title: The gender gap in access to finance: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic

authors: Hewa-Wellalage, Nirosha Hewa

subjects: Social Sciences

abstract: Using gender as a theoretical framework, we analyse the dynamics of bank, micro and equity finance during the COVID-19 pandemic for a cross-country sample of 8,921 private firms. We provide evidence of slight female favouritism in the debt market during the pandemic. On average, female-owned/led firms access bank and micro finance more compared to their male counterparts as the main mechanism of dealing with cash flow shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find no evidence of gender differences in access to equity finance. The results are robust after controlling for a larger number of firm-specific characteristics and selection bias. We challenge the assumption of “gender-based discrimination” in the credit market, speculating that in the context of high uncertainty, prototypical forms of femininity may perhaps be slightly advantageous as financial institutions seek to hedge their risk by favouring more conservative borrowers.

text: The gender gap in access to finance: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic Using gender as a theoretical framework, we analyse the dynamics of bank, micro and equity finance during the COVID-19 pandemic for a cross-country sample of 8,921 private firms. We provide evidence of slight female favouritism in the debt market during the pandemic. On average, female-owned/led firms access bank and micro finance more compared to their male counterparts as the main mechanism of dealing with cash flow shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find no evidence of gender differences in access to equity finance. The results are robust after controlling for a larger number of firm-specific characteristics and selection bias. We challenge the assumption of “gender-based discrimination” in the credit market, speculating that in the context of high uncertainty, prototypical forms of femininity may perhaps be slightly advantageous as financial institutions seek to hedge their risk by favouring more conservative borrowers.

year: 2022-05-01

title: The Aroha gold mining company, formed to work the prospectors’ claim at Te Aroha

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Because of high expectations for the Prospectors’ Claim, high prices for shares were paid even before the company was established on 22 November 1880 on terms very favourable for the vendors. Some observers felt it should not have been formed so soon, as the property was yet to be tested adequately. Whenever any promising stone was found the prices surged.
A wide range of people acquired shares, and for a while share trading was profitable for the sellers, but the failure to find a reef of any sort, let alone one containing good ore, meant that the company quickly collapsed, with those who had retained their interests losing their money.

text: The Aroha gold mining company, formed to work the prospectors’ claim at Te Aroha Because of high expectations for the Prospectors’ Claim, high prices for shares were paid even before the company was established on 22 November 1880 on terms very favourable for the vendors. Some observers felt it should not have been formed so soon, as the property was yet to be tested adequately. Whenever any promising stone was found the prices surged.
A wide range of people acquired shares, and for a while share trading was profitable for the sellers, but the failure to find a reef of any sort, let alone one containing good ore, meant that the company quickly collapsed, with those who had retained their interests losing their money.

year: 2016

title: An evaluation of Te Rau Puawai workforce 100: Evaluation overview

authors: Nikora, Linda Waimarie

subjects: Maori students

abstract: In July 2001, the Maori & Psychology Research Unit of the University of Waikato was asked to conduct an evaluation of the Te Rau Puawai programme, a joint venture between the former Health Funding Authority and Massey University. The overall goal of the programme is to contribute at least 100 Maori graduates to the Maori mental health workforce within a five year period. The overall aim of the evaluation was to provide the Ministry of Health with a clearer understanding of the programme including: the perceived critical success factors, the barriers if any regarding Te Rau Puawai, the impact of the programme, the extent to which the programme may be transferable, gaps in the programme, and suggested improvements. Through archival search, questionnaire surveys and interviews, evaluative data was collected from major stakeholders in the Te Rau Puawai programme.

text: An evaluation of Te Rau Puawai workforce 100: Evaluation overview In July 2001, the Maori & Psychology Research Unit of the University of Waikato was asked to conduct an evaluation of the Te Rau Puawai programme, a joint venture between the former Health Funding Authority and Massey University. The overall goal of the programme is to contribute at least 100 Maori graduates to the Maori mental health workforce within a five year period. The overall aim of the evaluation was to provide the Ministry of Health with a clearer understanding of the programme including: the perceived critical success factors, the barriers if any regarding Te Rau Puawai, the impact of the programme, the extent to which the programme may be transferable, gaps in the programme, and suggested improvements. Through archival search, questionnaire surveys and interviews, evaluative data was collected from major stakeholders in the Te Rau Puawai programme.

year: 2002-05-01