title: The structures and hydrogen bonding networks in crystals of alkylenediammonium salts of galactaric acid

authors: Jarman, Bevan P.

subjects: crystal structures

abstract: The crystal structures of five alkylenediammonium galactarates (1- 5) were determined because the information from these structures may provide some insight into the solid state structures of the poly(alkylene galactaramides) derived from these salts. In each case the meso-galactarate anion is in the extended conformation. In four out of the five cases associations between galactarate units led to alternating layers of anions and cations rather than the expected alternation of anion and cation found in ionic solids. All five salts display extensive hydrogen bonding involving ammonium and carboxylate groups and in some cases hydroxyl groups of the anion.

text: The structures and hydrogen bonding networks in crystals of alkylenediammonium salts of galactaric acid The crystal structures of five alkylenediammonium galactarates (1- 5) were determined because the information from these structures may provide some insight into the solid state structures of the poly(alkylene galactaramides) derived from these salts. In each case the meso-galactarate anion is in the extended conformation. In four out of the five cases associations between galactarate units led to alternating layers of anions and cations rather than the expected alternation of anion and cation found in ionic solids. All five salts display extensive hydrogen bonding involving ammonium and carboxylate groups and in some cases hydroxyl groups of the anion.

year: 2009

title: The role of colour when perceiving goalkeeper size

authors: Thakur, Vikas

abstract: This research examines the effect of the color of a goalkeeper's uniform on perceived size and performance in sports. The main purpose was to determine the impact of particular colors, namely red, yellow, blue, green, and black on the psychological attitudes of goalkeepers during competition. The quantitative approach was used in the study since the participants were asked to guess the size of goalkeepers wearing uniforms of various colors. The results revealed a significant main effect of uniform color on perceived size, with male goalkeepers in red and yellow uniforms estimated to be larger than those in blue (p = 0.008) and green (p = 0.061). In a follow-up experiment, it was found that male goalkeepers were perceived to be 16.8% larger than their actual size (F(1, 85) = 263.748, p < 0.001), while female goalkeepers were perceived as 6.3% larger (mean difference of 10.480, SE = 0.645, p < 0.001).  The results show that there is a significant gender stereotype, where male goalkeepers are perceived as larger than female goalkeepers irrespective of the color of the uniform they wear. These results indicate that uniform color can be used as a psychological weapon in sports and that the opponents may be conditioned by the color of the uniforms worn by the athletes. The findings of the study have relevance to the management of sports teams and the design of kits where the use of appropriate colors may be a nonverbal communication edge. However, the generalization of the results as well as the reliability of the results may be limited due to the small number and young age of the participants, restricted color options during the design of the uniform, and other features that may limit the applicability of the research in different sports and cultures.

text: The role of colour when perceiving goalkeeper size This research examines the effect of the color of a goalkeeper's uniform on perceived size and performance in sports. The main purpose was to determine the impact of particular colors, namely red, yellow, blue, green, and black on the psychological attitudes of goalkeepers during competition. The quantitative approach was used in the study since the participants were asked to guess the size of goalkeepers wearing uniforms of various colors. The results revealed a significant main effect of uniform color on perceived size, with male goalkeepers in red and yellow uniforms estimated to be larger than those in blue (p = 0.008) and green (p = 0.061). In a follow-up experiment, it was found that male goalkeepers were perceived to be 16.8% larger than their actual size (F(1, 85) = 263.748, p < 0.001), while female goalkeepers were perceived as 6.3% larger (mean difference of 10.480, SE = 0.645, p < 0.001).  The results show that there is a significant gender stereotype, where male goalkeepers are perceived as larger than female goalkeepers irrespective of the color of the uniform they wear. These results indicate that uniform color can be used as a psychological weapon in sports and that the opponents may be conditioned by the color of the uniforms worn by the athletes. The findings of the study have relevance to the management of sports teams and the design of kits where the use of appropriate colors may be a nonverbal communication edge. However, the generalization of the results as well as the reliability of the results may be limited due to the small number and young age of the participants, restricted color options during the design of the uniform, and other features that may limit the applicability of the research in different sports and cultures.

year: 2024

title: Opening Address to the National Māori Graduates of Psychology Symposium 2002: Making a difference

authors: Nikora, Linda Waimarie

subjects: Maori

abstract: The opening address to the National Māori Graduates of Psychology Symposium 2002.  This address introduces the themes of the conference: Kia matāra - negotiating the challenges in Māori development, kia mau – recruitment and retention, Tuhia mai, whiua atu – research and methodology, tinia mai – intervantions and treatment, taitaia i te ahi manuka – pride upon the skin.

text: Opening Address to the National Māori Graduates of Psychology Symposium 2002: Making a difference The opening address to the National Māori Graduates of Psychology Symposium 2002.  This address introduces the themes of the conference: Kia matāra - negotiating the challenges in Māori development, kia mau – recruitment and retention, Tuhia mai, whiua atu – research and methodology, tinia mai – intervantions and treatment, taitaia i te ahi manuka – pride upon the skin.

year: 2003