title: Identifying appropriate sampling and modelling approaches for analysing distributional patterns of Antarctic terrestrial arthropods along the Victoria Land latitudinal gradient

authors: Caruso, Tancredi

subjects: Antarctica

abstract: Biotic communities in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems are relatively simple and often lack higher trophic levels (e.g. predators); thus, it is often assumed that species’ distributions are mainly affected by abiotic factors such as climatic conditions, which change with increasing latitude, altitude and/or distance from the coast. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that factors other than geographical gradients affect the distribution of organisms with low dispersal capability such as the terrestrial arthropods. In Victoria Land (East Antarctica) the distribution of springtail (Collembola) and mite (Acari) species vary at scales that range from a few square centimetres to regional and continental. Different species show different scales of variation that relate to factors such as local geological and glaciological history, and biotic interactions, but only weakly with latitudinal/altitudinal gradients. Here, we review the relevant literature and outline more appropriate sampling designs as well as suitable modelling techniques (e.g. linear mixed models and eigenvector mapping), that will more adequately address and identify the range of factors responsible for the distribution of terrestrial arthropods in Antarctica.

text: Identifying appropriate sampling and modelling approaches for analysing distributional patterns of Antarctic terrestrial arthropods along the Victoria Land latitudinal gradient Biotic communities in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems are relatively simple and often lack higher trophic levels (e.g. predators); thus, it is often assumed that species’ distributions are mainly affected by abiotic factors such as climatic conditions, which change with increasing latitude, altitude and/or distance from the coast. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that factors other than geographical gradients affect the distribution of organisms with low dispersal capability such as the terrestrial arthropods. In Victoria Land (East Antarctica) the distribution of springtail (Collembola) and mite (Acari) species vary at scales that range from a few square centimetres to regional and continental. Different species show different scales of variation that relate to factors such as local geological and glaciological history, and biotic interactions, but only weakly with latitudinal/altitudinal gradients. Here, we review the relevant literature and outline more appropriate sampling designs as well as suitable modelling techniques (e.g. linear mixed models and eigenvector mapping), that will more adequately address and identify the range of factors responsible for the distribution of terrestrial arthropods in Antarctica.

year: 2010

title: Study of metal scrambling in the trinuclear {Pt₂Se₂M} (M = Pt, Pd, Au) system using an electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) directed synthetic methodology; isolation and crystallographic characterization of {Pt₂(µ₃-Se)₂(PPh₃)₄[Pt(cod)]}{PF₆}₂ and {Pt(μ₃-Se)₂(PPh₃)₂[Pt(cod)]₂}{PF₆}₂ (cod = Cyclo-octa-1,5-diene)

authors: Yeo, Jeremy S.L.

subjects: chemistry

abstract: Pt₂(μ-Se)₂(PPh₃)₄ reacts with PtCl₂(cod) to give {Pt₂(μ₃-Se)₂(PPh₃)₄[Pt(cod)]}²⁺ and an unexpected cod-rich product that arises from metal scrambling, viz. {Pt(μ₃-Se)₂(PPh₃)₂[Pt(cod)]₂}²⁺. The formation of these species was detected and followed by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) and subsequently verified by batch synthesis and crystallographic characterization. Other metal-scrambled aggregate products were successfully detected.

text: Study of metal scrambling in the trinuclear {Pt₂Se₂M} (M = Pt, Pd, Au) system using an electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) directed synthetic methodology; isolation and crystallographic characterization of {Pt₂(µ₃-Se)₂(PPh₃)₄[Pt(cod)]}{PF₆}₂ and {Pt(μ₃-Se)₂(PPh₃)₂[Pt(cod)]₂}{PF₆}₂ (cod = Cyclo-octa-1,5-diene) Pt₂(μ-Se)₂(PPh₃)₄ reacts with PtCl₂(cod) to give {Pt₂(μ₃-Se)₂(PPh₃)₄[Pt(cod)]}²⁺ and an unexpected cod-rich product that arises from metal scrambling, viz. {Pt(μ₃-Se)₂(PPh₃)₂[Pt(cod)]₂}²⁺. The formation of these species was detected and followed by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) and subsequently verified by batch synthesis and crystallographic characterization. Other metal-scrambled aggregate products were successfully detected.

year: 2002

title: The sociocultural impact of tourism on the Te Arawa people of Rotorua, New Zealand

authors: Te Awekotuku, Ngahuia

subjects: Te Arawa

abstract: This is a study of how tourism in New Zealand has affected a major tribal community; their insights, reactions, and experiences. Covering five generations, it presents an oral account of the actively concerned social groups. Wherever possible, or necessary, this is reiterated and reinforced by the written record.

The work comprises two parts, the first which outlines the historic background according to available documentation, and the second which focusses on particular aspects of tribal culture and experience. Material for this section, otherwise unrecorded, came from the narrated stories, reminiscences, and often shrewd observations of the people themselves. It deals with residential community, song and dance, arts and crafts, and the role of women.

As an essentially ethnographic commentary, the study does not examine the economic features or effects of tourism, except where fiscal factors are pertinent to the understanding or continuity of the Te Arawa experience of the tourist world.

text: The sociocultural impact of tourism on the Te Arawa people of Rotorua, New Zealand This is a study of how tourism in New Zealand has affected a major tribal community; their insights, reactions, and experiences. Covering five generations, it presents an oral account of the actively concerned social groups. Wherever possible, or necessary, this is reiterated and reinforced by the written record.

The work comprises two parts, the first which outlines the historic background according to available documentation, and the second which focusses on particular aspects of tribal culture and experience. Material for this section, otherwise unrecorded, came from the narrated stories, reminiscences, and often shrewd observations of the people themselves. It deals with residential community, song and dance, arts and crafts, and the role of women.

As an essentially ethnographic commentary, the study does not examine the economic features or effects of tourism, except where fiscal factors are pertinent to the understanding or continuity of the Te Arawa experience of the tourist world.

year: 1981