title: Dinuclear platinum(II) sulfide–thiolate complexes [Pt₂(μ-S)(μ-SR)(PPh₃)₄]⁺ containing fluorinated substituents and the identification of a SC₆F₅ π interaction in the crystal structure of [Pt₂(μ-S)(μ-SCH₂C₆F₅)(PPh₃)₄]BPh₄•2C₆H₆

authors: Henderson, William

subjects: platinum complexes

abstract: Reactions of the platinum(II) sulfido complex [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with the alkyl iodides ICH₂CH₂(CF₂)nCF₃ (n = 3, 7) gives good yields of the monoalkylated products [Pt₂(μ-S){μ-SCH₂CH₂(CF₂)nCF₃}(PPh₃)₄]⁺, which were isolated as  PF₆⁺or  BPH₄⁻ salts, and characterised by ESI mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The complex [Pt₂(μ-S){μ-SCH₂CH₂(CF₂)nCF₃}(PPh₃)₄]⁺ appears to have normal reactivity for this type of complex, namely reaction with Ph₃PAuCl to give [Pt₂(μ-SAuPPh₃){μ-SCH₂CH₂(CF₂)nCF₃}(PPh₃)₄]₂⁺, and reaction with Me₂SO₄ to give [Pt₂(μ-SMe){μ-SCH₂CH₂(CF₂)nCF₃}(PPh₃)₄]₂⁺. Reaction of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with C₆F₅CH₂Br gave [Pt₂(μ-S)(μ-SCH₂C₆F₅)(PPh₃)₄]⁺, isolated as BPh₄⁻ its  salt, and characterised by NMR spectroscopy and a single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The C₆F₅ group lies above the {Pt₂S₂} core of the complex as a result of a SC₆F₅ π interaction, in contrast to the published structure of [Pt₂(μ-S)(μ-SCH₂C₆H₅)(PPh₃)₄]PF₆, where the C₆H₅ group projects away from the {Pt₂S₂} core.

text: Dinuclear platinum(II) sulfide–thiolate complexes [Pt₂(μ-S)(μ-SR)(PPh₃)₄]⁺ containing fluorinated substituents and the identification of a SC₆F₅ π interaction in the crystal structure of [Pt₂(μ-S)(μ-SCH₂C₆F₅)(PPh₃)₄]BPh₄•2C₆H₆ Reactions of the platinum(II) sulfido complex [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with the alkyl iodides ICH₂CH₂(CF₂)nCF₃ (n = 3, 7) gives good yields of the monoalkylated products [Pt₂(μ-S){μ-SCH₂CH₂(CF₂)nCF₃}(PPh₃)₄]⁺, which were isolated as  PF₆⁺or  BPH₄⁻ salts, and characterised by ESI mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The complex [Pt₂(μ-S){μ-SCH₂CH₂(CF₂)nCF₃}(PPh₃)₄]⁺ appears to have normal reactivity for this type of complex, namely reaction with Ph₃PAuCl to give [Pt₂(μ-SAuPPh₃){μ-SCH₂CH₂(CF₂)nCF₃}(PPh₃)₄]₂⁺, and reaction with Me₂SO₄ to give [Pt₂(μ-SMe){μ-SCH₂CH₂(CF₂)nCF₃}(PPh₃)₄]₂⁺. Reaction of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with C₆F₅CH₂Br gave [Pt₂(μ-S)(μ-SCH₂C₆F₅)(PPh₃)₄]⁺, isolated as BPh₄⁻ its  salt, and characterised by NMR spectroscopy and a single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The C₆F₅ group lies above the {Pt₂S₂} core of the complex as a result of a SC₆F₅ π interaction, in contrast to the published structure of [Pt₂(μ-S)(μ-SCH₂C₆H₅)(PPh₃)₄]PF₆, where the C₆H₅ group projects away from the {Pt₂S₂} core.

year: 2011

title: An assessment of the benefits of cleaner streams: A New Zealand case study

authors: Marsh, Dan

subjects: non-market valuation

abstract: Water pollution is now considered to be one of the most important environmental issues facing New Zealand. Water quality in rivers, lakes and streams is generally falling alongside the increase in farming intensity, especially in dairying. Currently, technical and regulatory mechanisms to reduce non-point source pollution from agriculture are the focus of an intensive effort involving industry, researchers, regulators and other stakeholders.
The research described in this non-technical paper aims to complement existing knowledge by developing appropriate methodology for valuing water quality improvements in New Zealand. It is envisaged that this type of information will assist the policy process by allowing decision makers to consider both the costs and the benefits of different levels of water quality improvements.
This research is based on a case study of the Karapiro catchment in the North Island of New Zealand. It uses choice analysis to assess people’s preferences and willingness to pay for different levels of water quality improvement in catchment streams. Choice analysis methods ask respondents to choose between one group of environmental services or characteristics, at a given price or cost to the individual, and another group of environmental characteristics at a different price or cost. Each respondent is usually asked to repeat this exercise several times.
The results from this study indicate that respondents would be willing to pay for cleaner water for swimming, for better ecological health (with eels, bullies and smelt present), for the presence of trout and for better clarity such that ‘you can usually see the bottom’. Respondent preferences were strongest for water suitable for swimming, followed by ecological health, presence of trout and clarity.

text: An assessment of the benefits of cleaner streams: A New Zealand case study Water pollution is now considered to be one of the most important environmental issues facing New Zealand. Water quality in rivers, lakes and streams is generally falling alongside the increase in farming intensity, especially in dairying. Currently, technical and regulatory mechanisms to reduce non-point source pollution from agriculture are the focus of an intensive effort involving industry, researchers, regulators and other stakeholders.
The research described in this non-technical paper aims to complement existing knowledge by developing appropriate methodology for valuing water quality improvements in New Zealand. It is envisaged that this type of information will assist the policy process by allowing decision makers to consider both the costs and the benefits of different levels of water quality improvements.
This research is based on a case study of the Karapiro catchment in the North Island of New Zealand. It uses choice analysis to assess people’s preferences and willingness to pay for different levels of water quality improvement in catchment streams. Choice analysis methods ask respondents to choose between one group of environmental services or characteristics, at a given price or cost to the individual, and another group of environmental characteristics at a different price or cost. Each respondent is usually asked to repeat this exercise several times.
The results from this study indicate that respondents would be willing to pay for cleaner water for swimming, for better ecological health (with eels, bullies and smelt present), for the presence of trout and for better clarity such that ‘you can usually see the bottom’. Respondent preferences were strongest for water suitable for swimming, followed by ecological health, presence of trout and clarity.

year: 2010-10

title: Culture is our business: Issues and challenges for forensic and correctional psychologists

authors: Tamatea, Armon J.

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Psychology has made significant advances in the development of more empirical, standardized, and consistent approaches to the prediction, assessment, and treatment of offending behaviour. However, crime occurs in a cultural context. Similarly, forensic and correctional psychology derive from a cultural basis that privileges certain types of knowledge and promotes certain forms of practice that are incommensurate with the outlook and realities of some offenders and their communities. While there is an emerging literature on ethnicity and race in criminal justice psychology, very little research that addresses culture is published. The reasons for this knowledge gap are complex, not least because the worldviews of indigenous and diverse communities do not superimpose neatly onto current best-practice models of risk assessment or offender rehabilitation. Given Australia and New Zealand’s commitment to the involvement and wellbeing of indigenous peoples as well as the shared experience of progressively more pluralistic societies, it is argued that there is a critical need to bring the somewhat disparate domains of forensic psychology and culture into conversation with a view to informing policy and practice. The example of risk assessment is used to illustrate some of the complexities of working with cultural difference. Central to this article is a call for a culturally-engaged and proactive philosophy of practice that embraces the needs of diverse offenders, victims and communities.

text: Culture is our business: Issues and challenges for forensic and correctional psychologists Psychology has made significant advances in the development of more empirical, standardized, and consistent approaches to the prediction, assessment, and treatment of offending behaviour. However, crime occurs in a cultural context. Similarly, forensic and correctional psychology derive from a cultural basis that privileges certain types of knowledge and promotes certain forms of practice that are incommensurate with the outlook and realities of some offenders and their communities. While there is an emerging literature on ethnicity and race in criminal justice psychology, very little research that addresses culture is published. The reasons for this knowledge gap are complex, not least because the worldviews of indigenous and diverse communities do not superimpose neatly onto current best-practice models of risk assessment or offender rehabilitation. Given Australia and New Zealand’s commitment to the involvement and wellbeing of indigenous peoples as well as the shared experience of progressively more pluralistic societies, it is argued that there is a critical need to bring the somewhat disparate domains of forensic psychology and culture into conversation with a view to informing policy and practice. The example of risk assessment is used to illustrate some of the complexities of working with cultural difference. Central to this article is a call for a culturally-engaged and proactive philosophy of practice that embraces the needs of diverse offenders, victims and communities.

year: 2017