title: The relation between Preference and Price of different different amounts of food with hens

authors: Bicknell, Sinead Candice

subjects: Preference

abstract: In the first condition six hens responded on concurrent schedule with two variable interval 60-s schedules leading to 2 s of access to wheat.  This gave estimates of bias resulting from any uncontrolled differences between the two schedules (i.e., inherent bias). Then the same hens responded on concurrent chain schedules of reinforcement for two different durations of access to food: 2 s and 8 s. The initial links were both variable interval 60-s schedules and the terminal links were equal fixed ratio schedules. Over Conditions 2 to 8, the response requirement in the terminal links was varied over 1 to 128. Response and time ratios in the initial links showed responding and time allocation was greater on the key associated with the 8 s duration reinforcer, showing a preference for that terminal link, even when any inherent bias was removed. These preferences were generally greater the larger the response requirement. Preference followed the 8-s reinforcer when the key associated with that reinforcer was changed in Conditions 9 and 10, and was greater the larger the response requirement in these conditions. Thus increases in response requirement increased preference for the longer duration reinforcer. The terminal-link length increased equally for both food durations with increases in response requirement up to fixed ratio 32 for most hens. With fixed ratios of 64 and 128 there were some unequal length terminal links and these were associated with preference changes, with greater inequality between the terminal link lengths giving greater preference for the shorter terminal link. The study cannot separate out the effects of terminal link length and response requirement on preference, both most likely contributed to the preference changes. In the terminal links there were higher overall response rates and shorter post-entry pauses with the shorter duration of reinforcer (2 s) at the smaller fixed ratio values. These data follow the pattern seen in studies of fixed ratio performance, where less preferred reinforcers have given higher overall response rates and shorter post-reinforcement pauses at smaller fixed ratio values. These data indicate that differences in overall response rate in do not reflect the preference seen in the initial links.

text: The relation between Preference and Price of different different amounts of food with hens In the first condition six hens responded on concurrent schedule with two variable interval 60-s schedules leading to 2 s of access to wheat.  This gave estimates of bias resulting from any uncontrolled differences between the two schedules (i.e., inherent bias). Then the same hens responded on concurrent chain schedules of reinforcement for two different durations of access to food: 2 s and 8 s. The initial links were both variable interval 60-s schedules and the terminal links were equal fixed ratio schedules. Over Conditions 2 to 8, the response requirement in the terminal links was varied over 1 to 128. Response and time ratios in the initial links showed responding and time allocation was greater on the key associated with the 8 s duration reinforcer, showing a preference for that terminal link, even when any inherent bias was removed. These preferences were generally greater the larger the response requirement. Preference followed the 8-s reinforcer when the key associated with that reinforcer was changed in Conditions 9 and 10, and was greater the larger the response requirement in these conditions. Thus increases in response requirement increased preference for the longer duration reinforcer. The terminal-link length increased equally for both food durations with increases in response requirement up to fixed ratio 32 for most hens. With fixed ratios of 64 and 128 there were some unequal length terminal links and these were associated with preference changes, with greater inequality between the terminal link lengths giving greater preference for the shorter terminal link. The study cannot separate out the effects of terminal link length and response requirement on preference, both most likely contributed to the preference changes. In the terminal links there were higher overall response rates and shorter post-entry pauses with the shorter duration of reinforcer (2 s) at the smaller fixed ratio values. These data follow the pattern seen in studies of fixed ratio performance, where less preferred reinforcers have given higher overall response rates and shorter post-reinforcement pauses at smaller fixed ratio values. These data indicate that differences in overall response rate in do not reflect the preference seen in the initial links.

year: 2015

title: Non market valuation in New Zealand: 1974 through 2005

authors: Yao, Richard

subjects: non-market valuation

abstract: Non-market valuation (NMV) is recognized as an essential tool in policy decision making worldwide. In this paper, we investigate the history of NMV, specifically in relation to New Zealand (NZ), by compiling and analyzing all available published studies. Results show a significant increase in the number of studies, specifically those requested by government agencies, following the passage of the NZ Resource Management Act of 1991. Studies were found to be concentrated in three major areas: outdoor recreation, environmental conservation/management, and travel time savings. These three areas covered eight environmental commodities, the value of which totaled NZ$72 billion, or 50% of NZ GDP, with the highest valued commodity being biodiversity services. While our analysis yielded many positive results, we did discover, however, a severe lack of studies in many areas including pest control, water resources and outdoor recreation.

text: Non market valuation in New Zealand: 1974 through 2005 Non-market valuation (NMV) is recognized as an essential tool in policy decision making worldwide. In this paper, we investigate the history of NMV, specifically in relation to New Zealand (NZ), by compiling and analyzing all available published studies. Results show a significant increase in the number of studies, specifically those requested by government agencies, following the passage of the NZ Resource Management Act of 1991. Studies were found to be concentrated in three major areas: outdoor recreation, environmental conservation/management, and travel time savings. These three areas covered eight environmental commodities, the value of which totaled NZ$72 billion, or 50% of NZ GDP, with the highest valued commodity being biodiversity services. While our analysis yielded many positive results, we did discover, however, a severe lack of studies in many areas including pest control, water resources and outdoor recreation.

year: 2007-09

title: Grounding the state of exception in New Zealand: A case study of racial segregation in Pukekohe, Whiteness and the Carceral State

authors: Martin, Jessica

subjects: State of exception

abstract: Indigenous scholars in settler-colonial contexts have highlighted the hyper-imprisonment of Indigenous people, locating it as an extension of the colonial project. Although research on this issue in New Zealand is emerging, there is a notable gap in understanding how the carceral state has developed within this particular context. This study aims to address the following research question: How does the historical context of racial segregation in Pukekohe contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of the carceral state in New Zealand?
To thoroughly examine the hyper-imprisonment of Māori, it is essential to unpack the historical origins of state violence. Despite existing research establishing a link between Māori over-representation in prisons and the enduring effects of colonisation, there is a lack of studies exploring the complex interplay among the carceral state, whiteness, policy, policing, and law, which collectively shape the current landscape of incarceration. This study focuses on the racial segregation in Pukekohe between 1920 and 1960 and utilises reflexive thematic analysis within a case study framework, drawing on the insights offered by Robert Bartholomew's book, No Māori Allowed (2020). The analysis centres on the theoretical concept of the state of exception, shedding light on how power was wielded by the white racial polity. Thus, providing a unique perspective on the carceral state and state-sanctioned violence.
The findings highlight the interconnectedness of various systemic control mechanisms employed by the carceral state. Housing, policing, and whiteness emerge as crucial factors in the control and confinement of Māori in Pukekohe. By emphasising the role of whiteness in suppressing this history, this study underscores the need for critical examination and recognition of white cultural imperialism as a fundamental pillar of the carceral state. Overall, this research offers significant insights into the construction of a targeted population and the enduring consequences of state-sanctioned violence, emphasising the importance of a comprehensive examination of New Zealand's racialised history in discussions on the hyper-imprisonment of Māori.

text: Grounding the state of exception in New Zealand: A case study of racial segregation in Pukekohe, Whiteness and the Carceral State Indigenous scholars in settler-colonial contexts have highlighted the hyper-imprisonment of Indigenous people, locating it as an extension of the colonial project. Although research on this issue in New Zealand is emerging, there is a notable gap in understanding how the carceral state has developed within this particular context. This study aims to address the following research question: How does the historical context of racial segregation in Pukekohe contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of the carceral state in New Zealand?
To thoroughly examine the hyper-imprisonment of Māori, it is essential to unpack the historical origins of state violence. Despite existing research establishing a link between Māori over-representation in prisons and the enduring effects of colonisation, there is a lack of studies exploring the complex interplay among the carceral state, whiteness, policy, policing, and law, which collectively shape the current landscape of incarceration. This study focuses on the racial segregation in Pukekohe between 1920 and 1960 and utilises reflexive thematic analysis within a case study framework, drawing on the insights offered by Robert Bartholomew's book, No Māori Allowed (2020). The analysis centres on the theoretical concept of the state of exception, shedding light on how power was wielded by the white racial polity. Thus, providing a unique perspective on the carceral state and state-sanctioned violence.
The findings highlight the interconnectedness of various systemic control mechanisms employed by the carceral state. Housing, policing, and whiteness emerge as crucial factors in the control and confinement of Māori in Pukekohe. By emphasising the role of whiteness in suppressing this history, this study underscores the need for critical examination and recognition of white cultural imperialism as a fundamental pillar of the carceral state. Overall, this research offers significant insights into the construction of a targeted population and the enduring consequences of state-sanctioned violence, emphasising the importance of a comprehensive examination of New Zealand's racialised history in discussions on the hyper-imprisonment of Māori.

year: 2024