title: Aspects and applications of two-time averages in open quantum Markoffian systems

authors: Carmichael, Howard J.

abstract: The use of a quantum-mechanical operator master equation for the description of an open Markoffian system is discussed in two particular aspects. In both the evaluation of operator averages at two times is a central feature. We deal first with the concept of detailed balance, so familiar from classical statistical mechanics, and hope to bring the various usages of this term under the common perspective provided by the formal generalisation of classical results.

The application of detailed balancing principles to quantum systems obeying Markoffian master equations is discussed and the formal generalisation of the classical principle of detailed balance introduced. A view of detailed balance as the macroscopic consequence of microreversibility is taken. Here the close association between two-time averages and detailed balance requires that the various properties of the former be developed as a basis to our discussions. Both operator and phase-space formulations for evaluating averages are therefore discussed, and from them the respective operator and phase-space expressions for quantum detailed balance constructed. From here the classical limit with ℏ → o is shown to correspond to the introduction of detailed balance to open quantum Markoffian systems via a literal interpretation of “quantum-mechanical Fokker-Plank processes”. The relationship of full quantum detailed balance to the detailed balancing of transitions within the energy representation, such as is encountered in the Pauli master equation, is established through introducing the concept of diagonal master equations. For these utilisation of the energy representation allows a direct identification with the Pauli situation. Finally, a generalised master equation accounting for a variety of reservoir couplings is derived, and studied in relation to both the operator detailed balance and the diagonal master equations for thermal equilibrium. It is shown that the presence of certain features in the reservoir interactions generally ensure the failure of full detailed balance, and simultaneously provides deviations from the diagonal form. These observations are to be associated with an inadequacy in the approximations of the master equation method.

A second section of this work tackles the theoretical description of a particular physical system within the framework of the master equation formalism. The concept of the open Markoffian system is applied in relation to resonance fluorescence and the properties of two-time averages used in the determination of field correlation functions. Very intense illumination, which gives rise to the dynamical Stark effect, is studied with particular interest.
 
Within the context of a quantum-mechanical master equation for incident field plus atomic scattering centre we develop a full description of the resonance fluorescence phenomenon. From a stationary autocorrelation function fluorescence spectra corresponding to arbitrary incident field strengths may be evaluated for the conditions pertaining under atomic saturation. Spectra are also available for the nonstationary field associated with the transient region of atomic dynamics. Both semiclassical and one-photon approximations are illuminated in a simple fashion. Particular interest is taken in deriving the second-order correlation function for the scattered light. This is readily available from our formalism and exhibits the interesting feature of photon-antibunching at weak incident intensities. The region of weak scattering is familiar in its description by the Lorentzian electron oscillator model and this purely quantum feature provides a possible check for Q.E.D. versus recent improved semiclassical theories. The second-order correlation function is also discussed in relation to its potential for the experimental study of fluorescence spectra, particularly those in the region of the dynamical Stark effect. Possibilities for the extraction of spectral detail presently unattainable are clearly evident.

text: Aspects and applications of two-time averages in open quantum Markoffian systems The use of a quantum-mechanical operator master equation for the description of an open Markoffian system is discussed in two particular aspects. In both the evaluation of operator averages at two times is a central feature. We deal first with the concept of detailed balance, so familiar from classical statistical mechanics, and hope to bring the various usages of this term under the common perspective provided by the formal generalisation of classical results.

The application of detailed balancing principles to quantum systems obeying Markoffian master equations is discussed and the formal generalisation of the classical principle of detailed balance introduced. A view of detailed balance as the macroscopic consequence of microreversibility is taken. Here the close association between two-time averages and detailed balance requires that the various properties of the former be developed as a basis to our discussions. Both operator and phase-space formulations for evaluating averages are therefore discussed, and from them the respective operator and phase-space expressions for quantum detailed balance constructed. From here the classical limit with ℏ → o is shown to correspond to the introduction of detailed balance to open quantum Markoffian systems via a literal interpretation of “quantum-mechanical Fokker-Plank processes”. The relationship of full quantum detailed balance to the detailed balancing of transitions within the energy representation, such as is encountered in the Pauli master equation, is established through introducing the concept of diagonal master equations. For these utilisation of the energy representation allows a direct identification with the Pauli situation. Finally, a generalised master equation accounting for a variety of reservoir couplings is derived, and studied in relation to both the operator detailed balance and the diagonal master equations for thermal equilibrium. It is shown that the presence of certain features in the reservoir interactions generally ensure the failure of full detailed balance, and simultaneously provides deviations from the diagonal form. These observations are to be associated with an inadequacy in the approximations of the master equation method.

A second section of this work tackles the theoretical description of a particular physical system within the framework of the master equation formalism. The concept of the open Markoffian system is applied in relation to resonance fluorescence and the properties of two-time averages used in the determination of field correlation functions. Very intense illumination, which gives rise to the dynamical Stark effect, is studied with particular interest.
 
Within the context of a quantum-mechanical master equation for incident field plus atomic scattering centre we develop a full description of the resonance fluorescence phenomenon. From a stationary autocorrelation function fluorescence spectra corresponding to arbitrary incident field strengths may be evaluated for the conditions pertaining under atomic saturation. Spectra are also available for the nonstationary field associated with the transient region of atomic dynamics. Both semiclassical and one-photon approximations are illuminated in a simple fashion. Particular interest is taken in deriving the second-order correlation function for the scattered light. This is readily available from our formalism and exhibits the interesting feature of photon-antibunching at weak incident intensities. The region of weak scattering is familiar in its description by the Lorentzian electron oscillator model and this purely quantum feature provides a possible check for Q.E.D. versus recent improved semiclassical theories. The second-order correlation function is also discussed in relation to its potential for the experimental study of fluorescence spectra, particularly those in the region of the dynamical Stark effect. Possibilities for the extraction of spectral detail presently unattainable are clearly evident.

year: 1975

title: Towards a Theory of 'Appropriate Fandom'

authors: Stewart, Mark

subjects: fan policing

abstract: As fandom and fan practices become more broadly recognized within popular culture, tensions and conflicts arise between different understandings of the 'appropriate' way to perform fandom. Different groups have different unspoken understandings of what constitutes the 'right' and the 'wrong' way to be a fan, to behave as a fan. These understandings may differ within a fandom, between different fandoms, between fans and the media industries, and between fans and the broader public.

This article sketches a framework for how we might understand differing conceptions of 'appropriate' and 'inappropriate' fandom, explores the drivers behind these understandings, and highlights how different participants and stakeholders work to bring fans within their own conceptions of 'appropriate' fandom. The article outlines four modes or directions of 'appropriate' fandom and provides a detailed analysis of how top-down 'appropriate' fandom is evidenced within the television industry, using a case study of the US competition reality television series Survivor.

text: Towards a Theory of 'Appropriate Fandom' As fandom and fan practices become more broadly recognized within popular culture, tensions and conflicts arise between different understandings of the 'appropriate' way to perform fandom. Different groups have different unspoken understandings of what constitutes the 'right' and the 'wrong' way to be a fan, to behave as a fan. These understandings may differ within a fandom, between different fandoms, between fans and the media industries, and between fans and the broader public.

This article sketches a framework for how we might understand differing conceptions of 'appropriate' and 'inappropriate' fandom, explores the drivers behind these understandings, and highlights how different participants and stakeholders work to bring fans within their own conceptions of 'appropriate' fandom. The article outlines four modes or directions of 'appropriate' fandom and provides a detailed analysis of how top-down 'appropriate' fandom is evidenced within the television industry, using a case study of the US competition reality television series Survivor.

year: 2023-03

title: Murau a te tini (Mourned by the multitudes) & Pounamu (Greenstone)

authors: Rewi, Poia

subjects: Māori poetry

abstract: A song and a poem by Poia Rewi.

text: Murau a te tini (Mourned by the multitudes) & Pounamu (Greenstone) A song and a poem by Poia Rewi.

year: 2000-10