title: Effects of Water Quality Parameters on Prolonged Swimming Ability of Freshwater Fishes

authors: Bannon, Henry James

subjects: trout parr

abstract: The critical swimming speed (Ucrit) of rainbow trout parr (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and three life stages of Galaxias maculatus, larval (whitebait), postlarval inanga and adult inanga, were tested at temperatures from 5oC to 25oC. All fish were swum at their acclimation temperature under normoxic conditions to determine the optimal aerobic exercise temperature. To determine whether acclimation affected swimming ability, trout parr acclimated to either 10oC or 20oC were swum at 20oC and 10oC, respectively.
The potential effect of mild hypoxia (75% saturation) on trout parr and whitebait was also examined at 10oC, 15oC and 20oC, and also tested separately and in combination were the effects of mild hypoxia and severe anaemia on the prolonged swimming ability of trout smolts at temperatures from 10oC to 20oC. For all trout experiments, blood samples were taken from non-exercised and exercised fish by acute caudal venepuncture to determine haematological responses to both acclimation and exercise.
Under normoxic conditions, Ucrit max for trout parr (7.0   0.5 cm fork length) was calculated to be 5.8 body lengths per second (BL s-1) at 15.1oC, but declined at lower and higher temperatures. This result implies that swimming performance was limited by temperature below 15oC, whereas performance at higher temperatures was limited by oxygen availability. In support of this hypothesis, mild hypoxia (75% saturation) had no effect at 10oC or 15oC but caused a significant reduction in Ucrit at 20oC. However, fish acclimated at 20oC showed an adaptive elevation in oxygen carrying capacity due to an increase in mean erythrocyte volume and haemoglobin content. Furthermore, acclimation to 20oC improved warm water swimming performance. Trout parr acclimated to 10oC performed significantly worse than fish acclimated to 20oC when swum at 20oC. However, trout parr acclimated to 20oC performed as well as fish acclimated to 10oC when swum at 10oC. Following exercise, haematocrit was elevated under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. However, the primary cause of this apparent increase in oxygen carrying capacity was splenic release of erythrocytes under normoxic conditions, whereas stress-induced erythrocytic swelling contributed to the observed increase in hypoxia. This contrasting response was most pronounced at 10oC.
Larval whitebait (4.7 - 5.0 cm total length (TL)) also showed a temperature dependence of prolonged swimming ability with Ucrit max calculated to be 5.1 BL s-1 at 17.7oC. Hypoxia significantly reduced Ucrit at 15oC and 20oC, lowering the optimal aerobic temperature to 13.9oC and reducing Ucrit to 4.2 BL s-1. Mild hypoxia therefore had a more pronounced impact on inanga whitebait than trout.
Postlarval inanga (3.9 - 4.0 cm TL) performed poorly at higher temperatures with Ucrit max of 5.6 BL s-1 at 9.4oC indicating an ontogenetic change in swimming ability, possibly resulting from a developmental shift in red muscle kinetics or a greater dependence on anaerobic muscle.
Adult inanga (5.5 - 6.8 cm TL) prolonged swimming ability showed similar temperature dependence to that of inanga whitebait but lower relative swimming speeds due to their larger size. The dramatic decline in performance exhibited by juveniles at warmer temperatures was not apparent in adults. Ucrit max for adults was 4.0 BL s-1 at 18.3oC.
The critical swimming speed of trout smolts, subjected to mild hypoxia (6.8 mg

text: Effects of Water Quality Parameters on Prolonged Swimming Ability of Freshwater Fishes The critical swimming speed (Ucrit) of rainbow trout parr (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and three life stages of Galaxias maculatus, larval (whitebait), postlarval inanga and adult inanga, were tested at temperatures from 5oC to 25oC. All fish were swum at their acclimation temperature under normoxic conditions to determine the optimal aerobic exercise temperature. To determine whether acclimation affected swimming ability, trout parr acclimated to either 10oC or 20oC were swum at 20oC and 10oC, respectively.
The potential effect of mild hypoxia (75% saturation) on trout parr and whitebait was also examined at 10oC, 15oC and 20oC, and also tested separately and in combination were the effects of mild hypoxia and severe anaemia on the prolonged swimming ability of trout smolts at temperatures from 10oC to 20oC. For all trout experiments, blood samples were taken from non-exercised and exercised fish by acute caudal venepuncture to determine haematological responses to both acclimation and exercise.
Under normoxic conditions, Ucrit max for trout parr (7.0   0.5 cm fork length) was calculated to be 5.8 body lengths per second (BL s-1) at 15.1oC, but declined at lower and higher temperatures. This result implies that swimming performance was limited by temperature below 15oC, whereas performance at higher temperatures was limited by oxygen availability. In support of this hypothesis, mild hypoxia (75% saturation) had no effect at 10oC or 15oC but caused a significant reduction in Ucrit at 20oC. However, fish acclimated at 20oC showed an adaptive elevation in oxygen carrying capacity due to an increase in mean erythrocyte volume and haemoglobin content. Furthermore, acclimation to 20oC improved warm water swimming performance. Trout parr acclimated to 10oC performed significantly worse than fish acclimated to 20oC when swum at 20oC. However, trout parr acclimated to 20oC performed as well as fish acclimated to 10oC when swum at 10oC. Following exercise, haematocrit was elevated under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. However, the primary cause of this apparent increase in oxygen carrying capacity was splenic release of erythrocytes under normoxic conditions, whereas stress-induced erythrocytic swelling contributed to the observed increase in hypoxia. This contrasting response was most pronounced at 10oC.
Larval whitebait (4.7 - 5.0 cm total length (TL)) also showed a temperature dependence of prolonged swimming ability with Ucrit max calculated to be 5.1 BL s-1 at 17.7oC. Hypoxia significantly reduced Ucrit at 15oC and 20oC, lowering the optimal aerobic temperature to 13.9oC and reducing Ucrit to 4.2 BL s-1. Mild hypoxia therefore had a more pronounced impact on inanga whitebait than trout.
Postlarval inanga (3.9 - 4.0 cm TL) performed poorly at higher temperatures with Ucrit max of 5.6 BL s-1 at 9.4oC indicating an ontogenetic change in swimming ability, possibly resulting from a developmental shift in red muscle kinetics or a greater dependence on anaerobic muscle.
Adult inanga (5.5 - 6.8 cm TL) prolonged swimming ability showed similar temperature dependence to that of inanga whitebait but lower relative swimming speeds due to their larger size. The dramatic decline in performance exhibited by juveniles at warmer temperatures was not apparent in adults. Ucrit max for adults was 4.0 BL s-1 at 18.3oC.
The critical swimming speed of trout smolts, subjected to mild hypoxia (6.8 mg

year: 2006

title: Supporting people with intellectual disabilities with sexuality and relationships

authors: Frawley, Patsie

subjects: Social Sciences

abstract: Supporting people with intellectual disabilities to live their lives in the fullest sense includes supporting people to be sexual, have intimate relationships and express their sexuality and sexual identities. It has been four decades since Ann Craft's pioneering work on sexuality rights of people with intellectual disabilities began framing this understanding. She challenged the dominant myths and misconceptions that saw the sexual lives of people with intellectual disabilities overlooked, restricted or pathologised. Craft's work articulated a set of rights that had not been previously named for people with intellectual disabilities that included the right to be seen as an adult, to have relationships, to be safe from abuse, to learn about sexuality and to be able to live a self-determined sexual life that was not shaped by the views attitudes and decisions of others including staff. This ground-breaking work has endured through the Ann Craft Trust which continues to educate, advocate and do research to progress the sexuality rights of people with intellectual disabilities. This special issue is motivated by the need to continue to advocate for these rights to be realities in the lives of people with intellectual disabilities globally.

text: Supporting people with intellectual disabilities with sexuality and relationships Supporting people with intellectual disabilities to live their lives in the fullest sense includes supporting people to be sexual, have intimate relationships and express their sexuality and sexual identities. It has been four decades since Ann Craft's pioneering work on sexuality rights of people with intellectual disabilities began framing this understanding. She challenged the dominant myths and misconceptions that saw the sexual lives of people with intellectual disabilities overlooked, restricted or pathologised. Craft's work articulated a set of rights that had not been previously named for people with intellectual disabilities that included the right to be seen as an adult, to have relationships, to be safe from abuse, to learn about sexuality and to be able to live a self-determined sexual life that was not shaped by the views attitudes and decisions of others including staff. This ground-breaking work has endured through the Ann Craft Trust which continues to educate, advocate and do research to progress the sexuality rights of people with intellectual disabilities. This special issue is motivated by the need to continue to advocate for these rights to be realities in the lives of people with intellectual disabilities globally.

year: 2022-02-24

title: Utilising matauranga Maori to improve the social functioning of tangata whaiora in Maori mental health services

authors: Wirihana, Rebecca

subjects: Maori

abstract: Maori mental health services under the Auckland District Health Board (ADHB) have been utilising Matauranga Maori as a key community based intervention since the closing of the kaupapa Maori inpatient service (Manawaanui) in 2003. Kapa haka has been a central component in the provision of the marae based recovery programmes. The following paper is a review of the development and progress.

text: Utilising matauranga Maori to improve the social functioning of tangata whaiora in Maori mental health services Maori mental health services under the Auckland District Health Board (ADHB) have been utilising Matauranga Maori as a key community based intervention since the closing of the kaupapa Maori inpatient service (Manawaanui) in 2003. Kapa haka has been a central component in the provision of the marae based recovery programmes. The following paper is a review of the development and progress.

year: 2008