title: An analysis of cooking queries: Implications for supporting leisure cooking

authors: Cunningham, Sally Jo

subjects: computer science

abstract: Cooking is a common and an information-intensive activity. We analyze a set of 678 cooking-related queries to identify the attributes that cooks provide in their queries to the Google AnswersTM ‘ask an expert’ online reference system. The results suggest directions to take in developing an effective organization and improved functionality for a cooking-focused digital library.

text: An analysis of cooking queries: Implications for supporting leisure cooking Cooking is a common and an information-intensive activity. We analyze a set of 678 cooking-related queries to identify the attributes that cooks provide in their queries to the Google AnswersTM ‘ask an expert’ online reference system. The results suggest directions to take in developing an effective organization and improved functionality for a cooking-focused digital library.

year: 2013

title: Sintering behaviour and microstructures of Ti(Al,O)/Al₂O₃, Ti₃Al(O)/Al₂O₃ and TiAl(O)/Al₂O₃ in situ composites

authors: Cai, Z.H.

subjects: titanium

abstract: The sintering behaviour and microstructures of Ti(Al,O)/Al₂O₃, Ti₃Al(O)/Al₂O₃ and TiAl(O)/Al₂O₃ in situ composites produced using Al/TiO₂ composite powders have been studied. Ti(Al,O), Ti₃Al(O) and TiAl(O) represent α-Ti phase with dissolved Al and O, and Ti3Al and TiAl phases with dissolved O, respectively. The Al/TiO₂ composite powders were produced by high energy mechanical milling using Al and TiO₂ powders as the starting materials. It was found that the matrices of the composites became fully dense after sintering at 1550 °C, and the Al₂O₃ particles became fully sintered when the sintering temperature was increased to 1650 °C. The reactions between Al and TiO₂ which occur during heating the powder compacts to 1400 °C have little effect on the sintering of the composite powders. The Al₂O₃  particles in the composites become significantly coarsened during sintering at 1550 °C or above, and the coarsening rate of the Al₂O₃  particles increases in the order of Ti(Al,O)/Al₂O₃, Ti₃Al(O)/Al₂O₃ and TiAl/Al₂O₃ composites. This can be attributed to the decrease of the solidus temperature or melting points of the corresponding matrices. It is evident that in the initial stage of sintering, coarsening of the Al2O₃ particles occurs through coalescence. Hipping of the pre-sintered composites at 1300 °C with a pressure of 200 MPa without canning causes significant increase of the density and substantial further coarsening of the Al₂O₃ particles.

text: Sintering behaviour and microstructures of Ti(Al,O)/Al₂O₃, Ti₃Al(O)/Al₂O₃ and TiAl(O)/Al₂O₃ in situ composites The sintering behaviour and microstructures of Ti(Al,O)/Al₂O₃, Ti₃Al(O)/Al₂O₃ and TiAl(O)/Al₂O₃ in situ composites produced using Al/TiO₂ composite powders have been studied. Ti(Al,O), Ti₃Al(O) and TiAl(O) represent α-Ti phase with dissolved Al and O, and Ti3Al and TiAl phases with dissolved O, respectively. The Al/TiO₂ composite powders were produced by high energy mechanical milling using Al and TiO₂ powders as the starting materials. It was found that the matrices of the composites became fully dense after sintering at 1550 °C, and the Al₂O₃ particles became fully sintered when the sintering temperature was increased to 1650 °C. The reactions between Al and TiO₂ which occur during heating the powder compacts to 1400 °C have little effect on the sintering of the composite powders. The Al₂O₃  particles in the composites become significantly coarsened during sintering at 1550 °C or above, and the coarsening rate of the Al₂O₃  particles increases in the order of Ti(Al,O)/Al₂O₃, Ti₃Al(O)/Al₂O₃ and TiAl/Al₂O₃ composites. This can be attributed to the decrease of the solidus temperature or melting points of the corresponding matrices. It is evident that in the initial stage of sintering, coarsening of the Al2O₃ particles occurs through coalescence. Hipping of the pre-sintered composites at 1300 °C with a pressure of 200 MPa without canning causes significant increase of the density and substantial further coarsening of the Al₂O₃ particles.

year: 2006

title: Treaty People Recognising and Marking Pākehā Culture in Aotearoa New Zealand

authors: Black, Rosanne Marjory

subjects: Pakeha culture

abstract: The suggestion that all people are cultural and live in cultural worlds acts to challenge members of culturally dominant groups as they tend to see their way of life as normal rather than cultural. Dominant group members usually talk about themselves in relation to their national identity (New Zealander, Australian, or American) rather than name being part of a cultural group within their nation state. This study, located in Aotearoa New Zealand, explores with a particular group of New Zealanders, how Pākehā who are members of the dominant group, may come to recognise themselves as being cultural, to name themselves culturally, and to mark aspects of their culture. The contribution that recognising culture makes to a decolonisation agenda is also explored. This study of Pākehā culture is approached from both a realist and a social constructionist perspective. Culture, an abstract concept, is largely theorised as a constructed notion in a historically structured location. How culture is recognised, and the ways it is produced and enacted, through relationships and interactions in the broader structures of New Zealand society were explored using realist thematic methods of analysis. Treaty people are a network of mostly Pākehā activist educators who have engaged in promoting knowledge of and support for Māori claims for justice under Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the Treaty of Waitangi was the document signed by Settlers and Māori leaders in 1840 to establish settlement arrangements). Treaty people are practised in talking about cultural issues largely through their engagement with Māori - Pākehā relationships. The research focused on the situations and processes that stimulated a group of thirty four ‘Treaty people’ to start thinking about themselves as cultural; about what it meant to have a cultural identity; and what they recognised as markers of their culture. I have been a member of this Treaty People network for many years and carry the dual positioning of being the researcher, and a participant, both as a member of the group and as a Pākehā. Data was collected over an eighteen month period from two focus groups in 2003 and 2005. These sessions were video and audio-recorded and later transcribed. I meet with available participants in their own locations early in 2005 and audio-recorded the conversations. The transcriptions and notes form the data for this study. My findings from this study include: • Culture was often first recognised through encounters with different cultural groups and usually when a person is in a situation where they are in a minority. Although, dominant group members do not always see their own daily practices and values as cultural they often name as cultural the practices and values of people different from them. • Recognising and naming ourselves as cultural and marking our culture were difficult tasks that go against the grain of dominance. • Pākehā culture was recognised in a number of ways. Treaty people recognised that there were other forms of knowing about the world and that dominant group members valued being ‘right’ and in control of knowledge. Coming to recognise themselves as cultural unsettled a sense of certainty about their position in the world, and opened up possibilities for new ways to engage in intercultural relationships where participation rather than being in control was valued. • Accepting the name Pākehā implied having a position of responsibility to tangata whenua and to the land. In turn those who have accepted being Pākehā receive a sense of belonging to Aotearoa and a place to stand in justice alongside Māori and other people who are culturally different from them. • While this thesis does not make explicit links between ‘being cultural’ and a decolonisation agenda the Treaty People participants named strategies to support decolonisation and challenge Pākehā dominance which include: recognising practices and values that are perpetuated through colonisation, in particular egalitarianism, assimilation and superiority; recognising Māori as tangata whenua (first people of the land) and Te Tiriti o Waitangi relationships; taking up the challenge to seek justice through striving to deal with past wrongs and to engage in equitable relationships with Māori. This thesis contributes to the psychology and social science literature as it serves to address the question “We don’t have a culture … do we?” I posit that all psychologists do have a culture and provide some rich descriptions, for those who are Pākehā, of how their culture may be recognised, how it might be described and talked about. This is a core cultural competency requirement for psychologists. My thesis also contribute to a growing body of literature from members of dominant groups, who are developing a discourse to explore and make visible their cultural or raced (whiteness) positions of power and privilege.

text: Treaty People Recognising and Marking Pākehā Culture in Aotearoa New Zealand The suggestion that all people are cultural and live in cultural worlds acts to challenge members of culturally dominant groups as they tend to see their way of life as normal rather than cultural. Dominant group members usually talk about themselves in relation to their national identity (New Zealander, Australian, or American) rather than name being part of a cultural group within their nation state. This study, located in Aotearoa New Zealand, explores with a particular group of New Zealanders, how Pākehā who are members of the dominant group, may come to recognise themselves as being cultural, to name themselves culturally, and to mark aspects of their culture. The contribution that recognising culture makes to a decolonisation agenda is also explored. This study of Pākehā culture is approached from both a realist and a social constructionist perspective. Culture, an abstract concept, is largely theorised as a constructed notion in a historically structured location. How culture is recognised, and the ways it is produced and enacted, through relationships and interactions in the broader structures of New Zealand society were explored using realist thematic methods of analysis. Treaty people are a network of mostly Pākehā activist educators who have engaged in promoting knowledge of and support for Māori claims for justice under Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the Treaty of Waitangi was the document signed by Settlers and Māori leaders in 1840 to establish settlement arrangements). Treaty people are practised in talking about cultural issues largely through their engagement with Māori - Pākehā relationships. The research focused on the situations and processes that stimulated a group of thirty four ‘Treaty people’ to start thinking about themselves as cultural; about what it meant to have a cultural identity; and what they recognised as markers of their culture. I have been a member of this Treaty People network for many years and carry the dual positioning of being the researcher, and a participant, both as a member of the group and as a Pākehā. Data was collected over an eighteen month period from two focus groups in 2003 and 2005. These sessions were video and audio-recorded and later transcribed. I meet with available participants in their own locations early in 2005 and audio-recorded the conversations. The transcriptions and notes form the data for this study. My findings from this study include: • Culture was often first recognised through encounters with different cultural groups and usually when a person is in a situation where they are in a minority. Although, dominant group members do not always see their own daily practices and values as cultural they often name as cultural the practices and values of people different from them. • Recognising and naming ourselves as cultural and marking our culture were difficult tasks that go against the grain of dominance. • Pākehā culture was recognised in a number of ways. Treaty people recognised that there were other forms of knowing about the world and that dominant group members valued being ‘right’ and in control of knowledge. Coming to recognise themselves as cultural unsettled a sense of certainty about their position in the world, and opened up possibilities for new ways to engage in intercultural relationships where participation rather than being in control was valued. • Accepting the name Pākehā implied having a position of responsibility to tangata whenua and to the land. In turn those who have accepted being Pākehā receive a sense of belonging to Aotearoa and a place to stand in justice alongside Māori and other people who are culturally different from them. • While this thesis does not make explicit links between ‘being cultural’ and a decolonisation agenda the Treaty People participants named strategies to support decolonisation and challenge Pākehā dominance which include: recognising practices and values that are perpetuated through colonisation, in particular egalitarianism, assimilation and superiority; recognising Māori as tangata whenua (first people of the land) and Te Tiriti o Waitangi relationships; taking up the challenge to seek justice through striving to deal with past wrongs and to engage in equitable relationships with Māori. This thesis contributes to the psychology and social science literature as it serves to address the question “We don’t have a culture … do we?” I posit that all psychologists do have a culture and provide some rich descriptions, for those who are Pākehā, of how their culture may be recognised, how it might be described and talked about. This is a core cultural competency requirement for psychologists. My thesis also contribute to a growing body of literature from members of dominant groups, who are developing a discourse to explore and make visible their cultural or raced (whiteness) positions of power and privilege.

year: 2010