title: Open banking and digital financial inclusion: Early evidence

authors: Ryan, Michael

abstract: Using a large panel of countries, we study whether open-banking adoption expands digital financial inclusion. Applying difference-in-differences methods, we find that open banking increases the share of adults making or receiving a digital payment, with the largest effect among less-educated adults. We find, however, no statistically significant effect of open banking on the number of mobile/internet banking transactions per 1000 adults. One interpretation of our results is that open banking benefits may accrue through non-bank channels to those who previously did not use digital means of payment.

text: Open banking and digital financial inclusion: Early evidence Using a large panel of countries, we study whether open-banking adoption expands digital financial inclusion. Applying difference-in-differences methods, we find that open banking increases the share of adults making or receiving a digital payment, with the largest effect among less-educated adults. We find, however, no statistically significant effect of open banking on the number of mobile/internet banking transactions per 1000 adults. One interpretation of our results is that open banking benefits may accrue through non-bank channels to those who previously did not use digital means of payment.

year: 2026

title: Filling out the picture: Wittgenstein on differences and alternatives

authors: Bowell, Tracy

subjects: Wittgenstein

abstract: At several points in his later writings Wittgenstein discusses imaginary forms of life and ways of thinking that appear queer or alien from our point of view; concepts so different from ours that those who think from within them seem to be alternatives to us. In this paper I argue that reflection on the notions of difference and possibility in play here shows that imaginary cases of alien conceptual schemes or forms of life such as those considered by Wittgenstein are not all cases of concepts that are entirely unintelligible for us; rather they may represent possible, albeit distant, ways of thinking for us. Such cases serve to aid imaginative reflection on our own case(s). By making us appreciate the possibility of the strange, they help us better to appreciate the arbitrariness of the familiar. I end the paper by considering what the implications of this reading of Wittgenstein's position might be for Donald Davidson's rejection of conceptual relativism.

text: Filling out the picture: Wittgenstein on differences and alternatives At several points in his later writings Wittgenstein discusses imaginary forms of life and ways of thinking that appear queer or alien from our point of view; concepts so different from ours that those who think from within them seem to be alternatives to us. In this paper I argue that reflection on the notions of difference and possibility in play here shows that imaginary cases of alien conceptual schemes or forms of life such as those considered by Wittgenstein are not all cases of concepts that are entirely unintelligible for us; rather they may represent possible, albeit distant, ways of thinking for us. Such cases serve to aid imaginative reflection on our own case(s). By making us appreciate the possibility of the strange, they help us better to appreciate the arbitrariness of the familiar. I end the paper by considering what the implications of this reading of Wittgenstein's position might be for Donald Davidson's rejection of conceptual relativism.

year: 2009

title: The legacy of Ngatoroirangi: Maori customary use of geothermal resources

authors: Stokes, Evelyn

subjects: geothermal resources

abstract: Geothermal activity has always been regarded as a significant traditional resource among Maori communities of the Bay of Plenty, Rotorua and Taupo districts. The principal settlements of the tribes of Te Arawa, Ngati Tahu and Ngati Tuwharetoa were associated with geothermal areas. Outside the Taupo Volcanic Zone there were numerous other hot springs which were also highly valued by Maori. Areas of surface geothermal activity all have some traditions, cultural and historical associations for local tribes. Geothermal resources were used in various ways.

text: The legacy of Ngatoroirangi: Maori customary use of geothermal resources Geothermal activity has always been regarded as a significant traditional resource among Maori communities of the Bay of Plenty, Rotorua and Taupo districts. The principal settlements of the tribes of Te Arawa, Ngati Tahu and Ngati Tuwharetoa were associated with geothermal areas. Outside the Taupo Volcanic Zone there were numerous other hot springs which were also highly valued by Maori. Areas of surface geothermal activity all have some traditions, cultural and historical associations for local tribes. Geothermal resources were used in various ways.

year: 2000