title: Play behaviour in domestic goat kids. The influences of flooring surface and heat supplementation, and potential implications for welfare

authors: Kiddle, Jackie Grace

subjects: Animal behaviour

abstract: Increased demand for commercial goat products and concern for welfare in farmed animals has led to a demand for further research in goat welfare. Animal behaviour is commonly used to assess animal welfare in farm animals. Both the elimination of negative welfare states and the improvements of positive welfare states are important in the assessment of animal welfare. The performance of play has been used as an indicator of positive welfare in several species. Research on play behaviour in goat kids is limited. The following thesis describes a study investigating play behaviour in domestic goat kids in response to flooring and provisional supplemental heat and then discusses the possible welfare implications of play behaviour for goat kids. In part 1 of the study an ethogram of play behaviour in domestic goat kids was developed from video recordings and live observations. Part 2 is a continuation of research conducted by Sutherland et al. (2019) in which 80 female Saanen goat kids were grouped into four treatments. The treatments were as follows; 1) floor covered in wood shavings without heat lamps, 2) wood shavings with two heat lamps, 3) metal mesh flooring without heat lamps, and 3) metal mesh with two heat lamps. Each treatment consisted of four pens (1.5mx3.5m) with five goats per pen. All pens were video camera recorded and replayed on Adobe Premier Pro. Play behaviour frequencies were observed during 30 min periods twice a day for eight days. Behaviour was continuously recorded as frequency per minute. The results indicated that flooring surface had an influence on play behaviour frequencies in goat kids with a significant increase in play behaviour found in wood shaving treatments (p<0.05). Heat supplementation did not influence play behaviour with no significant difference between heat lamp and no heat lamp treatments (p>0.05). Play behaviour could potentially be used as an indicator of good welfare in goat kids, however, more research is needed to assess change in play behaviour in response to other situations. The complexity of behaviour, such as the performance of play behaviours other than locomotor play, could also be used to indicate enhanced levels of welfare, exceeding the minimum standards, however, this requires more validation.

text: Play behaviour in domestic goat kids. The influences of flooring surface and heat supplementation, and potential implications for welfare Increased demand for commercial goat products and concern for welfare in farmed animals has led to a demand for further research in goat welfare. Animal behaviour is commonly used to assess animal welfare in farm animals. Both the elimination of negative welfare states and the improvements of positive welfare states are important in the assessment of animal welfare. The performance of play has been used as an indicator of positive welfare in several species. Research on play behaviour in goat kids is limited. The following thesis describes a study investigating play behaviour in domestic goat kids in response to flooring and provisional supplemental heat and then discusses the possible welfare implications of play behaviour for goat kids. In part 1 of the study an ethogram of play behaviour in domestic goat kids was developed from video recordings and live observations. Part 2 is a continuation of research conducted by Sutherland et al. (2019) in which 80 female Saanen goat kids were grouped into four treatments. The treatments were as follows; 1) floor covered in wood shavings without heat lamps, 2) wood shavings with two heat lamps, 3) metal mesh flooring without heat lamps, and 3) metal mesh with two heat lamps. Each treatment consisted of four pens (1.5mx3.5m) with five goats per pen. All pens were video camera recorded and replayed on Adobe Premier Pro. Play behaviour frequencies were observed during 30 min periods twice a day for eight days. Behaviour was continuously recorded as frequency per minute. The results indicated that flooring surface had an influence on play behaviour frequencies in goat kids with a significant increase in play behaviour found in wood shaving treatments (p<0.05). Heat supplementation did not influence play behaviour with no significant difference between heat lamp and no heat lamp treatments (p>0.05). Play behaviour could potentially be used as an indicator of good welfare in goat kids, however, more research is needed to assess change in play behaviour in response to other situations. The complexity of behaviour, such as the performance of play behaviours other than locomotor play, could also be used to indicate enhanced levels of welfare, exceeding the minimum standards, however, this requires more validation.

year: 2021

title: The role of mass-movement in shore platform development along the Gisborne coastline, New Zealand

authors: McLean, R.F.

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: Tidal shore platforms form a conspicuous part of the coastal scenery north of Gisborne, New Zealand. Some of these platforms are being extended landward under present-day conditions. Present widening results primarily from cliff-retreat by mass-movement. The coincidence in distribution of areas of wave convergence, mass-movement and shore platforms suggests a genetic connection between these marine and subaerial process and response elements. Various types of mass-movement are involved in cliff-retreat, notably slumps, flows, debris slides and soil and rock falls. While the products of such mass-movement forms are removed by wave action, extensive boulder fields on some shore platforms indicate that removal is not always complete. Not all of the shore platforms on this coast are being widened at present. Widening has ceased where active mass-movement is not occurring.

text: The role of mass-movement in shore platform development along the Gisborne coastline, New Zealand Tidal shore platforms form a conspicuous part of the coastal scenery north of Gisborne, New Zealand. Some of these platforms are being extended landward under present-day conditions. Present widening results primarily from cliff-retreat by mass-movement. The coincidence in distribution of areas of wave convergence, mass-movement and shore platforms suggests a genetic connection between these marine and subaerial process and response elements. Various types of mass-movement are involved in cliff-retreat, notably slumps, flows, debris slides and soil and rock falls. While the products of such mass-movement forms are removed by wave action, extensive boulder fields on some shore platforms indicate that removal is not always complete. Not all of the shore platforms on this coast are being widened at present. Widening has ceased where active mass-movement is not occurring.

year: 1968

title: Te Whakatōhea Maurua

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: Te Whakatōhea Maurua is a Whakaeke item that was composed to commemorate the rangatira of Te Whakatōhea that lost their lives in the colonial wars of the mid nineteenth century at the hands of the Te Arawa people who were loyalists to the Crown. This composition was composed also to bury the hatchet between Te Whakatōhea and Te Arawa. This composition was performed by Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti at the Te Matatini World Championship Kapa Haka Competition 2013

text: Te Whakatōhea Maurua Te Whakatōhea Maurua is a Whakaeke item that was composed to commemorate the rangatira of Te Whakatōhea that lost their lives in the colonial wars of the mid nineteenth century at the hands of the Te Arawa people who were loyalists to the Crown. This composition was composed also to bury the hatchet between Te Whakatōhea and Te Arawa. This composition was performed by Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti at the Te Matatini World Championship Kapa Haka Competition 2013

year: 2013