title: Removal of estrone (E1) in water: A comparative study of UV, natural light, and algal treatments

authors: Chen, Yixin

subjects: estrone (E1)

abstract: Estrone (E1) is an environmental estrogen that threatens both man's health and the ecosystem due to its endocrine-disrupting action. This research compared and evaluated three treatment methods - ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, natural sunlight exposure, and algal treatment with Spirogyra, based on the removal efficiency of E1 under controlled laboratory conditions. Because LC–MS identification of the first-round samples is still pending, a second round of experiments was conducted using UV–Vis spectrophotometry to track E1 degradation at higher concentrations (0–10 mg/L). The results demonstrated that natural sunlight achieved the highest E1 removal efficiency, with the 10 mg/L samples showing an 84.86% decline in absorbance by the second day. The UV group showed consistent but less degradation in E1 removal, while the algal group showed the least removal in E1. Further analyses, including light-field mapping, short-term reproducibility tests, pH condition experiments, and concentration-time curves, also provided mechanistic explanations and reinforced the robustness of these findings. 

This study gives proof that the non-catalytic photodegradation of E1 in natural provides experimental support for the development of energy-saving and green water treatment processes.

text: Removal of estrone (E1) in water: A comparative study of UV, natural light, and algal treatments Estrone (E1) is an environmental estrogen that threatens both man's health and the ecosystem due to its endocrine-disrupting action. This research compared and evaluated three treatment methods - ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, natural sunlight exposure, and algal treatment with Spirogyra, based on the removal efficiency of E1 under controlled laboratory conditions. Because LC–MS identification of the first-round samples is still pending, a second round of experiments was conducted using UV–Vis spectrophotometry to track E1 degradation at higher concentrations (0–10 mg/L). The results demonstrated that natural sunlight achieved the highest E1 removal efficiency, with the 10 mg/L samples showing an 84.86% decline in absorbance by the second day. The UV group showed consistent but less degradation in E1 removal, while the algal group showed the least removal in E1. Further analyses, including light-field mapping, short-term reproducibility tests, pH condition experiments, and concentration-time curves, also provided mechanistic explanations and reinforced the robustness of these findings. 

This study gives proof that the non-catalytic photodegradation of E1 in natural provides experimental support for the development of energy-saving and green water treatment processes.

year: 2025

title: An evaluation of mixed methods (diaries and focus groups) when working with older people

authors: Koopman-Boyden, Peggy G.

subjects: mixed methods

abstract: This paper considers the advantages and limitations of using mixed methods, diaries and focus groups in research with older people, specifically research investigating the interaction experiences of older individuals as customers, members and workers with public-, private- and community-based organisations. Drawing on the literature on mixed method integration, five distinct advantages were identified: development, completeness, expansion, offsetting and initiation. Two limitations were also noted: demands of the data collection on the participants and insufficient depth. Each is discussed in the context of the particular research project, with the suggestion that mixed methods be used in future research with older people.

text: An evaluation of mixed methods (diaries and focus groups) when working with older people This paper considers the advantages and limitations of using mixed methods, diaries and focus groups in research with older people, specifically research investigating the interaction experiences of older individuals as customers, members and workers with public-, private- and community-based organisations. Drawing on the literature on mixed method integration, five distinct advantages were identified: development, completeness, expansion, offsetting and initiation. Two limitations were also noted: demands of the data collection on the participants and insufficient depth. Each is discussed in the context of the particular research project, with the suggestion that mixed methods be used in future research with older people.

year: 2012

title: Utilising matauranga Maori to improve the social functioning of tangata whaiora in Maori mental health services

authors: Wirihana, Rebecca

subjects: Maori

abstract: Maori mental health services under the Auckland District Health Board (ADHB) have been utilising Matauranga Maori as a key community based intervention since the closing of the kaupapa Maori inpatient service (Manawaanui) in 2003. Kapa haka has been a central component in the provision of the marae based recovery programmes. The following paper is a review of the development and progress.

text: Utilising matauranga Maori to improve the social functioning of tangata whaiora in Maori mental health services Maori mental health services under the Auckland District Health Board (ADHB) have been utilising Matauranga Maori as a key community based intervention since the closing of the kaupapa Maori inpatient service (Manawaanui) in 2003. Kapa haka has been a central component in the provision of the marae based recovery programmes. The following paper is a review of the development and progress.

year: 2008