title: High temperature deformation behavior of Ti–46Al–2Cr–4Nb–0.2Y alloy

authors: Kong, Fantao

subjects: Deformation

abstract: The hot deformation characteristics of cast and hot isostatically pressed Ti-46Al-2Cr-4Nb-0.2Y (at%) alloy in the temperature range of 1100-1250°C and strain rate range of 0.01-1.0s -1 using hot compression tests were studied. The processing map of the alloy at true strain of 0.5 was also developed on the basis of the dynamic materials model (DMM). The experimental results show that the flow stress decreases significantly with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate. Using the kinetic rate equation the stress exponent n and the apparent activation energy of deformation Q were determined as 4.47 and 400.4kJmol -1, respectively. The efficiency values of power dissipation of the domain at strain rate below 0.4s -1 show that the dynamic recrystallization occurring of γ phase in the alloy is easier in the wide deformation temperature range (1100-1250°C) due to low stacking fault energy. The fraction of new recrystallized grains increased with increasing the hot deformation temperature at a given strain rate. With the increasing of strain rate, the uniformity of microstructure was decreased. The domain defined by the temperature range of 1200-1230°C and the strain rate range of 0.01-0.05s -1 which corresponds to a peak efficiency of about 60% is the optimal deformation condition of the alloy. Based on the optimal deformation conditions, a cylindrical sample was near isothermally forged. The microstructure and shape of pancake by forging was in good agreement with the prediction of processing map.

text: High temperature deformation behavior of Ti–46Al–2Cr–4Nb–0.2Y alloy The hot deformation characteristics of cast and hot isostatically pressed Ti-46Al-2Cr-4Nb-0.2Y (at%) alloy in the temperature range of 1100-1250°C and strain rate range of 0.01-1.0s -1 using hot compression tests were studied. The processing map of the alloy at true strain of 0.5 was also developed on the basis of the dynamic materials model (DMM). The experimental results show that the flow stress decreases significantly with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate. Using the kinetic rate equation the stress exponent n and the apparent activation energy of deformation Q were determined as 4.47 and 400.4kJmol -1, respectively. The efficiency values of power dissipation of the domain at strain rate below 0.4s -1 show that the dynamic recrystallization occurring of γ phase in the alloy is easier in the wide deformation temperature range (1100-1250°C) due to low stacking fault energy. The fraction of new recrystallized grains increased with increasing the hot deformation temperature at a given strain rate. With the increasing of strain rate, the uniformity of microstructure was decreased. The domain defined by the temperature range of 1200-1230°C and the strain rate range of 0.01-0.05s -1 which corresponds to a peak efficiency of about 60% is the optimal deformation condition of the alloy. Based on the optimal deformation conditions, a cylindrical sample was near isothermally forged. The microstructure and shape of pancake by forging was in good agreement with the prediction of processing map.

year: 2012

title: Sediment transport and tidal inlet hydraulics

authors: Black, Kerry P.

abstract: An investigation into sediment transport and tidal inlet hydraulics was initiated to ascertain the impact of a proposed timber port development at Marsden Point in Whangarei Harbour. The program progressed along two parallel pathways, i.e. (i) an expository description of the relevant harbour characteristics using field measurements and numerical modelling and (ii) a detailed investigation into the physics of sediment transport under tidal flow.

The first of these provided an understanding of the hydraulic and sediment transport characteristics of the inlet while aiming to separate cause and effect in the present harbour configuration, The numerical modelling extended this to provide predictions of future behaviour after port construction. In the tidal environment, methods to isolate the effective component of the flow velocity responsible for the transport of sediment are often inadequately substantiated being mostly derived in rivers or flumes. Accordingly, the second aspect of the program necessarily approached and extended the current state of the art with respect to sediment transport under oscillating, non-steady tidal currents in an estuary.

Bathymetric and sea bed surveys revealed that the harbour is mostly stable in an inlet receiving low inputs of sandy sediment. The entrance is sheltered from most storm wave attack by land masses offshore. Due to preferential scouring of sandy bed material, the channels are typically lined with a predominantly-stable, shell-gravel lag. Zones of deposition primarily occur in areas of tidal current neutrality.

Outside the entrance, with the added wave influences, bathymetric changes are greater. Using the experimental results in conjunction with inferences from standard tidal deltas, the changes were seen to be occurring in a closed or partially-closed sediment loop in northern Bream Bay including ebb-tidal transport around the north and east of Mair Bank, wave-induced, shoreward sediment transport over the southern segments of the ebb-tidal delta and northward longshore transport along Bream Bay Beach and through the marginal flood channel off Marsden Point.

Similar controlling transport directions occur inside the entrance with the two most dominant being an ebb-directed route from One Tree Point along the shipping channel and out of the southern side of the entrance throat. Another passes up the Snake Bank flood ramp and around the north-east flank of the flood-tidal delta. 

More than 600 vertical velocity profiles were measured in the estuary. These were examined to derive bed friction coefficients and, over megaripples, the form drag and effective components of the bed shear stress were isolated. This was applied to the determination of the sediment threshold velocity and /the transport of sandy material as bedload. New methods to ascertain the threshold and to derive the bedload transport fluxes over megaripples were presented.

Wave height measurements and sediment trapping experiments revealed that the timber port would have a very limited influence on its environment due to changes of sediment transport patterns on the inter-tidal zone at the port site. 

One and two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic models and a 2-dimensional numerical sediment transport model were produced for the study and applied to the proposed timber port construction and dredge zone. The sediment model provides erosion and sedimentation rates in a tidal inlet.

With the sediment transport model and the 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model in a coupled mode, numerical experiments were undertaken to produce a fully-developed estuary from an initially planar bathymetry. By alternately running each model to obtain water speeds and bathymetry changes, an estuary with inter-tidal flood-tidal deltas, ebb-tidal deltas, a deep main channel, marginal flood and ebb channels and a stable ebb shield developed. The method has considerable potential for the prediction of final equilibrium bathymetry after man-made changes. 

An iterative technique was designed which utilises the sediment transport model and the water velocities provided by the hydrodynamic model. The procedure determines the percentage of sand cover at all locations throughout the model region in a stable estuary and would allow an optimisation of the minimum quantities of dumped lag material necessary to prevent scour or accretion by establishing a dynamic equilibrium over large areas of the harbour bed.

After accounting for the shell cover which restricts the transport of sediment, the maintenance dredging requirements for the initial 2 berth port development (Case A7) were small and estimated to be in the range of 10,000 m³ to 30,000 m³ per year. The impact of the port in the vicinity of the NZRC wharf is expected to be minimal with some slow sedimentation of the order of a few centimetres per year possibly occurring. In Shoal  Bay, the port should have an extremely limited impact. In the shipping channel to One Tree Point, small amounts of erosion may occur in response to an increased flow velocity (≃5%) caused by deepening of the channel in the dredge zone.

text: Sediment transport and tidal inlet hydraulics An investigation into sediment transport and tidal inlet hydraulics was initiated to ascertain the impact of a proposed timber port development at Marsden Point in Whangarei Harbour. The program progressed along two parallel pathways, i.e. (i) an expository description of the relevant harbour characteristics using field measurements and numerical modelling and (ii) a detailed investigation into the physics of sediment transport under tidal flow.

The first of these provided an understanding of the hydraulic and sediment transport characteristics of the inlet while aiming to separate cause and effect in the present harbour configuration, The numerical modelling extended this to provide predictions of future behaviour after port construction. In the tidal environment, methods to isolate the effective component of the flow velocity responsible for the transport of sediment are often inadequately substantiated being mostly derived in rivers or flumes. Accordingly, the second aspect of the program necessarily approached and extended the current state of the art with respect to sediment transport under oscillating, non-steady tidal currents in an estuary.

Bathymetric and sea bed surveys revealed that the harbour is mostly stable in an inlet receiving low inputs of sandy sediment. The entrance is sheltered from most storm wave attack by land masses offshore. Due to preferential scouring of sandy bed material, the channels are typically lined with a predominantly-stable, shell-gravel lag. Zones of deposition primarily occur in areas of tidal current neutrality.

Outside the entrance, with the added wave influences, bathymetric changes are greater. Using the experimental results in conjunction with inferences from standard tidal deltas, the changes were seen to be occurring in a closed or partially-closed sediment loop in northern Bream Bay including ebb-tidal transport around the north and east of Mair Bank, wave-induced, shoreward sediment transport over the southern segments of the ebb-tidal delta and northward longshore transport along Bream Bay Beach and through the marginal flood channel off Marsden Point.

Similar controlling transport directions occur inside the entrance with the two most dominant being an ebb-directed route from One Tree Point along the shipping channel and out of the southern side of the entrance throat. Another passes up the Snake Bank flood ramp and around the north-east flank of the flood-tidal delta. 

More than 600 vertical velocity profiles were measured in the estuary. These were examined to derive bed friction coefficients and, over megaripples, the form drag and effective components of the bed shear stress were isolated. This was applied to the determination of the sediment threshold velocity and /the transport of sandy material as bedload. New methods to ascertain the threshold and to derive the bedload transport fluxes over megaripples were presented.

Wave height measurements and sediment trapping experiments revealed that the timber port would have a very limited influence on its environment due to changes of sediment transport patterns on the inter-tidal zone at the port site. 

One and two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic models and a 2-dimensional numerical sediment transport model were produced for the study and applied to the proposed timber port construction and dredge zone. The sediment model provides erosion and sedimentation rates in a tidal inlet.

With the sediment transport model and the 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model in a coupled mode, numerical experiments were undertaken to produce a fully-developed estuary from an initially planar bathymetry. By alternately running each model to obtain water speeds and bathymetry changes, an estuary with inter-tidal flood-tidal deltas, ebb-tidal deltas, a deep main channel, marginal flood and ebb channels and a stable ebb shield developed. The method has considerable potential for the prediction of final equilibrium bathymetry after man-made changes. 

An iterative technique was designed which utilises the sediment transport model and the water velocities provided by the hydrodynamic model. The procedure determines the percentage of sand cover at all locations throughout the model region in a stable estuary and would allow an optimisation of the minimum quantities of dumped lag material necessary to prevent scour or accretion by establishing a dynamic equilibrium over large areas of the harbour bed.

After accounting for the shell cover which restricts the transport of sediment, the maintenance dredging requirements for the initial 2 berth port development (Case A7) were small and estimated to be in the range of 10,000 m³ to 30,000 m³ per year. The impact of the port in the vicinity of the NZRC wharf is expected to be minimal with some slow sedimentation of the order of a few centimetres per year possibly occurring. In Shoal  Bay, the port should have an extremely limited impact. In the shipping channel to One Tree Point, small amounts of erosion may occur in response to an increased flow velocity (≃5%) caused by deepening of the channel in the dredge zone.

year: 1983

title: Te Raupatu o Tauranga Moana = The confiscation of Tauranga lands. [Volume 1]

authors: Stokes, Evelyn

subjects: Tauranga lands

abstract: A report providing a historical and geographical overview on the confiscation of Tauranga lands. In two volumes, volume one comprises a narrative of the events described as the raupatu, the confiscation of lands in the Tauranga Moana tribal area under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863.  Volume two is a collection of documents, edited and annotated which were compiled in support of the report. These documents include personal accounts, tribal history, land purchases, lands returned and crown transactions.

text: Te Raupatu o Tauranga Moana = The confiscation of Tauranga lands. [Volume 1] A report providing a historical and geographical overview on the confiscation of Tauranga lands. In two volumes, volume one comprises a narrative of the events described as the raupatu, the confiscation of lands in the Tauranga Moana tribal area under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863.  Volume two is a collection of documents, edited and annotated which were compiled in support of the report. These documents include personal accounts, tribal history, land purchases, lands returned and crown transactions.

year: 1990