title: A tephra-dated record of palaeoenvironmental change since ~ 5,500 years ago from Lake Rotorua, North Island, New Zealand

authors: Pickett, Rachel Cara

subjects: Lake Rotorua

abstract: A palaeolimnological study was carried out on a high-resolution, 7.62 m-long core (RU188-07) from northern Lake Rotorua, North Island. The core consists predominantly of olive diatomaceous ooze, laminated in places, and contains five tephras including Tarawera (1886 A.D.), Kaharoa (c. 1314 A.D.), Taupo (c. 233 A.D.) and Whakatane (c. 5500 cal. years B.P.).  The core terminated in Whakatane Tephra giving the sediment a maximum age of 5530   60 cal. years B.P.  An age model for the sediment was developed using tephrochronology.  Radiocarbon dates obtained on the sediment returned ages too old because of contamination by old CO2 or CH4, or both.  Investigations carried out on the core included spectrophotometric, sedimentological and geochemical analyses, and diatom identifications, which provided a number of proxies from which inferences were made about lake history, catchment development, and palaeoclimate since c. 5500 cal. years B.P.  The laminations, evident only in the upper, post-Kaharoa Tephra part of the record, comprise alternations of thin, dark, detrital deposits and pale, relatively fine-grained diatom assemblages.  Sediment geochemistry indicates that the Rotorua catchment has undergone several changes since c. 5500 cal. years B.P., alternating between periods of variable and stable environmental conditions.  Following the Whakatane and Waimihia eruptions and up to approximately 3000 cal. years B.P., the catchment surrounding Lake Rotorua was rather unstable.  Fluctuations in many of the proxies during this period are likely to be associated with a variable climate with periods of storminess, coinciding with the establishment of ENSO conditions in New Zealand.  A notable feature of the record is two phases of stability, the first following the Taupo eruption (from c. 1700 cal. years B.P. to c. 630 cal. years B.P.) and the second from c. 580 cal. years B.P. to c. 300 cal. years B.P.  The latest, most significant event in the catchment history of Lake Rotorua was the settlement by Polynesians.  M.S. McGlone implied from pollen profiles (from Holden's Bay) that initial settlement took place around the time of the Kaharoa eruption (c. 630 cal years B.P.; c. 1314 A.D.), but the sediment chemistry and erosion profiles obtained here, from the northern part of Lake Rotorua, indicate that although there may have been some early clearing in the northern catchment for tracks or buildings, large-scale clearing in the area probably did not occur until considerably later, c. 300 cal. years B.P.  Also contained within the sediments are three layers of reworked tephric material that probably originate from the transfer of coarse grained tephra from shallow to deeper water during large storms at c. 1300 cal. years B.P, c. 520 cal. years B.P, and c. 220 cal. years B.P.  Each event coincides with storm events inferred from records from Lake Tutira in eastern North Island.  Because of Lake Rotorua's inland position, these inferred storm events probably represent only the largest cyclonic events (e.g. ex-tropical cyclones).

text: A tephra-dated record of palaeoenvironmental change since ~ 5,500 years ago from Lake Rotorua, North Island, New Zealand A palaeolimnological study was carried out on a high-resolution, 7.62 m-long core (RU188-07) from northern Lake Rotorua, North Island. The core consists predominantly of olive diatomaceous ooze, laminated in places, and contains five tephras including Tarawera (1886 A.D.), Kaharoa (c. 1314 A.D.), Taupo (c. 233 A.D.) and Whakatane (c. 5500 cal. years B.P.).  The core terminated in Whakatane Tephra giving the sediment a maximum age of 5530   60 cal. years B.P.  An age model for the sediment was developed using tephrochronology.  Radiocarbon dates obtained on the sediment returned ages too old because of contamination by old CO2 or CH4, or both.  Investigations carried out on the core included spectrophotometric, sedimentological and geochemical analyses, and diatom identifications, which provided a number of proxies from which inferences were made about lake history, catchment development, and palaeoclimate since c. 5500 cal. years B.P.  The laminations, evident only in the upper, post-Kaharoa Tephra part of the record, comprise alternations of thin, dark, detrital deposits and pale, relatively fine-grained diatom assemblages.  Sediment geochemistry indicates that the Rotorua catchment has undergone several changes since c. 5500 cal. years B.P., alternating between periods of variable and stable environmental conditions.  Following the Whakatane and Waimihia eruptions and up to approximately 3000 cal. years B.P., the catchment surrounding Lake Rotorua was rather unstable.  Fluctuations in many of the proxies during this period are likely to be associated with a variable climate with periods of storminess, coinciding with the establishment of ENSO conditions in New Zealand.  A notable feature of the record is two phases of stability, the first following the Taupo eruption (from c. 1700 cal. years B.P. to c. 630 cal. years B.P.) and the second from c. 580 cal. years B.P. to c. 300 cal. years B.P.  The latest, most significant event in the catchment history of Lake Rotorua was the settlement by Polynesians.  M.S. McGlone implied from pollen profiles (from Holden's Bay) that initial settlement took place around the time of the Kaharoa eruption (c. 630 cal years B.P.; c. 1314 A.D.), but the sediment chemistry and erosion profiles obtained here, from the northern part of Lake Rotorua, indicate that although there may have been some early clearing in the northern catchment for tracks or buildings, large-scale clearing in the area probably did not occur until considerably later, c. 300 cal. years B.P.  Also contained within the sediments are three layers of reworked tephric material that probably originate from the transfer of coarse grained tephra from shallow to deeper water during large storms at c. 1300 cal. years B.P, c. 520 cal. years B.P, and c. 220 cal. years B.P.  Each event coincides with storm events inferred from records from Lake Tutira in eastern North Island.  Because of Lake Rotorua's inland position, these inferred storm events probably represent only the largest cyclonic events (e.g. ex-tropical cyclones).

year: 2008

title: The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function

authors: Snake-Beings, Emit

subjects: multi-author

abstract: This thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author.

text: The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function This thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author.

year: 2010

title: New Zealand regions, 1986 – 2001: Hospitalisation and some related health facts

authors: Pool, Ian

subjects: health

abstract: Once age and gender composition is controlled for, regional health differentials are a function of problems of health service delivery, of socio-economic variance, and overall Māori Pakeha health differences. They indicate relative levels of exclusion and of inequality. This paper shows that these differentials follow in general the patterns seen in other papers in this series.

text: New Zealand regions, 1986 – 2001: Hospitalisation and some related health facts Once age and gender composition is controlled for, regional health differentials are a function of problems of health service delivery, of socio-economic variance, and overall Māori Pakeha health differences. They indicate relative levels of exclusion and of inequality. This paper shows that these differentials follow in general the patterns seen in other papers in this series.

year: 2006-03