title: But the learning has already passed: Rethinking the role of time in e-mediated learning settings

authors: Khoo, Elaine G.L.

abstract: Time takes on a different character when online teachers take advantage of the possibilities for interactions occurring over different scales of time. Online teachers' pedagogical link-making becomes cumulative and progressive. This article reports on a qualitative case study of a fully online postgraduate course in Educational Research Methods within a New Zealand tertiary institution where the intention was to develop a learning communtity. The study was framed within a lecturer-researcher colllaborative approach to facilitate online lecturer devel;opment. Data collected from the online postings between lecturers and students, and among students and lecturer and student interviews, revealed how postings that point towards previous group ideas, current developing ideas and forward-focused ideas at pivotal points in the course supported student reflection, collaboration, and provided for socio-emotional support albeit in different ways and means. The authors argue that there is value in explicitly considering the mediating role of time when learning is understood as multidimensional and cumulative and provide implications for further research and practice.

text: But the learning has already passed: Rethinking the role of time in e-mediated learning settings Time takes on a different character when online teachers take advantage of the possibilities for interactions occurring over different scales of time. Online teachers' pedagogical link-making becomes cumulative and progressive. This article reports on a qualitative case study of a fully online postgraduate course in Educational Research Methods within a New Zealand tertiary institution where the intention was to develop a learning communtity. The study was framed within a lecturer-researcher colllaborative approach to facilitate online lecturer devel;opment. Data collected from the online postings between lecturers and students, and among students and lecturer and student interviews, revealed how postings that point towards previous group ideas, current developing ideas and forward-focused ideas at pivotal points in the course supported student reflection, collaboration, and provided for socio-emotional support albeit in different ways and means. The authors argue that there is value in explicitly considering the mediating role of time when learning is understood as multidimensional and cumulative and provide implications for further research and practice.

year: 2014

title: Imbalance in surrender: the backing of warrants procedure with Australia under Part 4 of the Extradition Act 1999

authors: Butler, Rynae Daphne

subjects: backed warrant procedure

abstract: The backing-of-warrants is a fast-track procedure for extradition regulated under Part 4 of the Extradition Act 1999.  This thesis critically scrutinises a recent review of the legislation by the Law Commission as it relates to the impact of its proposed new Act on the current backed-warrant procedure, particularly as it relates to Australia.  The Commission’s proposal that its new Act will achieve the Commission’s objective to “strike the necessary and appropriate balance between protecting the rights of those whose extradition is sought and providing an efficient mechanism for extradition” will be analysed and critiqued.    It will be shown that, the Commission has tipped the balance towards the liberty interests of the requested person, when it proposed to increase the breadth of grounds by which the courts may refuse surrender under a new “unjust or oppressive” provision. As a consequence, the proposed legislative provisions may risk breaching the doctrine of comity and frustrating the backed-warrant procedure. This thesis further posits that comity should not be over-emphasised, particularly as the Commission has not at all or has inadequately considered the disparity that exists between the way comity is applied in practise by the Australian and New Zealand courts. As a consequence, the proposed less onerous test for Australia, is unjustified. While the Commission’s proposal gives weight to the growing importance of human rights as a determining factor in surrender nevertheless, the Commission’s proposals lack coherency and fail to delineate between the standard procedure and the backed-warrant procedure. In absence of any evidence that the efficacy of the backed-warrant procedure is wanting, the impact of the Commission’s proposals, are unlikely therefore to achieve the balance it strives to achieve.   The argument put here is that there is a strong principled case for strengthening human rights protections in the current backed-warrant procedure. In that regard, this thesis advances the proposition that in combination, the Commission’s New Zealand Bill of Rights proposal and a role for a proposed central authority - subject to reconceptualising comity in this context to one that includes a human rights component.  To that end, this thesis advocates replacing the balancing act paradigm that purports to reconcile the competing interests underpinning extradition with an assessment of human rights as a primary determining factor in surrender at both the initial stages and latter stages of the backed-warrant procedure. This model, as proposed, will maintain the fast-track nature of the backed-warrant procedure as it would allow the judiciary to differentiate risk between low-level and gross forms of human rights violations or abuse.  Finally, this thesis posits that the jurisprudential acceptance in the courts of the extraterritorial effect of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 in relation to Australian Police conduct in New Zealand merits attention.

text: Imbalance in surrender: the backing of warrants procedure with Australia under Part 4 of the Extradition Act 1999 The backing-of-warrants is a fast-track procedure for extradition regulated under Part 4 of the Extradition Act 1999.  This thesis critically scrutinises a recent review of the legislation by the Law Commission as it relates to the impact of its proposed new Act on the current backed-warrant procedure, particularly as it relates to Australia.  The Commission’s proposal that its new Act will achieve the Commission’s objective to “strike the necessary and appropriate balance between protecting the rights of those whose extradition is sought and providing an efficient mechanism for extradition” will be analysed and critiqued.    It will be shown that, the Commission has tipped the balance towards the liberty interests of the requested person, when it proposed to increase the breadth of grounds by which the courts may refuse surrender under a new “unjust or oppressive” provision. As a consequence, the proposed legislative provisions may risk breaching the doctrine of comity and frustrating the backed-warrant procedure. This thesis further posits that comity should not be over-emphasised, particularly as the Commission has not at all or has inadequately considered the disparity that exists between the way comity is applied in practise by the Australian and New Zealand courts. As a consequence, the proposed less onerous test for Australia, is unjustified. While the Commission’s proposal gives weight to the growing importance of human rights as a determining factor in surrender nevertheless, the Commission’s proposals lack coherency and fail to delineate between the standard procedure and the backed-warrant procedure. In absence of any evidence that the efficacy of the backed-warrant procedure is wanting, the impact of the Commission’s proposals, are unlikely therefore to achieve the balance it strives to achieve.   The argument put here is that there is a strong principled case for strengthening human rights protections in the current backed-warrant procedure. In that regard, this thesis advances the proposition that in combination, the Commission’s New Zealand Bill of Rights proposal and a role for a proposed central authority - subject to reconceptualising comity in this context to one that includes a human rights component.  To that end, this thesis advocates replacing the balancing act paradigm that purports to reconcile the competing interests underpinning extradition with an assessment of human rights as a primary determining factor in surrender at both the initial stages and latter stages of the backed-warrant procedure. This model, as proposed, will maintain the fast-track nature of the backed-warrant procedure as it would allow the judiciary to differentiate risk between low-level and gross forms of human rights violations or abuse.  Finally, this thesis posits that the jurisprudential acceptance in the courts of the extraterritorial effect of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 in relation to Australian Police conduct in New Zealand merits attention.

year: 2017

title: Iwi sex ratios in the New Zealand population census: Why are women so dominant?

authors: Kukutai, Tahu

abstract: Recent census-based studies of iwi (tribal) population growth have revealed a high degree of volatility that cannot be explained by demographic factors alone. Although focused on a small number of iwi, these studies have shown that changing patterns of identification are an important driver of iwi population growth, and that the propensity to identify with an iwi appears to be much stronger among Māori women than men. Thus, the vast majority of iwi in the census have far more females than males, and female domination has increased over time. This paper describes the key features of female-favoured iwi sex ratios in the census and explores possible explanations. Focusing on sex ratios for the ten largest iwi, we find that female domination is highest in the 25–44 age group, and that this pattern is consistent over time. Further analysis shows that Māori women aged 25–34 years are more likely than their male counterparts to know detailed aspects of their pepeha (tribal identity), to explore whakapapa (genealogy) and to speak te reo Māori. Our results underscore the importance of Māori women as cultural connectors within their whānau, as well as in a broader iwi context.

text: Iwi sex ratios in the New Zealand population census: Why are women so dominant? Recent census-based studies of iwi (tribal) population growth have revealed a high degree of volatility that cannot be explained by demographic factors alone. Although focused on a small number of iwi, these studies have shown that changing patterns of identification are an important driver of iwi population growth, and that the propensity to identify with an iwi appears to be much stronger among Māori women than men. Thus, the vast majority of iwi in the census have far more females than males, and female domination has increased over time. This paper describes the key features of female-favoured iwi sex ratios in the census and explores possible explanations. Focusing on sex ratios for the ten largest iwi, we find that female domination is highest in the 25–44 age group, and that this pattern is consistent over time. Further analysis shows that Māori women aged 25–34 years are more likely than their male counterparts to know detailed aspects of their pepeha (tribal identity), to explore whakapapa (genealogy) and to speak te reo Māori. Our results underscore the importance of Māori women as cultural connectors within their whānau, as well as in a broader iwi context.

year: 2017