title: Community composition, assembly and priority effects in a volcanically disturbed alpine herbfield, Mount Taranaki, New Zealand

authors: Moore, Theresa Grace

subjects: alpine flora

abstract: The New Zealand alpine flora is highly diverse, having evolved extensively over only c. 2 Ma. Examining how communities assemble and the effects of historical contingency may provide evidence for the mechanisms of rapid diversification of the New Zealand alpine flora. Evolutionary priority effects, in which the sequence of colonisation during community assembly can drive radiation of early arriving clades, has been tested in one South Island alpine community. The results showed genera belonging to older evolutionary lineages were more dominant and diverse in those communities, supporting the presence of priority effects.
Mount Taranaki in the North Island is geologically the youngest alpine zone in New Zealand, and supports a depauperate assemblage of alpine species compared to other New Zealand mountains. Mount Taranaki has had approximately 10 moderately sized eruptions in the last 500 years and is separated from other New Zealand alpine regions by 130 km. The present study sought to determine how the vegetation in the alpine herbfield of Mount Taranaki has been affected by various eruptions, and to test if priority effects have influenced those communities.
To quantify community composition in the Taranaki alpine herbfield, estimates of percent cover from 55 (2 x 2 m) plots were used to calculate relative species abundance at three sites within an altitudinal range of 1450–1650 m above sea level. Study sites were located at North Egmont, East Egmont and Fantham’s Peak. Multivariate analysis using non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination of relative abundances was used to compare variations in composition between sites and elevations. To test for priority effects, time-calibrated molecular phylogenies of clade divergence (as age estimates) were compared to the relative abundances of genera within the plots using linear regression. 
The results showed significant variation of species composition between sites, which correlates with the spatial pattern of the AD 1655 Burrell eruption. The eruption was directed toward East Egmont, and the plots there showed considerably lower species diversity compared to the other two sites. In addition, the inconsistency of species distribution between the sites indicated a lack of community convergence, suggesting herbfield vegetation is still in the early ages of assembly following eruptions. The test of priority effects showed no age-related abundance or richness relationships, therefore priority effects are unlikely to be contributing to community assembly in the Taranaki alpine herbfield. Instead, assembly appears to be influenced by the geological age and frequency of eruptions of Mount Taranaki, and its isolation from other alpine systems. 
This is the first study to determine the effects of volcanic eruptions on the herbfield vegetation of Mount Taranaki, and it is recommended that plots be re-measured in the future to determine how those communities develop. Because no priority effects were evident on Mount Taranaki, further research on a range of older volcanic and non-volcanic alpine systems in the North Island would be valuable. This would further contribute to our understanding of how communities assemble and if and when priority effects become significant.

text: Community composition, assembly and priority effects in a volcanically disturbed alpine herbfield, Mount Taranaki, New Zealand The New Zealand alpine flora is highly diverse, having evolved extensively over only c. 2 Ma. Examining how communities assemble and the effects of historical contingency may provide evidence for the mechanisms of rapid diversification of the New Zealand alpine flora. Evolutionary priority effects, in which the sequence of colonisation during community assembly can drive radiation of early arriving clades, has been tested in one South Island alpine community. The results showed genera belonging to older evolutionary lineages were more dominant and diverse in those communities, supporting the presence of priority effects.
Mount Taranaki in the North Island is geologically the youngest alpine zone in New Zealand, and supports a depauperate assemblage of alpine species compared to other New Zealand mountains. Mount Taranaki has had approximately 10 moderately sized eruptions in the last 500 years and is separated from other New Zealand alpine regions by 130 km. The present study sought to determine how the vegetation in the alpine herbfield of Mount Taranaki has been affected by various eruptions, and to test if priority effects have influenced those communities.
To quantify community composition in the Taranaki alpine herbfield, estimates of percent cover from 55 (2 x 2 m) plots were used to calculate relative species abundance at three sites within an altitudinal range of 1450–1650 m above sea level. Study sites were located at North Egmont, East Egmont and Fantham’s Peak. Multivariate analysis using non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination of relative abundances was used to compare variations in composition between sites and elevations. To test for priority effects, time-calibrated molecular phylogenies of clade divergence (as age estimates) were compared to the relative abundances of genera within the plots using linear regression. 
The results showed significant variation of species composition between sites, which correlates with the spatial pattern of the AD 1655 Burrell eruption. The eruption was directed toward East Egmont, and the plots there showed considerably lower species diversity compared to the other two sites. In addition, the inconsistency of species distribution between the sites indicated a lack of community convergence, suggesting herbfield vegetation is still in the early ages of assembly following eruptions. The test of priority effects showed no age-related abundance or richness relationships, therefore priority effects are unlikely to be contributing to community assembly in the Taranaki alpine herbfield. Instead, assembly appears to be influenced by the geological age and frequency of eruptions of Mount Taranaki, and its isolation from other alpine systems. 
This is the first study to determine the effects of volcanic eruptions on the herbfield vegetation of Mount Taranaki, and it is recommended that plots be re-measured in the future to determine how those communities develop. Because no priority effects were evident on Mount Taranaki, further research on a range of older volcanic and non-volcanic alpine systems in the North Island would be valuable. This would further contribute to our understanding of how communities assemble and if and when priority effects become significant.

year: 2017

title: Enabling seamless market-orientated supply chains

authors: Childerhouse, Paul

subjects: vision-principles-toolkit model

abstract: A decade after the publication of the concept of smooth material flow via four fundamental principles related to the work of Jay Forrester and John Burbidge (FORRIDGE) the influence of this work on academe and industry is discussed. We show that by extension of their principles via a three-level model which includes the vision and the toolkit, substantial contributions have been made towards new management theory. The associated 12 simplicity rules and uncertainly circle concepts have been exploited within the structured framework provided by the quick scan audit methodology. This generates value stream classification ranging from baseline to exemplar, and a design procedure aimed at material flow best practice. A detailed case study demonstrates the improved industrial performance achievable by this means.

text: Enabling seamless market-orientated supply chains A decade after the publication of the concept of smooth material flow via four fundamental principles related to the work of Jay Forrester and John Burbidge (FORRIDGE) the influence of this work on academe and industry is discussed. We show that by extension of their principles via a three-level model which includes the vision and the toolkit, substantial contributions have been made towards new management theory. The associated 12 simplicity rules and uncertainly circle concepts have been exploited within the structured framework provided by the quick scan audit methodology. This generates value stream classification ranging from baseline to exemplar, and a design procedure aimed at material flow best practice. A detailed case study demonstrates the improved industrial performance achievable by this means.

year: 2006

title: Tito Waiata-Tito Pūoro: extending the Kīngitanga music tradition.

authors: Rollo, Te Manaaroha Pirihira

subjects: Kīngitanga

abstract: Since 1858, music has always been an integral part of the Kīngitanga movement in New Zealand. As this music tradition evolves with the introduction of new musical idioms, genres and digital technology, so too do the practices of composing new works. 

The objective of this research was to construct a model for combining waiata, taonga pūoro and New Zealand electroacoustic music, in order to create new works that enhance the Kīngitanga music tradition.  Developing a model for composing and integrating these idioms within a Māori context presented problems, as traditional Māori music conflict with contemporary Western forms. 

To generate a framework and practical model for composing hybrid music, an examination of selected New Zealand works was first carried out through: a) the collection of 50 traditional and contemporary waiata relating to the Kīngitanga b) the collection of 10 New Zealand taonga pūoro works and c) a collection of 10 New Zealand electroacoustic music. An analysis of the music and compositional processes of each idiom implementing the ‘de-construct in order to re-construct’ approach to understand how they work musically and compositionally was accomplished. 

To demonstrate the outcome of my models, six original compositions were presented exploring different aspects of musical composition. These models focused on sound architecture and explored a) communicative relationships between composer, performer, and audience b) Holistic Co-hear-ence, implementing the horizontal and vertical layering model, and c) technical approaches using digital technology. To comply with Māori principles of composition and performance, each model and new work demonstrated Kaupapa Māori , Wairua  and Te Mana - Te Ihi - Te Wehi - Te Tapu . 

The findings and original contributions of this research provide a model that combines two musical traditions and three music idioms, and in turn, may guide contemporary composers in creating new works that extend the Kīngitanga music tradition.

text: Tito Waiata-Tito Pūoro: extending the Kīngitanga music tradition. Since 1858, music has always been an integral part of the Kīngitanga movement in New Zealand. As this music tradition evolves with the introduction of new musical idioms, genres and digital technology, so too do the practices of composing new works. 

The objective of this research was to construct a model for combining waiata, taonga pūoro and New Zealand electroacoustic music, in order to create new works that enhance the Kīngitanga music tradition.  Developing a model for composing and integrating these idioms within a Māori context presented problems, as traditional Māori music conflict with contemporary Western forms. 

To generate a framework and practical model for composing hybrid music, an examination of selected New Zealand works was first carried out through: a) the collection of 50 traditional and contemporary waiata relating to the Kīngitanga b) the collection of 10 New Zealand taonga pūoro works and c) a collection of 10 New Zealand electroacoustic music. An analysis of the music and compositional processes of each idiom implementing the ‘de-construct in order to re-construct’ approach to understand how they work musically and compositionally was accomplished. 

To demonstrate the outcome of my models, six original compositions were presented exploring different aspects of musical composition. These models focused on sound architecture and explored a) communicative relationships between composer, performer, and audience b) Holistic Co-hear-ence, implementing the horizontal and vertical layering model, and c) technical approaches using digital technology. To comply with Māori principles of composition and performance, each model and new work demonstrated Kaupapa Māori , Wairua  and Te Mana - Te Ihi - Te Wehi - Te Tapu . 

The findings and original contributions of this research provide a model that combines two musical traditions and three music idioms, and in turn, may guide contemporary composers in creating new works that extend the Kīngitanga music tradition.

year: 2014