title: An assessment of endocrine disrupting potential of a New Zealand pulp and paper mill effluent using rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and mosquitofish Gambusia affinis

authors: Ellis, Rosanne Jane

abstract: I examined the effects of a modern mixed thermo-mechanical pulp/bleached kraft (TMP/BK) mill effluent on potential reproductive-endocrine impacts on two fish species, rainbow trout and mosquitofish using a combined approach of laboratory and on-site mesocosm exposures. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were utilised in a combination of early life stage and juvenile (+1 year) long- and short term exposures. Exposure of rainbow trout eggs to 15% (v/v) effluent until 10.5 months of age had no effect on fertilisation, hatching success, time to hatch, time to swim-up, juvenile mortality rate, growth and development. Juvenile (+1 year) rainbow trout were exposed to secondary treated TMP /BK mill effluent at a range of concentrations from environmentally relevant (10%) to 70% (v/v) in two exposure studies. During both 21- and 56-day exposures to 10% and 30% (v/v) effluent, no statistically significant impacts on spleen weight, liver weight, condition factor, and circulating testosterone and pregnenolone levels were observed. Consequently, vitellogenin induction as well as the expression of the estrogen receptor in juvenile males was not observed in either experiment. Statistically significant differences in spleen and liver size as well as high experimental mortality were observed in the 70% (v/v) effluent 21-day treatment and was linked to an atypically high suspended solids load. Two mosquitofish Gambusia affinis experiments were conducted, both consisted of a 21-day exposure using adult females. The first experiment was a multiple concentration exposure to primary and secondary treated effluents. A statistically significant masculinisation response (gonopodial development) was noted in all effluent treatments. However, secondary treatment of the effluent resulted in a significant decrease in gonopodial development. The second experiment focused on filtered and unfiltered secondary treated effluent at an environmentally relevant concentration (15%). Filtration of the treated effluent resulted in the almost complete elimination of the female masculinisation response. In all experiments, male mating behaviour was observed in the masculinised female mosquitofish. I concluded that a significant species difference regarding sensitivity to reproductive-endocrine modulating compounds occurred following exposure to a mixed TMP/BKM effluent. In addition, the data suggest that the compounds of concern are bound to solid matter within the effluent and these effluents have the potential to exert effects through an androgen-like mode of action.

text: An assessment of endocrine disrupting potential of a New Zealand pulp and paper mill effluent using rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and mosquitofish Gambusia affinis I examined the effects of a modern mixed thermo-mechanical pulp/bleached kraft (TMP/BK) mill effluent on potential reproductive-endocrine impacts on two fish species, rainbow trout and mosquitofish using a combined approach of laboratory and on-site mesocosm exposures. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were utilised in a combination of early life stage and juvenile (+1 year) long- and short term exposures. Exposure of rainbow trout eggs to 15% (v/v) effluent until 10.5 months of age had no effect on fertilisation, hatching success, time to hatch, time to swim-up, juvenile mortality rate, growth and development. Juvenile (+1 year) rainbow trout were exposed to secondary treated TMP /BK mill effluent at a range of concentrations from environmentally relevant (10%) to 70% (v/v) in two exposure studies. During both 21- and 56-day exposures to 10% and 30% (v/v) effluent, no statistically significant impacts on spleen weight, liver weight, condition factor, and circulating testosterone and pregnenolone levels were observed. Consequently, vitellogenin induction as well as the expression of the estrogen receptor in juvenile males was not observed in either experiment. Statistically significant differences in spleen and liver size as well as high experimental mortality were observed in the 70% (v/v) effluent 21-day treatment and was linked to an atypically high suspended solids load. Two mosquitofish Gambusia affinis experiments were conducted, both consisted of a 21-day exposure using adult females. The first experiment was a multiple concentration exposure to primary and secondary treated effluents. A statistically significant masculinisation response (gonopodial development) was noted in all effluent treatments. However, secondary treatment of the effluent resulted in a significant decrease in gonopodial development. The second experiment focused on filtered and unfiltered secondary treated effluent at an environmentally relevant concentration (15%). Filtration of the treated effluent resulted in the almost complete elimination of the female masculinisation response. In all experiments, male mating behaviour was observed in the masculinised female mosquitofish. I concluded that a significant species difference regarding sensitivity to reproductive-endocrine modulating compounds occurred following exposure to a mixed TMP/BKM effluent. In addition, the data suggest that the compounds of concern are bound to solid matter within the effluent and these effluents have the potential to exert effects through an androgen-like mode of action.

year: 2001

title: Law Enforcement Hack-back in New Zealand

authors: Koroniadis, Athanasios

subjects: hack-back

abstract: The Internet brings New Zealand closer to the world, but with this benefit comes increased dependency on its benefits of real time connectivity for individuals, organisations, and Government. The downside to this global communication is the increase in cyber-attacks and the ease a cyber-attacker has in hiding their true identity.
These digital crimes are costing the worldwide economy billions of dollars which has prompted Governments all around the world into taking measures to implement cyber security strategies. While these strategies are passive in nature, they are proving to be of limited effect in addressing these threats to a State economy.
In New Zealand the Minister of Communications in a press release in 2016, stated that “Cyber-crime cost the New Zealand economy $257 million”. Granted that the cyber-crime cost figure is a few years old, but, if compared to 2019, It would be fair to say that the cost of cybercrime to the New Zealand economy would be double the figure today, in the region of $500 million based on the exponential growth of the use of the Internet where 90 percent of New Zealanders are now using the Internet based on recent statistics provided by the Government.
This thesis focuses on legalising Law Enforcement hack-back, with recommendations on law reform to existing law, guidelines and safeguards for its implementation. Law Enforcement hack-back is effectively a form of a digital counterstrike against a cyber-attacker and with the use of traceback this allows Law Enforcement the ability to identify the true TCP/IP address used by the cyber-attacker, once Law Enforcement have identified who the hacker is, they can then be able to prosecute the cyber-attacker based on forensic evidence collected using hack-back.
Why is it important to legalise Law Enforcement hack-back? Referring to the current New Zealand Cyber Security Strategy for 2019 it makes the Governments position cristal clear “New Zealand must be ready to deter and respond to threats”.

text: Law Enforcement Hack-back in New Zealand The Internet brings New Zealand closer to the world, but with this benefit comes increased dependency on its benefits of real time connectivity for individuals, organisations, and Government. The downside to this global communication is the increase in cyber-attacks and the ease a cyber-attacker has in hiding their true identity.
These digital crimes are costing the worldwide economy billions of dollars which has prompted Governments all around the world into taking measures to implement cyber security strategies. While these strategies are passive in nature, they are proving to be of limited effect in addressing these threats to a State economy.
In New Zealand the Minister of Communications in a press release in 2016, stated that “Cyber-crime cost the New Zealand economy $257 million”. Granted that the cyber-crime cost figure is a few years old, but, if compared to 2019, It would be fair to say that the cost of cybercrime to the New Zealand economy would be double the figure today, in the region of $500 million based on the exponential growth of the use of the Internet where 90 percent of New Zealanders are now using the Internet based on recent statistics provided by the Government.
This thesis focuses on legalising Law Enforcement hack-back, with recommendations on law reform to existing law, guidelines and safeguards for its implementation. Law Enforcement hack-back is effectively a form of a digital counterstrike against a cyber-attacker and with the use of traceback this allows Law Enforcement the ability to identify the true TCP/IP address used by the cyber-attacker, once Law Enforcement have identified who the hacker is, they can then be able to prosecute the cyber-attacker based on forensic evidence collected using hack-back.
Why is it important to legalise Law Enforcement hack-back? Referring to the current New Zealand Cyber Security Strategy for 2019 it makes the Governments position cristal clear “New Zealand must be ready to deter and respond to threats”.

year: 2019

title: Te Kauwhanganui o Tāwhiao

authors: Teinakore, Tiare Kata

abstract: Wiremu Tarapīpipi Te Waharoa Tamihana: Kaiwhakawahi Kīngi

I te tau 1892 i kite a Tāwhiao i te hinga mai o te iwi Māori i te rau o te patu a te Pākehā, ka whakatūngia mai ko tōna whare pāremata a Te Kauwhanganui hei pīkau i ēnei taumahatanga. He whare pāremata tēnei i whakatūngia mai i te rohe tonu o Ngāti Hauā, he whare pāremata mō ngā iwi Māori puta noa i Aotearoa, he whare whakatau nawe, he whare whakature kaupapa, he punanga tēnei mō te iwi Māori. Ko Te Kauwhanganui te tāhuhu o tēnei tuhinga whakapae, engari, ko te aronga nui, ko te takenga mai o Te Kauwhanganui i tēwhea ao, te ao Māori, te ao Pākehā rānei? I konei mahuta mai ai ko te kaupapa matua o tēnei tuhinga.
“I pūtake mai Te Kauwhanganui o Tāwhiao i te ao Māori tūturu, i ngā whakaaweawe rānei o te mana whakahaere o te Pākehā?”
Ko tēnei kaupapa ka rukuhia atu mā te huri kōaro ki te rangahau i te mana whakahaere o te ao Māori tūturu. Ka rangahautia ko te mana whakahaere o te iwi Māori i mua i te taenga mai o te Pākehā, kia mahea ai te kite he aha rā ngā tikanga o te ao Māori tūturu. Ka hūpeke atu ki te taenga mai o te Pākehā ki Aotearoa, ka whakaatu i ngā whakaaweawe mana whakahaere o te Pākehā i tōia mai e te Pākehā, ko Te Tiriti o Waitangi, ko Te Kawenata motuhake o Aotearoa ēnei. Ka whakaatu hoki i te pānga o ēnei whakaaweawe ki ngā kōkiritanga, ki ngā whakahoki a te Māori ki Te Tiriti o Waitangi me Te Kawenata motuhake o Aotearoa. Kātahi ka whakamāramahia ngā tikanga o Te Kauwhanganui me te tautoko o ngā pou kōrero i ēnei whakamārama. Ka whakamutua ake me te tātari i ngā hua o ēnei kimihanga, kia taea te kite ko tēwhea te ao ka pūtake mai Te Kauwhanganui, mai i te ao Māori tūturu, mai i ngā whakaaweawe rānei o te mana whakahaere o te Pākehā.

text: Te Kauwhanganui o Tāwhiao Wiremu Tarapīpipi Te Waharoa Tamihana: Kaiwhakawahi Kīngi

I te tau 1892 i kite a Tāwhiao i te hinga mai o te iwi Māori i te rau o te patu a te Pākehā, ka whakatūngia mai ko tōna whare pāremata a Te Kauwhanganui hei pīkau i ēnei taumahatanga. He whare pāremata tēnei i whakatūngia mai i te rohe tonu o Ngāti Hauā, he whare pāremata mō ngā iwi Māori puta noa i Aotearoa, he whare whakatau nawe, he whare whakature kaupapa, he punanga tēnei mō te iwi Māori. Ko Te Kauwhanganui te tāhuhu o tēnei tuhinga whakapae, engari, ko te aronga nui, ko te takenga mai o Te Kauwhanganui i tēwhea ao, te ao Māori, te ao Pākehā rānei? I konei mahuta mai ai ko te kaupapa matua o tēnei tuhinga.
“I pūtake mai Te Kauwhanganui o Tāwhiao i te ao Māori tūturu, i ngā whakaaweawe rānei o te mana whakahaere o te Pākehā?”
Ko tēnei kaupapa ka rukuhia atu mā te huri kōaro ki te rangahau i te mana whakahaere o te ao Māori tūturu. Ka rangahautia ko te mana whakahaere o te iwi Māori i mua i te taenga mai o te Pākehā, kia mahea ai te kite he aha rā ngā tikanga o te ao Māori tūturu. Ka hūpeke atu ki te taenga mai o te Pākehā ki Aotearoa, ka whakaatu i ngā whakaaweawe mana whakahaere o te Pākehā i tōia mai e te Pākehā, ko Te Tiriti o Waitangi, ko Te Kawenata motuhake o Aotearoa ēnei. Ka whakaatu hoki i te pānga o ēnei whakaaweawe ki ngā kōkiritanga, ki ngā whakahoki a te Māori ki Te Tiriti o Waitangi me Te Kawenata motuhake o Aotearoa. Kātahi ka whakamāramahia ngā tikanga o Te Kauwhanganui me te tautoko o ngā pou kōrero i ēnei whakamārama. Ka whakamutua ake me te tātari i ngā hua o ēnei kimihanga, kia taea te kite ko tēwhea te ao ka pūtake mai Te Kauwhanganui, mai i te ao Māori tūturu, mai i ngā whakaaweawe rānei o te mana whakahaere o te Pākehā.

year: 2013