title: Zooplankton Communities, and TLI and Lake Health Assessments, of Selected Lakes in the Wellington region

authors: Duggan, Ian C.

subjects: Lake Health Assessments

abstract: Zooplankton were collected from ten lakes in the Wellington Region in 2022, with a further three historic samples collected from 2019 (including one unique lake). These were used to explore community composition of these lakes, as well as trends in rotifer inferred TLI assessments, the proportions of native versus non-native zooplankton, and crustaceans versus rotifers. Based on these results, lakes can be ranked in the following order, from lowest to highest rotifer inferred TLI values; Lake Ngarara (1.8; oligotrophic), Lake Waitawa (3.9), Barton’s Lagoon (3.9; both mesotrophic), Turner’s Lagoon (4.0), Boggy Pond, (4.2), Waimanu Lagoon (4.5; all eutrophic), Lake Pounui (5.0), Lake Kohangatera (5.1), Matthew’s Lagoon (5.3; all supertrophic), Lake Waiorongomai (8.0) and Lake Nganoke (8.3; both hypertrophic). The Matthew’s Lagoon (both 5.3) and Lake Waitawa results (3.3 and 4.5) were averages of samples from two years. Nevertheless, these results should be treated with caution, due to being calculated from single samples, or samples from different years, rather than the recommended multiple samples collected over different seasons. Most of the lakes were devoid of non-native species. Nevertheless, Lakes Pounui and Waitawa both had populations of the introduced Daphnia galeata, which is native to northern hemisphere temperate regions (i.e., Holarctic), while Lake Waitawa also possessed a population of the Australian copepod Boeckella minuta. The latter record is interesting in that it is otherwise only known from constructed waters in New Zealand, including the Karori Reservoirs and Waikato Hydroelectricity Lakes. As such, this is the first record of this species established in a natural lake in New Zealand. The zooplankton community of Lake Pounui (98.7%), Lake Waitawa in 2019 (89.9%), Lake Waitawa in 2022 (76.7%) and Boggy Pond (73.1%) were heavily crustacean dominated, while Lake Kohangatera (5.9% crustaceans), Matthews Lagoon (23.5%), Lake Ngarara (27.9%), Lake Waiorongomai (28.6%), Barton’s Lagoon (30.5%), Lake Nganoke (32.6%) and Turner’s Lagoon (34.7%) were heavily rotifer dominated. Matthew’s Lagoon (52.1%) and Waimanu Lagoon (40.4%) had similar proportions of crustacean and rotifer zooplankton. The size distributions of zooplankton in Lakes Pounui and Waitawa are likely influenced by the crustacean invaders in these lakes. Different degrees of top-down control by zooplanktivorous fish, removing larger crustacean zooplankton, may influence the variability among the remaining waterbodies, though longer-term data and knowledge of fish communities is required to better determine this. Besides B. minuta, the waterbodies sampled included some unusual species. A Brachionus rotifer, with affinities to B. caudatus, was recoded from Lake Kohangatera and Boggy Pond; this seemingly represents an undescribed species. The typically estuarine copepod Gladioferens pectinatus and saline rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were recorded in Waimanu Lagoon, reflecting a probable marine influence in this lagoon. Gladioferens pectinatus was also recorded in Matthews Lagoon, representing a rare occurrence for this species in a freshwater lake.

text: Zooplankton Communities, and TLI and Lake Health Assessments, of Selected Lakes in the Wellington region Zooplankton were collected from ten lakes in the Wellington Region in 2022, with a further three historic samples collected from 2019 (including one unique lake). These were used to explore community composition of these lakes, as well as trends in rotifer inferred TLI assessments, the proportions of native versus non-native zooplankton, and crustaceans versus rotifers. Based on these results, lakes can be ranked in the following order, from lowest to highest rotifer inferred TLI values; Lake Ngarara (1.8; oligotrophic), Lake Waitawa (3.9), Barton’s Lagoon (3.9; both mesotrophic), Turner’s Lagoon (4.0), Boggy Pond, (4.2), Waimanu Lagoon (4.5; all eutrophic), Lake Pounui (5.0), Lake Kohangatera (5.1), Matthew’s Lagoon (5.3; all supertrophic), Lake Waiorongomai (8.0) and Lake Nganoke (8.3; both hypertrophic). The Matthew’s Lagoon (both 5.3) and Lake Waitawa results (3.3 and 4.5) were averages of samples from two years. Nevertheless, these results should be treated with caution, due to being calculated from single samples, or samples from different years, rather than the recommended multiple samples collected over different seasons. Most of the lakes were devoid of non-native species. Nevertheless, Lakes Pounui and Waitawa both had populations of the introduced Daphnia galeata, which is native to northern hemisphere temperate regions (i.e., Holarctic), while Lake Waitawa also possessed a population of the Australian copepod Boeckella minuta. The latter record is interesting in that it is otherwise only known from constructed waters in New Zealand, including the Karori Reservoirs and Waikato Hydroelectricity Lakes. As such, this is the first record of this species established in a natural lake in New Zealand. The zooplankton community of Lake Pounui (98.7%), Lake Waitawa in 2019 (89.9%), Lake Waitawa in 2022 (76.7%) and Boggy Pond (73.1%) were heavily crustacean dominated, while Lake Kohangatera (5.9% crustaceans), Matthews Lagoon (23.5%), Lake Ngarara (27.9%), Lake Waiorongomai (28.6%), Barton’s Lagoon (30.5%), Lake Nganoke (32.6%) and Turner’s Lagoon (34.7%) were heavily rotifer dominated. Matthew’s Lagoon (52.1%) and Waimanu Lagoon (40.4%) had similar proportions of crustacean and rotifer zooplankton. The size distributions of zooplankton in Lakes Pounui and Waitawa are likely influenced by the crustacean invaders in these lakes. Different degrees of top-down control by zooplanktivorous fish, removing larger crustacean zooplankton, may influence the variability among the remaining waterbodies, though longer-term data and knowledge of fish communities is required to better determine this. Besides B. minuta, the waterbodies sampled included some unusual species. A Brachionus rotifer, with affinities to B. caudatus, was recoded from Lake Kohangatera and Boggy Pond; this seemingly represents an undescribed species. The typically estuarine copepod Gladioferens pectinatus and saline rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were recorded in Waimanu Lagoon, reflecting a probable marine influence in this lagoon. Gladioferens pectinatus was also recorded in Matthews Lagoon, representing a rare occurrence for this species in a freshwater lake.

year: 2022

title: An analysis of perceptual errors in perspective displays

authors: Luther, Rebecca E.

abstract: Display dimensionality 1s one of the most debated issues m the design of cockpit-based displays of air traffic information. Many practitioners agree that presenting air traffic information on an integrated 30 display is preferable, when compared to presenting it on a 20 planar or co-planar display. However, research has shown that operators make errors in estimating the location of objects in 30 displays. This may be because of perceptual distortions caused by the geometric parameters used to generate the image. However, despite the issues identified regarding the locating of objects, some studies have found other performance advantages associated with these 30 displays. Therefore, it seems that attempts should be made to minimise perceptual biases so that these displays can be utilised to present integrated information in 30 environments. The aim of this thesis was to develop a model of distance estimation errors in perspective displays. It was hypothesised that many of the perceptual errors observed in perspective displays, such as azimuth and inter-object distance estimation errors, were related to observers wrongly estimating the distance between themselves and objects in the virtual world. Four experiments examining inter-object distance estimation were conducted. Participants were required to set a perspective image of a box to represent a perfect cube (requiring them to make a distance estimation scaled relative to the frontoparallel plane). Results showed that participants made inter-object distance estimation errors that increased as the distance between the observer and the objects in the display increased. Based on these results, two models explaining interobject distance estimation errors were developed. The first model postulated that participants underestimated the distance between themselves and objects in the display. The second model suggested that participants used 20 ( on-screen) cues to set the box to a cube. These models were applied to azimuth estimation errors observed in studies of perspective displays. It was found that while azimuth estimation error could only be partially modelled as a distance perception error, it could be explained to a greater extent by applying a strategy based on the 20 (on-screen) image. The findings of this study indicated that either distance estimation errors or 20 strategies could account for inter-object distance estimation errors in perspective displays.

text: An analysis of perceptual errors in perspective displays Display dimensionality 1s one of the most debated issues m the design of cockpit-based displays of air traffic information. Many practitioners agree that presenting air traffic information on an integrated 30 display is preferable, when compared to presenting it on a 20 planar or co-planar display. However, research has shown that operators make errors in estimating the location of objects in 30 displays. This may be because of perceptual distortions caused by the geometric parameters used to generate the image. However, despite the issues identified regarding the locating of objects, some studies have found other performance advantages associated with these 30 displays. Therefore, it seems that attempts should be made to minimise perceptual biases so that these displays can be utilised to present integrated information in 30 environments. The aim of this thesis was to develop a model of distance estimation errors in perspective displays. It was hypothesised that many of the perceptual errors observed in perspective displays, such as azimuth and inter-object distance estimation errors, were related to observers wrongly estimating the distance between themselves and objects in the virtual world. Four experiments examining inter-object distance estimation were conducted. Participants were required to set a perspective image of a box to represent a perfect cube (requiring them to make a distance estimation scaled relative to the frontoparallel plane). Results showed that participants made inter-object distance estimation errors that increased as the distance between the observer and the objects in the display increased. Based on these results, two models explaining interobject distance estimation errors were developed. The first model postulated that participants underestimated the distance between themselves and objects in the display. The second model suggested that participants used 20 ( on-screen) cues to set the box to a cube. These models were applied to azimuth estimation errors observed in studies of perspective displays. It was found that while azimuth estimation error could only be partially modelled as a distance perception error, it could be explained to a greater extent by applying a strategy based on the 20 (on-screen) image. The findings of this study indicated that either distance estimation errors or 20 strategies could account for inter-object distance estimation errors in perspective displays.

year: 2004

title: He pakiriha

authors: Temara, Pou

subjects: Tikanga

abstract: Kua tae ki te wā hai kōrero i ētahi tikanga marae, ētahi tikanga kawa e kawa ana ki tā te mātanga titiro. Tērā ētahi tikanga e whakamahia ana e ngā kaumātua o nāianei e uru atu ana ki te pae o rorirori, ka mutu, e ai ki tā ngā kaumātua nei, ko te mutunga mai o te tika ā rātau i whakatau ai. Nā hei whakarāpopoto i te whakaaro whānui, i ētahi wā kāore ko te mea e tika ana ki ō tātau whakaaro te huarahi pai. Ko tā te tikanga he kimi i te huarahi e tika ana, kia kore ai e whara ngā whakaaro o te tangata. Ko te tikanga ehara i te mea i whakairotia ki te kōhatu, engari e taea ana te neke i ngā pae o te tikanga kia pai ai te whakahaere a te tangata i āna mahi, kia tau ai te rangimārie, kia mau tonu ai te mana o te tangata. E whakapae ana ahau e kūmea ana e ētahi kaumātua ētahi tikanga kia hāngai ki tā rātau i whakaaro ai kai te tika, kai te hē rānei. Mā ētahi tauira e mārama ai te kaipānui ki te kaupapa me te whakaaro o te kaituhi.

text: He pakiriha Kua tae ki te wā hai kōrero i ētahi tikanga marae, ētahi tikanga kawa e kawa ana ki tā te mātanga titiro. Tērā ētahi tikanga e whakamahia ana e ngā kaumātua o nāianei e uru atu ana ki te pae o rorirori, ka mutu, e ai ki tā ngā kaumātua nei, ko te mutunga mai o te tika ā rātau i whakatau ai. Nā hei whakarāpopoto i te whakaaro whānui, i ētahi wā kāore ko te mea e tika ana ki ō tātau whakaaro te huarahi pai. Ko tā te tikanga he kimi i te huarahi e tika ana, kia kore ai e whara ngā whakaaro o te tangata. Ko te tikanga ehara i te mea i whakairotia ki te kōhatu, engari e taea ana te neke i ngā pae o te tikanga kia pai ai te whakahaere a te tangata i āna mahi, kia tau ai te rangimārie, kia mau tonu ai te mana o te tangata. E whakapae ana ahau e kūmea ana e ētahi kaumātua ētahi tikanga kia hāngai ki tā rātau i whakaaro ai kai te tika, kai te hē rānei. Mā ētahi tauira e mārama ai te kaipānui ki te kaupapa me te whakaaro o te kaituhi.

year: 2017