title: CPI mismeasurements and their impacts on economic management in Korea

authors: Chung, Chul

subjects: consumer price index

abstract: We estimate the consumer price index (CPI) bias in Korea by employing the approach of Engel's Law as suggested by Hamilton (2001). Using Korean panel data (Korean Labor and Income Panel Study) and following Hamilton's model with a non-linear specification correction, our estimation result shows that the CPI bias over the sample period (2000–05) averaged at least 0.7 percent annually, which implies that about 21 percent of the inflation rate during the sample period can be attributed to the bias. This CPI bias has caused a substantial understatement of the growth in real GDP and contributes to excessive transfers from younger taxpayers to the elderly through indexed pension payments. We discuss the implications of the CPI bias for economic management and policies in Korea.

text: CPI mismeasurements and their impacts on economic management in Korea We estimate the consumer price index (CPI) bias in Korea by employing the approach of Engel's Law as suggested by Hamilton (2001). Using Korean panel data (Korean Labor and Income Panel Study) and following Hamilton's model with a non-linear specification correction, our estimation result shows that the CPI bias over the sample period (2000–05) averaged at least 0.7 percent annually, which implies that about 21 percent of the inflation rate during the sample period can be attributed to the bias. This CPI bias has caused a substantial understatement of the growth in real GDP and contributes to excessive transfers from younger taxpayers to the elderly through indexed pension payments. We discuss the implications of the CPI bias for economic management and policies in Korea.

year: 2010

title: Linear theory of fast reconnection at an X-type neutral point

authors: Craig, Ian J.D.

abstract: A linear theory is developed for the dissipation of the free magnetic energy in small disturbances imposed on the potential field of an X-type neutral point. An eigenmode analysis, using cylindrical coordinates centered on the neutral point, extends the work of Craig & McClymont (1991) to include non-azimuthally symmetric perturbations on the flux function. We demonstrate that all physically significant disturbances, both reconnective and nonreconnective, decay resistively on a "fast" time scale ∼|ln η|, where η is the nondimensional resistivity. Thus resistive diffusion is remarkably effective as a dissipation mechanism for all classes of perturbation not only those modes which induce changes in the field topology. The fundamental reason for the fast dissipation is the focusing of wave energy onto the neutral point by the gradient in Alfvén speed. This occurs for all types of disturbances launched from the outer boundary, but reconnective modes propagate purely radially while nonreconnective modes correspond to waves with an azimuthal motion and a smaller wave speed in the radial direction. Dissipation of reconnective disturbances takes place in a diffusion region of diameter ≈η1/2 around the neutral point, on a time scale ∝ |ln η|2, but nonreconnective perturbations decay before penetrating to the neutral point, because of the increased path lengths due to their azimuthal motion. These modes release their energy in an annulus of radius ≈[(m3/ 4k)η]1/2, where m and k are azimuthal and radial wavenumbers: because of their longer transit time, nonreconnective waves decay on a |ln η|3 time scale. We conclude by discussing the significance of the linear theory within the general context of steady state and dynamic reconnection studies. It is pointed out that, dynamically, disturbances can be expected to focus explosively in the vicinity of the neutral point. This suggests the formation of a "flux pile-up" current layer in which the bulk of the magnetic energy is released as heat rather than kinetic energy of mass motion.

text: Linear theory of fast reconnection at an X-type neutral point A linear theory is developed for the dissipation of the free magnetic energy in small disturbances imposed on the potential field of an X-type neutral point. An eigenmode analysis, using cylindrical coordinates centered on the neutral point, extends the work of Craig & McClymont (1991) to include non-azimuthally symmetric perturbations on the flux function. We demonstrate that all physically significant disturbances, both reconnective and nonreconnective, decay resistively on a "fast" time scale ∼|ln η|, where η is the nondimensional resistivity. Thus resistive diffusion is remarkably effective as a dissipation mechanism for all classes of perturbation not only those modes which induce changes in the field topology. The fundamental reason for the fast dissipation is the focusing of wave energy onto the neutral point by the gradient in Alfvén speed. This occurs for all types of disturbances launched from the outer boundary, but reconnective modes propagate purely radially while nonreconnective modes correspond to waves with an azimuthal motion and a smaller wave speed in the radial direction. Dissipation of reconnective disturbances takes place in a diffusion region of diameter ≈η1/2 around the neutral point, on a time scale ∝ |ln η|2, but nonreconnective perturbations decay before penetrating to the neutral point, because of the increased path lengths due to their azimuthal motion. These modes release their energy in an annulus of radius ≈[(m3/ 4k)η]1/2, where m and k are azimuthal and radial wavenumbers: because of their longer transit time, nonreconnective waves decay on a |ln η|3 time scale. We conclude by discussing the significance of the linear theory within the general context of steady state and dynamic reconnection studies. It is pointed out that, dynamically, disturbances can be expected to focus explosively in the vicinity of the neutral point. This suggests the formation of a "flux pile-up" current layer in which the bulk of the magnetic energy is released as heat rather than kinetic energy of mass motion.

year: 1993

title: A case study of using the He Pikinga Waiora Implementation Framework: Challenges and successes in implementing a twelve-week lifestyle intervention to reduce weight in Māori men at risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity

authors: Oetzel, John G.

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: BACKGROUND: Māori men have stark health inequities around non-communicable diseases. This study describes the case of a partnership attempting to develop and implement a culturally centred intervention through a collaborative partnership to potentially address the inequities. In particular, the partnership followed a participatory, co-design approach using the He Pikinga Waiora (HPW) Implementation Framework; the study presents lessons learnt in addressing health inequities following this framework. METHODS: The partnership involved a university research team and a Māori community health provider. They engaged with other stakeholders and several cohorts of Māori men through a co-design process to adapt a 12-week lifestyle intervention. The co-design process was documented through meeting notes and interviews with partners. Two cohorts participated in separate single group pre-intervention/post-intervention designs with multi-method data collection. Key outcome measures included weight loss, self-reported health, physical activity, and nutrition. Post-intervention data collection included qualitative data. RESULTS: The co-design process resulted in a strong and engaged partnership between the university team and the provider. There were significant challenges in implementing the intervention including having two additional partner organisations dropping out of the partnership just after the initial implementation phase. However, a flexible and adaptable partnership resulted in developing two distinct lifestyle interventions run with 32 Māori men (in two different cohorts of 8 and 24). All but one in the first cohort completed the programme. The first cohort had a modest although statistically insignificant improvement in weight loss (d = 1.04) and body mass index (BMI; d = 1.08). The second cohort had a significant reduction in weight loss (d = 1.16) and BMI (d = 1.15). They also had a significant increase in health-related quality of life (d = 1.7) and self-rated health (d = 2.0). CONCLUSION: The HPW Framework appears to be well suited to advance implementation science for Indigenous communities in general and Māori in particular. The framework has promise as a policy and planning tool to evaluate and design interventions for chronic disease prevention in Indigenous communities. Despite this promise, there are structural challenges in developing and implementing interventions to address health inequities. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered, Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12619001783112.

text: A case study of using the He Pikinga Waiora Implementation Framework: Challenges and successes in implementing a twelve-week lifestyle intervention to reduce weight in Māori men at risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity BACKGROUND: Māori men have stark health inequities around non-communicable diseases. This study describes the case of a partnership attempting to develop and implement a culturally centred intervention through a collaborative partnership to potentially address the inequities. In particular, the partnership followed a participatory, co-design approach using the He Pikinga Waiora (HPW) Implementation Framework; the study presents lessons learnt in addressing health inequities following this framework. METHODS: The partnership involved a university research team and a Māori community health provider. They engaged with other stakeholders and several cohorts of Māori men through a co-design process to adapt a 12-week lifestyle intervention. The co-design process was documented through meeting notes and interviews with partners. Two cohorts participated in separate single group pre-intervention/post-intervention designs with multi-method data collection. Key outcome measures included weight loss, self-reported health, physical activity, and nutrition. Post-intervention data collection included qualitative data. RESULTS: The co-design process resulted in a strong and engaged partnership between the university team and the provider. There were significant challenges in implementing the intervention including having two additional partner organisations dropping out of the partnership just after the initial implementation phase. However, a flexible and adaptable partnership resulted in developing two distinct lifestyle interventions run with 32 Māori men (in two different cohorts of 8 and 24). All but one in the first cohort completed the programme. The first cohort had a modest although statistically insignificant improvement in weight loss (d = 1.04) and body mass index (BMI; d = 1.08). The second cohort had a significant reduction in weight loss (d = 1.16) and BMI (d = 1.15). They also had a significant increase in health-related quality of life (d = 1.7) and self-rated health (d = 2.0). CONCLUSION: The HPW Framework appears to be well suited to advance implementation science for Indigenous communities in general and Māori in particular. The framework has promise as a policy and planning tool to evaluate and design interventions for chronic disease prevention in Indigenous communities. Despite this promise, there are structural challenges in developing and implementing interventions to address health inequities. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered, Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12619001783112.

year: 2020