title: Pākehā counsellors consider their positioning: Towards postcolonial praxis

authors: Crocket, Alastair Robert

subjects: Counselling

abstract: The challenges of achieving the potential, which the Treaty of Waitangi offers for a postcolonial present and future, have shaped life in Aotearoa New Zealand over the last four decades. This thesis draws on this history and challenge to consider the practice possibilities for Pākehā counsellors when they work with clients and colleagues of other cultures. It is strongly influenced by the Treaty of Waitangi but seeks not to be limited to a Māori/Pākehā binary. It has been undertaken in the hopes of informing developments in the practice of students seeking to qualify to work as counsellors and more experienced practitioners. The first theoretical foundation for this study is poststructuralism which is considered as a braided stream of theorizing where braids divide and unite. A Foucauldian social constructionism underlies this project, which extends to a consideration of subjectification, agency and positioning theory. This study is also intentionally postcolonial drawing on Said’s seminal works, Orientalism (1979) and Culture and Imperialism (1993) and North American and European writing about identity politics and intersectionality. It views the centring of the Treaty of Waitangi in this land as postcolonial work. These two emphases, poststructuralism and postcolonialism, provide the theoretical base for an exploration of the context of professional counselling practice in Aotearoa New Zealand. Five experienced counsellors constituted a research group who firstly discussed practising as a Pākehā counsellor and then acknowledged their hopes and fears for their practice with clients of other cultures. In later stages of the data generation the participants were invited to join in processes of discourse analysis and deconstruction which produced shifts in practice and practice identity. This study identifies two forms of praxis that might inform a counselling practice which seeks to achieve a postcolonial purpose: these are named as critical discursive praxis and critical Pākehā praxis.

text: Pākehā counsellors consider their positioning: Towards postcolonial praxis The challenges of achieving the potential, which the Treaty of Waitangi offers for a postcolonial present and future, have shaped life in Aotearoa New Zealand over the last four decades. This thesis draws on this history and challenge to consider the practice possibilities for Pākehā counsellors when they work with clients and colleagues of other cultures. It is strongly influenced by the Treaty of Waitangi but seeks not to be limited to a Māori/Pākehā binary. It has been undertaken in the hopes of informing developments in the practice of students seeking to qualify to work as counsellors and more experienced practitioners. The first theoretical foundation for this study is poststructuralism which is considered as a braided stream of theorizing where braids divide and unite. A Foucauldian social constructionism underlies this project, which extends to a consideration of subjectification, agency and positioning theory. This study is also intentionally postcolonial drawing on Said’s seminal works, Orientalism (1979) and Culture and Imperialism (1993) and North American and European writing about identity politics and intersectionality. It views the centring of the Treaty of Waitangi in this land as postcolonial work. These two emphases, poststructuralism and postcolonialism, provide the theoretical base for an exploration of the context of professional counselling practice in Aotearoa New Zealand. Five experienced counsellors constituted a research group who firstly discussed practising as a Pākehā counsellor and then acknowledged their hopes and fears for their practice with clients of other cultures. In later stages of the data generation the participants were invited to join in processes of discourse analysis and deconstruction which produced shifts in practice and practice identity. This study identifies two forms of praxis that might inform a counselling practice which seeks to achieve a postcolonial purpose: these are named as critical discursive praxis and critical Pākehā praxis.

year: 2010

title: In defence of mātauranga Māori: A response to the 'seven academics'

authors: Waitoki, Waikaremoana

abstract: On 28 July 2021, a group of academics from the University of Auckland published a letter in the Listener, a well-known, non-academic magazine. The letter writers expressed their moral outrage that the Government’s NCEA curriculum working group proposed that science would be taught to Māori students along with its colonising history.

text: In defence of mātauranga Māori: A response to the 'seven academics' On 28 July 2021, a group of academics from the University of Auckland published a letter in the Listener, a well-known, non-academic magazine. The letter writers expressed their moral outrage that the Government’s NCEA curriculum working group proposed that science would be taught to Māori students along with its colonising history.

year: 2022-04-01

title: Water relations of the endemic New Zealand frogs Leiopelma archeyi, L. Hamiltoni and L. Hochstetteri

authors: Cree, Alison

abstract: Aspects of habitat and water balance physiology were compared between the endemic and anatomically primitive New Zealand frogs Leiopelma archeyi, L. hamiltoni and L.  hochstetteri. Field studies in an area of the Coromandel Range showed that the partially sympatric L. archeyi and L. hochstetteri had nearly disjunct distributions. L. archeyi occurred in terrestrial habitats on the forested ridgetops, whereas most L. hochstetteri were found in semiaquatic habitats along the edges of streams. L. archeyi also showed less preference for water than L. hochstetteri in the laboratory. Climatic conditions in the ridgetop habitat of L. archeyi were usually cool and humid, and resembled those previously reported for the allopatric and completely terrestrial L. hamiltoni.
In laboratory studies, all three species dehydrated rapidly in dry conditions. Resistance to evaporative water loss (EWL) was similar to that for a free water surface. L. archeyi and L. hamiltoni rehydrated rapidly (in 1-2 h) when returned to shallow water after dehydration to 9-15% weight loss. Rapid rehydration was due to increased water uptake through ventral skin and to reduced bladder urine accumulation (cutaneous and antidiuretic water balance responses). L. hochstetteri rehydrated very slowly (rehydration incomplete within 16 h) and showed only an antidiuretic response. L. hochstetteri also rehydrated more slowly from moist soil when compared with L. archeyi.
Treatment with arginine vasotocin (AVT, 7 x 10⁻¹¹ mol g⁻¹) produced water balance responses similar to those seen during rehydration. L. archeyi and L. hamiltoni placed in shallow water showed rapid water retention, reaching weight gains of 31% and 29% respectively 4-5 h after treatment. L. hochstetteri gained weight at a slow and linear rate (9% over 9 h). Unlike L. archeyi and L. hamiltoni, L. hochstetteri showed no increase in cutaneous water uptake, and water retention was attributed solely to antidiuresis.
In vitro experiments confirmed that AVT (3 x 10⁻⁸ mol 1⁻¹) caused increased osmotic water flow (OWF) through ventral pelvic skin of L. archeyi and L. hamiltoni. However, pelvic skin from L. hochstetteri and ventral pectoral and dorsal skin from all three species showed no hydroosmotic response. The bladders of the three species showed small increases in OWF in response to AVT. In vivo, glomerular filtration rate fell following AVT treatment in all species, although the effect on L. hochstetteri was not statistically significant.
Pelvic skin of L. archeyi showed no obvious structural specialisation for rapid water uptake, when examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Pelvic skin was smooth, structurally similar to non-glandular areas of pectoral or dorsal skin, and less vascularised than pelvic skin of L. hochstetteri.
Adults of all three species were ureotelic. In the terrestrial eggs and larvae of L. archeyi, intracapsular larvae were ammonotelic, but most larvae became ureotelic within 4 d after hatching. The eggs had no resistance to EWL, but absorbed water rapidly from moist surfaces. Male parental care (egg brooding, larval transport) led to reduced EWL from eggs and hatched larvae of L. archeyi. 
This study demonstrates that the presence of a cutaneous hydroosmotic response varies between adults of the three species in an inverse manner with habitat water availability. It also supports previous studies indicating a closer ecological similarity and evolutionary relationship between L. archeyi and L. hamiltoni, than between either and L. hochstetteri.

text: Water relations of the endemic New Zealand frogs Leiopelma archeyi, L. Hamiltoni and L. Hochstetteri Aspects of habitat and water balance physiology were compared between the endemic and anatomically primitive New Zealand frogs Leiopelma archeyi, L. hamiltoni and L.  hochstetteri. Field studies in an area of the Coromandel Range showed that the partially sympatric L. archeyi and L. hochstetteri had nearly disjunct distributions. L. archeyi occurred in terrestrial habitats on the forested ridgetops, whereas most L. hochstetteri were found in semiaquatic habitats along the edges of streams. L. archeyi also showed less preference for water than L. hochstetteri in the laboratory. Climatic conditions in the ridgetop habitat of L. archeyi were usually cool and humid, and resembled those previously reported for the allopatric and completely terrestrial L. hamiltoni.
In laboratory studies, all three species dehydrated rapidly in dry conditions. Resistance to evaporative water loss (EWL) was similar to that for a free water surface. L. archeyi and L. hamiltoni rehydrated rapidly (in 1-2 h) when returned to shallow water after dehydration to 9-15% weight loss. Rapid rehydration was due to increased water uptake through ventral skin and to reduced bladder urine accumulation (cutaneous and antidiuretic water balance responses). L. hochstetteri rehydrated very slowly (rehydration incomplete within 16 h) and showed only an antidiuretic response. L. hochstetteri also rehydrated more slowly from moist soil when compared with L. archeyi.
Treatment with arginine vasotocin (AVT, 7 x 10⁻¹¹ mol g⁻¹) produced water balance responses similar to those seen during rehydration. L. archeyi and L. hamiltoni placed in shallow water showed rapid water retention, reaching weight gains of 31% and 29% respectively 4-5 h after treatment. L. hochstetteri gained weight at a slow and linear rate (9% over 9 h). Unlike L. archeyi and L. hamiltoni, L. hochstetteri showed no increase in cutaneous water uptake, and water retention was attributed solely to antidiuresis.
In vitro experiments confirmed that AVT (3 x 10⁻⁸ mol 1⁻¹) caused increased osmotic water flow (OWF) through ventral pelvic skin of L. archeyi and L. hamiltoni. However, pelvic skin from L. hochstetteri and ventral pectoral and dorsal skin from all three species showed no hydroosmotic response. The bladders of the three species showed small increases in OWF in response to AVT. In vivo, glomerular filtration rate fell following AVT treatment in all species, although the effect on L. hochstetteri was not statistically significant.
Pelvic skin of L. archeyi showed no obvious structural specialisation for rapid water uptake, when examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Pelvic skin was smooth, structurally similar to non-glandular areas of pectoral or dorsal skin, and less vascularised than pelvic skin of L. hochstetteri.
Adults of all three species were ureotelic. In the terrestrial eggs and larvae of L. archeyi, intracapsular larvae were ammonotelic, but most larvae became ureotelic within 4 d after hatching. The eggs had no resistance to EWL, but absorbed water rapidly from moist surfaces. Male parental care (egg brooding, larval transport) led to reduced EWL from eggs and hatched larvae of L. archeyi. 
This study demonstrates that the presence of a cutaneous hydroosmotic response varies between adults of the three species in an inverse manner with habitat water availability. It also supports previous studies indicating a closer ecological similarity and evolutionary relationship between L. archeyi and L. hamiltoni, than between either and L. hochstetteri.

year: 1986