title: Effect of Providing New Owners of Rehomed Greyhounds with Written Information about Preventing Canine Separation Anxiety

authors: Thomas, Julia Beatrix

subjects: Behaviour

abstract: Separation anxiety or separation-related behaviour (SA/SRB) reflects a substantial welfare problem for dogs and causes concern for owners, which can lead to dogs being relinquished or returned to rehoming organisations.  I aimed to determine whether providing new adopters of ex-racing greyhounds with information designed to reduce the risk of SA/SRB would reduce the occurrence of SA/SRB reported by owners at multiple time points; and to investigate factors associated with SA/SRB in newly rehomed greyhounds. Subjects were greyhounds rehomed through New Zealand Greyhounds as Pets during a 1-year period (n = 297). Owners were assigned, within 2 days of adoption, alternately to a control group, who received an email welcoming them to the greyhound community, or a treatment group, who received an email including a SA/SRB handout with preventative advice. Links to an online questionnaire regarding SA/SRB, and other factors suggested in the literature to be associated with SA/SRB, were sent to adopters 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-adoption. Emailing owners preventative information about SA/SRB had no significant impact on the proportion of greyhounds reported to exhibit SA/SRB in their new homes. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of owner-reported SA/SRB at 1, 3, or 6 months (20%, 18%, 17%). The prevalence of SA/SRB overall was less than usually reported for rehomed shelter dogs, and for pet dogs generally. SA/SRB was associated with an increased risk of the greyhound being returned to GAP. There was no significant difference between treatment and control groups regarding owner behaviour in relation to the advice, and generally more than half of all owners acted in a manner consistent with the recommendations. Owners were most likely to practice low-key greetings, and low-key departures, but only low-key departures appeared to be protective against SA/SRB.  Factors associated with the occurrence of SA/SRB changed substantially between the 1-month, and 3- and 6-month time points. Differences in the predictive models produced for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month data, and the lack of any effect of the preventative treatment, is likely associated with the multifactorial nature of SA/SRB. Further investigation of the particular aspects of advice that are protective for SA/SRB is warranted.

text: Effect of Providing New Owners of Rehomed Greyhounds with Written Information about Preventing Canine Separation Anxiety Separation anxiety or separation-related behaviour (SA/SRB) reflects a substantial welfare problem for dogs and causes concern for owners, which can lead to dogs being relinquished or returned to rehoming organisations.  I aimed to determine whether providing new adopters of ex-racing greyhounds with information designed to reduce the risk of SA/SRB would reduce the occurrence of SA/SRB reported by owners at multiple time points; and to investigate factors associated with SA/SRB in newly rehomed greyhounds. Subjects were greyhounds rehomed through New Zealand Greyhounds as Pets during a 1-year period (n = 297). Owners were assigned, within 2 days of adoption, alternately to a control group, who received an email welcoming them to the greyhound community, or a treatment group, who received an email including a SA/SRB handout with preventative advice. Links to an online questionnaire regarding SA/SRB, and other factors suggested in the literature to be associated with SA/SRB, were sent to adopters 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-adoption. Emailing owners preventative information about SA/SRB had no significant impact on the proportion of greyhounds reported to exhibit SA/SRB in their new homes. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of owner-reported SA/SRB at 1, 3, or 6 months (20%, 18%, 17%). The prevalence of SA/SRB overall was less than usually reported for rehomed shelter dogs, and for pet dogs generally. SA/SRB was associated with an increased risk of the greyhound being returned to GAP. There was no significant difference between treatment and control groups regarding owner behaviour in relation to the advice, and generally more than half of all owners acted in a manner consistent with the recommendations. Owners were most likely to practice low-key greetings, and low-key departures, but only low-key departures appeared to be protective against SA/SRB.  Factors associated with the occurrence of SA/SRB changed substantially between the 1-month, and 3- and 6-month time points. Differences in the predictive models produced for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month data, and the lack of any effect of the preventative treatment, is likely associated with the multifactorial nature of SA/SRB. Further investigation of the particular aspects of advice that are protective for SA/SRB is warranted.

year: 2018

title: Vibrational studies of tetrahalogenocuprates (II)

authors: Yeoh, Teng Kwong

abstract: The compounds (R₄N)₂CuBrₙCℓ₄₋ₙ (R = CH₃, C₂H₅; n = 1 - 3) were studied by far infra-red spectroscopy. The results, in conjunction with the evidence of X-ray powder diffraction measurements we reported earlier, show that, within each series, the mixed bromochlorocuprates(II) are isomorphous with each other and with the corresponding compounds where n = 0, 4. There is also evidence of discrete CuBrₙCℓ₄₋ₙ²⁻ anions with flattened tetrahedral configurations.
The assignment problems associated with the vibrational spectrum of caesium tetrachlorocuprate(II) were critically discussed. A unit cell analysis of the compound was performed with two primary objectives:
(A) to interpret the vibrational spectrum; and
(B) to develop a competent model force field for such study.
The analysis produces a physically sensible set of force constants which supports one particular set of assignments. 
The potential force field developed in the unit cell analysis of Cs₂CuCℓ₄ was extended to the study of the vibrations of Cs₂ZnCℓ₄ crystal with encouraging results.

text: Vibrational studies of tetrahalogenocuprates (II) The compounds (R₄N)₂CuBrₙCℓ₄₋ₙ (R = CH₃, C₂H₅; n = 1 - 3) were studied by far infra-red spectroscopy. The results, in conjunction with the evidence of X-ray powder diffraction measurements we reported earlier, show that, within each series, the mixed bromochlorocuprates(II) are isomorphous with each other and with the corresponding compounds where n = 0, 4. There is also evidence of discrete CuBrₙCℓ₄₋ₙ²⁻ anions with flattened tetrahedral configurations.
The assignment problems associated with the vibrational spectrum of caesium tetrachlorocuprate(II) were critically discussed. A unit cell analysis of the compound was performed with two primary objectives:
(A) to interpret the vibrational spectrum; and
(B) to develop a competent model force field for such study.
The analysis produces a physically sensible set of force constants which supports one particular set of assignments. 
The potential force field developed in the unit cell analysis of Cs₂CuCℓ₄ was extended to the study of the vibrations of Cs₂ZnCℓ₄ crystal with encouraging results.

year: 1979

title: He whakaemi kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine

authors: Manuirirangi, Hōri

abstract: Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhingaroa, hei whakaemi kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine. I whāia e au te āhua o te tipu o te rākau hei hanga i aku kōhinga kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine. Ko te ūpoko tuatahi, ko ngā pakiaka, arā te tīmatatanga o Ngā Ruahine. I konei ka tirohia ngā kōrero mō ngā waka tawhito mete whakapapa hoki o ngā tūpuna tāngatawhenua o Ngā Ruahine. Whai muri i tēnā, he wāhanga e pā ana ki te haeretanga mai o Aotea waka, ā, ka tirohia hoki tētehi kōrero tawhito mō te wehenga o ngā iwi o Aotea.
Mai i ngā pakiaka ka piki ake ki te tinana o te rākau. Koinei te wāhanga e pā ana ki ngā korero whenua o Ngā Ruahine. Kei te ūpoko tuarua nei, ka āta tirohia ngā kōrero mō ngā tongi o te rohe o Ngā Ruahine, me ngā take kōrero e whakawhanaunga ana i te tangata ki te whenua. Kei te ūpoko tuarua anō hoki ētehi whakaaturanga whenua mō te rohe o Ngā Ruahine, hei āwhina i te kaipānui.  
Mai i te tinana, ka aro atu ki ngā peka o te rākau i raro i te ūpoko tuatoru. Koinei te wāhanga nui o tēnei tuhingaroa, nā te tokomaha o ngā toronga o ngā peka nei. I roto i te ūpoko tuatoru, ka tirohia ētehi kōrero mō ia hapū o Ngā Ruahine. Mai i ngā kōrero mō ngā rohe whenua o ia hapū, ki ngā kōrero mō ngā marae me ngā pā tawhito o ērā hapū, ā, tae atu hoki ki ngā tūpuna rongonui me ā rātou mahi whakaari.  
Hei te mutunga, ka herea katoatia ngā kōrero o te tuhinga nei i raro i te ūpoko tuawhā, kia kite ai , he aha ngā hua e pūawai ai i tēnei tuhinga. Koinei te whakamutunga o ngā kōrero, arā ko te whakakapīnga o ngā kōrero.  
Ko tēnei tuhingaroa, he whakaemi kōrero mai i ngā kaumātua o Ngā Ruahine, ā, he mea tango mai hoki ētehi kōrero i ngā pukapuka, ko ēnei kōrero kua whakatakotoria i roto i tēnei tuhingaroa hei whakawhāriki iho ki te aroaro o te tini. Ko te tūmanako, he tuhinga rangahau tēnei hei āwhina i ngā rangatahi o Ngā Ruahine, kia rongo ai rātou i ngā kōrero kāore i te tino rangona i ēnei rā, kia mau hoki ngā kōrero a ngā kaumātua o Ngā Ruahine, kei ngaro. Erangi, he whakamōhio tēnei, he tīmatanga anahe tēnei tuhingaroa mō te kaupapa nei. Ko te tūmanako, he hua anō ka puta i tēnei rangahau, hei whāngai i ngā manu hiakai o Ngā Ruahine.

text: He whakaemi kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhingaroa, hei whakaemi kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine. I whāia e au te āhua o te tipu o te rākau hei hanga i aku kōhinga kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine. Ko te ūpoko tuatahi, ko ngā pakiaka, arā te tīmatatanga o Ngā Ruahine. I konei ka tirohia ngā kōrero mō ngā waka tawhito mete whakapapa hoki o ngā tūpuna tāngatawhenua o Ngā Ruahine. Whai muri i tēnā, he wāhanga e pā ana ki te haeretanga mai o Aotea waka, ā, ka tirohia hoki tētehi kōrero tawhito mō te wehenga o ngā iwi o Aotea.
Mai i ngā pakiaka ka piki ake ki te tinana o te rākau. Koinei te wāhanga e pā ana ki ngā korero whenua o Ngā Ruahine. Kei te ūpoko tuarua nei, ka āta tirohia ngā kōrero mō ngā tongi o te rohe o Ngā Ruahine, me ngā take kōrero e whakawhanaunga ana i te tangata ki te whenua. Kei te ūpoko tuarua anō hoki ētehi whakaaturanga whenua mō te rohe o Ngā Ruahine, hei āwhina i te kaipānui.  
Mai i te tinana, ka aro atu ki ngā peka o te rākau i raro i te ūpoko tuatoru. Koinei te wāhanga nui o tēnei tuhingaroa, nā te tokomaha o ngā toronga o ngā peka nei. I roto i te ūpoko tuatoru, ka tirohia ētehi kōrero mō ia hapū o Ngā Ruahine. Mai i ngā kōrero mō ngā rohe whenua o ia hapū, ki ngā kōrero mō ngā marae me ngā pā tawhito o ērā hapū, ā, tae atu hoki ki ngā tūpuna rongonui me ā rātou mahi whakaari.  
Hei te mutunga, ka herea katoatia ngā kōrero o te tuhinga nei i raro i te ūpoko tuawhā, kia kite ai , he aha ngā hua e pūawai ai i tēnei tuhinga. Koinei te whakamutunga o ngā kōrero, arā ko te whakakapīnga o ngā kōrero.  
Ko tēnei tuhingaroa, he whakaemi kōrero mai i ngā kaumātua o Ngā Ruahine, ā, he mea tango mai hoki ētehi kōrero i ngā pukapuka, ko ēnei kōrero kua whakatakotoria i roto i tēnei tuhingaroa hei whakawhāriki iho ki te aroaro o te tini. Ko te tūmanako, he tuhinga rangahau tēnei hei āwhina i ngā rangatahi o Ngā Ruahine, kia rongo ai rātou i ngā kōrero kāore i te tino rangona i ēnei rā, kia mau hoki ngā kōrero a ngā kaumātua o Ngā Ruahine, kei ngaro. Erangi, he whakamōhio tēnei, he tīmatanga anahe tēnei tuhingaroa mō te kaupapa nei. Ko te tūmanako, he hua anō ka puta i tēnei rangahau, hei whāngai i ngā manu hiakai o Ngā Ruahine.

year: 1998