title: Features of the process of change in a religious organization

authors: Major, Ronald Gordon

abstract: The historian and socio1ogist, Ernest Troeltsch stated in the conclusion to his major work The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches (1912) that: 
The Ethos of the Gospel… is an ideal which requires a new world if it is to be fully realized… (it is) an ideal which cannot be realized within this world apart from compromise. Therefore the history of the Christian Ethos becomes the story of a constantly renewed search for this compromise. 
Troeltsch endeavoured through an historical survey to identify the mode of accommodation to the social and cultural environment found necessary by a variety of religious movements. His categorization of 'Church', 'Sect' and 'Mysticism' was based on the response of their members' behaviour to the ‘world' as they perceived it, and the teaching of their religious leaders. 
Troeltsch identified the 'Church' as that type of organisation that compromised with the 'world' by affirming many of the social and cultural values in which it was encapsulated and by endeavouring to come to terms with these values. The 'sect', by contrast rejected both the world and compromise with it. It was hostile, but its existence and the values subscribed to by its members were largely dependent upon a symbiotic relation to that environment and it used its encapsulation to sustain its discrete identity. 'Mysticism', relied on an individual's religious spontaneity that was concerned with neither the encapsulating environment nor the symbiotic relation of' an organisation and its membership to the ‘world'. The Mystics’ concern was the inner world of man.

text: Features of the process of change in a religious organization The historian and socio1ogist, Ernest Troeltsch stated in the conclusion to his major work The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches (1912) that: 
The Ethos of the Gospel… is an ideal which requires a new world if it is to be fully realized… (it is) an ideal which cannot be realized within this world apart from compromise. Therefore the history of the Christian Ethos becomes the story of a constantly renewed search for this compromise. 
Troeltsch endeavoured through an historical survey to identify the mode of accommodation to the social and cultural environment found necessary by a variety of religious movements. His categorization of 'Church', 'Sect' and 'Mysticism' was based on the response of their members' behaviour to the ‘world' as they perceived it, and the teaching of their religious leaders. 
Troeltsch identified the 'Church' as that type of organisation that compromised with the 'world' by affirming many of the social and cultural values in which it was encapsulated and by endeavouring to come to terms with these values. The 'sect', by contrast rejected both the world and compromise with it. It was hostile, but its existence and the values subscribed to by its members were largely dependent upon a symbiotic relation to that environment and it used its encapsulation to sustain its discrete identity. 'Mysticism', relied on an individual's religious spontaneity that was concerned with neither the encapsulating environment nor the symbiotic relation of' an organisation and its membership to the ‘world'. The Mystics’ concern was the inner world of man.

year: 1973

title: Oxytocin receptor blockade reduces acquisition but not retrieval of taste aversion and blunts responsiveness of amygdala neurons to an aversive stimulus

authors: Olszewski, Pawel K.

subjects: anorexia

abstract: When gastrointestinal sickness induced by toxin injection is associated with exposure to novel food, the animal acquires a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Malaise is accompanied by a surge in oxytocin release and in oxytocin neuronal activity; however, it is unclear whether oxytocin is a key facilitator of aversion or merely its marker. Herein we investigated whether blockade of the oxytocin receptor with the blood–brain barrier penetrant oxytocin receptor antagonist L-368,899 is detrimental for the acquisition and/or retrieval of lithium chloride (LiCl)-dependent CTA to a saccharin solution in mice. We also examined whether L-368,899 given prior to LiCl affects neuronal activity defined through c-Fos immunohistochemistry in select brain sites facilitating CTA acquisition. L-368,899 given prior to LiCl caused a 30% increase in saccharin solution intake in a two-bottle test, but when the antagonist was administered before the two-bottle test, it failed to diminish the retrieval of an existing CTA. LiCl administration increased c-Fos expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract and basolateral and central (CNA) nuclei of the amygdala. L-368,899 injected before LiCl reduced the number of c-Fos positive CNA neurons and brought it down to levels similar to those observed in mice treated only with L-368,899. We conclude that oxytocin is one of the key components in acquisition of LiCl-induced CTA and the aversive response can be alleviated by the oxytocin receptor blockade. Oxytocin receptor antagonism blunts responsiveness of CNA to peripherally injected LiCl.

text: Oxytocin receptor blockade reduces acquisition but not retrieval of taste aversion and blunts responsiveness of amygdala neurons to an aversive stimulus When gastrointestinal sickness induced by toxin injection is associated with exposure to novel food, the animal acquires a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Malaise is accompanied by a surge in oxytocin release and in oxytocin neuronal activity; however, it is unclear whether oxytocin is a key facilitator of aversion or merely its marker. Herein we investigated whether blockade of the oxytocin receptor with the blood–brain barrier penetrant oxytocin receptor antagonist L-368,899 is detrimental for the acquisition and/or retrieval of lithium chloride (LiCl)-dependent CTA to a saccharin solution in mice. We also examined whether L-368,899 given prior to LiCl affects neuronal activity defined through c-Fos immunohistochemistry in select brain sites facilitating CTA acquisition. L-368,899 given prior to LiCl caused a 30% increase in saccharin solution intake in a two-bottle test, but when the antagonist was administered before the two-bottle test, it failed to diminish the retrieval of an existing CTA. LiCl administration increased c-Fos expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract and basolateral and central (CNA) nuclei of the amygdala. L-368,899 injected before LiCl reduced the number of c-Fos positive CNA neurons and brought it down to levels similar to those observed in mice treated only with L-368,899. We conclude that oxytocin is one of the key components in acquisition of LiCl-induced CTA and the aversive response can be alleviated by the oxytocin receptor blockade. Oxytocin receptor antagonism blunts responsiveness of CNA to peripherally injected LiCl.

year: 2013

title: Initial report of the 2018 Census external data quality panel

authors: Bedford, Richard

abstract: One in six New Zealand residents did not complete a questionnaire for the 2018 New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings. This was largely due to operational failures that made it difficult for a significant number of individuals and households to access census questionnaires, and to fulfill their statutory duty to participate.

text: Initial report of the 2018 Census external data quality panel One in six New Zealand residents did not complete a questionnaire for the 2018 New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings. This was largely due to operational failures that made it difficult for a significant number of individuals and households to access census questionnaires, and to fulfill their statutory duty to participate.

year: 2019