title: Post-disaster functional recovery of the built environment: A systematic review and directions for future research

authors: Li, Lianyan

abstract: Life safety has been a primary design requirement in codes and standards for the built environment. However, over the past several years, better building performance goals that consider acceptable recovery times and continued functionality following major disasters have been advocated. Functional recovery, a new design philosophy that establishes holistic performance goals, and focuses on the robustness of structures, enhanced safety, and, specifically, fast return to operation post-disaster, has been introduced in earthquake engineering to govern future building designs. This article utilised the systematic review procedures as a tool to provide a state-of-the-art review of functional recovery research within the built environment. A critical review of 78 publications was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. The evolution of paradigm shifts from seismic resilience to functional recovery in earthquake engineering research has been discussed in detail. Two frameworks, namely the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) P-58 and Arup's Resilience-Based Earthquake Design Initiative (REDi), have been recognised as the most commonly utilised frameworks for modelling the functional recovery of buildings post-earthquake due to their effectiveness and widespread adoption. However, it is essential to acknowledge that recently developed frameworks, such as the F-Rec framework, ATC-138, and TREADS, which explicitly formulate functional recovery calculation procedures, have the potential to replace FEMA P-58 and REDi and advance functional recovery research in the future. Moreover, aligned with modular-based characteristics of existing frameworks, indicators required in functional recovery analysis have been extracted and classified into four distinct categories: 1) hazard analysis, 2) structural response analysis, 3) damage analysis, and 4) recovery analysis. This categorisation enables a comprehensive and systematic approach to understanding the multifaceted aspects of functional recovery in a structured manner. Detailed investigation of frameworks and indicators offers insights for future research exploration. These include (a) expanding the fragility library of components to permit more widespread recovery analysis, (b) comparing, validating and optimising existing frameworks and models, (c) enhancing the modelling of interdependencies between the building and its adjacent buildings and services, (d) improving the capability for uncertainty analysis, and (e) acquiring empirical data to enable predictability of the existing frameworks and models for functional recovery.

text: Post-disaster functional recovery of the built environment: A systematic review and directions for future research Life safety has been a primary design requirement in codes and standards for the built environment. However, over the past several years, better building performance goals that consider acceptable recovery times and continued functionality following major disasters have been advocated. Functional recovery, a new design philosophy that establishes holistic performance goals, and focuses on the robustness of structures, enhanced safety, and, specifically, fast return to operation post-disaster, has been introduced in earthquake engineering to govern future building designs. This article utilised the systematic review procedures as a tool to provide a state-of-the-art review of functional recovery research within the built environment. A critical review of 78 publications was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. The evolution of paradigm shifts from seismic resilience to functional recovery in earthquake engineering research has been discussed in detail. Two frameworks, namely the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) P-58 and Arup's Resilience-Based Earthquake Design Initiative (REDi), have been recognised as the most commonly utilised frameworks for modelling the functional recovery of buildings post-earthquake due to their effectiveness and widespread adoption. However, it is essential to acknowledge that recently developed frameworks, such as the F-Rec framework, ATC-138, and TREADS, which explicitly formulate functional recovery calculation procedures, have the potential to replace FEMA P-58 and REDi and advance functional recovery research in the future. Moreover, aligned with modular-based characteristics of existing frameworks, indicators required in functional recovery analysis have been extracted and classified into four distinct categories: 1) hazard analysis, 2) structural response analysis, 3) damage analysis, and 4) recovery analysis. This categorisation enables a comprehensive and systematic approach to understanding the multifaceted aspects of functional recovery in a structured manner. Detailed investigation of frameworks and indicators offers insights for future research exploration. These include (a) expanding the fragility library of components to permit more widespread recovery analysis, (b) comparing, validating and optimising existing frameworks and models, (c) enhancing the modelling of interdependencies between the building and its adjacent buildings and services, (d) improving the capability for uncertainty analysis, and (e) acquiring empirical data to enable predictability of the existing frameworks and models for functional recovery.

year: 2023-09-01

title: Classification of pathology in diabetic eye disease

authors: Jelinek, H.F.

subjects: engineering

abstract: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that can eventually lead to blindness. Early identification of this complication reduces the risk of blindness by initiating timely treatment. We report the utility of pattern analysis tools linked with a simple linear discriminant analysis that not only identifies new vessel growth in the retinal fundus but also localises the area of pathology. Ten fluorescein images were analysed using seven feature descriptors including area, perimeter, circularity, curvature, entropy, wavelet second moment and the correlation dimension. Our results indicate that traditional features such as area or perimeter measures of neovascularisation associated with proliferative retinopathy were not sensitive enough to detect early proliferative retinopathy (SNR = 0.76, 0.75 respectively). The wavelet second moment provided the best discrimination with a SNR of 1.17. Combining second moment, curvature and global correlation dimension provided a 100% discrimination (SNR = 1).

text: Classification of pathology in diabetic eye disease Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that can eventually lead to blindness. Early identification of this complication reduces the risk of blindness by initiating timely treatment. We report the utility of pattern analysis tools linked with a simple linear discriminant analysis that not only identifies new vessel growth in the retinal fundus but also localises the area of pathology. Ten fluorescein images were analysed using seven feature descriptors including area, perimeter, circularity, curvature, entropy, wavelet second moment and the correlation dimension. Our results indicate that traditional features such as area or perimeter measures of neovascularisation associated with proliferative retinopathy were not sensitive enough to detect early proliferative retinopathy (SNR = 0.76, 0.75 respectively). The wavelet second moment provided the best discrimination with a SNR of 1.17. Combining second moment, curvature and global correlation dimension provided a 100% discrimination (SNR = 1).

year: 2005

title: Moving away from home: Some social consequences for Tūhoe migrating to the Waikato

authors: Nikora, Linda Waimarie

subjects: psychology

abstract: To better understand the social consequences of migration away from traditional iwi regions, Tūhoe researchers intensively interviewed 40 Tūhoe people who had moved to the Waikato. It was found that most missed whanau and the community and made regular visits back home. Participants reported utilizing extensive whanau links to set themselves up in the Waikato, and many joined the Tūhoe associations in the Waikato. Others who did not join reported liking the idea that Tūhoe were there if needed. Some participants felt stronger in their Tūhoe identity since moving, and most reported noticing changes occurring in themselves or those back home over this period (they felt more worldly but saw those back home as more insular). While they did not interact much with tangata whenua, or participate in tangata whenua events, many said that they had a better appreciation of the local Tainui and the Kīngitanga groups since migrating. Finally, most would like to return to their iwi region for employment if it were available but saw little chance of this happening, and most reported wanting to retire there. The policy implications of both these points are explored.

text: Moving away from home: Some social consequences for Tūhoe migrating to the Waikato To better understand the social consequences of migration away from traditional iwi regions, Tūhoe researchers intensively interviewed 40 Tūhoe people who had moved to the Waikato. It was found that most missed whanau and the community and made regular visits back home. Participants reported utilizing extensive whanau links to set themselves up in the Waikato, and many joined the Tūhoe associations in the Waikato. Others who did not join reported liking the idea that Tūhoe were there if needed. Some participants felt stronger in their Tūhoe identity since moving, and most reported noticing changes occurring in themselves or those back home over this period (they felt more worldly but saw those back home as more insular). While they did not interact much with tangata whenua, or participate in tangata whenua events, many said that they had a better appreciation of the local Tainui and the Kīngitanga groups since migrating. Finally, most would like to return to their iwi region for employment if it were available but saw little chance of this happening, and most reported wanting to retire there. The policy implications of both these points are explored.

year: 2004