title: Rape treatment: An overview of current knowledge

authors: Thakker, Jo

subjects: rape treatment

abstract: Sexual offending is frequently seen by the lay person as being a result of an innate abnormality that is relatively fixed and unchangeable. Accordingly, sexual offenders are seen as more likely to recidivate than other types of offenders. In fact, this is not the case, and most sexual offenders do not re-offend. Also, contemporary research has shown that treatment programs driven by cognitive behaviour therapy significantly reduce rates of sexual offender recidivism. Nevertheless, while there has been a great deal of research on the treatment of child sexual offenders, the treatment of rapists has received comparatively less attention. Thus, the main aim of this article is to summarise current knowledge of sexual offender treatment, paying specific attention to the needs of rapists. In particular, we pay attention to the content of sexual offender treatment programs, and the relevance of this content to rape. We also discuss therapeutic issues of relevance for rapist treatment that are typically ignored or underestimated in the research literature. Finally, based upon our analysis of the literature, we present a schematic overview of rape treatment and identify important areas for further research.

text: Rape treatment: An overview of current knowledge Sexual offending is frequently seen by the lay person as being a result of an innate abnormality that is relatively fixed and unchangeable. Accordingly, sexual offenders are seen as more likely to recidivate than other types of offenders. In fact, this is not the case, and most sexual offenders do not re-offend. Also, contemporary research has shown that treatment programs driven by cognitive behaviour therapy significantly reduce rates of sexual offender recidivism. Nevertheless, while there has been a great deal of research on the treatment of child sexual offenders, the treatment of rapists has received comparatively less attention. Thus, the main aim of this article is to summarise current knowledge of sexual offender treatment, paying specific attention to the needs of rapists. In particular, we pay attention to the content of sexual offender treatment programs, and the relevance of this content to rape. We also discuss therapeutic issues of relevance for rapist treatment that are typically ignored or underestimated in the research literature. Finally, based upon our analysis of the literature, we present a schematic overview of rape treatment and identify important areas for further research.

year: 2010

title: Tree-structured multiclass probability estimators

authors: Leathart, Timothy Matthew

abstract: Nested dichotomies are used as a method of transforming a multiclass classification problem into a series of binary problems. A binary tree structure is constructed over the label space that recursively splits the set of classes into subsets, and a binary classification model learns to discriminate between the two subsets of classes at each node. Several distinct nested dichotomy structures can be built in an ensemble for superior performance. In this thesis, we introduce two new methods for constructing more accurate nested dichotomies. Random-pair selection is a subset selection method that aims to group similar classes together in a non-deterministic fashion to easily enable the construction of accurate ensembles. Multiple subset evaluation takes this, and other subset selection methods, further by evaluating several different splits and choosing the best performing one. Finally, we also discuss the calibration of the probability estimates produced by nested dichotomies. We observe that nested dichotomies systematically produce under-confident predictions, even if the binary classifiers are well calibrated, and especially when the number of classes is high. Furthermore, substantial performance gains can be made when probability calibration methods are also applied to the internal models.

text: Tree-structured multiclass probability estimators Nested dichotomies are used as a method of transforming a multiclass classification problem into a series of binary problems. A binary tree structure is constructed over the label space that recursively splits the set of classes into subsets, and a binary classification model learns to discriminate between the two subsets of classes at each node. Several distinct nested dichotomy structures can be built in an ensemble for superior performance. In this thesis, we introduce two new methods for constructing more accurate nested dichotomies. Random-pair selection is a subset selection method that aims to group similar classes together in a non-deterministic fashion to easily enable the construction of accurate ensembles. Multiple subset evaluation takes this, and other subset selection methods, further by evaluating several different splits and choosing the best performing one. Finally, we also discuss the calibration of the probability estimates produced by nested dichotomies. We observe that nested dichotomies systematically produce under-confident predictions, even if the binary classifiers are well calibrated, and especially when the number of classes is high. Furthermore, substantial performance gains can be made when probability calibration methods are also applied to the internal models.

year: 2019

title: Ngā waka o tawhiti

authors: Tuaupiki, Jackie Whetumarama

abstract: Mai anō ngā terenga waka a te Māori, ko ōna kōrero tuku iho i whakatauira tuatahingia e ngā atua tonu, taka mai ki te iwi tāngata o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Tā tēnei tuhinga, he wānanga i te mana o te kōrero tuku iho e haupū nei ngā pūrākau terenga waka onamata i takoto ai te tūāpapa mātauranga whakatere mō ngā waka tūpuna i heke iho i Hawaiki ki Aotearoa. Nō reira, ka riariakina ngā pūtoi whakatauiratanga waka a te Māori i ōna atua me ōna tūpuna me te ahunga mai o ana terenga mātāmua, ka aromātai hoki i te takiwā o ngā tau i tauria ai e ōna takere Te Ika-a-Māui e takoto nei.

text: Ngā waka o tawhiti Mai anō ngā terenga waka a te Māori, ko ōna kōrero tuku iho i whakatauira tuatahingia e ngā atua tonu, taka mai ki te iwi tāngata o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Tā tēnei tuhinga, he wānanga i te mana o te kōrero tuku iho e haupū nei ngā pūrākau terenga waka onamata i takoto ai te tūāpapa mātauranga whakatere mō ngā waka tūpuna i heke iho i Hawaiki ki Aotearoa. Nō reira, ka riariakina ngā pūtoi whakatauiratanga waka a te Māori i ōna atua me ōna tūpuna me te ahunga mai o ana terenga mātāmua, ka aromātai hoki i te takiwā o ngā tau i tauria ai e ōna takere Te Ika-a-Māui e takoto nei.

year: 2017