title: Sustainable energy transition toward renewable energies in the New Zealand dairy industry: An environmental life cycle assessment

authors: Tarighaleslami, Amir Hossein

abstract: The dairy processing industry is considered as energy-intensive processes between New Zealand industries that use fossil fuels as a primary energy source which results in greenhouse gas emissions as well as raising other environmental impacts. To mitigate the environmental impacts of fossil fuels that are used in dairy processing plants, it is essential to design a pathway moving from fossil-based energies towards renewable energy sources in a transition period. To do so, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), as a standardised approach, has been implemented to quantify the environmental profile of different products by evaluating the environmental impacts of product systems. In this paper, three impact categories are considered adopting accessible inventory databases that match the regional and local data along with ReCiPe as the life cycle impact assessment method. These impact categories are 1) human health; 2) ecosystem; and 3) resources. Each category contains subcategories; seven different-statistically discernible energy mix scenarios (moving from coal through natural gas towards biomass) assisted by Monte Carlo simulation are defined to assess environmental impacts. Furthermore, Cumulative Exergy Demand (CExD) as an aggregated criterion has been exploited to indicate the sustainability of the whole system. Results show that for a cheese production process a biomass based scenario has the lowest environmental burden impact in 13 impact categories out of 14 studied impacts. Indeed, it has the lowest CExD with 1.05x10-5 MJ-Eq while surprisingly natural gas based scenario has the highest environmental burden with CExD of 3.85x10-1 MJ-Eq followed by coal with 4.73x10-4 MJ-Eq.

text: Sustainable energy transition toward renewable energies in the New Zealand dairy industry: An environmental life cycle assessment The dairy processing industry is considered as energy-intensive processes between New Zealand industries that use fossil fuels as a primary energy source which results in greenhouse gas emissions as well as raising other environmental impacts. To mitigate the environmental impacts of fossil fuels that are used in dairy processing plants, it is essential to design a pathway moving from fossil-based energies towards renewable energy sources in a transition period. To do so, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), as a standardised approach, has been implemented to quantify the environmental profile of different products by evaluating the environmental impacts of product systems. In this paper, three impact categories are considered adopting accessible inventory databases that match the regional and local data along with ReCiPe as the life cycle impact assessment method. These impact categories are 1) human health; 2) ecosystem; and 3) resources. Each category contains subcategories; seven different-statistically discernible energy mix scenarios (moving from coal through natural gas towards biomass) assisted by Monte Carlo simulation are defined to assess environmental impacts. Furthermore, Cumulative Exergy Demand (CExD) as an aggregated criterion has been exploited to indicate the sustainability of the whole system. Results show that for a cheese production process a biomass based scenario has the lowest environmental burden impact in 13 impact categories out of 14 studied impacts. Indeed, it has the lowest CExD with 1.05x10-5 MJ-Eq while surprisingly natural gas based scenario has the highest environmental burden with CExD of 3.85x10-1 MJ-Eq followed by coal with 4.73x10-4 MJ-Eq.

year: 2019

title: An investigation of colour discrimination with horses (Equus caballus)

authors: Blackmore, Tania Louise

subjects: chromatic discrimination

abstract: The ability of four horses (Equus caballus) to discriminate coloured (three shades of blue, green, red, and yellow) from grey (neutral density) stimuli, produced by back projected lighting filters, was investigated in a two response forced-choice procedure. Pushes of the lever in front of a coloured screen were occasionally reinforced, pushes of the lever in front of a grey screen were never reinforced. Each colour shade was randomly paired with a grey that was brighter, one that was dimmer, and one that approximately matched the colour in terms of brightness. Each horse experienced the colours in a different order, a new colour was started after 85% correct responses over five consecutive sessions or if accuracy showed no trend over sessions. All horses reached the 85% correct with blue versus grey, three horses did so with both yellow and green versus grey. All were above chance with red versus grey but none reached criterion. Further analysis showed the wavelengths of the green stimuli used overlapped with the yellow. The results are consistent with histological and behavioural studies that suggest that horses are dichromatic. They differ from some earlier data in that they indicate horses can discriminate yellow and blue, but that they may have deficiencies in discriminating red and green.

text: An investigation of colour discrimination with horses (Equus caballus) The ability of four horses (Equus caballus) to discriminate coloured (three shades of blue, green, red, and yellow) from grey (neutral density) stimuli, produced by back projected lighting filters, was investigated in a two response forced-choice procedure. Pushes of the lever in front of a coloured screen were occasionally reinforced, pushes of the lever in front of a grey screen were never reinforced. Each colour shade was randomly paired with a grey that was brighter, one that was dimmer, and one that approximately matched the colour in terms of brightness. Each horse experienced the colours in a different order, a new colour was started after 85% correct responses over five consecutive sessions or if accuracy showed no trend over sessions. All horses reached the 85% correct with blue versus grey, three horses did so with both yellow and green versus grey. All were above chance with red versus grey but none reached criterion. Further analysis showed the wavelengths of the green stimuli used overlapped with the yellow. The results are consistent with histological and behavioural studies that suggest that horses are dichromatic. They differ from some earlier data in that they indicate horses can discriminate yellow and blue, but that they may have deficiencies in discriminating red and green.

year: 2008

title: The Impact of Colonisation on the Maori community: An exploration of the attitudes and perspectives held by Maori in relation to the active reclamation of Maori sovereignty/tino rangatiratanga.

authors: Baty, Tina Amy

subjects: Maori

abstract: Whāia te iti kahurangi ki te tūohu koe me he maunga teitei
Seek the treasure you value most dearly: If you bow your head, let it be to a lofty mountain
The purpose of my research was twofold. I first sort to explore the attitudes and perspectives held by Māori in relation to the active reclamation of Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga. I further wanted to know how Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga could lead to the improvement of Māori health.
My research collected information pertinent to these two inquiries from current literature and from interviews I conducted with five Māori individuals from different iwi, hapu groups. All whom were actively engaged with the Māori community in some form. My research data found that colonisalism has and continues to negatively impact the Māori community. This negative impact manifests in a variety of behaviours that effect Māori health and leads to poor outcomes for Māori. Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga was thought of as the solution to overcome and neutralise the negative effects of colonialism experienced by Māori. Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga was found to be related with Māori idenity and instrumental in all things pertinent to the Māori communities.
My research found that Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga can be identified as existing on a philosophical level, governance-structural level, and on a day-to-day basis. This research found that the reclamation of Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga is a process that is currently in motion. Finally, the exercising of Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga in relation to Māori health provides a well-established argument that it can produce positive health benefits to the Māori community, because it is responsive to Māori and better meets the needs of our Māori community simply because it is a Māori way of being, doing and knowing.

text: The Impact of Colonisation on the Maori community: An exploration of the attitudes and perspectives held by Maori in relation to the active reclamation of Maori sovereignty/tino rangatiratanga. Whāia te iti kahurangi ki te tūohu koe me he maunga teitei
Seek the treasure you value most dearly: If you bow your head, let it be to a lofty mountain
The purpose of my research was twofold. I first sort to explore the attitudes and perspectives held by Māori in relation to the active reclamation of Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga. I further wanted to know how Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga could lead to the improvement of Māori health.
My research collected information pertinent to these two inquiries from current literature and from interviews I conducted with five Māori individuals from different iwi, hapu groups. All whom were actively engaged with the Māori community in some form. My research data found that colonisalism has and continues to negatively impact the Māori community. This negative impact manifests in a variety of behaviours that effect Māori health and leads to poor outcomes for Māori. Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga was thought of as the solution to overcome and neutralise the negative effects of colonialism experienced by Māori. Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga was found to be related with Māori idenity and instrumental in all things pertinent to the Māori communities.
My research found that Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga can be identified as existing on a philosophical level, governance-structural level, and on a day-to-day basis. This research found that the reclamation of Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga is a process that is currently in motion. Finally, the exercising of Māori sovereignty, tino rangatiratanga in relation to Māori health provides a well-established argument that it can produce positive health benefits to the Māori community, because it is responsive to Māori and better meets the needs of our Māori community simply because it is a Māori way of being, doing and knowing.

year: 2018