title: Intercultural communication: an advanced resource book

authors: Holmes, Prue

subjects: intercultural communication

abstract: As human society becomes increasingly pluricultural and more complex, we need resources to educate people about intercultural communication and cultural otherness. Holliday, Hyde and Kullman’s new book Intercultural Communication: An Advanced Resource Book responds to this need by providing a rich learning and research resource for all students, not only those learning another language, who will inevitably work and live in pluricultural contexts. The book provides a new and much-needed contribution to the literature in the field by positioning an exploration of intercultural understanding and communication within the disciplines of cultural studies, anthropology and ethnography. As the authors argue, ‘the book is not based upon the principle that cultural differences exist as real and tangible entities, but are inter-subjective and negotiated processes (admittedly affected by power structures)’
(p. xv). The authors work from the tenet that all communication is intercultural.
Therefore, the book is about ‘developing skilled communication strategies and principles in a globalizing world’ (p. xv). Students learn how culture is (re)constructed and (re)negotiated in everyday communication with cultural others through examples and texts that encourage multifaceted interpretations and analyses, thus avoiding the essentialising or stereotyping of people, communication and events.

text: Intercultural communication: an advanced resource book As human society becomes increasingly pluricultural and more complex, we need resources to educate people about intercultural communication and cultural otherness. Holliday, Hyde and Kullman’s new book Intercultural Communication: An Advanced Resource Book responds to this need by providing a rich learning and research resource for all students, not only those learning another language, who will inevitably work and live in pluricultural contexts. The book provides a new and much-needed contribution to the literature in the field by positioning an exploration of intercultural understanding and communication within the disciplines of cultural studies, anthropology and ethnography. As the authors argue, ‘the book is not based upon the principle that cultural differences exist as real and tangible entities, but are inter-subjective and negotiated processes (admittedly affected by power structures)’
(p. xv). The authors work from the tenet that all communication is intercultural.
Therefore, the book is about ‘developing skilled communication strategies and principles in a globalizing world’ (p. xv). Students learn how culture is (re)constructed and (re)negotiated in everyday communication with cultural others through examples and texts that encourage multifaceted interpretations and analyses, thus avoiding the essentialising or stereotyping of people, communication and events.

year: 2009

title: Extraction of Lycopene from Tomato Paste and its Immobilization for Controlled Release

authors: Haroon, Saima

subjects: Lycopene

abstract: Lycopene is one of the 600 carotenoids found in nature and can be easily identified in tomatoes. Several epidemiological studies report that lycopene rich diets have beneficial effects on human health, showing strong correlations between the intake of carotenoids and a reduced risk of cancer, coronary and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and effective method for solvent extraction of lycopene from tomato paste, and to stabilise and encapsulate the lycopene in the form of sodium-alginate beads.

The Soxhlet method was used for the extraction of lycopene from commercially available tomato paste. Several solvents were tested, and ethyl acetate was found to be the best solvent for extraction, resulting in the separation of more lycopene than other solvents. 

Due to the presence of unsaturated bonds in its molecular structure, lycopene is susceptible to oxidation and degrades easily when exposed to light and heat. In the food processing field, microencapsulation techniques have been widely used to protect food ingredients against deterioration, volatile losses, or interaction with other ingredients and factors. 

Lycopene was encapsulated in 4% alginate (4g/100 mL), 1% agar-agar and chitosan. The stability of the resulting beads was tested under conditions to simulate those in the human intestine. The lycopene beads showed good survivability when exposed to the acidic conditions such as those in the gastric environment (pH 2.0–3.0).  The lycopene release rate was best at higher pH levels (pH 6.6) such as in the intestine, which is where nutrient absorption occurs. The release rate of chitosan-coated alginate-lycopene was found to be much faster at body temperature (37°C) than at 24°C. 

The experimental results show that Ca-alginate chitosan coated lycopene beads have a potential application as pH/temperature-controlled drug release carriers in the biomedical field.

text: Extraction of Lycopene from Tomato Paste and its Immobilization for Controlled Release Lycopene is one of the 600 carotenoids found in nature and can be easily identified in tomatoes. Several epidemiological studies report that lycopene rich diets have beneficial effects on human health, showing strong correlations between the intake of carotenoids and a reduced risk of cancer, coronary and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and effective method for solvent extraction of lycopene from tomato paste, and to stabilise and encapsulate the lycopene in the form of sodium-alginate beads.

The Soxhlet method was used for the extraction of lycopene from commercially available tomato paste. Several solvents were tested, and ethyl acetate was found to be the best solvent for extraction, resulting in the separation of more lycopene than other solvents. 

Due to the presence of unsaturated bonds in its molecular structure, lycopene is susceptible to oxidation and degrades easily when exposed to light and heat. In the food processing field, microencapsulation techniques have been widely used to protect food ingredients against deterioration, volatile losses, or interaction with other ingredients and factors. 

Lycopene was encapsulated in 4% alginate (4g/100 mL), 1% agar-agar and chitosan. The stability of the resulting beads was tested under conditions to simulate those in the human intestine. The lycopene beads showed good survivability when exposed to the acidic conditions such as those in the gastric environment (pH 2.0–3.0).  The lycopene release rate was best at higher pH levels (pH 6.6) such as in the intestine, which is where nutrient absorption occurs. The release rate of chitosan-coated alginate-lycopene was found to be much faster at body temperature (37°C) than at 24°C. 

The experimental results show that Ca-alginate chitosan coated lycopene beads have a potential application as pH/temperature-controlled drug release carriers in the biomedical field.

year: 2014

title: Conclusion: Relationships of interdependence—Making the difference together

authors: Berryman, Mere

abstract: This chapter begins by taking a brief look at New Zealand history. It then presents two different Māori whakataukī as metaphors, both to reconnect to the beginning of the book and also to make connections throughout the book as a whole. These metaphors are used to bring the chapters together and to consider how inclusion, a term that is often highly contested and poorly understood (Wearmouth, 2009), might begin to be better understood and applied when working with Māori children and young people with disabilities, or special education needs, or both, and with their families.

text: Conclusion: Relationships of interdependence—Making the difference together This chapter begins by taking a brief look at New Zealand history. It then presents two different Māori whakataukī as metaphors, both to reconnect to the beginning of the book and also to make connections throughout the book as a whole. These metaphors are used to bring the chapters together and to consider how inclusion, a term that is often highly contested and poorly understood (Wearmouth, 2009), might begin to be better understood and applied when working with Māori children and young people with disabilities, or special education needs, or both, and with their families.

year: 2015