title: The functionalisation of wool by tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine for metal ion recovery

authors: Addison, Simon James

subjects: THP

abstract: Tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THP) was prepared by the addition of a stoichiometric amount of base to tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC).  Freshly prepared THP was successfully immobilised onto wool through a Mannich-type condensation reaction between a hydroxymethyl group and an amine on the wool surface, forming stable gt;P-CH2-Nlt; coupling links.  The immobilisation of THP to wool stabilised the THP, which resulted in the decreased oxidation of THP to tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine oxide (THPO).  

The presence of immobilised phosphine groups was determined colorimetrically by reaction with Ni2+ ions, which produced a bright orange nickel-phosphine complex, as well as quantitatively, by measuring nickel uptake using ICP-MS.  Immobilised THP-wool showed proportional binding for varying concentrations of metal solution.  Decreasing or increasing the concentration of the metal solution resulted in a corresponding proportional response of metal binding.  Following immobilisation onto wool, oxidation of the system by 6% H2O2 resulted in a reduced binding of 24% for Cu, 25% for Co, 27% for Ni, and 93% for Cd relative to unoxidised THP immobilised onto wool.

Additional modification of the THP-wool systems via reaction with amino acids and other related compounds overall did not appear to enhance the metal binding capacity relative to the unmodified THP-wool system.  The only modified THP-wool system that showed either retention or an increase in metal binding capacity for all metals analysed was that of 2-aminopyridine, followed by oxidation with H₂O₂.

text: The functionalisation of wool by tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine for metal ion recovery Tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THP) was prepared by the addition of a stoichiometric amount of base to tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC).  Freshly prepared THP was successfully immobilised onto wool through a Mannich-type condensation reaction between a hydroxymethyl group and an amine on the wool surface, forming stable gt;P-CH2-Nlt; coupling links.  The immobilisation of THP to wool stabilised the THP, which resulted in the decreased oxidation of THP to tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine oxide (THPO).  

The presence of immobilised phosphine groups was determined colorimetrically by reaction with Ni2+ ions, which produced a bright orange nickel-phosphine complex, as well as quantitatively, by measuring nickel uptake using ICP-MS.  Immobilised THP-wool showed proportional binding for varying concentrations of metal solution.  Decreasing or increasing the concentration of the metal solution resulted in a corresponding proportional response of metal binding.  Following immobilisation onto wool, oxidation of the system by 6% H2O2 resulted in a reduced binding of 24% for Cu, 25% for Co, 27% for Ni, and 93% for Cd relative to unoxidised THP immobilised onto wool.

Additional modification of the THP-wool systems via reaction with amino acids and other related compounds overall did not appear to enhance the metal binding capacity relative to the unmodified THP-wool system.  The only modified THP-wool system that showed either retention or an increase in metal binding capacity for all metals analysed was that of 2-aminopyridine, followed by oxidation with H₂O₂.

year: 2009

title: Correlations Between a Cyanobacteria Bloom's Decline and Environmental Dynamics.

authors: O'Rorke, Richard

subjects: cayanobacteria

abstract: Lake Kainui is an ombrogenous peat lake that is eutrophic and has frequent cyanobacterial blooms.  This research aimed to elucidate the factors that correlated with cyanobacterial bloom decline in Lake Kainui.  Abiotic and biotic variables in Lake Kainui were monitored weekly across the bloom decline phase.  Physicochemical parameters measured included nutrients, micronutrients, water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and meteorological variables.  Planktonic and particle-associated bacterial community composition (BCC) was assessed through time using molecular fingerprinting (ARISA).  Total algal, cyanobacterial, planktonic bacteria, planktonic viruses and planktonic crustacean abundances were determined using microscopy.

The bloom decline coincided with multiple factors including; an increasing ratio of TN:TP, changes in the ratio of mixing depth (z¬mix) to euphotic depth (zeu) and pH.  The lake was stratified for several weeks before the decline and the resulting lake stability potentially created an adverse environment for cyanobacterial dominance.  Changes in planktonic biota were various.  Virus dynamics were positively correlated with phytoplankton dynamics.  If virus abundance was negatively correlated to phytoplankton diversity, it would potentially mean that viruses were controlling the phytoplankton assemblage, however virus abundance was positively correlated to phytoplankton diversity, which suggests that viruses had a positive impact on the bloom.  The positive effect was most likely due to to viruses upregulating the amount of dissolved organic matter through lysis.  Bacterial abundance showed no clear correlation with other variables, but bacterial community composition (BCC) shifted as the bloom declined.  Planktonic Cladocera spiked just after the bloom decline.  Bosmina was the dominant species of Cladocera, but was probably too small to ingest colonial Microcystis, which suggests that the Bosmina may be consuming degradation products produced by Microcystis.  These observations indicate that if planktonic biota played a role in bloom dynamics it was most likely due to shifts in the biota causing shifts in trophic cycling that alternately favour or disfavour blooming.

text: Correlations Between a Cyanobacteria Bloom's Decline and Environmental Dynamics. Lake Kainui is an ombrogenous peat lake that is eutrophic and has frequent cyanobacterial blooms.  This research aimed to elucidate the factors that correlated with cyanobacterial bloom decline in Lake Kainui.  Abiotic and biotic variables in Lake Kainui were monitored weekly across the bloom decline phase.  Physicochemical parameters measured included nutrients, micronutrients, water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and meteorological variables.  Planktonic and particle-associated bacterial community composition (BCC) was assessed through time using molecular fingerprinting (ARISA).  Total algal, cyanobacterial, planktonic bacteria, planktonic viruses and planktonic crustacean abundances were determined using microscopy.

The bloom decline coincided with multiple factors including; an increasing ratio of TN:TP, changes in the ratio of mixing depth (z¬mix) to euphotic depth (zeu) and pH.  The lake was stratified for several weeks before the decline and the resulting lake stability potentially created an adverse environment for cyanobacterial dominance.  Changes in planktonic biota were various.  Virus dynamics were positively correlated with phytoplankton dynamics.  If virus abundance was negatively correlated to phytoplankton diversity, it would potentially mean that viruses were controlling the phytoplankton assemblage, however virus abundance was positively correlated to phytoplankton diversity, which suggests that viruses had a positive impact on the bloom.  The positive effect was most likely due to to viruses upregulating the amount of dissolved organic matter through lysis.  Bacterial abundance showed no clear correlation with other variables, but bacterial community composition (BCC) shifted as the bloom declined.  Planktonic Cladocera spiked just after the bloom decline.  Bosmina was the dominant species of Cladocera, but was probably too small to ingest colonial Microcystis, which suggests that the Bosmina may be consuming degradation products produced by Microcystis.  These observations indicate that if planktonic biota played a role in bloom dynamics it was most likely due to shifts in the biota causing shifts in trophic cycling that alternately favour or disfavour blooming.

year: 2009

title: Te Kahautu Maxwell on Te Kooti and Ringatu (Interviewed by Tama Muru)

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: In October 1869 musket fire erupted at Te Porere about sixty kilometres north of here, in the shadow of Mount Tongariro in the last major battle of the New Zealand wars. 

Armed constabulary and Maori fighters, clashed with the forces of the prophet Te Kooti Arikinui Te Turiki who had built an earth redoubt at Te Porere.  It was overwhelmed during the battle, but Te Kooti and his surviving followers escaped. 

Today the site is a tourist attraction but what also endured is the Ringatu Church, founded by Te Kooti. In 2018 it celebrated its 150th anniversary. 

Ringatu mixes the Bible with Maori custom and, like Matariki, follows annual cycles such as Te Huamata in June for planting and Te Pure, the harvest, each November. 

We spoke to Professor Te Kahautu Maxwell , a minister in the Ringatu Church and a senior academic in Maori and Indigenous Studies at the University of Waikato.

text: Te Kahautu Maxwell on Te Kooti and Ringatu (Interviewed by Tama Muru) In October 1869 musket fire erupted at Te Porere about sixty kilometres north of here, in the shadow of Mount Tongariro in the last major battle of the New Zealand wars. 

Armed constabulary and Maori fighters, clashed with the forces of the prophet Te Kooti Arikinui Te Turiki who had built an earth redoubt at Te Porere.  It was overwhelmed during the battle, but Te Kooti and his surviving followers escaped. 

Today the site is a tourist attraction but what also endured is the Ringatu Church, founded by Te Kooti. In 2018 it celebrated its 150th anniversary. 

Ringatu mixes the Bible with Maori custom and, like Matariki, follows annual cycles such as Te Huamata in June for planting and Te Pure, the harvest, each November. 

We spoke to Professor Te Kahautu Maxwell , a minister in the Ringatu Church and a senior academic in Maori and Indigenous Studies at the University of Waikato.

year: 2025