title: Design and the fourth industrial revolution

authors: García Ferrari, Tomás

subjects: Design

abstract: The nature of design has always been related to socio-technological forces. In the twentieth century, the first and second orders of design were central in the establishment of graphic and industrial design. In the early years of the twenty-first century, the third and fourth orders of design were related to interactions and environments. This description can be associated with different phases of the Industrial Revolution: the first two phases allowed the transition from a farming and feudal society to an industrial and capitalist one, a third one was related to a post-industrial or services society. The Fourth Industrial Revolution presents the Internet, 3D printers and genetic algorithms as the main technical achievements and green energies as the energy source. It is related to computers, software, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things and machine learning. These technological forces will create the space for the most important design jobs of the future.

text: Design and the fourth industrial revolution The nature of design has always been related to socio-technological forces. In the twentieth century, the first and second orders of design were central in the establishment of graphic and industrial design. In the early years of the twenty-first century, the third and fourth orders of design were related to interactions and environments. This description can be associated with different phases of the Industrial Revolution: the first two phases allowed the transition from a farming and feudal society to an industrial and capitalist one, a third one was related to a post-industrial or services society. The Fourth Industrial Revolution presents the Internet, 3D printers and genetic algorithms as the main technical achievements and green energies as the energy source. It is related to computers, software, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things and machine learning. These technological forces will create the space for the most important design jobs of the future.

year: 2017

title: Resistance to change: An effect of Differential reinforcement on persistance of behaviour

authors: Pushenko, Olga

abstract: Six (Experiment 1) and five (Experiment 2) Gallus domesticus hens responded under on a concurrent procedure which contained two independent keys. Two concurrent keys were made available to the subjects on VI schedules 24 reinforces/hr for the right key and 96 reinforces/hr on the left key. The study was designed to assess the effect of training an alternative and a target response in the same context compared to the effect of training these responses separately on the persistency of the target response. Behavioural Momentum theory explained an increase in persistence of the target response as an outcome of enriching the context with the alternative reinforcement and by enhancing Pavlovian relationships between the target response and the stimulus context.
The first experiment aimed to replicate Podlesnik’s (2015) findings demonstrating that reinforcing a target response in the same context as the alternative response (analog of the DRA procedure) reduced the target responding while increasing resistance to extinction of this responding compared to training target responding on its own. The results replicated Podlesnik’s (2015) findings, demonstrating a lower rate of responding and higher resistance to change of target responding in the DRA-like procedure relative to target responding training on its own. 
 The second experiment aimed to equalize reinforcement rates for the target and alternative responding to assess resistance to change of the target behaviour in DRA-like and Combined procedure. The results showed a lower rate of responding and higher resistance to change of target responding in the DRA-like procedure compared to target responding in the Combined procedure.

text: Resistance to change: An effect of Differential reinforcement on persistance of behaviour Six (Experiment 1) and five (Experiment 2) Gallus domesticus hens responded under on a concurrent procedure which contained two independent keys. Two concurrent keys were made available to the subjects on VI schedules 24 reinforces/hr for the right key and 96 reinforces/hr on the left key. The study was designed to assess the effect of training an alternative and a target response in the same context compared to the effect of training these responses separately on the persistency of the target response. Behavioural Momentum theory explained an increase in persistence of the target response as an outcome of enriching the context with the alternative reinforcement and by enhancing Pavlovian relationships between the target response and the stimulus context.
The first experiment aimed to replicate Podlesnik’s (2015) findings demonstrating that reinforcing a target response in the same context as the alternative response (analog of the DRA procedure) reduced the target responding while increasing resistance to extinction of this responding compared to training target responding on its own. The results replicated Podlesnik’s (2015) findings, demonstrating a lower rate of responding and higher resistance to change of target responding in the DRA-like procedure relative to target responding training on its own. 
 The second experiment aimed to equalize reinforcement rates for the target and alternative responding to assess resistance to change of the target behaviour in DRA-like and Combined procedure. The results showed a lower rate of responding and higher resistance to change of target responding in the DRA-like procedure compared to target responding in the Combined procedure.

year: 2017

title: Ngā ia nōnoke taketake

authors: Manuirirangi, Hōri

subjects: whātōtō nōnoke mamau

abstract: Tā tēnei tuhinga, he titiro ki ngā kōrero onamata mō ngā mahi nōnoke a te Māori. I mua, whāia ai te nōnoke e ētehi hapori Māori hei koringa tinana, hei tū hākinakina, hei tākaro hoki. Ko te nōnoke, te whātōtō, te taitai me te mamau, he rite katoa. Nō te kuhutanga mai o ngā tini whakaawenga a tauiwi, ka nui hoki te Māori i tahuri ki hākinakina kē. Nāwhai ā ka mimiti te whāia o te nōnoke. Kei tēnei tuhinga, ka āta wetekina ngā kupu me ngā kōrero o te reo nōnoke o mua, arā ngā tohutohu a ngā pāhake e whakaahua ana i ngā tūmomo neke, i ngā whiu me ngā puringa mahia ai e te kaiwhātōtō. Ka arohaehaetia tēnei mea te karakia, te waiata me te pepeha kia kuhuna ai te hinengaro o te kaiwhātōtō e mārama rawa ai te ia o ōna whakaaro, tōna waiaro me tōna whanonga. Waihoki ko ngā pūrākau o mua, kua whakaemia ētehi tauira kia tīroua ngā karere i whaona ki roto. Ko te tino whāinga, ko te whera i ngā rangahau nei kia āta mōhio ki ngā koronga me ngā horopaki whāia ai e te Māori o mua ngā mahi nōnoke.

text: Ngā ia nōnoke taketake Tā tēnei tuhinga, he titiro ki ngā kōrero onamata mō ngā mahi nōnoke a te Māori. I mua, whāia ai te nōnoke e ētehi hapori Māori hei koringa tinana, hei tū hākinakina, hei tākaro hoki. Ko te nōnoke, te whātōtō, te taitai me te mamau, he rite katoa. Nō te kuhutanga mai o ngā tini whakaawenga a tauiwi, ka nui hoki te Māori i tahuri ki hākinakina kē. Nāwhai ā ka mimiti te whāia o te nōnoke. Kei tēnei tuhinga, ka āta wetekina ngā kupu me ngā kōrero o te reo nōnoke o mua, arā ngā tohutohu a ngā pāhake e whakaahua ana i ngā tūmomo neke, i ngā whiu me ngā puringa mahia ai e te kaiwhātōtō. Ka arohaehaetia tēnei mea te karakia, te waiata me te pepeha kia kuhuna ai te hinengaro o te kaiwhātōtō e mārama rawa ai te ia o ōna whakaaro, tōna waiaro me tōna whanonga. Waihoki ko ngā pūrākau o mua, kua whakaemia ētehi tauira kia tīroua ngā karere i whaona ki roto. Ko te tino whāinga, ko te whera i ngā rangahau nei kia āta mōhio ki ngā koronga me ngā horopaki whāia ai e te Māori o mua ngā mahi nōnoke.

year: 2017