title: Desecuritising cybersecurity: towards a societal approach

authors: Burton, Joe

abstract: Cybersecurity is often treated as a national security issue with responses to attacks implemented by military and intelligence agencies. This has created path dependencies in which tensions between the private sector and government have continued, where over-classification of cyberthreats has occurred, and where the broader societal impacts of malicious use of the internet have been underestimated. Drawing on the societal security concept established by the Copenhagen School of International Relations, we seek to reframe cybersecurity theory and policy. In the first section of the article we establish a theoretical approach to cybersecurity that emphasises the impact of cyberattacks on society, including on the health, energy and transport sectors. The second section draws on the history of cyberconflict to assess the ways the internet has been used to exacerbate societal tensions between identity groups and to create incohesion and societal security dilemmas. This section reinterprets the way the Kosovo War, Millennium (Y2 K) Bug, 9/11 and the WannaCry incident shaped and reflected cyber policy. The final section explores how a process of cyber desecuritisation might be achieved, including through discursive change and an enhanced role for the societal sector in the event of major cyberattacks.

text: Desecuritising cybersecurity: towards a societal approach Cybersecurity is often treated as a national security issue with responses to attacks implemented by military and intelligence agencies. This has created path dependencies in which tensions between the private sector and government have continued, where over-classification of cyberthreats has occurred, and where the broader societal impacts of malicious use of the internet have been underestimated. Drawing on the societal security concept established by the Copenhagen School of International Relations, we seek to reframe cybersecurity theory and policy. In the first section of the article we establish a theoretical approach to cybersecurity that emphasises the impact of cyberattacks on society, including on the health, energy and transport sectors. The second section draws on the history of cyberconflict to assess the ways the internet has been used to exacerbate societal tensions between identity groups and to create incohesion and societal security dilemmas. This section reinterprets the way the Kosovo War, Millennium (Y2 K) Bug, 9/11 and the WannaCry incident shaped and reflected cyber policy. The final section explores how a process of cyber desecuritisation might be achieved, including through discursive change and an enhanced role for the societal sector in the event of major cyberattacks.

year: 2020

title: Performance measures for evolving predictions under delayed labelling classification

authors: Grzenda, Maciej

subjects: computer science

abstract: For many streaming classification tasks, the ground truth labels become available with a non-negligible latency. Given this delayed labelling setting, after the instance data arrives and before its true label is known, the online classifier model may change. Hence, the initial prediction can be replaced with additional periodic predictions gradually produced before the true label becomes available. The quality of these predictions may largely vary. Thus, the question arises of how to summarise the performance of these models when multiple predictions for a single instance are made due to delayed labels.In this study, we aim to provide intuitive performance measures summarising the performance of multiple predictions made for individual instances before their true labels arrive. Particular attention is paid to the fact that under the delayed label setting, the emphasis placed on the quality of initial predictions can vary depending on problem needs. The intermediate performance measures we propose complement existing initial and test-then-train performance evaluation when verification latency is observed. Results provided for both real and synthetic datasets show that the new measures can be used to easily rank methods in terms of their ability to produce and refine predictions before the true labels arrive.

text: Performance measures for evolving predictions under delayed labelling classification For many streaming classification tasks, the ground truth labels become available with a non-negligible latency. Given this delayed labelling setting, after the instance data arrives and before its true label is known, the online classifier model may change. Hence, the initial prediction can be replaced with additional periodic predictions gradually produced before the true label becomes available. The quality of these predictions may largely vary. Thus, the question arises of how to summarise the performance of these models when multiple predictions for a single instance are made due to delayed labels.In this study, we aim to provide intuitive performance measures summarising the performance of multiple predictions made for individual instances before their true labels arrive. Particular attention is paid to the fact that under the delayed label setting, the emphasis placed on the quality of initial predictions can vary depending on problem needs. The intermediate performance measures we propose complement existing initial and test-then-train performance evaluation when verification latency is observed. Results provided for both real and synthetic datasets show that the new measures can be used to easily rank methods in terms of their ability to produce and refine predictions before the true labels arrive.

year: 2020

title: The development of guidelines for indigenous research ethics in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

authors: Hudson, Maui

abstract: The development of Indigenous frameworks for research ethics has been a key component of progressing Indigenous aspirations for research around the world. They have provided a focal point for challenging approaches to research that prioritise non-Indigenous methods and values, and allow non-Indigenous researchers to claim expert status over Indigenous peoples, places and knowledges. The theme of self-determination underpins contemporary approaches to Indigenous development and the repositioning of state-Indigenous nation relationships. This paper describes the background, development, and implementation by Māori communities and researchers of an Indigenous ethical framework in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

text: The development of guidelines for indigenous research ethics in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The development of Indigenous frameworks for research ethics has been a key component of progressing Indigenous aspirations for research around the world. They have provided a focal point for challenging approaches to research that prioritise non-Indigenous methods and values, and allow non-Indigenous researchers to claim expert status over Indigenous peoples, places and knowledges. The theme of self-determination underpins contemporary approaches to Indigenous development and the repositioning of state-Indigenous nation relationships. This paper describes the background, development, and implementation by Māori communities and researchers of an Indigenous ethical framework in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

year: 2016