title: A survey of the innovation surveys

authors: Hong, Shangqin

subjects: innovation

abstract: Both theoretical and conceptual understanding of innovation has developed significantly since the early 1980s. More noticeable, however, are the major changes that have been experienced in empirically-oriented innovation research as a result of the introduction of firm level innovation surveys. Collecting innovation related data via firm based surveys has now become a common practice for many countries for example, Canada, United States, Malaysia, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand as well as almost all EU countries. These survey-lead approaches have transformed our understanding of the nature and determinants of innovation and also increased our understanding of the role played by innovation in growth. At the same time, the surveys themselves have also been adapted as our conceptual understanding of innovation has increased. As such, the balance of innovation-related research has shifted from a theoretical to a primarily empiricist-lead agenda, and increasingly combined both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The objective of this paper is examine how our understanding of innovation has evolved over the last few decades, to identify the major theoretical and empirical influences on our understanding, and to assess the role which innovation surveys have played in this evolution.

text: A survey of the innovation surveys Both theoretical and conceptual understanding of innovation has developed significantly since the early 1980s. More noticeable, however, are the major changes that have been experienced in empirically-oriented innovation research as a result of the introduction of firm level innovation surveys. Collecting innovation related data via firm based surveys has now become a common practice for many countries for example, Canada, United States, Malaysia, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand as well as almost all EU countries. These survey-lead approaches have transformed our understanding of the nature and determinants of innovation and also increased our understanding of the role played by innovation in growth. At the same time, the surveys themselves have also been adapted as our conceptual understanding of innovation has increased. As such, the balance of innovation-related research has shifted from a theoretical to a primarily empiricist-lead agenda, and increasingly combined both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The objective of this paper is examine how our understanding of innovation has evolved over the last few decades, to identify the major theoretical and empirical influences on our understanding, and to assess the role which innovation surveys have played in this evolution.

year: 2012

title: Asset-seeking investment by Chinese multinationals: Firm ownership, location,and entry mode

authors: Liu, Jie

subjects: outward foreign direct investment

abstract: Chinese outward foreign direct investment (FDI), although still emergent, is rapidly growing, widely dispersed amongst host locations, and increasingly driven by asset-seeking motives. However, characteristics of Chinese Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) differ considerably – not only from counterparts in the West, but also within China’s institutional environment. Drawing on a survey of Chinese MNEs, the paper investigates differences in asset-exploratory behaviour by location and ownership. The results reveal Chinese MNEs are motivated to invest in specific locations for asset exploration: strategic assets in North America, relational assets in Asia, and natural assets in Latin American and Australasia. State-owned enterprises are more likely to possess experiential advantages and to invest for strategic asset-seeking motives, whereas non-state-owned enterprises invest to seek relational assets. Chinese MNEs with advantages relating to technology and experience are more likely to employ full-control modes of entry than those with advantages relating to guanxi. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

text: Asset-seeking investment by Chinese multinationals: Firm ownership, location,and entry mode Chinese outward foreign direct investment (FDI), although still emergent, is rapidly growing, widely dispersed amongst host locations, and increasingly driven by asset-seeking motives. However, characteristics of Chinese Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) differ considerably – not only from counterparts in the West, but also within China’s institutional environment. Drawing on a survey of Chinese MNEs, the paper investigates differences in asset-exploratory behaviour by location and ownership. The results reveal Chinese MNEs are motivated to invest in specific locations for asset exploration: strategic assets in North America, relational assets in Asia, and natural assets in Latin American and Australasia. State-owned enterprises are more likely to possess experiential advantages and to invest for strategic asset-seeking motives, whereas non-state-owned enterprises invest to seek relational assets. Chinese MNEs with advantages relating to technology and experience are more likely to employ full-control modes of entry than those with advantages relating to guanxi. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

year: 2011

title: Biculturalism in practice, ‘Te Pounamu’: Integration of a Māori model with traditional clinical assessment processes

authors: Manna, Leona

subjects: Maori

abstract: Traditional clinical psychological assessment follows a western paradigm of interaction, which relies heavily on verbalisations of internal and external symptoms. This process relies upon the assumption of and acceptance that tangata whaiora (consumer/s) are able to do this. Training encourages a clinical psychologist to take into account differences which may or may not be obvious, e.g., differences in religious beliefs, gender, hearing, or sight. However, as clinicians we often neglect to assess tangata whaiora abilities to verbalise such information. Te Pounamu, as a Māori model demonstrates the underlying principles of Te Tiriti O Waitangi. Providing the best treatment outcomes is about acknowledging all aspects of one’s wellbeing: physical, mental, spiritual, and whānau. Te Pounamu provides a process that acknowledges such aspects in a way of knowing that is healing. From clinical experience, the interactive mode that Te Pounamu utilises has been found efficacious in assisting tangata whaiora to understand how such factors contribute to poor mental health.

text: Biculturalism in practice, ‘Te Pounamu’: Integration of a Māori model with traditional clinical assessment processes Traditional clinical psychological assessment follows a western paradigm of interaction, which relies heavily on verbalisations of internal and external symptoms. This process relies upon the assumption of and acceptance that tangata whaiora (consumer/s) are able to do this. Training encourages a clinical psychologist to take into account differences which may or may not be obvious, e.g., differences in religious beliefs, gender, hearing, or sight. However, as clinicians we often neglect to assess tangata whaiora abilities to verbalise such information. Te Pounamu, as a Māori model demonstrates the underlying principles of Te Tiriti O Waitangi. Providing the best treatment outcomes is about acknowledging all aspects of one’s wellbeing: physical, mental, spiritual, and whānau. Te Pounamu provides a process that acknowledges such aspects in a way of knowing that is healing. From clinical experience, the interactive mode that Te Pounamu utilises has been found efficacious in assisting tangata whaiora to understand how such factors contribute to poor mental health.

year: 2003