title: Firm foundations or castles in sand: The shifting sources of flood risk and the implications for flood governance: An english case study

authors: White, Iain

subjects: flooding

abstract: This chapter will provide an overview and analysis of the experiences of flooding in England since the end of the twentieth century with a view to informing debate in other countries. A critical reflection on the events of the last decade is particularly illuminating; encompassing a complete readjustment of our understanding of the sources of risk and subsequently exposing deficiencies in the ability of related governance frameworks to respond. The response to a series of damaging events from the scientific and policy making community was relatively swift, and included a significant change to the dominant paradigm from flood defence to flood risk management. This fundamental transition did, however, lead to a cascading series of interrelated governance implications and the development of new socio-technical assemblages, some of which were easier to anticipate than others. The effects encompassed alterations to the related methodology and a more neoliberal approach to risk management with repercussions for new responsibilities amongst a wider array of professions. The shift of the main source of flood risk from the rivers and sea towards surface water and drains was sudden and largely driven by forcing trends in climate and urbanization, creating the potential for lessons to be passed on to other countries who may experience similar pressures in the future; in essence to question the governance foundations shaping intervention – do they have longevity or, as was experienced in England, may they be castles on sand?

text: Firm foundations or castles in sand: The shifting sources of flood risk and the implications for flood governance: An english case study This chapter will provide an overview and analysis of the experiences of flooding in England since the end of the twentieth century with a view to informing debate in other countries. A critical reflection on the events of the last decade is particularly illuminating; encompassing a complete readjustment of our understanding of the sources of risk and subsequently exposing deficiencies in the ability of related governance frameworks to respond. The response to a series of damaging events from the scientific and policy making community was relatively swift, and included a significant change to the dominant paradigm from flood defence to flood risk management. This fundamental transition did, however, lead to a cascading series of interrelated governance implications and the development of new socio-technical assemblages, some of which were easier to anticipate than others. The effects encompassed alterations to the related methodology and a more neoliberal approach to risk management with repercussions for new responsibilities amongst a wider array of professions. The shift of the main source of flood risk from the rivers and sea towards surface water and drains was sudden and largely driven by forcing trends in climate and urbanization, creating the potential for lessons to be passed on to other countries who may experience similar pressures in the future; in essence to question the governance foundations shaping intervention – do they have longevity or, as was experienced in England, may they be castles on sand?

year: 2014

title: Effectiveness of entropy-based features in high-and low-intensity DDoS attacks detection

authors: Koay, Abigail

subjects: computer science

abstract: DDoS attack detection using entropy-based features in network traffic has become a popular approach among researchers in the last five years. The use of traffic distribution features constructed using entropy measures has been proposed as a better approach to detect Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks compared to conventional volumetric methods, but it still lacks in the generality of detecting various intensity DDoS attacks accurately. In this paper, we focus on identifying effective entropy-based features to detect both high- and low-intensity DDoS attacks by exploring the effectiveness of entropy-based features in distinguishing the attack from normal traffic patterns. We hypothesise that using different entropy measures, window sizes, and entropy-based features may affect the accuracy of detecting DDoS attacks. This means that certain entropy measures, window sizes, and entropy-based features may reveal attack traffic amongst normal traffic better than the others. Our experimental results show that using Shannon, Tsallis and Zhou entropy measures can achieve a clearer distinction between DDoS attack traffic and normal traffic than Rényi entropy. In addition, the window size setting used in entropy construction has minimal influence in differentiating between DDoS attack traffic and normal traffic. The result of the effectiveness ranking shows that the commonly used features are less effective than other features extracted from traffic headers.

text: Effectiveness of entropy-based features in high-and low-intensity DDoS attacks detection DDoS attack detection using entropy-based features in network traffic has become a popular approach among researchers in the last five years. The use of traffic distribution features constructed using entropy measures has been proposed as a better approach to detect Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks compared to conventional volumetric methods, but it still lacks in the generality of detecting various intensity DDoS attacks accurately. In this paper, we focus on identifying effective entropy-based features to detect both high- and low-intensity DDoS attacks by exploring the effectiveness of entropy-based features in distinguishing the attack from normal traffic patterns. We hypothesise that using different entropy measures, window sizes, and entropy-based features may affect the accuracy of detecting DDoS attacks. This means that certain entropy measures, window sizes, and entropy-based features may reveal attack traffic amongst normal traffic better than the others. Our experimental results show that using Shannon, Tsallis and Zhou entropy measures can achieve a clearer distinction between DDoS attack traffic and normal traffic than Rényi entropy. In addition, the window size setting used in entropy construction has minimal influence in differentiating between DDoS attack traffic and normal traffic. The result of the effectiveness ranking shows that the commonly used features are less effective than other features extracted from traffic headers.

year: 2019

title: Experiences from the past inform the journey ahead: ‘a way of being’ - culturally responsive and relational professional learning and development.

authors: Murray, Tracy Olive

subjects: Culturally responsive and relational angragogy

abstract: This thesis begins by contextualising the current reality for many Māori learners in Aotearoa New Zealand.  By reviewing the literature around the role of the provider in professional learning and development (PLD) in Aotearoa New Zealand, this thesis seeks to explain a new way of working that has not been well documented before.  Provided is the rationale for the methodology undertaken in the research to ensure the relationship with the participants remained at the heart of the process.  This thesis contends that applying culturally responsive and relational pedagogy across all levels of schooling is a unique way of being that requires deep critical self-reflection and conscious ongoing change in practice.  Learning what to stop doing and what to do differently is part of an ongoing cycle of inquiry that educational leaders at any level must engage in, to implement change in schools for Māori learners.

text: Experiences from the past inform the journey ahead: ‘a way of being’ - culturally responsive and relational professional learning and development. This thesis begins by contextualising the current reality for many Māori learners in Aotearoa New Zealand.  By reviewing the literature around the role of the provider in professional learning and development (PLD) in Aotearoa New Zealand, this thesis seeks to explain a new way of working that has not been well documented before.  Provided is the rationale for the methodology undertaken in the research to ensure the relationship with the participants remained at the heart of the process.  This thesis contends that applying culturally responsive and relational pedagogy across all levels of schooling is a unique way of being that requires deep critical self-reflection and conscious ongoing change in practice.  Learning what to stop doing and what to do differently is part of an ongoing cycle of inquiry that educational leaders at any level must engage in, to implement change in schools for Māori learners.

year: 2018