title: Optimization and application of mixed regression models based on the expectation maximization algorithm

authors: Ding, Jiahui

subjects: clusterwise linear regression

abstract: This study further explores clusterwise linear regression (CLR), specifically the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. The algorithm was quantitatively analyzed through the generated data set. Previous regression methods are integrated and improved to provide better performance in dealing with complex conditions. The model was tested under different independent variables and methodologies, conclusions were drawn from the quantitative results, and optimal solutions under different scenarios were summarized. In addition, the application of the EM algorithm is deduced. The core purpose of this study is to test the reliability and performance of these methods in different situations. By generating diverse data, simulating different environments, and testing various model combinations, we can obtain the optimal regression model combination under different environments. The contribution of this study is to provide an effective and flexible tool for the application of hybrid regression models and provide a reference for future improvements and optimizations. Through this research, we hope to provide new solutions for application scenarios such as market segmentation, medical data analysis, and financial risk management, and provide a theoretical basis for personalized medicine and precision marketing strategies.

text: Optimization and application of mixed regression models based on the expectation maximization algorithm This study further explores clusterwise linear regression (CLR), specifically the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. The algorithm was quantitatively analyzed through the generated data set. Previous regression methods are integrated and improved to provide better performance in dealing with complex conditions. The model was tested under different independent variables and methodologies, conclusions were drawn from the quantitative results, and optimal solutions under different scenarios were summarized. In addition, the application of the EM algorithm is deduced. The core purpose of this study is to test the reliability and performance of these methods in different situations. By generating diverse data, simulating different environments, and testing various model combinations, we can obtain the optimal regression model combination under different environments. The contribution of this study is to provide an effective and flexible tool for the application of hybrid regression models and provide a reference for future improvements and optimizations. Through this research, we hope to provide new solutions for application scenarios such as market segmentation, medical data analysis, and financial risk management, and provide a theoretical basis for personalized medicine and precision marketing strategies.

year: 2024-09-12

title: Building resilience from the ground up: local supply and demand management with renewables, prosumers, energy efficiency, critical minerals, and the circular economy

authors: Barton, Barry

subjects: resilience

abstract: This chapter examines the extent to which exposure to disruption can be reduced by local provision and demand-side measures, as to energy and minerals. In relation to energy it considers renewables, electrification, and demand-side measures, as capable of adding local supply and improving resilience. Dependence on supply chains is also reduced by increasing energy efficiency. In relation to minerals the chapter examines changing needs for industrial inputs, real and perceived threats to mineral supplies, and the role of critical minerals policies. It considers the value of circular economy policies that can reduce dependence on primary raw materials. It concludes that resilience should be identified as a purpose to be pursued in energy measures for renewables, electrification, local supply, and efficiency; and that critical minerals policies and circular economy policies are likely to have increasing legal significance.

text: Building resilience from the ground up: local supply and demand management with renewables, prosumers, energy efficiency, critical minerals, and the circular economy This chapter examines the extent to which exposure to disruption can be reduced by local provision and demand-side measures, as to energy and minerals. In relation to energy it considers renewables, electrification, and demand-side measures, as capable of adding local supply and improving resilience. Dependence on supply chains is also reduced by increasing energy efficiency. In relation to minerals the chapter examines changing needs for industrial inputs, real and perceived threats to mineral supplies, and the role of critical minerals policies. It considers the value of circular economy policies that can reduce dependence on primary raw materials. It concludes that resilience should be identified as a purpose to be pursued in energy measures for renewables, electrification, local supply, and efficiency; and that critical minerals policies and circular economy policies are likely to have increasing legal significance.

year: 2022-03-04

title: Kūkupa, koro, and kai: The use of Māori vocabulary items in New Zealand English children's picture books

authors: Daly, Nicola

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: When a linguistic form from one language is used in another language, such words are known as borrowings or loan words (Crystal 2003: 56). The English language is renowned for its large capacity for borrowing and it has been suggested that the growth in internationalism in recent times has led to people seeking new words to indicate their local identity (Crystal 1995; Crystal 2003). Certainly this is the case of New Zealand English, the most distinctive aspect of which is borrowings from te reo Maori (Deverson 1991). In 1984 Deverson estimated that most New Zealanders have a passive knowledge of at least 40-50 borrowed Maori loan words (Deverson 1984). This figure has been recently revised by Macalister to 70-80 such words (20,-,63.). A study of the frequency of Maori loan words in New Zealand English in New Zealand School Journals of the 1960s and 1990s showed an incidence of around 6 words per 1,000 (Macalister 1999). Kennedy and Yamazaki (1999) also found borrowed Maori words at a rate of 6 per thousand words. Macalister (2006b) has examined the use of Maori loan words in New Zealand English across a 150 year period from 1850-2000. He examined a corpus of a little under five and a half million words from three sources: Newspapers, parliamentary debates and School Journals. Across the three sources there was an increase from 3.29 words per 1,000 in 1850 to 8.8 per thousand in 2000. Macalister lists the reasons for this change as including urbanisation of the Maori population between 1945 and 1975, which created more contact; the changing status of the Maori language with the kOhanga reo movement; the establishment of the Maori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori) and legislation of Maori as an official language of New Zealand in 1987.

text: Kūkupa, koro, and kai: The use of Māori vocabulary items in New Zealand English children's picture books When a linguistic form from one language is used in another language, such words are known as borrowings or loan words (Crystal 2003: 56). The English language is renowned for its large capacity for borrowing and it has been suggested that the growth in internationalism in recent times has led to people seeking new words to indicate their local identity (Crystal 1995; Crystal 2003). Certainly this is the case of New Zealand English, the most distinctive aspect of which is borrowings from te reo Maori (Deverson 1991). In 1984 Deverson estimated that most New Zealanders have a passive knowledge of at least 40-50 borrowed Maori loan words (Deverson 1984). This figure has been recently revised by Macalister to 70-80 such words (20,-,63.). A study of the frequency of Maori loan words in New Zealand English in New Zealand School Journals of the 1960s and 1990s showed an incidence of around 6 words per 1,000 (Macalister 1999). Kennedy and Yamazaki (1999) also found borrowed Maori words at a rate of 6 per thousand words. Macalister (2006b) has examined the use of Maori loan words in New Zealand English across a 150 year period from 1850-2000. He examined a corpus of a little under five and a half million words from three sources: Newspapers, parliamentary debates and School Journals. Across the three sources there was an increase from 3.29 words per 1,000 in 1850 to 8.8 per thousand in 2000. Macalister lists the reasons for this change as including urbanisation of the Maori population between 1945 and 1975, which created more contact; the changing status of the Maori language with the kOhanga reo movement; the establishment of the Maori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori) and legislation of Maori as an official language of New Zealand in 1987.

year: 2007