title: The Longwood Igneous Complex, Southland, New Zealand: A Permo-Jurassic, intra-oceanic, subduction-related, I-type batholithic complex

authors: Price, Richard C.

subjects: gabbro

abstract: The Longwood Igneous Complex (LIC) is located in Southland, New Zealand on the eastern side of the Carboniferous to Cretaceous, I-type, Median Batholith. Intrusives of the Complex range in age from Permian to Jurassic and show trace element characteristics typical of subduction-related magmas. Gabbro, gabbroic diorite and basaltic dyke rocks show trace and minor element patterns and isotopic compositions indicating that they represent magmas generated in an intra-oceanic subduction system. Radiometric ages decrease across the LIC from 254 Ma in the east to 142 Ma in the west and mineral chemistry and mineral phase relationships indicate emplacement at depths between 15 and 25 km. Thus the petrology and geochemistry of the LIC provides the basis for evaluating the composition of lower–middle crust assembled above a long lived intra-oceanic subduction system and we estimate this to be andesitic and similar to bulk continental crust.
Rocks of the LIC range in composition from troctolite and gabbro through diorite to trondhjemite and granite. All of the ultramafic rocks and most of the gabbros have petrographic and geochemical features consistent with a cumulate origin and mineral chemistry shows similarities with arc cumulate sequences from elsewhere. Few of the plutonic rocks making up the LIC have direct analogues among modern intra-oceanic volcanic rocks. The latter are the end products and the former the leftovers from magmatic processes that included fractional crystallisation, crustal assimilation and magma mixing and mingling. Longwood intrusions do not represent magma chambers. They formed as crystal cumulates and mushes left over from the processes that generated magmas erupted at the contemporary volcanic arc.
A correlation between decreasing age of emplacement and Sr and Nd isotopic compositions and inheritance in zircons dated by ion probe are indications of crustal recycling. The generation of felsic rocks in the Longwood intra-oceanic arc involved crustal anatexis and, over the 100 million year history of the arc, the crust evolved towards a composition similar to bulk continental crust and average andesite.
Dioritic rocks of the LIC contain abundant mafic enclaves, which are argued to represent fragments of mafic magma, derived by fractional crystallisation from basalt, which was intruded into a hot but solid or near solid diorite. Heating and remobilisation of the dioritic host disrupted and disaggregated the intruding mafic magma to form enclaves and zones of intrusion breccia that show every variation from liquid–liquid to liquid–solid mingling and mixing. They were then further modified chemically and mineralogically by diffusion of H₂O, Na, P, Ba, REE, and, to a lesser extent, Rb.
Mafic dykes occur throughout the Complex and a number of these are composite with compositions ranging from dolerite through andesite to dacite. The components of composite dykes do not define unequivocal linear mixing trends and hybridisation processes that took place within them have only localised significance; mingling and hybridisation in the composite dykes do not appear to have controlled geochemical variation among the major intrusive units of the Complex.

text: The Longwood Igneous Complex, Southland, New Zealand: A Permo-Jurassic, intra-oceanic, subduction-related, I-type batholithic complex The Longwood Igneous Complex (LIC) is located in Southland, New Zealand on the eastern side of the Carboniferous to Cretaceous, I-type, Median Batholith. Intrusives of the Complex range in age from Permian to Jurassic and show trace element characteristics typical of subduction-related magmas. Gabbro, gabbroic diorite and basaltic dyke rocks show trace and minor element patterns and isotopic compositions indicating that they represent magmas generated in an intra-oceanic subduction system. Radiometric ages decrease across the LIC from 254 Ma in the east to 142 Ma in the west and mineral chemistry and mineral phase relationships indicate emplacement at depths between 15 and 25 km. Thus the petrology and geochemistry of the LIC provides the basis for evaluating the composition of lower–middle crust assembled above a long lived intra-oceanic subduction system and we estimate this to be andesitic and similar to bulk continental crust.
Rocks of the LIC range in composition from troctolite and gabbro through diorite to trondhjemite and granite. All of the ultramafic rocks and most of the gabbros have petrographic and geochemical features consistent with a cumulate origin and mineral chemistry shows similarities with arc cumulate sequences from elsewhere. Few of the plutonic rocks making up the LIC have direct analogues among modern intra-oceanic volcanic rocks. The latter are the end products and the former the leftovers from magmatic processes that included fractional crystallisation, crustal assimilation and magma mixing and mingling. Longwood intrusions do not represent magma chambers. They formed as crystal cumulates and mushes left over from the processes that generated magmas erupted at the contemporary volcanic arc.
A correlation between decreasing age of emplacement and Sr and Nd isotopic compositions and inheritance in zircons dated by ion probe are indications of crustal recycling. The generation of felsic rocks in the Longwood intra-oceanic arc involved crustal anatexis and, over the 100 million year history of the arc, the crust evolved towards a composition similar to bulk continental crust and average andesite.
Dioritic rocks of the LIC contain abundant mafic enclaves, which are argued to represent fragments of mafic magma, derived by fractional crystallisation from basalt, which was intruded into a hot but solid or near solid diorite. Heating and remobilisation of the dioritic host disrupted and disaggregated the intruding mafic magma to form enclaves and zones of intrusion breccia that show every variation from liquid–liquid to liquid–solid mingling and mixing. They were then further modified chemically and mineralogically by diffusion of H₂O, Na, P, Ba, REE, and, to a lesser extent, Rb.
Mafic dykes occur throughout the Complex and a number of these are composite with compositions ranging from dolerite through andesite to dacite. The components of composite dykes do not define unequivocal linear mixing trends and hybridisation processes that took place within them have only localised significance; mingling and hybridisation in the composite dykes do not appear to have controlled geochemical variation among the major intrusive units of the Complex.

year: 2011

title: Employee empowerment in luxury hotels in East Malaysia

authors: Andi Kele, Andi Tamsang

subjects: Employee empowerment

abstract: Employee empowerment is a western-centric management philosophy which is commonly perceived as an effective means to boost service quality and operational productivity in the context of the hotel industry. However, the most effective methods for empowering hotel employees in different cultures and contexts are still debatable. This study explores empowerment within the insufficiently researched setting of East Malaysia. Specifically, this study examines the concept of empowerment from the perspective of hotel employees. This study also assesses empowerment practices and the perceived risks of empowerment and their relation to employee empowerment.
From a pragmatist worldview, an exploratory sequential mixed-methods approach was employed by performing an exploratory qualitative data collection and, subsequently, a quantitative study that surveyed hotel employees in East Malaysia. 
For the qualitative study phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty hotel employees from different hierarchical positions and departments from various four and five star-rated hotels. The objective was to explore the notion of empowerment specific to the East Malaysia context and then to explore the empowerment practices and the perceived risk of empowerment. The qualitative findings reveal that employees perceived relevant information, formal power, and the empowering leader’s role as significant dimensions of empowerment practices. The qualitative findings also uncover the elements of the perceived risk of empowerment (perceived financial, time, and social risk) to enrich the employee empowerment framework. 
After integrating the findings from the qualitative study phase, the research framework, and hypotheses, a survey instrument was designed to assess the notion of empowerment and the relationship between empowerment practices, the perceived risk of empowerment and employee empowerment. A questionnaire was distributed to hotel employees of luxury hotels in East Malaysia, and the data (250 responses) analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and SmartPLS for Partial Least Square-Structured Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The results show that many (42.4%) of the participants view empowerment as involving power and control and extra responsibilities, while 21.2% of the participants see empowerment as a delegation of authority that enables them to make decisions. Two other definitions of empowerment, as a career motivation tool and a managerial term to add workload, recorded 10.8% and 13.2% respectively, while 12.4% of participants were not sure of the meaning of the term. Employees’ view of empowerment varies based on their position in the organisation. Almost half of the entry-level employees view empowerment as power and control.  Those at the supervisor level tend to perceive empowerment as a career development tool while higher managerial levels view empowerment as a delegation of authority. 
The findings of this study expand the Western notion of employee empowerment by taking into account the East-Malaysia high-power distance culture which influences hotel employees’ perception of empowerment. This study also explores the perceived risk of empowerment concept by suggesting that financial, time and social risks mediate the relationship between empowerment practices and employee empowerment. 
Theoretically, this study has designed and tested the concept of the perceived risk of empowerment which distinguishes this research from existing knowledge. This study has developed an empowerment framework specifically for hotels in East Malaysia which could also be of value to hotels and human resource managers when assessing the value of empowerment strategies across various cultural environments similar to that of East Malaysia. 
The limitations of this study and potential future research opportunities are discussed.

text: Employee empowerment in luxury hotels in East Malaysia Employee empowerment is a western-centric management philosophy which is commonly perceived as an effective means to boost service quality and operational productivity in the context of the hotel industry. However, the most effective methods for empowering hotel employees in different cultures and contexts are still debatable. This study explores empowerment within the insufficiently researched setting of East Malaysia. Specifically, this study examines the concept of empowerment from the perspective of hotel employees. This study also assesses empowerment practices and the perceived risks of empowerment and their relation to employee empowerment.
From a pragmatist worldview, an exploratory sequential mixed-methods approach was employed by performing an exploratory qualitative data collection and, subsequently, a quantitative study that surveyed hotel employees in East Malaysia. 
For the qualitative study phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty hotel employees from different hierarchical positions and departments from various four and five star-rated hotels. The objective was to explore the notion of empowerment specific to the East Malaysia context and then to explore the empowerment practices and the perceived risk of empowerment. The qualitative findings reveal that employees perceived relevant information, formal power, and the empowering leader’s role as significant dimensions of empowerment practices. The qualitative findings also uncover the elements of the perceived risk of empowerment (perceived financial, time, and social risk) to enrich the employee empowerment framework. 
After integrating the findings from the qualitative study phase, the research framework, and hypotheses, a survey instrument was designed to assess the notion of empowerment and the relationship between empowerment practices, the perceived risk of empowerment and employee empowerment. A questionnaire was distributed to hotel employees of luxury hotels in East Malaysia, and the data (250 responses) analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and SmartPLS for Partial Least Square-Structured Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The results show that many (42.4%) of the participants view empowerment as involving power and control and extra responsibilities, while 21.2% of the participants see empowerment as a delegation of authority that enables them to make decisions. Two other definitions of empowerment, as a career motivation tool and a managerial term to add workload, recorded 10.8% and 13.2% respectively, while 12.4% of participants were not sure of the meaning of the term. Employees’ view of empowerment varies based on their position in the organisation. Almost half of the entry-level employees view empowerment as power and control.  Those at the supervisor level tend to perceive empowerment as a career development tool while higher managerial levels view empowerment as a delegation of authority. 
The findings of this study expand the Western notion of employee empowerment by taking into account the East-Malaysia high-power distance culture which influences hotel employees’ perception of empowerment. This study also explores the perceived risk of empowerment concept by suggesting that financial, time and social risks mediate the relationship between empowerment practices and employee empowerment. 
Theoretically, this study has designed and tested the concept of the perceived risk of empowerment which distinguishes this research from existing knowledge. This study has developed an empowerment framework specifically for hotels in East Malaysia which could also be of value to hotels and human resource managers when assessing the value of empowerment strategies across various cultural environments similar to that of East Malaysia. 
The limitations of this study and potential future research opportunities are discussed.

year: 2020

title: “This is not a riot, it is a protest”: A discourse analysis of prison violence in New Zealand news media

authors: Membery, Liam

subjects: Prison Violence

abstract: This thesis examines the discourses of prison violence in the New Zealand news media. Prison violence is a pressing social issue that harms those involved and has permeating consequences for the institution. Prison riots, specifically, involve serious instances of disorder and violence that incur physical, psychological, social and economic harm. Despite prisons being private institutions, prison riots are public events that amass large social responses through news media coverage. The public often use news media to co-construct their perceptions of social phenomena, and policymakers use both public opinion and the news media to guide their decisions when shaping policy. Subsequently, the ways in which the news media discursively construct prison riots will have direct consequences for public attitudes and policy relating to prison violence, a phenomenon that exists outside of the public eye. However, there is currently no research that has examined discourses of prison violence and, further, what the consequences of these discourses may be. Therefore, using a Foucauldian approach to discourse analysis, this study examined the discourses in the news media representations of the large-scale prison violence at the Spring Hill Corrections Facility (2013) and Waikeria Prison (2020-2021). The results uncovered three discourses: the riot discourse, the gang discourse, and the protest discourse. The riot discourse was identified as dominant and constructed prison violence as an individualised issue perpetrated by inherently violent prisoners. The gang discourse worked in conjunction with the riot discourse, constructing prison violence as an individualised issue perpetrated by gang members. The protest discourse was identified as a counter-discourse and constructed the unrest at both facilities as protests against living conditions and inhumane treatment. Each discourse has consequences for public attitudes and in turn, penal policy and practice.

text: “This is not a riot, it is a protest”: A discourse analysis of prison violence in New Zealand news media This thesis examines the discourses of prison violence in the New Zealand news media. Prison violence is a pressing social issue that harms those involved and has permeating consequences for the institution. Prison riots, specifically, involve serious instances of disorder and violence that incur physical, psychological, social and economic harm. Despite prisons being private institutions, prison riots are public events that amass large social responses through news media coverage. The public often use news media to co-construct their perceptions of social phenomena, and policymakers use both public opinion and the news media to guide their decisions when shaping policy. Subsequently, the ways in which the news media discursively construct prison riots will have direct consequences for public attitudes and policy relating to prison violence, a phenomenon that exists outside of the public eye. However, there is currently no research that has examined discourses of prison violence and, further, what the consequences of these discourses may be. Therefore, using a Foucauldian approach to discourse analysis, this study examined the discourses in the news media representations of the large-scale prison violence at the Spring Hill Corrections Facility (2013) and Waikeria Prison (2020-2021). The results uncovered three discourses: the riot discourse, the gang discourse, and the protest discourse. The riot discourse was identified as dominant and constructed prison violence as an individualised issue perpetrated by inherently violent prisoners. The gang discourse worked in conjunction with the riot discourse, constructing prison violence as an individualised issue perpetrated by gang members. The protest discourse was identified as a counter-discourse and constructed the unrest at both facilities as protests against living conditions and inhumane treatment. Each discourse has consequences for public attitudes and in turn, penal policy and practice.

year: 2022