title: Geology of the western Mamaku Plateau and variations in the Mamaku ignimbrite

authors: Fransen, Pieter J.B.

subjects: Geology

abstract: Pleistocene ignimbrites in the western Mamaku Plateau east of Putaruru consist of the following successively younger formations: (?) Ongatiti Ignimbrite, Ahuroa Ignimbrite, Whakamaru Ignimbrite, Waihou Ignimbrite (new), Waimakariri Ignimbrite (new), Mamaku Ignimbrite. They can be distinguished on the basis of their compositional-, welding-, textural-, and field characteristics. The ignimbrites are separated by unconformities, and intercalated fluvial sedimentary deposits. The three most important units are the Whakamaru, Waimakariri and Mamaku Ignimbrites, which are well exposed and widespread.

The Mamaku Ignimbrite covers a surface area of nearly 4300 km² on the Mamaku Plateau. Corresponding vertical changes in lithology, petrography and physical properties near the Rotorua Caldera define two flow members: a lower Sheet 1, and an upper Sheet 2, each of which is about 60 m thick. The ignimbrite constitutes a simple cooling unit which indicates that Sheet 2 was emplaced shortly after Sheet 1. Only one sheet (? Sheet 1) is evident in the western Mamaku Plateau. Welding zonation near-to-source is characterised by a gradual change from a basal glassy lenticulite zone to a nonwelded top. Smith's (1960b) zonal classification ranks the ignimbrite as being partially welded. This condition suggests that total thickness is not necessarily a major factor in the degree of welding of ignimbrites. 

The phenocryst assemblage of plagioclase, quartz, pyroxene, opaques, hornblende and biotite, is set in a devitrified fine ash matrix, which is an ubiquitous feature of the ignimbrite. Higher modal phenocryst content at the base of each sheet is attributed to compaction. Overall the phenocrysts are uniformly distributed and there is little vertical variation. Seven bulk chemical analyses reveal only minor vertical variations in composition. The near uniform chemical and mineralogical trends suggest nondifferentiation of the source magma. 

Texturally the Mamaku Ignimbrite is a poorly sorted lapilli ash. The grading of fragments like that shown in "the standard ignimbrite flow unit" is absent. However, the presence of a zone of aligned pumice fragments indicates that laminar flow operated during the later stages of deposition. Two major inferred faults in the western Mamaku Plateau define a western horst, a central graben, and an eastern horst. The eastern horst is postulated to be the southern extension of the axial median horst in the Hauraki Depression and of the Hauraki Rift. 

Repeated and extended intervals of erosion followed the emplacement of the ignimbrites. Detritus from the eroding sheets was removed by rivers flowing into the Hauraki Depression. Construction of the Mamaku Plateau has largely taken place since the eruption of the Whakamaru Ignimbrite, c.300,000 years ago, and terminated with the eruption of the Mamaku Ignimbrite, c.l40,000 years ago. Excavation of the long deep valleys in the plateau occurred mainly in the latter 42,000 years.

text: Geology of the western Mamaku Plateau and variations in the Mamaku ignimbrite Pleistocene ignimbrites in the western Mamaku Plateau east of Putaruru consist of the following successively younger formations: (?) Ongatiti Ignimbrite, Ahuroa Ignimbrite, Whakamaru Ignimbrite, Waihou Ignimbrite (new), Waimakariri Ignimbrite (new), Mamaku Ignimbrite. They can be distinguished on the basis of their compositional-, welding-, textural-, and field characteristics. The ignimbrites are separated by unconformities, and intercalated fluvial sedimentary deposits. The three most important units are the Whakamaru, Waimakariri and Mamaku Ignimbrites, which are well exposed and widespread.

The Mamaku Ignimbrite covers a surface area of nearly 4300 km² on the Mamaku Plateau. Corresponding vertical changes in lithology, petrography and physical properties near the Rotorua Caldera define two flow members: a lower Sheet 1, and an upper Sheet 2, each of which is about 60 m thick. The ignimbrite constitutes a simple cooling unit which indicates that Sheet 2 was emplaced shortly after Sheet 1. Only one sheet (? Sheet 1) is evident in the western Mamaku Plateau. Welding zonation near-to-source is characterised by a gradual change from a basal glassy lenticulite zone to a nonwelded top. Smith's (1960b) zonal classification ranks the ignimbrite as being partially welded. This condition suggests that total thickness is not necessarily a major factor in the degree of welding of ignimbrites. 

The phenocryst assemblage of plagioclase, quartz, pyroxene, opaques, hornblende and biotite, is set in a devitrified fine ash matrix, which is an ubiquitous feature of the ignimbrite. Higher modal phenocryst content at the base of each sheet is attributed to compaction. Overall the phenocrysts are uniformly distributed and there is little vertical variation. Seven bulk chemical analyses reveal only minor vertical variations in composition. The near uniform chemical and mineralogical trends suggest nondifferentiation of the source magma. 

Texturally the Mamaku Ignimbrite is a poorly sorted lapilli ash. The grading of fragments like that shown in "the standard ignimbrite flow unit" is absent. However, the presence of a zone of aligned pumice fragments indicates that laminar flow operated during the later stages of deposition. Two major inferred faults in the western Mamaku Plateau define a western horst, a central graben, and an eastern horst. The eastern horst is postulated to be the southern extension of the axial median horst in the Hauraki Depression and of the Hauraki Rift. 

Repeated and extended intervals of erosion followed the emplacement of the ignimbrites. Detritus from the eroding sheets was removed by rivers flowing into the Hauraki Depression. Construction of the Mamaku Plateau has largely taken place since the eruption of the Whakamaru Ignimbrite, c.300,000 years ago, and terminated with the eruption of the Mamaku Ignimbrite, c.l40,000 years ago. Excavation of the long deep valleys in the plateau occurred mainly in the latter 42,000 years.

year: 1982

title: Is there long-run convergence among regional house prices in the UK?

authors: Holmes, Mark J.

subjects: house price

abstract: This paper investigates the long-run convergence of regional house prices in the UK. Existing studies have failed to reach a consensus on whether or not regional house prices exhibit long-run convergence with each other. The application is proposed of a new test involving unit root testing of the first principal component based on regional—national house price differentials. Using mix-adjusted quarterly data for 1973—2006, it is found that the first principal component is stationary. This suggests that all UK regional house prices are driven by a single common stochastic trend. Further analysis suggests that those regions that are more distant from London exhibit the highest degrees of persistence with respect to deviations in house price differentials.

text: Is there long-run convergence among regional house prices in the UK? This paper investigates the long-run convergence of regional house prices in the UK. Existing studies have failed to reach a consensus on whether or not regional house prices exhibit long-run convergence with each other. The application is proposed of a new test involving unit root testing of the first principal component based on regional—national house price differentials. Using mix-adjusted quarterly data for 1973—2006, it is found that the first principal component is stationary. This suggests that all UK regional house prices are driven by a single common stochastic trend. Further analysis suggests that those regions that are more distant from London exhibit the highest degrees of persistence with respect to deviations in house price differentials.

year: 2008

title: Challenges to psychology in Aotearoa

authors: Awatere-Huata, Donna

subjects: Maori

abstract: Maori people are putting up with a lot right now. If governments can transfer $20 billion in the past ten years for hand outs and write offs to Pakeha people who have endured little, then they can do a lot better than the $150 million they’ve transferred to our people that have endured so much for 150 years.  The big issue is still the Treaty, and the need to re-negotiate this nation’s management. The challenge is to design a political system that is based on Maori ways of doing things rather than Pakeha ways of doing things. To achieve this requires relinquishing colonial patterns of thinking and the certainty that pakeha people and their ways are superior to Maori. For psychologists the issue is their role in maintaining Pakeha economic and political power. It may well be that psychologists provide lousy value for money from the Maori point of view, but provide excellent value for money from the government’s point of view.

text: Challenges to psychology in Aotearoa Maori people are putting up with a lot right now. If governments can transfer $20 billion in the past ten years for hand outs and write offs to Pakeha people who have endured little, then they can do a lot better than the $150 million they’ve transferred to our people that have endured so much for 150 years.  The big issue is still the Treaty, and the need to re-negotiate this nation’s management. The challenge is to design a political system that is based on Maori ways of doing things rather than Pakeha ways of doing things. To achieve this requires relinquishing colonial patterns of thinking and the certainty that pakeha people and their ways are superior to Maori. For psychologists the issue is their role in maintaining Pakeha economic and political power. It may well be that psychologists provide lousy value for money from the Maori point of view, but provide excellent value for money from the government’s point of view.

year: 1993