title: Instruction systolic arrays for exact parallel linear algebraic computation

authors: Krishnamurthy, V.

abstract: This thesis develops new computational algorithms for parallel/distributed error-free (exact) rational (real and complex) computing and its applications to exact linear algebraic computing. 
The practical realization of these parallel algorithms in VLSI systems using a new concept known as Instruction Systolic Arrays (ISA) is considered.
Thus, the thesis represents the author’s contribution to the theory, design, and implementation of parallel/distributed algorithms for exact rational/linear algebraic computing using ISA processors.
This thesis consists of six chapters with the following contents.

CHAPTER 1
INSTRUCTION SYSTOLIC ARRAYS - A PROGRAMMABLE PARALLEL ARCHITECTURE
Chapter 1 introduces the concept of Instruction Systolic arrays (ISA). The ISA is a new versatile programmable parallel architecture that retains all the advantages of systolic arrays. In the ISA, instructions and boolean selectors are pumped through the processing array. The ISA has tremendous potential for VLSI computing because of its ability to execute different types of programs on the same processing array. We also introduce a variant of the ISA known as the Single Instruction Systolic Array (SISA). In the SISA, single instructions and selectors are pumped through the processing array.

CHAPTER 2
INSTRUCTION SYSTOLIC ARRAYS FOR DISTRIBUTED CHINESE REMAINDERING/ INTERPOLATION ALGORITHMS
We present a parallel/ distributed algorithm for a fundamental problem in Numerical Computing/algebraic computing, namely interpolation and the closely related Chinese remaindering. The ISA implementation of this algorithm is described. A generalization of the interpolation algorithm for multivariable is then presented. The multivariable interpolation algorithm can be realized in a ISA as well as in a pyramid architecture. The Occam simulation of a pyramid for multivariable interpolation is also described. We then present a parallel/ distributed algorithm for rational function interpolation and consider its ISA implementation.

CHAPTER 3
PARALLEL MATRIX COMPUTATION USING ISA
This chapter introduces a parallel algorithm for the generalized inversion (g-inversion) of matrices, which involves parallel matrix addition and multiplication operations. The ISA implementation of this algorithm is described. The solution of a homogeneous system of linear algebraic equations is based on g-inverse computation and we indicate its ISA implementation. The solution of such equations has important practical applications in finding Petri net invariants, chemical equation balancing and dimensional analysis. Two other important g-inversion algorithms - one iterative and the other direct - are also described.

CHAPTER 4
PARALLEL ERROR-FREE RATIONAL ARITHMETIC - ISA IMPLEMENTATION
This chapter introduces a new parallel error-free (exact) rational arithmetic system called Parallel Rational Hensel code arithmetic (Para-Hensel code or PHC). We introduce algorithms for parallel element-wise arithmetic operations, and for encoding and decoding PHC codes. We briefly indicate the ISA implementation of these algorithms. We also consider the application of PHC for exact parallel matrix g-inversion with systolic processors.

CHAPTER 5
PARALLEL COMPLEX RATIONAL AND MATRIX ARITHMETIC USING GAUSSIAN PRIME CODES
In this chapter, we introduce a new parallel exact complex rational arithmetic system based on Gaussian prime codes. Two closely related methods for constructing these codes are described. The first method uses several distinct (multiple) Gaussian primes to construct Gauss-Hensel codes (GHC). The second method uses the powers of one or more Gaussian primes to construct Gauss p-adic codes (GPC). Their practical applications and extension to parallel inversion of complex matrices are described. These systems are amenable for massively parallel realization. 

CHAPTER 6 
ISA - APPLICATIONS TO ARRAY PROCESSING AND REAL-TIME COMPUTING
This chapter considers the suitability of the ISA for vector/ array processing computers. We also consider the relationship of the ISA to wavefront processing and dataflow computing. We then describe a linear variant of the ISA known as the Linear ISA (LISA), which is an area efficient architecture. We then briefly indicate some possible application areas of the ISA: real-time robot control applications and high-speed vision systems.

text: Instruction systolic arrays for exact parallel linear algebraic computation This thesis develops new computational algorithms for parallel/distributed error-free (exact) rational (real and complex) computing and its applications to exact linear algebraic computing. 
The practical realization of these parallel algorithms in VLSI systems using a new concept known as Instruction Systolic Arrays (ISA) is considered.
Thus, the thesis represents the author’s contribution to the theory, design, and implementation of parallel/distributed algorithms for exact rational/linear algebraic computing using ISA processors.
This thesis consists of six chapters with the following contents.

CHAPTER 1
INSTRUCTION SYSTOLIC ARRAYS - A PROGRAMMABLE PARALLEL ARCHITECTURE
Chapter 1 introduces the concept of Instruction Systolic arrays (ISA). The ISA is a new versatile programmable parallel architecture that retains all the advantages of systolic arrays. In the ISA, instructions and boolean selectors are pumped through the processing array. The ISA has tremendous potential for VLSI computing because of its ability to execute different types of programs on the same processing array. We also introduce a variant of the ISA known as the Single Instruction Systolic Array (SISA). In the SISA, single instructions and selectors are pumped through the processing array.

CHAPTER 2
INSTRUCTION SYSTOLIC ARRAYS FOR DISTRIBUTED CHINESE REMAINDERING/ INTERPOLATION ALGORITHMS
We present a parallel/ distributed algorithm for a fundamental problem in Numerical Computing/algebraic computing, namely interpolation and the closely related Chinese remaindering. The ISA implementation of this algorithm is described. A generalization of the interpolation algorithm for multivariable is then presented. The multivariable interpolation algorithm can be realized in a ISA as well as in a pyramid architecture. The Occam simulation of a pyramid for multivariable interpolation is also described. We then present a parallel/ distributed algorithm for rational function interpolation and consider its ISA implementation.

CHAPTER 3
PARALLEL MATRIX COMPUTATION USING ISA
This chapter introduces a parallel algorithm for the generalized inversion (g-inversion) of matrices, which involves parallel matrix addition and multiplication operations. The ISA implementation of this algorithm is described. The solution of a homogeneous system of linear algebraic equations is based on g-inverse computation and we indicate its ISA implementation. The solution of such equations has important practical applications in finding Petri net invariants, chemical equation balancing and dimensional analysis. Two other important g-inversion algorithms - one iterative and the other direct - are also described.

CHAPTER 4
PARALLEL ERROR-FREE RATIONAL ARITHMETIC - ISA IMPLEMENTATION
This chapter introduces a new parallel error-free (exact) rational arithmetic system called Parallel Rational Hensel code arithmetic (Para-Hensel code or PHC). We introduce algorithms for parallel element-wise arithmetic operations, and for encoding and decoding PHC codes. We briefly indicate the ISA implementation of these algorithms. We also consider the application of PHC for exact parallel matrix g-inversion with systolic processors.

CHAPTER 5
PARALLEL COMPLEX RATIONAL AND MATRIX ARITHMETIC USING GAUSSIAN PRIME CODES
In this chapter, we introduce a new parallel exact complex rational arithmetic system based on Gaussian prime codes. Two closely related methods for constructing these codes are described. The first method uses several distinct (multiple) Gaussian primes to construct Gauss-Hensel codes (GHC). The second method uses the powers of one or more Gaussian primes to construct Gauss p-adic codes (GPC). Their practical applications and extension to parallel inversion of complex matrices are described. These systems are amenable for massively parallel realization. 

CHAPTER 6 
ISA - APPLICATIONS TO ARRAY PROCESSING AND REAL-TIME COMPUTING
This chapter considers the suitability of the ISA for vector/ array processing computers. We also consider the relationship of the ISA to wavefront processing and dataflow computing. We then describe a linear variant of the ISA known as the Linear ISA (LISA), which is an area efficient architecture. We then briefly indicate some possible application areas of the ISA: real-time robot control applications and high-speed vision systems.

year: 1988

title: An investigation into the socially constructed and embodied experiences of senior tourists with disabilities and their travel companions in Bali

authors: Indrawati, Yayu

subjects: Embodied experience

abstract: This thesis explores the embodied nature of the tourism experience, particularly among senior tourists with travel companions holidaying in Bali. The originality of this research is that the approach draws on a range of data to understand what shapes this context, relationships, and individuals’ understandings, of how to create an inclusive environment for senior tourists with disabilities. The research also values the subjective, inter-subjective nature of senior tourists’ experiences, with complexities in the personal, relationship, and emotional fields. 
Drawing upon qualitative inquiry, this research sought to understand and explore the experiences of senior tourists with disabilities, to see the world from their points of view. An inductive approach was used, beginning with experiences from senior tourists with disabilities. The data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews with seven senior tourists, who identified six travel companions. This was then followed with data collected from tourism providers to analyse tourism providers’ understandings, familiarity, and espoused values. In order to capture the organisations’ understandings, ten individuals from tourism organisations in Bali were also interviewed. Additionally, secondary data analysis was conducted on six tourism organisations’ websites using “Identification organisational communication theory” to highlight their espoused values, rhetoric, and assumptions regarding accessible tourism. The interview data from the senior tourists, their travel companions, and tourism providers, were then analysed using thematic analysis, and the secondary organisational data were analysed using Cheney’s “Identification theory” for analysing the espoused communication and organisational identification. 
The results unfolded three emergent findings: “experiencing tourism as seniors,” “relationality,” and “insights from tourism providers.” The experiences of senior tourists with disabilities holidaying in Bali highlight their relationship dynamics in terms of their embodied emotions, and social interactions. The senior tourists reflected on the various ways they experienced tourism: corporeal, sensuous, and emotional. The experience involved the object and inter-subjective aspects of Bali as a holiday environment. These findings contribute to the development of tourism knowledge in the area of senior tourist experiences, family and care travel, and accessible tourism. The thesis concludes with reflections on respecting and recognising individual differences to establish an inclusive atmosphere. It also provides recommendations for Balinese local government and tourism providers on what to continue and what to alter, to create an inclusive context for senior tourists with a disability.

text: An investigation into the socially constructed and embodied experiences of senior tourists with disabilities and their travel companions in Bali This thesis explores the embodied nature of the tourism experience, particularly among senior tourists with travel companions holidaying in Bali. The originality of this research is that the approach draws on a range of data to understand what shapes this context, relationships, and individuals’ understandings, of how to create an inclusive environment for senior tourists with disabilities. The research also values the subjective, inter-subjective nature of senior tourists’ experiences, with complexities in the personal, relationship, and emotional fields. 
Drawing upon qualitative inquiry, this research sought to understand and explore the experiences of senior tourists with disabilities, to see the world from their points of view. An inductive approach was used, beginning with experiences from senior tourists with disabilities. The data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews with seven senior tourists, who identified six travel companions. This was then followed with data collected from tourism providers to analyse tourism providers’ understandings, familiarity, and espoused values. In order to capture the organisations’ understandings, ten individuals from tourism organisations in Bali were also interviewed. Additionally, secondary data analysis was conducted on six tourism organisations’ websites using “Identification organisational communication theory” to highlight their espoused values, rhetoric, and assumptions regarding accessible tourism. The interview data from the senior tourists, their travel companions, and tourism providers, were then analysed using thematic analysis, and the secondary organisational data were analysed using Cheney’s “Identification theory” for analysing the espoused communication and organisational identification. 
The results unfolded three emergent findings: “experiencing tourism as seniors,” “relationality,” and “insights from tourism providers.” The experiences of senior tourists with disabilities holidaying in Bali highlight their relationship dynamics in terms of their embodied emotions, and social interactions. The senior tourists reflected on the various ways they experienced tourism: corporeal, sensuous, and emotional. The experience involved the object and inter-subjective aspects of Bali as a holiday environment. These findings contribute to the development of tourism knowledge in the area of senior tourist experiences, family and care travel, and accessible tourism. The thesis concludes with reflections on respecting and recognising individual differences to establish an inclusive atmosphere. It also provides recommendations for Balinese local government and tourism providers on what to continue and what to alter, to create an inclusive context for senior tourists with a disability.

year: 2021

title: Te mātauranga whakatere waka

authors: Tuaupiki, Jackie Whetumarama

abstract: Hei tēnei tuhinga e whai ake nei, ka tirohia te hangarau waka a ngā tūpuna o Te Moana nui a Kiwa i whakawhiti ai rātou ki ō rātou moutere tae atu ki te mātauranga whakatere waka me te arotahi o te titiro ki te whakatinanatanga o aua mātauranga. Ka tāmutu i konā, ka pūhia te titiro i runga i ngā huarere o Poronīhia e kite ai tātou i ngā āhuatanga o Tāwhirimātea i ōna moutere me ngā wero ki te whakatere waka i ērā huarere.

text: Te mātauranga whakatere waka Hei tēnei tuhinga e whai ake nei, ka tirohia te hangarau waka a ngā tūpuna o Te Moana nui a Kiwa i whakawhiti ai rātou ki ō rātou moutere tae atu ki te mātauranga whakatere waka me te arotahi o te titiro ki te whakatinanatanga o aua mātauranga. Ka tāmutu i konā, ka pūhia te titiro i runga i ngā huarere o Poronīhia e kite ai tātou i ngā āhuatanga o Tāwhirimātea i ōna moutere me ngā wero ki te whakatere waka i ērā huarere.

year: 2017