title: The chronology of Waikato pā: A spatio-temporal investigation of pā in the middle Waikato basin

authors: McBride, Rowan

subjects: pā

abstract: This study considers the chronology of pā construction, proliferation, and development within the 
Middle Waikato Basin through a spatio-temporal investigation of palisade construction activity as 
identified at six pā (fortified places). The chronological approach applied in this thesis uses 14C 
wiggle-match dating to provide an accurate and precise calendar date for the felling of a tree 
(Felling Date) used to construct a palisade defence at a pā. These Felling Dates are interpreted using 
the theory of time perspectivism, focusing on three distinct scales of analysis: Event, Local, and 
Regional. The event scale of analysis successfully produced twenty high-precision felling dates on 
posts recovered from Lake Mangakaware 1 (MA1), Lake Mangakaware 2 (MA2), Lake Mangahia 
(MGA), Taraheke Pā (TAR), Te Uapata Pā (TEU) and Lake Rotokauri (ROT). The local scale 
analysis utilised these felling dates to track the development of the identified palisade defences 
over time, identifying multiple palisade construction phases, representing construction, repair and 
redevelopment episodes at MA1, MA2, MGA, TAR and TEU. Finally, the regional scale analysis 
integrated this evidence into a broader chronological framework, identifying shared episodes of 
palisade construction activity within the Middle Waikato Basin. This analysis highlights three 
critical periods of proposed socio-political stress and stability between the late fifteenth and early 
nineteenth centuries, related to hypothesised influential variables from the broader cultural and 
archaeological landscape that are proposed to be responsible for the emergence, proliferation and 
development of pā over time.

text: The chronology of Waikato pā: A spatio-temporal investigation of pā in the middle Waikato basin This study considers the chronology of pā construction, proliferation, and development within the 
Middle Waikato Basin through a spatio-temporal investigation of palisade construction activity as 
identified at six pā (fortified places). The chronological approach applied in this thesis uses 14C 
wiggle-match dating to provide an accurate and precise calendar date for the felling of a tree 
(Felling Date) used to construct a palisade defence at a pā. These Felling Dates are interpreted using 
the theory of time perspectivism, focusing on three distinct scales of analysis: Event, Local, and 
Regional. The event scale of analysis successfully produced twenty high-precision felling dates on 
posts recovered from Lake Mangakaware 1 (MA1), Lake Mangakaware 2 (MA2), Lake Mangahia 
(MGA), Taraheke Pā (TAR), Te Uapata Pā (TEU) and Lake Rotokauri (ROT). The local scale 
analysis utilised these felling dates to track the development of the identified palisade defences 
over time, identifying multiple palisade construction phases, representing construction, repair and 
redevelopment episodes at MA1, MA2, MGA, TAR and TEU. Finally, the regional scale analysis 
integrated this evidence into a broader chronological framework, identifying shared episodes of 
palisade construction activity within the Middle Waikato Basin. This analysis highlights three 
critical periods of proposed socio-political stress and stability between the late fifteenth and early 
nineteenth centuries, related to hypothesised influential variables from the broader cultural and 
archaeological landscape that are proposed to be responsible for the emergence, proliferation and 
development of pā over time.

year: 2024

title: Antipodean settler societies and their complexities: the Waitangi process in New Zealand and native title and the stolen generations in Australia

authors: Byrnes, Giselle

subjects: native title claim

abstract: This article considers the process of determining native title claims and responding to the revelation of forced Indigenous child removal in Australia, together with the Treaty of Waitangi claims process in New Zealand; each of which can be understood more broadly as a response to the aftermath and ongoing consequences of colonisation. We undertake this analysis comparatively, through an examination of the broad sweep of colonial history in both countries, followed by a more detailed consideration of the processes in question, as they have become manifest over the last decade or so in Australia and almost 30 years in New Zealand. We compare and contrast the institutions, epistemological and political preoccupations and language in each case, revealing various latent ironies and incongruities in the systems on both sides of the Tasman Sea.

text: Antipodean settler societies and their complexities: the Waitangi process in New Zealand and native title and the stolen generations in Australia This article considers the process of determining native title claims and responding to the revelation of forced Indigenous child removal in Australia, together with the Treaty of Waitangi claims process in New Zealand; each of which can be understood more broadly as a response to the aftermath and ongoing consequences of colonisation. We undertake this analysis comparatively, through an examination of the broad sweep of colonial history in both countries, followed by a more detailed consideration of the processes in question, as they have become manifest over the last decade or so in Australia and almost 30 years in New Zealand. We compare and contrast the institutions, epistemological and political preoccupations and language in each case, revealing various latent ironies and incongruities in the systems on both sides of the Tasman Sea.

year: 2008

title: Competitive interactions in a dairy pasture containing paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir,) following the introduction of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

authors: Thom, Errol

abstract: A series of trials investigated the contribution of introduced grasses (Lolium perenne and Bromus catharticus) to seasonal production of a high yielding dairy sward containing paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum). The persistence of the introduced species was also determined.
Autumn overdrilling improved (<500 kg DM/ha) herbage production in the following winter/spring and autumn, but thereafter differences between drilled and undrilled swards disappeared. The monitoring of individual plants showed that there were high summer losses of introduced plants; up to 56% were lost by one year after drilling. The contribution of Bromus catharticus to herbage mass was less than that for Lolium perenne, as summer losses of the former plants were higher than for the latter because of increased susceptibility to direct ‘animal effects’ (eg. ‘pulling’). Bromus catharticus was therefore excluded from subsequent experiments. Summer growth of introduced plants was more restricted when they were closely associated with established paspalum than with other resident species, and large plants had better summer persistence than small plants. 
Manipulation of the light environment of the introduced ryegrass plants by regular clipping (10 mm stubble) of surrounding resident herbage markedly improved their ability to survive summer management and environmental stresses. The introduced plants were able to attain a large average size (20 to 50 tillers per plant) before the onset of summer.
Summer losses of introduced plants were higher when grazed at a short (2-3 week) rather than a long (3-4 week) interval and if paspalum was a close neighbour. About 20% of total losses were related to direct cow damage, namely, severe grazing, ‘pulling’, dung and urine deposition, and trampling. The latter effects may be important where stocking densities are high. Other treatments such as late-winter/early-spring application of nitrogen fertiliser and irrigation during summer/autumn, failed to improve persistence of introduced ryegrass.
One of the various ecological strategies that gives paspalum a competitive advantage over ryegrass is its ability to accumulate large reserves of carbohydrate. Measurement of nonstructural carbohydrate accumulated in above-and below-ground organs indicated that these reached a maximum for both species towards the end of the period of their most active growth. At this time the nonstructural carbohydrate level for paspalum at 1050 kg/ha, was four times greater than that for ryegrass. 
Possible practical methods for improving the persistence of ryegrass introduced into established swards are discussed.

text: Competitive interactions in a dairy pasture containing paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir,) following the introduction of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) A series of trials investigated the contribution of introduced grasses (Lolium perenne and Bromus catharticus) to seasonal production of a high yielding dairy sward containing paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum). The persistence of the introduced species was also determined.
Autumn overdrilling improved (<500 kg DM/ha) herbage production in the following winter/spring and autumn, but thereafter differences between drilled and undrilled swards disappeared. The monitoring of individual plants showed that there were high summer losses of introduced plants; up to 56% were lost by one year after drilling. The contribution of Bromus catharticus to herbage mass was less than that for Lolium perenne, as summer losses of the former plants were higher than for the latter because of increased susceptibility to direct ‘animal effects’ (eg. ‘pulling’). Bromus catharticus was therefore excluded from subsequent experiments. Summer growth of introduced plants was more restricted when they were closely associated with established paspalum than with other resident species, and large plants had better summer persistence than small plants. 
Manipulation of the light environment of the introduced ryegrass plants by regular clipping (10 mm stubble) of surrounding resident herbage markedly improved their ability to survive summer management and environmental stresses. The introduced plants were able to attain a large average size (20 to 50 tillers per plant) before the onset of summer.
Summer losses of introduced plants were higher when grazed at a short (2-3 week) rather than a long (3-4 week) interval and if paspalum was a close neighbour. About 20% of total losses were related to direct cow damage, namely, severe grazing, ‘pulling’, dung and urine deposition, and trampling. The latter effects may be important where stocking densities are high. Other treatments such as late-winter/early-spring application of nitrogen fertiliser and irrigation during summer/autumn, failed to improve persistence of introduced ryegrass.
One of the various ecological strategies that gives paspalum a competitive advantage over ryegrass is its ability to accumulate large reserves of carbohydrate. Measurement of nonstructural carbohydrate accumulated in above-and below-ground organs indicated that these reached a maximum for both species towards the end of the period of their most active growth. At this time the nonstructural carbohydrate level for paspalum at 1050 kg/ha, was four times greater than that for ryegrass. 
Possible practical methods for improving the persistence of ryegrass introduced into established swards are discussed.

year: 1984