title: Food miles or carbon emissions? Exploring labelling preference for food transport footprint with a stated choice study

authors: Caputo, Vincenzina

abstract: The ecological footprint of food transport can be communicated using carbon dioxide emissions (CO₂ label) or by providing information about both the length of time and the mileage travelled (food miles label). We use stated choice data to estimate conventional unobserved taste heterogeneity models and extend them to a specification that also addresses attribute nonattendance. The implied posterior distributions of the marginal willingness to pay values are compared graphically and are used in validation regressions. We find strong bimodality of taste distribution as the emerging feature, with different groups of subjects having low and high valuations for these labels. The best fitting model shows that CO₂ and food miles valuations are much correlated. CO₂ valuations can be high even for those respondents expressing low valuations for food miles. However, the reverse is not true. Taken together, the results suggest that consumers tend to value the CO₂ label at least as much and sometimes more than the food miles label.

text: Food miles or carbon emissions? Exploring labelling preference for food transport footprint with a stated choice study The ecological footprint of food transport can be communicated using carbon dioxide emissions (CO₂ label) or by providing information about both the length of time and the mileage travelled (food miles label). We use stated choice data to estimate conventional unobserved taste heterogeneity models and extend them to a specification that also addresses attribute nonattendance. The implied posterior distributions of the marginal willingness to pay values are compared graphically and are used in validation regressions. We find strong bimodality of taste distribution as the emerging feature, with different groups of subjects having low and high valuations for these labels. The best fitting model shows that CO₂ and food miles valuations are much correlated. CO₂ valuations can be high even for those respondents expressing low valuations for food miles. However, the reverse is not true. Taken together, the results suggest that consumers tend to value the CO₂ label at least as much and sometimes more than the food miles label.

year: 2013

title: Heat Transfer Enhancement in Heat Recovery Loops Using Nanofluids as the Intermediate Fluid

authors: Tarighaleslami, Amir Hossein

abstract: In this paper, the effect of replacing water with various nanofluids as the heat transfer media in an industrial Heat Recovery Loop (HRL) have been modelled. Generally, nanofluids are prepared by distributing a nanoparticle through a base fluid such as water. Suspended nanoparticles slightly affect the thermal and physical properties of the base fluid. Primarily nanoparticles are added to improve the fluid’s heat transfer characteristics by increasing its Reynolds number and thermal conductivity. Results show that by applying various HRL design methods and a nanofluid as an intermediate fluid, an increase in heat recovery is possible without the need for extra heat exchanger area and infrastructure. With the addition of 1.5 vol.% CuO nanoparticles to the HRL fluid using constant temperature storage method, heat recovery from liquid-liquid heat exchangers increases between 5 % and 9 %. In the case of air-liquid exchangers, the air-side heat transfer coefficient limits the impact of using a nanofluid. In other cases, the duty available from the process stream, such as a condenser, significantly restricts the heat transfer benefit of using a nanofluid. Alternative to increasing heat recovery, results show that applying a nanofluid in the HRL design phase enables heat exchanger area to decrease significantly for liquid-liquid matches.

text: Heat Transfer Enhancement in Heat Recovery Loops Using Nanofluids as the Intermediate Fluid In this paper, the effect of replacing water with various nanofluids as the heat transfer media in an industrial Heat Recovery Loop (HRL) have been modelled. Generally, nanofluids are prepared by distributing a nanoparticle through a base fluid such as water. Suspended nanoparticles slightly affect the thermal and physical properties of the base fluid. Primarily nanoparticles are added to improve the fluid’s heat transfer characteristics by increasing its Reynolds number and thermal conductivity. Results show that by applying various HRL design methods and a nanofluid as an intermediate fluid, an increase in heat recovery is possible without the need for extra heat exchanger area and infrastructure. With the addition of 1.5 vol.% CuO nanoparticles to the HRL fluid using constant temperature storage method, heat recovery from liquid-liquid heat exchangers increases between 5 % and 9 %. In the case of air-liquid exchangers, the air-side heat transfer coefficient limits the impact of using a nanofluid. In other cases, the duty available from the process stream, such as a condenser, significantly restricts the heat transfer benefit of using a nanofluid. Alternative to increasing heat recovery, results show that applying a nanofluid in the HRL design phase enables heat exchanger area to decrease significantly for liquid-liquid matches.

year: 2015-08-27

title: 'Making its own history': New Zealand historical fiction for children,1862-2008

authors: Clark, Louise Henriette

subjects: children's literature

abstract: This thesis considers historical fiction for children and young people dealing with New Zealand history from the arrival of the first Polynesian settlers to the end of the nineteenth century.  It provides both a comprehensive survey of historical novels published between 1862 and the end of 2008, and an analysis of the way the same historical events and periods have been depicted in historical novels written at different times.  Individual chapters discuss books set during specific historical periods or dealing with particular events - the pre-European period, early contact, nineteenth century immigration, the New Zealand Wars, the gold rushes, and the colonial period - in chronological order of publication.  Since children's literature is particularly adept at reflecting and promoting the dominant ideas of the society in which it is produced, the chronological consideration of these texts reveals contemporary attitudes to such issues as race relations, gender roles, class, war and conflict, and concepts of national identity, as well as the way historical fiction has responded to societal changes since the 1860s.  

The predominant themes of historical fiction set prior to 1900 are: the arrival of settlers in New Zealand; encounters with the country's indigenous inhabitants; the taming of the often hostile landscape; the assertion of the settlers' claims to 'belong' in their new land; and the establishment of New Zealand as a nation with distinctive characteristics.  There are perceptible nuances and differences in the way these themes are discussed depending on the historical moment in which individual authors are writing.  Novels of the Victorian period and early twentieth century reflect the imperialistic and evangelistic ethos of the time, and present the British settlers' right to colonize the land and the ensuing dispossession of Māori as largely unproblematic.  Subsequent historical novels, particularly those written since the 1960s, offer a more inclusive version of New Zealand history, although the lack of historical fiction for children by Māori writers means that Eurocentric views of history continue to dominate, and that all representations of Māori and their history are mediated through Pakeha writers.

Shifts in social attitudes have resulted in changes in the treatment of Māori in historical novels for children, and similar changes have occurred in the portrayal of gender, class, and ethnicity.  The passage of time has seen increased agency and a wider variety of roles allocated to Māori, female and working class characters, as well as greater ethnic diversity.  Developments in New Zealand historiography are also reflected in fiction, although at times historical fiction prefigures written histories, or provides alternative views by depicting the experience of women, children and Māori, who often did not feature in conventional histories.  While many historical novels for children, especially the earlier texts, are adventure stories set in the past and are not necessarily concerned with historical verisimilitude, an increasing number attempt to present authentic recreations of historical periods, including accounts of actual people and events, based on extensive research, and reinforced with peritextual material in the form of historical notes, bibliographies, maps and photographs.  

The role of New Zealand historical fiction for children and young people has been not only to entertain young readers and inform them about their country's past, but to create and foster a sense of national identity.

text: 'Making its own history': New Zealand historical fiction for children,1862-2008 This thesis considers historical fiction for children and young people dealing with New Zealand history from the arrival of the first Polynesian settlers to the end of the nineteenth century.  It provides both a comprehensive survey of historical novels published between 1862 and the end of 2008, and an analysis of the way the same historical events and periods have been depicted in historical novels written at different times.  Individual chapters discuss books set during specific historical periods or dealing with particular events - the pre-European period, early contact, nineteenth century immigration, the New Zealand Wars, the gold rushes, and the colonial period - in chronological order of publication.  Since children's literature is particularly adept at reflecting and promoting the dominant ideas of the society in which it is produced, the chronological consideration of these texts reveals contemporary attitudes to such issues as race relations, gender roles, class, war and conflict, and concepts of national identity, as well as the way historical fiction has responded to societal changes since the 1860s.  

The predominant themes of historical fiction set prior to 1900 are: the arrival of settlers in New Zealand; encounters with the country's indigenous inhabitants; the taming of the often hostile landscape; the assertion of the settlers' claims to 'belong' in their new land; and the establishment of New Zealand as a nation with distinctive characteristics.  There are perceptible nuances and differences in the way these themes are discussed depending on the historical moment in which individual authors are writing.  Novels of the Victorian period and early twentieth century reflect the imperialistic and evangelistic ethos of the time, and present the British settlers' right to colonize the land and the ensuing dispossession of Māori as largely unproblematic.  Subsequent historical novels, particularly those written since the 1960s, offer a more inclusive version of New Zealand history, although the lack of historical fiction for children by Māori writers means that Eurocentric views of history continue to dominate, and that all representations of Māori and their history are mediated through Pakeha writers.

Shifts in social attitudes have resulted in changes in the treatment of Māori in historical novels for children, and similar changes have occurred in the portrayal of gender, class, and ethnicity.  The passage of time has seen increased agency and a wider variety of roles allocated to Māori, female and working class characters, as well as greater ethnic diversity.  Developments in New Zealand historiography are also reflected in fiction, although at times historical fiction prefigures written histories, or provides alternative views by depicting the experience of women, children and Māori, who often did not feature in conventional histories.  While many historical novels for children, especially the earlier texts, are adventure stories set in the past and are not necessarily concerned with historical verisimilitude, an increasing number attempt to present authentic recreations of historical periods, including accounts of actual people and events, based on extensive research, and reinforced with peritextual material in the form of historical notes, bibliographies, maps and photographs.  

The role of New Zealand historical fiction for children and young people has been not only to entertain young readers and inform them about their country's past, but to create and foster a sense of national identity.

year: 2010