title: The phenology of an enclosed pasture area with specific reference to the soil-vegetation interface

authors: Rosenberg, David Ronald

abstract: Over a seven year period (1966-1972) a systematic survey was made of an enclosed pasture area on the campus of the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Areas of similar soil type and floral composition were used for comparison at Newstead and Tamahere. Comparisons are made with shorter-term studies at Newstead and in other countries.

None of the three sites had fertiliser applied during the survey period. Apart from sampling procedures, no vegetation was removed from Hillcrest, but Newstead and Tamahere were subjected to systematic mowing.

Seasonal and long-term fluctuations of populations were determined for all major faunal groups, together with seasonal and successional development of the flora.

Relationships between meteorological factors, faunal and floral composition have been subjected to computer analysis. Some correlations are suggested. The emphasis in the survey has been upon the fluctuations and relationships of groups rather than the precise responses of individual species to environmental variations.

Feeding experiments with fauna in the laboratory have helped to add to the knowledge of the trophic position of some New Zealand species.

The results of the survey show the effects of floral competition where Holcus lanatus, Bromus unioloides and Ranunculus sardous replace rosette and soft annual plants. The rate and sequence of succession are shown.

An adaptation of the Berlese extractor was developed to give indications of the vertical distribution of fauna.

Long term change in faunal composition are not clearly indicated. Changes which do occur are mostly at the soil surface, reflecting the state of vegetation and litter.

As a result of the extended survey, it would seem that one of the most important influences in the ecology of light loam agricultural pastures is the quality of the soil/vegetation interface. When a litter layer is retained throughout the year, faunal numbers fluctuate less rapidly and to a lesser extent than in exposed short vegetation pastures. Basically, litter acts as an ecological buffer, dampens down extremes of microclimate change, and provides a greater number of niches for soil microfauna. Where vegetation removal does not occur, small low-growing plants and seedlings are suppressed. The smothering effects of the stems and leaves from taller plants maintain the dominance of perennial species.

text: The phenology of an enclosed pasture area with specific reference to the soil-vegetation interface Over a seven year period (1966-1972) a systematic survey was made of an enclosed pasture area on the campus of the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Areas of similar soil type and floral composition were used for comparison at Newstead and Tamahere. Comparisons are made with shorter-term studies at Newstead and in other countries.

None of the three sites had fertiliser applied during the survey period. Apart from sampling procedures, no vegetation was removed from Hillcrest, but Newstead and Tamahere were subjected to systematic mowing.

Seasonal and long-term fluctuations of populations were determined for all major faunal groups, together with seasonal and successional development of the flora.

Relationships between meteorological factors, faunal and floral composition have been subjected to computer analysis. Some correlations are suggested. The emphasis in the survey has been upon the fluctuations and relationships of groups rather than the precise responses of individual species to environmental variations.

Feeding experiments with fauna in the laboratory have helped to add to the knowledge of the trophic position of some New Zealand species.

The results of the survey show the effects of floral competition where Holcus lanatus, Bromus unioloides and Ranunculus sardous replace rosette and soft annual plants. The rate and sequence of succession are shown.

An adaptation of the Berlese extractor was developed to give indications of the vertical distribution of fauna.

Long term change in faunal composition are not clearly indicated. Changes which do occur are mostly at the soil surface, reflecting the state of vegetation and litter.

As a result of the extended survey, it would seem that one of the most important influences in the ecology of light loam agricultural pastures is the quality of the soil/vegetation interface. When a litter layer is retained throughout the year, faunal numbers fluctuate less rapidly and to a lesser extent than in exposed short vegetation pastures. Basically, litter acts as an ecological buffer, dampens down extremes of microclimate change, and provides a greater number of niches for soil microfauna. Where vegetation removal does not occur, small low-growing plants and seedlings are suppressed. The smothering effects of the stems and leaves from taller plants maintain the dominance of perennial species.

year: 1974

title: The advent of liberal internationalism in New Zealand's foreign policy

authors: McCraw, David

subjects: New Zealand foreign policy

abstract: In 1935, the first Labour government introduced elements of Liberal Internationalism into New Zealand's foreign policy for the first time. Before that, New Zealand's foreign policy had been wholly Realist. The new elements were an enthusiastic support for international organisations and a concern for human rights, democracy and self-determination. These elements have formed part of New Zealand's foreign policy ever since, although they have been emphasised more by Labour governments than National ones. The first Labour government continued a number of Realist policies as well, and this mix of Idealism and Realism set the pattern of modern New Zealand foreign policy. Two further elements of Liberal Internationalism- the promotion of disarmament and of free trade — were not adopted by the first Labour government, but they would be added to New Zealand's foreign policy mix by later Labour governments.

text: The advent of liberal internationalism in New Zealand's foreign policy In 1935, the first Labour government introduced elements of Liberal Internationalism into New Zealand's foreign policy for the first time. Before that, New Zealand's foreign policy had been wholly Realist. The new elements were an enthusiastic support for international organisations and a concern for human rights, democracy and self-determination. These elements have formed part of New Zealand's foreign policy ever since, although they have been emphasised more by Labour governments than National ones. The first Labour government continued a number of Realist policies as well, and this mix of Idealism and Realism set the pattern of modern New Zealand foreign policy. Two further elements of Liberal Internationalism- the promotion of disarmament and of free trade — were not adopted by the first Labour government, but they would be added to New Zealand's foreign policy mix by later Labour governments.

year: 2003

title: Understanding the use of Māori and English in dual language picturebooks through a sociolinguistic lens

authors: Daly, Nicola

abstract: In this presentation I will explore the use of te reo Māori in English text in dual language picturebooks published in Aotearoa/New Zealand. A series of studies examining the frequency of Māori loanwords in children’s picturebooks (Daly 2007; Daly 2008; Macdonald & Daly, 2013) are presented showing that when books came out of a publishing company with a commitment to publishing Māori and Pasifika stories, the frequency of loanwords was much higher than in other contexts; but even when a survey of all picturebooks published in New Zealand between 1995 and 2005 was conducted, the frequency of loanwords was much higher than in previous studies of comparable literature, such as the New Zealand school journal (Macalister, 1999). Very few dual language picturebooks featuring Māori and English are produced in New Zealand (Daly 2016a; Daly 2016b). The synchronous or sequential format of having separate books for each language seems to be favoured. But it is in the parallel dual language format (where both languages are present in a single book) that the relative status of the two languages is evident. In the second part of the presentation the layout and comparative presentation of the two languages are explored in terms of size of font and order of languages, using a Linguistic Landscape framework (Landry & Bourhis, 1997). These uses of two languages within New Zealand children’s literature (both interlingual and dual language) are examined and considered in terms of Bell’s (1984) theory of Audience Design, considering whether writers and publishers of such literature are now catering for a wider and more bilingual audience and whether publishing such linguistically diverse material such linguistically diverse picturebooks may be contributing to the creation of a more bilingual society.

text: Understanding the use of Māori and English in dual language picturebooks through a sociolinguistic lens In this presentation I will explore the use of te reo Māori in English text in dual language picturebooks published in Aotearoa/New Zealand. A series of studies examining the frequency of Māori loanwords in children’s picturebooks (Daly 2007; Daly 2008; Macdonald & Daly, 2013) are presented showing that when books came out of a publishing company with a commitment to publishing Māori and Pasifika stories, the frequency of loanwords was much higher than in other contexts; but even when a survey of all picturebooks published in New Zealand between 1995 and 2005 was conducted, the frequency of loanwords was much higher than in previous studies of comparable literature, such as the New Zealand school journal (Macalister, 1999). Very few dual language picturebooks featuring Māori and English are produced in New Zealand (Daly 2016a; Daly 2016b). The synchronous or sequential format of having separate books for each language seems to be favoured. But it is in the parallel dual language format (where both languages are present in a single book) that the relative status of the two languages is evident. In the second part of the presentation the layout and comparative presentation of the two languages are explored in terms of size of font and order of languages, using a Linguistic Landscape framework (Landry & Bourhis, 1997). These uses of two languages within New Zealand children’s literature (both interlingual and dual language) are examined and considered in terms of Bell’s (1984) theory of Audience Design, considering whether writers and publishers of such literature are now catering for a wider and more bilingual audience and whether publishing such linguistically diverse material such linguistically diverse picturebooks may be contributing to the creation of a more bilingual society.

year: 2018