title: Living in the bush and at Quartzville, high on the hillside above Waiorongomai

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: To avoid a long walk to and from work, some miners lived in whare scattered in the bush but close to the upper road between Waiorongomai village and the mines, and at the small settlement of Quartzville. In addition, some companies provided a small number of shanties for single men, some of which would be re-used in the 1930s. A few huts were erected in the Tui district.
At Quartzville during the 1880s, several shopkeepers set up shop, receiving goods daily from Waiorongomai. There was also a post office and a small boarding house, but no licensed premises were permitted. By the end of the nineteenth century this settlement, which had housed some families as well as single men, had disappeared. 
Living in these out-of-the-way places had several hazards, notably fires, falling trees, and a steep and slippery road that needed constant repair. Little entertainment was possible, although for a time there were sporting teams and occasional meetings. For much of the year climatic conditions must have made for unpleasant living conditions.

text: Living in the bush and at Quartzville, high on the hillside above Waiorongomai To avoid a long walk to and from work, some miners lived in whare scattered in the bush but close to the upper road between Waiorongomai village and the mines, and at the small settlement of Quartzville. In addition, some companies provided a small number of shanties for single men, some of which would be re-used in the 1930s. A few huts were erected in the Tui district.
At Quartzville during the 1880s, several shopkeepers set up shop, receiving goods daily from Waiorongomai. There was also a post office and a small boarding house, but no licensed premises were permitted. By the end of the nineteenth century this settlement, which had housed some families as well as single men, had disappeared. 
Living in these out-of-the-way places had several hazards, notably fires, falling trees, and a steep and slippery road that needed constant repair. Little entertainment was possible, although for a time there were sporting teams and occasional meetings. For much of the year climatic conditions must have made for unpleasant living conditions.

year: 2016

title: Biogeochemical feedbacks to ocean acidification in a cohesive photosynthetic sediment

authors: Vopel, Kay

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Ecosystem feedbacks in response to ocean acidification can amplify or diminish diel pH oscillations in productive coastal waters. Benthic microalgae generate such oscillations in sediment porewater and here we ask how CO₂ enrichment (acidification) of the overlying seawater alters these in the absence and presence of biogenic calcite. We placed a 1-mm layer of ground oyster shells, mimicking the arrival of dead calcifying biota (+Calcite), or sand (Control) onto intact silt sediment cores, and then gradually increased the pCO₂ in the seawater above half of +Calcite and Control cores from 472 to 1216 μatm (pH 8.0 to 7.6, CO₂:HCO₃⁻ from 4.8 to 9.6 × 10⁻⁴). Porewater [O₂] and [H⁺] microprofiles measured 16 d later showed that this enrichment had decreased the O₂ penetration depth (O₂-pd) in +Calcite and Control, indicating a metabolic response. In CO₂-enriched seawater: (1) sediment biogeochemical processes respectively added and removed more H+ to and from the sediment porewater in darkness and light, than in ambient seawater increasing the amplitude of the diel porewater [H⁺] oscillations, and (2) in darkness, calcite dissolution in +Calcite sediment decreased the porewater [H⁺] below that in overlying seawater, reversing the sediment–seawater H⁺ flux and decreasing the amplitude of diel [H⁺] oscillations. This dissolution did not, however, counter the negative effect of CO₂ enrichment on O₂-pd. We now hypothesise that feedback to CO₂ enrichment—an increase in the microbial reoxidation of reduced solutes with O₂—decreased the sediment O₂-pd and contributed to the enhanced porewater acidification.

text: Biogeochemical feedbacks to ocean acidification in a cohesive photosynthetic sediment Ecosystem feedbacks in response to ocean acidification can amplify or diminish diel pH oscillations in productive coastal waters. Benthic microalgae generate such oscillations in sediment porewater and here we ask how CO₂ enrichment (acidification) of the overlying seawater alters these in the absence and presence of biogenic calcite. We placed a 1-mm layer of ground oyster shells, mimicking the arrival of dead calcifying biota (+Calcite), or sand (Control) onto intact silt sediment cores, and then gradually increased the pCO₂ in the seawater above half of +Calcite and Control cores from 472 to 1216 μatm (pH 8.0 to 7.6, CO₂:HCO₃⁻ from 4.8 to 9.6 × 10⁻⁴). Porewater [O₂] and [H⁺] microprofiles measured 16 d later showed that this enrichment had decreased the O₂ penetration depth (O₂-pd) in +Calcite and Control, indicating a metabolic response. In CO₂-enriched seawater: (1) sediment biogeochemical processes respectively added and removed more H+ to and from the sediment porewater in darkness and light, than in ambient seawater increasing the amplitude of the diel porewater [H⁺] oscillations, and (2) in darkness, calcite dissolution in +Calcite sediment decreased the porewater [H⁺] below that in overlying seawater, reversing the sediment–seawater H⁺ flux and decreasing the amplitude of diel [H⁺] oscillations. This dissolution did not, however, counter the negative effect of CO₂ enrichment on O₂-pd. We now hypothesise that feedback to CO₂ enrichment—an increase in the microbial reoxidation of reduced solutes with O₂—decreased the sediment O₂-pd and contributed to the enhanced porewater acidification.

year: 2021

title: Māori language resources and Māori initiatives for teaching and learning te reo Māori

authors: Greensill, Hineitimoana

abstract: As the most southerly member of the Polynesian languages, a sub-group of the widespread Austronesian language family (Harlow, 2007), te reo Māori has been the subject of substantial analysis, documentation, and analyses of its structure since first contact with Captain Cook in 1769 (Whaanga & Greensill, 2014). The history, trials and tribulations of te reo Māori in Aotearoa have been well documented (see, for example, Reedy, 2000; Spolsky, 2005; Waitangi Tribunal, 1986, 2011). The various reasons for the language’s decline has been an area of ongoing debate and critique by academics, researchers, linguists, language activists, parliamentarians and Māori in recent times (see, for example, Bauer, 2008; Benton, 2015; Higgins, Rewi, & Olsen-Reeder, 2014; Rata, 2007; Winitana, 2011).

text: Māori language resources and Māori initiatives for teaching and learning te reo Māori As the most southerly member of the Polynesian languages, a sub-group of the widespread Austronesian language family (Harlow, 2007), te reo Māori has been the subject of substantial analysis, documentation, and analyses of its structure since first contact with Captain Cook in 1769 (Whaanga & Greensill, 2014). The history, trials and tribulations of te reo Māori in Aotearoa have been well documented (see, for example, Reedy, 2000; Spolsky, 2005; Waitangi Tribunal, 1986, 2011). The various reasons for the language’s decline has been an area of ongoing debate and critique by academics, researchers, linguists, language activists, parliamentarians and Māori in recent times (see, for example, Bauer, 2008; Benton, 2015; Higgins, Rewi, & Olsen-Reeder, 2014; Rata, 2007; Winitana, 2011).

year: 2017