title: Multiple senses of community among older Chinese migrants to New Zealand

authors: Li, Wendy Wen

subjects: ageing in place

abstract: Existing literature suggests that successful ageing is linked to a sense of community (SOC) that is developed through shared daily practices. For migrant groups, SOC can extend across home and receiving countries. In order to understand the issue of successful ageing in place and multiple SOCs among older Chinese migrants, this paper investigated 32 older Chinese migrants' narratives of developing a SOC in their local and home communities. Findings suggest that a SOC can be viewed as constructed through practices such as neighbouring and supportive interactions within local contexts as well as engagement with the home country via new media. The findings provide insights into everyday practices central to the cultivation of a SOC among the participants whose engagements span the cultural spaces of China and New Zealand. For example, the use of media contributes to the participants' SOCs both in China and New Zealand. As a result, they live in a transnational community that can be understood as an ‘imagined’ community where the participants engage with significant, although absent, Chinese others. Living between China and New Zealand, between homes and between languages, the participants create identity ‘inbetweenness’ that is constructed at the intersection of interdependent, compatible and mutually reinforcing communities and spaces. The findings therefore extend conventional understandings of ageing migrant experiences that assume successful ageing and community participation occur in one locale to an understanding of multiple SOCs within the context of transnationalism.

text: Multiple senses of community among older Chinese migrants to New Zealand Existing literature suggests that successful ageing is linked to a sense of community (SOC) that is developed through shared daily practices. For migrant groups, SOC can extend across home and receiving countries. In order to understand the issue of successful ageing in place and multiple SOCs among older Chinese migrants, this paper investigated 32 older Chinese migrants' narratives of developing a SOC in their local and home communities. Findings suggest that a SOC can be viewed as constructed through practices such as neighbouring and supportive interactions within local contexts as well as engagement with the home country via new media. The findings provide insights into everyday practices central to the cultivation of a SOC among the participants whose engagements span the cultural spaces of China and New Zealand. For example, the use of media contributes to the participants' SOCs both in China and New Zealand. As a result, they live in a transnational community that can be understood as an ‘imagined’ community where the participants engage with significant, although absent, Chinese others. Living between China and New Zealand, between homes and between languages, the participants create identity ‘inbetweenness’ that is constructed at the intersection of interdependent, compatible and mutually reinforcing communities and spaces. The findings therefore extend conventional understandings of ageing migrant experiences that assume successful ageing and community participation occur in one locale to an understanding of multiple SOCs within the context of transnationalism.

year: 2014

title: Decomposing complete tripartite graphs into 5-cycles when the partite sets have similar size

authors: Billington, Elizabeth J.

subjects: graph decomposition

abstract: The problem of finding necessary and sufficient conditions to decompose a complete tripartite graph into 5-cycles was first posed at a conference in 1994 (Mahmoodian and Mirzakhani in Combinatorics Advances, 1995). Since then, many cases of the problem have been solved by various authors; however the case when the partite sets have odd and distinct sizes remains open. In this note, we introduce a new approach to the problem by embedding previously known decompositions into larger ones. Via this approach, we show that when the partite sets have asymptotically similar sizes, the conjectured necessary conditions for a decomposition are also sufficient.

text: Decomposing complete tripartite graphs into 5-cycles when the partite sets have similar size The problem of finding necessary and sufficient conditions to decompose a complete tripartite graph into 5-cycles was first posed at a conference in 1994 (Mahmoodian and Mirzakhani in Combinatorics Advances, 1995). Since then, many cases of the problem have been solved by various authors; however the case when the partite sets have odd and distinct sizes remains open. In this note, we introduce a new approach to the problem by embedding previously known decompositions into larger ones. Via this approach, we show that when the partite sets have asymptotically similar sizes, the conjectured necessary conditions for a decomposition are also sufficient.

year: 2011

title: Te Kōpura

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: He Hōnore, he korōria, he maungārongo ki runga ki te whenua, he whakaaro pai ki ngā tānagata katoa.


Ko te tāhu o tēnei tuhituhinga he titiro ki Te Hāhi Ringatū i runga o Whitianga marae. E rua noa iho ngā Rā Ringatū ka tū ki runga i tēnei marae, arā, ko Te Huamata, hei te tahi o Hune tēnā me Te Pure, hei te tahi o Nōema tēnā. I roto i te tuhituhingaroa nei ka titiro he aha I tae atu ai wēnei tikanga ki tēnei o ngā marae. Ka whakatakoto haere, i pēhea hoki ngā whakahaeretanga i te wā o ngā pakeke. Kātahi ka titiro ki ngā whakarerekētanga ki ngā tikanga i roto i te wā, ā, he aha i pērā ai. 
Kua tata ki te toru tekau tau mai i te whakakoretanga o Te Māratapu a Te Ringatū i roto i wāna whakahaerenga i Te Huamata me Te Pure. Ko tērā tūāhuatanga o Te Ringatū e kore nei e kitea e tēnei reanga tangata.
Tokoiti noa nei, me kī, ngā mōrehu o tērā whakatipuranga pakeke i kitea wērā tūāhuatanga e ora tonu ana. Nō reira i toko ake te whakaaro ki te rangahau, ki te kohikohi hoki i ngā kōrero i te hunga i rongo, i kite, i tipu ake hoki i roto i tērā Ao. He pekanga nui o te tuhinga nei kua titiro ki Te Huamata me Te Pure me wōna tapu, me wōna whakahaerenga ki runga o te marae o Whitianga.
Ki te whakawhāriki i ngā kōrero nei mō Te Ringatū ki runga o Whitianga kua tātaritia kia waru ngā pekanga o te tuhinga kia mārama ai ki te karu pānui i ngā kōrero; i pēhea tae atu ai Te Ringatū ki runga o Whitianga, i pēhea tāna kawe i ngā tikanga, ā, he aha i whakarerekēngia ai tāna kawe i Te Huamata me Te Pure i roto I te wā.

Tuatahi: Ki te kōrero mō Te Ringatū me hoki ki te tīmata maitanga o Te Ringatū. Ka tirohia, nā wai i tīmata, ā, he aha i tīmataria ai, me te whakaatu i wētahi āhuatanga i pā ki tōna Poropiti me wāna pononga i te tīmatatanga rā anō o Te Ringatū.

Tuarua: Ko te whai haere tēnei i ngā takahanga waewae o ngā tīpuna o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, ki te whai i Te Ringatū. Ka titiro he aha te take i huri ai a Te Whānau-a-Apanui ki ngā tikanga o Te Ringatū. Ka titiro anō hoki ki te taenga atu o Te Kooti me tana iwi Ringatū ki roto o Te Whānau-a-Apanui me wāna mahi ki a rātou i reira.

Tuatoru: Ka whakaatu i konei, he aha te take ko wātahi marae tokoiti noa iho o Te Whānau-a-Apanui ka noho hei marae Ringatū, mai i te taenga atu o Te Ringatū, aā, tae noa ki tēnei rā.
Tuawhā: I konei ka tae ki te pūtake o te tuhinga. Ka titiro i konei ki te taenga o ngā whakahaere Ringatū, arā, Te Huamata me Te Pure ki runga i te marae o Whitianga. Ka whakaatu i konei, he aha i tae atu ai wēnei tikanga ki tērā marae. Ka kite anē hoki he aha i karangatia ko Whitianga te marae pou mō Te Ringatū ki roto o Te Whānau-a-Apanui.
Tuarima: Ka tiro haeretia i konei ngā tikanga e pā ana ki Te Huamata me wōna whakahaere I ngā. tapu katoa e pā ana ki Te Huamata. Ka whakarārangitia ko ngā karakia me wōna kaupapa katoa kia kite ai te kaipānui i te hōhonutanga o tēnei tikanga a Te Ringatū. I konei ka kite anō hoki te kaipānui i ngā kōrero a ngā pakeke, nāna nei i kite, i tipu ake i roto i tērā tikanga.
Tuaono: Ka titiro i konei ko ngā whakahaere a Te Ringatū i tēnei tikanga, arā, Te Pure. Pērā anō ki te tipuranga tuarima, ka whakarārangitia ai ko ngā karakia me wōna kaupapa katoa kia kite ai te kaipānui i te tikanga o Te Pure, ā, he aha i pērā rawa ai te kaha whakapono o ngā pakeke ki tēnei tūāhuatanga, ko Te Pure.
Tuawhitu: I konei ka titiro ki a Paora Delamere me te take i whakarerekēngia ai e ia ngā tikanga tapu o Te Huamata me Te Pure. Ka titiro anō hoki ki wētahi āhuatanga hou i tīmataria ai e ia i waenganui i Te Ringatū whanui huri i Aotearoa.
Tuawaru: Ka tuituia ngā pekanga katoa ki te whakamārama i ngā kōrero kia eke katoa ki runga i te tāhūhū o te kōrero. Ka kitea te take i tīmataria ai Te Ringatu, arā ngā kairiri a Māori ki a tauiwi. Ā, pērā anō te take i huri ai a Te Whānau-a-Apanui ki ngā tikanga a Te Ringatū. Koira i hanake hoki ai ngā pakeke ki Ōtewa ki te pōhiri i a Te Kooti ki te rohe o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, nā te rauwhaitanga o te patu i ngā papatipu. Ko te hokitanga ki te haumoana o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, ko te hokinga anō hoki o Te Māratapu o Te Huamata, o Te Pure ki reira toka atu ai. Ka haere te wā, ā, nāwai rā ka poua wēnei tikanga a Te Ringatū ki Te Māratapu ki runga o Whitianga, ana, i tipu ake he tipu hou, he oranga hou, ā, he tikanga hou i te huringa o te wā.
Katoa wēnei kōrero hei whakaatu i te āhua o te taenga o Te Huamata me Te Pure ki runga o Whitianga marae, mai i te kunenga ake o te whakaaro ki te whai I wēnei tikanga, ā, tae noa ki te whakatinanatanga e haere ake nei, e haere ake. He rautau kua taha, he raurau tau e haere mai nei.

text: Te Kōpura He Hōnore, he korōria, he maungārongo ki runga ki te whenua, he whakaaro pai ki ngā tānagata katoa.


Ko te tāhu o tēnei tuhituhinga he titiro ki Te Hāhi Ringatū i runga o Whitianga marae. E rua noa iho ngā Rā Ringatū ka tū ki runga i tēnei marae, arā, ko Te Huamata, hei te tahi o Hune tēnā me Te Pure, hei te tahi o Nōema tēnā. I roto i te tuhituhingaroa nei ka titiro he aha I tae atu ai wēnei tikanga ki tēnei o ngā marae. Ka whakatakoto haere, i pēhea hoki ngā whakahaeretanga i te wā o ngā pakeke. Kātahi ka titiro ki ngā whakarerekētanga ki ngā tikanga i roto i te wā, ā, he aha i pērā ai. 
Kua tata ki te toru tekau tau mai i te whakakoretanga o Te Māratapu a Te Ringatū i roto i wāna whakahaerenga i Te Huamata me Te Pure. Ko tērā tūāhuatanga o Te Ringatū e kore nei e kitea e tēnei reanga tangata.
Tokoiti noa nei, me kī, ngā mōrehu o tērā whakatipuranga pakeke i kitea wērā tūāhuatanga e ora tonu ana. Nō reira i toko ake te whakaaro ki te rangahau, ki te kohikohi hoki i ngā kōrero i te hunga i rongo, i kite, i tipu ake hoki i roto i tērā Ao. He pekanga nui o te tuhinga nei kua titiro ki Te Huamata me Te Pure me wōna tapu, me wōna whakahaerenga ki runga o te marae o Whitianga.
Ki te whakawhāriki i ngā kōrero nei mō Te Ringatū ki runga o Whitianga kua tātaritia kia waru ngā pekanga o te tuhinga kia mārama ai ki te karu pānui i ngā kōrero; i pēhea tae atu ai Te Ringatū ki runga o Whitianga, i pēhea tāna kawe i ngā tikanga, ā, he aha i whakarerekēngia ai tāna kawe i Te Huamata me Te Pure i roto I te wā.

Tuatahi: Ki te kōrero mō Te Ringatū me hoki ki te tīmata maitanga o Te Ringatū. Ka tirohia, nā wai i tīmata, ā, he aha i tīmataria ai, me te whakaatu i wētahi āhuatanga i pā ki tōna Poropiti me wāna pononga i te tīmatatanga rā anō o Te Ringatū.

Tuarua: Ko te whai haere tēnei i ngā takahanga waewae o ngā tīpuna o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, ki te whai i Te Ringatū. Ka titiro he aha te take i huri ai a Te Whānau-a-Apanui ki ngā tikanga o Te Ringatū. Ka titiro anō hoki ki te taenga atu o Te Kooti me tana iwi Ringatū ki roto o Te Whānau-a-Apanui me wāna mahi ki a rātou i reira.

Tuatoru: Ka whakaatu i konei, he aha te take ko wātahi marae tokoiti noa iho o Te Whānau-a-Apanui ka noho hei marae Ringatū, mai i te taenga atu o Te Ringatū, aā, tae noa ki tēnei rā.
Tuawhā: I konei ka tae ki te pūtake o te tuhinga. Ka titiro i konei ki te taenga o ngā whakahaere Ringatū, arā, Te Huamata me Te Pure ki runga i te marae o Whitianga. Ka whakaatu i konei, he aha i tae atu ai wēnei tikanga ki tērā marae. Ka kite anē hoki he aha i karangatia ko Whitianga te marae pou mō Te Ringatū ki roto o Te Whānau-a-Apanui.
Tuarima: Ka tiro haeretia i konei ngā tikanga e pā ana ki Te Huamata me wōna whakahaere I ngā. tapu katoa e pā ana ki Te Huamata. Ka whakarārangitia ko ngā karakia me wōna kaupapa katoa kia kite ai te kaipānui i te hōhonutanga o tēnei tikanga a Te Ringatū. I konei ka kite anō hoki te kaipānui i ngā kōrero a ngā pakeke, nāna nei i kite, i tipu ake i roto i tērā tikanga.
Tuaono: Ka titiro i konei ko ngā whakahaere a Te Ringatū i tēnei tikanga, arā, Te Pure. Pērā anō ki te tipuranga tuarima, ka whakarārangitia ai ko ngā karakia me wōna kaupapa katoa kia kite ai te kaipānui i te tikanga o Te Pure, ā, he aha i pērā rawa ai te kaha whakapono o ngā pakeke ki tēnei tūāhuatanga, ko Te Pure.
Tuawhitu: I konei ka titiro ki a Paora Delamere me te take i whakarerekēngia ai e ia ngā tikanga tapu o Te Huamata me Te Pure. Ka titiro anō hoki ki wētahi āhuatanga hou i tīmataria ai e ia i waenganui i Te Ringatū whanui huri i Aotearoa.
Tuawaru: Ka tuituia ngā pekanga katoa ki te whakamārama i ngā kōrero kia eke katoa ki runga i te tāhūhū o te kōrero. Ka kitea te take i tīmataria ai Te Ringatu, arā ngā kairiri a Māori ki a tauiwi. Ā, pērā anō te take i huri ai a Te Whānau-a-Apanui ki ngā tikanga a Te Ringatū. Koira i hanake hoki ai ngā pakeke ki Ōtewa ki te pōhiri i a Te Kooti ki te rohe o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, nā te rauwhaitanga o te patu i ngā papatipu. Ko te hokitanga ki te haumoana o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, ko te hokinga anō hoki o Te Māratapu o Te Huamata, o Te Pure ki reira toka atu ai. Ka haere te wā, ā, nāwai rā ka poua wēnei tikanga a Te Ringatū ki Te Māratapu ki runga o Whitianga, ana, i tipu ake he tipu hou, he oranga hou, ā, he tikanga hou i te huringa o te wā.
Katoa wēnei kōrero hei whakaatu i te āhua o te taenga o Te Huamata me Te Pure ki runga o Whitianga marae, mai i te kunenga ake o te whakaaro ki te whai I wēnei tikanga, ā, tae noa ki te whakatinanatanga e haere ake nei, e haere ake. He rautau kua taha, he raurau tau e haere mai nei.

year: 1998