title: Ethnic mobility and the spatial distribution of ethnicity in Auckland

authors: Mondal, Mohana

subjects: thesis with publication

abstract: Understanding a country’s past, present and expected future population diversity at sub-national levels is important. Studying changing diversity in terms of the groups that constitute a population and how that varies within regions and between local areas assists in understanding socio-economic and demographic sub-national trends. It is important to project the probable future population diversity in regions for successful policy planning and implementation, group-specific investments in health, education, and community services, as well as the provision of non-government services.
This thesis is a compilation of four inter-related studies that examine the ethnic makeup of the Auckland region of New Zealand. Using New Zealand Census of Populations and Dwellings data (1991, 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2013), the first study identifies and empirically demonstrates the shortcomings in traditional measures commonly used for measuring residential sorting, and instead proposes an alternative preferred measure. Specifically, the study shows that the Entropy Index of Systematic Segregation is the measure of residential sorting that is least biased by group size.
Using the same data, the second study examines the long-term patterns in ethnic and economic residential sorting in Auckland at a fine geographic scale using disaggregated groups. The results show that residential sorting by ethnicity is much more prominent than sorting by economic factors. The results also show that, although residential sorting has been declining over time in Auckland, specific ethnic groups like the Chinese and Indians have become more residentially sorted over time. The New Zealand European, Other European, and New Zealand Māori groups were found to be the least residentially sorted, whereas small ethnic groups like the African, Latin American/Hispanic, Tokelauan, and ‘Other Pacific Island’ groups were the most residentially sorted, over the whole study period. The results also show that the dominant feature of residential sorting in Auckland is the sorting of subgroups (e.g. Chinese, Indian and South East Asian) within broad ethnic groups (e.g. Asian). 
Using the New Zealand Linked Census (NZLC) data, the third study sheds light on the factors that predict the self-identified ethnic affiliation of adolescents in Auckland. The results show statistically significant relationships between the adolescents’ ethnic identity and the ethnic identity assigned to them five to seven years previously by their parents. Additionally, the ethnic affiliation of adolescents is also associated with their age, sex, having been born in New Zealand, the ethnic makeup of the neighbourhood they live in, and their parents’ ethnic identities. The results confirm patterns of complementarity between ethnicities and ethnic groups that are consistent with other research.
Finally, using NZLC data, the fourth study in this thesis describes the construction and calibration of a spatial microsimulation model, which can be used to project the expected future ethnic residential sorting and ethnic diversity in Auckland. Results show that our model is capable of reproducing the dynamics of residential sorting in Auckland with minimum error.

text: Ethnic mobility and the spatial distribution of ethnicity in Auckland Understanding a country’s past, present and expected future population diversity at sub-national levels is important. Studying changing diversity in terms of the groups that constitute a population and how that varies within regions and between local areas assists in understanding socio-economic and demographic sub-national trends. It is important to project the probable future population diversity in regions for successful policy planning and implementation, group-specific investments in health, education, and community services, as well as the provision of non-government services.
This thesis is a compilation of four inter-related studies that examine the ethnic makeup of the Auckland region of New Zealand. Using New Zealand Census of Populations and Dwellings data (1991, 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2013), the first study identifies and empirically demonstrates the shortcomings in traditional measures commonly used for measuring residential sorting, and instead proposes an alternative preferred measure. Specifically, the study shows that the Entropy Index of Systematic Segregation is the measure of residential sorting that is least biased by group size.
Using the same data, the second study examines the long-term patterns in ethnic and economic residential sorting in Auckland at a fine geographic scale using disaggregated groups. The results show that residential sorting by ethnicity is much more prominent than sorting by economic factors. The results also show that, although residential sorting has been declining over time in Auckland, specific ethnic groups like the Chinese and Indians have become more residentially sorted over time. The New Zealand European, Other European, and New Zealand Māori groups were found to be the least residentially sorted, whereas small ethnic groups like the African, Latin American/Hispanic, Tokelauan, and ‘Other Pacific Island’ groups were the most residentially sorted, over the whole study period. The results also show that the dominant feature of residential sorting in Auckland is the sorting of subgroups (e.g. Chinese, Indian and South East Asian) within broad ethnic groups (e.g. Asian). 
Using the New Zealand Linked Census (NZLC) data, the third study sheds light on the factors that predict the self-identified ethnic affiliation of adolescents in Auckland. The results show statistically significant relationships between the adolescents’ ethnic identity and the ethnic identity assigned to them five to seven years previously by their parents. Additionally, the ethnic affiliation of adolescents is also associated with their age, sex, having been born in New Zealand, the ethnic makeup of the neighbourhood they live in, and their parents’ ethnic identities. The results confirm patterns of complementarity between ethnicities and ethnic groups that are consistent with other research.
Finally, using NZLC data, the fourth study in this thesis describes the construction and calibration of a spatial microsimulation model, which can be used to project the expected future ethnic residential sorting and ethnic diversity in Auckland. Results show that our model is capable of reproducing the dynamics of residential sorting in Auckland with minimum error.

year: 2020

title: Sonochemical preparation of single-dispersion metal nanoparticles from metal salts

authors: Fujimoto, Toshiyuki

subjects: metal nanoparticles

abstract: Novel metal nanoparticles of Pd and Pt were prepared by sonochemical reduction of solutions containing H₂PtCl₆ or K₂PdCl₄. The effect of atmospheric gas on the particle size distribution was investigated. Average diameters and standard deviations of the Pd particles prepared under Ar (Pd/Ar) and N2 (Pd/N₂) were found to be 3.6 ± 0.7 nm (Pd/Ar) and 2.0 ± 0.3 nm (Pd/N₂). Smaller and sharper distribution of the particle size was observed for the Pd particles formed under a N₂ atmosphere. In the case of Pt, a smaller and sharper distribution of the particle size was observed for the particles prepared under a Xe atmosphere. These relations can be explained in terms of a hot-spot temperature created by acoustic cavitation.

text: Sonochemical preparation of single-dispersion metal nanoparticles from metal salts Novel metal nanoparticles of Pd and Pt were prepared by sonochemical reduction of solutions containing H₂PtCl₆ or K₂PdCl₄. The effect of atmospheric gas on the particle size distribution was investigated. Average diameters and standard deviations of the Pd particles prepared under Ar (Pd/Ar) and N2 (Pd/N₂) were found to be 3.6 ± 0.7 nm (Pd/Ar) and 2.0 ± 0.3 nm (Pd/N₂). Smaller and sharper distribution of the particle size was observed for the Pd particles formed under a N₂ atmosphere. In the case of Pt, a smaller and sharper distribution of the particle size was observed for the particles prepared under a Xe atmosphere. These relations can be explained in terms of a hot-spot temperature created by acoustic cavitation.

year: 2001

title: Iwi case study report- Tarawera river: Tuwharetoa ki Kawerau, Te Arawa and Ngati Awa

authors: Dodd, Materoa

subjects: Iwi land rights

abstract: There is a deep sense of injustice and creeping despair that the cultural life of the Tarawera River has been destroyed. Cultural lore has been reduced to a perspective of the dominant cultures’ rule of law. The plea for the cultural voice of the Tarawera River to be heard echoes throughout this research, yet the silence of the response is deafening. This research informs on the cultural story of the Tarawera River, it examines the ways in which the relationship between Te Arawa, Tūwharetoa Ki Kawerau and Ngāti Awa and the Tarawera River changed since the discharge of effluent from pulp and paper mills into the river began nearly half a century ago. The research reported on here involves action research approached and informed by Māori epistemologies and what has come to be known as ‘kaupapa Māori research’, an approach that privileges indigenous values, attitudes and practices.

text: Iwi case study report- Tarawera river: Tuwharetoa ki Kawerau, Te Arawa and Ngati Awa There is a deep sense of injustice and creeping despair that the cultural life of the Tarawera River has been destroyed. Cultural lore has been reduced to a perspective of the dominant cultures’ rule of law. The plea for the cultural voice of the Tarawera River to be heard echoes throughout this research, yet the silence of the response is deafening. This research informs on the cultural story of the Tarawera River, it examines the ways in which the relationship between Te Arawa, Tūwharetoa Ki Kawerau and Ngāti Awa and the Tarawera River changed since the discharge of effluent from pulp and paper mills into the river began nearly half a century ago. The research reported on here involves action research approached and informed by Māori epistemologies and what has come to be known as ‘kaupapa Māori research’, an approach that privileges indigenous values, attitudes and practices.

year: 2002-02