title: Ozone Depletion and Global Warming

authors: Fow, Alista John

subjects: Ozone Depletion

abstract: Abstract
This thesis examines global warming and the possible contribution that ozone
depletion provides to this warming. An examination is performed to determine
the extent of any warming/cooling events within the Earth-atmosphere
system. The change in energy corresponding to this warning of the Earth-
atmosphere system is estimated as being equivilent to an increase of mean
solar input of 0.22W/m2. This is compared to the predicted changes of solar
input for the two most common global warming scenarios: greenhouse gases
and solar irradiance variance; and for a less well explored scenario, snow-ice
albedo change. Examination of ozone depletion data shows that an absence of
ozone in the stratosphere produces an increase in UV-B radiation at the surface
of the Earth. This increase in UV-B light has not previously been thourougly
examined in any of the global warming scenarios. This is presented as a fourth
scenario for global warming.
An analytical three layer model of the Earth-atmosphere, based on an earlier
two layer model, is developed. Using this model it is determined that
greenhouse gases, solar irradiance, snow-ice albedo feedback and ozone depletion
can cause warming of the Earth's atmosphere. After comparison with
other models, a snow-ice albedo mechanism is incorporated into the three layer
model. This produces an amplification effect of any warming that occurs.
Compared to the observed increase of surface temperature between 1975-2000
of 0.55 K, the model using a snow-ice albedo feedback, produced an increase
of temperature of 1.4 K for greenhouse gases, 0.294 K for a solar irradiance increase
and 0.119 K caused by a decrease in the ozone layer. Of the greenhouse
gas, solar irradiance and ozone depletion scenarios, ozone depletion demonstrates
the most realistic relative changes with a cooling of the stratosphere
and a warming of the troposphere and Earth's surface as has been observed.
It is concluded that ozone depletion is likely for a reasonable part of observed
global warming.

text: Ozone Depletion and Global Warming Abstract
This thesis examines global warming and the possible contribution that ozone
depletion provides to this warming. An examination is performed to determine
the extent of any warming/cooling events within the Earth-atmosphere
system. The change in energy corresponding to this warning of the Earth-
atmosphere system is estimated as being equivilent to an increase of mean
solar input of 0.22W/m2. This is compared to the predicted changes of solar
input for the two most common global warming scenarios: greenhouse gases
and solar irradiance variance; and for a less well explored scenario, snow-ice
albedo change. Examination of ozone depletion data shows that an absence of
ozone in the stratosphere produces an increase in UV-B radiation at the surface
of the Earth. This increase in UV-B light has not previously been thourougly
examined in any of the global warming scenarios. This is presented as a fourth
scenario for global warming.
An analytical three layer model of the Earth-atmosphere, based on an earlier
two layer model, is developed. Using this model it is determined that
greenhouse gases, solar irradiance, snow-ice albedo feedback and ozone depletion
can cause warming of the Earth's atmosphere. After comparison with
other models, a snow-ice albedo mechanism is incorporated into the three layer
model. This produces an amplification effect of any warming that occurs.
Compared to the observed increase of surface temperature between 1975-2000
of 0.55 K, the model using a snow-ice albedo feedback, produced an increase
of temperature of 1.4 K for greenhouse gases, 0.294 K for a solar irradiance increase
and 0.119 K caused by a decrease in the ozone layer. Of the greenhouse
gas, solar irradiance and ozone depletion scenarios, ozone depletion demonstrates
the most realistic relative changes with a cooling of the stratosphere
and a warming of the troposphere and Earth's surface as has been observed.
It is concluded that ozone depletion is likely for a reasonable part of observed
global warming.

year: 2006

title: The rise of the fake reference

authors: Gibbons, Stephanie

abstract: This presentation discusses the risk of fake reference.

text: The rise of the fake reference This presentation discusses the risk of fake reference.

year: 2020

title: Ngā niho tēte o Pekehāua: An indigenous articulation of governance

authors: Mahuika, Rangimarie

subjects: Indigenous Governance

abstract: This thesis originally set out to examine the structures and models available within New Zealand for a post-settlement tribal governance framework that would meet the Office of Treaty Settlements requirements while empowering the needs and aspirations of Ngāti Rangiwewehi. During the course of the study, as a result of the fast-tracking of our tribal settlement this emphasis changed. With Ngāti Rangiwewehi electing to utilise the government recommended templates for the post-settlement entity, the research shifted to consider the evolution of governance within the tribe, looking at the ways tribal governance had developed from traditional practices to our current governance frameworks. It was anticipated that gaining a deeper understanding of the factors that have shaped and influenced our governance would also give us the necessary insights to adapt the Crown model the tribe had adopted to ensure it was able to meet Ngāti Rangiwewehi’s future aspirations. This belief was grounded in an understanding that prior to the arrival of Pākehā to Aotearoa/New Zealand Ngāti Rangiwewehi, along with all other iwi Māori, had their own systems of Governance. Our governance frameworks, encapsulated within our tikanga and kawa, operated to produce a strong, vibrant, and self-determining society. Through colonisation, and its imposed Western frameworks for governance within Aotearoa New Zealand, traditional Māori frameworks for law and governance were undermined, deconstructed, or marginalised to make way for the civilizing discourses and structures of the Settler, as enforced by the British Crown. Although the dominant system of law and frameworks for governance may have changed, Ngāti Rangiwewehi and Māori desires for self-determination have not.
Against this background the central question of this study has itself evolved, initially contemplating to what extent Ngāti Rangiwewehi might be able to remain self-determining in and through their post-settlement governance arrangements. The overwhelming conclusion the study could not avoid was that any governance approach drawn from the settler-colonial Eurocentric system currently dominant in New Zealand would be incapable of supporting tribal aspirations for self-determination. What was equally evident was the continued determination that the tribe, collectively and individually, maintained to mediate the imposed governance frameworks that interfere in our ability to fully exercise our tino rangatiratanga, or in our iwi-specific context, our tino Rangiwewehitanga. This observation led to the final iteration of the thesis question which asks what frameworks for governance would best empower Ngāti Rangiwewehi to be self-determining in and beyond this post-settlement governance era? Throughout the research what became apparent was the potential to utilise our traditional frameworks for governance, described and encapsulated within this study as Rangiwewehitanga, a decolonial paradigm for tribal governance. Viewed in this way, Rangiwewehitanga expands our understanding of governance beyond the limited perspectives imposed through colonization and requires our people to recognise and return to the wisdom of our ancestral teachings to craft the most appropriate pathways forward.

text: Ngā niho tēte o Pekehāua: An indigenous articulation of governance This thesis originally set out to examine the structures and models available within New Zealand for a post-settlement tribal governance framework that would meet the Office of Treaty Settlements requirements while empowering the needs and aspirations of Ngāti Rangiwewehi. During the course of the study, as a result of the fast-tracking of our tribal settlement this emphasis changed. With Ngāti Rangiwewehi electing to utilise the government recommended templates for the post-settlement entity, the research shifted to consider the evolution of governance within the tribe, looking at the ways tribal governance had developed from traditional practices to our current governance frameworks. It was anticipated that gaining a deeper understanding of the factors that have shaped and influenced our governance would also give us the necessary insights to adapt the Crown model the tribe had adopted to ensure it was able to meet Ngāti Rangiwewehi’s future aspirations. This belief was grounded in an understanding that prior to the arrival of Pākehā to Aotearoa/New Zealand Ngāti Rangiwewehi, along with all other iwi Māori, had their own systems of Governance. Our governance frameworks, encapsulated within our tikanga and kawa, operated to produce a strong, vibrant, and self-determining society. Through colonisation, and its imposed Western frameworks for governance within Aotearoa New Zealand, traditional Māori frameworks for law and governance were undermined, deconstructed, or marginalised to make way for the civilizing discourses and structures of the Settler, as enforced by the British Crown. Although the dominant system of law and frameworks for governance may have changed, Ngāti Rangiwewehi and Māori desires for self-determination have not.
Against this background the central question of this study has itself evolved, initially contemplating to what extent Ngāti Rangiwewehi might be able to remain self-determining in and through their post-settlement governance arrangements. The overwhelming conclusion the study could not avoid was that any governance approach drawn from the settler-colonial Eurocentric system currently dominant in New Zealand would be incapable of supporting tribal aspirations for self-determination. What was equally evident was the continued determination that the tribe, collectively and individually, maintained to mediate the imposed governance frameworks that interfere in our ability to fully exercise our tino rangatiratanga, or in our iwi-specific context, our tino Rangiwewehitanga. This observation led to the final iteration of the thesis question which asks what frameworks for governance would best empower Ngāti Rangiwewehi to be self-determining in and beyond this post-settlement governance era? Throughout the research what became apparent was the potential to utilise our traditional frameworks for governance, described and encapsulated within this study as Rangiwewehitanga, a decolonial paradigm for tribal governance. Viewed in this way, Rangiwewehitanga expands our understanding of governance beyond the limited perspectives imposed through colonization and requires our people to recognise and return to the wisdom of our ancestral teachings to craft the most appropriate pathways forward.

year: 2019