title: Victimes oubliées: La vie féminine sous l’occupation 14-18

authors: Connell, Lucy

subjects: French

abstract: La Première Guerre Mondiale marque l’apparition de la guerre totale, où l’effort de guerre nécessite la volonté de la population entière . L’ampleur de la violence touche consciemment la population civile pour la première fois ; plus de douze millions d’habitants en Belgique et dans le nord de la France, dont la majorité sont des femmes, passent quatre années de guerre en zones occupées. Pourtant, l’expérience de cette population traditionnellement non-combattante manque d’une représentation dans l’histoire de la guerre. Malgré les histoires d’atrocités qui se produisent pendant la guerre, les premiers historiens de la guerre ignorent les témoins civils. Cette méfiance de l’expérience civile est la conséquence de la propagande ainsi que des opinions rigides concernant la position de civils dans l’historiographie de la guerre. Afin de décrire la vie des femmes en zones occupées, ce mémoire utilise leurs journaux intimes écrits lors de l’occupation.

text: Victimes oubliées: La vie féminine sous l’occupation 14-18 La Première Guerre Mondiale marque l’apparition de la guerre totale, où l’effort de guerre nécessite la volonté de la population entière . L’ampleur de la violence touche consciemment la population civile pour la première fois ; plus de douze millions d’habitants en Belgique et dans le nord de la France, dont la majorité sont des femmes, passent quatre années de guerre en zones occupées. Pourtant, l’expérience de cette population traditionnellement non-combattante manque d’une représentation dans l’histoire de la guerre. Malgré les histoires d’atrocités qui se produisent pendant la guerre, les premiers historiens de la guerre ignorent les témoins civils. Cette méfiance de l’expérience civile est la conséquence de la propagande ainsi que des opinions rigides concernant la position de civils dans l’historiographie de la guerre. Afin de décrire la vie des femmes en zones occupées, ce mémoire utilise leurs journaux intimes écrits lors de l’occupation.

year: 2012

title: Education, dialogue and interculturalism: New directions and contexts

authors: Peters, Michael A.

abstract: Editorial - This special issue bring together a set of essays on interculturalism by a range of scholars from around the world.

text: Education, dialogue and interculturalism: New directions and contexts Editorial - This special issue bring together a set of essays on interculturalism by a range of scholars from around the world.

year: 2012

title: The revitalisation roles of Māori-medium whānau

authors: Bryant, Braden

abstract: For over a century and a half, te reo Māori (the Māori language) has suffered from linguistic marginalisation, causing significant language shift to English, and, with it, generations of Māori who are unable to speak their indigenous language. While efforts since the 1970s to rebuild te reo Māori have primarily focused on educational initiatives such as kōhanga reo and kura kaupapa, there is now a move to shift the revitalisation strategy towards encouraging te reo Māori use in the home, and to rebuilding the language intergenerationally. Unfortunately, little is known about whānau perceptions regarding te reo Māori revitalisation, which is what this research investigates.

This research investigates five whānau who have committed their children to Māori-medium education. It aims to understand what influenced their decision-making around Māori-medium and what they see as the key benefits for their children. It also looks at what whānau consider to be obstacles regarding their use of te reo Māori, and at their commitment to Māori-medium education. Finally, this research aims to uncover how whānau perceive the wider revitalisation effort, and their roles in it.

The qualitative method of semi-structured interviews was used to conduct this research. The conversational nature of this method gives whānau the freedom to express their beliefs, while remaining on the main themes of this study. As the participants and themes of this research are Māori, the study used Kaupapa Māori theory and principles to guide it. This supported the overall aim of aligning with Māori aspirations, and safeguarding participants from exploitation.

This research found that perceptions of whānau often reflected the extent to which they had been affected by intergenerational language shift. Whānau still highly affected by language shift, and whose te reo Māori is less normalised in the home, prioritised te reo Māori learning at school as the key benefit of Māori-medium education. This group also faced more opposition to their Māori-medium choices from friends and whānau, and perceived their revitalisation roles to be more concerned with the immediate whānau. By contrast, the whānau who had managed to regenerate te reo Māori in their homes to a greater extent placed more emphasis on tikanga and values as benefits of Māori-medium education. They identified opposition from friends and whānau as a barrier to their promotion of te reo Māori, while also identifying their own subconscious lapses into English as a major barrier to maintaining normalised te reo Māori environments for their children. Finally, they perceived their revitalisation roles as revolving around normalising te reo Māori for their whānau and for their communities. They played important roles in establishing language domains for further use of what is their home language.

This small study shows the importance of understanding the perceptions of those who are central to the regeneration of te reo Māori because they are the key agents of successful change, and have the attitudes and skills to do so. A larger study would provide more data to support the formation of new language revitalisation strategies.

text: The revitalisation roles of Māori-medium whānau For over a century and a half, te reo Māori (the Māori language) has suffered from linguistic marginalisation, causing significant language shift to English, and, with it, generations of Māori who are unable to speak their indigenous language. While efforts since the 1970s to rebuild te reo Māori have primarily focused on educational initiatives such as kōhanga reo and kura kaupapa, there is now a move to shift the revitalisation strategy towards encouraging te reo Māori use in the home, and to rebuilding the language intergenerationally. Unfortunately, little is known about whānau perceptions regarding te reo Māori revitalisation, which is what this research investigates.

This research investigates five whānau who have committed their children to Māori-medium education. It aims to understand what influenced their decision-making around Māori-medium and what they see as the key benefits for their children. It also looks at what whānau consider to be obstacles regarding their use of te reo Māori, and at their commitment to Māori-medium education. Finally, this research aims to uncover how whānau perceive the wider revitalisation effort, and their roles in it.

The qualitative method of semi-structured interviews was used to conduct this research. The conversational nature of this method gives whānau the freedom to express their beliefs, while remaining on the main themes of this study. As the participants and themes of this research are Māori, the study used Kaupapa Māori theory and principles to guide it. This supported the overall aim of aligning with Māori aspirations, and safeguarding participants from exploitation.

This research found that perceptions of whānau often reflected the extent to which they had been affected by intergenerational language shift. Whānau still highly affected by language shift, and whose te reo Māori is less normalised in the home, prioritised te reo Māori learning at school as the key benefit of Māori-medium education. This group also faced more opposition to their Māori-medium choices from friends and whānau, and perceived their revitalisation roles to be more concerned with the immediate whānau. By contrast, the whānau who had managed to regenerate te reo Māori in their homes to a greater extent placed more emphasis on tikanga and values as benefits of Māori-medium education. They identified opposition from friends and whānau as a barrier to their promotion of te reo Māori, while also identifying their own subconscious lapses into English as a major barrier to maintaining normalised te reo Māori environments for their children. Finally, they perceived their revitalisation roles as revolving around normalising te reo Māori for their whānau and for their communities. They played important roles in establishing language domains for further use of what is their home language.

This small study shows the importance of understanding the perceptions of those who are central to the regeneration of te reo Māori because they are the key agents of successful change, and have the attitudes and skills to do so. A larger study would provide more data to support the formation of new language revitalisation strategies.

year: 2017