title: Competitive interactions in a dairy pasture containing paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir,) following the introduction of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

authors: Thom, Errol

abstract: A series of trials investigated the contribution of introduced grasses (Lolium perenne and Bromus catharticus) to seasonal production of a high yielding dairy sward containing paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum). The persistence of the introduced species was also determined.
Autumn overdrilling improved (<500 kg DM/ha) herbage production in the following winter/spring and autumn, but thereafter differences between drilled and undrilled swards disappeared. The monitoring of individual plants showed that there were high summer losses of introduced plants; up to 56% were lost by one year after drilling. The contribution of Bromus catharticus to herbage mass was less than that for Lolium perenne, as summer losses of the former plants were higher than for the latter because of increased susceptibility to direct ‘animal effects’ (eg. ‘pulling’). Bromus catharticus was therefore excluded from subsequent experiments. Summer growth of introduced plants was more restricted when they were closely associated with established paspalum than with other resident species, and large plants had better summer persistence than small plants. 
Manipulation of the light environment of the introduced ryegrass plants by regular clipping (10 mm stubble) of surrounding resident herbage markedly improved their ability to survive summer management and environmental stresses. The introduced plants were able to attain a large average size (20 to 50 tillers per plant) before the onset of summer.
Summer losses of introduced plants were higher when grazed at a short (2-3 week) rather than a long (3-4 week) interval and if paspalum was a close neighbour. About 20% of total losses were related to direct cow damage, namely, severe grazing, ‘pulling’, dung and urine deposition, and trampling. The latter effects may be important where stocking densities are high. Other treatments such as late-winter/early-spring application of nitrogen fertiliser and irrigation during summer/autumn, failed to improve persistence of introduced ryegrass.
One of the various ecological strategies that gives paspalum a competitive advantage over ryegrass is its ability to accumulate large reserves of carbohydrate. Measurement of nonstructural carbohydrate accumulated in above-and below-ground organs indicated that these reached a maximum for both species towards the end of the period of their most active growth. At this time the nonstructural carbohydrate level for paspalum at 1050 kg/ha, was four times greater than that for ryegrass. 
Possible practical methods for improving the persistence of ryegrass introduced into established swards are discussed.

text: Competitive interactions in a dairy pasture containing paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir,) following the introduction of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) A series of trials investigated the contribution of introduced grasses (Lolium perenne and Bromus catharticus) to seasonal production of a high yielding dairy sward containing paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum). The persistence of the introduced species was also determined.
Autumn overdrilling improved (<500 kg DM/ha) herbage production in the following winter/spring and autumn, but thereafter differences between drilled and undrilled swards disappeared. The monitoring of individual plants showed that there were high summer losses of introduced plants; up to 56% were lost by one year after drilling. The contribution of Bromus catharticus to herbage mass was less than that for Lolium perenne, as summer losses of the former plants were higher than for the latter because of increased susceptibility to direct ‘animal effects’ (eg. ‘pulling’). Bromus catharticus was therefore excluded from subsequent experiments. Summer growth of introduced plants was more restricted when they were closely associated with established paspalum than with other resident species, and large plants had better summer persistence than small plants. 
Manipulation of the light environment of the introduced ryegrass plants by regular clipping (10 mm stubble) of surrounding resident herbage markedly improved their ability to survive summer management and environmental stresses. The introduced plants were able to attain a large average size (20 to 50 tillers per plant) before the onset of summer.
Summer losses of introduced plants were higher when grazed at a short (2-3 week) rather than a long (3-4 week) interval and if paspalum was a close neighbour. About 20% of total losses were related to direct cow damage, namely, severe grazing, ‘pulling’, dung and urine deposition, and trampling. The latter effects may be important where stocking densities are high. Other treatments such as late-winter/early-spring application of nitrogen fertiliser and irrigation during summer/autumn, failed to improve persistence of introduced ryegrass.
One of the various ecological strategies that gives paspalum a competitive advantage over ryegrass is its ability to accumulate large reserves of carbohydrate. Measurement of nonstructural carbohydrate accumulated in above-and below-ground organs indicated that these reached a maximum for both species towards the end of the period of their most active growth. At this time the nonstructural carbohydrate level for paspalum at 1050 kg/ha, was four times greater than that for ryegrass. 
Possible practical methods for improving the persistence of ryegrass introduced into established swards are discussed.

year: 1984

title: Towards an ethical dramaturgy : a practice-led research project on verbatim theatre

authors: Mooney, Miriam (Missy)

subjects: Verbatim theatre

abstract: Verbatim theatre can be understood as the process of collecting verbatim material from real people, usually through recorded interviews, and using it to create a performance text that can be subsequently re-presented by actors in a dramatic context. This thesis argues that the creation of verbatim theatre from the words, experiences and lives of real people is simultaneously a dramaturgical and ethical task. Verbatim theatre practitioners such as Moisés Kaufman, Alecky Blythe, Hilary Halba and Stuart Young acknowledge the ethical responsibility theatre makers feel to honour and accurately re-present their interviewees in their work. However, there is a gap in the collective discourse on verbatim theatre regarding how consideration of the ethical obligations theatre makers have to their interviewees influences the dramaturgical processes and construction of their work. 

This thesis is primarily concerned with the process of creating verbatim theatre, and uses practice-led and action research methodologies to examine what ethical practice during this process could be. This research used the creation of an original verbatim play titled Strong Female Characters to explore the ethical construction of verbatim theatre. Reflection on this process, combined with examination of the practice of other verbatim theatre makers, informs the key findings of this thesis. In addition to Strong Female Characters and a written thesis this research has prompted the creation of a manifesto that serves as a succinct chapter of this thesis and offers examples of some of the different ways ethical practice could be considered by the verbatim theatre maker and incorporated into their creative and dramaturgical practice.

text: Towards an ethical dramaturgy : a practice-led research project on verbatim theatre Verbatim theatre can be understood as the process of collecting verbatim material from real people, usually through recorded interviews, and using it to create a performance text that can be subsequently re-presented by actors in a dramatic context. This thesis argues that the creation of verbatim theatre from the words, experiences and lives of real people is simultaneously a dramaturgical and ethical task. Verbatim theatre practitioners such as Moisés Kaufman, Alecky Blythe, Hilary Halba and Stuart Young acknowledge the ethical responsibility theatre makers feel to honour and accurately re-present their interviewees in their work. However, there is a gap in the collective discourse on verbatim theatre regarding how consideration of the ethical obligations theatre makers have to their interviewees influences the dramaturgical processes and construction of their work. 

This thesis is primarily concerned with the process of creating verbatim theatre, and uses practice-led and action research methodologies to examine what ethical practice during this process could be. This research used the creation of an original verbatim play titled Strong Female Characters to explore the ethical construction of verbatim theatre. Reflection on this process, combined with examination of the practice of other verbatim theatre makers, informs the key findings of this thesis. In addition to Strong Female Characters and a written thesis this research has prompted the creation of a manifesto that serves as a succinct chapter of this thesis and offers examples of some of the different ways ethical practice could be considered by the verbatim theatre maker and incorporated into their creative and dramaturgical practice.

year: 2019

title: Challenges to legal education: The Waikato Law School experience

authors: Wilson, Margaret

subjects: legal education

abstract: The experiences of the Waikato Law School especially from the viewpoint of challenges to legal education are discussed. The impact of the performance-based model of funding on the delivery of legal education at the Waikato Law School is highlighted.

text: Challenges to legal education: The Waikato Law School experience The experiences of the Waikato Law School especially from the viewpoint of challenges to legal education are discussed. The impact of the performance-based model of funding on the delivery of legal education at the Waikato Law School is highlighted.

year: 2010