title: Spatial and temporal changes in soil climate and active layer depth in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica, 1999-2018

authors: Carshalton, Annette

subjects: Antarctica

abstract: The depth of seasonal thaw (the active layer depth) integrates a range of soil and atmospheric climate variables and has potential to provide a clear signal of a changing climate. Nine soil climate monitoring stations (SCS) were established between 1999 and 2012 and are currently operating in the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica. At each monitoring station soil temperature and moisture are measured at a range of depths down to 120 cm. Atmospheric variables measured include; air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and windspeed and direction. Data validation has been carried out through the comparison of multiple sensors and has given confidence in the dataset. The objectives of this thesis were to; describe the active layer, assess the dataset for significant long-term trends, investigate the link between large scale climate systems and permafrost temperature, to test the model of Adlam et al. (2010), and develop a predictive model suitable for modelling all ice free areas in Antarctica.  
Active layer depth (ALD) showed marked between-year variation, and between the SCS establishment and 2018.  The mean ALD was 7.5 cm at Mt Fleming, 38 cm at the Wright Valley South Wall, 37 cm at the Wright Valley North Wall, 23 cm at Victoria Valley, 49 cm at the Wright Valley floor, 50 cm on the coast at Marble Point, 29 cm at Minna Bluff, 33 cm at Scott Base, and >90 cm at Granite Harbour. There were no significant trends of warming or cooling in either ALD or in temperature at top of the permafrost. Relationships between ALD and altitude (R²=0.71), and with latitude (R²= 0.66) were identified. 
Wavelet analysis showed that both global and regional climate systems were significant drivers of de-seasonalised permafrost temperature (p <0.05).  The Southern Annular Mode showed relationships at both annual and biannual timescales; the Southern Oscillation Index had a relationship at a two to three year timescale; and the Amundsen Sea Low had an annual signal and some between season signals with de-seasonalised permafrost temperature, at the Wright Valley Floor, Victoria Valley, Marble Point and at Mt Fleming.
Nineteen potential models were developed using stepwise analysis and compared to the previous work of Adlam et al. (2010). Model 8 (Adj R² = 0.75) accounted for more variation in the data than the Adlam et al. (2010) model (Adj R² = 0.69) and predicted the ALD within ±10 cm at the five low altitude sites, using mean summer air temperature, mean winter air temperature, altitude and mean summer surface temperature. Model 14 (Adj R² = 0.49) was developed using data from all eight SCS sites, and was able to predict the ALD at high altitude sites within < ±11 cm, and the low altitude sites within < ±20 cm. Model 14 did not capture the between year variation with detail.
Future testing of model 8 and 14 is recommended using data from other parts of Antarctica, and both models could also be used to explore the use of satellite remote sensed surface temperature data in predicting ALD.  The database comprises approximately 87,000,000 data points, collected from both soil and atmospheric sensors, and becomes more valuable with time as the record gets longer. This thesis did not use all the available data in the network, and further research is recommended. The SCS network provides a robust baseline to predict future change and understand how Antarctica is impacted by the changing global climate.

text: Spatial and temporal changes in soil climate and active layer depth in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica, 1999-2018 The depth of seasonal thaw (the active layer depth) integrates a range of soil and atmospheric climate variables and has potential to provide a clear signal of a changing climate. Nine soil climate monitoring stations (SCS) were established between 1999 and 2012 and are currently operating in the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica. At each monitoring station soil temperature and moisture are measured at a range of depths down to 120 cm. Atmospheric variables measured include; air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and windspeed and direction. Data validation has been carried out through the comparison of multiple sensors and has given confidence in the dataset. The objectives of this thesis were to; describe the active layer, assess the dataset for significant long-term trends, investigate the link between large scale climate systems and permafrost temperature, to test the model of Adlam et al. (2010), and develop a predictive model suitable for modelling all ice free areas in Antarctica.  
Active layer depth (ALD) showed marked between-year variation, and between the SCS establishment and 2018.  The mean ALD was 7.5 cm at Mt Fleming, 38 cm at the Wright Valley South Wall, 37 cm at the Wright Valley North Wall, 23 cm at Victoria Valley, 49 cm at the Wright Valley floor, 50 cm on the coast at Marble Point, 29 cm at Minna Bluff, 33 cm at Scott Base, and >90 cm at Granite Harbour. There were no significant trends of warming or cooling in either ALD or in temperature at top of the permafrost. Relationships between ALD and altitude (R²=0.71), and with latitude (R²= 0.66) were identified. 
Wavelet analysis showed that both global and regional climate systems were significant drivers of de-seasonalised permafrost temperature (p <0.05).  The Southern Annular Mode showed relationships at both annual and biannual timescales; the Southern Oscillation Index had a relationship at a two to three year timescale; and the Amundsen Sea Low had an annual signal and some between season signals with de-seasonalised permafrost temperature, at the Wright Valley Floor, Victoria Valley, Marble Point and at Mt Fleming.
Nineteen potential models were developed using stepwise analysis and compared to the previous work of Adlam et al. (2010). Model 8 (Adj R² = 0.75) accounted for more variation in the data than the Adlam et al. (2010) model (Adj R² = 0.69) and predicted the ALD within ±10 cm at the five low altitude sites, using mean summer air temperature, mean winter air temperature, altitude and mean summer surface temperature. Model 14 (Adj R² = 0.49) was developed using data from all eight SCS sites, and was able to predict the ALD at high altitude sites within < ±11 cm, and the low altitude sites within < ±20 cm. Model 14 did not capture the between year variation with detail.
Future testing of model 8 and 14 is recommended using data from other parts of Antarctica, and both models could also be used to explore the use of satellite remote sensed surface temperature data in predicting ALD.  The database comprises approximately 87,000,000 data points, collected from both soil and atmospheric sensors, and becomes more valuable with time as the record gets longer. This thesis did not use all the available data in the network, and further research is recommended. The SCS network provides a robust baseline to predict future change and understand how Antarctica is impacted by the changing global climate.

year: 2020

title: 'Being' an educational leader in Choiseul Province in the Solomon Islands:  A case study of the context of leadership for principals and deputy principals.

authors: Sisiolo, John Lenga

subjects: Choiseul Province

abstract: The recent decentralisation of authority to the community high schools highlights the changing nature and role of school leadership in the Solomon Islands.  This study explores the context of school leadership for principals and deputy principals in the community high schools from the leader's perspectives. More specifically, what is it like 'being' an educational leader in the community high schools in the Choiseul province. This study attempts to describe the context of leadership using the leader's accounts of being in this role before and during their current school leadership position. 
This study was conducted as qualitative research and used a case study research approach. The school leaders of six community high schools of Choiseul province were participants in this study. Eleven school leaders, five principals and six deputy principals, took part in semi-structured interviews about the nature of their leadership context. The research question that acted as a guide to these interviews was:
What is it like 'being' a school leader in a Community High School in the Choiseul province?
Through semi-structured interviews with each participant, and the documents that were related to the school leader's position and role, the findings of this research raise a number of issues for those in leadership. This includes the impact of the remoteness and isolation that is seen as a major impediment to leadership preparation and ongoing professional development. The findings also showed that school leaders typically experienced an appointments procedure which was influenced by the local community. Since the community high schools were still being physically developed, the school's physical development was seen as a priority when it comes to the appointment. The research findings provide the basis for establishing policies and practices that might support and enable current and future school leaders in Choiseul in the future.

text: 'Being' an educational leader in Choiseul Province in the Solomon Islands:  A case study of the context of leadership for principals and deputy principals. The recent decentralisation of authority to the community high schools highlights the changing nature and role of school leadership in the Solomon Islands.  This study explores the context of school leadership for principals and deputy principals in the community high schools from the leader's perspectives. More specifically, what is it like 'being' an educational leader in the community high schools in the Choiseul province. This study attempts to describe the context of leadership using the leader's accounts of being in this role before and during their current school leadership position. 
This study was conducted as qualitative research and used a case study research approach. The school leaders of six community high schools of Choiseul province were participants in this study. Eleven school leaders, five principals and six deputy principals, took part in semi-structured interviews about the nature of their leadership context. The research question that acted as a guide to these interviews was:
What is it like 'being' a school leader in a Community High School in the Choiseul province?
Through semi-structured interviews with each participant, and the documents that were related to the school leader's position and role, the findings of this research raise a number of issues for those in leadership. This includes the impact of the remoteness and isolation that is seen as a major impediment to leadership preparation and ongoing professional development. The findings also showed that school leaders typically experienced an appointments procedure which was influenced by the local community. Since the community high schools were still being physically developed, the school's physical development was seen as a priority when it comes to the appointment. The research findings provide the basis for establishing policies and practices that might support and enable current and future school leaders in Choiseul in the future.

year: 2010

title: Ko Tikanga Te Mātāmua:  ngā pūrākau, ngā pakiwaitara, me mihi, ka tika

authors: Carrucan, Edmond Thomas

subjects: Law

abstract: This study highlights pūrākau and pakiwaitara as legal precedents that can bring Tikanga to life in unique ways. Using Kaupapa Māori and Mana Tāne methodologies, I address two problems within a larger project towards further normalising Tikanga within the legal system and legal education.

The first problem is the key misconception that there are two primary sources of law: statutes and common law. My proposed solution involves reconceiving three primary sources of law: Tikanga, statutes and common law. The second problem is how to source from Tikanga in making legal arguments. My proposed solution encourages story analysis of pūrākau and pakiwaitara and the use of these legal precedents within legal submissions. Accordingly, this study has two purposes.

In embarking on my journey of storytelling, I address the first purpose which is to test whether Tikanga is the first law and supreme law of Aotearoa, as was the seminal proposition of Ani Mikaere. This addresses the key misconception referred to above, that there are only two primary sources of law. Through analysis of Tikanga jurists and Western jurists I conclude Mikaere was right. Tikanga is the supreme law of Aotearoa: Ko Tikanga Te Mātāmua. I propose a new model called Te Whānau Ture as a legal family of three primary law sources representing this finding.

This research then addresses the second purpose in showing how ngā pūrākau me ngā pakiwaitara make valuable contributions to the body of law: me mihi, ka tika. Here, this study proposes a new model called, Whai Matua o Te Ture Māori, a symbolic stingray comprised of fourteen objects of Māori law. Later, I propose a further model Ātea Whakaaro, to enable ethical legal story analysis.

This study responds to (a) indigenising legal education, (b) the inevitability of Tikanga test cases and (c) the current Ao Mārama model. The significance of pūrākau and pakiwaitara in legal settings emerges from this study and a reclaiming of a Māori Legal Method becomes inevitable.

text: Ko Tikanga Te Mātāmua:  ngā pūrākau, ngā pakiwaitara, me mihi, ka tika This study highlights pūrākau and pakiwaitara as legal precedents that can bring Tikanga to life in unique ways. Using Kaupapa Māori and Mana Tāne methodologies, I address two problems within a larger project towards further normalising Tikanga within the legal system and legal education.

The first problem is the key misconception that there are two primary sources of law: statutes and common law. My proposed solution involves reconceiving three primary sources of law: Tikanga, statutes and common law. The second problem is how to source from Tikanga in making legal arguments. My proposed solution encourages story analysis of pūrākau and pakiwaitara and the use of these legal precedents within legal submissions. Accordingly, this study has two purposes.

In embarking on my journey of storytelling, I address the first purpose which is to test whether Tikanga is the first law and supreme law of Aotearoa, as was the seminal proposition of Ani Mikaere. This addresses the key misconception referred to above, that there are only two primary sources of law. Through analysis of Tikanga jurists and Western jurists I conclude Mikaere was right. Tikanga is the supreme law of Aotearoa: Ko Tikanga Te Mātāmua. I propose a new model called Te Whānau Ture as a legal family of three primary law sources representing this finding.

This research then addresses the second purpose in showing how ngā pūrākau me ngā pakiwaitara make valuable contributions to the body of law: me mihi, ka tika. Here, this study proposes a new model called, Whai Matua o Te Ture Māori, a symbolic stingray comprised of fourteen objects of Māori law. Later, I propose a further model Ātea Whakaaro, to enable ethical legal story analysis.

This study responds to (a) indigenising legal education, (b) the inevitability of Tikanga test cases and (c) the current Ao Mārama model. The significance of pūrākau and pakiwaitara in legal settings emerges from this study and a reclaiming of a Māori Legal Method becomes inevitable.

year: 2021