title: Heterogeneous Credit Impacts on Health Care Spending of the Poor in Peri-Urban Areas, Vietnam: Quantile Treatment Effect Estimation

authors: Doan, Tinh Thanh

subjects: credit

abstract: Quantile treatment effects are estimated to study the impacts of household credit access on health spending by poor households in one District of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. There are significant positive effects of credit on the health budget shares of households with low health care spending. In contrast, when an average treatment effect is estimated, there is no discernible impact of credit access on health spending. Hence, typical approaches to studying heterogeneous credit impacts that only consider between-group differences and not differences over the distribution of outcomes may miss some heterogeneity of interest to policymakers.

text: Heterogeneous Credit Impacts on Health Care Spending of the Poor in Peri-Urban Areas, Vietnam: Quantile Treatment Effect Estimation Quantile treatment effects are estimated to study the impacts of household credit access on health spending by poor households in one District of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. There are significant positive effects of credit on the health budget shares of households with low health care spending. In contrast, when an average treatment effect is estimated, there is no discernible impact of credit access on health spending. Hence, typical approaches to studying heterogeneous credit impacts that only consider between-group differences and not differences over the distribution of outcomes may miss some heterogeneity of interest to policymakers.

year: 2016

title: The Bendigo battery: the last Waiorongomai battery

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: The Bendigo Battery was erected to treat ore from the mine of the same name, which was worked on a small scale, with the usual reportedly encouraging prospects, during the early twentieth century. Its site had been selected for a batter in previous decades but never used. The Bendigo Company was, as usual, under-capitalized, but some of its shareholders had experience of mining and must have optimistically expected successful share trading if not mining. But it struggled to obtain calls and meet its debts.
The company’s small-scale mining was sufficiently encouraging for it to commence work on its battery in 1909. Progress was very slow, handicapped by legal squabbles, and it did not commence operations until late 1911. Full details are provided of the machinery and processes used. It quickly proved to be unprofitable and was abandoned in 1913, for which the poverty of the ore rather than the treatment process was most to blame. 
From 1914 onwards, others took over the ground, doing some more prospecting and modifying the treatment, notably by introducing the oil flotation process. After the late 1920s it was no longer used, although its last owner still hoped to make more improvements. After he died, the machinery was stolen.

text: The Bendigo battery: the last Waiorongomai battery The Bendigo Battery was erected to treat ore from the mine of the same name, which was worked on a small scale, with the usual reportedly encouraging prospects, during the early twentieth century. Its site had been selected for a batter in previous decades but never used. The Bendigo Company was, as usual, under-capitalized, but some of its shareholders had experience of mining and must have optimistically expected successful share trading if not mining. But it struggled to obtain calls and meet its debts.
The company’s small-scale mining was sufficiently encouraging for it to commence work on its battery in 1909. Progress was very slow, handicapped by legal squabbles, and it did not commence operations until late 1911. Full details are provided of the machinery and processes used. It quickly proved to be unprofitable and was abandoned in 1913, for which the poverty of the ore rather than the treatment process was most to blame. 
From 1914 onwards, others took over the ground, doing some more prospecting and modifying the treatment, notably by introducing the oil flotation process. After the late 1920s it was no longer used, although its last owner still hoped to make more improvements. After he died, the machinery was stolen.

year: 2016

title: HE PI KA RERE 'An Early Childhood Approach to a Cultural Milieu'

authors: Karu, Joceleen Helen

subjects: Early childhood education

abstract: This study explores the issues surrounding the inculcation of te reo me ngā tikanga Māori, Māori language customs and values among early childhood teacher educators in a tertiary setting and how these academics go about preparing students with limited or sufficient knowledge of te reo Māori (Māori language) me ngā tikanga Māori (Māori cultural practices) to meet expectations. Te Whāriki, the early childhood curriculum is a curriculum commonly referred to as a bicultural curriculum that contains two expressions of the curriculum, one for general early childhood centres and another for kōhanga reo, neither of which are translations of one another and further asserts the importance of Te Tiriti o Waitangi/ the Treaty of Waitangi and the responsibility of teachers for bicultural development in the education of all children. Equally important, Te Whāriki acknowledges the dual heritage existent within Aotearoa/ New Zealand and further encourages teachers in early childhood settings to have knowledge of te reo and tikanga Māori. Policy imperatives reflected within the New Zealand Graduating Teaching Standards (New Zealand Teachers Council, 2010) and the Ministry of Education’s document Tātaiako/ Cultural Competencies (2011) place further emphasis on the need for those in initial teacher education to demonstrate their conversancy with te reo me ngā tikanga Māori.
The purpose of this study is to provide a narrative of the ways in which the early childhood initial teacher education programme prepares students to use te reo and tikanga Māori. It offers a premise to engage in further discussion of the continued effectiveness of early childhood teacher educators in the maintenance and delivery of te reo me ngā tikanga Māori and sets in motion a cyclical platform for further research from a traditional worldview which reflects and embodies the Māori language, culture and identity through a Kaupapa Māori philosophy and praxis.

text: HE PI KA RERE 'An Early Childhood Approach to a Cultural Milieu' This study explores the issues surrounding the inculcation of te reo me ngā tikanga Māori, Māori language customs and values among early childhood teacher educators in a tertiary setting and how these academics go about preparing students with limited or sufficient knowledge of te reo Māori (Māori language) me ngā tikanga Māori (Māori cultural practices) to meet expectations. Te Whāriki, the early childhood curriculum is a curriculum commonly referred to as a bicultural curriculum that contains two expressions of the curriculum, one for general early childhood centres and another for kōhanga reo, neither of which are translations of one another and further asserts the importance of Te Tiriti o Waitangi/ the Treaty of Waitangi and the responsibility of teachers for bicultural development in the education of all children. Equally important, Te Whāriki acknowledges the dual heritage existent within Aotearoa/ New Zealand and further encourages teachers in early childhood settings to have knowledge of te reo and tikanga Māori. Policy imperatives reflected within the New Zealand Graduating Teaching Standards (New Zealand Teachers Council, 2010) and the Ministry of Education’s document Tātaiako/ Cultural Competencies (2011) place further emphasis on the need for those in initial teacher education to demonstrate their conversancy with te reo me ngā tikanga Māori.
The purpose of this study is to provide a narrative of the ways in which the early childhood initial teacher education programme prepares students to use te reo and tikanga Māori. It offers a premise to engage in further discussion of the continued effectiveness of early childhood teacher educators in the maintenance and delivery of te reo me ngā tikanga Māori and sets in motion a cyclical platform for further research from a traditional worldview which reflects and embodies the Māori language, culture and identity through a Kaupapa Māori philosophy and praxis.

year: 2015