title: Total site heat and mass integration and optimisation using P-graph: A biorefinery case study

authors: Ong, Benjamin H.Y.

abstract: The aim of this paper is to solve total site heat and mass integration and optimisation using P-graph framework, with a biorefinery case study. Total site heat and mass integration is important for the selection of biorefinery processes because it must achieve high material and energy efficiency to be economically competitive. This paper considers co-location of simultaneous scarification and co-fermentation of wood, hydrothermal liquefaction of forest residues and gasification of black liquor with an existing Kraft pulp mill in Central North Island of New Zealand. Result shows that the Kraft pulp mill is the most profitable biorefinery option, followed by hydrothermal liquefaction. However, an increment in the price of bio-oil by 5 % puts hydrothermal liquefaction in the optimal network with Kraft pulp mill.

text: Total site heat and mass integration and optimisation using P-graph: A biorefinery case study The aim of this paper is to solve total site heat and mass integration and optimisation using P-graph framework, with a biorefinery case study. Total site heat and mass integration is important for the selection of biorefinery processes because it must achieve high material and energy efficiency to be economically competitive. This paper considers co-location of simultaneous scarification and co-fermentation of wood, hydrothermal liquefaction of forest residues and gasification of black liquor with an existing Kraft pulp mill in Central North Island of New Zealand. Result shows that the Kraft pulp mill is the most profitable biorefinery option, followed by hydrothermal liquefaction. However, an increment in the price of bio-oil by 5 % puts hydrothermal liquefaction in the optimal network with Kraft pulp mill.

year: 2017

title: The parasite release hypothesis and the success of invasive fish in New Zealand

authors: Zhang, Keshi

subjects: parasite release hypothesis

abstract: Non-indigenous species are commonly released from their native enemies, including parasites, when they are introduced into new geographical areas. This has been referred to as the enemy release hypothesis and more strictly as the parasite release hypothesis. The loss of parasites is commonly inferred to explain the invasiveness of non-indigenous species. I examined parasite release in New Zealand non-indigenous freshwater fishes. A literature review was undertaken in order to collate lists of the known parasite fauna of 20 New Zealand non-indigenous freshwater fish species. Records were collated from their home range, New Zealand, and some other introduced ranges, to determine whether these species have a reduced parasite diversity in the New Zealand and other introduced ranges. Five non-indigenous freshwater fish, mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus), goldfish (Carassius auratus), koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) and catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus), and one native freshwater fish, common bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidianus), were sampled and examined for metazoan parasites. Mosquitofish and bullies, of similar size and habitat, were examined with greater intensity than the other species. Based on the literature review and fish examination, I found that the non-indigenous freshwater fish in New Zealand have seemingly lost their parasites. Being “lost overboard” is likely to have caused the loss of some parasites as most of the additional hosts required for non-indigenous parasites are no present in New Zealand. However, the loss of most of mosquitofish’s parasites is likely due to “missing the boat”, as introduction into New Zealand was a two-step process, from their native range in North America, via Hawaii, before release in New Zealand. Additionally, other hosts required for parasites of mosquitofish are not present in New Zealand. The native common bullies were found to harbour more parasites than the non-indigenous mosquitofish. Two parasites were found from common bullies, the cysts of the trematodes Eustrongylides ignotus and Telogaster opisthorchis, and no parasites were found on mosquitofish. A lack of spillback of Eustrongylides ignotus from bullies to mosquitofish, despite being parasititised by this species in its native range, may due to mosquitofish not being able to feed on intermediate the hosts present in New Zealand. The establishment and spread of non-indigenous fish in New Zealand waters is likely not the sole result of parasite release, but given their apparent reduction or lack of parasites, it may be a factor contributing to their success.

text: The parasite release hypothesis and the success of invasive fish in New Zealand Non-indigenous species are commonly released from their native enemies, including parasites, when they are introduced into new geographical areas. This has been referred to as the enemy release hypothesis and more strictly as the parasite release hypothesis. The loss of parasites is commonly inferred to explain the invasiveness of non-indigenous species. I examined parasite release in New Zealand non-indigenous freshwater fishes. A literature review was undertaken in order to collate lists of the known parasite fauna of 20 New Zealand non-indigenous freshwater fish species. Records were collated from their home range, New Zealand, and some other introduced ranges, to determine whether these species have a reduced parasite diversity in the New Zealand and other introduced ranges. Five non-indigenous freshwater fish, mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus), goldfish (Carassius auratus), koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) and catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus), and one native freshwater fish, common bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidianus), were sampled and examined for metazoan parasites. Mosquitofish and bullies, of similar size and habitat, were examined with greater intensity than the other species. Based on the literature review and fish examination, I found that the non-indigenous freshwater fish in New Zealand have seemingly lost their parasites. Being “lost overboard” is likely to have caused the loss of some parasites as most of the additional hosts required for non-indigenous parasites are no present in New Zealand. However, the loss of most of mosquitofish’s parasites is likely due to “missing the boat”, as introduction into New Zealand was a two-step process, from their native range in North America, via Hawaii, before release in New Zealand. Additionally, other hosts required for parasites of mosquitofish are not present in New Zealand. The native common bullies were found to harbour more parasites than the non-indigenous mosquitofish. Two parasites were found from common bullies, the cysts of the trematodes Eustrongylides ignotus and Telogaster opisthorchis, and no parasites were found on mosquitofish. A lack of spillback of Eustrongylides ignotus from bullies to mosquitofish, despite being parasititised by this species in its native range, may due to mosquitofish not being able to feed on intermediate the hosts present in New Zealand. The establishment and spread of non-indigenous fish in New Zealand waters is likely not the sole result of parasite release, but given their apparent reduction or lack of parasites, it may be a factor contributing to their success.

year: 2012

title: Defining indigenous trade: A working paper incorporating Māori and indigenous perspectives

authors: McLellan, Georgia

abstract: This working paper is part of a New Zealand Government–funded research project titled ‘Tauhokohoko: Enabling mana motuhake through Indigenous trade’ (Tauhokohoko), which was developed by the University of Waikato and Te Rōpū Taumata Charitable Trust (Te Taumata). The paper was prepared by the Tauhokohoko Research Aim 1.3 team and sets out a working definition of ‘Indigenous trade’.

The Tauhokohoko Research Aim 1.3 team acknowledges that the term ‘Indigenous’ can be problematic, since it collectivises the experiences of all Indigenous peoples. The project acknowledges the diverse realities of Indigenous peoples and strives to use the term in an inclusive way. Despite the existence of fraught relations between Indigenous peoples and postcolonial trade practices, Indigenous peoples have always had their own trade practices and relations grounded in Indigenous ways of being, knowing and doing. Within contemporary economies, Indigenous peoples are increasingly turning to international trade to meet their economic, social and cultural aspirations.

The Tauhokohoko Research Aim 1.3 team believes that Indigenous trade, when practiced in the right way, can be used as a tool for enhancing Indigenous self-determination and collective wellbeing. This paper outlines a tentative definition of ‘Indigenous trade’ for research purposes and provides grounded examples of Indigenous trade that fit within that tentative definition. The Tauhokohoko project is concerned primarily with the involvement of Indigenous peoples in international trade as a financial activity; however, the tentative definition encompasses financial, non financial, tangible and non-tangible forms of exchange. The paper ends by outlining the key literature that informs the working definition of ‘Indigenous trade’, including perspectives on the origins of international trade and Indigenous trade, international business and entrepreneurship, and Indigenous economies.

text: Defining indigenous trade: A working paper incorporating Māori and indigenous perspectives This working paper is part of a New Zealand Government–funded research project titled ‘Tauhokohoko: Enabling mana motuhake through Indigenous trade’ (Tauhokohoko), which was developed by the University of Waikato and Te Rōpū Taumata Charitable Trust (Te Taumata). The paper was prepared by the Tauhokohoko Research Aim 1.3 team and sets out a working definition of ‘Indigenous trade’.

The Tauhokohoko Research Aim 1.3 team acknowledges that the term ‘Indigenous’ can be problematic, since it collectivises the experiences of all Indigenous peoples. The project acknowledges the diverse realities of Indigenous peoples and strives to use the term in an inclusive way. Despite the existence of fraught relations between Indigenous peoples and postcolonial trade practices, Indigenous peoples have always had their own trade practices and relations grounded in Indigenous ways of being, knowing and doing. Within contemporary economies, Indigenous peoples are increasingly turning to international trade to meet their economic, social and cultural aspirations.

The Tauhokohoko Research Aim 1.3 team believes that Indigenous trade, when practiced in the right way, can be used as a tool for enhancing Indigenous self-determination and collective wellbeing. This paper outlines a tentative definition of ‘Indigenous trade’ for research purposes and provides grounded examples of Indigenous trade that fit within that tentative definition. The Tauhokohoko project is concerned primarily with the involvement of Indigenous peoples in international trade as a financial activity; however, the tentative definition encompasses financial, non financial, tangible and non-tangible forms of exchange. The paper ends by outlining the key literature that informs the working definition of ‘Indigenous trade’, including perspectives on the origins of international trade and Indigenous trade, international business and entrepreneurship, and Indigenous economies.

year: 2025-12-10