title: Legal positivism in the pre-constitutional era of late nineteenth-century Iran

authors: Bigdeli, Sadeq Z.

abstract: The Iranian constitutional movement (1906–1911) occurred at a time when revolution was in the air in a number of peripheral nations. In that period of the early twentieth century, a series of uprisings occurred in the third world countries including the Indian nationalist movement of 1905– 1908 against the British, the Maji Maji uprising in Tanganyika in 1905–1907 against German rule, the Bambata (Zulu) Rebellion of 1906 in South Africa against the British, the Young Turks Revolution of 1908, the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and the Chinese Revolution of 1911–1912. While the essence of the Indian and African movements was anti-colonial, pro-democracy ideas were dominant in the latter three (Ottoman Empire, Mexico and China) alongside the Russian (1905), Iranian (1906) and the Portuguese (1910) movements/revolutions. A satirical Iranian journal (Journal of Despotism) at the time remarkably referred to these democratic movements around the world as “siblings”.

text: Legal positivism in the pre-constitutional era of late nineteenth-century Iran The Iranian constitutional movement (1906–1911) occurred at a time when revolution was in the air in a number of peripheral nations. In that period of the early twentieth century, a series of uprisings occurred in the third world countries including the Indian nationalist movement of 1905– 1908 against the British, the Maji Maji uprising in Tanganyika in 1905–1907 against German rule, the Bambata (Zulu) Rebellion of 1906 in South Africa against the British, the Young Turks Revolution of 1908, the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and the Chinese Revolution of 1911–1912. While the essence of the Indian and African movements was anti-colonial, pro-democracy ideas were dominant in the latter three (Ottoman Empire, Mexico and China) alongside the Russian (1905), Iranian (1906) and the Portuguese (1910) movements/revolutions. A satirical Iranian journal (Journal of Despotism) at the time remarkably referred to these democratic movements around the world as “siblings”.

year: 2011

title: Evidence for a seasonal fluctuation of arsenic in New Zealand's longest river and the effect of treatment on concentrations in drinking water

authors: McLaren, Stuart J.

subjects: arsenic

abstract: A year-long survey, with samples collected weekly, was conducted to estimate long-term average concentrations of arsenic in treated and untreated drinking water for the city of Hamilton, New Zealand. The average concentration of arsenic in Waikato River water at Hamilton before processing was found to be (32•1 ± 3•7) μg litre⁻¹, about three times above the new WHO limit of 10 μg litre⁻¹. However, full conventional water treatment effects a five-fold reduction in arsenic concentrations in drinking water to a level which meets the new standards of (6•2 ± 0•8) μg litre⁻¹. The results of both this study and retrospective analysis of archived data suggest that total arsenic concentrations in the Waikato River are likely to follow a regular seasonal variation, being about 10–25 μg litre⁻¹ higher in the summer months. Changes in river flow rates have an almost negligible effect on the summer peak and winter trough; it is proposed that most of the variation in total arsenic concentrations may be due to the seasonal conversion of arsenic in the river sediments to more soluble forms.

text: Evidence for a seasonal fluctuation of arsenic in New Zealand's longest river and the effect of treatment on concentrations in drinking water A year-long survey, with samples collected weekly, was conducted to estimate long-term average concentrations of arsenic in treated and untreated drinking water for the city of Hamilton, New Zealand. The average concentration of arsenic in Waikato River water at Hamilton before processing was found to be (32•1 ± 3•7) μg litre⁻¹, about three times above the new WHO limit of 10 μg litre⁻¹. However, full conventional water treatment effects a five-fold reduction in arsenic concentrations in drinking water to a level which meets the new standards of (6•2 ± 0•8) μg litre⁻¹. The results of both this study and retrospective analysis of archived data suggest that total arsenic concentrations in the Waikato River are likely to follow a regular seasonal variation, being about 10–25 μg litre⁻¹ higher in the summer months. Changes in river flow rates have an almost negligible effect on the summer peak and winter trough; it is proposed that most of the variation in total arsenic concentrations may be due to the seasonal conversion of arsenic in the river sediments to more soluble forms.

year: 1995

title: Are we really colour-blind? The normalisation of mass female incarceration

authors: Norris, Adele N.

abstract: The sharp rise in female incarceration rates in both the United States and New Zealand has received increased attention. Even more pressing are the racial disparities among imprisoned females. This exploratory case study examines 13 peer-reviewed articles published between 2005 and 2016 to understand the nature of colour-blind ideology in discussions of female imprisonment in New Zealand. Several themes emerged including the homogenisation of female prisoners. Apart from moderately linking vast racial disparities between incarcerated White women and Indigenous women to ill-defined colonial practices, contemporary explanations for the substantial racial disparities receive little attention. This article concludes that the absence of a critical lens toward contemporary forms and experiences of racism undergirding the mass criminalisation of Indigenous people perpetuates a colour blindness that in turn works to normalise mass female incarceration. Even in attempts to be unbiased, the way race/ethnicity, gender, age, and class are discussed in academic research exploring female incarceration seems to reflect the influential nature of controlling images rather than critique them.

text: Are we really colour-blind? The normalisation of mass female incarceration The sharp rise in female incarceration rates in both the United States and New Zealand has received increased attention. Even more pressing are the racial disparities among imprisoned females. This exploratory case study examines 13 peer-reviewed articles published between 2005 and 2016 to understand the nature of colour-blind ideology in discussions of female imprisonment in New Zealand. Several themes emerged including the homogenisation of female prisoners. Apart from moderately linking vast racial disparities between incarcerated White women and Indigenous women to ill-defined colonial practices, contemporary explanations for the substantial racial disparities receive little attention. This article concludes that the absence of a critical lens toward contemporary forms and experiences of racism undergirding the mass criminalisation of Indigenous people perpetuates a colour blindness that in turn works to normalise mass female incarceration. Even in attempts to be unbiased, the way race/ethnicity, gender, age, and class are discussed in academic research exploring female incarceration seems to reflect the influential nature of controlling images rather than critique them.

year: 2017