title: Making home, making identity: Asian garden making in New Zealand, 1850s–1930s

authors: Beattie, James John

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: A ‘garden breathes spirit, atmosphere’ into space, a garden makes place home.¹ Gardenmaking, as KatieHolmes, SusanMartin and KylieMirmohamadi observe, is ‘an act of memory and settlement’, one looking ‘back to recollected forms and forward to new growth’.² For most settlers to New Zealand, making a home through gardening meant recreating aspects of their European heritage. It meant introducing, as environmental historian Thomas Dunlap notes, ‘European grass growing in imitation of English meadows’. It involved recreating the lowlands of Scotland through gorse hedges and thistle. Or, it meant cultivating an environment to incorporate familiar flowers and trees, and new varieties too.³ This article, however, complicates this picture of settler garden making as a reminder of home in Europe. It instead examines those Europeans who fashioned gardens and landscapes as reminders of a home in Asia. By examining their hidden histories of garden making, it complicates assumptions made in New Zealand and overseas garden history literature about settlers invariably hailing from Europe and inevitably recreating gardens reminiscent of their home there.⁴ My findings also challenge preconceived notions that the only people making Asian gardens in New Zealand were Chinese migrants themselves.⁵ Equally, I do not discuss the popularity of Asian species or cultivars in settler society, as planted for purely aesthetic responses. Instead this article only examines planting to recall the places from which the varieties originated.⁶ In revealing this hidden history, so to speak, of Europeans brought up in Asia or having spent much of their life there and using garden making and landscape features to recall that history, this article extends the recent research of Duncan Campbell and others into the important connections New Zealand maintained with Asia, from the collection of rare and valuable Chinese objects through to settler recreations of Japanese games, and literary and aesthetic influences. To quote Campbell’s chapter title, itself taken from a work by the New Zealand/British writer Katherine Mansfield (1888–1923), this article gives spatial and visual life to ‘[w]hat lies beneath those strange rich surfaces’ of colonial New Zealand.⁷ Scraping away the surfaces of three of those gardens—two in colonial Canterbury, in New Zealand’s South Island, and one in its subtropical north of the 1920s and 1930s— reveals a rich patina of Asian influences colouring New Zealand’s garden history. My hope is for this article to mark the beginning of a project drawing together the warp of literature on settler garden making using Chinese plants and designs with the weft of the history of the garden making of the Chinese themselves.⁸

text: Making home, making identity: Asian garden making in New Zealand, 1850s–1930s A ‘garden breathes spirit, atmosphere’ into space, a garden makes place home.¹ Gardenmaking, as KatieHolmes, SusanMartin and KylieMirmohamadi observe, is ‘an act of memory and settlement’, one looking ‘back to recollected forms and forward to new growth’.² For most settlers to New Zealand, making a home through gardening meant recreating aspects of their European heritage. It meant introducing, as environmental historian Thomas Dunlap notes, ‘European grass growing in imitation of English meadows’. It involved recreating the lowlands of Scotland through gorse hedges and thistle. Or, it meant cultivating an environment to incorporate familiar flowers and trees, and new varieties too.³ This article, however, complicates this picture of settler garden making as a reminder of home in Europe. It instead examines those Europeans who fashioned gardens and landscapes as reminders of a home in Asia. By examining their hidden histories of garden making, it complicates assumptions made in New Zealand and overseas garden history literature about settlers invariably hailing from Europe and inevitably recreating gardens reminiscent of their home there.⁴ My findings also challenge preconceived notions that the only people making Asian gardens in New Zealand were Chinese migrants themselves.⁵ Equally, I do not discuss the popularity of Asian species or cultivars in settler society, as planted for purely aesthetic responses. Instead this article only examines planting to recall the places from which the varieties originated.⁶ In revealing this hidden history, so to speak, of Europeans brought up in Asia or having spent much of their life there and using garden making and landscape features to recall that history, this article extends the recent research of Duncan Campbell and others into the important connections New Zealand maintained with Asia, from the collection of rare and valuable Chinese objects through to settler recreations of Japanese games, and literary and aesthetic influences. To quote Campbell’s chapter title, itself taken from a work by the New Zealand/British writer Katherine Mansfield (1888–1923), this article gives spatial and visual life to ‘[w]hat lies beneath those strange rich surfaces’ of colonial New Zealand.⁷ Scraping away the surfaces of three of those gardens—two in colonial Canterbury, in New Zealand’s South Island, and one in its subtropical north of the 1920s and 1930s— reveals a rich patina of Asian influences colouring New Zealand’s garden history. My hope is for this article to mark the beginning of a project drawing together the warp of literature on settler garden making using Chinese plants and designs with the weft of the history of the garden making of the Chinese themselves.⁸

year: 2011

title: Simulation of the powder forging process for titanium components using a porous metal plasticity model

authors: Velluvakkandi, Navaneeth

subjects: powder forging

abstract: Powder forging is a technique that has been used to produce fully dense near-net parts from metal powders.  Due to a “low cost titanium” product manufacturing initiative, targeting a reduction in the cost of titanium components, a titanium powder forging technique has gained significant interest.  In titanium powder forging, powder consolidation is a key factor that influences successful component manufacture.  Consolidation during titanium powder forging is dependent on the densification and deformation mechanisms involved.
In this study, a finite element method is used to model the densification and deformation behaviour of titanium powder compacts during powder forging.  The research focuses on developing a simulation capability and identifying a suitable constitutive model to simulate the powder forging process that can predict the relative density distribution.  The simulation is carried out in Abaqus software and the results are compared with experimental results.  A gamma particle radiography technique is used to compare the experimental density results with the simulated results.
The Gurson and Gurson-Tvergaard models are used to predict the relative density of porous titanium powder compacts during upset-powder forging and are used to include the effect of hydrostatic stresses and the extent of densification.  Three different modes of densification, related to powder forging were studied i.e. upset forging, hot-repressing and closed die forging.
The simulation results indicate that both models can be used to determine the relative density during powder forging.  By comparing the simulated results with the experimental results, it is found that the density prediction given by the Gurson-Tvergaard model showed closer agreement with the calculated parameters.

text: Simulation of the powder forging process for titanium components using a porous metal plasticity model Powder forging is a technique that has been used to produce fully dense near-net parts from metal powders.  Due to a “low cost titanium” product manufacturing initiative, targeting a reduction in the cost of titanium components, a titanium powder forging technique has gained significant interest.  In titanium powder forging, powder consolidation is a key factor that influences successful component manufacture.  Consolidation during titanium powder forging is dependent on the densification and deformation mechanisms involved.
In this study, a finite element method is used to model the densification and deformation behaviour of titanium powder compacts during powder forging.  The research focuses on developing a simulation capability and identifying a suitable constitutive model to simulate the powder forging process that can predict the relative density distribution.  The simulation is carried out in Abaqus software and the results are compared with experimental results.  A gamma particle radiography technique is used to compare the experimental density results with the simulated results.
The Gurson and Gurson-Tvergaard models are used to predict the relative density of porous titanium powder compacts during upset-powder forging and are used to include the effect of hydrostatic stresses and the extent of densification.  Three different modes of densification, related to powder forging were studied i.e. upset forging, hot-repressing and closed die forging.
The simulation results indicate that both models can be used to determine the relative density during powder forging.  By comparing the simulated results with the experimental results, it is found that the density prediction given by the Gurson-Tvergaard model showed closer agreement with the calculated parameters.

year: 2014

title: Barriers and facilitators of access to psychological services for indigenous populations: A scoping review and thematic analysis

authors: Plessas, Anna

abstract: Background:
The extent to which behavior-analytic interventions are offered to Indigenous populations across CANZUS in accessible and culturally appropriate ways is unknown. We conducted a scoping review with a thematic analysis of the extant literature to find: (1) what are the barriers and facilitators for providing effective and equitable delivery of psychological services (with a behavioral component) to Indigenous populations; and (2) what tools and practices exist for an effective and equitable service delivery.
Methods:
We systematically reviewed Medline, CINAHL, PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of science, Ovid and INNZ databases between 1990 and 2020. For the scoping review, we adhered to the JBI methodological approach (2015) and the PRISMA strategy for the identification, selection, and appraisal of the reviewed articles. A total of 1265 unique articles met the criteria for the screening by title; 238 by abstract; 57 were included for full text assessment; and 37 were included in the final analysis.
Results:
Three themes were revealed to account for the barriers and facilitators of culturally friendly practices: (1) connecting practices are about interactions shaping the relationship between service provider and service client; (2) innovative practices test new approaches and innovations that could facilitate access to psychological services and overcome barriers, and (3) reflective practices are about critically examining the processes and actions undertaken toward effective cultural adaptation of services.
Conclusions:
Our analysis suggests that the level of success in bringing together services and the recipients of treatment (connection), showing flexibility and persistence in finding solutions (innovation) and examining the role of our behaviors in reaching our goals (reflection) is determined by the providers' action in the aforementioned three dimensions of practice.

text: Barriers and facilitators of access to psychological services for indigenous populations: A scoping review and thematic analysis Background:
The extent to which behavior-analytic interventions are offered to Indigenous populations across CANZUS in accessible and culturally appropriate ways is unknown. We conducted a scoping review with a thematic analysis of the extant literature to find: (1) what are the barriers and facilitators for providing effective and equitable delivery of psychological services (with a behavioral component) to Indigenous populations; and (2) what tools and practices exist for an effective and equitable service delivery.
Methods:
We systematically reviewed Medline, CINAHL, PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of science, Ovid and INNZ databases between 1990 and 2020. For the scoping review, we adhered to the JBI methodological approach (2015) and the PRISMA strategy for the identification, selection, and appraisal of the reviewed articles. A total of 1265 unique articles met the criteria for the screening by title; 238 by abstract; 57 were included for full text assessment; and 37 were included in the final analysis.
Results:
Three themes were revealed to account for the barriers and facilitators of culturally friendly practices: (1) connecting practices are about interactions shaping the relationship between service provider and service client; (2) innovative practices test new approaches and innovations that could facilitate access to psychological services and overcome barriers, and (3) reflective practices are about critically examining the processes and actions undertaken toward effective cultural adaptation of services.
Conclusions:
Our analysis suggests that the level of success in bringing together services and the recipients of treatment (connection), showing flexibility and persistence in finding solutions (innovation) and examining the role of our behaviors in reaching our goals (reflection) is determined by the providers' action in the aforementioned three dimensions of practice.

year: 2021