title: Syntheses and ligand interconversions of copper(II) derivatives of the metalloligand [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄]

authors: Devoy, Sarah M.

abstract: The reactivity of the metalloligand [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] towards a variety of copper(II)–ligand systems has been studied. Reaction of [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with copper(II) halide complexes [CuCl₂L](L = 2,2 -bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline) gave trinuclear dicationic products [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄CuL]²⁺, and the 8-hydroxyquinolinate (hq) complex [Cu(hq)₂] gave [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄Cu(hq)]⁺, isolated as their BPh₄⁻ or PF₆⁻ salts. Related cationic complexes with other ancillary amine ligands (1,2-diaminoethane, 1,2-diaminopropane, 1,2-diaminocyclohexane) were obtained by reactions of [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with CuCl2 and the amine. In contrast, reaction of [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with CuCl₂ and NH₃ in methanol gave the intensely blue methoxy-bridged dicopper complex [{Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄Cu(OMe)}₂]²⁺, isolated as its hexafluorophosphate salt. Copper β-diketonate complexes reacted with [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] giving [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄Cu(β-diketonate)]⁺PF₆⁻ complexes, with the CH₃COCHCOCH₃(acac) and CF₃COCHCO(2-thienyl)(tta) derivatives characterised by X-ray structure determinations. The local Cu(II) environment ranges from distorted square-planar to an intermediate form of square-planar and tetrahedral. The β-diketonate derivatives show varying stability towards methanolysis, giving [{Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄Cu(OMe)}₂]²⁺.

text: Syntheses and ligand interconversions of copper(II) derivatives of the metalloligand [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] The reactivity of the metalloligand [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] towards a variety of copper(II)–ligand systems has been studied. Reaction of [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with copper(II) halide complexes [CuCl₂L](L = 2,2 -bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline) gave trinuclear dicationic products [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄CuL]²⁺, and the 8-hydroxyquinolinate (hq) complex [Cu(hq)₂] gave [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄Cu(hq)]⁺, isolated as their BPh₄⁻ or PF₆⁻ salts. Related cationic complexes with other ancillary amine ligands (1,2-diaminoethane, 1,2-diaminopropane, 1,2-diaminocyclohexane) were obtained by reactions of [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with CuCl2 and the amine. In contrast, reaction of [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with CuCl₂ and NH₃ in methanol gave the intensely blue methoxy-bridged dicopper complex [{Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄Cu(OMe)}₂]²⁺, isolated as its hexafluorophosphate salt. Copper β-diketonate complexes reacted with [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] giving [Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄Cu(β-diketonate)]⁺PF₆⁻ complexes, with the CH₃COCHCOCH₃(acac) and CF₃COCHCO(2-thienyl)(tta) derivatives characterised by X-ray structure determinations. The local Cu(II) environment ranges from distorted square-planar to an intermediate form of square-planar and tetrahedral. The β-diketonate derivatives show varying stability towards methanolysis, giving [{Pt₂(µ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄Cu(OMe)}₂]²⁺.

year: 2005-07-01

title: How the COVID-19 pandemic affects transgender health care - A cross-sectional online survey in 63 upper-middle-income and high-income countries

authors: Koehler, Andreas

abstract: Background
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, access to medical care is restricted for nearly all non-acute conditions. Due to their status as a vulnerable social group and the inherent need for transition-related treatments, transgender people are assumed to be affected particularly severely by the restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
As an ad hoc collaboration between researchers, clinicians and 23 community organizations, we developed a web-based survey in German that was translated into 26 languages. Participants were recruited via community sources, social media channels, and snowball sampling since May 2020. The present sample is based on the data collected until August 9, 2020. We assessed demographical data, health problems, risk factors, COVID-19 data (e.g., contact history), and the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to transgender health care services. To identify factors associated with the experience of restrictions, we conducted multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results
5267 transgender people from 63 upper-middle-income and high-income countries participated in the study. Over 50% of the participants had risk factors for a severe course of a COVID-19 infection and were at a high risk of avoiding COVID-19 treatment due to the fear of mistreatment or discrimination. Access to transgender health care services was restricted for 50% of the participants. Male sex assigned at birth and a lower monthly income were significant predictors for the experience of restrictions to health care. 35.0% reported at least one mental health condition and 3.2% have attempted suicide since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Discussion
Transgender people suffer under the severity of the pandemic due to the intersections between their status as a vulnerable social group, their high number of medical risk factors, and their need for ongoing medical treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic can potentiate these vulnerabilities, add new challenges for transgender people, and, therefore, can lead to devastating consequences, like severe physical or mental health issues, self-harming behavior, and suicidality.

text: How the COVID-19 pandemic affects transgender health care - A cross-sectional online survey in 63 upper-middle-income and high-income countries Background
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, access to medical care is restricted for nearly all non-acute conditions. Due to their status as a vulnerable social group and the inherent need for transition-related treatments, transgender people are assumed to be affected particularly severely by the restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
As an ad hoc collaboration between researchers, clinicians and 23 community organizations, we developed a web-based survey in German that was translated into 26 languages. Participants were recruited via community sources, social media channels, and snowball sampling since May 2020. The present sample is based on the data collected until August 9, 2020. We assessed demographical data, health problems, risk factors, COVID-19 data (e.g., contact history), and the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to transgender health care services. To identify factors associated with the experience of restrictions, we conducted multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results
5267 transgender people from 63 upper-middle-income and high-income countries participated in the study. Over 50% of the participants had risk factors for a severe course of a COVID-19 infection and were at a high risk of avoiding COVID-19 treatment due to the fear of mistreatment or discrimination. Access to transgender health care services was restricted for 50% of the participants. Male sex assigned at birth and a lower monthly income were significant predictors for the experience of restrictions to health care. 35.0% reported at least one mental health condition and 3.2% have attempted suicide since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Discussion
Transgender people suffer under the severity of the pandemic due to the intersections between their status as a vulnerable social group, their high number of medical risk factors, and their need for ongoing medical treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic can potentiate these vulnerabilities, add new challenges for transgender people, and, therefore, can lead to devastating consequences, like severe physical or mental health issues, self-harming behavior, and suicidality.

year: 2021

title: Māori and indigenous views on R and R: Resistance and Resilience

authors: Penehira, Mera

subjects: resilience

abstract: This article explores the development of Mäori and Indigenous frameworks of resilience, considering the impact of engaging with largely State- led notions of resilience on Mäori development. We highlight the closely linked notion of resistance, asserting the necessity of a fi rm political analysis from Indigenous researchers engaged in this discourse. One of the Indigenous criticisms of resilience theories is that by defi nition they assume an acceptance of responsibility for our position as disadvantaged individuals. That is, by examining and developing theories and models of resilience we buy into the idea that this is the way it is and we need simply to get better at bouncing back and being resilient. Resistance, however, represents an approach of collective fi ght- back, exposing the inequitable distribution of power, and actively opposing negative social, political and economic infl uences. This article represents a Mäori Indigenous political response to the resilience discourse.

text: Māori and indigenous views on R and R: Resistance and Resilience This article explores the development of Mäori and Indigenous frameworks of resilience, considering the impact of engaging with largely State- led notions of resilience on Mäori development. We highlight the closely linked notion of resistance, asserting the necessity of a fi rm political analysis from Indigenous researchers engaged in this discourse. One of the Indigenous criticisms of resilience theories is that by defi nition they assume an acceptance of responsibility for our position as disadvantaged individuals. That is, by examining and developing theories and models of resilience we buy into the idea that this is the way it is and we need simply to get better at bouncing back and being resilient. Resistance, however, represents an approach of collective fi ght- back, exposing the inequitable distribution of power, and actively opposing negative social, political and economic infl uences. This article represents a Mäori Indigenous political response to the resilience discourse.

year: 2014