title: Te kū o te kupu

authors: Raerino, Heddell Robert

subjects: Māori language

abstract: Ko tēnei tuhingaroa, he rangahau hai wherawhera ake i te āhuatanga o te reo Māori, e kiia ana ko tōna oro, me te kū o ngā kupu kōrero o taua reo. Ko te aronga whakaaro o tēnei rangahau, he rapu i tētahi āhuatanga kāore anō kia tirotirohia, kia tuhia rānei mō te reo Māori. Ehara tēnei rangahau i te kaupapa, i te mahi hou. Otirā, kai te whai te kaituhi i ngā rangahau kua oti kē i wētahi tohunga te wānanga mō wētahi atu reo. Ko tā te kaituhi he whai i ngā tauira a te hunga wetewete reo nei, ka uwhi ai ki runga i te reo Māori hai āwhina i ngā tātaritanga ā te kaituhi mō tōna ake reo, arā, te reo Māori.

Kai te upoko tuatahi ka whaia ngā rerenga whakaaro i pūpū ake ai te taitara 'te kū o te kupu' mō tēnei mahi rangahau. Inā ka tirohia i ahu ngā oro o te reo mai i whea e ai ki tā te Māori wānanga. Mai i ngā oro ka puta ko ngā ku o ngā kupu me ngā kupu o ngā rārangi kōrero.

Hai te upoko tuarua ka tirohia ngā kōrero kua tuhia e ngā tohunga wetewete reo e pā ana ki te kaupapa o tēnei tuhingaroa, arā, te kū o te kupu. Ko ngā tirohanga mō te reo ake, arā, i ahu mai i whea, he aha ōna momo whakaata me tōna pakaritanga ka tirohia i roto i te upoko tuatoru.

Mai i ngā momo whakaata o te reo i roto i ngā momo waiata, ka āta tahuri te kaituhi ki te whakawhānui haere i tana wetewete me tāna tūhononga i ngā rerenga me ngā pekanga o te ku o te kupu.

Kai te upoko tuarima ka tirohia ngā whāinga me ngā aronga ā wētahi kaitito
waiata Māori me wētahi kaikōrero i te reo Māori, mō ō rātau māramatanga ki ngā kū me ngā oro o te reo Māori.

Kai te upoko tuaono e whāriki ana wētahi tauira kōrero Māori, hai whakaata i ngā momo orōmāhara, oro ohorere, ororite, kupu whakahuarua me wērā atu tauira whakaahua i ngā kū o te kupu me ngā oro o te reo Māori.

Ko ngā hua o tēnei rangahau, o tēnei tuhingaroa ka kitea i roto i te upoko
tuawhitu. Kōinei te whakakopinga o tēnei mahi.

text: Te kū o te kupu Ko tēnei tuhingaroa, he rangahau hai wherawhera ake i te āhuatanga o te reo Māori, e kiia ana ko tōna oro, me te kū o ngā kupu kōrero o taua reo. Ko te aronga whakaaro o tēnei rangahau, he rapu i tētahi āhuatanga kāore anō kia tirotirohia, kia tuhia rānei mō te reo Māori. Ehara tēnei rangahau i te kaupapa, i te mahi hou. Otirā, kai te whai te kaituhi i ngā rangahau kua oti kē i wētahi tohunga te wānanga mō wētahi atu reo. Ko tā te kaituhi he whai i ngā tauira a te hunga wetewete reo nei, ka uwhi ai ki runga i te reo Māori hai āwhina i ngā tātaritanga ā te kaituhi mō tōna ake reo, arā, te reo Māori.

Kai te upoko tuatahi ka whaia ngā rerenga whakaaro i pūpū ake ai te taitara 'te kū o te kupu' mō tēnei mahi rangahau. Inā ka tirohia i ahu ngā oro o te reo mai i whea e ai ki tā te Māori wānanga. Mai i ngā oro ka puta ko ngā ku o ngā kupu me ngā kupu o ngā rārangi kōrero.

Hai te upoko tuarua ka tirohia ngā kōrero kua tuhia e ngā tohunga wetewete reo e pā ana ki te kaupapa o tēnei tuhingaroa, arā, te kū o te kupu. Ko ngā tirohanga mō te reo ake, arā, i ahu mai i whea, he aha ōna momo whakaata me tōna pakaritanga ka tirohia i roto i te upoko tuatoru.

Mai i ngā momo whakaata o te reo i roto i ngā momo waiata, ka āta tahuri te kaituhi ki te whakawhānui haere i tana wetewete me tāna tūhononga i ngā rerenga me ngā pekanga o te ku o te kupu.

Kai te upoko tuarima ka tirohia ngā whāinga me ngā aronga ā wētahi kaitito
waiata Māori me wētahi kaikōrero i te reo Māori, mō ō rātau māramatanga ki ngā kū me ngā oro o te reo Māori.

Kai te upoko tuaono e whāriki ana wētahi tauira kōrero Māori, hai whakaata i ngā momo orōmāhara, oro ohorere, ororite, kupu whakahuarua me wērā atu tauira whakaahua i ngā kū o te kupu me ngā oro o te reo Māori.

Ko ngā hua o tēnei rangahau, o tēnei tuhingaroa ka kitea i roto i te upoko
tuawhitu. Kōinei te whakakopinga o tēnei mahi.

year: 2000

title: The source, composition and typology of ‘Limestone’ Adzes from Eastern North Island, New Zealand

authors: Nelson, Campbell S.

subjects: adzes

abstract: Collections of stone adzes (toki) from the eastern North Island of New Zealand include a number of typologically early (Archaic) forms made from what has been previously described as ‘siliceous or silicified limestone’. Seventy five finished adzes and preforms of this material were recorded in the present study. Their geographic distribution is primarily restricted to southern Hawkes Bay – Wairarapa, and they apparently originated from a single manufacturing centre at Owahanga, on the northern Wairarapa coast. Chemical and mineralogical analyses (by X-ray fluorescence, portable XRF, vacuum gasometry and X-ray diffraction) of two artefacts from Owahanga show they contain about 20–30 per cent CaCO3 (as calcite), while samples of the presumed local source rock have a slightly higher carbonate content but comparable silica (quartz) and Rb concentrations. The rock type used in the manufacture of adzes was therefore not a true limestone but calcareous mudstone, compositionally distinct from siliceous limestones in southern Wairarapa and probably derived from the Whangai Formation. Possible reasons for the use of this stone material are discussed.

text: The source, composition and typology of ‘Limestone’ Adzes from Eastern North Island, New Zealand Collections of stone adzes (toki) from the eastern North Island of New Zealand include a number of typologically early (Archaic) forms made from what has been previously described as ‘siliceous or silicified limestone’. Seventy five finished adzes and preforms of this material were recorded in the present study. Their geographic distribution is primarily restricted to southern Hawkes Bay – Wairarapa, and they apparently originated from a single manufacturing centre at Owahanga, on the northern Wairarapa coast. Chemical and mineralogical analyses (by X-ray fluorescence, portable XRF, vacuum gasometry and X-ray diffraction) of two artefacts from Owahanga show they contain about 20–30 per cent CaCO3 (as calcite), while samples of the presumed local source rock have a slightly higher carbonate content but comparable silica (quartz) and Rb concentrations. The rock type used in the manufacture of adzes was therefore not a true limestone but calcareous mudstone, compositionally distinct from siliceous limestones in southern Wairarapa and probably derived from the Whangai Formation. Possible reasons for the use of this stone material are discussed.

year: 2016

title: An investigation of low diastase activity in mānuka honey

authors: Bell, Amber

subjects: Mānuka honey

abstract: Mānuka honey with high non-peroxide antibacterial (NPA) activity is a valuable export product in the multi-million-dollar New Zealand honey export industry, with monofloral mānuka honey accounting for 68% (NZ$290 million) of the total export value (NZ$425 million) for the 2019/20 season. Exported honey must meet strict export regulations. Diastase enzyme (alpha amylase) activity is a quality control indicator of detrimental storage conditions (excessive heat treatment or prolonged storage), decreasing over time. International export requires honey to have high diastase activity (Diastase Number, DN > 8). Medium to high NPA mānuka honeys often fail the diastase test, despite careful storage. It is important to determine the cause of low diastase activity in mānuka honey to prevent revenue loss for New Zealand honey exports. Bioactive compounds in the honey were hypothesised to inhibit alpha-amylase, therefore reducing diastase activity.
A database of fresh mānuka and non-mānuka honeys were analysed for various chemical parameters (including moisture content, mānuka chemical marker compounds, dihydroxyacetone (DHA), methylglyoxal (MGO), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and diastase activity) to determine if any correlations were present with diastase activity. Parameters between and within floral honey types varied largely, however no correlations were observed to diastase activity. 
Storage experiments (20 °C, 161 days; 27 °C, 198 days) of selected database honeys showed the mānuka marker compounds were stable. However, the rates of change observed for DHA, MGO, HMF and diastase activity were reliant on intrinsic honey characteristics (not identified). While time and temperature had significant impact on loss of diastase activity in honey, correlation was observed between changes in diastase activity and DHA, MGO and mānuka marker 3-phenyllactic acid (3-PLA) concentrations.
Additionally, a clover honey matrix was perturbed with single bioactive compounds (DHA (MGO-precursor), MGO, mānuka markers compounds, methyl syringate and tannic acid) to observe the effect on diastase activity over time (185 days) and at 20, 27 and 34 °C. MGO and 3 PLA caused diastase activity to decrease at a significantly faster rate than other compounds. The half-life of diastase at 27 °C for the control sample was 590 days compared to the much shorter half-life of diastase in the MGO (440 days) and 3 PLA (380 days) perturbed samples. The mechanism by which these two compounds decrease diastase activity is unknown, however MGO is a highly reactive molecule and has been reported to inhibit other enzymes. Time and temperature were also significant drivers of diastase activity loss; diastase half-life at 20 °C was more than eight times greater than it was at 34 °C (1340 vs. 160 days). 
The experiments indicate that diastase activity is highly variable between fresh honeys and the rate at which it decreases may be dependent not only on temperature and time honey is stored at, but on intrinsic honey compounds and physico-chemical parameters suggesting that diastase activity regulations may not be suitable for mānuka honey.

text: An investigation of low diastase activity in mānuka honey Mānuka honey with high non-peroxide antibacterial (NPA) activity is a valuable export product in the multi-million-dollar New Zealand honey export industry, with monofloral mānuka honey accounting for 68% (NZ$290 million) of the total export value (NZ$425 million) for the 2019/20 season. Exported honey must meet strict export regulations. Diastase enzyme (alpha amylase) activity is a quality control indicator of detrimental storage conditions (excessive heat treatment or prolonged storage), decreasing over time. International export requires honey to have high diastase activity (Diastase Number, DN > 8). Medium to high NPA mānuka honeys often fail the diastase test, despite careful storage. It is important to determine the cause of low diastase activity in mānuka honey to prevent revenue loss for New Zealand honey exports. Bioactive compounds in the honey were hypothesised to inhibit alpha-amylase, therefore reducing diastase activity.
A database of fresh mānuka and non-mānuka honeys were analysed for various chemical parameters (including moisture content, mānuka chemical marker compounds, dihydroxyacetone (DHA), methylglyoxal (MGO), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and diastase activity) to determine if any correlations were present with diastase activity. Parameters between and within floral honey types varied largely, however no correlations were observed to diastase activity. 
Storage experiments (20 °C, 161 days; 27 °C, 198 days) of selected database honeys showed the mānuka marker compounds were stable. However, the rates of change observed for DHA, MGO, HMF and diastase activity were reliant on intrinsic honey characteristics (not identified). While time and temperature had significant impact on loss of diastase activity in honey, correlation was observed between changes in diastase activity and DHA, MGO and mānuka marker 3-phenyllactic acid (3-PLA) concentrations.
Additionally, a clover honey matrix was perturbed with single bioactive compounds (DHA (MGO-precursor), MGO, mānuka markers compounds, methyl syringate and tannic acid) to observe the effect on diastase activity over time (185 days) and at 20, 27 and 34 °C. MGO and 3 PLA caused diastase activity to decrease at a significantly faster rate than other compounds. The half-life of diastase at 27 °C for the control sample was 590 days compared to the much shorter half-life of diastase in the MGO (440 days) and 3 PLA (380 days) perturbed samples. The mechanism by which these two compounds decrease diastase activity is unknown, however MGO is a highly reactive molecule and has been reported to inhibit other enzymes. Time and temperature were also significant drivers of diastase activity loss; diastase half-life at 20 °C was more than eight times greater than it was at 34 °C (1340 vs. 160 days). 
The experiments indicate that diastase activity is highly variable between fresh honeys and the rate at which it decreases may be dependent not only on temperature and time honey is stored at, but on intrinsic honey compounds and physico-chemical parameters suggesting that diastase activity regulations may not be suitable for mānuka honey.

year: 2022