title: The international law gaze: the Supreme Court and the UN International Law Commission’s dialogue on subsequent conduct in the interpretation of contracts and treaties

authors: Alvarez-Jimenez, Alberto

abstract: The New Zealand Supreme Court in Bathurst Resources Limited v L & M Coal Holdings Limited (Bathurst Resources Limited v L&M Coal Holdings Limited [2021] NZSC 85) recently explored the issue of evidence of subsequent conduct in the interpretation of contracts. Generally, the role of subsequent conduct is limited. In 2018, the United Nations International Law Commission (ILC) examined in detail the use of subsequent agreements and practice in the interpretation of international treaties under art 31(3)(a) & (b) and art 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) (70th Session – Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties [2018] (ILC Subsequent Practice)). Despite the contrast between contracts and treaties, the ILC’s work can be valuable to the Supreme Court. This article explores how.

text: The international law gaze: the Supreme Court and the UN International Law Commission’s dialogue on subsequent conduct in the interpretation of contracts and treaties The New Zealand Supreme Court in Bathurst Resources Limited v L & M Coal Holdings Limited (Bathurst Resources Limited v L&M Coal Holdings Limited [2021] NZSC 85) recently explored the issue of evidence of subsequent conduct in the interpretation of contracts. Generally, the role of subsequent conduct is limited. In 2018, the United Nations International Law Commission (ILC) examined in detail the use of subsequent agreements and practice in the interpretation of international treaties under art 31(3)(a) & (b) and art 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) (70th Session – Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties [2018] (ILC Subsequent Practice)). Despite the contrast between contracts and treaties, the ILC’s work can be valuable to the Supreme Court. This article explores how.

year: 2022-03-15

title: Integration of solar heating into heat recovery loops using constant and variable temperature storage

authors: Walmsley, Michael R.W.

subjects: SELECTION

abstract: Solar is a renewable energy that can be used to provide process heat to industrial sites. Solar is extremely variable and to use it reliably thermal storage is necessary. Heat recovery loops (HRL) are an indirect method for transferring heat from one process to another using an intermediate fluid (e.g. water, oil). With HRL’s thermal storage is also necessary to effectively meet the stop/start time dependent nature of the multiple source and sink streams. Combining solar heating with HRL’s makes sense as a means of reducing costs by sharing common storage infrastructure and pipe transport systems and by lowering nonrenewable hot utility demand. To maximise the value of solar in a HRL, the means of controlling the HRL needs to be considered. In this paper, the HRL example and design method of Walmsley et al. (2013) is employed to demonstrate the potential benefits of applying solar heating using the HRL variable temperature storage (VTS) approach and the conventional HRL constant temperature storage (CTS) approach. Results show the VTS approach is superior to the CTS approach for both the non-solar and solar integration cases. When the pinch is around the hot storage temperature the CST approach is constrained and the addition of solar heating to the HRL decreases hot utility at the expenses of increased cold utility. For the VTS approach the hot storage pinch shifts to a cold storage pinch and increased heat recovery is possible for the same exchanger area without solar. With solar the VTS approach can maintain the same heat recovery while also reducing hot utility still further due to the presence of solar, but only with additional area. When the pinch is located around the cold storage temperature, solar heating can be treated as an additional heat source and the benefits of CTS and VTS are comparable.

text: Integration of solar heating into heat recovery loops using constant and variable temperature storage Solar is a renewable energy that can be used to provide process heat to industrial sites. Solar is extremely variable and to use it reliably thermal storage is necessary. Heat recovery loops (HRL) are an indirect method for transferring heat from one process to another using an intermediate fluid (e.g. water, oil). With HRL’s thermal storage is also necessary to effectively meet the stop/start time dependent nature of the multiple source and sink streams. Combining solar heating with HRL’s makes sense as a means of reducing costs by sharing common storage infrastructure and pipe transport systems and by lowering nonrenewable hot utility demand. To maximise the value of solar in a HRL, the means of controlling the HRL needs to be considered. In this paper, the HRL example and design method of Walmsley et al. (2013) is employed to demonstrate the potential benefits of applying solar heating using the HRL variable temperature storage (VTS) approach and the conventional HRL constant temperature storage (CTS) approach. Results show the VTS approach is superior to the CTS approach for both the non-solar and solar integration cases. When the pinch is around the hot storage temperature the CST approach is constrained and the addition of solar heating to the HRL decreases hot utility at the expenses of increased cold utility. For the VTS approach the hot storage pinch shifts to a cold storage pinch and increased heat recovery is possible for the same exchanger area without solar. With solar the VTS approach can maintain the same heat recovery while also reducing hot utility still further due to the presence of solar, but only with additional area. When the pinch is located around the cold storage temperature, solar heating can be treated as an additional heat source and the benefits of CTS and VTS are comparable.

year: 2013-01-01

title: Horowaewae

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: Horowaewae is dedicated to Horowaewae Maxwell a Te Matatini Lifemember. Horowaewae is from the Rotorua area and the Te Arawa iwi. He is a foundation member of the champion kapa haka Ngāti Rangiwewehi. Horowaewae has been a performer, a male leader, the Te Arawa delegate to the Te Matatini National Committee. He has served kapa haka in its development since the inception of Te Matatini in 1972 and prior to this performing in the tourism industry in Rotorua. Horowaewae was performed by Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti at the 2013 Te Matatini World Championship Kapa Haka Competition.

text: Horowaewae Horowaewae is dedicated to Horowaewae Maxwell a Te Matatini Lifemember. Horowaewae is from the Rotorua area and the Te Arawa iwi. He is a foundation member of the champion kapa haka Ngāti Rangiwewehi. Horowaewae has been a performer, a male leader, the Te Arawa delegate to the Te Matatini National Committee. He has served kapa haka in its development since the inception of Te Matatini in 1972 and prior to this performing in the tourism industry in Rotorua. Horowaewae was performed by Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti at the 2013 Te Matatini World Championship Kapa Haka Competition.

year: 2012-09-13