title: Waata Kukutai: Rangatira o Ngaati Tiipa 1822-1867

authors: Ewe, Denise Te Tuhi

subjects: Biography

abstract: This thesis examines the life of Ngaati Tiipa rangatira Waata Kukutai (1822-1867), and critiques historical perspectives that have narrowly identified him as merely a Kuupapa loyalist. This study argues that Kukutai’s choices and leadership were driven first and foremost by those things he viewed as crucial to Ngaati Tiipa autonomy and wellbeing. Kukutai was an articulate and well-educated leader of Ngaati Tiipa. Waata was governed by principles of rangatiratanga (chieftainship), mana motuhake (independence) and loyalty to Ngaati Tiipa and to the whenua. He was deeply religious and courageous and was an entrepreneur who sought to protect his people by securing economic independence. This thesis shows how he negotiated colonial structures by forming strategic alliances, and in the process led his people through one of the most turbulent periods in New Zealand history.  

Waata was an enigma shaped by loss, vision and hope for a new future in extraordinary times in New Zealand’s history. Waata was a polarising personality who held fast to his life principles. He withstood immense pressure from other Waikato chiefs during the Waikato invasion. During the Waikato War Waata was most active, carrying letters, food and supplies to colonial soldiers and earned himself and his tribe of Ngaati Tiipa the label of kuupapa. While Waata was not the only ‘friendly chief’ during colonial times he has been the most pillorised in Waikato. Seemingly ignored by many historians is at the same time Waata ensued that Ngaati Tiipa land was never invaded by the colonial troops. Waata’s actions protected his people and his land and maintained his mana motuhake, his sovereignty over his district.

text: Waata Kukutai: Rangatira o Ngaati Tiipa 1822-1867 This thesis examines the life of Ngaati Tiipa rangatira Waata Kukutai (1822-1867), and critiques historical perspectives that have narrowly identified him as merely a Kuupapa loyalist. This study argues that Kukutai’s choices and leadership were driven first and foremost by those things he viewed as crucial to Ngaati Tiipa autonomy and wellbeing. Kukutai was an articulate and well-educated leader of Ngaati Tiipa. Waata was governed by principles of rangatiratanga (chieftainship), mana motuhake (independence) and loyalty to Ngaati Tiipa and to the whenua. He was deeply religious and courageous and was an entrepreneur who sought to protect his people by securing economic independence. This thesis shows how he negotiated colonial structures by forming strategic alliances, and in the process led his people through one of the most turbulent periods in New Zealand history.  

Waata was an enigma shaped by loss, vision and hope for a new future in extraordinary times in New Zealand’s history. Waata was a polarising personality who held fast to his life principles. He withstood immense pressure from other Waikato chiefs during the Waikato invasion. During the Waikato War Waata was most active, carrying letters, food and supplies to colonial soldiers and earned himself and his tribe of Ngaati Tiipa the label of kuupapa. While Waata was not the only ‘friendly chief’ during colonial times he has been the most pillorised in Waikato. Seemingly ignored by many historians is at the same time Waata ensued that Ngaati Tiipa land was never invaded by the colonial troops. Waata’s actions protected his people and his land and maintained his mana motuhake, his sovereignty over his district.

year: 2020

title: Whānau Māori explain how the Harti Hauora Tamariki tool assists better access to health services

authors: Masters-Awatere, Bridgette

abstract: In this paper whānau Māori highlight how a Kaupapa Māori centred intervention (the Harti Hauora Tamariki tool) has improved interactions with health services. The Harti tool is undergoing a Randomised Control Trial at Waikato Hospital in New Zealand. As part of the RCT, the authors engaged in a series of qualitative interviews with whānau members of tamariki Māori (children aged 0-5years) admitted to Waikato Hospital’s paediatric ward. Whānau who met at least one criteria for New Zealand’s domains of deprivation were included. Using a Kaupapa Māori approach to the study, participants shared their views on barriers and facilitators to accessing health resources and primary care services. Our interviews highlight how the Harti tool, when administered in a culturally appropriate and respectful manner that prioritised relationship-building, enabled better connection to healthcare services. Prevalent in our analysis were connections to wider determinants of health and ways to reduce existing health inequities. To conclude the paper, we highlight how the tool has enhanced feelings of being in control of health with the potential to reduce the likelihood of a hospital readmission.

text: Whānau Māori explain how the Harti Hauora Tamariki tool assists better access to health services In this paper whānau Māori highlight how a Kaupapa Māori centred intervention (the Harti Hauora Tamariki tool) has improved interactions with health services. The Harti tool is undergoing a Randomised Control Trial at Waikato Hospital in New Zealand. As part of the RCT, the authors engaged in a series of qualitative interviews with whānau members of tamariki Māori (children aged 0-5years) admitted to Waikato Hospital’s paediatric ward. Whānau who met at least one criteria for New Zealand’s domains of deprivation were included. Using a Kaupapa Māori approach to the study, participants shared their views on barriers and facilitators to accessing health resources and primary care services. Our interviews highlight how the Harti tool, when administered in a culturally appropriate and respectful manner that prioritised relationship-building, enabled better connection to healthcare services. Prevalent in our analysis were connections to wider determinants of health and ways to reduce existing health inequities. To conclude the paper, we highlight how the tool has enhanced feelings of being in control of health with the potential to reduce the likelihood of a hospital readmission.

year: 2019

title: Protein from pasture

authors: Donnelly, Paul Edward

subjects: Plant proteins

abstract: Ryegrass, white clover, ryegra.ss/whi te clover and lucerne herbages were used in an industrial pilot-scale study of the effects of regrowth period and season on protein extraction, separation and recovery. Herbage was harvested, adjusted to 10% tlry matter, pulped and (belt) pressed. Protein in the expressed juice was thermally coagulated and centrifugally separated to produce wet leaf protein concentrate (LPC) which was spray dried. Nitrogen recovery ratios ranged from 15 to 27%, and decreased with increasing herbage maturity. Largest decreases were for ryegrass as the herbage flowered. Summer 1977 ratios were lucerne 22%, white clover 19%, ryegrass/white clover 18% and ryegrass 17%. The higher recovery ratio for lucerne was due to a higher extractability. The grazing rotation intervals used in seasonal dairying on ryegrass/white clover pastures in New Zealand would be satisfactory for protein extraction. Estimated recoverable protein yields for irrigated and non-irrlgated pasture, and lucerne, were 979, 675 and 660 kg/ha/yr, respectively. For integrated dairying plus protein extraction, total (animal plus plant) protein yields were estimated to be 1479, 1051 and 980 kg/ha/yr, for the above respective circumstances. 
LPC contained from 32 to 55% crude protein which was higher for the legumes than ryegrass. Crude fat was higher in ryegrass (9%) than white clover (5%) and lucerne (7%) LPC. Amino acid content was not consistently affected by regrowth period. LPC histidine and lysine contents (g/16g N) and in vivo protein true digestibilities were: ryegrass 2.4, 5.7, 70%; white clover 2.7, 6.0, 73%; ryegrass/white clover 1.9, 5.4, 70%; lucerne 2.6, 6.1, 82%. Relative Nutritive Values (RNV) of the protein (rat growth assay, lactalbumin as reference) were: ryegrass 0.53, white clover 0.47, ryegrass/white clover 0.45 and lucerne iii ,.... 0.63. With supplemental methionine, the respective RNV were o. 79, 0.88, 0.82 and 0.89. Neither season (autumn v. spring) nor herbage age (4, 6 or 8 weeks regrowth) affected protein quality. In a second experiment LPC were prepared with and without juice treatment with metabisulphite. Protein true digestibility, available lysine . (g/16g N) and the percentage true protein in the chloroplastic fraction were: ryegrass 73%, 4.8, 73%; white clover 80%, 5.7, 56%; ryegrass/ white clover 74%, 5.1, 73% and lucerne 80%, 5.4, 49%. It is published that the chloroplastic fraction is less digestible and contains less lysine and histidine and more fat, than the cytoplasmic traction. The lower digestibility of ryegrass and ryegrass/white clover than legume protein is due to a higher proportion of the protein being in the chloroplastic fraction for the former two herbages. 
Metabisulphite treatment increased chemically available lysine (2%, P<0.05) and methionine (7%, P<0.05) and also increased RNV from 0.59 to 0.73. RNV further increased to 0.84 with supplemental methionine. Metabisulphite did not improve the availability of the second limiting amino acid(s) for growth. Nutritionally available methionine and cystine, without and with metabisulphite treatment, were respectively, methionine 1.57 g/16g N (81% availability) and 1.64 (85% availability) and cystine 0.26 (27% availability) and 0.70 (73% availability). The .biggest improvement in cystine availability (10% to 65%) due to metabisulphite was for ryegrass/white clover, the only herbage for which metabisulphite also improved protein digestibility (by 4 units). Cystine is more prone to nutritional damage during processing than methionine .

text: Protein from pasture Ryegrass, white clover, ryegra.ss/whi te clover and lucerne herbages were used in an industrial pilot-scale study of the effects of regrowth period and season on protein extraction, separation and recovery. Herbage was harvested, adjusted to 10% tlry matter, pulped and (belt) pressed. Protein in the expressed juice was thermally coagulated and centrifugally separated to produce wet leaf protein concentrate (LPC) which was spray dried. Nitrogen recovery ratios ranged from 15 to 27%, and decreased with increasing herbage maturity. Largest decreases were for ryegrass as the herbage flowered. Summer 1977 ratios were lucerne 22%, white clover 19%, ryegrass/white clover 18% and ryegrass 17%. The higher recovery ratio for lucerne was due to a higher extractability. The grazing rotation intervals used in seasonal dairying on ryegrass/white clover pastures in New Zealand would be satisfactory for protein extraction. Estimated recoverable protein yields for irrigated and non-irrlgated pasture, and lucerne, were 979, 675 and 660 kg/ha/yr, respectively. For integrated dairying plus protein extraction, total (animal plus plant) protein yields were estimated to be 1479, 1051 and 980 kg/ha/yr, for the above respective circumstances. 
LPC contained from 32 to 55% crude protein which was higher for the legumes than ryegrass. Crude fat was higher in ryegrass (9%) than white clover (5%) and lucerne (7%) LPC. Amino acid content was not consistently affected by regrowth period. LPC histidine and lysine contents (g/16g N) and in vivo protein true digestibilities were: ryegrass 2.4, 5.7, 70%; white clover 2.7, 6.0, 73%; ryegrass/white clover 1.9, 5.4, 70%; lucerne 2.6, 6.1, 82%. Relative Nutritive Values (RNV) of the protein (rat growth assay, lactalbumin as reference) were: ryegrass 0.53, white clover 0.47, ryegrass/white clover 0.45 and lucerne iii ,.... 0.63. With supplemental methionine, the respective RNV were o. 79, 0.88, 0.82 and 0.89. Neither season (autumn v. spring) nor herbage age (4, 6 or 8 weeks regrowth) affected protein quality. In a second experiment LPC were prepared with and without juice treatment with metabisulphite. Protein true digestibility, available lysine . (g/16g N) and the percentage true protein in the chloroplastic fraction were: ryegrass 73%, 4.8, 73%; white clover 80%, 5.7, 56%; ryegrass/ white clover 74%, 5.1, 73% and lucerne 80%, 5.4, 49%. It is published that the chloroplastic fraction is less digestible and contains less lysine and histidine and more fat, than the cytoplasmic traction. The lower digestibility of ryegrass and ryegrass/white clover than legume protein is due to a higher proportion of the protein being in the chloroplastic fraction for the former two herbages. 
Metabisulphite treatment increased chemically available lysine (2%, P<0.05) and methionine (7%, P<0.05) and also increased RNV from 0.59 to 0.73. RNV further increased to 0.84 with supplemental methionine. Metabisulphite did not improve the availability of the second limiting amino acid(s) for growth. Nutritionally available methionine and cystine, without and with metabisulphite treatment, were respectively, methionine 1.57 g/16g N (81% availability) and 1.64 (85% availability) and cystine 0.26 (27% availability) and 0.70 (73% availability). The .biggest improvement in cystine availability (10% to 65%) due to metabisulphite was for ryegrass/white clover, the only herbage for which metabisulphite also improved protein digestibility (by 4 units). Cystine is more prone to nutritional damage during processing than methionine .

year: 1980