title: He pakiriha

authors: Temara, Pou

subjects: Tikanga

abstract: Kua tae ki te wā hai kōrero i ētahi tikanga marae, ētahi tikanga kawa e kawa ana ki tā te mātanga titiro. Tērā ētahi tikanga e whakamahia ana e ngā kaumātua o nāianei e uru atu ana ki te pae o rorirori, ka mutu, e ai ki tā ngā kaumātua nei, ko te mutunga mai o te tika ā rātau i whakatau ai. Nā hei whakarāpopoto i te whakaaro whānui, i ētahi wā kāore ko te mea e tika ana ki ō tātau whakaaro te huarahi pai. Ko tā te tikanga he kimi i te huarahi e tika ana, kia kore ai e whara ngā whakaaro o te tangata. Ko te tikanga ehara i te mea i whakairotia ki te kōhatu, engari e taea ana te neke i ngā pae o te tikanga kia pai ai te whakahaere a te tangata i āna mahi, kia tau ai te rangimārie, kia mau tonu ai te mana o te tangata. E whakapae ana ahau e kūmea ana e ētahi kaumātua ētahi tikanga kia hāngai ki tā rātau i whakaaro ai kai te tika, kai te hē rānei. Mā ētahi tauira e mārama ai te kaipānui ki te kaupapa me te whakaaro o te kaituhi.

text: He pakiriha Kua tae ki te wā hai kōrero i ētahi tikanga marae, ētahi tikanga kawa e kawa ana ki tā te mātanga titiro. Tērā ētahi tikanga e whakamahia ana e ngā kaumātua o nāianei e uru atu ana ki te pae o rorirori, ka mutu, e ai ki tā ngā kaumātua nei, ko te mutunga mai o te tika ā rātau i whakatau ai. Nā hei whakarāpopoto i te whakaaro whānui, i ētahi wā kāore ko te mea e tika ana ki ō tātau whakaaro te huarahi pai. Ko tā te tikanga he kimi i te huarahi e tika ana, kia kore ai e whara ngā whakaaro o te tangata. Ko te tikanga ehara i te mea i whakairotia ki te kōhatu, engari e taea ana te neke i ngā pae o te tikanga kia pai ai te whakahaere a te tangata i āna mahi, kia tau ai te rangimārie, kia mau tonu ai te mana o te tangata. E whakapae ana ahau e kūmea ana e ētahi kaumātua ētahi tikanga kia hāngai ki tā rātau i whakaaro ai kai te tika, kai te hē rānei. Mā ētahi tauira e mārama ai te kaipānui ki te kaupapa me te whakaaro o te kaituhi.

year: 2017

title: Barriers and facilitators to colorectal cancer diagnosis in New Zealand: a qualitative study

authors: Blackmore, Tania Louise

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Background: New Zealand (NZ) has high rates of colorectal cancer but low rates of early diagnosis. Due to a lack of understanding of the pre-diagnostic experience from the patient’s perspective, it is necessary to investigate potential patient and health system factors that contribute to longer diagnostic intervals. Previous qualitative studies have discussed delays using The Model of Pathways to Treatment, but this has not been explored in the NZ context. This study aimed to understand the patient experience and perception of their general practitioner (GP) through the diagnostic process in the Waikato region of NZ. In particular, we sought to investigate potential barriers and facilitators that contribute to longer diagnostic intervals. 
Methods: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the New Zealand Health and Disability Ethics Committee. Twenty-eight participants, diagnosed with colorectal cancer, were interviewed about their experience. Semi-structured interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using The Model of Pathways to Treatment framework (intervals: appraisal, help-seeking, diagnostic). 
Results: Participant appraisal of symptoms was a barrier to prompt diagnosis, particularly if symptoms were normalised, intermittent, or isolated in occurrence. Successful self-management techniques also resulted in delayed help-seeking. However if symptoms worsened, disruption to work and daily routines were important facilitators to seeking a GP consultation. Participants positively appraised GPs if they showed good technical competence and were proactive in investigating symptoms. Negative GP appraisals were associated with a lack of physical examinations and misdiagnosis, and left participants feeling dehumanised during the diagnostic process. However high levels of GP interpersonal competence could override poor technical competence, resulting in an overall positive experience, even if the cancer was diagnosed at an advanced stage. Māori participants often appraised symptoms inclusive of their sociocultural environment and considered the impact of their symptoms in relation to family. 
Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the importance of tailored colorectal cancer symptom communication in health campaigns, and indicate the significance of the interpersonal competence aspect of GP-patient interactions. These findings suggest that interpersonal competence be overtly displayed in all GP interactions to ensure a higher likelihood of a positive experience for the patient.

text: Barriers and facilitators to colorectal cancer diagnosis in New Zealand: a qualitative study Background: New Zealand (NZ) has high rates of colorectal cancer but low rates of early diagnosis. Due to a lack of understanding of the pre-diagnostic experience from the patient’s perspective, it is necessary to investigate potential patient and health system factors that contribute to longer diagnostic intervals. Previous qualitative studies have discussed delays using The Model of Pathways to Treatment, but this has not been explored in the NZ context. This study aimed to understand the patient experience and perception of their general practitioner (GP) through the diagnostic process in the Waikato region of NZ. In particular, we sought to investigate potential barriers and facilitators that contribute to longer diagnostic intervals. 
Methods: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the New Zealand Health and Disability Ethics Committee. Twenty-eight participants, diagnosed with colorectal cancer, were interviewed about their experience. Semi-structured interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using The Model of Pathways to Treatment framework (intervals: appraisal, help-seeking, diagnostic). 
Results: Participant appraisal of symptoms was a barrier to prompt diagnosis, particularly if symptoms were normalised, intermittent, or isolated in occurrence. Successful self-management techniques also resulted in delayed help-seeking. However if symptoms worsened, disruption to work and daily routines were important facilitators to seeking a GP consultation. Participants positively appraised GPs if they showed good technical competence and were proactive in investigating symptoms. Negative GP appraisals were associated with a lack of physical examinations and misdiagnosis, and left participants feeling dehumanised during the diagnostic process. However high levels of GP interpersonal competence could override poor technical competence, resulting in an overall positive experience, even if the cancer was diagnosed at an advanced stage. Māori participants often appraised symptoms inclusive of their sociocultural environment and considered the impact of their symptoms in relation to family. 
Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the importance of tailored colorectal cancer symptom communication in health campaigns, and indicate the significance of the interpersonal competence aspect of GP-patient interactions. These findings suggest that interpersonal competence be overtly displayed in all GP interactions to ensure a higher likelihood of a positive experience for the patient.

year: 2020-10-01

title: Interactions between freshwater mussels and non-native species

authors: Moore, Thomas Peter

subjects: conservation

abstract: Biological invasions contribute to ecosystem change globally, with a disproportionate and intensified impact in freshwaters. This process is exacerbated in modified systems such as hydrogeneration reservoirs that promote favourable conditions for non-native species proliferation. One of the major threats from non-native species is the introduction of novel interactions that may be particularly impactful on species in affiliate (dependent) relationships and that have narrow habitat requirements during early life-stages. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) are sessile benthic organisms in affiliate relationships with host fish on which they complete their ectoparasitic life-stage. Attached larvae (glochidia) transform on suitable fish hosts before dropping off as juveniles on surficial sediments. Significant disruption to such interactions may lead to local extinction if affiliate partners are unable to be replaced (i.e., by non-native fish) or the availability of critical life-supporting habitats is reduced (e.g., by non-native macrophytes). Non-native species may play a role in reducing recruitment leading to the adult-skewed mussel population size-structures commonly observed. Accordingly, this thesis contributes knowledge of the interactions between unionid mussels and non-native species in modified freshwater ecosystems, and provides information to assist in species and reservoir management for unionid mussel conservation.

The thesis outputs are presented as chapters that have been published in, submitted to, or prepared for scientific journals. A general introduction (Chapter 1) provides context for a global meta-analysis of non-native species and unionid mussel interactions that highlighted non-native fish and macrophytes as potential threats to New Zealand mussels (Chapter 2). Accordingly, a laboratory experiment on three non-native fish (brown bullhead catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus; rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus; and goldfish, Carassius auratus) found mussel glochidia were not transformed in ecologically viable numbers compared to a known host fish (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) for a New Zealand unionid (Echyridella menziesii; Chapter 3). This finding suggested that shifts towards fish communities dominated by non-native species have potential to disrupt the obligate glochidial life-stage of unionid mussels.

Dense beds of non-native macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum and Egeria densa) were found to produce adverse anoxic and hypoxic conditions potentially fatal to mussels in a field survey of Karāpiro, the most downstream in the Waikato River hydrogeneration reservoir chain (Chapter 4). Here, adverse conditions at the sediment-water interface in littoral zones were mediated by reservoir management of water-level and water-flow, and by macrophyte control via herbicide application in the lower-lacustrine section. A subsequent field survey extended the Chapter 4 results to show that effects of non-native macrophytes at the sediment-water interface depended on macrophyte species and overarching hydrology, whereby adult-skewed mussel population size-structures were present in the lower-lacustrine of Karāpiro but not in the upper-riverine section where recruitment was occurring (Chapter 5).

The final chapter combined previous findings to show how various hypothetical scenarios of fish and macrophyte invasions could operate separately (non-native fish only) or in combination to disrupt E. menziesii recruitment (Chapter 6). This hypothetical analysis highlighted the importance of considering the threats of both non-native fish and macrophytes, which operate primarily on different stages of the unionid life-cycle, in freshwater mussel conservation and management. Due to the long life-span of unionids, recognition of non-native species impacts contributing to adult-skewed mussel population size-structures may provide an opportunity to restore disrupted mechanisms supporting their recruitment before local extinction occurs. Globalisation and energy demand facilitate continued biotic homogenisation and loss of associated ecosystem services. In this context, the role of management in preventing and mitigating the impacts of biological invasions on sensitive species with affiliate relationships will become increasingly important in freshwater ecosystems in the future.

text: Interactions between freshwater mussels and non-native species Biological invasions contribute to ecosystem change globally, with a disproportionate and intensified impact in freshwaters. This process is exacerbated in modified systems such as hydrogeneration reservoirs that promote favourable conditions for non-native species proliferation. One of the major threats from non-native species is the introduction of novel interactions that may be particularly impactful on species in affiliate (dependent) relationships and that have narrow habitat requirements during early life-stages. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) are sessile benthic organisms in affiliate relationships with host fish on which they complete their ectoparasitic life-stage. Attached larvae (glochidia) transform on suitable fish hosts before dropping off as juveniles on surficial sediments. Significant disruption to such interactions may lead to local extinction if affiliate partners are unable to be replaced (i.e., by non-native fish) or the availability of critical life-supporting habitats is reduced (e.g., by non-native macrophytes). Non-native species may play a role in reducing recruitment leading to the adult-skewed mussel population size-structures commonly observed. Accordingly, this thesis contributes knowledge of the interactions between unionid mussels and non-native species in modified freshwater ecosystems, and provides information to assist in species and reservoir management for unionid mussel conservation.

The thesis outputs are presented as chapters that have been published in, submitted to, or prepared for scientific journals. A general introduction (Chapter 1) provides context for a global meta-analysis of non-native species and unionid mussel interactions that highlighted non-native fish and macrophytes as potential threats to New Zealand mussels (Chapter 2). Accordingly, a laboratory experiment on three non-native fish (brown bullhead catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus; rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus; and goldfish, Carassius auratus) found mussel glochidia were not transformed in ecologically viable numbers compared to a known host fish (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) for a New Zealand unionid (Echyridella menziesii; Chapter 3). This finding suggested that shifts towards fish communities dominated by non-native species have potential to disrupt the obligate glochidial life-stage of unionid mussels.

Dense beds of non-native macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum and Egeria densa) were found to produce adverse anoxic and hypoxic conditions potentially fatal to mussels in a field survey of Karāpiro, the most downstream in the Waikato River hydrogeneration reservoir chain (Chapter 4). Here, adverse conditions at the sediment-water interface in littoral zones were mediated by reservoir management of water-level and water-flow, and by macrophyte control via herbicide application in the lower-lacustrine section. A subsequent field survey extended the Chapter 4 results to show that effects of non-native macrophytes at the sediment-water interface depended on macrophyte species and overarching hydrology, whereby adult-skewed mussel population size-structures were present in the lower-lacustrine of Karāpiro but not in the upper-riverine section where recruitment was occurring (Chapter 5).

The final chapter combined previous findings to show how various hypothetical scenarios of fish and macrophyte invasions could operate separately (non-native fish only) or in combination to disrupt E. menziesii recruitment (Chapter 6). This hypothetical analysis highlighted the importance of considering the threats of both non-native fish and macrophytes, which operate primarily on different stages of the unionid life-cycle, in freshwater mussel conservation and management. Due to the long life-span of unionids, recognition of non-native species impacts contributing to adult-skewed mussel population size-structures may provide an opportunity to restore disrupted mechanisms supporting their recruitment before local extinction occurs. Globalisation and energy demand facilitate continued biotic homogenisation and loss of associated ecosystem services. In this context, the role of management in preventing and mitigating the impacts of biological invasions on sensitive species with affiliate relationships will become increasingly important in freshwater ecosystems in the future.

year: 2020