title: Influences of monetary incentives on Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) performance

authors: Taylor, Tokiko

abstract: Performance-based incentives may improve the validity of results from implicit attitude assessment tasks and improve attrition rates. Participants working to obtain the incentive may be less likely to edit their responses to conform to social expectations and more likely to meet experimental inclusion criteria. We examined the influences of a monetary incentive ($20 voucher) for fast and accurate performance on an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) task evaluating implicit attitudes about bodyweight. We randomly assigned 82 university students to incentive and control (non-incentive) groups. Although there was no significant effect on accuracy or latency measures, participants in the incentive group displayed a significantly stronger bias against overweight individuals than did participants in the control group. There were no differences between groups with respect to attitudes toward slim individuals. More participants in the incentive group (97.5%) met performance criteria than in the control group (87.8%). These results suggest that incentives for meeting performance criteria may reduce the attrition rate and increase the validity of the IRAP and other implicit measures, but additional research is required to determine the predictive validity of implicit attitude assessments with and without performance-based incentives.

text: Influences of monetary incentives on Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) performance Performance-based incentives may improve the validity of results from implicit attitude assessment tasks and improve attrition rates. Participants working to obtain the incentive may be less likely to edit their responses to conform to social expectations and more likely to meet experimental inclusion criteria. We examined the influences of a monetary incentive ($20 voucher) for fast and accurate performance on an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) task evaluating implicit attitudes about bodyweight. We randomly assigned 82 university students to incentive and control (non-incentive) groups. Although there was no significant effect on accuracy or latency measures, participants in the incentive group displayed a significantly stronger bias against overweight individuals than did participants in the control group. There were no differences between groups with respect to attitudes toward slim individuals. More participants in the incentive group (97.5%) met performance criteria than in the control group (87.8%). These results suggest that incentives for meeting performance criteria may reduce the attrition rate and increase the validity of the IRAP and other implicit measures, but additional research is required to determine the predictive validity of implicit attitude assessments with and without performance-based incentives.

year: 2021

title: The effects of running a 12-km race on neuromuscular performance measures in recreationally competitive runners

authors: Murray, Lauralee

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Background
The number of individuals participating in organised races is increasing, with few studies undertaken in ecologically-valid settings. Running involves cyclical movements and activation of lower-extremity muscles, with fatigue and foot-strike pattern proposed as factors contributing to running-related injuries.

Research question
Our aim was to investigate the effects of running a 12-km race on plantar pressure distribution, postural balance, foot-strike pattern, and plantar-flexion strength. A secondary aim was to compare actual versus anticipated race finishing times and foot-strike patterns.

Methods
Twenty-four recreationally competitive runners (15 males, 9 females) completed the following tests immediately before and after a 12-km race: (1) plantar pressure distribution in self-selected bilateral stance; (2) 30-seconds eyes-closed feet-together postural balance; (3) running foot-strike angle; and (4) peak plantar-flexion isometric force. In-race foot-strike angle and patterns were also assessed at 3 and 10 km.

Results
Post-race left and right foot plantar pressure distribution, postural balance, and plantar-flexion force measures significantly differed from pre-race measures. These changes were associated with small to large standardised effects (absolute ES: 0.42 to 0.94). On average, the relative pressure under the left foot decreased by 3.2 ± 5.0%; the centre of pressure path length and area of the 95th percentile ellipse from the balance test increased by 5.7 ± 8.9 cm and 18.2 ± 21.3 cm2; and peak plantar-flexion isometric force decreased by 0.23 ± 0.28 times body weight. Participants predicted their finishing times relatively well, but not their foot-strike patterns. No meaningful change in foot-strike angle or pattern was observed pre- to post-race, or between 3 and 10 km.

Significance
Running a 12-km race influenced neuromuscular measures, confirming racing-induced fatigue in our recreationally competitive runners. However, these alterations did not lead to observable changes in foot-strike pattern, indicating that this measure might not be appropriate for quantifying fatigue in recreationally competitive runners.

text: The effects of running a 12-km race on neuromuscular performance measures in recreationally competitive runners Background
The number of individuals participating in organised races is increasing, with few studies undertaken in ecologically-valid settings. Running involves cyclical movements and activation of lower-extremity muscles, with fatigue and foot-strike pattern proposed as factors contributing to running-related injuries.

Research question
Our aim was to investigate the effects of running a 12-km race on plantar pressure distribution, postural balance, foot-strike pattern, and plantar-flexion strength. A secondary aim was to compare actual versus anticipated race finishing times and foot-strike patterns.

Methods
Twenty-four recreationally competitive runners (15 males, 9 females) completed the following tests immediately before and after a 12-km race: (1) plantar pressure distribution in self-selected bilateral stance; (2) 30-seconds eyes-closed feet-together postural balance; (3) running foot-strike angle; and (4) peak plantar-flexion isometric force. In-race foot-strike angle and patterns were also assessed at 3 and 10 km.

Results
Post-race left and right foot plantar pressure distribution, postural balance, and plantar-flexion force measures significantly differed from pre-race measures. These changes were associated with small to large standardised effects (absolute ES: 0.42 to 0.94). On average, the relative pressure under the left foot decreased by 3.2 ± 5.0%; the centre of pressure path length and area of the 95th percentile ellipse from the balance test increased by 5.7 ± 8.9 cm and 18.2 ± 21.3 cm2; and peak plantar-flexion isometric force decreased by 0.23 ± 0.28 times body weight. Participants predicted their finishing times relatively well, but not their foot-strike patterns. No meaningful change in foot-strike angle or pattern was observed pre- to post-race, or between 3 and 10 km.

Significance
Running a 12-km race influenced neuromuscular measures, confirming racing-induced fatigue in our recreationally competitive runners. However, these alterations did not lead to observable changes in foot-strike pattern, indicating that this measure might not be appropriate for quantifying fatigue in recreationally competitive runners.

year: 2019

title: Te tuhirau kōrero

authors: Corbett, Mahaki

subjects: Reo Māori

abstract: Ko tō tātou reo, he reo tapu, he reo kōrero, he reo pohewa, he reo reiuru, he reo rauriki.  E rā, he piringa tē taea te whakangaro atu, nā te mea ko te reo Māori te manawatanga mai i a koe e tūhono ai koe ki ngā mea o mua, ki ngā mea o muri, ki ngā mea o nāianei (J. Peri, kōrero ā-waha, Hune 3, 2013). Heoi anō, i ngā rā nei, kua whānau hou mai te reo Māori pā tuhi-ā-waea ki te ao mārama me te aha kua whakarerekē a ia i te āhuatanga o tō tātou reo. Ko te kaupapa o tēnei tuhinga, he whakatakoto kupu mai i te ngākau aroha me te wete hoki i te taumata whakaaro e whakahākiri nei ki tēnei mangainga o te ao hangarau. Waihoki, kua nahanaha i ahau ngā wāhanga, ā, e whitu ēnei kua tuhia ki te kupu waiwaiā, kia whakapāho-ā-rorohiko atu rānei i te whia maruāpō mō te ātaahuatanga o te pā tuhi-ā-waea. Nō reira rā, koiā te taonga whakapiripiri e koroa nei e te ringa, purutia kia tata, whakamaua kia tina!

text: Te tuhirau kōrero Ko tō tātou reo, he reo tapu, he reo kōrero, he reo pohewa, he reo reiuru, he reo rauriki.  E rā, he piringa tē taea te whakangaro atu, nā te mea ko te reo Māori te manawatanga mai i a koe e tūhono ai koe ki ngā mea o mua, ki ngā mea o muri, ki ngā mea o nāianei (J. Peri, kōrero ā-waha, Hune 3, 2013). Heoi anō, i ngā rā nei, kua whānau hou mai te reo Māori pā tuhi-ā-waea ki te ao mārama me te aha kua whakarerekē a ia i te āhuatanga o tō tātou reo. Ko te kaupapa o tēnei tuhinga, he whakatakoto kupu mai i te ngākau aroha me te wete hoki i te taumata whakaaro e whakahākiri nei ki tēnei mangainga o te ao hangarau. Waihoki, kua nahanaha i ahau ngā wāhanga, ā, e whitu ēnei kua tuhia ki te kupu waiwaiā, kia whakapāho-ā-rorohiko atu rānei i te whia maruāpō mō te ātaahuatanga o te pā tuhi-ā-waea. Nō reira rā, koiā te taonga whakapiripiri e koroa nei e te ringa, purutia kia tata, whakamaua kia tina!

year: 2017