title: Economic Issues in the Fisheries Sector of Tonga

authors: Rohorua, Halahingano Tu'akolo Siufanga

subjects: Fisheries

abstract: There are certain characteristics of island economies that are considered hindrances to their development. For example, island economies often lack the economies of scale necessary for enhanced economic development and are too remotely located from the worlds major international financial and trading centres to fully exploit the marketing and trading opportunities that are available. However, for island economies in the South Pacific, the sea also offers great opportunities for sustained economic development. The relative abundance and accessibility of fisheries resources means that if these resources are properly managed and exploited, island economies have much potential for social and economic development. At the same time, the sea provides a significant means of basic livelihood for many rural communities in these Island countries. A major and enduring challenge is therefore to ensure that island economies in the South Pacific utilise their sea resources for social and economic development without jeopardising their communities basic livelihoods.

text: Economic Issues in the Fisheries Sector of Tonga There are certain characteristics of island economies that are considered hindrances to their development. For example, island economies often lack the economies of scale necessary for enhanced economic development and are too remotely located from the worlds major international financial and trading centres to fully exploit the marketing and trading opportunities that are available. However, for island economies in the South Pacific, the sea also offers great opportunities for sustained economic development. The relative abundance and accessibility of fisheries resources means that if these resources are properly managed and exploited, island economies have much potential for social and economic development. At the same time, the sea provides a significant means of basic livelihood for many rural communities in these Island countries. A major and enduring challenge is therefore to ensure that island economies in the South Pacific utilise their sea resources for social and economic development without jeopardising their communities basic livelihoods.

year: 2009

title: Remote Sensing of Water  Quality in Rotorua and Waikato Lakes

authors: Allan, Mathew Grant

subjects: remote sensing

abstract: Remote sensing has the potential to monitor spatial variation in water quality over large areas.  While ocean colour work has developed analytical bio-optical water quality retrieval algorithms for medium spatial resolution platforms, remote sensing of lake water is often limited to high spatial resolution satellites such as Landsat, which have limited spectral resolution.  This thesis presents the results of an investigation into satellite monitoring of lake water quality.  The aim of this investigation was to ascertain the feasibility of estimating water quality and its spatial distribution using Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery combined with in situ data from Rotorua and Waikato lakes.  For the comparatively deep Rotorua lakes, r² values of 0.91 (January 2002) and 0.83 (March 2002) were found between in situ chlorophyll (chl) a and the Band1/Band3 ratio.  This technique proved useful for analysing the spatial distribution of phytoplankton, especially in lakes Rotoiti and Rotoehu.  For the more bio-optically complex shallow lakes of the Waikato, a linear spectral unmixing (LSU) approach was investigated where the water surface reflectance spectrum is defined by the contribution from pure pixels or endmembers.  The model estimates the percentage of the endmember within the pixel, which is then used in a final regression with in situ data to map water quality in all pixels.  This approach was used to estimate the concentration of chl a (r² = 0.84).  Total suspended solid (TSS) concentration was mapped using the traditional Band 3 regression with in situ data, which combined atmospherically corrected reflectance for both images into a single relationship (r² = 0.98).  The time difference between in situ data collection and satellite data capture is a potential source of error.  Other potential sources of error include sample location accuracy, the influence of dissolved organic matter, and masking of chl a signatures by high concentrations of TSS.  The results from this investigation suggest that remote sensing of water quality provides meaningful and useful information with a range of applications and could provide information on temporal spatial variability in water quality.

text: Remote Sensing of Water  Quality in Rotorua and Waikato Lakes Remote sensing has the potential to monitor spatial variation in water quality over large areas.  While ocean colour work has developed analytical bio-optical water quality retrieval algorithms for medium spatial resolution platforms, remote sensing of lake water is often limited to high spatial resolution satellites such as Landsat, which have limited spectral resolution.  This thesis presents the results of an investigation into satellite monitoring of lake water quality.  The aim of this investigation was to ascertain the feasibility of estimating water quality and its spatial distribution using Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery combined with in situ data from Rotorua and Waikato lakes.  For the comparatively deep Rotorua lakes, r² values of 0.91 (January 2002) and 0.83 (March 2002) were found between in situ chlorophyll (chl) a and the Band1/Band3 ratio.  This technique proved useful for analysing the spatial distribution of phytoplankton, especially in lakes Rotoiti and Rotoehu.  For the more bio-optically complex shallow lakes of the Waikato, a linear spectral unmixing (LSU) approach was investigated where the water surface reflectance spectrum is defined by the contribution from pure pixels or endmembers.  The model estimates the percentage of the endmember within the pixel, which is then used in a final regression with in situ data to map water quality in all pixels.  This approach was used to estimate the concentration of chl a (r² = 0.84).  Total suspended solid (TSS) concentration was mapped using the traditional Band 3 regression with in situ data, which combined atmospherically corrected reflectance for both images into a single relationship (r² = 0.98).  The time difference between in situ data collection and satellite data capture is a potential source of error.  Other potential sources of error include sample location accuracy, the influence of dissolved organic matter, and masking of chl a signatures by high concentrations of TSS.  The results from this investigation suggest that remote sensing of water quality provides meaningful and useful information with a range of applications and could provide information on temporal spatial variability in water quality.

year: 2008

title: Accommodating multiculturalism and biculturalism in Aotearoa New Zealand: implication for language education.

authors: May, Stephen

subjects: bilingual education

abstract: The field of language education in Aotearoa New Zealand, as elsewhere, has developed significantly since its early and almost exclusive focus on the acquisition of English literacy in schools. As the field has expanded, so too has the range of language education sectors addressed and the theoretical approaches and understandings employed in relation to language and literacy education. Both developments have resulted in a more coordinated literacy education policy - exemplified to date most clearly in the New Zealand Literacy Taskforce - and a more situated, less monolithic understanding of the widely different literacies available to learners. Despite these developments, however, one area still remains noticeably under-theorised and marginalized in relation to the ongoing development of language and literacy education policy in Aotearoa New Zealand - the place of second language learners within it. This paper explores this lacuna and the potential policy implications of addressing and integrating first and second language educational concerns within an evolving national literacy education policy. This has particular implications for the further development of bilingual education - both for Maori and, possibly, other minority groups - and for the related possibilities of multicultural education. It also requires a wider and clearer recognition of minority language education rights, as developed within both international law and political theory, in order to apply these rights appropriately to an Aotearoa New Zealand context which is currently witnessing rapid and extensive demographic (and linguistic) change.

text: Accommodating multiculturalism and biculturalism in Aotearoa New Zealand: implication for language education. The field of language education in Aotearoa New Zealand, as elsewhere, has developed significantly since its early and almost exclusive focus on the acquisition of English literacy in schools. As the field has expanded, so too has the range of language education sectors addressed and the theoretical approaches and understandings employed in relation to language and literacy education. Both developments have resulted in a more coordinated literacy education policy - exemplified to date most clearly in the New Zealand Literacy Taskforce - and a more situated, less monolithic understanding of the widely different literacies available to learners. Despite these developments, however, one area still remains noticeably under-theorised and marginalized in relation to the ongoing development of language and literacy education policy in Aotearoa New Zealand - the place of second language learners within it. This paper explores this lacuna and the potential policy implications of addressing and integrating first and second language educational concerns within an evolving national literacy education policy. This has particular implications for the further development of bilingual education - both for Maori and, possibly, other minority groups - and for the related possibilities of multicultural education. It also requires a wider and clearer recognition of minority language education rights, as developed within both international law and political theory, in order to apply these rights appropriately to an Aotearoa New Zealand context which is currently witnessing rapid and extensive demographic (and linguistic) change.

year: 2002