title: Debridement of wounds with honey

authors: Molan, Peter C.

subjects: honey

abstract: Honey has been used as a debriding agent since ancient times. Its debriding properties have been rediscovered in more recent times, with various case reports published in the latter decades of the 20th century describing its effectiveness in cleaning up wounds. More recently its effectiveness has been compared with that of modern debriding agents, and honey has been found to work more rapidly than all except larval therapy. A randomised controlled trial demonstrated significantly better debriding with honey than with hydrogel. Other trials have shown that honey is a good alternative to surgical debridement for the treatment of necrotising fasciitis in the genital region. Seven case series and ten single case studies have also been published in which the effectiveness of honey in debriding wounds was reported. A prophylactic action of honey has also been reported, where in a randomised controlled trials comparing honey with silver sulfadiazine for the treatment of burns there was no eschar formed with honey but there was eschar formed in the cases treated with silver sulfadiazine. A similar finding has been reported in an animal model, where adjacent experimental wounds were kept clean with honey-soaked gauze but formed thick dense scabs where treated with saline-soaked gauze. The mechanism of action of honey is as yet unknown, but appears to be by way of stimulating autolytic debridement. Additional advantages using honey rather than other moist debridement are that its antibacterial action prevents bacterial growth from being encouraged, and its osmolarity prevents maceration of periwound skin.

text: Debridement of wounds with honey Honey has been used as a debriding agent since ancient times. Its debriding properties have been rediscovered in more recent times, with various case reports published in the latter decades of the 20th century describing its effectiveness in cleaning up wounds. More recently its effectiveness has been compared with that of modern debriding agents, and honey has been found to work more rapidly than all except larval therapy. A randomised controlled trial demonstrated significantly better debriding with honey than with hydrogel. Other trials have shown that honey is a good alternative to surgical debridement for the treatment of necrotising fasciitis in the genital region. Seven case series and ten single case studies have also been published in which the effectiveness of honey in debriding wounds was reported. A prophylactic action of honey has also been reported, where in a randomised controlled trials comparing honey with silver sulfadiazine for the treatment of burns there was no eschar formed with honey but there was eschar formed in the cases treated with silver sulfadiazine. A similar finding has been reported in an animal model, where adjacent experimental wounds were kept clean with honey-soaked gauze but formed thick dense scabs where treated with saline-soaked gauze. The mechanism of action of honey is as yet unknown, but appears to be by way of stimulating autolytic debridement. Additional advantages using honey rather than other moist debridement are that its antibacterial action prevents bacterial growth from being encouraged, and its osmolarity prevents maceration of periwound skin.

year: 2009

title: The Auckland smelting company

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Mining in the Tui portion of the Te Aroha field was revived in 1948 by Benjamin John Dunsheath, a small businessman who had owned several private companies, none of them very successful, in a career marked by dubious business ethics. To develop the Tui mines he was assisted by others, only some of whom had mining skills. After defeating opposition from those concerned about possible pollution, prospecting, mostly for base metals, proceeded with reportedly encouraging results. In contrast to the success he anticipated from both mines and his planned smelting works, mining officials were much more cautious. 
To develop the ground, Dunsheath formed the Auckland Smelting Company, an under-capitalized company whose directors and shareholders lacked mining experience. Consequently, he obtained advice from outside experts and sought assistance, especially financial, from a mostly reluctant Mines Department, which considered the area worth prospecting but did not share his optimism. Most of the development was focused on driving a new level (no. 5) to strike the reefs, but because of inadequate preliminary surface and underground testing arguments arose about its correct direction, which would lead to the departure of their skilled mine manager, Bert McAra, especially after he was asked to provide misleading samples ‘for propaganda purposes’. Because by 1953 the results were disappointing and the reef had not been struck because the crosscut was being driven in the wrong direction, further government subsidies were refused, and in mid-year all work ceased after the company, despite several increases in its capital, ran out of money. Overseas capital was sought but was not interested. 
This company was an illustration of how not to mine an area lacking easily accessible high quality ore. With inadequate capital and inadequate prior prospecting, it struggled to develop its ground, and to attract investors and government assistance Dunsheath relied on providing incomplete and sometimes false information, causing ructions amongst the directors and disapproval from officials. Its collapse was inevitable from the start.

text: The Auckland smelting company Mining in the Tui portion of the Te Aroha field was revived in 1948 by Benjamin John Dunsheath, a small businessman who had owned several private companies, none of them very successful, in a career marked by dubious business ethics. To develop the Tui mines he was assisted by others, only some of whom had mining skills. After defeating opposition from those concerned about possible pollution, prospecting, mostly for base metals, proceeded with reportedly encouraging results. In contrast to the success he anticipated from both mines and his planned smelting works, mining officials were much more cautious. 
To develop the ground, Dunsheath formed the Auckland Smelting Company, an under-capitalized company whose directors and shareholders lacked mining experience. Consequently, he obtained advice from outside experts and sought assistance, especially financial, from a mostly reluctant Mines Department, which considered the area worth prospecting but did not share his optimism. Most of the development was focused on driving a new level (no. 5) to strike the reefs, but because of inadequate preliminary surface and underground testing arguments arose about its correct direction, which would lead to the departure of their skilled mine manager, Bert McAra, especially after he was asked to provide misleading samples ‘for propaganda purposes’. Because by 1953 the results were disappointing and the reef had not been struck because the crosscut was being driven in the wrong direction, further government subsidies were refused, and in mid-year all work ceased after the company, despite several increases in its capital, ran out of money. Overseas capital was sought but was not interested. 
This company was an illustration of how not to mine an area lacking easily accessible high quality ore. With inadequate capital and inadequate prior prospecting, it struggled to develop its ground, and to attract investors and government assistance Dunsheath relied on providing incomplete and sometimes false information, causing ructions amongst the directors and disapproval from officials. Its collapse was inevitable from the start.

year: 2016

title: Estimated catchment loads of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Rotorua Te Arawa Lakes

authors: McBride, Chris G.

abstract: The Rotorua Te Arawa Lakes are central to the identity of their region, of immense historical and cultural importance, and provide ecosystem services that underpin biodiversity, conservation and socioeconomic aspirations of the community. The diversity of water quality in the lakes reflects their catchments, which are diverse in topography, hydrogeology and intensity of land use, ranging from the largely undeveloped land around lakes Tikitapu and Okataina, to highly developed forestry and pastoral land around lakes Rerewhakaaitu, Rotorua and Okaro. Lake water quality is strongly linked to nutrients received by each lake from surface flows and groundwater springs. It therefore follows that management of lake water quality requires a good understanding of nutrient loads derived from the landscape, as does the assessment or prediction of the in-lake effects of catchment-based management initiatives aimed at improving lake water quality.

text: Estimated catchment loads of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Rotorua Te Arawa Lakes The Rotorua Te Arawa Lakes are central to the identity of their region, of immense historical and cultural importance, and provide ecosystem services that underpin biodiversity, conservation and socioeconomic aspirations of the community. The diversity of water quality in the lakes reflects their catchments, which are diverse in topography, hydrogeology and intensity of land use, ranging from the largely undeveloped land around lakes Tikitapu and Okataina, to highly developed forestry and pastoral land around lakes Rerewhakaaitu, Rotorua and Okaro. Lake water quality is strongly linked to nutrients received by each lake from surface flows and groundwater springs. It therefore follows that management of lake water quality requires a good understanding of nutrient loads derived from the landscape, as does the assessment or prediction of the in-lake effects of catchment-based management initiatives aimed at improving lake water quality.

year: 2021