title: Investment in Authentic Sustainable Cultural Tourism : Planning for the Future Benefit of Waikato-Tainui along the Waikato River, Case Studies at Tūrangawaewae and Te Awamārahi Marae

authors: Cooper, Mei Te Werawera Te Reokaha

abstract: “Tērā ōkū hoa kei ngā tōpito e whā o te ao - My friends will come from all parts of the world” – Kīngi Tāwhiao 1822-1894

This doctorate is guided by the visions of the second Māori king, Kīngi Tāwhiao, which reflect the importance of global connections, relationships (Turongo House, 2000:109) and investment to achieve the ultimate goal of authentic or ‘true’ sustainability throughout the world.  The strategic process will require a balance between humans and the natural environment to ensure long-term growth and survival.  This research will investigate whether investment in Authentic Sustainable Cultural Tourism (ASCT) will provide long-term and sustainable benefits for tribes throughout New Zealand, using a study of Waikato-Tainui.  ASCT, if practiced correctly, must be driven by whānau of marae, hapū and iwi alongside ideal long-term partners to ultimately achieve indigenous autonomy. ASCT prioritises the wellbeing of indigenous and local communities, cultural preservation and environmental sustainability while providing secure economic returns to key stakeholders. 

Today, tourism is New Zealand’s largest and fastest growing industry; total tourism expenditure is forecast to increase from $34.7b in 2016, an increase of 12.2% from the previous year, to $41b by 2025.  The natural landscape is the main reason why international travellers visit New Zealand, followed by an interest in Māori culture (Tourism Industry Association, 2015).  Unfortunately, there is sparse funding for Māori tourism development (New Zealand Māori Tourism, 2015; Goulter, 2015) compared to mainstream tourism and Māori are the most impoverished people in New Zealand (Statistics New Zealand, 2011).  Cultural tourism has existed in New Zealand for more than 150 years and has a vital role in New Zealand’s tourism industry.  Te Kīngitanga and the Waikato River are the main aspects that make Waikato unique in New Zealand, however, there is very little cultural tourism in the region.  As a descendant of Waikato-Tainui, I work with my people at the marae level to inform tribal governance about the significant opportunities available to whānau compared to current mainstream investments by the tribe. 

Using Kaupapa Māori and critical realism, the methods used in this research include an investigation of government tourism organisations, interviews with Waikato-Tainui governance groups, case studies at Tūrangawaewae and Te Awamārahi Marae, case studies at fourteen successful Māori tourism providers throughout New Zealand, and an international comparison of best practices in indigenous tourism.

text: Investment in Authentic Sustainable Cultural Tourism : Planning for the Future Benefit of Waikato-Tainui along the Waikato River, Case Studies at Tūrangawaewae and Te Awamārahi Marae “Tērā ōkū hoa kei ngā tōpito e whā o te ao - My friends will come from all parts of the world” – Kīngi Tāwhiao 1822-1894

This doctorate is guided by the visions of the second Māori king, Kīngi Tāwhiao, which reflect the importance of global connections, relationships (Turongo House, 2000:109) and investment to achieve the ultimate goal of authentic or ‘true’ sustainability throughout the world.  The strategic process will require a balance between humans and the natural environment to ensure long-term growth and survival.  This research will investigate whether investment in Authentic Sustainable Cultural Tourism (ASCT) will provide long-term and sustainable benefits for tribes throughout New Zealand, using a study of Waikato-Tainui.  ASCT, if practiced correctly, must be driven by whānau of marae, hapū and iwi alongside ideal long-term partners to ultimately achieve indigenous autonomy. ASCT prioritises the wellbeing of indigenous and local communities, cultural preservation and environmental sustainability while providing secure economic returns to key stakeholders. 

Today, tourism is New Zealand’s largest and fastest growing industry; total tourism expenditure is forecast to increase from $34.7b in 2016, an increase of 12.2% from the previous year, to $41b by 2025.  The natural landscape is the main reason why international travellers visit New Zealand, followed by an interest in Māori culture (Tourism Industry Association, 2015).  Unfortunately, there is sparse funding for Māori tourism development (New Zealand Māori Tourism, 2015; Goulter, 2015) compared to mainstream tourism and Māori are the most impoverished people in New Zealand (Statistics New Zealand, 2011).  Cultural tourism has existed in New Zealand for more than 150 years and has a vital role in New Zealand’s tourism industry.  Te Kīngitanga and the Waikato River are the main aspects that make Waikato unique in New Zealand, however, there is very little cultural tourism in the region.  As a descendant of Waikato-Tainui, I work with my people at the marae level to inform tribal governance about the significant opportunities available to whānau compared to current mainstream investments by the tribe. 

Using Kaupapa Māori and critical realism, the methods used in this research include an investigation of government tourism organisations, interviews with Waikato-Tainui governance groups, case studies at Tūrangawaewae and Te Awamārahi Marae, case studies at fourteen successful Māori tourism providers throughout New Zealand, and an international comparison of best practices in indigenous tourism.

year: 2018

title: Policy for Maori: values, assumptions and closing the gap

authors: Levy, Michelle Patricia

subjects: Maori

abstract: This paper looks at the issue of what it is about the way in which policy is developed which
influences whether or not policy meets the needs of Maori. To do this I will focus on one component
of policy making; the role of the values and assumptions of policy makers. Assumptions about the
nature of policy making and the way in which policy can be used to maintain and modify norms and
standards, determine values and define problems are briefly investigated. These issues are
highlighted using the Code of Family and Social Responsibility as an example of the way in which
dominant cultural value bases and assumptions have influenced the way in which policy issues are
framed and presented. The paper concludes by asking why the consideration of the values of policy
makers is important for Maori and how can I, as a Maori policy analyst working within the
Government policy making sector, contribute to the development of policy which is based on Maori
assumptions, realities, values and world views.

text: Policy for Maori: values, assumptions and closing the gap This paper looks at the issue of what it is about the way in which policy is developed which
influences whether or not policy meets the needs of Maori. To do this I will focus on one component
of policy making; the role of the values and assumptions of policy makers. Assumptions about the
nature of policy making and the way in which policy can be used to maintain and modify norms and
standards, determine values and define problems are briefly investigated. These issues are
highlighted using the Code of Family and Social Responsibility as an example of the way in which
dominant cultural value bases and assumptions have influenced the way in which policy issues are
framed and presented. The paper concludes by asking why the consideration of the values of policy
makers is important for Maori and how can I, as a Maori policy analyst working within the
Government policy making sector, contribute to the development of policy which is based on Maori
assumptions, realities, values and world views.

year: 1999

title: A scalable approach to joint cyber insurance and security-as-a-service provisioning in cloud computing

authors: Chase, Jonathan

subjects: computer science

abstract: As computing services are increasingly cloud-based, corporations are investing in cloud-based security measures. The Security-asa- Service (SECaaS) paradigm allows customers to outsource security to the cloud, through the payment of a subscription fee. However, no security system is bulletproof, and even one successful attack can result in the loss of data and revenue worth millions of dollars. To guard against this eventuality, customers may also purchase cyber insurance to receive recompense in the case of loss. To achieve cost effectiveness, it is necessary to balance provisioning of security and insurance, even when future costs and risks are uncertain. To this end, we introduce a stochastic optimization model to optimally provision security and insurance services in the cloud. Since the model we design is a mixed integer problem, we also introduce a partial Lagrange multiplier algorithm that takes advantage of the total unimodularity property to find the solution in polynomial time. We also apply sensitivity analysis to find the exact tolerance of decision variables to parameter changes. We show the effectiveness of these techniques using numerical results based on real attack data to demonstrate a realistic testing environment, and find that security and insurance are interdependent.

text: A scalable approach to joint cyber insurance and security-as-a-service provisioning in cloud computing As computing services are increasingly cloud-based, corporations are investing in cloud-based security measures. The Security-asa- Service (SECaaS) paradigm allows customers to outsource security to the cloud, through the payment of a subscription fee. However, no security system is bulletproof, and even one successful attack can result in the loss of data and revenue worth millions of dollars. To guard against this eventuality, customers may also purchase cyber insurance to receive recompense in the case of loss. To achieve cost effectiveness, it is necessary to balance provisioning of security and insurance, even when future costs and risks are uncertain. To this end, we introduce a stochastic optimization model to optimally provision security and insurance services in the cloud. Since the model we design is a mixed integer problem, we also introduce a partial Lagrange multiplier algorithm that takes advantage of the total unimodularity property to find the solution in polynomial time. We also apply sensitivity analysis to find the exact tolerance of decision variables to parameter changes. We show the effectiveness of these techniques using numerical results based on real attack data to demonstrate a realistic testing environment, and find that security and insurance are interdependent.

year: 2017