title: Witch as Woman: Crones, Maidens, and Mothers in The Witch of Edmonton and A Discovery of Witches

authors: Benge, Jnana Georgena Cote

abstract: My research focuses on representations of the controversial and culturally loaded figure of the witch and the way in which she has been represented in fiction. Through an exploration of two very different representations of witches, the 1621 play The Witch of Edmonton and the twenty-first century fantasy All Souls trilogy, this thesis unpacks the longstanding negative associations of the witch. The historical witch stereotyped as evil, old, deviant, and socially marginalised, compared to the way in which contemporary depictions of the witch have refashioned the figure into an autonomous heroine capable of balancing her powers with work, romance, and social responsibility. Throughout, my focus is on the gendered nature of the witch. The play The Witch of Edmonton (1621) by William Rowley, Thomas Dekker, and John Ford draws on the historical record and the pamphlet Wonderfull Discoverie of Elizabeth Sawyer, a Witch (1621) by Henry Goodcole. The historical Elizabeth Sawyer was tried and executed as a witch and Goodcole’s pamphlet is representative of the attitudes of the day which vilified the witch as a figure of demonic power and social disruption. The play both endorses the stereotype of Sawyer as a crone who makes a pact with the devil to enact harm on her neighbours and challenges these tropes by insisting that she is a marginalised, poverty- stricken figure who only turns to witchcraft after society labels her as such. In contrast, the All Souls trilogy by Deborah Harkness (2012-2014) reframes the witch as a young, beautiful heroine whose powers are capable of bringing about salvation rather than destruction. By juxtaposing these very different literary witches, this thesis seeks to understand both the social and literary factors that led to the patriarchal vilification of the witch and the cultural shifts that have resulted in the recent reframing of the witch as a figure of feminist power.

text: Witch as Woman: Crones, Maidens, and Mothers in The Witch of Edmonton and A Discovery of Witches My research focuses on representations of the controversial and culturally loaded figure of the witch and the way in which she has been represented in fiction. Through an exploration of two very different representations of witches, the 1621 play The Witch of Edmonton and the twenty-first century fantasy All Souls trilogy, this thesis unpacks the longstanding negative associations of the witch. The historical witch stereotyped as evil, old, deviant, and socially marginalised, compared to the way in which contemporary depictions of the witch have refashioned the figure into an autonomous heroine capable of balancing her powers with work, romance, and social responsibility. Throughout, my focus is on the gendered nature of the witch. The play The Witch of Edmonton (1621) by William Rowley, Thomas Dekker, and John Ford draws on the historical record and the pamphlet Wonderfull Discoverie of Elizabeth Sawyer, a Witch (1621) by Henry Goodcole. The historical Elizabeth Sawyer was tried and executed as a witch and Goodcole’s pamphlet is representative of the attitudes of the day which vilified the witch as a figure of demonic power and social disruption. The play both endorses the stereotype of Sawyer as a crone who makes a pact with the devil to enact harm on her neighbours and challenges these tropes by insisting that she is a marginalised, poverty- stricken figure who only turns to witchcraft after society labels her as such. In contrast, the All Souls trilogy by Deborah Harkness (2012-2014) reframes the witch as a young, beautiful heroine whose powers are capable of bringing about salvation rather than destruction. By juxtaposing these very different literary witches, this thesis seeks to understand both the social and literary factors that led to the patriarchal vilification of the witch and the cultural shifts that have resulted in the recent reframing of the witch as a figure of feminist power.

year: 2023

title: Cost-effective strategies to mitigate multiple pollutants in an agricultural catchment in North Central Victoria, Australia

authors: Doole, Graeme J.

subjects: multiple pollutants

abstract: Strategies to reduce phosphorus and sediment yields are identified for two Australian catchments using a nonlinear optimisation model. This provides novel insight into the cost-effective management of dual pollutants of water courses in Australia. A strong degree of complementarity between the two pollutants is highlighted, given the adsorption of phosphorus to sediment that augments the value of gully and streambank management for mitigation. However, the relationship between the two pollutants is asymmetric. A 30 per cent reduction in phosphorus yield achieves a 75 per cent reduction in sediment yield in one catchment, while a 30 per cent reduction in sediment yield achieves only a 12 per cent reduction in phosphorus yield. Sediment abatement costs are low given the efficiency of gully and streambank management. A 30 per cent phosphorus reduction lowers profit by 3–7 per cent, while a 30 per cent sediment reduction lowers profit by around 1 per cent. Land-use optimisation requires spatial heterogeneity in land-use and gully/streambank management responses. Overall, this research demonstrates the need to determine whether one pollutant is more important than another, while recognising the potential that mitigation practices possess for the reduction of multiple emissions during their evaluation.

text: Cost-effective strategies to mitigate multiple pollutants in an agricultural catchment in North Central Victoria, Australia Strategies to reduce phosphorus and sediment yields are identified for two Australian catchments using a nonlinear optimisation model. This provides novel insight into the cost-effective management of dual pollutants of water courses in Australia. A strong degree of complementarity between the two pollutants is highlighted, given the adsorption of phosphorus to sediment that augments the value of gully and streambank management for mitigation. However, the relationship between the two pollutants is asymmetric. A 30 per cent reduction in phosphorus yield achieves a 75 per cent reduction in sediment yield in one catchment, while a 30 per cent reduction in sediment yield achieves only a 12 per cent reduction in phosphorus yield. Sediment abatement costs are low given the efficiency of gully and streambank management. A 30 per cent phosphorus reduction lowers profit by 3–7 per cent, while a 30 per cent sediment reduction lowers profit by around 1 per cent. Land-use optimisation requires spatial heterogeneity in land-use and gully/streambank management responses. Overall, this research demonstrates the need to determine whether one pollutant is more important than another, while recognising the potential that mitigation practices possess for the reduction of multiple emissions during their evaluation.

year: 2013

title: Takuahi: Te oriori mō Tāmaunga-o-te-rangi - Mana atua, mana whenua, mana tangata

authors: Dewes, Mahue

subjects: Takuahi

abstract: E roa nei tātau te Māori nō ngā wā o Hawaiki e tito ana i te waiata, i te haka, i te oriori, i te mōteatea hei waka kawe i ngā kōrero tuku iho ki ngā whakatipuranga hou. He putuputu tonu ngā tūmomo karere, ka raua atu ki roto i wēnei momo titonga waiata a te Māori. Ka whārikihia e ngā tohunga kaitito ngā karere nei mā te reo kīwaha, mā te reo whakataukī, mā te reo auaha hei kura huna. Mei māmā te kimi, ka tohunga katoa ngā Māori. Kai te aroaro o te tuhingaroa nei, ka ketuketu i tētahi o ngā oriori o Ngāti Porou, otiā, nō Te Whānau-a-Hinerupe, ko te oriori mō Tāmaunga-o-te-rangi, nā Te Māperetahi. Mā konei ake e ruku atu ai ki te raparapa i ngā kura huna e whakatauira ana i te mana Atua, mana whenua, mana tangata hei mana ahi kā. Mā tēnā hoki e whakatauira te mana ahi kā, kai a Tama, otiā, hei tauira atu ki ngā uri o Te Whānau-a-Hinerupe i tō rātau ake ahi kā roa ki Te Kawakawa mai Tawhiti. Ko ngā kōrero kua kohingia, he kōrero nō ngā tāngata e mōhio ana ki ngā tūmomo mana, ā, ki ngā kōrero e pā ana ki te oriori nei. Ka iringia wēnei rau kōrero hei whakarākei tonu i te pae tapu o Te Whānau-a-Hinerupe.

text: Takuahi: Te oriori mō Tāmaunga-o-te-rangi - Mana atua, mana whenua, mana tangata E roa nei tātau te Māori nō ngā wā o Hawaiki e tito ana i te waiata, i te haka, i te oriori, i te mōteatea hei waka kawe i ngā kōrero tuku iho ki ngā whakatipuranga hou. He putuputu tonu ngā tūmomo karere, ka raua atu ki roto i wēnei momo titonga waiata a te Māori. Ka whārikihia e ngā tohunga kaitito ngā karere nei mā te reo kīwaha, mā te reo whakataukī, mā te reo auaha hei kura huna. Mei māmā te kimi, ka tohunga katoa ngā Māori. Kai te aroaro o te tuhingaroa nei, ka ketuketu i tētahi o ngā oriori o Ngāti Porou, otiā, nō Te Whānau-a-Hinerupe, ko te oriori mō Tāmaunga-o-te-rangi, nā Te Māperetahi. Mā konei ake e ruku atu ai ki te raparapa i ngā kura huna e whakatauira ana i te mana Atua, mana whenua, mana tangata hei mana ahi kā. Mā tēnā hoki e whakatauira te mana ahi kā, kai a Tama, otiā, hei tauira atu ki ngā uri o Te Whānau-a-Hinerupe i tō rātau ake ahi kā roa ki Te Kawakawa mai Tawhiti. Ko ngā kōrero kua kohingia, he kōrero nō ngā tāngata e mōhio ana ki ngā tūmomo mana, ā, ki ngā kōrero e pā ana ki te oriori nei. Ka iringia wēnei rau kōrero hei whakarākei tonu i te pae tapu o Te Whānau-a-Hinerupe.

year: 2016