title: Exploring the definitions and practices of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) from a corporate perspective: A case of the InterOil Corporation in Papua New Guinea

authors: George, Michael

subjects: Corporate Social Responsibility

abstract: This thesis explored the extent to which the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is defined and articulated by corporations in the Oil and Gas Project in Papua New Guinea, using the case of InterOil Corporation. The thesis offered a discussion on the views, understanding and practices of corporate economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities.
The thesis has examined the ways in which the concept of CSR is broadly understood at the governmental or corporate level. The study analysed official documents, including relevant legislation such as the Oil and Gas Act (1998), the Environmental Act (2000) and corporate annual reports. In addition, in-depth interviews with the participants - managers and employees from InterOil Corporation - were also analysed. The analysis revealed an understanding that the main focus of CSR is on redistribution of economic benefits and corporate moral imperatives. This has influenced the extent to which CSR is defined and practiced. The main concern for all stakeholders, reflected in analysis of documents and interviews, was redistribution of economic benefits.
The study showed that there is a significant lack of planning and policy at institutional levels: government and corporation. As a result, it has created confusion or an overlap of responsibilities between corporate CSR and government constitutional obligations of service delivery to affected landowner communities. In essence, CSR practices, in line with Giddens (1998) third way governance has shifted political, economic, financial powers and intellectual control away from “nations into de-politicised global space” (p. 140) by creating an inappropriate development programs, which shifted responsibilities, including the state’s traditional roles in providing community services, onto the company (InterOil). On the other hand, the government has seemingly maintained a hands-off approach, while maintaining a tight approach to benefit redistribution.
The importance of this research is that it addresses a gap in the literature on corporate social responsibility from the perspective of corporations in oil and gas projects in PNG. It offers empirical evidence of a need for future research in CSR practices in oil and gas or resource development in PNG.

text: Exploring the definitions and practices of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) from a corporate perspective: A case of the InterOil Corporation in Papua New Guinea This thesis explored the extent to which the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is defined and articulated by corporations in the Oil and Gas Project in Papua New Guinea, using the case of InterOil Corporation. The thesis offered a discussion on the views, understanding and practices of corporate economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities.
The thesis has examined the ways in which the concept of CSR is broadly understood at the governmental or corporate level. The study analysed official documents, including relevant legislation such as the Oil and Gas Act (1998), the Environmental Act (2000) and corporate annual reports. In addition, in-depth interviews with the participants - managers and employees from InterOil Corporation - were also analysed. The analysis revealed an understanding that the main focus of CSR is on redistribution of economic benefits and corporate moral imperatives. This has influenced the extent to which CSR is defined and practiced. The main concern for all stakeholders, reflected in analysis of documents and interviews, was redistribution of economic benefits.
The study showed that there is a significant lack of planning and policy at institutional levels: government and corporation. As a result, it has created confusion or an overlap of responsibilities between corporate CSR and government constitutional obligations of service delivery to affected landowner communities. In essence, CSR practices, in line with Giddens (1998) third way governance has shifted political, economic, financial powers and intellectual control away from “nations into de-politicised global space” (p. 140) by creating an inappropriate development programs, which shifted responsibilities, including the state’s traditional roles in providing community services, onto the company (InterOil). On the other hand, the government has seemingly maintained a hands-off approach, while maintaining a tight approach to benefit redistribution.
The importance of this research is that it addresses a gap in the literature on corporate social responsibility from the perspective of corporations in oil and gas projects in PNG. It offers empirical evidence of a need for future research in CSR practices in oil and gas or resource development in PNG.

year: 2013

title: Evaluating soil and landscape models to predict liquefaction susceptibility in the Hinuera Formation, Hamilton Basin

authors: McKay, Aleesha May

abstract: The Hinuera Formation, being an extensive alluvial deposit throughout the Hamilton Basin plains, has been identified by Kleyburg (2015) as being susceptible to liquefaction. As much of the infrastructure of the Hamilton Basin is based on the Hinuera Formation, liquefaction thus poses a risk to the population of the area. This research project aims to develop a susceptibility model for liquefaction within the Hinuera Formation.
Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data collected during investigation for the Hamilton Section of the Waikato Expressway were acquired from the NZ Geotechnical Database. CLiqᵀᴹ software was used to analyse these data and determine the liquefaction potential index (LPI) of each CPT site. Soil map information (S-Map) was provided by Waikato Regional Council with the permission of Landcare Research, and Digital Elevation Data (DEM) by Waikato Regional Council. Parameters of slope, elevation, soil family and sibling number as well as the LPI derived from CLiqᵀᴹ were input into STATISTICAᵀᴹ and analysed using I-Tree analysis to determine the most influential factor to liquefaction. ArcGIS was then implemented to create landscape/soil models based on CLiqᵀᴹ data as well as calculations identified by statistical analysis.
The Hinuera Formation was found to have an overall susceptibility to liquefaction, ranging from low to high LPI dependant on depth. At a depth of 10 m, liquefaction potential on average was high, when compared to 3 and 5 m depths that showed a low to moderate LPI. At 3 m depth, which is most likely to show surface manifestation, liquefaction potential was low to moderate with the majority being considered as having a low LPI.

Soil textures ranged from coarse sand, to silt, to clay with few organics. When LPI was related to soil behaviour index (Ic) soil that had a ‘mixed’ texture of silty sand/sandy silt were most susceptible to liquefaction (~1.8-2.4 Ic). Much of the calculated liquefaction occurrence within CLiqᵀᴹ directly correlated to these sand/silt soil textures. Soil that was nearer to granular (coarse sand) or clay–like in behaviour were shown to likely inhibit liquefaction occurrence.
Soil family, a pedological map (and taxonomic) class, was shown to provide a good initial indication of the physical conditions of the underlying liquefiable soil, and therefore in turn liquefaction potential of land on the plains within the Hamilton Basin. A correlation between soil family and topography was identified using statistical analysis showing Utuhinaf and Kaipakif as most susceptible. Both Utuhinaf and Kaipakif soil families are of an organic texture (associated with peat formation). This observation led to the conclusion that areas of peat formation are likely correlated to the underlying soils having a relatively high susceptibility to liquefaction. This correlation is based on the knowledge that for peat formation to occur the land must have little relief (flat to a slight depression) and a high water table, both of which are prerequisites for liquefaction.
Elevation was also shown as a good initial indicator of liquefaction potential where a range between 38–39 m showed the highest liquefaction potential. When compared to a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) it was found that liquefaction potential was higher within interfluve and floodplain zones and lower in topography with a greater relief such as within the many paleo channels or low ridges of the Hamilton Basin. This is likely a result of the soil textures being finer with a higher silt component within the interfluve and floodplains due to the low energy depositional environment that is associated with these topographic features.
Based on the observations of soil family and topography being correlated to liquefaction susceptibility, two liquefaction susceptibility maps were developed to provide a preliminary assessment map.

text: Evaluating soil and landscape models to predict liquefaction susceptibility in the Hinuera Formation, Hamilton Basin The Hinuera Formation, being an extensive alluvial deposit throughout the Hamilton Basin plains, has been identified by Kleyburg (2015) as being susceptible to liquefaction. As much of the infrastructure of the Hamilton Basin is based on the Hinuera Formation, liquefaction thus poses a risk to the population of the area. This research project aims to develop a susceptibility model for liquefaction within the Hinuera Formation.
Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data collected during investigation for the Hamilton Section of the Waikato Expressway were acquired from the NZ Geotechnical Database. CLiqᵀᴹ software was used to analyse these data and determine the liquefaction potential index (LPI) of each CPT site. Soil map information (S-Map) was provided by Waikato Regional Council with the permission of Landcare Research, and Digital Elevation Data (DEM) by Waikato Regional Council. Parameters of slope, elevation, soil family and sibling number as well as the LPI derived from CLiqᵀᴹ were input into STATISTICAᵀᴹ and analysed using I-Tree analysis to determine the most influential factor to liquefaction. ArcGIS was then implemented to create landscape/soil models based on CLiqᵀᴹ data as well as calculations identified by statistical analysis.
The Hinuera Formation was found to have an overall susceptibility to liquefaction, ranging from low to high LPI dependant on depth. At a depth of 10 m, liquefaction potential on average was high, when compared to 3 and 5 m depths that showed a low to moderate LPI. At 3 m depth, which is most likely to show surface manifestation, liquefaction potential was low to moderate with the majority being considered as having a low LPI.

Soil textures ranged from coarse sand, to silt, to clay with few organics. When LPI was related to soil behaviour index (Ic) soil that had a ‘mixed’ texture of silty sand/sandy silt were most susceptible to liquefaction (~1.8-2.4 Ic). Much of the calculated liquefaction occurrence within CLiqᵀᴹ directly correlated to these sand/silt soil textures. Soil that was nearer to granular (coarse sand) or clay–like in behaviour were shown to likely inhibit liquefaction occurrence.
Soil family, a pedological map (and taxonomic) class, was shown to provide a good initial indication of the physical conditions of the underlying liquefiable soil, and therefore in turn liquefaction potential of land on the plains within the Hamilton Basin. A correlation between soil family and topography was identified using statistical analysis showing Utuhinaf and Kaipakif as most susceptible. Both Utuhinaf and Kaipakif soil families are of an organic texture (associated with peat formation). This observation led to the conclusion that areas of peat formation are likely correlated to the underlying soils having a relatively high susceptibility to liquefaction. This correlation is based on the knowledge that for peat formation to occur the land must have little relief (flat to a slight depression) and a high water table, both of which are prerequisites for liquefaction.
Elevation was also shown as a good initial indicator of liquefaction potential where a range between 38–39 m showed the highest liquefaction potential. When compared to a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) it was found that liquefaction potential was higher within interfluve and floodplain zones and lower in topography with a greater relief such as within the many paleo channels or low ridges of the Hamilton Basin. This is likely a result of the soil textures being finer with a higher silt component within the interfluve and floodplains due to the low energy depositional environment that is associated with these topographic features.
Based on the observations of soil family and topography being correlated to liquefaction susceptibility, two liquefaction susceptibility maps were developed to provide a preliminary assessment map.

year: 2017

title: "He taketake, he hurumanu te moana i rōhia ai": Mā te Māori ngā toronga o te motu ki whenua kē e taurima?

authors: Dewes, Kaneihana

subjects: Iwi taketake

abstract: Kai te tino ia o te tuhinga rangahau nei, he whakatōmene i te āhua kaiārahi o te Māori i ngā tūāhua hono ki ahurea kē. Mā konei e whakatau ai, e whakatūwherahia rānei ngā āhuatanga e mea ana mā te Māori ngā toronga o te motu ki whenua kē e taurima. He momo tēnei nā te Māori, i takea mai i ngā mahi pokai moana, me ngā waka i whakaterea i ngā rohenga moana o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ā, puta noa. Waihoki, he taonga tonu wā tātau kai ngā tauira o ngā tūhononga ahurea o ngā iwi taketake o te ao; he taonga anō kai waenganui i a tātau ngā whenua maha i pakanga ki rāwāhi, he tohu nui nā te ‘price of citizenship’. He momo nā te Māori te tātaki i ngā mahi whakarauora reo, waihoki, he rite tonu te noho tahi ki whenua kē i roto i te kōingo ki te whakatipu i te reo o te whenua. Mā konei, ka marohi ai te hiranga o Te Reo Māori me ngā Tikanga Māori, tēnei hiranga e tohu ana i te hua o ngā hononga ahurea ki ngā iwi taketake huri noa, kia whai hua mō Niu Tireni i ngā toronga ki whenua kē.

text: "He taketake, he hurumanu te moana i rōhia ai": Mā te Māori ngā toronga o te motu ki whenua kē e taurima? Kai te tino ia o te tuhinga rangahau nei, he whakatōmene i te āhua kaiārahi o te Māori i ngā tūāhua hono ki ahurea kē. Mā konei e whakatau ai, e whakatūwherahia rānei ngā āhuatanga e mea ana mā te Māori ngā toronga o te motu ki whenua kē e taurima. He momo tēnei nā te Māori, i takea mai i ngā mahi pokai moana, me ngā waka i whakaterea i ngā rohenga moana o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ā, puta noa. Waihoki, he taonga tonu wā tātau kai ngā tauira o ngā tūhononga ahurea o ngā iwi taketake o te ao; he taonga anō kai waenganui i a tātau ngā whenua maha i pakanga ki rāwāhi, he tohu nui nā te ‘price of citizenship’. He momo nā te Māori te tātaki i ngā mahi whakarauora reo, waihoki, he rite tonu te noho tahi ki whenua kē i roto i te kōingo ki te whakatipu i te reo o te whenua. Mā konei, ka marohi ai te hiranga o Te Reo Māori me ngā Tikanga Māori, tēnei hiranga e tohu ana i te hua o ngā hononga ahurea ki ngā iwi taketake huri noa, kia whai hua mō Niu Tireni i ngā toronga ki whenua kē.

year: 2022