title: Affective commitment and citizenship behaviour: The role of LMX and personality and the mediating effects of empowerment

authors: Rodriguez-Llewell, Yanahina

subjects: Organisational commitment

abstract: The purpose of this research was to identify motivational factors that would predict organisational commitment and citizenship behaviour. One important motivational factor is empowerment, which is an intrinsic motivator (Spreitzer, 1995, p. 121 table 5 ), this study examined the contribution of each of its four dimensions  in predicting affective commitment and citizenship behaviours targeted towards both individuals and the organisation. I also investigated the association that leader-member exchange and three personality factors (extraversion, emotional stability and openness to experience) had with both empowerment and organisational outcomes (affective commitment, citizenship behaviours). I further examined empowerment mediation effects. 
This research was conducted among ten occupational groups at The Waikato District Health Board in New Zealand. 872 questionnaires were distributed and a final sample of 306 responses (35.1%) was obtained. The results, consistent across all occupational groups and other demographics, suggested that although extraversion, emotional stability and openness to experience individually contributed to empowerment, affective commitment and citizenship behaviours, when their contribution towards affective commitment and citizenship behaviour was examined simultaneously with empowerment and LMX contributions, personality contribution decreased. The regression equation results showed emotional stability as the only significant personality contributor towards citizenship behaviours. In addition, leader member exchange contribution was significant only towards affective commitment whereas empowerment was the strongest predictor of the three organisational outcomes explored. Moreover, two of the four empowerment dimensions were also found to mediate the relationship between LMX and affective commitment. However, no empowerment mediation effects were found between LMX and citizenship behaviours. Overall, this research provides valuable information on how to increase employee's affective commitment and extra role behaviours by adjusting organisation's structures and policies and fostering employees' perception of empowerment. Recommendations for further research and practical implications for organisations are discussed in the final chapter.

text: Affective commitment and citizenship behaviour: The role of LMX and personality and the mediating effects of empowerment The purpose of this research was to identify motivational factors that would predict organisational commitment and citizenship behaviour. One important motivational factor is empowerment, which is an intrinsic motivator (Spreitzer, 1995, p. 121 table 5 ), this study examined the contribution of each of its four dimensions  in predicting affective commitment and citizenship behaviours targeted towards both individuals and the organisation. I also investigated the association that leader-member exchange and three personality factors (extraversion, emotional stability and openness to experience) had with both empowerment and organisational outcomes (affective commitment, citizenship behaviours). I further examined empowerment mediation effects. 
This research was conducted among ten occupational groups at The Waikato District Health Board in New Zealand. 872 questionnaires were distributed and a final sample of 306 responses (35.1%) was obtained. The results, consistent across all occupational groups and other demographics, suggested that although extraversion, emotional stability and openness to experience individually contributed to empowerment, affective commitment and citizenship behaviours, when their contribution towards affective commitment and citizenship behaviour was examined simultaneously with empowerment and LMX contributions, personality contribution decreased. The regression equation results showed emotional stability as the only significant personality contributor towards citizenship behaviours. In addition, leader member exchange contribution was significant only towards affective commitment whereas empowerment was the strongest predictor of the three organisational outcomes explored. Moreover, two of the four empowerment dimensions were also found to mediate the relationship between LMX and affective commitment. However, no empowerment mediation effects were found between LMX and citizenship behaviours. Overall, this research provides valuable information on how to increase employee's affective commitment and extra role behaviours by adjusting organisation's structures and policies and fostering employees' perception of empowerment. Recommendations for further research and practical implications for organisations are discussed in the final chapter.

year: 2008

title: Secondary school science teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) in their classroom practice

authors: Tufail, Imran

subjects: PCK

abstract: Research on teacher expertise has identified pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) as the most important factor impacting student progress (Neumann, Kind & Harms, 2019; Park & Chen, 2012) and supported its recognition in teacher practice (Kind & Chan, 2019). Since the recognition of PCK as something that teachers possess, there has been theorizing and research into its nature, its components, and the relationship among these components. To address such issues, two international summits were organized in 2012 and 2016. The key outputs of these summits were theoretical consensus models of PCK (Carlson & Daehler, 2019; Gess-Newsome, 2015). This study builds on novel emerging ideas in the first PCK consensus model (Gess-Newsome, 2015). These consensus models stressed the need for examination of PCK in classroom practices. Researchers have argued for research to understand teachers’ PCK in their practice, with the ultimate goal of the enhancement of students’ learning (Abell, 2007; Barendsen & Henze, 2019; Lee, 2020). This study then had the aim to examine experienced science teachers’ PCK during their classroom practices when they taught a chemistry topic to Year 10 students in New Zealand. 
A case study approach was adopted for an in-depth examination of these teachers’ practices (e.g. Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2018; Yin, 2009). The sample of this study was two experienced science teachers who were selected by the convenient sampling technique. The data were collected from teachers only. The data were gathered through a pre-topic questionnaire, document analysis, follow-up lesson interviews, follow-up topic interviews, and classroom observations including video recordings of lessons. Each class lesson within a 12 lesson topic for each teacher was observed and video-recorded. The lesson follow-up interviews were conducted after each lesson and follow-up topic interviews were conducted after completion of the topic. A conceptual and analytical framework was developed to interpret and analyze the data using the knowledge components of the Consensus Model-2015 (Gess-Newsome, 2015). Data were analyzed systematically. First, recorded data from observations and interviews were transcribed, and where appropriate, validated by the participants. Second, all data were imported into NVivo for analysis. Data were coded by using deductive (using aspects of the Consensus Model) and inductive approaches. The codes were grouped into themes and considered. 
The analyzed data helped to illustrate each teacher’s PCK. Each teaching episode or event was analyzed for knowledge components when they identified as prominent in teaching. This analysis identified knowledge components in the form of combinations in their teaching which reflects that PCK is a product of combinations of knowledge components. Significantly, this study indicated that there were four different types of combinations of knowledge components in their teaching. The data show that the two teachers conducted their teaching in a similar situation using different combinations of knowledge components. These findings contribute to understanding the nature of the relationship of knowledge components of PCK, which was not clear in previous PCK models. The diagrammatic representation of teachers’ knowledge combinations within PCK in this study can help to visualize teachers’ PCK and be used for teachers’ self-evaluation, teacher education, and further research into PCK in teaching practice.

text: Secondary school science teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) in their classroom practice Research on teacher expertise has identified pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) as the most important factor impacting student progress (Neumann, Kind & Harms, 2019; Park & Chen, 2012) and supported its recognition in teacher practice (Kind & Chan, 2019). Since the recognition of PCK as something that teachers possess, there has been theorizing and research into its nature, its components, and the relationship among these components. To address such issues, two international summits were organized in 2012 and 2016. The key outputs of these summits were theoretical consensus models of PCK (Carlson & Daehler, 2019; Gess-Newsome, 2015). This study builds on novel emerging ideas in the first PCK consensus model (Gess-Newsome, 2015). These consensus models stressed the need for examination of PCK in classroom practices. Researchers have argued for research to understand teachers’ PCK in their practice, with the ultimate goal of the enhancement of students’ learning (Abell, 2007; Barendsen & Henze, 2019; Lee, 2020). This study then had the aim to examine experienced science teachers’ PCK during their classroom practices when they taught a chemistry topic to Year 10 students in New Zealand. 
A case study approach was adopted for an in-depth examination of these teachers’ practices (e.g. Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2018; Yin, 2009). The sample of this study was two experienced science teachers who were selected by the convenient sampling technique. The data were collected from teachers only. The data were gathered through a pre-topic questionnaire, document analysis, follow-up lesson interviews, follow-up topic interviews, and classroom observations including video recordings of lessons. Each class lesson within a 12 lesson topic for each teacher was observed and video-recorded. The lesson follow-up interviews were conducted after each lesson and follow-up topic interviews were conducted after completion of the topic. A conceptual and analytical framework was developed to interpret and analyze the data using the knowledge components of the Consensus Model-2015 (Gess-Newsome, 2015). Data were analyzed systematically. First, recorded data from observations and interviews were transcribed, and where appropriate, validated by the participants. Second, all data were imported into NVivo for analysis. Data were coded by using deductive (using aspects of the Consensus Model) and inductive approaches. The codes were grouped into themes and considered. 
The analyzed data helped to illustrate each teacher’s PCK. Each teaching episode or event was analyzed for knowledge components when they identified as prominent in teaching. This analysis identified knowledge components in the form of combinations in their teaching which reflects that PCK is a product of combinations of knowledge components. Significantly, this study indicated that there were four different types of combinations of knowledge components in their teaching. The data show that the two teachers conducted their teaching in a similar situation using different combinations of knowledge components. These findings contribute to understanding the nature of the relationship of knowledge components of PCK, which was not clear in previous PCK models. The diagrammatic representation of teachers’ knowledge combinations within PCK in this study can help to visualize teachers’ PCK and be used for teachers’ self-evaluation, teacher education, and further research into PCK in teaching practice.

year: 2021

title: Māori and pacific infant and toddler cultural pedagogy: Reclaiming a cultural lens

authors: Glasgow, Ali

abstract: An Indigenous cultural renaissance emerged in the 1980’s in Aotearoa New Zealand. Communities established early childhood programmes that reflected native spirituality, values, and Indigenous knowledge, with instruction in local, Indigenous languages (Hunkin-Tuiletufuga, 2001). Indigenous communities sought ownership over the education of their children, within a culturally driven framework that focussed on retention of knowledge, language, and cultural identity.
These strong early stages have lost traction, with increasing numbers of Māori and Pacific community services unable to meet the rigorous regulatory criteria, assurance auditing processes, funding restraints, and other considerations that have impacted the numbers of families using these services. Nowadays, a mere percentage of those once in operation remain, with the majority of Māori and Pacific children and their families enrolling in mainstream early childhood education services (Ministry of Education, 2013).
Central to the educational success for Māori and Pacific children is an understanding that they are culturally located and the acknowledgement that effective education must encompass their culture. A cultural discourse gaining prominence reveals the need for culturally sound pedagogical practice for Māori and Pacific communities (Rameka & Glasgow, 2016; Rau & Ritchie, 2011). This trend is gaining impetus in the wider Pacific region (Glasgow, 2012), thus driving a movement for reclaiming and reframing education for Pacific peoples (Sanga, 2012).

text: Māori and pacific infant and toddler cultural pedagogy: Reclaiming a cultural lens An Indigenous cultural renaissance emerged in the 1980’s in Aotearoa New Zealand. Communities established early childhood programmes that reflected native spirituality, values, and Indigenous knowledge, with instruction in local, Indigenous languages (Hunkin-Tuiletufuga, 2001). Indigenous communities sought ownership over the education of their children, within a culturally driven framework that focussed on retention of knowledge, language, and cultural identity.
These strong early stages have lost traction, with increasing numbers of Māori and Pacific community services unable to meet the rigorous regulatory criteria, assurance auditing processes, funding restraints, and other considerations that have impacted the numbers of families using these services. Nowadays, a mere percentage of those once in operation remain, with the majority of Māori and Pacific children and their families enrolling in mainstream early childhood education services (Ministry of Education, 2013).
Central to the educational success for Māori and Pacific children is an understanding that they are culturally located and the acknowledgement that effective education must encompass their culture. A cultural discourse gaining prominence reveals the need for culturally sound pedagogical practice for Māori and Pacific communities (Rameka & Glasgow, 2016; Rau & Ritchie, 2011). This trend is gaining impetus in the wider Pacific region (Glasgow, 2012), thus driving a movement for reclaiming and reframing education for Pacific peoples (Sanga, 2012).

year: 2017