title: Curriculum integration: What it is and is not.

authors: Fraser, Deborah

abstract: Curriculum integration is much misunderstood. As a curriculum design and a pedagogy, it requires a commitment to power sharing when making curriculum decisions with students. When teachers negotiate curriculum with students, the learning and teaching is of direct relevance to the world of young people in diverse settings. In the hands of talented teachers, curriculum integration engages students in deep level learning which can have lasting effects on their views of the world and their views of themselves as active learners.

text: Curriculum integration: What it is and is not. Curriculum integration is much misunderstood. As a curriculum design and a pedagogy, it requires a commitment to power sharing when making curriculum decisions with students. When teachers negotiate curriculum with students, the learning and teaching is of direct relevance to the world of young people in diverse settings. In the hands of talented teachers, curriculum integration engages students in deep level learning which can have lasting effects on their views of the world and their views of themselves as active learners.

year: 2000

title: Timing in Possums: Accounting for Resurgence in the Peak Procedure

authors: Stanley, Christopher D.

abstract: This study attempted to account for resurgence on the Peak Procedure using 6 possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) as subjects. The Peak Procedure is made up of randomly mixed fixed intervals (FI) and peak intervals (PI), with the ratio of FI trials to PI trials being 4:1 respectively. Conditions 1-4 were used to replicate Church et al.’s (1991) procedure from their second experiment. The authors found that when the PI trial length was variable, data from PI trials showed that responding did not resurge, as it did when the PI duration was fixed.  Condition 1 used a FI 20 s and a variable PI with a mean of 80 s. Responding did not resurge, but rather decreased to a low level throughout the PI trial. Condition 2 used a FI 20 and a fixed PI of 100 s. Responding resurged for this condition. Condition 3 and 4 repeated Condition 1 and 2 respectively to give an ABAB design. Responding again decreased and increased as the PI changed to being variable and fixed respectively. These results are similar to that found by Church et al. (1991), and show support for what Sanabria and Killeen (2007) call the anticipation theory (where escape from a non-reinforced PI trial is negatively reinforcing). The PI duration was shortened to twice the FI length in Condition 5 and lengthened to 300 s, or 15 times the FI in Condition 6. This was in order to investigate whether responding would resurge at very short and very long PI durations. Responding did not resurge at the shorter PI length, and this may be due to there not being enough time to do so. At the extreme length of 300 s, responding was seen to resurge; a result that is not consistent with other studies that used a similar procedure (Sanabria & Killeen, 2007). When the procedure returned to using a FI 20 s and a variable PI with a mean of 80 s in Condition 7, resurgence decreased to a minimum and remained stable till the end of the trial. 
Results from the present study support Church et al.’s (1991) anticipation theory, and that as long as the animals can track the end of the PI trial, responding will resurge; if it is variable, animals cannot predict the end of the trial and so response resurgence does not occur.

text: Timing in Possums: Accounting for Resurgence in the Peak Procedure This study attempted to account for resurgence on the Peak Procedure using 6 possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) as subjects. The Peak Procedure is made up of randomly mixed fixed intervals (FI) and peak intervals (PI), with the ratio of FI trials to PI trials being 4:1 respectively. Conditions 1-4 were used to replicate Church et al.’s (1991) procedure from their second experiment. The authors found that when the PI trial length was variable, data from PI trials showed that responding did not resurge, as it did when the PI duration was fixed.  Condition 1 used a FI 20 s and a variable PI with a mean of 80 s. Responding did not resurge, but rather decreased to a low level throughout the PI trial. Condition 2 used a FI 20 and a fixed PI of 100 s. Responding resurged for this condition. Condition 3 and 4 repeated Condition 1 and 2 respectively to give an ABAB design. Responding again decreased and increased as the PI changed to being variable and fixed respectively. These results are similar to that found by Church et al. (1991), and show support for what Sanabria and Killeen (2007) call the anticipation theory (where escape from a non-reinforced PI trial is negatively reinforcing). The PI duration was shortened to twice the FI length in Condition 5 and lengthened to 300 s, or 15 times the FI in Condition 6. This was in order to investigate whether responding would resurge at very short and very long PI durations. Responding did not resurge at the shorter PI length, and this may be due to there not being enough time to do so. At the extreme length of 300 s, responding was seen to resurge; a result that is not consistent with other studies that used a similar procedure (Sanabria & Killeen, 2007). When the procedure returned to using a FI 20 s and a variable PI with a mean of 80 s in Condition 7, resurgence decreased to a minimum and remained stable till the end of the trial. 
Results from the present study support Church et al.’s (1991) anticipation theory, and that as long as the animals can track the end of the PI trial, responding will resurge; if it is variable, animals cannot predict the end of the trial and so response resurgence does not occur.

year: 2013

title: An AR memory app based on Māori mnemonic aids

authors: Taia, Ivy

subjects: computer science

abstract: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a world-wide “silent epidemic” causing a variety of memory issues for those affected. Although several software approaches aim to aid memory recollection, they are inadequate for many TBI survivors and none address aspects of cultural awareness in New Zealand. We explored design concepts of traditional Māori cultural tools / techniques and how they helped Māori people recall past information. This paper describes our research and development of Maumahara Papahou, a mobile app that uses Augmented Reality features to create a digital memory treasure box based on the concepts of Māori mnemonic aids.

text: An AR memory app based on Māori mnemonic aids Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a world-wide “silent epidemic” causing a variety of memory issues for those affected. Although several software approaches aim to aid memory recollection, they are inadequate for many TBI survivors and none address aspects of cultural awareness in New Zealand. We explored design concepts of traditional Māori cultural tools / techniques and how they helped Māori people recall past information. This paper describes our research and development of Maumahara Papahou, a mobile app that uses Augmented Reality features to create a digital memory treasure box based on the concepts of Māori mnemonic aids.

year: 2018