title: Are Asia-Pacific real exchange rates stationary? A regime-switching perspective

authors: Holmes, Mark J.

subjects: purchasing power parity

abstract: This paper tests for long-run purchasing power (PPP) among nine Asia-Pacific countries. Non-stationarity of the real exchange rate is tested within a Markov regime-switching framework. Two new concepts of PPP are defined that allow for real exchange behaviour to switch between stationary and non-stationary regimes (partial PPP) or between stationary regimes of differing degrees of persistence (varied PPP). The results indicate that each country is characterized by at least one stationary regime. Indeed, five countries are characterized by two such regimes. Further analysis indicates that the Asian crisis of 1997 gave mixed impetus to the achievement of long-run PPP.

text: Are Asia-Pacific real exchange rates stationary? A regime-switching perspective This paper tests for long-run purchasing power (PPP) among nine Asia-Pacific countries. Non-stationarity of the real exchange rate is tested within a Markov regime-switching framework. Two new concepts of PPP are defined that allow for real exchange behaviour to switch between stationary and non-stationary regimes (partial PPP) or between stationary regimes of differing degrees of persistence (varied PPP). The results indicate that each country is characterized by at least one stationary regime. Indeed, five countries are characterized by two such regimes. Further analysis indicates that the Asian crisis of 1997 gave mixed impetus to the achievement of long-run PPP.

year: 2010

title: 1,2-Bis{(pentafluorophenyl)phenylphosphino}ethane:  A Probe for Configurational Stability in Three-Legged Piano Stool Complexes

authors: Nieuwenhuyzen, Mark

subjects: chemistry

abstract: The pentafluorophenyl-substituted diphosphine (C₆F₅)PhPCH₂CH₂PPh(C₆F₅) has been prepared, as a 1:1.7 mixture of rac (1a) and meso (1b) isomers, in four steps from dppe. The reaction between [Cp*RhCl(μ-Cl)]2 and 1 in the presence of tetrafluoroborate yielded a mixture of racemic diastereoisomers of [Cp*RhCl(κP,κP-1a)][BF₄] (4a•BF₄) and trans and cis isomers of [Cp*RhCl(κP,κP-1b)][BF₄] (4b•BF₄ and 4c•BF₄, respectively). On addition of Proton Sponge, 4a and 4c, in which at least one pentafluorophenyl group is close to the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand, underwent rapid dehydrofluorinative carbon−carbon coupling giving trans- and cis-[{η⁵,κP,κP-C₅Me₄CH₂C₆F₄-2-PPhCH₂CH₂PPh(C₆F₅)}RhCl]⁺ (5 and 6), respectively. The latter underwent further dehydrofluorinative carbon−carbon coupling to give two isomers of [{η⁵,κP,κP-C₅Me₃[CH₂C₆F₄-2-PPhCH₂]₂}RhCl]+ (7). Isomerization of 4b to 4c was observed in chloroform and dimethlysulfoxide. Neither isomerization of 4a to 4b or 4c nor isomerization of 5 to 6 was observed at ambient or elevated temperature in dimethyl sulfoxide. The results provide the first evidence that complexes of η⁵,κP,κL-cyclopentadienyl-phosphine-donor ligands are configurationally stable at high temperature.

text: 1,2-Bis{(pentafluorophenyl)phenylphosphino}ethane:  A Probe for Configurational Stability in Three-Legged Piano Stool Complexes The pentafluorophenyl-substituted diphosphine (C₆F₅)PhPCH₂CH₂PPh(C₆F₅) has been prepared, as a 1:1.7 mixture of rac (1a) and meso (1b) isomers, in four steps from dppe. The reaction between [Cp*RhCl(μ-Cl)]2 and 1 in the presence of tetrafluoroborate yielded a mixture of racemic diastereoisomers of [Cp*RhCl(κP,κP-1a)][BF₄] (4a•BF₄) and trans and cis isomers of [Cp*RhCl(κP,κP-1b)][BF₄] (4b•BF₄ and 4c•BF₄, respectively). On addition of Proton Sponge, 4a and 4c, in which at least one pentafluorophenyl group is close to the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand, underwent rapid dehydrofluorinative carbon−carbon coupling giving trans- and cis-[{η⁵,κP,κP-C₅Me₄CH₂C₆F₄-2-PPhCH₂CH₂PPh(C₆F₅)}RhCl]⁺ (5 and 6), respectively. The latter underwent further dehydrofluorinative carbon−carbon coupling to give two isomers of [{η⁵,κP,κP-C₅Me₃[CH₂C₆F₄-2-PPhCH₂]₂}RhCl]+ (7). Isomerization of 4b to 4c was observed in chloroform and dimethlysulfoxide. Neither isomerization of 4a to 4b or 4c nor isomerization of 5 to 6 was observed at ambient or elevated temperature in dimethyl sulfoxide. The results provide the first evidence that complexes of η⁵,κP,κL-cyclopentadienyl-phosphine-donor ligands are configurationally stable at high temperature.

year: 2006

title: Te Puea Herangi: an ethno-biographical study

authors: King, Michael

abstract: Early explanations of Maori leadership (for example Buck 1950) tended to emphasize the principle of male primogeniture - the expectation that community leadership would in the normal course of affairs pass to the eldest sons of lines of first-born males. Later studies of Western-educated leaders and those with a non-traditional power base (see Butterworth 1969, Cody 1953, Condliffe 1971, and Henderson 1972) continued to emphasize male primacy. Against the tenor of these studies, however, is the fact that in the first half of the twentieth century the Maori King Movement was dominated and welded together by a woman who preached male primogeniture though her life seemed to contradict the principle; Te Puea Herangi was not of a senior descent line and neither compensated for its absence by a substantial degree of European education nor consolidated her position by marriage. Nor was she simply a forceful leader in Maori terms only: Professor J.G.A. Pocock (in The Maori and New Zealand Politics) called her “possibly the most influential woman in our political history”.

This study examines Te Puea's leadership role: how she came to assume it, how she exercised it, and its consequences. Analytical concepts like Max Weber's distinctions between charismatic, traditional and rational-legal authority, have been avoided. The danger of adopting them is that the themes and emphases of research material can be easily and unintentionally warped to fit the model, in the interests of tidiness and intelligibility. Instead, this study proceeds by way of a detailed and chronological examination of the major events of Te Puea's life, and an evaluation of actions and statements as they occur and in the context in which they occur. It is, in other words, a consideration of Te Puea's life in terms of her own concepts, and in relation to the Maori and wider public affairs of her day. Explanations for her behaviour are sought within the boundaries of her own life and culture rather than from the imposition of alien models.

text: Te Puea Herangi: an ethno-biographical study Early explanations of Maori leadership (for example Buck 1950) tended to emphasize the principle of male primogeniture - the expectation that community leadership would in the normal course of affairs pass to the eldest sons of lines of first-born males. Later studies of Western-educated leaders and those with a non-traditional power base (see Butterworth 1969, Cody 1953, Condliffe 1971, and Henderson 1972) continued to emphasize male primacy. Against the tenor of these studies, however, is the fact that in the first half of the twentieth century the Maori King Movement was dominated and welded together by a woman who preached male primogeniture though her life seemed to contradict the principle; Te Puea Herangi was not of a senior descent line and neither compensated for its absence by a substantial degree of European education nor consolidated her position by marriage. Nor was she simply a forceful leader in Maori terms only: Professor J.G.A. Pocock (in The Maori and New Zealand Politics) called her “possibly the most influential woman in our political history”.

This study examines Te Puea's leadership role: how she came to assume it, how she exercised it, and its consequences. Analytical concepts like Max Weber's distinctions between charismatic, traditional and rational-legal authority, have been avoided. The danger of adopting them is that the themes and emphases of research material can be easily and unintentionally warped to fit the model, in the interests of tidiness and intelligibility. Instead, this study proceeds by way of a detailed and chronological examination of the major events of Te Puea's life, and an evaluation of actions and statements as they occur and in the context in which they occur. It is, in other words, a consideration of Te Puea's life in terms of her own concepts, and in relation to the Maori and wider public affairs of her day. Explanations for her behaviour are sought within the boundaries of her own life and culture rather than from the imposition of alien models.

year: 1977