title: Genomic data is missing for many highly invasive species, restricting our preparedness for escalating incursion rates.

authors: Matheson, Paige

subjects: Biodiversity

abstract: Biological invasions drive environmental change, potentially threatening native biodiversity, human health, and global economies. Population genomics is an increasingly popular tool in invasion biology, improving accuracy and providing new insights into the genetic factors that underpin invasion success compared to research based on a small number of genetic loci. We examine the extent to which population genomic resources, including reference genomes, have been used or are available for invasive species research. We find that 82% of species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature "100 Worst Invasive Alien Species" list have been studied using some form of population genetic data, but just 32% of these species have been studied using population genomic data. Further, 55% of the list's species lack a reference genome. With incursion rates escalating globally, understanding how genome-driven processes facilitate invasion is critical, but despite a promising trend of increasing uptake, "invasion genomics" is still in its infancy. We discuss how population genomic data can enhance our understanding of biological invasion and inform proactive detection and management of invasive species, and we call for more research that specifically targets this area.

text: Genomic data is missing for many highly invasive species, restricting our preparedness for escalating incursion rates. Biological invasions drive environmental change, potentially threatening native biodiversity, human health, and global economies. Population genomics is an increasingly popular tool in invasion biology, improving accuracy and providing new insights into the genetic factors that underpin invasion success compared to research based on a small number of genetic loci. We examine the extent to which population genomic resources, including reference genomes, have been used or are available for invasive species research. We find that 82% of species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature "100 Worst Invasive Alien Species" list have been studied using some form of population genetic data, but just 32% of these species have been studied using population genomic data. Further, 55% of the list's species lack a reference genome. With incursion rates escalating globally, understanding how genome-driven processes facilitate invasion is critical, but despite a promising trend of increasing uptake, "invasion genomics" is still in its infancy. We discuss how population genomic data can enhance our understanding of biological invasion and inform proactive detection and management of invasive species, and we call for more research that specifically targets this area.

year: 2022-08-17

title: Nitrogen, soils and environment

authors: Schipper, Louis A.

subjects: environmental aspects

abstract: The article discusses the risk of damaging the environment brought by nitrogen fertilisers which are used for increasing agricultural productivity. The oxidation of ammonium allows for the formation of nitrate. Troposphere ozone and aerosols are produced through the increase of reactive nitrogen in the atmosphere.

text: Nitrogen, soils and environment The article discusses the risk of damaging the environment brought by nitrogen fertilisers which are used for increasing agricultural productivity. The oxidation of ammonium allows for the formation of nitrate. Troposphere ozone and aerosols are produced through the increase of reactive nitrogen in the atmosphere.

year: 2010

title: Te whakatau i te mita o Ngāti Kahungunu; tōna hītori, tōna whanaketanga me tōna ahunga whakamua

authors: MacLeod, Jeremy Tātere

subjects: Ngāti Kahungunu, Dialect

abstract: He Whakamāramatanga

Ko Te Whanganui-a-Tara te maunga,
Ko Waingōngoro te awa,
Ko Takitimu te waka,
Ko Waimārama te marae,
Ko Taupunga te whare,
Ko Ngāti Kahungunu te iwi,
Ko Ngāti Kurukuru te hapū.

Ko te reo Māori taku reo tuarua. He mea ako ahau e ētahi o ngā tino mātanga reo o te motu. He reo takitini tōku, arā, he whenumitanga nō ngā momo reo o te motu. Ko te nuinga o ōku kaiako nō Ngāti Kahungunu, nō Ngāi Tūhoe me Ngāti Porou hoki. I a au ka tīmata ki te ako i taku reo nei, tere tonu taku rongo i ngā rerekētanga o ngā reo o aku kaiako o Tūhoe me Ngāti Porou. He āhuatanga tērā kāore au i rongo i aku kaiako o Kahungunu nei. Koirā te wā i tīmata ai te kōrori o te tōmina o roto i au ki te rangahau i ngā momo rerekētanga ā-reo o aku tīpuna o Ngāti Kahungunu nei. Nō te tau 2010 ka kopoua ahau hai Pouarataki Reo ki Te Kaporeihana ā-Iwi o Ngāti Kahungunu. Ko taku mahi matua ko te whakatinana i te rautaki whakarauora reo Māori a Ngāti Kahungunu. Ko te whāinga matua o te rautaki i taua wā, ko te whakahoki mai i te ‘reo o Kahungunu’ hai reo kōrero mō Ngāti Kahungunu. Uaua ana ki a au tērā te whakatutuki nā taku kore i āta mārama he aha rā taua reo o Kahungunu nei. 

He ruarua rawa atu ngā kōrero mō te kaupapa nei, arā, te mita, ngā mita rānei o Ngāti Kahungunu. Koinei anō tētahi take i kaha hiahia ahau ki te rangahau i te kaupapa nei. Kai reira anō ētahi rangahau pēnei i ā Dr. Joseph Te Rito rāua ko Lee Smith, engari, kāore anō kia āta whakatauhia he aha oti te mita o Kahungunu, mehemea rānei he mita tōna, ōna rānei. Kāore anō kia āta rangahautia ngā motuhaketanga ā reo o ngā tīpuna o Ngāti Kahungunu mai i runga ki raro. Ko ētahi kua rangahau i ngā putunga kōrero ā-oro nei, ko ētahi kua rangahau i ngā kupu i roto i ngā tuhinga a ngā kaumātua, engari kāore anō tētahi rangahau kotahi kia āta tātari i ngā rerekētanga matua e toru o tēnei mea te mita, arā, ngā rerekētanga ā-wetereo, ā wetekupu, ātangi anō hoki. 

Ko te kaupapa matua o taku tuhinga nei ko: Te whakatau i te mita o Ngāti Kahungunu; tōna hītori, tōna whanaketanga me tōna ahunga whakamua. 


Ko ngā pātai mātāmua:
 He aha oti te mita o Ngāti Kahungunu – tōna hītori, tōna whanaketanga me tōna āpōpō?
 He aha te wāhi ki te mita i roto i te rautaki whakarauora reo pae tawhiti a te iwi?


Ko ngā pātai mātāmuri:
 He aha tēnei mea, te mita?
 He aha tēnei mea, te mita i roto i te reo Māori?
 Ko wai a Ngāti Kahungunu?
 He mita rānei tō Ngāti Kahungunu?
 He aha te wāhi ki te mita i roto i ngā mahere whakarauora reo?


Ko tētahi atu take nui, ko tēnei kupu, te mita. Ko ētahi e whakamahi ana i te mita hai tohu i ngā motuhaketanga ā-reo o tēnā iwi, o tēnā rohe. Ko ētahi e whakamahi ana i te reo ā-iwi, ko ētahi e whakamahi ana i te rangi o te reo. Kāore anō tētahi tangata kotahi kia āta wetewete i te kupu mita, me te wānanga āe rānei e tika ana tērā kupu mō tēnei mea te rerekētanga ā-reo o tētahi rohe, o tētahi rōpū rānei. He kupu mino te kupu mita, arā, he mea tiki ake i te reo Pākehā. E hia nei ōna whakapākehātanga. Ko tētahi mate nui ko te korenga o tētahi kupu wairua Māori nei hai kupu matua mō ngā rerekētanga ā-reo nei. Hai te upoko whakamutunga o taku tuhinga nei ahau hoatu ai i tētahi kupu hou mō te mita, arā, ko te tūreo. Ko te tikanga o te tūreo, ko ngā tūmomo rerekētanga o te reo e motuhake ana ki tētahi rōpū, ki tētahi rohe rānei. Ki te wetewetehia te kupu tūreo nei ka kitea kua honoa mai ko te ‘tū’ me te ‘reo’ kia kotahi te kupu. Ko taua ‘tū’ rā, he kupu anō mō te momo. Ka noho ko te tūreo nei hai kupu whānui mō ngā tūmomo rerekētanga ā-reo e motuhake ana ki tētahi rōpū, ki tētahi rohe rānei. Ki a au, me ruke te kupu mita ki tāhaki, ka whakamahi ai i te kupu tūreo ā muri ake nei. Ka heke mai i taua kupu ko ngā momo tūreo e rua nei – ā-pāpori me te ā-rohe. Nā, ka heke mai i aua momo tūreo e rua ko ngā wāhanga e toru e tohu ana i ngā momo rerekētanga o te reo – ā wetereo, ā-wetekupu, ā-tangi anō hoki. Kua oti nei tētahi anga mita hou hai āwhina i te hunga rangahau.

Kua oti i a au tētahi tūāpapa mō te kohinga kōrero ā-tuhi me te kohinga kōrero ā-oro. Ka noho ko aua kohinga e rua hai puna mātauranga mō ngā mahi rangahau i ngā kōrero a ngā tīpuna me kore e kitea iho ētahi tū āhuatanga ā-reo hai whakahoki mai ki te reo o ēnei wā nei. Ko te tūtohunga nui ko te waihanga i tētahi tūreo ā pāpori hou hai kinaki i te reo ā-motu nāna nei i ora ai te reo huri noa ki roto o Ngāti Kahungunu. Me waihanga tētahi tūreo hou hai tohu tuakiritanga mō Ngāti Kahungunu kia riro ai mā ētahi tū āhuatanga o tōna reo hai whakaatu atu nō Kahungunu te tangata e tū atu nei. 

E tutuki ai tēnei moemoeā me tautoko te hunga kōrero Māori katoa o Ngāti Kahungunu nei. Kai te kaupapa nei ōna anō papatoiaketanga, pēnei i te kimi i te pūtea e taea ai te utu te hunga rangahau i te kohinga kōrero. E ea ai te wawata nei, me kaha te whakaemi mai a Ngāti Kahungunu ki te tautoko i te kaupapa rangahau, ka 10 tau pea tōna roa, ā, oti rawa ake kua whai tūreo ā-pāpori hou a Ngāti Kahungunu hai kinaki i te reo ā-motu, hai tohu tuakiritanga anō hoki.

text: Te whakatau i te mita o Ngāti Kahungunu; tōna hītori, tōna whanaketanga me tōna ahunga whakamua He Whakamāramatanga

Ko Te Whanganui-a-Tara te maunga,
Ko Waingōngoro te awa,
Ko Takitimu te waka,
Ko Waimārama te marae,
Ko Taupunga te whare,
Ko Ngāti Kahungunu te iwi,
Ko Ngāti Kurukuru te hapū.

Ko te reo Māori taku reo tuarua. He mea ako ahau e ētahi o ngā tino mātanga reo o te motu. He reo takitini tōku, arā, he whenumitanga nō ngā momo reo o te motu. Ko te nuinga o ōku kaiako nō Ngāti Kahungunu, nō Ngāi Tūhoe me Ngāti Porou hoki. I a au ka tīmata ki te ako i taku reo nei, tere tonu taku rongo i ngā rerekētanga o ngā reo o aku kaiako o Tūhoe me Ngāti Porou. He āhuatanga tērā kāore au i rongo i aku kaiako o Kahungunu nei. Koirā te wā i tīmata ai te kōrori o te tōmina o roto i au ki te rangahau i ngā momo rerekētanga ā-reo o aku tīpuna o Ngāti Kahungunu nei. Nō te tau 2010 ka kopoua ahau hai Pouarataki Reo ki Te Kaporeihana ā-Iwi o Ngāti Kahungunu. Ko taku mahi matua ko te whakatinana i te rautaki whakarauora reo Māori a Ngāti Kahungunu. Ko te whāinga matua o te rautaki i taua wā, ko te whakahoki mai i te ‘reo o Kahungunu’ hai reo kōrero mō Ngāti Kahungunu. Uaua ana ki a au tērā te whakatutuki nā taku kore i āta mārama he aha rā taua reo o Kahungunu nei. 

He ruarua rawa atu ngā kōrero mō te kaupapa nei, arā, te mita, ngā mita rānei o Ngāti Kahungunu. Koinei anō tētahi take i kaha hiahia ahau ki te rangahau i te kaupapa nei. Kai reira anō ētahi rangahau pēnei i ā Dr. Joseph Te Rito rāua ko Lee Smith, engari, kāore anō kia āta whakatauhia he aha oti te mita o Kahungunu, mehemea rānei he mita tōna, ōna rānei. Kāore anō kia āta rangahautia ngā motuhaketanga ā reo o ngā tīpuna o Ngāti Kahungunu mai i runga ki raro. Ko ētahi kua rangahau i ngā putunga kōrero ā-oro nei, ko ētahi kua rangahau i ngā kupu i roto i ngā tuhinga a ngā kaumātua, engari kāore anō tētahi rangahau kotahi kia āta tātari i ngā rerekētanga matua e toru o tēnei mea te mita, arā, ngā rerekētanga ā-wetereo, ā wetekupu, ātangi anō hoki. 

Ko te kaupapa matua o taku tuhinga nei ko: Te whakatau i te mita o Ngāti Kahungunu; tōna hītori, tōna whanaketanga me tōna ahunga whakamua. 


Ko ngā pātai mātāmua:
 He aha oti te mita o Ngāti Kahungunu – tōna hītori, tōna whanaketanga me tōna āpōpō?
 He aha te wāhi ki te mita i roto i te rautaki whakarauora reo pae tawhiti a te iwi?


Ko ngā pātai mātāmuri:
 He aha tēnei mea, te mita?
 He aha tēnei mea, te mita i roto i te reo Māori?
 Ko wai a Ngāti Kahungunu?
 He mita rānei tō Ngāti Kahungunu?
 He aha te wāhi ki te mita i roto i ngā mahere whakarauora reo?


Ko tētahi atu take nui, ko tēnei kupu, te mita. Ko ētahi e whakamahi ana i te mita hai tohu i ngā motuhaketanga ā-reo o tēnā iwi, o tēnā rohe. Ko ētahi e whakamahi ana i te reo ā-iwi, ko ētahi e whakamahi ana i te rangi o te reo. Kāore anō tētahi tangata kotahi kia āta wetewete i te kupu mita, me te wānanga āe rānei e tika ana tērā kupu mō tēnei mea te rerekētanga ā-reo o tētahi rohe, o tētahi rōpū rānei. He kupu mino te kupu mita, arā, he mea tiki ake i te reo Pākehā. E hia nei ōna whakapākehātanga. Ko tētahi mate nui ko te korenga o tētahi kupu wairua Māori nei hai kupu matua mō ngā rerekētanga ā-reo nei. Hai te upoko whakamutunga o taku tuhinga nei ahau hoatu ai i tētahi kupu hou mō te mita, arā, ko te tūreo. Ko te tikanga o te tūreo, ko ngā tūmomo rerekētanga o te reo e motuhake ana ki tētahi rōpū, ki tētahi rohe rānei. Ki te wetewetehia te kupu tūreo nei ka kitea kua honoa mai ko te ‘tū’ me te ‘reo’ kia kotahi te kupu. Ko taua ‘tū’ rā, he kupu anō mō te momo. Ka noho ko te tūreo nei hai kupu whānui mō ngā tūmomo rerekētanga ā-reo e motuhake ana ki tētahi rōpū, ki tētahi rohe rānei. Ki a au, me ruke te kupu mita ki tāhaki, ka whakamahi ai i te kupu tūreo ā muri ake nei. Ka heke mai i taua kupu ko ngā momo tūreo e rua nei – ā-pāpori me te ā-rohe. Nā, ka heke mai i aua momo tūreo e rua ko ngā wāhanga e toru e tohu ana i ngā momo rerekētanga o te reo – ā wetereo, ā-wetekupu, ā-tangi anō hoki. Kua oti nei tētahi anga mita hou hai āwhina i te hunga rangahau.

Kua oti i a au tētahi tūāpapa mō te kohinga kōrero ā-tuhi me te kohinga kōrero ā-oro. Ka noho ko aua kohinga e rua hai puna mātauranga mō ngā mahi rangahau i ngā kōrero a ngā tīpuna me kore e kitea iho ētahi tū āhuatanga ā-reo hai whakahoki mai ki te reo o ēnei wā nei. Ko te tūtohunga nui ko te waihanga i tētahi tūreo ā pāpori hou hai kinaki i te reo ā-motu nāna nei i ora ai te reo huri noa ki roto o Ngāti Kahungunu. Me waihanga tētahi tūreo hou hai tohu tuakiritanga mō Ngāti Kahungunu kia riro ai mā ētahi tū āhuatanga o tōna reo hai whakaatu atu nō Kahungunu te tangata e tū atu nei. 

E tutuki ai tēnei moemoeā me tautoko te hunga kōrero Māori katoa o Ngāti Kahungunu nei. Kai te kaupapa nei ōna anō papatoiaketanga, pēnei i te kimi i te pūtea e taea ai te utu te hunga rangahau i te kohinga kōrero. E ea ai te wawata nei, me kaha te whakaemi mai a Ngāti Kahungunu ki te tautoko i te kaupapa rangahau, ka 10 tau pea tōna roa, ā, oti rawa ake kua whai tūreo ā-pāpori hou a Ngāti Kahungunu hai kinaki i te reo ā-motu, hai tohu tuakiritanga anō hoki.

year: 2021