title: Dairy farm women in the Waikato 1946-1996: fifty years of social and structural change

authors: Begg, Margaret May

abstract: Research on dairy farm women in New Zealand is minimal. Women have long worked on dairy farms but their contribution remains largely invisible in the literature and documentation. Researchers have failed to duly record the changes and their implications affecting dairy farm women. This thesis examines the important position held by dairy farm women and the nature of the changes that have taken place in the Waikato Region 1946-1996. I investigate changes, including the household and farm strategies which have been brought about by technical, social, economic and political procedures experienced by dairy farm women over a 50 year period.

Structuration and feminist geographic theory provide a framework for the analysis. Methods employed to collect data included telephone conversations and a postal questionnaire. I examine the nature of farm family labour and analyse notions of work, in order to challenge the hegemony of male dominance prominent in dairy farming, and in agriculture more generally. 

An assessment from the field work indicates the dairy farm ‘community’ is conservative. Any change as to the recognition and acknowledgement of the contribution that dairy farm women make towards the farm enterprise and the economy of the country, is slow in coming. This study was not planned to be exhaustive and offers suggestions for further studies in the geography of dairy farming.

text: Dairy farm women in the Waikato 1946-1996: fifty years of social and structural change Research on dairy farm women in New Zealand is minimal. Women have long worked on dairy farms but their contribution remains largely invisible in the literature and documentation. Researchers have failed to duly record the changes and their implications affecting dairy farm women. This thesis examines the important position held by dairy farm women and the nature of the changes that have taken place in the Waikato Region 1946-1996. I investigate changes, including the household and farm strategies which have been brought about by technical, social, economic and political procedures experienced by dairy farm women over a 50 year period.

Structuration and feminist geographic theory provide a framework for the analysis. Methods employed to collect data included telephone conversations and a postal questionnaire. I examine the nature of farm family labour and analyse notions of work, in order to challenge the hegemony of male dominance prominent in dairy farming, and in agriculture more generally. 

An assessment from the field work indicates the dairy farm ‘community’ is conservative. Any change as to the recognition and acknowledgement of the contribution that dairy farm women make towards the farm enterprise and the economy of the country, is slow in coming. This study was not planned to be exhaustive and offers suggestions for further studies in the geography of dairy farming.

year: 2001

title: XNA-like 3D Graphics Programming on the Raspberry Pi

authors: Wang, Lichao

subjects: 3D Graphics

abstract: The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card sized computing device created by Broadcom in 2012. This device is a kind of mini PC, and it is capable of doing things that desktop PC can do. The goal of the Raspberry Pi Foundation is to allow people all over the world to learn programming. Therefore, the Raspberry Pi is designed as a small sized, low cost device that can provide reasonable data processing capability. However, because of its goal is to keep the price down to maximize openness for learning, Raspberry Pi can only run the Linux operating system. 
XNA is a set of libraries developed by Microsoft to facilitate the creation and management of video games. It provides a large number of underlying functions to help the development of systems that based on runtime. Therefore, programmers may focus on programming their own code. XNA is built on Microsoft's .NET framework, and it is designed to be used with DirectX. However, as no drivers are developed to provide the low level API defined by DirectX on Linux, it is currently impossible to program with XNA on a Raspberry Pi. 
This thesis investigates the possibility of developing XNA like programs directly on the Raspberry Pi. Instead of using DirectX, OpenGL ES is used to provide the low level graphics APIs. The code of a project named "JBBRXG11", which is an open source project extending XNA classes on Windows to access DirectX 10 and DirectX 11 graphics features is used as a reference for this project. 
The project successfully built a library that allows an XNA like program to produce moving, textured 3D models on screen.

text: XNA-like 3D Graphics Programming on the Raspberry Pi The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card sized computing device created by Broadcom in 2012. This device is a kind of mini PC, and it is capable of doing things that desktop PC can do. The goal of the Raspberry Pi Foundation is to allow people all over the world to learn programming. Therefore, the Raspberry Pi is designed as a small sized, low cost device that can provide reasonable data processing capability. However, because of its goal is to keep the price down to maximize openness for learning, Raspberry Pi can only run the Linux operating system. 
XNA is a set of libraries developed by Microsoft to facilitate the creation and management of video games. It provides a large number of underlying functions to help the development of systems that based on runtime. Therefore, programmers may focus on programming their own code. XNA is built on Microsoft's .NET framework, and it is designed to be used with DirectX. However, as no drivers are developed to provide the low level API defined by DirectX on Linux, it is currently impossible to program with XNA on a Raspberry Pi. 
This thesis investigates the possibility of developing XNA like programs directly on the Raspberry Pi. Instead of using DirectX, OpenGL ES is used to provide the low level graphics APIs. The code of a project named "JBBRXG11", which is an open source project extending XNA classes on Windows to access DirectX 10 and DirectX 11 graphics features is used as a reference for this project. 
The project successfully built a library that allows an XNA like program to produce moving, textured 3D models on screen.

year: 2014

title: Science-practice roadshow 1: Summary perspectives from centralised entities and agencies

authors: Serrao-Neumann, Silvia

abstract: Flooding is Aotearoa-New Zealand’s most frequent natural hazard, regularly damaging buildings and infrastructure networks, and causing months of disruption to communities and businesses (Hutchings et al. 2019). Also, floods have indirect, cascading, and more intangible impacts (Lawrence, Blackett, and Cradock-Henry 2020), such as the withdrawal of future investment or the emotional stress of recovery. flood risk is predicted to rise quickly due to the combination of climate change and rapid urban intensification (Ministry for the Environment and The Flood Risk Management and River Control Review Steering Group 2008). 

Currently, there is no consistent approach to accurately determine flood risk on a national scale, nor how this may be changing as the climate warms. Instead, flooding risk assessments are done for individual catchments or locations, with the goal of managing and mitigating on the local scale. Local and regional governments vary widely in their capability and capacity to undertake this work (Ford, Berrang-Ford, and Berrang Ford 2011) and, thus, significant differences in data availability and modelling approaches mean that integration of results to gain a pan-region or nationwide picture has not been possible. 

The ‘Mā te haumaru ō nga puna wai ō Rākaihautū ka ora mo ake tonu: Increasing flood resilience across Aotearoa’ research develop a detailed nationwide model that could inform strategic and co-ordinated nationwide decision-making and regulations to support improved resilience to flood risk across the country. Utilising new methods and advances in computer processing and automation, the programme is developing a dynamic risk modelling framework that will assess flood hazard for every catchment in the country and under differing climate scenarios. The model will account for the risks to both built infrastructure and communities so that a fuller understanding of societal costs and impacts can be established. The model’s utility for supporting decision-making will be investigated using an initial set of scenarios for environmental planning, policy settings and infrastructure investment options. Two overarching themes across all of the research - Mtauranga Mori and Uncertainty – are designed to utilise the diverse knowledge systems available to develop tools that are relevant for communities throughout Aotearoa-New Zealand, and to take into account and communicate more clearly flood risks. 

Improved resilience to flooding across Aotearoa-New Zealand is a key outcome sought by the research programme, however it cannot be achieved by research alone. Instead, knowledge and information developed within the programme must be utilised by practitioners in their work to assist communities to plan for, manage, mitigate and avoid flood risks. New knowledge from the programme must be incorporated by practitioners into further tools, policy and decision-making frameworks. This knowledge translation however is not a straight forward process (Dilling and Lemos 2011). Cultural, behavioural and cognitive differences between those who produce and those who utilise knowledge mean that research outputs may not fit the requirements of their intended users, and thus, uptake of research outputs may be compromised. Conversely, strong engagement of knowledge users in the knowledge production process is known to increase the likelihood, and impact, of knowledge implementation. 

Stakeholders are key members of the programme’s research team, representing views across central and local government, engineering, planning consultancies, emergency management, insurance and banking industries, and Te Rūnanga o Wairewa (Banks Peninsula). To broaden the range of stakeholder perspectives, and to facilitate relationships across the programme, we have established a boundary organisation – Te W Te W . Boundary organisations (Guston 2001; Kirchhoff, Esselman, and Brown 2015) are forums that bridge between the two relatively different social worlds of knowledge producers (researchers/scientists) and users (practitioners/policy makers). These forums create and sustain legitimate space and collaboration for knowledge/information to be co-designed, co-produced and co-disseminated (Serrao-Neumann, Di Giulio, and Low Choy 2020). Within our programme, Te W Te W is responsible for organising and facilitating communication and collaboration activities – events (Science-Practice oadshows), communications channels such as an electronic newsletter and website, and learning opportunities. Through this organisation, we are fostering trust, legitimacy and capacity for information use so that our research results will be usable, useful, and used. 

This report summarises the discussion and perspectives shared at the first Science-Practice Roadshow held in October 2021.

text: Science-practice roadshow 1: Summary perspectives from centralised entities and agencies Flooding is Aotearoa-New Zealand’s most frequent natural hazard, regularly damaging buildings and infrastructure networks, and causing months of disruption to communities and businesses (Hutchings et al. 2019). Also, floods have indirect, cascading, and more intangible impacts (Lawrence, Blackett, and Cradock-Henry 2020), such as the withdrawal of future investment or the emotional stress of recovery. flood risk is predicted to rise quickly due to the combination of climate change and rapid urban intensification (Ministry for the Environment and The Flood Risk Management and River Control Review Steering Group 2008). 

Currently, there is no consistent approach to accurately determine flood risk on a national scale, nor how this may be changing as the climate warms. Instead, flooding risk assessments are done for individual catchments or locations, with the goal of managing and mitigating on the local scale. Local and regional governments vary widely in their capability and capacity to undertake this work (Ford, Berrang-Ford, and Berrang Ford 2011) and, thus, significant differences in data availability and modelling approaches mean that integration of results to gain a pan-region or nationwide picture has not been possible. 

The ‘Mā te haumaru ō nga puna wai ō Rākaihautū ka ora mo ake tonu: Increasing flood resilience across Aotearoa’ research develop a detailed nationwide model that could inform strategic and co-ordinated nationwide decision-making and regulations to support improved resilience to flood risk across the country. Utilising new methods and advances in computer processing and automation, the programme is developing a dynamic risk modelling framework that will assess flood hazard for every catchment in the country and under differing climate scenarios. The model will account for the risks to both built infrastructure and communities so that a fuller understanding of societal costs and impacts can be established. The model’s utility for supporting decision-making will be investigated using an initial set of scenarios for environmental planning, policy settings and infrastructure investment options. Two overarching themes across all of the research - Mtauranga Mori and Uncertainty – are designed to utilise the diverse knowledge systems available to develop tools that are relevant for communities throughout Aotearoa-New Zealand, and to take into account and communicate more clearly flood risks. 

Improved resilience to flooding across Aotearoa-New Zealand is a key outcome sought by the research programme, however it cannot be achieved by research alone. Instead, knowledge and information developed within the programme must be utilised by practitioners in their work to assist communities to plan for, manage, mitigate and avoid flood risks. New knowledge from the programme must be incorporated by practitioners into further tools, policy and decision-making frameworks. This knowledge translation however is not a straight forward process (Dilling and Lemos 2011). Cultural, behavioural and cognitive differences between those who produce and those who utilise knowledge mean that research outputs may not fit the requirements of their intended users, and thus, uptake of research outputs may be compromised. Conversely, strong engagement of knowledge users in the knowledge production process is known to increase the likelihood, and impact, of knowledge implementation. 

Stakeholders are key members of the programme’s research team, representing views across central and local government, engineering, planning consultancies, emergency management, insurance and banking industries, and Te Rūnanga o Wairewa (Banks Peninsula). To broaden the range of stakeholder perspectives, and to facilitate relationships across the programme, we have established a boundary organisation – Te W Te W . Boundary organisations (Guston 2001; Kirchhoff, Esselman, and Brown 2015) are forums that bridge between the two relatively different social worlds of knowledge producers (researchers/scientists) and users (practitioners/policy makers). These forums create and sustain legitimate space and collaboration for knowledge/information to be co-designed, co-produced and co-disseminated (Serrao-Neumann, Di Giulio, and Low Choy 2020). Within our programme, Te W Te W is responsible for organising and facilitating communication and collaboration activities – events (Science-Practice oadshows), communications channels such as an electronic newsletter and website, and learning opportunities. Through this organisation, we are fostering trust, legitimacy and capacity for information use so that our research results will be usable, useful, and used. 

This report summarises the discussion and perspectives shared at the first Science-Practice Roadshow held in October 2021.

year: 2022-02