title: Ethics in Maori research: Working paper

authors: Cram, Fiona

subjects: Maori

abstract: When we think about what we are doing as researchers, one of our main tasks is to acquire knowledge. For some researchers their task begins and ends there. Knowledge is viewed as cumulative, that by adding to some knowledge pool we will one day be able to put the component parts together and discover universal laws. Many researchers also assume that the knowledge they have collected is objective, value-free and apolitical. This is part of psychologists’ ‘physics envy’. A Maori view of knowledge is very different from this. For Maori the purpose of knowledge is to uphold the interests and the mana of the group; it serves the community. Researchers are not building up their own status; they are fighting for the betterment of their iwi and for Maori people in general.

text: Ethics in Maori research: Working paper When we think about what we are doing as researchers, one of our main tasks is to acquire knowledge. For some researchers their task begins and ends there. Knowledge is viewed as cumulative, that by adding to some knowledge pool we will one day be able to put the component parts together and discover universal laws. Many researchers also assume that the knowledge they have collected is objective, value-free and apolitical. This is part of psychologists’ ‘physics envy’. A Maori view of knowledge is very different from this. For Maori the purpose of knowledge is to uphold the interests and the mana of the group; it serves the community. Researchers are not building up their own status; they are fighting for the betterment of their iwi and for Maori people in general.

year: 1993

title: Approaching Māori language through meaning: The predominance of Indo-European models of relationships within propositions

authors: Whaanga, Hēmi

subjects: Te reo Māori

abstract: In every language, there are relationships between predicators (such as, for example, 'go'/'haere') and arguments (such as, for example, ‘James'/'Hēmi’). One such relationship that has been proposed is that of agency. Thus, in 'James goes'/ ‘E haere ana a Hēmi’), 'James'/'Hēmi' can be said to be the agent of the action 'go'/'haere'. Much of the international literature on relationships of this type is based on research on English and it has been claimed that the relationships that have been identified are universals. However, there may be differences among languages, differences that are attributable to the fact that different languages encode different ways of perceiving divisions in perceptual space. My aim here is to demonstrate, with reference to a number of different models of predicator/ argument relations, that most of them are based on assumptions that derive from the structure of Indo-European languages, English in particular. In Part 2 of this paper (to appear in a subsequent issue of this Journal), the implications of this discussion will be examined with reference to an analysis of Māori in terms of relationships within propositions.

text: Approaching Māori language through meaning: The predominance of Indo-European models of relationships within propositions In every language, there are relationships between predicators (such as, for example, 'go'/'haere') and arguments (such as, for example, ‘James'/'Hēmi’). One such relationship that has been proposed is that of agency. Thus, in 'James goes'/ ‘E haere ana a Hēmi’), 'James'/'Hēmi' can be said to be the agent of the action 'go'/'haere'. Much of the international literature on relationships of this type is based on research on English and it has been claimed that the relationships that have been identified are universals. However, there may be differences among languages, differences that are attributable to the fact that different languages encode different ways of perceiving divisions in perceptual space. My aim here is to demonstrate, with reference to a number of different models of predicator/ argument relations, that most of them are based on assumptions that derive from the structure of Indo-European languages, English in particular. In Part 2 of this paper (to appear in a subsequent issue of this Journal), the implications of this discussion will be examined with reference to an analysis of Māori in terms of relationships within propositions.

year: 2001-09

title: The politics of local government and development in Sri Lanka: An analysis of the contribution of non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

authors: Akurugoda, Indi Ruwangi

subjects: local government

abstract: Sri Lanka has inherited a unitary state structure and a highly centralised approach to government administration. Since independence in 1948, various proposals to restructure government, including decentralising powers to provincial and local levels, have been proposed, but none have been fully implemented. The Sinhala nationalist parties and groups which have supported successive governments have generally rejected all decentralisation proposals. Moreover, the political elite has long been oriented towards and accepting of strong leadership from the centre, which has largely ignored local government and local development, with serious implications for much of the population.
The tsunami of 2004 and the end of the war in 2009 saw NGO support and large amounts of foreign funding flow into Sri Lanka to assist in the recovery. Central government and its leadership have controlled the whole aid management and distribution process, by directing foreign funds towards conducting large scale construction projects at the local level without considering local needs. Despite restrictions imposed by central government, a number of NGOs have begun to play an important role in promoting local development through interacting with local government bodies and local communities. NGOs can, thus, be found to be at the forefront of endeavours to address social and economic needs at the local level.
This study, examines how and why local communities have been neglected in development initiatives in Sri Lanka, and assesses the significance of support from NGOs in increasing the capacity of local government and in promoting local development. Hypotheses derived from the literature related to post-colonial criticisms, government-NGO relations, and NGO interactions in the policy process are examined and assessed. Based on research in the southern and eastern provinces of Sri Lanka, this study analyses the views of national, provincial and local level political representatives and administrative officials, NGO officials and CBO representatives.
The research revealed that while local level respondents aspired to play an active role in decisions about the use of foreign support for local development, they tended to lack the knowledge and capacity to do so. Local level respondents highlighted the importance of NGO guidance in these processes, particularly in terms of promoting local people’s participation in local government decision making. This thesis concludes that NGOs can play a positive role in supporting local government in addressing development needs at the local level. Local government-NGO relations were found to have made an effective and significant contribution to fulfilling local level needs. NGOs can thus be seen to play a positive role in empowering local government and local communities and their involvement has potential to lead to a move away from highly centralised power structures.

text: The politics of local government and development in Sri Lanka: An analysis of the contribution of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) Sri Lanka has inherited a unitary state structure and a highly centralised approach to government administration. Since independence in 1948, various proposals to restructure government, including decentralising powers to provincial and local levels, have been proposed, but none have been fully implemented. The Sinhala nationalist parties and groups which have supported successive governments have generally rejected all decentralisation proposals. Moreover, the political elite has long been oriented towards and accepting of strong leadership from the centre, which has largely ignored local government and local development, with serious implications for much of the population.
The tsunami of 2004 and the end of the war in 2009 saw NGO support and large amounts of foreign funding flow into Sri Lanka to assist in the recovery. Central government and its leadership have controlled the whole aid management and distribution process, by directing foreign funds towards conducting large scale construction projects at the local level without considering local needs. Despite restrictions imposed by central government, a number of NGOs have begun to play an important role in promoting local development through interacting with local government bodies and local communities. NGOs can, thus, be found to be at the forefront of endeavours to address social and economic needs at the local level.
This study, examines how and why local communities have been neglected in development initiatives in Sri Lanka, and assesses the significance of support from NGOs in increasing the capacity of local government and in promoting local development. Hypotheses derived from the literature related to post-colonial criticisms, government-NGO relations, and NGO interactions in the policy process are examined and assessed. Based on research in the southern and eastern provinces of Sri Lanka, this study analyses the views of national, provincial and local level political representatives and administrative officials, NGO officials and CBO representatives.
The research revealed that while local level respondents aspired to play an active role in decisions about the use of foreign support for local development, they tended to lack the knowledge and capacity to do so. Local level respondents highlighted the importance of NGO guidance in these processes, particularly in terms of promoting local people’s participation in local government decision making. This thesis concludes that NGOs can play a positive role in supporting local government in addressing development needs at the local level. Local government-NGO relations were found to have made an effective and significant contribution to fulfilling local level needs. NGOs can thus be seen to play a positive role in empowering local government and local communities and their involvement has potential to lead to a move away from highly centralised power structures.

year: 2014