title: Heating of the low-latitude solar wind by dissipation of turbulent magnetic fluctuations

authors: Smith, Charles W.

subjects: solar wind

abstract: We test a theory presented previously to account for the turbulent transport of magnetic fluctuation energy in the solar wind and the related dissipation and heating of the ambient ion population. This theory accounts for the injection of magnetic energy through the damping of large-scale flow gradients, such as wind shear and compression, and incorporates the injection of magnetic energy due to wave excitation by interstellar pickup ions. The theory assumes quasi-two-dimensional spectral transport of the fluctuation energy and subsequent dissipation that heats the thermal protons. We compare the predictions of this theory with Voyager 2 and Pioneer 11 observations of magnetic fluctuation energy, magnetic correlation lengths, and ambient proton temperatures. Near-Earth Omnitape observations are used to adjust for solar variability, and the possibility that high-latitude effects could mask possible radial dependences is considered. We find abundant evidence for in situ heating of the protons, which we quantify, and show that the observed magnetic energy is consistent with the ion temperatures.

text: Heating of the low-latitude solar wind by dissipation of turbulent magnetic fluctuations We test a theory presented previously to account for the turbulent transport of magnetic fluctuation energy in the solar wind and the related dissipation and heating of the ambient ion population. This theory accounts for the injection of magnetic energy through the damping of large-scale flow gradients, such as wind shear and compression, and incorporates the injection of magnetic energy due to wave excitation by interstellar pickup ions. The theory assumes quasi-two-dimensional spectral transport of the fluctuation energy and subsequent dissipation that heats the thermal protons. We compare the predictions of this theory with Voyager 2 and Pioneer 11 observations of magnetic fluctuation energy, magnetic correlation lengths, and ambient proton temperatures. Near-Earth Omnitape observations are used to adjust for solar variability, and the possibility that high-latitude effects could mask possible radial dependences is considered. We find abundant evidence for in situ heating of the protons, which we quantify, and show that the observed magnetic energy is consistent with the ion temperatures.

year: 2001-05

title: Flexural bending of southern Tibet in a retro-foreland setting.

authors: Wang, Erchie

subjects: geology

abstract: The highest elevation of the Tibetan Plateau, lying 5,700m above sea level, occurs within the part of the Lhasa block immediately north of the India-Tibet suture zone (Yarlung Zangbo suture zone, YZSZ), being 700m higher than the maximum elevation of more northern parts of the plateau. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain this differentially higher topography and the rock uplift that led to it, invoking crustal compression or extension. Here we present the results of structural investigations along the length of the high elevation belt and suture zone, which rather indicate flexural bending of the southern margin of the Lhasa block (Gangdese magmatic belt) and occurrence of an adjacent foreland basin (Kailas Basin), both elements resulting from supra-crustal loading of the Lhasa block by the Zangbo Complex (Indian plate rocks) via the Great Counter Thrust. Hence we interpret the differential elevation of the southern margin of the plateau as due originally to uplift of a forebulge in a retro foreland setting modified by subsequent processes. Identification of this flexural deformation has implications for early evolution of the India-Tibet continental collision zone, implying an initial (Late Oligocene) symmetrical architecture that subsequently transitioned into the present asymmetrical wedge architecture.

text: Flexural bending of southern Tibet in a retro-foreland setting. The highest elevation of the Tibetan Plateau, lying 5,700m above sea level, occurs within the part of the Lhasa block immediately north of the India-Tibet suture zone (Yarlung Zangbo suture zone, YZSZ), being 700m higher than the maximum elevation of more northern parts of the plateau. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain this differentially higher topography and the rock uplift that led to it, invoking crustal compression or extension. Here we present the results of structural investigations along the length of the high elevation belt and suture zone, which rather indicate flexural bending of the southern margin of the Lhasa block (Gangdese magmatic belt) and occurrence of an adjacent foreland basin (Kailas Basin), both elements resulting from supra-crustal loading of the Lhasa block by the Zangbo Complex (Indian plate rocks) via the Great Counter Thrust. Hence we interpret the differential elevation of the southern margin of the plateau as due originally to uplift of a forebulge in a retro foreland setting modified by subsequent processes. Identification of this flexural deformation has implications for early evolution of the India-Tibet continental collision zone, implying an initial (Late Oligocene) symmetrical architecture that subsequently transitioned into the present asymmetrical wedge architecture.

year: 2015-07-15

title: Māori education and principles of self-determination in the twenty-first century.

authors: O’Sullivan, Dominic

subjects: Maori

abstract: This paper argues that self-determination to the greatest extent possible is a legitimate aspiration for Maori people. It is argued that in education this requires a philosophical and policy response more focused on Maori autonomy than can be provided within the bicultural framework that has lately informed Maori relationships with other actors in the education arena. The paper considers the place of kohanga reo, kura kaupapa Maori and wananga in relation to broader Maori aspirations for self-determination and discusses proposals that these aspirations be furthered through the establishment of a Maori Education Authority. It is also argued that opportunities for self-determination in New Zealand are compromised by the government's unwillingness to alter a tightly controlled centralised education market to provide genuine Māori autonomy over what type of education might be available and to what end.

text: Māori education and principles of self-determination in the twenty-first century. This paper argues that self-determination to the greatest extent possible is a legitimate aspiration for Maori people. It is argued that in education this requires a philosophical and policy response more focused on Maori autonomy than can be provided within the bicultural framework that has lately informed Maori relationships with other actors in the education arena. The paper considers the place of kohanga reo, kura kaupapa Maori and wananga in relation to broader Maori aspirations for self-determination and discusses proposals that these aspirations be furthered through the establishment of a Maori Education Authority. It is also argued that opportunities for self-determination in New Zealand are compromised by the government's unwillingness to alter a tightly controlled centralised education market to provide genuine Māori autonomy over what type of education might be available and to what end.

year: 2001