title: The morphology and surf conditions of Aramoana Beach, Otago: A surf break of national significance

authors: Davies-Campbell, Jaime Andrew Te Ahu

subjects: Surf

abstract: Aramoana Beach is a recognised surf break of regional and national significance and is protected under the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010). Until recently, little baseline data on the break had been collected. The objective of this thesis was to gain an understanding of how the morphological and surfing parameters vary and interact with each other and with the forcing wave climate. Ultimately, the baseline data gathered from this work will help inform and support the NZCPS (2010) in protecting Aramoana Beach and other surf breaks around New Zealand.

The state, morphology and in turn the surfing parameters of Aramoana Beach are correlated and are a function of the forcing wave climate present at any given time, which is observed to have seasonal and annual variations. The morphological parameters of interest are the sand-bar orientations and sand-bar lengths, whilst the surfing parameters of interest are the peel angles and the ride lengths. Two cameras were set up overlooking Aramoana Beach to record known favourable surfing locations. The two locations were separated by 300 m.

The results indicated that, at the camera one area of interest, El Niño phases as well as the forcing wave climate associated with autumn and winter, increased the sand-bar orientation, relative to true north (0 ), to face north-east and decreased the sand-bar lengths, whilst the state of Aramoana Beach became more dissipative in nature. During El Niño phases, as well as autumn and winter, south-east swell waves were dominant, and the significant wave height increased. In contrast, La Niña phases, as well as the forcing wave climate associated with summer and spring, decreased the sand-bar orientations, relative to true north, to face north-north-east and increased the sand-bar lengths, whilst the state of Aramoana Beach became more reflective in nature. During La Niña phases, as well as spring and summer, north-east swell waves were dominant and the significant wave heights were smaller, relative to El Niño. The peel angles and ride lengths of the breaking waves were more favourable in El Niño years and during autumn and winter compared to during La Niña years and during spring and summer at the camera one area of interest.

 At the camera two area of interest, the El Niño phase decreased the sand-bar orientations, relative to true north to face north (opposite to the camera one area of interest) and decreased the sand-bar lengths. In contrast, the La Niña phase increased the sand-bar orientations, relative to true north to face north-north-east and increased sand-bar lengths. The seasonal trends at the camera two area of interest were likely inaccurate due to the paucity of data. Surfing conditions at the camera two area of interest were more favourable during La Niña phases compared to El Niño phases, which was opposite to the camera one area of interest. 

The findings of this study add weight to the importance of protecting the swell corridors that contain the pre-conditioning features that are essential to producing the world-class surfing waves observed at Aramoana Beach.

text: The morphology and surf conditions of Aramoana Beach, Otago: A surf break of national significance Aramoana Beach is a recognised surf break of regional and national significance and is protected under the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010). Until recently, little baseline data on the break had been collected. The objective of this thesis was to gain an understanding of how the morphological and surfing parameters vary and interact with each other and with the forcing wave climate. Ultimately, the baseline data gathered from this work will help inform and support the NZCPS (2010) in protecting Aramoana Beach and other surf breaks around New Zealand.

The state, morphology and in turn the surfing parameters of Aramoana Beach are correlated and are a function of the forcing wave climate present at any given time, which is observed to have seasonal and annual variations. The morphological parameters of interest are the sand-bar orientations and sand-bar lengths, whilst the surfing parameters of interest are the peel angles and the ride lengths. Two cameras were set up overlooking Aramoana Beach to record known favourable surfing locations. The two locations were separated by 300 m.

The results indicated that, at the camera one area of interest, El Niño phases as well as the forcing wave climate associated with autumn and winter, increased the sand-bar orientation, relative to true north (0 ), to face north-east and decreased the sand-bar lengths, whilst the state of Aramoana Beach became more dissipative in nature. During El Niño phases, as well as autumn and winter, south-east swell waves were dominant, and the significant wave height increased. In contrast, La Niña phases, as well as the forcing wave climate associated with summer and spring, decreased the sand-bar orientations, relative to true north, to face north-north-east and increased the sand-bar lengths, whilst the state of Aramoana Beach became more reflective in nature. During La Niña phases, as well as spring and summer, north-east swell waves were dominant and the significant wave heights were smaller, relative to El Niño. The peel angles and ride lengths of the breaking waves were more favourable in El Niño years and during autumn and winter compared to during La Niña years and during spring and summer at the camera one area of interest.

 At the camera two area of interest, the El Niño phase decreased the sand-bar orientations, relative to true north to face north (opposite to the camera one area of interest) and decreased the sand-bar lengths. In contrast, the La Niña phase increased the sand-bar orientations, relative to true north to face north-north-east and increased sand-bar lengths. The seasonal trends at the camera two area of interest were likely inaccurate due to the paucity of data. Surfing conditions at the camera two area of interest were more favourable during La Niña phases compared to El Niño phases, which was opposite to the camera one area of interest. 

The findings of this study add weight to the importance of protecting the swell corridors that contain the pre-conditioning features that are essential to producing the world-class surfing waves observed at Aramoana Beach.

year: 2018

title: An appraisal of nutrient supplies available for tree growth in a pumice soil

authors: Knight, P.J.

abstract: Chemical analyses have confirmed and explained the results of an earlier pot trial in which the availability of major nutrients in six pumice ash layers of Kaingaroa silty sand was assessed by the growth of radiata pine seedlings.
Almost all of the tree-available P is found in the present topsoil: the quantities-of P that occur in two buried soils (Waimihia and Rotoma ashes) are almost entirely in the form of organic P which is apparently very resistant to breakdown due to complexing with allophane. The N in these layers is similarly unavailable.
The mineral layers, about 4 ft in thickness (Taupo pumice and lapilli), which lie between the present topsoil and the uppermost buried soil, are very low in total N and P and exchangeable Mg, but relatively high in exchangeable K. Only the lower buried soil contains a reasonable quantity of exchangeable Mg and has a Mg : K ratio in favour of Mg.

text: An appraisal of nutrient supplies available for tree growth in a pumice soil Chemical analyses have confirmed and explained the results of an earlier pot trial in which the availability of major nutrients in six pumice ash layers of Kaingaroa silty sand was assessed by the growth of radiata pine seedlings.
Almost all of the tree-available P is found in the present topsoil: the quantities-of P that occur in two buried soils (Waimihia and Rotoma ashes) are almost entirely in the form of organic P which is apparently very resistant to breakdown due to complexing with allophane. The N in these layers is similarly unavailable.
The mineral layers, about 4 ft in thickness (Taupo pumice and lapilli), which lie between the present topsoil and the uppermost buried soil, are very low in total N and P and exchangeable Mg, but relatively high in exchangeable K. Only the lower buried soil contains a reasonable quantity of exchangeable Mg and has a Mg : K ratio in favour of Mg.

year: 1970

title: Developing a kaupapa Māori evaluation model – one size fits all?

authors: Masters-Awatere, Bridgette

subjects: Maori health

abstract: Health statistics in Aotearoa (New Zealand) highlight that Māori, the indigenous people Aotearoa have poorer health than non- Māori. In response to the statistics a number of Māori health providers have established services that address specific areas of need in their regions. Initially there were minimal accountability requirements of providers. However, changes in the health system now mean that groups wanting to establish a new service must provide accountability measures before, during and after the funding has been allocated. As a result providers need to develop a rationale behind their decisions and assess the measure of change that has taken place as a result of the service or programme to ensure continued funding. The requirements reflect the dominant Western paradigm in which health promotion is understood to be about producing specific quantifiable behaviour changes in individuals. Māori health providers on the other hand have tended to take a holistic approach to health. Thus they have found themselves in the position of trying to show change within a paradigm where measurements are not easily taken. This has created frustration amongst Māori providers who face losing their funding because of an inability to report measurable outcomes using a framework that does not apply to their culture.

text: Developing a kaupapa Māori evaluation model – one size fits all? Health statistics in Aotearoa (New Zealand) highlight that Māori, the indigenous people Aotearoa have poorer health than non- Māori. In response to the statistics a number of Māori health providers have established services that address specific areas of need in their regions. Initially there were minimal accountability requirements of providers. However, changes in the health system now mean that groups wanting to establish a new service must provide accountability measures before, during and after the funding has been allocated. As a result providers need to develop a rationale behind their decisions and assess the measure of change that has taken place as a result of the service or programme to ensure continued funding. The requirements reflect the dominant Western paradigm in which health promotion is understood to be about producing specific quantifiable behaviour changes in individuals. Māori health providers on the other hand have tended to take a holistic approach to health. Thus they have found themselves in the position of trying to show change within a paradigm where measurements are not easily taken. This has created frustration amongst Māori providers who face losing their funding because of an inability to report measurable outcomes using a framework that does not apply to their culture.

year: 2002