title: Tricyanovinylalkynyl–metal complexes: synthesis and some reactions

authors: Bruce, Michael I.

subjects: chemistry

abstract: Reactions of Group 8 metal ethynyls with tetracyanoethene afford tricyanovinylethynyl–metal derivatives, M{C≡CC(CN)=C(CN)2}(PP)Cp’ [2; M = Ru, Os; PP = (PPh3)2, dppe;Cp’=Cp,Cp*; not all combinations]; a similar reaction occurs with the vinylidene RuCl(=C=CHPh)(PPh3)Cp. Further replacement of a CNgroup in 2 occurs with nucleophiles, while homo- and hetero-metallic derivatives are obtained by coordination of one of the remaining CN groups to other metal–ligand fragments.

text: Tricyanovinylalkynyl–metal complexes: synthesis and some reactions Reactions of Group 8 metal ethynyls with tetracyanoethene afford tricyanovinylethynyl–metal derivatives, M{C≡CC(CN)=C(CN)2}(PP)Cp’ [2; M = Ru, Os; PP = (PPh3)2, dppe;Cp’=Cp,Cp*; not all combinations]; a similar reaction occurs with the vinylidene RuCl(=C=CHPh)(PPh3)Cp. Further replacement of a CNgroup in 2 occurs with nucleophiles, while homo- and hetero-metallic derivatives are obtained by coordination of one of the remaining CN groups to other metal–ligand fragments.

year: 2008

title: Vacuum Steam Desuperheating and Condensation: An Experimental Investigation

authors: Lokhande, Akash

abstract: Steam condensation plays an essential role in supplying and removing heat in many industrial applications, including the energy sector. It therefore is a phenomena of significance that requires deep understanding. This thesis presents effective vacuum steam condensation on the shell-side of vertical shell and tube condenser (VSTC) accompanying steam desuperheating. It describes a fundamental study of heat transfer in VSTC with considerations of several factors; explicitly degree of superheat related with each vacuum steam pressure, temperature waviness in desuperheating section, and steam condensation in absence of non-condensable gas (NCG). Experiments performed on the VSTC are: 
Steam desuperheating and condensation in the shell-side VSTC at a variety of vacuum steam pressures and respective steam flowrates, vacuum steam desuperheating and condensation in the shell-side of VSTC at reduced steam flowrates, and vacuum steam desuperheating and condensation at tube wall temperatures up to steam saturation temperature (T₂ ≥ Tsat) to analyse dry heat transfer in the desuperheating section. To examine the stated aim, test facility was built in the laboratory of the University of Waikato.
By generating desuperheating and condensation models for each test pressure, this investigation proves that vacuum steam condensation best occurs without involvement of superheat. About 60% of the VSTC occupied with desuperheating, and the heat transfer involved in desuperheating is minor approximately 1 kW, whereas, the condensation section of VSTC has heat transfer about 10 kW. By reducing the steam flowrate, 10% reduction in the desuperheating section and 20% to 50% reduction in the Reynolds number was observed. After raising the tube wall temperature up to the steam saturation temperature, a smooth temperature profile across the desuperheating the section was seen with significant sensible heat transfer. Obstruction linked with superheated steam condensation in the dairy industrial leads to poor heat transfer area utilization by the desuperheating section and therefore, reduction of the evaporator rating or oversizing of the heat exchangers to attain appropriate duty.

text: Vacuum Steam Desuperheating and Condensation: An Experimental Investigation Steam condensation plays an essential role in supplying and removing heat in many industrial applications, including the energy sector. It therefore is a phenomena of significance that requires deep understanding. This thesis presents effective vacuum steam condensation on the shell-side of vertical shell and tube condenser (VSTC) accompanying steam desuperheating. It describes a fundamental study of heat transfer in VSTC with considerations of several factors; explicitly degree of superheat related with each vacuum steam pressure, temperature waviness in desuperheating section, and steam condensation in absence of non-condensable gas (NCG). Experiments performed on the VSTC are: 
Steam desuperheating and condensation in the shell-side VSTC at a variety of vacuum steam pressures and respective steam flowrates, vacuum steam desuperheating and condensation in the shell-side of VSTC at reduced steam flowrates, and vacuum steam desuperheating and condensation at tube wall temperatures up to steam saturation temperature (T₂ ≥ Tsat) to analyse dry heat transfer in the desuperheating section. To examine the stated aim, test facility was built in the laboratory of the University of Waikato.
By generating desuperheating and condensation models for each test pressure, this investigation proves that vacuum steam condensation best occurs without involvement of superheat. About 60% of the VSTC occupied with desuperheating, and the heat transfer involved in desuperheating is minor approximately 1 kW, whereas, the condensation section of VSTC has heat transfer about 10 kW. By reducing the steam flowrate, 10% reduction in the desuperheating section and 20% to 50% reduction in the Reynolds number was observed. After raising the tube wall temperature up to the steam saturation temperature, a smooth temperature profile across the desuperheating the section was seen with significant sensible heat transfer. Obstruction linked with superheated steam condensation in the dairy industrial leads to poor heat transfer area utilization by the desuperheating section and therefore, reduction of the evaporator rating or oversizing of the heat exchangers to attain appropriate duty.

year: 2015

title: Human dimensions of global environmental change: A review of frameworks and research gaps.

authors: Urich, Peter

subjects: global environmental change

abstract: This review of current knowledge in, and development of, priorities for research into the human dimensions of global environmental change has been conducted to assist the Foundation for Research Science and Technology to formulate their research needs agenda. An overview of the emergence of the human dimension of the global environmental change research field is used as a prelude to a review of the international literature on frameworks for conducting human dimensions research. The terminology used in the human dimension field is diverse. An attempt is therefore made to consolidate the myriad of definitions for key concepts, in order to form a basis for human dimensions research in New Zealand and build a platform for the remainder of this report. Three disciplinary areas of academic inquiry were explored in the context of human dimensions of global environmental change research: economics, law and biological sciences. These disciplinary perspectives are reviewed through the international literature and in a New Zealand context. A conceptual framework for research into the human dimensions of global environmental change is provided based on the knowledge-base developed from the both international and New Zealand research. Core concepts, such as found in multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary research are reviewed in historical context to form the basis for a specific research framework for New Zealand. Some general needs for research are derived from the New Zealand framework. The remainder of this report details the methods used for drawing out expert opinion on the priorities for research on the human dimensions of global environmental change in the context of information, knowledge and method. Thirty-eight interviews and two hui were conducted and 254 research needs defined by questions were obtained. A modified Delphi technique was applied to the questions and prioritised lists of responses are provided. The final list
Provides European/Pakeha and Māori perspectives. Divergence and convergence between the European/Pakeha and Māori responses is provided, as well as justification for the prioritisation stance that is taken. This research had four outputs: A conceptual framework for considering the human dimensions of global environmental changes and research contributions; A description of the gaps in knowledge that impede effective response to global change and provisional research needs: one for New Zealand generally, and one on Māori in particular; A network of end-users and research providers that are cognisant of, and contributors to, the human dimensions research assessment; A set of priority research needs pertaining to the human dimensions of global environmental change, in a form suitable for use by FRST.

text: Human dimensions of global environmental change: A review of frameworks and research gaps. This review of current knowledge in, and development of, priorities for research into the human dimensions of global environmental change has been conducted to assist the Foundation for Research Science and Technology to formulate their research needs agenda. An overview of the emergence of the human dimension of the global environmental change research field is used as a prelude to a review of the international literature on frameworks for conducting human dimensions research. The terminology used in the human dimension field is diverse. An attempt is therefore made to consolidate the myriad of definitions for key concepts, in order to form a basis for human dimensions research in New Zealand and build a platform for the remainder of this report. Three disciplinary areas of academic inquiry were explored in the context of human dimensions of global environmental change research: economics, law and biological sciences. These disciplinary perspectives are reviewed through the international literature and in a New Zealand context. A conceptual framework for research into the human dimensions of global environmental change is provided based on the knowledge-base developed from the both international and New Zealand research. Core concepts, such as found in multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary research are reviewed in historical context to form the basis for a specific research framework for New Zealand. Some general needs for research are derived from the New Zealand framework. The remainder of this report details the methods used for drawing out expert opinion on the priorities for research on the human dimensions of global environmental change in the context of information, knowledge and method. Thirty-eight interviews and two hui were conducted and 254 research needs defined by questions were obtained. A modified Delphi technique was applied to the questions and prioritised lists of responses are provided. The final list
Provides European/Pakeha and Māori perspectives. Divergence and convergence between the European/Pakeha and Māori responses is provided, as well as justification for the prioritisation stance that is taken. This research had four outputs: A conceptual framework for considering the human dimensions of global environmental changes and research contributions; A description of the gaps in knowledge that impede effective response to global change and provisional research needs: one for New Zealand generally, and one on Māori in particular; A network of end-users and research providers that are cognisant of, and contributors to, the human dimensions research assessment; A set of priority research needs pertaining to the human dimensions of global environmental change, in a form suitable for use by FRST.

year: 2005-12-01