title: Ngaa tongikura o te Kiingitanga - He tongi takapou nui, he kura takapou roa

authors: Paki, Nga wai hono i te po

subjects: Tongikura

abstract: Mai anoo, mai anoo i te waa o ngoo taatou tuupuna, ko te iere o te reo, ko te tangi o te kupu te waka kawe i ngaa whakaaro me ngaa kare aa-roto o oo taatou tuupuna. Inaa hoki raa te hoohonu o te whakaaro me te huhua o ngaa kura huna kua rarau ki ngaa kupu tuku iho o oo taatou tuupuna. I roto i a maatou, o Tainui waka, o Waikato iwi, o te Kiingitanga, ko ngaa tongikura te ritenga.

Kei teenei tuhinga te whakamaaramatanga, te whakamahukitanga o teenei taonga te tongikura. Ahakoa, inaa raa ngaa tini tongikura o te Kiingitanga kua tongikuratia ko taa teenei tuhinga whakapae he tuuhura i ngaa kura huna e whakapaetia nei, he oranga kei roto i ngaa tongikura hei painga moo te tangata. Noo te orokohanganga mai o te Kiingitanga tatuu iho raa ki teenei rangi tonu kei ngeenei tongikura ngaa kupu taurangi, ngaa tohutohu nui aa te raangai upoko ariki o te Kiingitanga ki ngaa iwi. I roto i te whakapaparanga o te Kiingitanga kua kitea taatou i te nui o te whakamahinga o ngaa tongikura hei aarahi, hei takitaki i a taatou a Tainui waka, i a Tainui tangata.

Kua haoria ake raa ko ngeetehi kohinga tongikura hei whewheratanga maaku i roto i teenei tuhinga e kite ai taatou i te mauri ora o ngaa tongikura ki roto i te iwi o Waikato, ki roto anoo hoki i ngaa iwi o te Kiingitanga. E haangai mai ana ngeenei tongikura ki te ora o te iwi, e purutia ana hoki hei kura waananga maa ngaa reanga whakatupuranga o te inamata, ki te anamata. Tiikina ake raa ko te kupu wairua, kia tuu te tongikura, ko te aakinga te mea nui, tau ki runga ki teenei tuhikura. Haere, tomokia mai te whare tongikura, he tongi takapou kura, he kura takapou roa.

text: Ngaa tongikura o te Kiingitanga - He tongi takapou nui, he kura takapou roa Mai anoo, mai anoo i te waa o ngoo taatou tuupuna, ko te iere o te reo, ko te tangi o te kupu te waka kawe i ngaa whakaaro me ngaa kare aa-roto o oo taatou tuupuna. Inaa hoki raa te hoohonu o te whakaaro me te huhua o ngaa kura huna kua rarau ki ngaa kupu tuku iho o oo taatou tuupuna. I roto i a maatou, o Tainui waka, o Waikato iwi, o te Kiingitanga, ko ngaa tongikura te ritenga.

Kei teenei tuhinga te whakamaaramatanga, te whakamahukitanga o teenei taonga te tongikura. Ahakoa, inaa raa ngaa tini tongikura o te Kiingitanga kua tongikuratia ko taa teenei tuhinga whakapae he tuuhura i ngaa kura huna e whakapaetia nei, he oranga kei roto i ngaa tongikura hei painga moo te tangata. Noo te orokohanganga mai o te Kiingitanga tatuu iho raa ki teenei rangi tonu kei ngeenei tongikura ngaa kupu taurangi, ngaa tohutohu nui aa te raangai upoko ariki o te Kiingitanga ki ngaa iwi. I roto i te whakapaparanga o te Kiingitanga kua kitea taatou i te nui o te whakamahinga o ngaa tongikura hei aarahi, hei takitaki i a taatou a Tainui waka, i a Tainui tangata.

Kua haoria ake raa ko ngeetehi kohinga tongikura hei whewheratanga maaku i roto i teenei tuhinga e kite ai taatou i te mauri ora o ngaa tongikura ki roto i te iwi o Waikato, ki roto anoo hoki i ngaa iwi o te Kiingitanga. E haangai mai ana ngeenei tongikura ki te ora o te iwi, e purutia ana hoki hei kura waananga maa ngaa reanga whakatupuranga o te inamata, ki te anamata. Tiikina ake raa ko te kupu wairua, kia tuu te tongikura, ko te aakinga te mea nui, tau ki runga ki teenei tuhikura. Haere, tomokia mai te whare tongikura, he tongi takapou kura, he kura takapou roa.

year: 2022

title: Who owns native nature? Discourses of rights to land, culture, and knowledge in New Zealand

authors: Goldsmith, Michael

subjects: indigenous cultures

abstract: Michael Brown famously asked ‘Who owns native culture?’ This paper revisits that question by analyzing what happens to culture when the culturally defined boundary between it and nature becomes salient in the context of disputes between indigenous and settler populations. My case study is the dispute between the New Zealand government and Maori tribal groupings concerning ownership of the foreshore and seabed. Having been granted the right to test their claims in court in 2003, Maori groups were enraged when the government legislated the right out of existence in 2004. Though the reasons for doing so were clearly political, contrasting cultural assumptions appeared to set Maori and Pakeha (New Zealanders of European origin) at odds. While couching ownership of part of nature as an IPR issue may seem counter-intuitive, I argue that as soon as a property claim destabilizes the nature/culture boundary, IPR discourse becomes pertinent.

text: Who owns native nature? Discourses of rights to land, culture, and knowledge in New Zealand Michael Brown famously asked ‘Who owns native culture?’ This paper revisits that question by analyzing what happens to culture when the culturally defined boundary between it and nature becomes salient in the context of disputes between indigenous and settler populations. My case study is the dispute between the New Zealand government and Maori tribal groupings concerning ownership of the foreshore and seabed. Having been granted the right to test their claims in court in 2003, Maori groups were enraged when the government legislated the right out of existence in 2004. Though the reasons for doing so were clearly political, contrasting cultural assumptions appeared to set Maori and Pakeha (New Zealanders of European origin) at odds. While couching ownership of part of nature as an IPR issue may seem counter-intuitive, I argue that as soon as a property claim destabilizes the nature/culture boundary, IPR discourse becomes pertinent.

year: 2009

title: Agrobiodiversity Enhancement for the sustainability of the tropical uplands:  An evaluation of agricultural land use  in Liliw, Laguna, Philippines

authors: Wagan, Amparo M.

subjects: Agrobiodiversity Enhancement ABDE

abstract: Agrobiodiversity Enhancement (ABDE) is a strategy that has been advanced for preventing environmental degradation without losing agricultural productivity. However, there is not yet sufficient evidence to support the important role that ABDE might have for managing agricultural land use in the tropical uplands. This research is an attempt to help fill this knowledge gap. The general aim of the thesis was to explore the potential of ABDE as a management alternative for agricultural land use in the uplands in terms of environmental protection, productivity and farmer acceptability. To achieve the aim, a methodological framework for evaluating agricultural land use in the uplands was developed. The methodology aimed at allowing one to understand the influence of agricultural land use on natural resources and farm productivity and the social factors that will most likely influence land users to enhance agrobiodiversity of their production. The methodological framework provided a minimum set of criteria and indicators that can be used for assessing agricultural land uses in the uplands. Main criteria for the evaluation included protection, productivity, viability security and acceptability. The following indicators were included: Shannon Diversity Index, Depth of Topsoil, Soil Organic Matter, Soil Nitrate, Crop Yields, Net Income, Trend in Income and Harvest Loss, Farmer Traits, Farm Characteristics and Farmer perceptions on the influence of farming on the health of natural resources and of the farm workers. The methodological framework also includes a range of methods and techniques for gathering environmental, economic and social data in the uplands and indicates circumstances under which each might best be utilized. 

Using the methodological framework, agricultural land use in an upland area in Liliw, Laguna Philippines was evaluated for protection of natural resources, specifically of the soil quality and for farm productivity and for the social factors that influence the way agricultural lands are managed. Results showed integration of horticultural trees and crops have potential for protecting thickness of the topsoil, reducing nutrient wastage and is more economically profitable than monocropping systems. Specifically, coconut exhibited importance in maintaining thickness of topsoil while lanzones played major role in augmenting farm income and as buffer to income losses from annual crops. Older farmers and women were found associated with agricultural land use with diversified production in the case study area. The Logit model analysis further showed that leadership quality and land ownership are the social factors that will likely influence integration of horticultural trees and crops in the uplands. Other personal characteristics like years of experience in farming, access to other sources of livelihood, land size, awareness of land degradation and effect of agrochemicals on heath of the farm workers have no likely influence on agricultural lands with integration of horticultural trees and crops. SWOT analysis of agricultural land use in the case study site showed that despite the environmental and economic advantages of agricultural lands with diversified production, there are weaknesses and barriers to its further development and implementation. From this assessment, implications for developing and implementing an ABDE intervention program for the tropical uplands were drawn.

text: Agrobiodiversity Enhancement for the sustainability of the tropical uplands:  An evaluation of agricultural land use  in Liliw, Laguna, Philippines Agrobiodiversity Enhancement (ABDE) is a strategy that has been advanced for preventing environmental degradation without losing agricultural productivity. However, there is not yet sufficient evidence to support the important role that ABDE might have for managing agricultural land use in the tropical uplands. This research is an attempt to help fill this knowledge gap. The general aim of the thesis was to explore the potential of ABDE as a management alternative for agricultural land use in the uplands in terms of environmental protection, productivity and farmer acceptability. To achieve the aim, a methodological framework for evaluating agricultural land use in the uplands was developed. The methodology aimed at allowing one to understand the influence of agricultural land use on natural resources and farm productivity and the social factors that will most likely influence land users to enhance agrobiodiversity of their production. The methodological framework provided a minimum set of criteria and indicators that can be used for assessing agricultural land uses in the uplands. Main criteria for the evaluation included protection, productivity, viability security and acceptability. The following indicators were included: Shannon Diversity Index, Depth of Topsoil, Soil Organic Matter, Soil Nitrate, Crop Yields, Net Income, Trend in Income and Harvest Loss, Farmer Traits, Farm Characteristics and Farmer perceptions on the influence of farming on the health of natural resources and of the farm workers. The methodological framework also includes a range of methods and techniques for gathering environmental, economic and social data in the uplands and indicates circumstances under which each might best be utilized. 

Using the methodological framework, agricultural land use in an upland area in Liliw, Laguna Philippines was evaluated for protection of natural resources, specifically of the soil quality and for farm productivity and for the social factors that influence the way agricultural lands are managed. Results showed integration of horticultural trees and crops have potential for protecting thickness of the topsoil, reducing nutrient wastage and is more economically profitable than monocropping systems. Specifically, coconut exhibited importance in maintaining thickness of topsoil while lanzones played major role in augmenting farm income and as buffer to income losses from annual crops. Older farmers and women were found associated with agricultural land use with diversified production in the case study area. The Logit model analysis further showed that leadership quality and land ownership are the social factors that will likely influence integration of horticultural trees and crops in the uplands. Other personal characteristics like years of experience in farming, access to other sources of livelihood, land size, awareness of land degradation and effect of agrochemicals on heath of the farm workers have no likely influence on agricultural lands with integration of horticultural trees and crops. SWOT analysis of agricultural land use in the case study site showed that despite the environmental and economic advantages of agricultural lands with diversified production, there are weaknesses and barriers to its further development and implementation. From this assessment, implications for developing and implementing an ABDE intervention program for the tropical uplands were drawn.

year: 2008