title: Role of mitochondrial stress protein HSP60 in diabetes-induced neuroinflammation

authors: Liyanagamage, Donisha Shani Niharika Keembiya

abstract: Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and associated malfunctions of the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. There is increasing evidence of a relationship between diabetes and vascular dementia. Interestingly, hyperglycemia-linked neuroinflammation in the central nervous system is considered to play a key role during vascular dementia in diabetic patients. However, the mechanisms responsible for the relationship between hyperglycemia and neuroinflammation is not clearly understood. Diabetes-induced alternations in the blood-brain barrier permit high glucose influx into the brain cells via glucose transporters and promote oxidative stress through overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Despite many studies demonstrating a link between oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and neuron inflammation during hyperglycemia remains to be established. In this review, we will focus on diabetes-induced changes in the central nervous system and the role of mitochondrial heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) as an initiator of oxidative stress and potential modulator of neuroinflammation. We suggest that oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction stimulates the upregulation of mitochondrial heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and ultimately initiates inflammatory pathways by activating pattern recognition receptors. HSP60 also could be a focal point in the development of a biomarker of neuroinflammation as HSP60 is known to be significantly elevated in diabetic patients. Interestingly, extracellular secretion of HSP60 via exosomes suggests that inflammation could spread to neighboring astrocytes by activating pattern recognition receptors of astrocytes via neuronal exosomes containing HSP60. A mechanism for linking neuron and astrocyte inflammation will provide new therapeutic approaches to modulate neuroinflammation and therefore potentially ameliorate the cognitive impairment in diabetic brains associated with vascular dementia.

text: Role of mitochondrial stress protein HSP60 in diabetes-induced neuroinflammation Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and associated malfunctions of the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. There is increasing evidence of a relationship between diabetes and vascular dementia. Interestingly, hyperglycemia-linked neuroinflammation in the central nervous system is considered to play a key role during vascular dementia in diabetic patients. However, the mechanisms responsible for the relationship between hyperglycemia and neuroinflammation is not clearly understood. Diabetes-induced alternations in the blood-brain barrier permit high glucose influx into the brain cells via glucose transporters and promote oxidative stress through overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Despite many studies demonstrating a link between oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and neuron inflammation during hyperglycemia remains to be established. In this review, we will focus on diabetes-induced changes in the central nervous system and the role of mitochondrial heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) as an initiator of oxidative stress and potential modulator of neuroinflammation. We suggest that oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction stimulates the upregulation of mitochondrial heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and ultimately initiates inflammatory pathways by activating pattern recognition receptors. HSP60 also could be a focal point in the development of a biomarker of neuroinflammation as HSP60 is known to be significantly elevated in diabetic patients. Interestingly, extracellular secretion of HSP60 via exosomes suggests that inflammation could spread to neighboring astrocytes by activating pattern recognition receptors of astrocytes via neuronal exosomes containing HSP60. A mechanism for linking neuron and astrocyte inflammation will provide new therapeutic approaches to modulate neuroinflammation and therefore potentially ameliorate the cognitive impairment in diabetic brains associated with vascular dementia.

year: 2020

title: Principals in relationship: Work, roles and positioning

authors: Earl Rinehart, (Suzanne) Kerry

abstract: Principalship is complex relational work. Interactions with a long list of individuals, groups and organisations are features of a principals’ work activity. These interactions vary from one time contact to every day for just in time advice or ongoing mentoring to an infrequent media comment or supervision of a beginning teacher, from acquaintance to lasting relationships. Relationships feature in leadership frameworks and expectations of effective and successful school principals. Current educational leadership literature gives attention to personal characteristics understood to make and build connections, and sustain relationships. In this talk I will set this scene and then, using research stories of primary school principals’ interactions with community members, explore what attention to principals in relationship can tell us about principals’ work, roles, and positioning. By unpacking principalship into these three aspects (instead of, for example, administration, leadership and management), positioning theory can be used to shed some light on how principals’ success is ‘community’ dependent. I argue that consideration of work activity, work roles and the significance of positioning could help those in relational, or helping, professions such as principals and teachers, make sense of and develop partnerships with individuals and groups in their work place and community

text: Principals in relationship: Work, roles and positioning Principalship is complex relational work. Interactions with a long list of individuals, groups and organisations are features of a principals’ work activity. These interactions vary from one time contact to every day for just in time advice or ongoing mentoring to an infrequent media comment or supervision of a beginning teacher, from acquaintance to lasting relationships. Relationships feature in leadership frameworks and expectations of effective and successful school principals. Current educational leadership literature gives attention to personal characteristics understood to make and build connections, and sustain relationships. In this talk I will set this scene and then, using research stories of primary school principals’ interactions with community members, explore what attention to principals in relationship can tell us about principals’ work, roles, and positioning. By unpacking principalship into these three aspects (instead of, for example, administration, leadership and management), positioning theory can be used to shed some light on how principals’ success is ‘community’ dependent. I argue that consideration of work activity, work roles and the significance of positioning could help those in relational, or helping, professions such as principals and teachers, make sense of and develop partnerships with individuals and groups in their work place and community

year: 2017

title: An Assessment of the Cognitive Ability and the Attitude to Rehabilitation of European and Maori Trainees at a Borstal Institution.

authors: Zimmerman, Malcolm Laird

subjects: Borstal Institution

abstract: The incidence of delinquency in New Zealand has risen and is a cause for serious concern for the future of the nation. "As in all fields of social inquiry it is much easier to specify the problem than it is to account for its occurrence ... In the case of delinquency, it is much easier to record what has occurred as opposed to why - it is even more difficult to prevent delinquency from occurring at all. Why should this be so?" (Blizard, 1967, p.i.)
There are no easy answers: there are no short cuts to understanding: there will never be an easily worked out, or easily administered programme for prevention. The road is hard, costly both in terms of men, money and time.

text: An Assessment of the Cognitive Ability and the Attitude to Rehabilitation of European and Maori Trainees at a Borstal Institution. The incidence of delinquency in New Zealand has risen and is a cause for serious concern for the future of the nation. "As in all fields of social inquiry it is much easier to specify the problem than it is to account for its occurrence ... In the case of delinquency, it is much easier to record what has occurred as opposed to why - it is even more difficult to prevent delinquency from occurring at all. Why should this be so?" (Blizard, 1967, p.i.)
There are no easy answers: there are no short cuts to understanding: there will never be an easily worked out, or easily administered programme for prevention. The road is hard, costly both in terms of men, money and time.

year: 1971