however, is provide a unique window for the examination of the development of an embryonic Colonial Army in the context of a developing nation.

year: 1990