title: Te manemanerau a te kāwanatanga: A history of the confiscation of Tūhoe lands in the Bay of Plenty

authors: Melbourne, Sydney

subjects: Ngāi Tūhoe

abstract: This thesis endeavours to show that Tūhoe lands should never have been confiscated and that Tūhoe efforts to gain compensation have been totally unsuccessful to date. When certain lands within the confiscated district of the Bay of Plenty were returned to the tribes there, Tūhoe were not granted any. Furthermore, lands which actually belonged to Tūhoe were granted to other tribes.
Although the major focus is on issues specific to Tūhoe, these are viewed within the wider context of nineteenth century land acquisition in New Zealand. This study looks at Tūhoe historical claims to disputed lands included in the confiscation district of the Bay of Plenty. Chapter One traces the extent of Tūhoe territories within the confiscation district and describes how Tūhoe came to occupy them and the duration of their occupation. Information about these claims came from tribal oral sources and original manuscripts, as well as from more generally accessible sources.
The development of colonial expansion patterns is discussed in Chapter Two. The contention is that they were based on materialistic considerations and legal pretexts to justify the acquisition of Māori lands. Hostilities between Māori and Government in the Bay of Plenty are dealt with in Chapter Three. Particular attention is paid to the causes of the hostilities and the complex racial and political misunderstandings which contributed to the inevitability of war. As a result of these encounters, the New Zealand Settlements Act was imposed.
Chapter Four covers the implementation of its provisions through the Compensation Court. The failings of this Court and its commissioners and field officials are exposed.
Chapter Five examines the settlement of Tūhoe lands in Ōpouriao and Waimana, as well as the changing fortunes of some of the settlers who took advantage of the settlement scheme. After placing the experiences of Tūhoe people within the wider context of what had taken place in New Zealand, Chapter Six focuses on Tūhoe attempts to bring the wrongs they had suffered to the attention of Government. In retrospect these early Tūhoe attempts at redress show that much has to be learnt about presenting substantial submissions. It was obvious that much of what was known by the elders then, though recorded, was never used in evidence to support their petitions. Nonetheless, without the existence of these manuscripts, present attempts would not be possible.
Chapter Seven gives a basis for a proposed just settlement for the confiscation of Tūhoe lands. In order to provide a guide for monetary compensation, details of values of Tūhoe confiscated land have been sought from official records. Compensation for the denial of justice, the loss of human life, land and property, remain open for negotiation.
Finally, while certain conclusions can be and are drawn from these investigations, the end of the story remains unwritten. It will depend on the outcome of new Tūhoe attempts to gain redress from the appropriate statutory body.

text: Te manemanerau a te kāwanatanga: A history of the confiscation of Tūhoe lands in the Bay of Plenty This thesis endeavours to show that Tūhoe lands should never have been confiscated and that Tūhoe efforts to gain compensation have been totally unsuccessful to date. When certain lands within the confiscated district of the Bay of Plenty were returned to the tribes there, Tūhoe were not granted any. Furthermore, lands which actually belonged to Tūhoe were granted to other tribes.
Although the major focus is on issues specific to Tūhoe, these are viewed within the wider context of nineteenth century land acquisition in New Zealand. This study looks at Tūhoe historical claims to disputed lands included in the confiscation district of the Bay of Plenty. Chapter One traces the extent of Tūhoe territories within the confiscation district and describes how Tūhoe came to occupy them and the duration of their occupation. Information about these claims came from tribal oral sources and original manuscripts, as well as from more generally accessible sources.
The development of colonial expansion patterns is discussed in Chapter Two. The contention is that they were based on materialistic considerations and legal pretexts to justify the acquisition of Māori lands. Hostilities between Māori and Government in the Bay of Plenty are dealt with in Chapter Three. Particular attention is paid to the causes of the hostilities and the complex racial and political misunderstandings which contributed to the inevitability of war. As a result of these encounters, the New Zealand Settlements Act was imposed.
Chapter Four covers the implementation of its provisions through the Compensation Court. The failings of this Court and its commissioners and field officials are exposed.
Chapter Five examines the settlement of Tūhoe lands in Ōpouriao and Waimana, as well as the changing fortunes of some of the settlers who took advantage of the settlement scheme. After placing the experiences of Tūhoe people within the wider context of what had taken place in New Zealand, Chapter Six focuses on Tūhoe attempts to bring the wrongs they had suffered to the attention of Government. In retrospect these early Tūhoe attempts at redress show that much has to be learnt about presenting substantial submissions. It was obvious that much of what was known by the elders then, though recorded, was never used in evidence to support their petitions. Nonetheless, without the existence of these manuscripts, present attempts would not be possible.
Chapter Seven gives a basis for a proposed just settlement for the confiscation of Tūhoe lands. In order to provide a guide for monetary compensation, details of values of Tūhoe confiscated land have been sought from official records. Compensation for the denial of justice, the loss of human life, land and property, remain open for negotiation.
Finally, while certain conclusions can be and are drawn from these investigations, the end of the story remains unwritten. It will depend on the outcome of new Tūhoe attempts to gain redress from the appropriate statutory body.

year: 1987

title: Responsive socio-cultural contexts: Supporting five year olds to become literate in a second language.

authors: Berryman, Mere

subjects: bilingual learners

abstract: Learning one's own indigenous language and culture as a second language learner within formal mainstream education settings can pose many challenges, especially for students who have been raised in the dominant first language and who are just beginning school. This paper discusses a Māori language resource used by a Māori immersion teacher to respond to these challenges. This resource utilises community support to develop students' phonological awareness while simultaneously increasing their oral language. This study shows that within a relatively short period of time, students' phonological knowledge improved along with their confidence and ability to speak in Māori. With these skills they were then able to progress more successfully to becoming literate in Māori, their second language.

text: Responsive socio-cultural contexts: Supporting five year olds to become literate in a second language. Learning one's own indigenous language and culture as a second language learner within formal mainstream education settings can pose many challenges, especially for students who have been raised in the dominant first language and who are just beginning school. This paper discusses a Māori language resource used by a Māori immersion teacher to respond to these challenges. This resource utilises community support to develop students' phonological awareness while simultaneously increasing their oral language. This study shows that within a relatively short period of time, students' phonological knowledge improved along with their confidence and ability to speak in Māori. With these skills they were then able to progress more successfully to becoming literate in Māori, their second language.

year: 2012

title: Measuring the impact of conservation: The growing importance of monitoring fauna, flora and funga

authors: Stephenson, P.J.

subjects: aquatic species

abstract: Many stakeholders, from governments to civil society to businesses, lack the data they need to make informed decisions on biodiversity, jeopardising efforts to conserve, restore and sustainably manage nature. Here we review the importance of enhancing biodiversity monitoring, assess the challenges involved and identify potential solutions. Capacity for biodiversity monitoring needs to be enhanced urgently, especially in poorer, high-biodiversity countries where data gaps are disproportionately high. Modern tools and technologies, including remote sensing, bioacoustics and environmental DNA, should be used at larger scales to fill taxonomic and geographic data gaps, especially in the tropics, in marine and freshwater biomes, and for plants, fungi and invertebrates. Stakeholders need to follow best monitoring practices, adopting appropriate indicators and using counterfactual approaches to measure and attribute outcomes and impacts. Data should be made openly and freely available. Companies need to invest in collecting the data required to enhance sustainability in their operations and supply chains. With governments soon to commit to the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, the time is right to make a concerted push on monitoring. However, action at scale is needed now if we are to enhance results-based management adequately to conserve the biodiversity and ecosystem services we all depend on.

text: Measuring the impact of conservation: The growing importance of monitoring fauna, flora and funga Many stakeholders, from governments to civil society to businesses, lack the data they need to make informed decisions on biodiversity, jeopardising efforts to conserve, restore and sustainably manage nature. Here we review the importance of enhancing biodiversity monitoring, assess the challenges involved and identify potential solutions. Capacity for biodiversity monitoring needs to be enhanced urgently, especially in poorer, high-biodiversity countries where data gaps are disproportionately high. Modern tools and technologies, including remote sensing, bioacoustics and environmental DNA, should be used at larger scales to fill taxonomic and geographic data gaps, especially in the tropics, in marine and freshwater biomes, and for plants, fungi and invertebrates. Stakeholders need to follow best monitoring practices, adopting appropriate indicators and using counterfactual approaches to measure and attribute outcomes and impacts. Data should be made openly and freely available. Companies need to invest in collecting the data required to enhance sustainability in their operations and supply chains. With governments soon to commit to the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, the time is right to make a concerted push on monitoring. However, action at scale is needed now if we are to enhance results-based management adequately to conserve the biodiversity and ecosystem services we all depend on.

year: 2022