title: Nitrogen yields into the Tauranga Harbour based on sub-catchment land use

authors: Morcom, Christopher Paul

subjects: Nitrogen Yield

abstract: Changes in land use and management practices can have significant impacts on freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. In order to preserve the economic, cultural, recreational, and ecological value of these environments, it is important that the effects of land use change on water quality are well understood. This thesis examines the nitrogen yield into the Tauranga Harbour, on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to examine the nitrogen yield from the Wairoa River under the present land use, as well as two hypothetical scenarios consisting of either only indigenous forest or agriculture. The Wairoa River represents more than 50 percent of discharge into the harbour. In addition to the numerical modelling, recorded data from a number of catchments in the area were also analysed to examine the spatial distribution of nitrogen yield into the Tauranga harbour. Analysis of both the simulation output and recorded data shows an increase in nitrogen yield with increased agricultural area. The recorded data also shows a strong relationship between urban and industrial area and nitrogen concentration. Long term trends are difficult to determine using the recorded data due to the high variability in nitrogen yield that is shown in the SWAT model output. Model outputs from different land use scenarios show changes in the temporal cycle of nitrogen yield. Increased agricultural area caused nitrogen yields to increase during winter, and decrease during summer. Increasing the indigenous forest area had the opposite effect, reducing nitrogen yield over winter, and increasing yield over summer.

text: Nitrogen yields into the Tauranga Harbour based on sub-catchment land use Changes in land use and management practices can have significant impacts on freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. In order to preserve the economic, cultural, recreational, and ecological value of these environments, it is important that the effects of land use change on water quality are well understood. This thesis examines the nitrogen yield into the Tauranga Harbour, on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to examine the nitrogen yield from the Wairoa River under the present land use, as well as two hypothetical scenarios consisting of either only indigenous forest or agriculture. The Wairoa River represents more than 50 percent of discharge into the harbour. In addition to the numerical modelling, recorded data from a number of catchments in the area were also analysed to examine the spatial distribution of nitrogen yield into the Tauranga harbour. Analysis of both the simulation output and recorded data shows an increase in nitrogen yield with increased agricultural area. The recorded data also shows a strong relationship between urban and industrial area and nitrogen concentration. Long term trends are difficult to determine using the recorded data due to the high variability in nitrogen yield that is shown in the SWAT model output. Model outputs from different land use scenarios show changes in the temporal cycle of nitrogen yield. Increased agricultural area caused nitrogen yields to increase during winter, and decrease during summer. Increasing the indigenous forest area had the opposite effect, reducing nitrogen yield over winter, and increasing yield over summer.

year: 2013

title: Restraints of change : limits to 'managed retreats' in Aotearoa New Zealand

authors: Hanna, Christina Jane

subjects: managed retreat

abstract: Managed retreat is an important strategy for natural hazard risk reduction and climate change adaptation, but its operationalisation brings many challenges, even when it is compelling. With significant built, cultural and infrastructural assets sited on low lying coastal land, and settlements traversing fault lines, flood plains, volcanic fields, and debris flow fans, remedying unsustainable land use patterns is essential to building societal resilience. To progress managed retreat from rhetoric to reality, however, New Zealand’s governance framework must be fit for purpose.
The decision-making challenge for managed retreat in New Zealand rests predominantly with environmental planning and the mandated promotion of sustainable management of natural and physical resources. The focus of this research is to examine the role of environmental planning in enabling managed retreat in New Zealand, identify and analyse the potential mechanisms available, and consider opportunities to improve practice. Quantitative and qualitative methods are applied to investigate the function and effect of the various instruments able to influence the practice of managed retreat, identify significant barriers and enablers, ascertain public perceptions towards policy, and consider governance constraints and the prospects to build institutional capacity. 
The research finds that the term ‘managed retreat’ incorporates a broad array of regulatory and financial mechanisms, with the potential to reduce exposure to a range of natural hazards and disruptive environmental changes across space and time. Although the current institutional framework has elements that can address future managed retreat of new development, instruments and support for managing legacy land uses are weak. Policy learning is occurring nationwide, but fragmentation and a lack of strong and consistent direction hinders effective management of risk. Important contributions of the research include a detailed interrogation of managed retreat in policy, analysis of the significant constraints hindering its application and acceptance in New Zealand, and the development of new opportunities to pursue managed retreat in a more effective, equitable, responsive, and robust manner. A governance framework provides a foundation to better examine and consider the various types of ‘managed retreats’ which align to the nature of the problem. It also helps shed light on the areas where research, law, and policy is currently lacking, in order to continue to answer the difficult questions of managed retreat by whom, how, when, and who pays?
Overall, this research exposes the complexities inherent in a diverse array of managed retreats, which at present are constrained by a range of socio-political-cultural, economic, and institutional barriers, requiring new arrangements of the law, planning, and funding mechanisms, and potentially, alternative governance modes. Retreat is inevitable in certain local and global environs—how it is delivered will determine the success of its outcomes and ultimately, the resilience of current and future generations. Bridging the gap between managed retreat theory and practice to increase resilience is essential.

text: Restraints of change : limits to 'managed retreats' in Aotearoa New Zealand Managed retreat is an important strategy for natural hazard risk reduction and climate change adaptation, but its operationalisation brings many challenges, even when it is compelling. With significant built, cultural and infrastructural assets sited on low lying coastal land, and settlements traversing fault lines, flood plains, volcanic fields, and debris flow fans, remedying unsustainable land use patterns is essential to building societal resilience. To progress managed retreat from rhetoric to reality, however, New Zealand’s governance framework must be fit for purpose.
The decision-making challenge for managed retreat in New Zealand rests predominantly with environmental planning and the mandated promotion of sustainable management of natural and physical resources. The focus of this research is to examine the role of environmental planning in enabling managed retreat in New Zealand, identify and analyse the potential mechanisms available, and consider opportunities to improve practice. Quantitative and qualitative methods are applied to investigate the function and effect of the various instruments able to influence the practice of managed retreat, identify significant barriers and enablers, ascertain public perceptions towards policy, and consider governance constraints and the prospects to build institutional capacity. 
The research finds that the term ‘managed retreat’ incorporates a broad array of regulatory and financial mechanisms, with the potential to reduce exposure to a range of natural hazards and disruptive environmental changes across space and time. Although the current institutional framework has elements that can address future managed retreat of new development, instruments and support for managing legacy land uses are weak. Policy learning is occurring nationwide, but fragmentation and a lack of strong and consistent direction hinders effective management of risk. Important contributions of the research include a detailed interrogation of managed retreat in policy, analysis of the significant constraints hindering its application and acceptance in New Zealand, and the development of new opportunities to pursue managed retreat in a more effective, equitable, responsive, and robust manner. A governance framework provides a foundation to better examine and consider the various types of ‘managed retreats’ which align to the nature of the problem. It also helps shed light on the areas where research, law, and policy is currently lacking, in order to continue to answer the difficult questions of managed retreat by whom, how, when, and who pays?
Overall, this research exposes the complexities inherent in a diverse array of managed retreats, which at present are constrained by a range of socio-political-cultural, economic, and institutional barriers, requiring new arrangements of the law, planning, and funding mechanisms, and potentially, alternative governance modes. Retreat is inevitable in certain local and global environs—how it is delivered will determine the success of its outcomes and ultimately, the resilience of current and future generations. Bridging the gap between managed retreat theory and practice to increase resilience is essential.

year: 2019

title: Hapū data sovereignty: Tips for getting started

authors: Clark, Vanessa

abstract: This brief is a part of a series, produced for the Tikanga in Technology (TiNT) research programme, that provides a hapū perspective on data sovereignty, data governance, and data privacy. The purpose is to provide practical advice for individuals, whānau, marae and hapū who are embarking on their own hapū data sovereignty kaupapa, with a particular focus on whakapapa data.

text: Hapū data sovereignty: Tips for getting started This brief is a part of a series, produced for the Tikanga in Technology (TiNT) research programme, that provides a hapū perspective on data sovereignty, data governance, and data privacy. The purpose is to provide practical advice for individuals, whānau, marae and hapū who are embarking on their own hapū data sovereignty kaupapa, with a particular focus on whakapapa data.

year: 2025-02-11