title: Reactivity, structure and electrospray mass spectrometry of pentafluoro- and pentachloro-phenoxy-substituted cyclotriphosphazenes

authors: Depree, Craig V.

subjects: Pentafluoro-cyclotriphosphazene

abstract: The reaction of N3P3Cl6 with the sodium salts of pentachloro- and pentafluorophenol, has been investigated. In contrast to the non-geminal substitution typified by other RO− nucleophiles, the regiochemistry of the reaction of C6X5O− (X=Cl and F) with N3P3Cl6 is dominated by geminal substitution. The reaction of C6Cl5O− with N3P3Cl6 in refluxing tetrahydrofuran yielded gem-N3P3Cl2(OC6Cl5)4 (1) as the major product. The fully substituted derivative N3P3(OC6Cl5)6 (2) was attained in low yield from reaction in refluxing diglyme. In contrast, the reaction of C6F5O− with N3P3Cl6 in refluxing tetrahydrofuran yielded the fully substituted product N3P3(OC6F5)6 (3) after approximately 4 h. 31P NMR spectral results suggest the C6F5O− ion may be attacking in a 'random' fashion at low degrees of substitution, which is largely replaced by an electronic geminal-directing effect at tetrasubstitution. Single crystal X-ray crystallographic analyses have been carried out on compounds 1 and 3. Electrospray mass spectrometry has been evaluated as a general technique for characterizing cyclotriphosphazenes, N3P3R6. If R=OEt or OPh, good positive ion spectra are observed but, in contrast, if R is more strongly electron withdrawing (Cl, C6Cl5O or C6F5O) negative ion spectra are obtained.

text: Reactivity, structure and electrospray mass spectrometry of pentafluoro- and pentachloro-phenoxy-substituted cyclotriphosphazenes The reaction of N3P3Cl6 with the sodium salts of pentachloro- and pentafluorophenol, has been investigated. In contrast to the non-geminal substitution typified by other RO− nucleophiles, the regiochemistry of the reaction of C6X5O− (X=Cl and F) with N3P3Cl6 is dominated by geminal substitution. The reaction of C6Cl5O− with N3P3Cl6 in refluxing tetrahydrofuran yielded gem-N3P3Cl2(OC6Cl5)4 (1) as the major product. The fully substituted derivative N3P3(OC6Cl5)6 (2) was attained in low yield from reaction in refluxing diglyme. In contrast, the reaction of C6F5O− with N3P3Cl6 in refluxing tetrahydrofuran yielded the fully substituted product N3P3(OC6F5)6 (3) after approximately 4 h. 31P NMR spectral results suggest the C6F5O− ion may be attacking in a 'random' fashion at low degrees of substitution, which is largely replaced by an electronic geminal-directing effect at tetrasubstitution. Single crystal X-ray crystallographic analyses have been carried out on compounds 1 and 3. Electrospray mass spectrometry has been evaluated as a general technique for characterizing cyclotriphosphazenes, N3P3R6. If R=OEt or OPh, good positive ion spectra are observed but, in contrast, if R is more strongly electron withdrawing (Cl, C6Cl5O or C6F5O) negative ion spectra are obtained.

year: 2000-09-01

title: The Design of a CD Transport for Audio Applications

authors: Benton, Carl Dennis

subjects: CD Player

abstract: The project to design a CD transport (CD player) in conjunction with Perreaux Industries came about from the need for a source component in their Silhouette series of products. This project describes the design a high quality CD player, at a low price, to compliment Perreaux's Silhouette series. 

A CD drive is selected over a proprietary optical pickup due to the former's low cost and the standardisation of the interface. The control circuitry includes a micro controller and discrete logic to provide the correct data and clock signals to the SPDIF transmitter and DAC circuits. These two circuits provided a high quality analogue output, and facilitate an upgrade path by connecting the SPDIF output to an external DAC.

After three board iterations, a final production ready revision was achieved. The design includes a high quality toroidal transformer, low jitter crystal oscillator, and a very high quality SPDIF pulse transformer output. The design also allows a remote input to control the player, and an optional digital cable via an RJ45 connector to provide synchronisation with a future design of the SXD2 DAC module, or to transmit SPDIF to a remote location.

The specifications of the final design were higher than expectations. The digital output boasts equal or superior performance to competitive products in the same price range, with the analogue output attaining exceptionally high performance.

text: The Design of a CD Transport for Audio Applications The project to design a CD transport (CD player) in conjunction with Perreaux Industries came about from the need for a source component in their Silhouette series of products. This project describes the design a high quality CD player, at a low price, to compliment Perreaux's Silhouette series. 

A CD drive is selected over a proprietary optical pickup due to the former's low cost and the standardisation of the interface. The control circuitry includes a micro controller and discrete logic to provide the correct data and clock signals to the SPDIF transmitter and DAC circuits. These two circuits provided a high quality analogue output, and facilitate an upgrade path by connecting the SPDIF output to an external DAC.

After three board iterations, a final production ready revision was achieved. The design includes a high quality toroidal transformer, low jitter crystal oscillator, and a very high quality SPDIF pulse transformer output. The design also allows a remote input to control the player, and an optional digital cable via an RJ45 connector to provide synchronisation with a future design of the SXD2 DAC module, or to transmit SPDIF to a remote location.

The specifications of the final design were higher than expectations. The digital output boasts equal or superior performance to competitive products in the same price range, with the analogue output attaining exceptionally high performance.

year: 2006

title: Analysis of errors in the writing of first year university students of Māori

authors: Earnshaw, Lorene

subjects: Te reo Māori

abstract: This paper presents a survey of the range of grammatical and lexical errors made in written Māori by University students taking an introductory course in Māori language. We begin by introducing, and discussing the motivation for, an error classification system which accommodates different classes of error. We then provide an analysis of errors in three different types of student writing: homework assignments, impromptu tests and examination transcripts. We conclude with some remarks about the patterns of error which we found.

text: Analysis of errors in the writing of first year university students of Māori This paper presents a survey of the range of grammatical and lexical errors made in written Māori by University students taking an introductory course in Māori language. We begin by introducing, and discussing the motivation for, an error classification system which accommodates different classes of error. We then provide an analysis of errors in three different types of student writing: homework assignments, impromptu tests and examination transcripts. We conclude with some remarks about the patterns of error which we found.

year: 2004-09