title: The effect of an off-feet conditioning protocol on performance and training load response to intermittent sprint training compared to an equivalent running based protocol

authors: Rogers, Timothy

subjects: sport

abstract: Training for maximal intensity actions can lead to muscle damage, muscle soreness, and neuromuscular fatigue if not carefully managed.  Due to this potential impact, coaches sometimes look to off-feet conditioning (OFC) as an alternative.
A training intervention compared an OFC protocol using cycle ergometer sprints with an equivalent running protocol. Seventeen (17) participants volunteered and completed the study. Following baseline testing participants were divided into a cycle (BIKE) or shuttle (RUN) group. Training intervention was 10-12 6 s sprint efforts with 80-seconds recovery. 
Post testing showed significant time effect for absolute (p=0.045), and substantial change for Mean Power (p=0.0606) for BIKE. There was a significant time effect in the shuttle test (p=0.008) for RUN. Substantial, non-significant improvements in performance were found in 10 m (p=0.261) 20 m time (p=0.307) and Peak Power (p=0.160) for BIKE. RPE was significantly higher in BIKE (p&lt;0.001). Next-day soreness was significantly higher for RUN (p&lt;0.001).
Neither intervention negatively affected any measure. The cycle protocol may benefit sprint running performance. This form of training may mitigate the impact of high volumes of run-based training by decreasing eccentric loading thus reducing soreness. OFC may be useful for maintaining performance without adding mechanical stress on the lower body.

text: The effect of an off-feet conditioning protocol on performance and training load response to intermittent sprint training compared to an equivalent running based protocol Training for maximal intensity actions can lead to muscle damage, muscle soreness, and neuromuscular fatigue if not carefully managed.  Due to this potential impact, coaches sometimes look to off-feet conditioning (OFC) as an alternative.
A training intervention compared an OFC protocol using cycle ergometer sprints with an equivalent running protocol. Seventeen (17) participants volunteered and completed the study. Following baseline testing participants were divided into a cycle (BIKE) or shuttle (RUN) group. Training intervention was 10-12 6 s sprint efforts with 80-seconds recovery. 
Post testing showed significant time effect for absolute (p=0.045), and substantial change for Mean Power (p=0.0606) for BIKE. There was a significant time effect in the shuttle test (p=0.008) for RUN. Substantial, non-significant improvements in performance were found in 10 m (p=0.261) 20 m time (p=0.307) and Peak Power (p=0.160) for BIKE. RPE was significantly higher in BIKE (p&lt;0.001). Next-day soreness was significantly higher for RUN (p&lt;0.001).
Neither intervention negatively affected any measure. The cycle protocol may benefit sprint running performance. This form of training may mitigate the impact of high volumes of run-based training by decreasing eccentric loading thus reducing soreness. OFC may be useful for maintaining performance without adding mechanical stress on the lower body.

year: 2025

title: Rural labor allocation and farm technology

authors: Zhou, Yunbo

subjects: rural labor

abstract: Whether the agricultural and rural industrial sectors compete for key resources, particularly labor, is an important policy question. This paper investigates the determinants of the inter−sectoral flow of labor between farm and off −farm activities, using data from Tianjin, China. Specifically we investigate whether the labor flows are explained by the level of agricultural technology employed by rural households, where the technologies can have positive or negative impacts on farmers’ incentives to remain on the farm. Our model specification and data set allow us to bridge macroeconomic and microeconomic issues in the labor allocation decision that do not appear to have been addressed elsewhere.

text: Rural labor allocation and farm technology Whether the agricultural and rural industrial sectors compete for key resources, particularly labor, is an important policy question. This paper investigates the determinants of the inter−sectoral flow of labor between farm and off −farm activities, using data from Tianjin, China. Specifically we investigate whether the labor flows are explained by the level of agricultural technology employed by rural households, where the technologies can have positive or negative impacts on farmers’ incentives to remain on the farm. Our model specification and data set allow us to bridge macroeconomic and microeconomic issues in the labor allocation decision that do not appear to have been addressed elsewhere.

year: 2013

title: Approaches to benefit sharing

authors: Sterling, Rogena

abstract: This information sheet provides successful examples of different approaches to benefit sharing across a range of industries, from around the world and within Aotearoa. It highlights what works and where challenges and gaps exist in current approaches. Finally, a spectrum of Indigenous sharing approaches is provided, based on the OECD framework of benefit sharing and type of benefit (direct and collective) to Indigenous peoples.

text: Approaches to benefit sharing This information sheet provides successful examples of different approaches to benefit sharing across a range of industries, from around the world and within Aotearoa. It highlights what works and where challenges and gaps exist in current approaches. Finally, a spectrum of Indigenous sharing approaches is provided, based on the OECD framework of benefit sharing and type of benefit (direct and collective) to Indigenous peoples.

year: 2024-06-01