title: Observational Equivalence? Regional Studies and Regional Science

authors: McCann, Philip

subjects: methodology

abstract: This paper considers the methodological and empirical issues raised by the adoption of stylized constructs in the development of regional policy. Public policies invariably require funding, and the greater levels of public data availability and press scrutiny nowadays have led to increasing requirements for policy transparency driven by evidence-based policy design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. At the same time, however, many current urban and regional policy frameworks are increasingly being based on constructs that do not lend themselves to empirical evaluation. Therefore, there appears to be something of a mismatch. This paper discusses these problems and argues that instead of being seen as contradictory, one can regard certain aspects of regional analysis as raising topical questions and issues to be examined, while other methodological approaches are always required in order to respond to policy questions. Both can be seen as complements of each other, although designing policies which are based on constructs amenable to formal empirical evaluation is always required for ensuring good policy.

text: Observational Equivalence? Regional Studies and Regional Science This paper considers the methodological and empirical issues raised by the adoption of stylized constructs in the development of regional policy. Public policies invariably require funding, and the greater levels of public data availability and press scrutiny nowadays have led to increasing requirements for policy transparency driven by evidence-based policy design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. At the same time, however, many current urban and regional policy frameworks are increasingly being based on constructs that do not lend themselves to empirical evaluation. Therefore, there appears to be something of a mismatch. This paper discusses these problems and argues that instead of being seen as contradictory, one can regard certain aspects of regional analysis as raising topical questions and issues to be examined, while other methodological approaches are always required in order to respond to policy questions. Both can be seen as complements of each other, although designing policies which are based on constructs amenable to formal empirical evaluation is always required for ensuring good policy.

year: 2007

title: Supporting interactive system testing with interaction sequences

authors: Turner, Jessica Dawn

subjects: interactive systems

abstract: Despite extensive research into the modelling and testing of interactive systems, existing strategies do not adequately cover all parts of an interactive system. These existing strategies model and test either the functional or interactive components of an interactive system separately, however, issues may arise where these components intersect. Therefore, further investigation into the modelling and testing of this intersection is required. 
Interaction sequences are a series of steps a user can take to complete a specific task or to arbitrarily explore an interactive system. In this research interaction sequences are used as an abstraction of the interactive system to inform a model-based testing approach using lightweight formal methods. Interaction sequences provide an abstract view of the point at which the functional and interactive components intersect, and as a result also provide a good starting point for investigation into the modelling and testing of this area. Interaction
sequences are applicable to all types of interactive systems irrespective of the type of interaction, therefore modelling and testing approaches using this abstraction are also applicable to all types of interactive systems.
In this thesis the findings of our investigation into modelling and testing using interaction sequences are presented. We describe formalisation of interaction sequences and modelling of these sequences using Finite State Automata (FSA). We introduce the self-containment property and show how this is used to control the size and state space of FSA. We demonstrate simulating interaction sequences and discuss how these models can be applied within both model checking and testing techniques. Lastly, we present a new approach for generating tests from interaction sequences and their associated models.

text: Supporting interactive system testing with interaction sequences Despite extensive research into the modelling and testing of interactive systems, existing strategies do not adequately cover all parts of an interactive system. These existing strategies model and test either the functional or interactive components of an interactive system separately, however, issues may arise where these components intersect. Therefore, further investigation into the modelling and testing of this intersection is required. 
Interaction sequences are a series of steps a user can take to complete a specific task or to arbitrarily explore an interactive system. In this research interaction sequences are used as an abstraction of the interactive system to inform a model-based testing approach using lightweight formal methods. Interaction sequences provide an abstract view of the point at which the functional and interactive components intersect, and as a result also provide a good starting point for investigation into the modelling and testing of this area. Interaction
sequences are applicable to all types of interactive systems irrespective of the type of interaction, therefore modelling and testing approaches using this abstraction are also applicable to all types of interactive systems.
In this thesis the findings of our investigation into modelling and testing using interaction sequences are presented. We describe formalisation of interaction sequences and modelling of these sequences using Finite State Automata (FSA). We introduce the self-containment property and show how this is used to control the size and state space of FSA. We demonstrate simulating interaction sequences and discuss how these models can be applied within both model checking and testing techniques. Lastly, we present a new approach for generating tests from interaction sequences and their associated models.

year: 2019

title: Kia kāpuia te reo o Tāmaki ki te Tonga: Tāmaki Makaurau ki te Tonga

authors: Lee-Morgan, Jenny Bol Jun

abstract: Mai i te Papakuratanga o Mataoho tae noa ki tona Ipu. Mai i Pukaki Tapu o Poutiikeka ki Te Puketapapatanga a Hape. Mai i te tahuna o Torea i nga wai o Mokoia, mawhiti atu ki Te Arapueru e karekare mai na ko Te Manukanuka a Hoturoa, kei reira a Taramainuku raua ko Kaiwhare. Ka kawea ki nga.hau o Mangere, e topa ai taku manuhokahoka ki Te Manurewatanga a Tamapahore. Whakaterawhiti taku haere ki Otara-a-nuku, ki Otara-a-rangi koia te tikapatanga o toku tiipuna o Marutuahu. Hoki whenei mai au ki Te Pane o Mataoho, tiro kau ake au ki aku pa whakairo ko Matatukutureia, ko Matukurua nga nohoanga tapu o Huakaiwaka, o Nga Tini-o-toitehuatahi, o Maruiwi kua ngaro katoa ki te reinga.

text: Kia kāpuia te reo o Tāmaki ki te Tonga: Tāmaki Makaurau ki te Tonga Mai i te Papakuratanga o Mataoho tae noa ki tona Ipu. Mai i Pukaki Tapu o Poutiikeka ki Te Puketapapatanga a Hape. Mai i te tahuna o Torea i nga wai o Mokoia, mawhiti atu ki Te Arapueru e karekare mai na ko Te Manukanuka a Hoturoa, kei reira a Taramainuku raua ko Kaiwhare. Ka kawea ki nga.hau o Mangere, e topa ai taku manuhokahoka ki Te Manurewatanga a Tamapahore. Whakaterawhiti taku haere ki Otara-a-nuku, ki Otara-a-rangi koia te tikapatanga o toku tiipuna o Marutuahu. Hoki whenei mai au ki Te Pane o Mataoho, tiro kau ake au ki aku pa whakairo ko Matatukutureia, ko Matukurua nga nohoanga tapu o Huakaiwaka, o Nga Tini-o-toitehuatahi, o Maruiwi kua ngaro katoa ki te reinga.

year: 2017