title: The effect of a trapping procedure on the stress response of wild rainbow trout

authors: Clements, Shaun  P.

subjects: biology

abstract: Fish traps are a common research and management tool in which fish are subjected to procedures that elicit a stress response in other contexts. The effects of trapping on the stress response of sexually mature, wild rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were investigated during their upstream spawning migration by measuring concentrations of plasma cortisol, lactate, and glucose. Males had significantly lower basal plasma cortisol concentrations (6.1 ± 0.8 ng/mL [mean ± SE]) than females (21.4 ± 5.9 ng/mL). Similarly, the plasma cortisol response in males was significantly lower than that in females for all experiments. Fish working the barrier before entering the trap had increased concentrations of plasma cortisol. Confinement in the trap also induced a stress response. Plasma cortisol concentrations increased to 185.1 ± 40.9 ng/mL in males and 549.1 ± 60.1 ng/mL in females after confinement for 1 h. After processing, the magnitude of the stress response and the relative duration of recovery was less in fish that were confined longer in the trap. However, resting cortisol concentrations in females were not reached after 40 h of recovery in either group. Recovery to resting concentrations of plasma lactate occurred within 15 h after processing. In contrast, concentrations of plasma glucose remained significantly elevated at 40 h after processing. Postspawning fish had significantly lower plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose, and lactate following application of an extreme stressor compared with prespawning fish. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that the trapping procedure induces a severe and prolonged stress response in wild rainbow trout.

text: The effect of a trapping procedure on the stress response of wild rainbow trout Fish traps are a common research and management tool in which fish are subjected to procedures that elicit a stress response in other contexts. The effects of trapping on the stress response of sexually mature, wild rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were investigated during their upstream spawning migration by measuring concentrations of plasma cortisol, lactate, and glucose. Males had significantly lower basal plasma cortisol concentrations (6.1 ± 0.8 ng/mL [mean ± SE]) than females (21.4 ± 5.9 ng/mL). Similarly, the plasma cortisol response in males was significantly lower than that in females for all experiments. Fish working the barrier before entering the trap had increased concentrations of plasma cortisol. Confinement in the trap also induced a stress response. Plasma cortisol concentrations increased to 185.1 ± 40.9 ng/mL in males and 549.1 ± 60.1 ng/mL in females after confinement for 1 h. After processing, the magnitude of the stress response and the relative duration of recovery was less in fish that were confined longer in the trap. However, resting cortisol concentrations in females were not reached after 40 h of recovery in either group. Recovery to resting concentrations of plasma lactate occurred within 15 h after processing. In contrast, concentrations of plasma glucose remained significantly elevated at 40 h after processing. Postspawning fish had significantly lower plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose, and lactate following application of an extreme stressor compared with prespawning fish. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that the trapping procedure induces a severe and prolonged stress response in wild rainbow trout.

year: 2002

title: Isopolyoxometalates derived from arylstibonic acids with "reverse-Keggin ion" structures based on [M(RSb) ₁₂O ₂₈] cores, M = Co(ii) or Zn(ii).

authors: Nicholson, Brian K.

subjects: Keggin ions

abstract: The preparations and structures are described of four new polyoxostibonates, [Co(p-MeC ₆H ₄Sb) ₁₂O ₂₈{Co(H ₂O) ₃} ₄]Cl ₂₋ 6H ₂O, [Co(p-ClC ₆H ₄Sb)₁₂O ₂₈{Co(H ₂O) ₃} ₄]Cl₂₋ 22H ₂O, (PhCH ₂NMe ₃) ₂[Zn(p-ClC ₆H ₄Sb) ₁₂O ₂₈Zn ₄Cl₂•₅₄ Br ₁•₄₆]•8MeCN•H ₂O and [BaCoH ₄(p-MeC ₆H ₄Sb)O ₂₈] •5H₂O. Each of these has a framework of 12 (RSb) groups linked by 28 O atoms, with one transition metal ion in a tetrahedral site in the centre. Other metal ions are coordinated to the polyhedral faces. Three of the complexes have the ε Keggin ion geometry, while the fourth is a δ isomer.

text: Isopolyoxometalates derived from arylstibonic acids with "reverse-Keggin ion" structures based on [M(RSb) ₁₂O ₂₈] cores, M = Co(ii) or Zn(ii). The preparations and structures are described of four new polyoxostibonates, [Co(p-MeC ₆H ₄Sb) ₁₂O ₂₈{Co(H ₂O) ₃} ₄]Cl ₂₋ 6H ₂O, [Co(p-ClC ₆H ₄Sb)₁₂O ₂₈{Co(H ₂O) ₃} ₄]Cl₂₋ 22H ₂O, (PhCH ₂NMe ₃) ₂[Zn(p-ClC ₆H ₄Sb) ₁₂O ₂₈Zn ₄Cl₂•₅₄ Br ₁•₄₆]•8MeCN•H ₂O and [BaCoH ₄(p-MeC ₆H ₄Sb)O ₂₈] •5H₂O. Each of these has a framework of 12 (RSb) groups linked by 28 O atoms, with one transition metal ion in a tetrahedral site in the centre. Other metal ions are coordinated to the polyhedral faces. Three of the complexes have the ε Keggin ion geometry, while the fourth is a δ isomer.

year: 2012

title: Self-decolonisation in Aotearoa: Pushing through programmatic Pākehā paralysis

authors: Weijers, Dan M.

abstract: Te reo, tīkanga, mātauranga, te Ao, and kaupapa Māori are finally seeing a resurgence in Aotearoa. This revitalisation is occurring in the tertiary education sector, but staff and skill deficits are holding back many academic disciplines. This chapter documents the challenges facing a traditionally colonial tertiary programme—philosophy— attempting to de-colonise itself. The overlapping nature of the challenges can make decolonising appear to be so difficult that some programmes may feel paralysed. This chapter argues that the importance of decolonisation requires that programmes push through any paralysis they may be experiencing by prioritising decolonisation above other goals.

text: Self-decolonisation in Aotearoa: Pushing through programmatic Pākehā paralysis Te reo, tīkanga, mātauranga, te Ao, and kaupapa Māori are finally seeing a resurgence in Aotearoa. This revitalisation is occurring in the tertiary education sector, but staff and skill deficits are holding back many academic disciplines. This chapter documents the challenges facing a traditionally colonial tertiary programme—philosophy— attempting to de-colonise itself. The overlapping nature of the challenges can make decolonising appear to be so difficult that some programmes may feel paralysed. This chapter argues that the importance of decolonisation requires that programmes push through any paralysis they may be experiencing by prioritising decolonisation above other goals.

year: 2024