title: Supremica-An Efficient Tool for Large-Scale Discrete Event Systems

authors: Malik, Robi

subjects: Discrete Event Systems

abstract: Supremica is a tool for the modelling and analysis of discrete-event control functions based on state machine models of the uncontrolled plant and specification of the desired closed-loop behaviour. The modelling framework in Supremica is based on finite-state machines extended with variables, guard conditions, and action functions. In order to handle large-scale problems of industrially interesting size, Supremica uses advanced model checking techniques such as symbolic representations and compositional abstraction. Supremica has been used in several industrial research projects to verify and synthesise control functions for embedded controllers, industrial robots, and flexible manufacturing systems, and to verify program code for autonomous vehicles. This paper gives an overview of the modelling features of Supremica, shows the verification and synthesis facilities and their performance for large problems, and presents some of the industrial applications where Supremica has been used.

text: Supremica-An Efficient Tool for Large-Scale Discrete Event Systems Supremica is a tool for the modelling and analysis of discrete-event control functions based on state machine models of the uncontrolled plant and specification of the desired closed-loop behaviour. The modelling framework in Supremica is based on finite-state machines extended with variables, guard conditions, and action functions. In order to handle large-scale problems of industrially interesting size, Supremica uses advanced model checking techniques such as symbolic representations and compositional abstraction. Supremica has been used in several industrial research projects to verify and synthesise control functions for embedded controllers, industrial robots, and flexible manufacturing systems, and to verify program code for autonomous vehicles. This paper gives an overview of the modelling features of Supremica, shows the verification and synthesis facilities and their performance for large problems, and presents some of the industrial applications where Supremica has been used.

year: 2017

title: Long-run pass-through from the exchange rate to import prices in African countries

authors: Holmes, Mark J.

subjects: exchange rate pass-thought

abstract: This paper investigates the extent of pass-through from the nominal exchange rate to import prices for a sample of nineteen African countries. The methodology is based on panel data cointegration testing. Using annual data extending back to 1971, long-run pass-through can be best described as a fairly balanced combination of local-currency and producer-currency pricing. However, this paper offers additional insight from a moving window approach that indicates declining long-run pass-through, accompanied by decreasing inflation, occurring since the mid-1990s.

text: Long-run pass-through from the exchange rate to import prices in African countries This paper investigates the extent of pass-through from the nominal exchange rate to import prices for a sample of nineteen African countries. The methodology is based on panel data cointegration testing. Using annual data extending back to 1971, long-run pass-through can be best described as a fairly balanced combination of local-currency and producer-currency pricing. However, this paper offers additional insight from a moving window approach that indicates declining long-run pass-through, accompanied by decreasing inflation, occurring since the mid-1990s.

year: 2006

title: Kūkupa, koro, and kai: The use of Māori vocabulary items in New Zealand English children's picture books

authors: Daly, Nicola

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: When a linguistic form from one language is used in another language, such words are known as borrowings or loan words (Crystal 2003: 56). The English language is renowned for its large capacity for borrowing and it has been suggested that the growth in internationalism in recent times has led to people seeking new words to indicate their local identity (Crystal 1995; Crystal 2003). Certainly this is the case of New Zealand English, the most distinctive aspect of which is borrowings from te reo Maori (Deverson 1991). In 1984 Deverson estimated that most New Zealanders have a passive knowledge of at least 40-50 borrowed Maori loan words (Deverson 1984). This figure has been recently revised by Macalister to 70-80 such words (20,-,63.). A study of the frequency of Maori loan words in New Zealand English in New Zealand School Journals of the 1960s and 1990s showed an incidence of around 6 words per 1,000 (Macalister 1999). Kennedy and Yamazaki (1999) also found borrowed Maori words at a rate of 6 per thousand words. Macalister (2006b) has examined the use of Maori loan words in New Zealand English across a 150 year period from 1850-2000. He examined a corpus of a little under five and a half million words from three sources: Newspapers, parliamentary debates and School Journals. Across the three sources there was an increase from 3.29 words per 1,000 in 1850 to 8.8 per thousand in 2000. Macalister lists the reasons for this change as including urbanisation of the Maori population between 1945 and 1975, which created more contact; the changing status of the Maori language with the kOhanga reo movement; the establishment of the Maori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori) and legislation of Maori as an official language of New Zealand in 1987.

text: Kūkupa, koro, and kai: The use of Māori vocabulary items in New Zealand English children's picture books When a linguistic form from one language is used in another language, such words are known as borrowings or loan words (Crystal 2003: 56). The English language is renowned for its large capacity for borrowing and it has been suggested that the growth in internationalism in recent times has led to people seeking new words to indicate their local identity (Crystal 1995; Crystal 2003). Certainly this is the case of New Zealand English, the most distinctive aspect of which is borrowings from te reo Maori (Deverson 1991). In 1984 Deverson estimated that most New Zealanders have a passive knowledge of at least 40-50 borrowed Maori loan words (Deverson 1984). This figure has been recently revised by Macalister to 70-80 such words (20,-,63.). A study of the frequency of Maori loan words in New Zealand English in New Zealand School Journals of the 1960s and 1990s showed an incidence of around 6 words per 1,000 (Macalister 1999). Kennedy and Yamazaki (1999) also found borrowed Maori words at a rate of 6 per thousand words. Macalister (2006b) has examined the use of Maori loan words in New Zealand English across a 150 year period from 1850-2000. He examined a corpus of a little under five and a half million words from three sources: Newspapers, parliamentary debates and School Journals. Across the three sources there was an increase from 3.29 words per 1,000 in 1850 to 8.8 per thousand in 2000. Macalister lists the reasons for this change as including urbanisation of the Maori population between 1945 and 1975, which created more contact; the changing status of the Maori language with the kOhanga reo movement; the establishment of the Maori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori) and legislation of Maori as an official language of New Zealand in 1987.

year: 2007