title: Flourishing after retirement : understanding the sport career transition of New Zealand's elite athletes

authors: Ryan, Leanna

subjects: flourish

abstract: Researchers have written extensively about the transitional experiences of former athletes and theorised about how to affect healthy and positive outcomes for athletes. While some studies have revealed significant psychological distress amongst retired athletes, others have found no indication of adjustment difficulty. Thus, the present study took a more specific approach, and aimed to identify the factors which either influenced post adjustment difficulty or led to flourishing in transitioned athletes. Data was collected from 81 former elite New Zealand athletes by means of a questionnaire, distributed amongst various sporting codes and organisations. The questionnaire included measures of athletic identity, flourishing and emotional responses. Results indicated that athletes who had stronger athletic identities also had higher levels of flourishing after retirement. Furthermore, those who retired voluntarily demonstrated high levels of flourishing and less post sport adjustment difficulty in comparison to those who retired involuntarily. Planning for retirement also resulted in significantly less post-retirement adjustment difficulty. Additionally, female athletes who displayed high levels of athletic identity also experienced more negative emotions when dealing with retirement. These findings demonstrate the importance of planning and preparing for retirement, as it has the potential to lead to more positive long terms outcomes for athletes. A better understanding of athletic identity and the experiences of athletes who retire involuntarily will allow governing sporting bodies and sport psychologists the opportunity to identify early the athletes who may be more prone to adjustment difficulties, and intervene appropriately. The development and implementation of a proper athlete transition programme or process within New Zealand would better support healthy and smooth transitions out of sport, and lead to more positive outcomes for athletes.

text: Flourishing after retirement : understanding the sport career transition of New Zealand's elite athletes Researchers have written extensively about the transitional experiences of former athletes and theorised about how to affect healthy and positive outcomes for athletes. While some studies have revealed significant psychological distress amongst retired athletes, others have found no indication of adjustment difficulty. Thus, the present study took a more specific approach, and aimed to identify the factors which either influenced post adjustment difficulty or led to flourishing in transitioned athletes. Data was collected from 81 former elite New Zealand athletes by means of a questionnaire, distributed amongst various sporting codes and organisations. The questionnaire included measures of athletic identity, flourishing and emotional responses. Results indicated that athletes who had stronger athletic identities also had higher levels of flourishing after retirement. Furthermore, those who retired voluntarily demonstrated high levels of flourishing and less post sport adjustment difficulty in comparison to those who retired involuntarily. Planning for retirement also resulted in significantly less post-retirement adjustment difficulty. Additionally, female athletes who displayed high levels of athletic identity also experienced more negative emotions when dealing with retirement. These findings demonstrate the importance of planning and preparing for retirement, as it has the potential to lead to more positive long terms outcomes for athletes. A better understanding of athletic identity and the experiences of athletes who retire involuntarily will allow governing sporting bodies and sport psychologists the opportunity to identify early the athletes who may be more prone to adjustment difficulties, and intervene appropriately. The development and implementation of a proper athlete transition programme or process within New Zealand would better support healthy and smooth transitions out of sport, and lead to more positive outcomes for athletes.

year: 2019

title: Ultrasonic Air Leak Detection: An Investigation to Improve Accuracy of Leak Rate Estimation

authors: Wolstencroft, Hamish Roger

subjects: ultrasonic

abstract: A compressed air test rig was designed to develop new procedures and improve the reliability of results that are obtained when conducting a leak survey using an Ultrasonic leak detector such as the UE Systems Ultraprobe.

A test rig was designed that allowed the pressure of air in a compressed air system to be controlled by a regulator. This allowed experiments to be conducted that were able to recreate leak situations in a controlled environment. The pressure of the air through the test rig was measured both at the supply end and at the proximity of the leak site, while the volume flow rate was measured at the supply end of the rig.

A number of leak geometries were examined, with compressed air being passed through open ended tubing and also discs with different leak geometries, some round holes and some rectangular. Initial studies were also carried out on flange leaks and pinpricks and slits in lengths of tubing. These were omitted from the study at this stage to allow further experimentation to be conducted in both areas.

The experimentation was carried out using an Ultraprobe 9000 leak detector which was positioned at a set distance from the leak at a series of angles to the flow. The ultrasound level was measured at each point and compared with the pressure and volume flow rate of the air in the system.

The results showed that the ideal angle to ensure the maximum level of ultrasound is at 30 to the axis of the leak. While the optimum distance for ensuring a consistent level of ultrasound is 150mm from the leak.

The length of any air lines branching from the main distribution network is shown to be an important factor when quantifying the volumetric flow rate of air from an open ended tube or tubing with a significant orifice in it. The pressure drop in a 1m length of tubing was shown to be approximately 50%, and if you consider that often the flow rate being used has been obtained using the outside diameter of the tubing rather than the inside diameter this can become a considerable over estimation of leak rate.

The geometry of a regular shaped orifice, such as a round, or rectangular hole was shown to have little to no effect on the flow rate through it for a constant area. However a coefficient of discharge to account for imperfections in the flow was developed for round and rectangular geometries, these were 0.74 for a round hole and 0.79 for a rectangular hole. These correction factors in tandem with the length effect factor for tubing and the improvements to the measurement procedure, allow a higher degree of accuracy to be obtained when conducting a leak survey.

text: Ultrasonic Air Leak Detection: An Investigation to Improve Accuracy of Leak Rate Estimation A compressed air test rig was designed to develop new procedures and improve the reliability of results that are obtained when conducting a leak survey using an Ultrasonic leak detector such as the UE Systems Ultraprobe.

A test rig was designed that allowed the pressure of air in a compressed air system to be controlled by a regulator. This allowed experiments to be conducted that were able to recreate leak situations in a controlled environment. The pressure of the air through the test rig was measured both at the supply end and at the proximity of the leak site, while the volume flow rate was measured at the supply end of the rig.

A number of leak geometries were examined, with compressed air being passed through open ended tubing and also discs with different leak geometries, some round holes and some rectangular. Initial studies were also carried out on flange leaks and pinpricks and slits in lengths of tubing. These were omitted from the study at this stage to allow further experimentation to be conducted in both areas.

The experimentation was carried out using an Ultraprobe 9000 leak detector which was positioned at a set distance from the leak at a series of angles to the flow. The ultrasound level was measured at each point and compared with the pressure and volume flow rate of the air in the system.

The results showed that the ideal angle to ensure the maximum level of ultrasound is at 30 to the axis of the leak. While the optimum distance for ensuring a consistent level of ultrasound is 150mm from the leak.

The length of any air lines branching from the main distribution network is shown to be an important factor when quantifying the volumetric flow rate of air from an open ended tube or tubing with a significant orifice in it. The pressure drop in a 1m length of tubing was shown to be approximately 50%, and if you consider that often the flow rate being used has been obtained using the outside diameter of the tubing rather than the inside diameter this can become a considerable over estimation of leak rate.

The geometry of a regular shaped orifice, such as a round, or rectangular hole was shown to have little to no effect on the flow rate through it for a constant area. However a coefficient of discharge to account for imperfections in the flow was developed for round and rectangular geometries, these were 0.74 for a round hole and 0.79 for a rectangular hole. These correction factors in tandem with the length effect factor for tubing and the improvements to the measurement procedure, allow a higher degree of accuracy to be obtained when conducting a leak survey.

year: 2008

title: Assessment of effects of proposed treated wastewater discharge to the Te Arikiroa Thermal Channel and Sulphur Bay (Lake Rotorua)

authors: Dada, Ayokunle Christopher

abstract: After 2019, irrigation operations at the Land Treatment System (LTS) in the Whakarewarewa Forest are scheduled to cease. A number of options and locations have been considered for the discharge of the treated wastewater when the current discharge consent ceases. Following consultations and technical assessments, the preferred option of Rotorua Lakes Council is to upgrade the existing plant to a full Membrane Bioreactor Plant with the addition of an Ultraviolet Disinfection System (or alternative treatment to achieve an equivalent performance in terms of treated wastewater quality). Under this arrangement, wastewater would be subjected to biological, chemical and physical treatment processes, and the treated wastewater discharged through Te Arikiroa Thermal Channel to Sulphur Bay. Rotorua Lakes Council is thus undertaking an environmental impact assessment study to determine the effects of discharging treated wastewater to the thermal channel and Puarenga Bay (Lake Rotorua), with particular reference to aesthetic, water quality and ecological considerations. These considerations include potential effects related to faecal indicator bacteria, nutrient concentrations, metals, dissolved oxygen, and taonga species (native species of cultural significance).
The assessment focused on:
(i)	The projected treated wastewater characteristics;

(ii)	Existing conditions of the receiving water;

(iii)	The sensitivity of the receiving water and the impact of the proposed discharge on water quality and taonga species (native species of cultural significance) in Te Arikiroa Thermal Channel and Sulphur Bay.

The main techniques used to inform the assessment in this study were:
1) Analysis of historical water quality data, 2011-2014;
2) Collection of additional water quality data at Te Arikiroa Thermal Channel and Sulphur Bay and along a transect to quantify spatial variability (sampling in 2016 and 2017);
3) Mass balance dilution modelling to predict water quality in the Te Arikiroa Thermal Channel and Sulphur Bay (Lake Rotorua), at a site outside of the assumed mixing zone;
4) Lake ecosystem modelling conducted by Abell et al. (2015) to assess effects related to eutrophication;
5) Background review of biological information and field investigations for taonga species at Sulphur Bay and Te Arikiroa Thermal Channel (2017).

text: Assessment of effects of proposed treated wastewater discharge to the Te Arikiroa Thermal Channel and Sulphur Bay (Lake Rotorua) After 2019, irrigation operations at the Land Treatment System (LTS) in the Whakarewarewa Forest are scheduled to cease. A number of options and locations have been considered for the discharge of the treated wastewater when the current discharge consent ceases. Following consultations and technical assessments, the preferred option of Rotorua Lakes Council is to upgrade the existing plant to a full Membrane Bioreactor Plant with the addition of an Ultraviolet Disinfection System (or alternative treatment to achieve an equivalent performance in terms of treated wastewater quality). Under this arrangement, wastewater would be subjected to biological, chemical and physical treatment processes, and the treated wastewater discharged through Te Arikiroa Thermal Channel to Sulphur Bay. Rotorua Lakes Council is thus undertaking an environmental impact assessment study to determine the effects of discharging treated wastewater to the thermal channel and Puarenga Bay (Lake Rotorua), with particular reference to aesthetic, water quality and ecological considerations. These considerations include potential effects related to faecal indicator bacteria, nutrient concentrations, metals, dissolved oxygen, and taonga species (native species of cultural significance).
The assessment focused on:
(i)	The projected treated wastewater characteristics;

(ii)	Existing conditions of the receiving water;

(iii)	The sensitivity of the receiving water and the impact of the proposed discharge on water quality and taonga species (native species of cultural significance) in Te Arikiroa Thermal Channel and Sulphur Bay.

The main techniques used to inform the assessment in this study were:
1) Analysis of historical water quality data, 2011-2014;
2) Collection of additional water quality data at Te Arikiroa Thermal Channel and Sulphur Bay and along a transect to quantify spatial variability (sampling in 2016 and 2017);
3) Mass balance dilution modelling to predict water quality in the Te Arikiroa Thermal Channel and Sulphur Bay (Lake Rotorua), at a site outside of the assumed mixing zone;
4) Lake ecosystem modelling conducted by Abell et al. (2015) to assess effects related to eutrophication;
5) Background review of biological information and field investigations for taonga species at Sulphur Bay and Te Arikiroa Thermal Channel (2017).

year: 2018