title: Sustainable management of surfing breaks: case studies and recommendations

authors: Scarfe, Bradley Edward

subjects: surfing reefs

abstract: In a detailed analysis, Small and Nicholls (2003) found that the coastal population is approximately three times the global average and that it is commonly believed that coastal migration is continuing and growing. Lazarow (2007) estimates that 86% of Australians live within 30 minutes of the coast, while in small island nations the entire population is coastal. Development to support growing coastal populations puts pressure on many resources, including the natural features that create surfing waves (e.g., Anonymous, 2003; Lazarow, 2007; Mead et al., 2007; Pratte, 1987). It is asserted by this paper that the features that form a surfing break are a resource that possesses recreational amenity values. Surfing breaks need protection as these amenity values are important resources for coastal communities, both socially and economically (Lazarow, 2007; Lazarow, Miller, and Blackwell, 2007a, 2007b; Nelsen, Pendleton, and Vaughn, 2007). Some environmental legislation, e.g., New Zealand’s Resource Management Act (1991, Section 7c) already requires the protection and maintenance of these recreational amenity values.

text: Sustainable management of surfing breaks: case studies and recommendations In a detailed analysis, Small and Nicholls (2003) found that the coastal population is approximately three times the global average and that it is commonly believed that coastal migration is continuing and growing. Lazarow (2007) estimates that 86% of Australians live within 30 minutes of the coast, while in small island nations the entire population is coastal. Development to support growing coastal populations puts pressure on many resources, including the natural features that create surfing waves (e.g., Anonymous, 2003; Lazarow, 2007; Mead et al., 2007; Pratte, 1987). It is asserted by this paper that the features that form a surfing break are a resource that possesses recreational amenity values. Surfing breaks need protection as these amenity values are important resources for coastal communities, both socially and economically (Lazarow, 2007; Lazarow, Miller, and Blackwell, 2007a, 2007b; Nelsen, Pendleton, and Vaughn, 2007). Some environmental legislation, e.g., New Zealand’s Resource Management Act (1991, Section 7c) already requires the protection and maintenance of these recreational amenity values.

year: 2009

title: Soil carbon stocks under fencelines and adjacent paddocks to test the importance of dung returns

authors: Hay, Holly

subjects: carbon stocks

abstract: Soils are the largest terrestrial store of carbon (C), but agriculture has depleted around 133 Pg C from the upper 2 m of soil, contributing to increases in atmospheric CO2. Soil C sequestration can help offset these atmospheric increases and is determined by the balance between C inputs and C outputs.
New Zealand’s temperate climate supports year-round grazing on approximately one-third of the country’s land area. The conversion of New Zealand’s native forests to pastures increased soil C stocks, yet the mechanisms behind this increase remain unclear. Grazing animals influence the C cycle through the consumption of C embodied within the feed they eat, with excreta returning C to the soil. Although C balances of New Zealand pastures suggest excreta is an important return of C to the soil, this has been poorly quantified. 
The objectives of this thesis were to determine if soil C stocks (0–0.6m) differed between paddock and fenceline areas, assuming the paddock received more dung input. To test this assumption, the spatial distribution of dung in relation to the fenceline was mapped, and dung loading was estimated. Stocks of particulate organic matter C (POM-C) and mineral-associated organic matter C (MAOM-C) were also determined in the top 0.1 m of soil to understand which forms of C contributed to any measured differences in total C stocks. Differences in Olsen P and pH were also determined. 
Paddock and fenceline sites (38 pairs) distributed across six farms in the Waikato region were sampled to a depth of 0.6 m. On average, soil C and N stocks were 10.3 t C ha−1 (P = .002) and 0.96 t N ha−1 (P = .002) higher in paddock areas when compared to fenceline areas. When excluding one paired site with a very poor match of mineral surface area, the differences decreased to 9.3 t C ha−1 (P = .004) and 0.86 t N ha−1 (P = .003). The greatest differences were observed in the 0–0.1 m depth increment. At the 0–0.1 m depth increment, POM-C was significantly greater in paddock samples and largely accounted for the observed difference in total soil C. This suggested that the observed C stock increase was in a more degradable fraction, implying that decreases in dung returns could result in rapid soil C loss. There was no relationship between the age of the fenceline and C stock differences, indicating that differences may have occurred rapidly to a new steady state.
Mapping of 2000+ dug pats showed that paddocks received more dung, with only one pat being within the fenceline sampling zone. The average dung density was 0.2 pats m−2 and a dung-C loading rate of 1.1 t C ha−1 y−1 was calculated.
The detected differences in C stocks due to varying dung input aligned with other studies on cattle manure’s influence on soil C, POM-C and MAOM-C stocks. Further research is needed to better understand the contribution of dung returns to soil C and its potential vulnerability to loss.

text: Soil carbon stocks under fencelines and adjacent paddocks to test the importance of dung returns Soils are the largest terrestrial store of carbon (C), but agriculture has depleted around 133 Pg C from the upper 2 m of soil, contributing to increases in atmospheric CO2. Soil C sequestration can help offset these atmospheric increases and is determined by the balance between C inputs and C outputs.
New Zealand’s temperate climate supports year-round grazing on approximately one-third of the country’s land area. The conversion of New Zealand’s native forests to pastures increased soil C stocks, yet the mechanisms behind this increase remain unclear. Grazing animals influence the C cycle through the consumption of C embodied within the feed they eat, with excreta returning C to the soil. Although C balances of New Zealand pastures suggest excreta is an important return of C to the soil, this has been poorly quantified. 
The objectives of this thesis were to determine if soil C stocks (0–0.6m) differed between paddock and fenceline areas, assuming the paddock received more dung input. To test this assumption, the spatial distribution of dung in relation to the fenceline was mapped, and dung loading was estimated. Stocks of particulate organic matter C (POM-C) and mineral-associated organic matter C (MAOM-C) were also determined in the top 0.1 m of soil to understand which forms of C contributed to any measured differences in total C stocks. Differences in Olsen P and pH were also determined. 
Paddock and fenceline sites (38 pairs) distributed across six farms in the Waikato region were sampled to a depth of 0.6 m. On average, soil C and N stocks were 10.3 t C ha−1 (P = .002) and 0.96 t N ha−1 (P = .002) higher in paddock areas when compared to fenceline areas. When excluding one paired site with a very poor match of mineral surface area, the differences decreased to 9.3 t C ha−1 (P = .004) and 0.86 t N ha−1 (P = .003). The greatest differences were observed in the 0–0.1 m depth increment. At the 0–0.1 m depth increment, POM-C was significantly greater in paddock samples and largely accounted for the observed difference in total soil C. This suggested that the observed C stock increase was in a more degradable fraction, implying that decreases in dung returns could result in rapid soil C loss. There was no relationship between the age of the fenceline and C stock differences, indicating that differences may have occurred rapidly to a new steady state.
Mapping of 2000+ dug pats showed that paddocks received more dung, with only one pat being within the fenceline sampling zone. The average dung density was 0.2 pats m−2 and a dung-C loading rate of 1.1 t C ha−1 y−1 was calculated.
The detected differences in C stocks due to varying dung input aligned with other studies on cattle manure’s influence on soil C, POM-C and MAOM-C stocks. Further research is needed to better understand the contribution of dung returns to soil C and its potential vulnerability to loss.

year: 2024

title: Life in a clinical diploma course

authors: Paterson, Keriata

subjects: Maori

abstract: This paper focuses on the author’s experience of a Clinical Diploma programme. The author is a Maori woman who is in her second year of a three year post-graduate Clinical Diploma programme. The paper includes comment on the cultural focus of content, culture conflicts and areas where the programme might be improved for Maori students.

text: Life in a clinical diploma course This paper focuses on the author’s experience of a Clinical Diploma programme. The author is a Maori woman who is in her second year of a three year post-graduate Clinical Diploma programme. The paper includes comment on the cultural focus of content, culture conflicts and areas where the programme might be improved for Maori students.

year: 1993