title: The Application of Recovery Strategies for Cyclists

authors: Overmayer, Ryan Gerard

subjects: cyclists

abstract: During training and congested competition schedules, recovery strategies are thought to alleviate post-exercise fatigue and enhance subsequent performance. Consequently, a substantial challenge is placed on athletes and coaches to ensure optimal recovery is attained, this has been one of the contributing factors for the development of acute recovery strategies aimed to enhance performance recovery. Recently, athletes have incorporated the use of Intermittent Sequential Pneumatic Compression (ISPC), a form of dynamic compression, to enhance recovery post-exercise. However, with contrasting findings and limited literature, further research is necessary to determine the value of ISPC on exercise recovery and/or subsequent performance. While ISPC has been examined in cycling settings, studies have failed to examine the effects of this strategy in trained cyclists, limiting the ecological validity of their results. Furthermore, the Omnium is a multi-race event in track cycling at the Olympic Games, with short periods of recovery (as little as 30-mins) between 6 separate races. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to examine the impact of ISPC on trained cyclists, when implemented between a maximal 20-min cycling bout (simulated scratch race) and a 4-min maximal test (simulated individual pursuit), as experienced during an Omnium track cycling competition. Twenty-one (13 male, 8 female, mean ± SD; age: 36 ± 14 years) trained cyclists completed a familiarisation trial followed by two experimental trials in a counterbalanced, crossover design. Participants performed a fixed-intensity 20-min cycling bout on a Wattbike cycle ergometer, followed by a 30-min recovery period where ISPC recovery boots or passive recovery (CON) was implemented. At the conclusion of the recovery period, participants performed a 4-min maximal cycling bout (4-minTT). Average power (Watts) for the 4-minTT, blood lactate concentration (BLa) and perceived total quality recovery (TQR) during the recovery period were used to examine the influence of ISPC. 
There were no significant differences between trials for the 4-minTT (p = 0.08), with the effect deemed to be trivial (d = -0.08). There was an unclear effect (d ±90%CI = 0.26 ±0.78, p = 0.57) for ISPC vs CON in the clearance of BLa during the recovery period. There was a small but not significant difference for TQR in favour of ISPC (d ±90%CI = 0.27 ±0.27, p = 0.07). These findings suggest there is little additional benefit associated with the use of ISPC to enhance recovery and subsequent performance when used during the recovery period between two events in a simulated Omnium track cycling competition.

text: The Application of Recovery Strategies for Cyclists During training and congested competition schedules, recovery strategies are thought to alleviate post-exercise fatigue and enhance subsequent performance. Consequently, a substantial challenge is placed on athletes and coaches to ensure optimal recovery is attained, this has been one of the contributing factors for the development of acute recovery strategies aimed to enhance performance recovery. Recently, athletes have incorporated the use of Intermittent Sequential Pneumatic Compression (ISPC), a form of dynamic compression, to enhance recovery post-exercise. However, with contrasting findings and limited literature, further research is necessary to determine the value of ISPC on exercise recovery and/or subsequent performance. While ISPC has been examined in cycling settings, studies have failed to examine the effects of this strategy in trained cyclists, limiting the ecological validity of their results. Furthermore, the Omnium is a multi-race event in track cycling at the Olympic Games, with short periods of recovery (as little as 30-mins) between 6 separate races. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to examine the impact of ISPC on trained cyclists, when implemented between a maximal 20-min cycling bout (simulated scratch race) and a 4-min maximal test (simulated individual pursuit), as experienced during an Omnium track cycling competition. Twenty-one (13 male, 8 female, mean ± SD; age: 36 ± 14 years) trained cyclists completed a familiarisation trial followed by two experimental trials in a counterbalanced, crossover design. Participants performed a fixed-intensity 20-min cycling bout on a Wattbike cycle ergometer, followed by a 30-min recovery period where ISPC recovery boots or passive recovery (CON) was implemented. At the conclusion of the recovery period, participants performed a 4-min maximal cycling bout (4-minTT). Average power (Watts) for the 4-minTT, blood lactate concentration (BLa) and perceived total quality recovery (TQR) during the recovery period were used to examine the influence of ISPC. 
There were no significant differences between trials for the 4-minTT (p = 0.08), with the effect deemed to be trivial (d = -0.08). There was an unclear effect (d ±90%CI = 0.26 ±0.78, p = 0.57) for ISPC vs CON in the clearance of BLa during the recovery period. There was a small but not significant difference for TQR in favour of ISPC (d ±90%CI = 0.27 ±0.27, p = 0.07). These findings suggest there is little additional benefit associated with the use of ISPC to enhance recovery and subsequent performance when used during the recovery period between two events in a simulated Omnium track cycling competition.

year: 2017

title: Scientific evaluation of deterioration of historic huts of Ross Island, Antarctica

authors: Farrell, Roberta L.

subjects: Ross Island

abstract: There are many challenges facing conservation of the historic
huts in Antarctica including non-biological, biological and
environmental impacts explains Professor Roberta L. Farrell,
Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Waikato. The article presents a discussion of historical huts of Ross Island, Antarctica.

text: Scientific evaluation of deterioration of historic huts of Ross Island, Antarctica There are many challenges facing conservation of the historic
huts in Antarctica including non-biological, biological and
environmental impacts explains Professor Roberta L. Farrell,
Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Waikato. The article presents a discussion of historical huts of Ross Island, Antarctica.

year: 2007

title: What a difference a default setting makes

authors: Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory

subjects: computer science

abstract: This paper examines the effect of the default interface language on the usage of a bilingual digital library. In 2005 the default interface language of a bilingual digital library was alternated on a monthly basis between Māori and English. A comprehensive transaction log analysis over this period reveals that not only did usage in a particular language increase when the default interface language was set to that language but that the way the interface was used, in both languages, was quite different depending on the default language.

text: What a difference a default setting makes This paper examines the effect of the default interface language on the usage of a bilingual digital library. In 2005 the default interface language of a bilingual digital library was alternated on a monthly basis between Māori and English. A comprehensive transaction log analysis over this period reveals that not only did usage in a particular language increase when the default interface language was set to that language but that the way the interface was used, in both languages, was quite different depending on the default language.

year: 2008