title: Lower-Limb Passive Heat Maintenance Combined With Pre-cooling Improves Repeated Sprint Ability

authors: Beaven, Christopher Martyn

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Pre-conditioning strategies to potentiate performance are a common feature of pre-competition routines. The elevation of muscle temperature is seen as a vital component of preparing for physical performance, while pre-cooling strategies have been adopted to offset fatigue during repeated efforts. We investigated the individual and combined effects of a passive heat maintenance strategy and the ingestion of an ice-water slurry on repeated sprint performance. In a random cross-over design, 12 professional male athletes performed 5 × 40 m maximal running sprints under one of four conditions following a standardized warm-up: 15-min passive rest (Control); wearing a lower-body survival garment (HEAT); consuming a 500 mL ice slushy (COLD); or wearing the survival garment and consuming the slushy (H+C). Measures of sprint speed, fatigue, heart rate, and rectal temperature were collected. Compared to COLD: HEAT improved Sprint 1 (ES: 0.84; p = 0.05), but negatively impacted Sprint 4 (ES: -0.87; p = 0.08), and Sprint 5 (ES: -1.57; p = 0.002). H+C was faster than Control for every sprint (ES: 0.28 to 0.66), clearly faster than COLD on Sprints 1–3 (ES: 0.73 to 0.54), and clearly faster than HEAT on Sprints 4 and 5 (ES: 1.31 and 1.87). Fatigue was greatest after the HEAT intervention with a large correlation between fatigue and rectal temperature (r = 0.66; p = 0.0204). While there are undoubtedly peripheral effects of cooling and heating on various aspects of muscle function and fatigue, understanding the integration of psychophysiological homeostatic feedback loops relating to a combined warming and cooling intervention may benefit sports in which repeat sprints are performed.

text: Lower-Limb Passive Heat Maintenance Combined With Pre-cooling Improves Repeated Sprint Ability Pre-conditioning strategies to potentiate performance are a common feature of pre-competition routines. The elevation of muscle temperature is seen as a vital component of preparing for physical performance, while pre-cooling strategies have been adopted to offset fatigue during repeated efforts. We investigated the individual and combined effects of a passive heat maintenance strategy and the ingestion of an ice-water slurry on repeated sprint performance. In a random cross-over design, 12 professional male athletes performed 5 × 40 m maximal running sprints under one of four conditions following a standardized warm-up: 15-min passive rest (Control); wearing a lower-body survival garment (HEAT); consuming a 500 mL ice slushy (COLD); or wearing the survival garment and consuming the slushy (H+C). Measures of sprint speed, fatigue, heart rate, and rectal temperature were collected. Compared to COLD: HEAT improved Sprint 1 (ES: 0.84; p = 0.05), but negatively impacted Sprint 4 (ES: -0.87; p = 0.08), and Sprint 5 (ES: -1.57; p = 0.002). H+C was faster than Control for every sprint (ES: 0.28 to 0.66), clearly faster than COLD on Sprints 1–3 (ES: 0.73 to 0.54), and clearly faster than HEAT on Sprints 4 and 5 (ES: 1.31 and 1.87). Fatigue was greatest after the HEAT intervention with a large correlation between fatigue and rectal temperature (r = 0.66; p = 0.0204). While there are undoubtedly peripheral effects of cooling and heating on various aspects of muscle function and fatigue, understanding the integration of psychophysiological homeostatic feedback loops relating to a combined warming and cooling intervention may benefit sports in which repeat sprints are performed.

year: 2018

title: Leaf protein concentrate from paunch grass and green waste: A technoeconomic analysis and lifecycle assessment

authors: Ng, Timothy Wei Choong

subjects: Paunch grass

abstract: The global supply of food and feed protein needs to double during the first half of the 21st century. At present, food and feed protein is produced by livestock and arable crop farming. Further expansion of this protein production model is unsustainable in many countries due to overallocated water resources, limited availability and accessibility of new farmlands, and the environmental impacts of widespread fertiliser and fossil fuel use in agriculture. Alternative sources of food and feed protein are therefore needed to meet growing demand. One potential source of protein is leaf protein concentrate (LPC) manufactured from negative value paunch grass (PG) and leafy green waste (GW). The chemical compositions PG and GW have therefore been determined for the first time in New Zealand. Their protein contents (15.2 to 16.2 DM%) are comparable to those of alfalfa and ryegrass, making them suitable LPC feedstocks. The optimal manufacturing method uses two passes through a screw press with intermediary maceration to extract the PG and GW leaf proteins into a liquor; the liquor is then acidified with hydrochloric acid and the protein coagulated by steam injection (85°C, 30 seconds), to achieve 45.9 to 62.0 mass percent protein recovery. The industrial-scale manufacture of leaf protein concentrate from these waste materials is technologically and financially viable when it is co-sited with a meat processing facility or rendering plant, and the fibre fraction is treated as a valuable co-product instead of a waste stream. The LPC has a crude protein content (~37 DM%) and essential amino acid profile that is comparable to other plant protein products used for animal feed. Its Global Warming Potential (2094 kg CO- e / M- LPC) is relatively high when compared with those of other animal feed protein sources; the Blue Water Footprint (39.3 m³ H₂O / MT LPC) is relatively low. Both impacts are within the range of protein sources already supplied to the animal feed industry. The fibre co-product has great potential; it could be used as a bulking agent for composting processes, a feedstock for anaerobic digestion, and a fuel for process heat. Further work in understanding the drying, extrusion, and palletisation properties of the LPC is needed for industrial-scale production and commercialisation.

text: Leaf protein concentrate from paunch grass and green waste: A technoeconomic analysis and lifecycle assessment The global supply of food and feed protein needs to double during the first half of the 21st century. At present, food and feed protein is produced by livestock and arable crop farming. Further expansion of this protein production model is unsustainable in many countries due to overallocated water resources, limited availability and accessibility of new farmlands, and the environmental impacts of widespread fertiliser and fossil fuel use in agriculture. Alternative sources of food and feed protein are therefore needed to meet growing demand. One potential source of protein is leaf protein concentrate (LPC) manufactured from negative value paunch grass (PG) and leafy green waste (GW). The chemical compositions PG and GW have therefore been determined for the first time in New Zealand. Their protein contents (15.2 to 16.2 DM%) are comparable to those of alfalfa and ryegrass, making them suitable LPC feedstocks. The optimal manufacturing method uses two passes through a screw press with intermediary maceration to extract the PG and GW leaf proteins into a liquor; the liquor is then acidified with hydrochloric acid and the protein coagulated by steam injection (85°C, 30 seconds), to achieve 45.9 to 62.0 mass percent protein recovery. The industrial-scale manufacture of leaf protein concentrate from these waste materials is technologically and financially viable when it is co-sited with a meat processing facility or rendering plant, and the fibre fraction is treated as a valuable co-product instead of a waste stream. The LPC has a crude protein content (~37 DM%) and essential amino acid profile that is comparable to other plant protein products used for animal feed. Its Global Warming Potential (2094 kg CO- e / M- LPC) is relatively high when compared with those of other animal feed protein sources; the Blue Water Footprint (39.3 m³ H₂O / MT LPC) is relatively low. Both impacts are within the range of protein sources already supplied to the animal feed industry. The fibre co-product has great potential; it could be used as a bulking agent for composting processes, a feedstock for anaerobic digestion, and a fuel for process heat. Further work in understanding the drying, extrusion, and palletisation properties of the LPC is needed for industrial-scale production and commercialisation.

year: 2022

title: What land is included?

authors: Oppatt, Neil

abstract: Neil has served the Rotorua District as both a Rotorua District Councillor for 15 years and now 9 years as a BOP Regional Councillor. Throughout this time Neil has been actively involved in the cleanup of Rotorua's lakes. He is presently a BOPRC appointee on the Rotorua Te Arawa Lakes Strategy Group and was an RDC appointee on its predecessor.
He has held positions as Chairman of RDC’s Finance Committee, BOPRC’s Operations and Regulations Committee and the Special Projects Committee set up to address Rotorua lake issues. Neil chaired the Lake Okareka Action Plan Committee and was a BOPRC appointee on the Lake Tarawera Action Plan Committee. Presently he is the BOPRC appointee on the Rotorua catchment Stakeholders Advisory Group.

text: What land is included? Neil has served the Rotorua District as both a Rotorua District Councillor for 15 years and now 9 years as a BOP Regional Councillor. Throughout this time Neil has been actively involved in the cleanup of Rotorua's lakes. He is presently a BOPRC appointee on the Rotorua Te Arawa Lakes Strategy Group and was an RDC appointee on its predecessor.
He has held positions as Chairman of RDC’s Finance Committee, BOPRC’s Operations and Regulations Committee and the Special Projects Committee set up to address Rotorua lake issues. Neil chaired the Lake Okareka Action Plan Committee and was a BOPRC appointee on the Lake Tarawera Action Plan Committee. Presently he is the BOPRC appointee on the Rotorua catchment Stakeholders Advisory Group.

year: 2013