title: Commissioning genetic modification: The marginalisation of dissent in the royal commission on genetic modification

authors: Rogers-Hayden, Tee

abstract: The Royal Commission on Genetic Modification (RCGM) appeared to be a 'public debate'. It sought the participation of people from a cross-section of society according to its broad terms of reference, and invited input on 'options' for the nation. The majority of the public and special interest groups voiced their opposition to Genetic Engineering (GE). Despite this, the Commissioners proposed that Aotearoa New Zealand proceed with GE with 'caution'. (The recommendations included recommencing GE field trials and planning for releases of genetically modified organisms.) 
In this research I applied a multidimensional discourse analysis model to the RCGM to investigate if it was pre-determined in its findings. I analysed the social and historical context of the RCGM, its processes, and the consequential narratives in the texts produced by the environmentalists and the bioproponents who made submissions, and the documentation produced by the RCGM. 
I found that Enlightenment rationality, shaped the context of the Commission and, was reflected in the processes for 'Interested Persons' (the interest groups). This made it difficult for groups to articulate objections to GE that were based on non-scientific, holistic and alternative worldviews. Furthermore, I found that the RCGM's findings reflected the contestation of science evident in the debate between the environmental groups and the bioproponents. The creation of a utopian 'sustainability' discourse by the environmentalists, and their construction of this vision into a tenet called the precautionary principle, confronted the bioproponents' utopian vision of Progress guided by experts using neutral science. The bioproponents' response, to reject the precautionary principle and appropriate and redefine sustainability to mean sustaining Progress through GE, was mirrored in the RCGM' s findings. Thus, modernist rationality shaped the processes of the RCGM, restricting public participation and articulation of opposition to GE, ultimately pre-determining the RCGM in favour of GE.

text: Commissioning genetic modification: The marginalisation of dissent in the royal commission on genetic modification The Royal Commission on Genetic Modification (RCGM) appeared to be a 'public debate'. It sought the participation of people from a cross-section of society according to its broad terms of reference, and invited input on 'options' for the nation. The majority of the public and special interest groups voiced their opposition to Genetic Engineering (GE). Despite this, the Commissioners proposed that Aotearoa New Zealand proceed with GE with 'caution'. (The recommendations included recommencing GE field trials and planning for releases of genetically modified organisms.) 
In this research I applied a multidimensional discourse analysis model to the RCGM to investigate if it was pre-determined in its findings. I analysed the social and historical context of the RCGM, its processes, and the consequential narratives in the texts produced by the environmentalists and the bioproponents who made submissions, and the documentation produced by the RCGM. 
I found that Enlightenment rationality, shaped the context of the Commission and, was reflected in the processes for 'Interested Persons' (the interest groups). This made it difficult for groups to articulate objections to GE that were based on non-scientific, holistic and alternative worldviews. Furthermore, I found that the RCGM's findings reflected the contestation of science evident in the debate between the environmental groups and the bioproponents. The creation of a utopian 'sustainability' discourse by the environmentalists, and their construction of this vision into a tenet called the precautionary principle, confronted the bioproponents' utopian vision of Progress guided by experts using neutral science. The bioproponents' response, to reject the precautionary principle and appropriate and redefine sustainability to mean sustaining Progress through GE, was mirrored in the RCGM' s findings. Thus, modernist rationality shaped the processes of the RCGM, restricting public participation and articulation of opposition to GE, ultimately pre-determining the RCGM in favour of GE.

year: 2004

title: The effectiveness of an ACT based intervention in the management of disordered eating

authors: Babbott, Kathryn M.

subjects: eating disorder

abstract: Disordered eating is a term that refers to patterns of thoughts and behaviour that are maladaptive, and often centred around food, weight, and eating. For individuals who engage in disordered eating, the risk of progression to a clinically significant disorder is high, and once the diagnostic threshold is crossed, time becomes an increasingly important factor. This research endeavours to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention which is widely accessible and low cost, which may be used to address increasingly high rates of diagnosis and demand for services. 
The efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in treating a broad range of disorders has been well-established in empirical literature. The present study utilised a non-concurrent multiple baseline design to evaluate the efficacy of a self-help ACT workbook intervention in managing non-clinical disordered eating. Follow up data was collected six weeks after completion of the intervention. Participants were also asked to complete pre and post-intervention measures of acceptance, valued living, disordered eating pathology, and a general screen of psychopathology. The book, ‘Get Out of Your Mind and Into Your Life’, by Steven Hayes,  was used for the purposes of this study in a community sample. The content of the book is based on ACT and contains information and exercises based around the six core principles of ACT. 
	Seventeen participants who were concerned about their eating were recruited for this research via poster advertisements placed around a university campus and the wider city. 11.8% (n=2) of the participants were male and 88.2% (n=15) were female. Following a two-week baseline, participants worked through select chapters in the book over the course of six weeks. All participants were contacted via telephone to collect weekly measures of suffering, struggle, workability, and valued action, which are key components of ACT. Participants were also asked to rate the extent to which the week’s reading had aided them in managing disordered eating behaviour. After completing the intervention, acceptance and quality of life ratings showed improvements at a trend level, and disordered eating pathology significantly decreased. All of these improvements were maintained at follow up. There were no significant changes in general measures of pathology, (i.e. depression and anxiety), although non-significant trends were observed, which indicated improvement. Although the small n nature of this research means that findings should be interpreted with caution, the results of this research support the hypothesis that self-help interventions can be useful for mitigating subclinical disordered eating pathology, and suggest that further research is warranted into the development of ACT-based interventions for subclinical disordered eating which are widely available and accessible to all.

text: The effectiveness of an ACT based intervention in the management of disordered eating Disordered eating is a term that refers to patterns of thoughts and behaviour that are maladaptive, and often centred around food, weight, and eating. For individuals who engage in disordered eating, the risk of progression to a clinically significant disorder is high, and once the diagnostic threshold is crossed, time becomes an increasingly important factor. This research endeavours to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention which is widely accessible and low cost, which may be used to address increasingly high rates of diagnosis and demand for services. 
The efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in treating a broad range of disorders has been well-established in empirical literature. The present study utilised a non-concurrent multiple baseline design to evaluate the efficacy of a self-help ACT workbook intervention in managing non-clinical disordered eating. Follow up data was collected six weeks after completion of the intervention. Participants were also asked to complete pre and post-intervention measures of acceptance, valued living, disordered eating pathology, and a general screen of psychopathology. The book, ‘Get Out of Your Mind and Into Your Life’, by Steven Hayes,  was used for the purposes of this study in a community sample. The content of the book is based on ACT and contains information and exercises based around the six core principles of ACT. 
	Seventeen participants who were concerned about their eating were recruited for this research via poster advertisements placed around a university campus and the wider city. 11.8% (n=2) of the participants were male and 88.2% (n=15) were female. Following a two-week baseline, participants worked through select chapters in the book over the course of six weeks. All participants were contacted via telephone to collect weekly measures of suffering, struggle, workability, and valued action, which are key components of ACT. Participants were also asked to rate the extent to which the week’s reading had aided them in managing disordered eating behaviour. After completing the intervention, acceptance and quality of life ratings showed improvements at a trend level, and disordered eating pathology significantly decreased. All of these improvements were maintained at follow up. There were no significant changes in general measures of pathology, (i.e. depression and anxiety), although non-significant trends were observed, which indicated improvement. Although the small n nature of this research means that findings should be interpreted with caution, the results of this research support the hypothesis that self-help interventions can be useful for mitigating subclinical disordered eating pathology, and suggest that further research is warranted into the development of ACT-based interventions for subclinical disordered eating which are widely available and accessible to all.

year: 2018

title: He whakaemi kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine

authors: Manuirirangi, Hōri

abstract: Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhingaroa, hei whakaemi kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine. I whāia e au te āhua o te tipu o te rākau hei hanga i aku kōhinga kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine. Ko te ūpoko tuatahi, ko ngā pakiaka, arā te tīmatatanga o Ngā Ruahine. I konei ka tirohia ngā kōrero mō ngā waka tawhito mete whakapapa hoki o ngā tūpuna tāngatawhenua o Ngā Ruahine. Whai muri i tēnā, he wāhanga e pā ana ki te haeretanga mai o Aotea waka, ā, ka tirohia hoki tētehi kōrero tawhito mō te wehenga o ngā iwi o Aotea.
Mai i ngā pakiaka ka piki ake ki te tinana o te rākau. Koinei te wāhanga e pā ana ki ngā korero whenua o Ngā Ruahine. Kei te ūpoko tuarua nei, ka āta tirohia ngā kōrero mō ngā tongi o te rohe o Ngā Ruahine, me ngā take kōrero e whakawhanaunga ana i te tangata ki te whenua. Kei te ūpoko tuarua anō hoki ētehi whakaaturanga whenua mō te rohe o Ngā Ruahine, hei āwhina i te kaipānui.  
Mai i te tinana, ka aro atu ki ngā peka o te rākau i raro i te ūpoko tuatoru. Koinei te wāhanga nui o tēnei tuhingaroa, nā te tokomaha o ngā toronga o ngā peka nei. I roto i te ūpoko tuatoru, ka tirohia ētehi kōrero mō ia hapū o Ngā Ruahine. Mai i ngā kōrero mō ngā rohe whenua o ia hapū, ki ngā kōrero mō ngā marae me ngā pā tawhito o ērā hapū, ā, tae atu hoki ki ngā tūpuna rongonui me ā rātou mahi whakaari.  
Hei te mutunga, ka herea katoatia ngā kōrero o te tuhinga nei i raro i te ūpoko tuawhā, kia kite ai , he aha ngā hua e pūawai ai i tēnei tuhinga. Koinei te whakamutunga o ngā kōrero, arā ko te whakakapīnga o ngā kōrero.  
Ko tēnei tuhingaroa, he whakaemi kōrero mai i ngā kaumātua o Ngā Ruahine, ā, he mea tango mai hoki ētehi kōrero i ngā pukapuka, ko ēnei kōrero kua whakatakotoria i roto i tēnei tuhingaroa hei whakawhāriki iho ki te aroaro o te tini. Ko te tūmanako, he tuhinga rangahau tēnei hei āwhina i ngā rangatahi o Ngā Ruahine, kia rongo ai rātou i ngā kōrero kāore i te tino rangona i ēnei rā, kia mau hoki ngā kōrero a ngā kaumātua o Ngā Ruahine, kei ngaro. Erangi, he whakamōhio tēnei, he tīmatanga anahe tēnei tuhingaroa mō te kaupapa nei. Ko te tūmanako, he hua anō ka puta i tēnei rangahau, hei whāngai i ngā manu hiakai o Ngā Ruahine.

text: He whakaemi kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhingaroa, hei whakaemi kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine. I whāia e au te āhua o te tipu o te rākau hei hanga i aku kōhinga kōrero mō Ngā Ruahine. Ko te ūpoko tuatahi, ko ngā pakiaka, arā te tīmatatanga o Ngā Ruahine. I konei ka tirohia ngā kōrero mō ngā waka tawhito mete whakapapa hoki o ngā tūpuna tāngatawhenua o Ngā Ruahine. Whai muri i tēnā, he wāhanga e pā ana ki te haeretanga mai o Aotea waka, ā, ka tirohia hoki tētehi kōrero tawhito mō te wehenga o ngā iwi o Aotea.
Mai i ngā pakiaka ka piki ake ki te tinana o te rākau. Koinei te wāhanga e pā ana ki ngā korero whenua o Ngā Ruahine. Kei te ūpoko tuarua nei, ka āta tirohia ngā kōrero mō ngā tongi o te rohe o Ngā Ruahine, me ngā take kōrero e whakawhanaunga ana i te tangata ki te whenua. Kei te ūpoko tuarua anō hoki ētehi whakaaturanga whenua mō te rohe o Ngā Ruahine, hei āwhina i te kaipānui.  
Mai i te tinana, ka aro atu ki ngā peka o te rākau i raro i te ūpoko tuatoru. Koinei te wāhanga nui o tēnei tuhingaroa, nā te tokomaha o ngā toronga o ngā peka nei. I roto i te ūpoko tuatoru, ka tirohia ētehi kōrero mō ia hapū o Ngā Ruahine. Mai i ngā kōrero mō ngā rohe whenua o ia hapū, ki ngā kōrero mō ngā marae me ngā pā tawhito o ērā hapū, ā, tae atu hoki ki ngā tūpuna rongonui me ā rātou mahi whakaari.  
Hei te mutunga, ka herea katoatia ngā kōrero o te tuhinga nei i raro i te ūpoko tuawhā, kia kite ai , he aha ngā hua e pūawai ai i tēnei tuhinga. Koinei te whakamutunga o ngā kōrero, arā ko te whakakapīnga o ngā kōrero.  
Ko tēnei tuhingaroa, he whakaemi kōrero mai i ngā kaumātua o Ngā Ruahine, ā, he mea tango mai hoki ētehi kōrero i ngā pukapuka, ko ēnei kōrero kua whakatakotoria i roto i tēnei tuhingaroa hei whakawhāriki iho ki te aroaro o te tini. Ko te tūmanako, he tuhinga rangahau tēnei hei āwhina i ngā rangatahi o Ngā Ruahine, kia rongo ai rātou i ngā kōrero kāore i te tino rangona i ēnei rā, kia mau hoki ngā kōrero a ngā kaumātua o Ngā Ruahine, kei ngaro. Erangi, he whakamōhio tēnei, he tīmatanga anahe tēnei tuhingaroa mō te kaupapa nei. Ko te tūmanako, he hua anō ka puta i tēnei rangahau, hei whāngai i ngā manu hiakai o Ngā Ruahine.

year: 1998