title: Law Enforcement Hack-back in New Zealand

authors: Koroniadis, Athanasios

subjects: hack-back

abstract: The Internet brings New Zealand closer to the world, but with this benefit comes increased dependency on its benefits of real time connectivity for individuals, organisations, and Government. The downside to this global communication is the increase in cyber-attacks and the ease a cyber-attacker has in hiding their true identity.
These digital crimes are costing the worldwide economy billions of dollars which has prompted Governments all around the world into taking measures to implement cyber security strategies. While these strategies are passive in nature, they are proving to be of limited effect in addressing these threats to a State economy.
In New Zealand the Minister of Communications in a press release in 2016, stated that “Cyber-crime cost the New Zealand economy $257 million”. Granted that the cyber-crime cost figure is a few years old, but, if compared to 2019, It would be fair to say that the cost of cybercrime to the New Zealand economy would be double the figure today, in the region of $500 million based on the exponential growth of the use of the Internet where 90 percent of New Zealanders are now using the Internet based on recent statistics provided by the Government.
This thesis focuses on legalising Law Enforcement hack-back, with recommendations on law reform to existing law, guidelines and safeguards for its implementation. Law Enforcement hack-back is effectively a form of a digital counterstrike against a cyber-attacker and with the use of traceback this allows Law Enforcement the ability to identify the true TCP/IP address used by the cyber-attacker, once Law Enforcement have identified who the hacker is, they can then be able to prosecute the cyber-attacker based on forensic evidence collected using hack-back.
Why is it important to legalise Law Enforcement hack-back? Referring to the current New Zealand Cyber Security Strategy for 2019 it makes the Governments position cristal clear “New Zealand must be ready to deter and respond to threats”.

text: Law Enforcement Hack-back in New Zealand The Internet brings New Zealand closer to the world, but with this benefit comes increased dependency on its benefits of real time connectivity for individuals, organisations, and Government. The downside to this global communication is the increase in cyber-attacks and the ease a cyber-attacker has in hiding their true identity.
These digital crimes are costing the worldwide economy billions of dollars which has prompted Governments all around the world into taking measures to implement cyber security strategies. While these strategies are passive in nature, they are proving to be of limited effect in addressing these threats to a State economy.
In New Zealand the Minister of Communications in a press release in 2016, stated that “Cyber-crime cost the New Zealand economy $257 million”. Granted that the cyber-crime cost figure is a few years old, but, if compared to 2019, It would be fair to say that the cost of cybercrime to the New Zealand economy would be double the figure today, in the region of $500 million based on the exponential growth of the use of the Internet where 90 percent of New Zealanders are now using the Internet based on recent statistics provided by the Government.
This thesis focuses on legalising Law Enforcement hack-back, with recommendations on law reform to existing law, guidelines and safeguards for its implementation. Law Enforcement hack-back is effectively a form of a digital counterstrike against a cyber-attacker and with the use of traceback this allows Law Enforcement the ability to identify the true TCP/IP address used by the cyber-attacker, once Law Enforcement have identified who the hacker is, they can then be able to prosecute the cyber-attacker based on forensic evidence collected using hack-back.
Why is it important to legalise Law Enforcement hack-back? Referring to the current New Zealand Cyber Security Strategy for 2019 it makes the Governments position cristal clear “New Zealand must be ready to deter and respond to threats”.

year: 2019

title: Roadmap on signal processing for next generation measurement systems

authors: Iakovidis, Dimitris K.

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Signal processing is a fundamental component of almost any sensor-enabled system, with a wide range of applications across different scientific disciplines. Time series data, images, and video sequences comprise representative forms of signals that can be enhanced and analysed for information extraction and quantification. The recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning are shifting the research attention towards intelligent, data-driven, signal processing. This roadmap presents a critical overview of the state-of-the-art methods and applications aiming to highlight future challenges and research opportunities towards next generation measurement systems. It covers a broad spectrum of topics ranging from basic to industrial research, organized in concise thematic sections that reflect the trends and the impacts of current and future developments per research field. Furthermore, it offers guidance to researchers and funding agencies in identifying new prospects.

text: Roadmap on signal processing for next generation measurement systems Signal processing is a fundamental component of almost any sensor-enabled system, with a wide range of applications across different scientific disciplines. Time series data, images, and video sequences comprise representative forms of signals that can be enhanced and analysed for information extraction and quantification. The recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning are shifting the research attention towards intelligent, data-driven, signal processing. This roadmap presents a critical overview of the state-of-the-art methods and applications aiming to highlight future challenges and research opportunities towards next generation measurement systems. It covers a broad spectrum of topics ranging from basic to industrial research, organized in concise thematic sections that reflect the trends and the impacts of current and future developments per research field. Furthermore, it offers guidance to researchers and funding agencies in identifying new prospects.

year: 2022-01-01

title: Research note: Empirical analysis of ethnic pay gaps in New Zealand

authors: Cochrane, William

abstract: This research note explores the factors contributing to ethnic pay gaps in New Zealand. The emphasis here is on description, as a causal analysis is beyond the capability of the methods used. The gaps between the average (as well as median) hourly wages for the European workforce relative to Māori and Pacific workers are substantial. A statistical analysis by Treasury in 2018 also showed that the ratio in average hourly wages (based on published survey estimates by Stats NZ) for both ethnic groups relative to European had stayed at a similar level for the last decade; as they state “there has been movement from year to year but no consistent upward or downward trend” (Treasury, 2018, p.1).

text: Research note: Empirical analysis of ethnic pay gaps in New Zealand This research note explores the factors contributing to ethnic pay gaps in New Zealand. The emphasis here is on description, as a causal analysis is beyond the capability of the methods used. The gaps between the average (as well as median) hourly wages for the European workforce relative to Māori and Pacific workers are substantial. A statistical analysis by Treasury in 2018 also showed that the ratio in average hourly wages (based on published survey estimates by Stats NZ) for both ethnic groups relative to European had stayed at a similar level for the last decade; as they state “there has been movement from year to year but no consistent upward or downward trend” (Treasury, 2018, p.1).

year: 2023-10-19