title: Stop 2 Kainui silt loam and Naike clay, Gordonton Rd

authors: Lowe, David J.

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: At this stop are several remarkable features both stratigraphic and pedological, and a “two-storied” soil, the Kainui silt loam alongside (in just a few places) the Naike clay. Both soils are Ultisols. The sequence of tephra beds and buried soil horizons spanning about 1 million years was exposed in 2007 by road works.

text: Stop 2 Kainui silt loam and Naike clay, Gordonton Rd At this stop are several remarkable features both stratigraphic and pedological, and a “two-storied” soil, the Kainui silt loam alongside (in just a few places) the Naike clay. Both soils are Ultisols. The sequence of tephra beds and buried soil horizons spanning about 1 million years was exposed in 2007 by road works.

year: 2008

title: Geological structure of the forearc basin in central Hawke’s Bay, eastern North Island

authors: Bland, Kyle J.

subjects: Hawke’s Bay

abstract: Central Hawke’s Bay lies within an extensive forearc basin in eastern North Island that developed during the Late Miocene to Pleistocene. The onshore structural elements of Hawke’s Bay can be classified into four structural domains, each reflecting differing styles and scales of deformation. These domains are from west to east, the axial range domain, the range front con¬tractional domain, the central forearc basin domain, and the eastern contractional domain.
Some degree of the oblique-interaction of the Australia and Pacific plates on the subduction thrust is inferred to be partitioned across the four structural domains and to be expressed dominantly as oblique-(dextral) slip on faults bordering the axial ranges, and as short¬ening on reverse faults and folds in more eastern parts of the forearc. The axial range domain involves the eastern parts of the North Island axial ranges where there is marked oblique-slip displacement on major faults. Some dextral offest is accommodated in the range front contractional domain, although dip-slip displacement is more significant.
The central forearc basin domain is comparatively undeformed with only minor reverse faulting and (fault-force driven) folding. By comparison, the ad¬jacent eastern contractional domain, which comprises an accretionary wedge, is characterised by imbricate reverse and thrust faulting and associated folding. A small degree of dextral-slip is also accommodated in this domain. The uppermost parts of the inboard margin of the accretionary wedge, particularly the part onshore, is currently undergoing gravitationally-driven collapse expressed as deep-seated landslides and normal faulting.
Many folds in the basin are fault-cored, several of which have been targeted in recent years by petroleum exploration companies (e.g. Hukarere-, Whakatu-and Kereru-).
Most deformation of the forearc basin fill in central Hawke’s Bay is post early Nukumaruan (2.4 Ma) and much of this has occurred since the early Pleistocene (.8 Ma). Dextral-slip on Mohaka and Ruahine Faults since the Early Pliocene is likely to be less than 0 km. Significant unconformities in the basin fill reflect early phases of development of oblique-slip faults in the axial ranges. New dextral oblique-slip faults are developing in the basin fill to the east of the main oblique-slip faults bordering the ranges.

text: Geological structure of the forearc basin in central Hawke’s Bay, eastern North Island Central Hawke’s Bay lies within an extensive forearc basin in eastern North Island that developed during the Late Miocene to Pleistocene. The onshore structural elements of Hawke’s Bay can be classified into four structural domains, each reflecting differing styles and scales of deformation. These domains are from west to east, the axial range domain, the range front con¬tractional domain, the central forearc basin domain, and the eastern contractional domain.
Some degree of the oblique-interaction of the Australia and Pacific plates on the subduction thrust is inferred to be partitioned across the four structural domains and to be expressed dominantly as oblique-(dextral) slip on faults bordering the axial ranges, and as short¬ening on reverse faults and folds in more eastern parts of the forearc. The axial range domain involves the eastern parts of the North Island axial ranges where there is marked oblique-slip displacement on major faults. Some dextral offest is accommodated in the range front contractional domain, although dip-slip displacement is more significant.
The central forearc basin domain is comparatively undeformed with only minor reverse faulting and (fault-force driven) folding. By comparison, the ad¬jacent eastern contractional domain, which comprises an accretionary wedge, is characterised by imbricate reverse and thrust faulting and associated folding. A small degree of dextral-slip is also accommodated in this domain. The uppermost parts of the inboard margin of the accretionary wedge, particularly the part onshore, is currently undergoing gravitationally-driven collapse expressed as deep-seated landslides and normal faulting.
Many folds in the basin are fault-cored, several of which have been targeted in recent years by petroleum exploration companies (e.g. Hukarere-, Whakatu-and Kereru-).
Most deformation of the forearc basin fill in central Hawke’s Bay is post early Nukumaruan (2.4 Ma) and much of this has occurred since the early Pleistocene (.8 Ma). Dextral-slip on Mohaka and Ruahine Faults since the Early Pliocene is likely to be less than 0 km. Significant unconformities in the basin fill reflect early phases of development of oblique-slip faults in the axial ranges. New dextral oblique-slip faults are developing in the basin fill to the east of the main oblique-slip faults bordering the ranges.

year: 2006

title: Local values and the promotion and restoration of wetlands and their ecosystem services in Aotearoa-New Zealand: a case study of Tauranga’s planning regime

authors: Peat, Helen Ann

subjects: Environmental planning

abstract: Aligning wetlands restoration planning mechanisms with public perceptions and values can help gain support for and assistance with restoration. Using Tauranga as a case study, this thesis is an exploratory study that applies the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) framework to examine the extent to which New Zealand's planning regime incorporates local values in the promotion and restoration of wetlands and their ecosystem services.

This thesis used multiple qualitative research methods in a two-pronged process. A narrative literature review and systematic statutory analysis in phase one helped identify values associated with wetland ecosystem services and how New Zealand’s, and more specifically Tauranga’s, resource management system promotes and enables the restoration of wetlands and their ecosystem services. A case study approach with analysis of primary and secondary data in phase two helped identify what Tauranga local residents value as important wetland ecosystem services and the extent to which the local policy mechanisms reflect these values. 

Through thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews and summaries of submissions, this thesis identifies six dimensions that represent values towards wetland ecosystem services and their restoration in Tauranga. Other than one dimension that consists of a single value on education from the cultural services category of the MEA framework, the remaining five dimensions comprise services from within and between the framework categories. These dimensions are wetlands as nutrient- and mineral-rich areas that support biodiversity and provide habitat; that regulate water, act as natural flood plains and sequester carbon to help protect against climate change and natural hazards; that maintain Māori cultural practices; that remove nutrients and contaminants in water; and provide recreational and aesthetic experiences. Therefore, identified dimensions could form the basis of educational programmes and toolkits that promote wetlands restoration.

The systematic policy analysis and cross-comparison with the results of the thematic analysis found that Tauranga’s planning regime partially provides for each of the six dimensions. However, the nuances and complexities of the values, including the interconnected nature of wetlands values and services, are not captured. This means Tauranga’s planning regime does not fully incorporate local values in the promotion and restoration of wetlands and their ecosystem services. Bridging the gap between wetlands restoration provisions and wetland ecosystem service values is likely to be supported by enacting the current resource management reforms. Enacting the reforms would help reduce the number of policies and plans, implement regional spatial planning, and develop outcomes-based policy mechanisms that encompass ecological, social, cultural and spiritual values, including those associated with wetlands.

text: Local values and the promotion and restoration of wetlands and their ecosystem services in Aotearoa-New Zealand: a case study of Tauranga’s planning regime Aligning wetlands restoration planning mechanisms with public perceptions and values can help gain support for and assistance with restoration. Using Tauranga as a case study, this thesis is an exploratory study that applies the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) framework to examine the extent to which New Zealand's planning regime incorporates local values in the promotion and restoration of wetlands and their ecosystem services.

This thesis used multiple qualitative research methods in a two-pronged process. A narrative literature review and systematic statutory analysis in phase one helped identify values associated with wetland ecosystem services and how New Zealand’s, and more specifically Tauranga’s, resource management system promotes and enables the restoration of wetlands and their ecosystem services. A case study approach with analysis of primary and secondary data in phase two helped identify what Tauranga local residents value as important wetland ecosystem services and the extent to which the local policy mechanisms reflect these values. 

Through thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews and summaries of submissions, this thesis identifies six dimensions that represent values towards wetland ecosystem services and their restoration in Tauranga. Other than one dimension that consists of a single value on education from the cultural services category of the MEA framework, the remaining five dimensions comprise services from within and between the framework categories. These dimensions are wetlands as nutrient- and mineral-rich areas that support biodiversity and provide habitat; that regulate water, act as natural flood plains and sequester carbon to help protect against climate change and natural hazards; that maintain Māori cultural practices; that remove nutrients and contaminants in water; and provide recreational and aesthetic experiences. Therefore, identified dimensions could form the basis of educational programmes and toolkits that promote wetlands restoration.

The systematic policy analysis and cross-comparison with the results of the thematic analysis found that Tauranga’s planning regime partially provides for each of the six dimensions. However, the nuances and complexities of the values, including the interconnected nature of wetlands values and services, are not captured. This means Tauranga’s planning regime does not fully incorporate local values in the promotion and restoration of wetlands and their ecosystem services. Bridging the gap between wetlands restoration provisions and wetland ecosystem service values is likely to be supported by enacting the current resource management reforms. Enacting the reforms would help reduce the number of policies and plans, implement regional spatial planning, and develop outcomes-based policy mechanisms that encompass ecological, social, cultural and spiritual values, including those associated with wetlands.

year: 2022