title: Landslides in sensitive soils, Tauranga, New Zealand.

authors: Moon, Vicki G.

subjects: sensitive soil

abstract: In the Tauranga region sensitive soil failures commonly occur after heavy rainfall events, causing considerable infrastructure damage. Several notable landslides include a large failure at Bramley Drive, Omokoroa in 1979, the Ruahihi Canal collapse in 1981, and numerous landslides in May 2005; recently the Bramley Drive scarp was reactivated in 2011. These failures are associated with materials loosely classified as the Pahoia Tephras - a mixture of rhyolitic pyroclastic deposits of approximately 1 Ma.

The common link with extreme rainfall events suggests a pore water pressure control on the initiation of these failures. Recent research on the structure of the soils shows a dominance of halloysite clay minerals packed loosely in arrangements with high porosity (51 – 77 %), but with almost entirely micropores. This leads us to conclude that the permeability is very low, and the materials remain continuously wet. The formation of halloysite is encouraged by a wet environment with no episodes of drying, supporting this assumption.

A high-resolution CPT trace at Bramley Drive indicates induced pore water pressures rising steadily to a peak at approximately 25 m depth; this depth coincides with the base of the landslide scarp. We infer that elevated pore water pressures develop within this single, thick aquifer, triggering failure through reduced effective stresses. The inactive halloysite clay mineral results in low plasticity indices (13 – 44 %) and hence high liquidity indices (1.2 – 2.4) due to the saturated pore space; remoulding following failure is sudden and dramatic and results in large debris runout distances.

text: Landslides in sensitive soils, Tauranga, New Zealand. In the Tauranga region sensitive soil failures commonly occur after heavy rainfall events, causing considerable infrastructure damage. Several notable landslides include a large failure at Bramley Drive, Omokoroa in 1979, the Ruahihi Canal collapse in 1981, and numerous landslides in May 2005; recently the Bramley Drive scarp was reactivated in 2011. These failures are associated with materials loosely classified as the Pahoia Tephras - a mixture of rhyolitic pyroclastic deposits of approximately 1 Ma.

The common link with extreme rainfall events suggests a pore water pressure control on the initiation of these failures. Recent research on the structure of the soils shows a dominance of halloysite clay minerals packed loosely in arrangements with high porosity (51 – 77 %), but with almost entirely micropores. This leads us to conclude that the permeability is very low, and the materials remain continuously wet. The formation of halloysite is encouraged by a wet environment with no episodes of drying, supporting this assumption.

A high-resolution CPT trace at Bramley Drive indicates induced pore water pressures rising steadily to a peak at approximately 25 m depth; this depth coincides with the base of the landslide scarp. We infer that elevated pore water pressures develop within this single, thick aquifer, triggering failure through reduced effective stresses. The inactive halloysite clay mineral results in low plasticity indices (13 – 44 %) and hence high liquidity indices (1.2 – 2.4) due to the saturated pore space; remoulding following failure is sudden and dramatic and results in large debris runout distances.

year: 2013

title: Bacteriological control food equipment by cleaning systems

authors: Dunsmore, David George

abstract: This study was undertaken to examine the performance of cleaning systems applied to food equipment. The contribution by the components of those systems to the performance of the total system was determined.
A cleaning simulator was constructed in which test pieces in 4 test cells were subjected to 25 to 35 cycles, each of 12h. Each cycle the test pieces were: soiled for 45 min. in pasteurised milk (at 30°c) dosed with 10⁶ bacteria/ml of Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli or Enterobacter aerogenes; serially treated with the rinses, detergents and sanitizers of the experimental cleaning system; and left for 9.5h intercycle (rest) period. The changes in the soil mass with time on stainless steel, rubber and glass test pieces were determined gravimetrically. The changes in the numbers of the dosed and non-dosed organisms on the surfaces, after components of the cleaning system had been applied, were determined by a swab-recovery/ plate-counting system. The surfaces were also examined by scanning electron microscopy. Four experiments were performed using this technique.
A field experiment examined the performance of 5 cleaning systems over experimental periods of 5 weeks on 15 milking machines. 
The nature of the changes in the performance of the cleaning system over time were determined. Both detergents and sanitizers could, under varying conditions, contribute significantly to the bacteriological performance achieved by the system. A sanitizer applied for the complete intercycle period was more efficient than those applied for short contact-times. A post-wash sanitizer was slightly more efficient than a sanitizer applied before milking. 
The cycle of bacterial deposition onto the equipment surfaces, attachment, depletion by the cleaning system, growth during the intercycle period, and subsequent contamination of the milk at the next milking was studied. All three dose organisms attached actively, and were then largely removed by the cleaning system. Despite there being a large amount of soil on the surfaces of the test pieces, the intercycle conditions (30°c at up to 90% RH for 9.5h) were insufficient for growth. The effect of the amount of soil on the surface on the ability of bacteria to survive the application of a system or system component was examined. The minimum soil levels necessary for an organism to survive a treatment (Total Effect Maximum) and the minimum soil necessary for all organisms to survive a treatment (Zero Effect Minimum) were determined for systems and system components. 
The data was used to discuss the principles to be followed in designing a cleaning system. The principles were applied to the design of a system to clean a milking machine with cold solutions by soak techniques.

text: Bacteriological control food equipment by cleaning systems This study was undertaken to examine the performance of cleaning systems applied to food equipment. The contribution by the components of those systems to the performance of the total system was determined.
A cleaning simulator was constructed in which test pieces in 4 test cells were subjected to 25 to 35 cycles, each of 12h. Each cycle the test pieces were: soiled for 45 min. in pasteurised milk (at 30°c) dosed with 10⁶ bacteria/ml of Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli or Enterobacter aerogenes; serially treated with the rinses, detergents and sanitizers of the experimental cleaning system; and left for 9.5h intercycle (rest) period. The changes in the soil mass with time on stainless steel, rubber and glass test pieces were determined gravimetrically. The changes in the numbers of the dosed and non-dosed organisms on the surfaces, after components of the cleaning system had been applied, were determined by a swab-recovery/ plate-counting system. The surfaces were also examined by scanning electron microscopy. Four experiments were performed using this technique.
A field experiment examined the performance of 5 cleaning systems over experimental periods of 5 weeks on 15 milking machines. 
The nature of the changes in the performance of the cleaning system over time were determined. Both detergents and sanitizers could, under varying conditions, contribute significantly to the bacteriological performance achieved by the system. A sanitizer applied for the complete intercycle period was more efficient than those applied for short contact-times. A post-wash sanitizer was slightly more efficient than a sanitizer applied before milking. 
The cycle of bacterial deposition onto the equipment surfaces, attachment, depletion by the cleaning system, growth during the intercycle period, and subsequent contamination of the milk at the next milking was studied. All three dose organisms attached actively, and were then largely removed by the cleaning system. Despite there being a large amount of soil on the surfaces of the test pieces, the intercycle conditions (30°c at up to 90% RH for 9.5h) were insufficient for growth. The effect of the amount of soil on the surface on the ability of bacteria to survive the application of a system or system component was examined. The minimum soil levels necessary for an organism to survive a treatment (Total Effect Maximum) and the minimum soil necessary for all organisms to survive a treatment (Zero Effect Minimum) were determined for systems and system components. 
The data was used to discuss the principles to be followed in designing a cleaning system. The principles were applied to the design of a system to clean a milking machine with cold solutions by soak techniques.

year: 1978

title: Joe Gillayley: A model of cultural hybridity in Keri Hulme’s novel The Bone People

authors: Cozma, Codrina

subjects: Literary analysis

abstract: Born and raised at the confluence of two cultures, Western and Māori, the New Zealand author Keri Hulme crafts in her 1983 novel, The Bone People, a vigorous literary discourse whose integrity and realism often topple consecrated stereotyping colonial theories. Joe Gillayley displays complex mechanisms of cultural hybridity in major areas of his private and social life. His initially ambivalent attitude towards both his Western and his Māori heritage are evident in his personal, social and economic life - in his interactions with his family, his semi-adopted son Simon/ Himi, his friend Kerewin, his work, school authorities, and tribal figures such as the mysterious prophet Tiaki Mira. Post-colonial scholarship provides the context in which the analysis provided here is conducted, an analysis that highlights the futility of colonial theories that are based on distorted, stereotypical images of both Western and indigenous life and values.

text: Joe Gillayley: A model of cultural hybridity in Keri Hulme’s novel The Bone People Born and raised at the confluence of two cultures, Western and Māori, the New Zealand author Keri Hulme crafts in her 1983 novel, The Bone People, a vigorous literary discourse whose integrity and realism often topple consecrated stereotyping colonial theories. Joe Gillayley displays complex mechanisms of cultural hybridity in major areas of his private and social life. His initially ambivalent attitude towards both his Western and his Māori heritage are evident in his personal, social and economic life - in his interactions with his family, his semi-adopted son Simon/ Himi, his friend Kerewin, his work, school authorities, and tribal figures such as the mysterious prophet Tiaki Mira. Post-colonial scholarship provides the context in which the analysis provided here is conducted, an analysis that highlights the futility of colonial theories that are based on distorted, stereotypical images of both Western and indigenous life and values.

year: 2004-02