title: Comparison of kōura (Paranephrops planifrons) populations in Waikato hill-country streams with varying type and age of riparian planting and fencing

authors: Kelly, Johlene

subjects: koura

abstract: Riparian fencing and planting are commonly used in New Zealand as a tool to mitigate pastoral land-use impacts on streams.  Paranephrops planifrons (kōura) are an integral and important part of New Zealand stream ecosystems and have been referred to as a keystone species exerting strong influences on stream processes.  The overall aim of this research was to establish the influence of riparian planting age on kōura habitat and density, in the context of other environmental (e.g., upstream catchment) and biotic (e.g., eel predators) factors, in 26 small Waikato hill-country stream sites that had catchments in native forest, pasture or established riparian plantings spanning one to 23 years old.  Data were collected on site riparian, instream habitat and physicochemical parameters, and kōura and fish were sampled using adapted electric-fishing techniques designed to optimise kōura capture.  Geographic Information Systems and available databases were used to characterise upstream catchment characteristics.  

Upstream catchment variables were found to exert greater influence on reach-scale (50 m) instream habitat features rather than local riparian conditions or riparian planting age.  Important factors explaining variation between sites included upstream catchment size, geology and land-cover.  Instream shade followed the expected trajectory of increased canopy cover with riparian age, however, differences between other measures of potential kōura habitat were limited based on riparian planting age classes.

Instream habitat conditions exerted more influence on kōura densities than local riparian conditions, although upstream catchment variables such as catchment size, geology and vegetation featured as predictors for kōura density.  Both total and YOY kōura were captured in a range of habitats and were strongly associated with bank features such as root complexes.  YOY kōura were influenced by substrate size, hydraulic habitat, and other instream structural features.  Riparian planting age did not appear to influence total kōura or YOY density, however, older riparian plantings (>11 years) appeared to function similar to native forest sites, with similar kōura densities.

Fish density appeared to exert some influence on both total and YOY kōura densities, particularly eels ≤300 mm, however, diadromous fish communities in this study were structured primarily by distance downstream to the sea.  Eel density was minimally affected by riparian age class and densities were similar in native forest and older riparian sites

This study provided important insights into factors associated with kōura habitat and densities during summer in small, Waikato hill-country streams with different-aged riparian plantings.  The overall findings indicate that a wide range of factors at both catchment and reach-scales are influencing kōura densities and persistence in pastoral streams.  The lack of an effect of riparian planting age on kōura density partly reflects the wide variability in riparian management between sites (e.g., riparian width, planting density, length).  Integration of key catchment and site influences on kōura density established in this study, will help guide planning for future riparian management activities targeting kōura (and eel) population enhancement in pastoral hill-country streams.

text: Comparison of kōura (Paranephrops planifrons) populations in Waikato hill-country streams with varying type and age of riparian planting and fencing Riparian fencing and planting are commonly used in New Zealand as a tool to mitigate pastoral land-use impacts on streams.  Paranephrops planifrons (kōura) are an integral and important part of New Zealand stream ecosystems and have been referred to as a keystone species exerting strong influences on stream processes.  The overall aim of this research was to establish the influence of riparian planting age on kōura habitat and density, in the context of other environmental (e.g., upstream catchment) and biotic (e.g., eel predators) factors, in 26 small Waikato hill-country stream sites that had catchments in native forest, pasture or established riparian plantings spanning one to 23 years old.  Data were collected on site riparian, instream habitat and physicochemical parameters, and kōura and fish were sampled using adapted electric-fishing techniques designed to optimise kōura capture.  Geographic Information Systems and available databases were used to characterise upstream catchment characteristics.  

Upstream catchment variables were found to exert greater influence on reach-scale (50 m) instream habitat features rather than local riparian conditions or riparian planting age.  Important factors explaining variation between sites included upstream catchment size, geology and land-cover.  Instream shade followed the expected trajectory of increased canopy cover with riparian age, however, differences between other measures of potential kōura habitat were limited based on riparian planting age classes.

Instream habitat conditions exerted more influence on kōura densities than local riparian conditions, although upstream catchment variables such as catchment size, geology and vegetation featured as predictors for kōura density.  Both total and YOY kōura were captured in a range of habitats and were strongly associated with bank features such as root complexes.  YOY kōura were influenced by substrate size, hydraulic habitat, and other instream structural features.  Riparian planting age did not appear to influence total kōura or YOY density, however, older riparian plantings (>11 years) appeared to function similar to native forest sites, with similar kōura densities.

Fish density appeared to exert some influence on both total and YOY kōura densities, particularly eels ≤300 mm, however, diadromous fish communities in this study were structured primarily by distance downstream to the sea.  Eel density was minimally affected by riparian age class and densities were similar in native forest and older riparian sites

This study provided important insights into factors associated with kōura habitat and densities during summer in small, Waikato hill-country streams with different-aged riparian plantings.  The overall findings indicate that a wide range of factors at both catchment and reach-scales are influencing kōura densities and persistence in pastoral streams.  The lack of an effect of riparian planting age on kōura density partly reflects the wide variability in riparian management between sites (e.g., riparian width, planting density, length).  Integration of key catchment and site influences on kōura density established in this study, will help guide planning for future riparian management activities targeting kōura (and eel) population enhancement in pastoral hill-country streams.

year: 2019

title: Majesty in misery. Two pictorial sources of Andreas Gryphius's martyr play Carolus Stuardus

authors: Laaper, Hein

abstract: In the annotations to his drama, Ermordete Majest ät Oder CAROLUS STUARDUS K önig von Gross Britanien, the Baroque dramatist Andreas Gryphius left no doubt about the fact that he consulted for his work both the Eikon Basilike Vel Imago Regis Caroli, which was first published in England in 1649, and the Vollst ändiges Englisches Memorial, which appeared in Holland early in the same year. When comparing these two historical sources with Carolus Stuardus one notices immediately the similarity of the content and form of the Englisches Memorial with Gryphius's drama. Less noticeable is the connection of the play with the King's book, Eikon Basilike, but Gryphius makes extensive reference to the text in the annotations of his play. The Eikon Basilike and the Englisches Memorial each contain an engraving whose significance for the martyr play has been underestimated until recently. The engravings in question are the depiction of the royal martyr, Charles I, in the Eikon Basilike as well as the pictorial representation of the last moments of the monarch ' s life and his execution from the Englisches Memorial.

text: Majesty in misery. Two pictorial sources of Andreas Gryphius's martyr play Carolus Stuardus In the annotations to his drama, Ermordete Majest ät Oder CAROLUS STUARDUS K önig von Gross Britanien, the Baroque dramatist Andreas Gryphius left no doubt about the fact that he consulted for his work both the Eikon Basilike Vel Imago Regis Caroli, which was first published in England in 1649, and the Vollst ändiges Englisches Memorial, which appeared in Holland early in the same year. When comparing these two historical sources with Carolus Stuardus one notices immediately the similarity of the content and form of the Englisches Memorial with Gryphius's drama. Less noticeable is the connection of the play with the King's book, Eikon Basilike, but Gryphius makes extensive reference to the text in the annotations of his play. The Eikon Basilike and the Englisches Memorial each contain an engraving whose significance for the martyr play has been underestimated until recently. The engravings in question are the depiction of the royal martyr, Charles I, in the Eikon Basilike as well as the pictorial representation of the last moments of the monarch ' s life and his execution from the Englisches Memorial.

year: 1977

title: The spatial equity and sustainability of general practitioner services: A mixed methods analysis of the Waikato DHB region

authors: Whitehead, Jesse

subjects: spatial equity

abstract: The New Zealand Primary Health Care Strategy states that quality primary health care is the first level of contact with the health system and should be universally accessible. Effective primary health care is an essential component of health systems, and is associated with more equitable distributions of health outcomes. However, not all New Zealanders have ready access to primary health care. For instance, adult residents of the Waikato region, and in particular Māori, have higher levels of unmet need for primay care than others. Improving the spatial equity of health services is a key step in achieving health equity. Health systems should contribute to achieving health equity and maintaining sustainable and equitable services into the future. 

This thesis research examines the spatial equity and sustainability of general practitioner (GP) services in the Waikato DHB region, using a mixed-methods approach to identify not only where inequities exist, but why they occur. A conceptual framework establishes a foundation for examining spatial equity and sustainability in New Zealand. Next, a systematic literature review identifies common definitions and measures of spatial equity. Primary Health Organisation (PHO) enrolment data is used to examine patterns of patient enrolment at GP services, and a range of health needs indicators were assessed for their suitability in the New Zealand primary care context. These findings inform the development of a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) model of spatial accessibility that is tailored to the Waikato District Health Board (DHB) context. The GIS model is then used, in combination with in-depth qualitative interviews, to examine the spatial equity and sustainability of GP services in the Waikato DHB region. 

Key findings include that spatial equity is commonly defined as a ‘need-based distribution of resources’, which can be quantified using a range of statistical and geospatial measures and techniques. PHO enrolment analysis revealed that most patients do not enrol with their closest service, and that the size of the ‘catchment area’ served by GP clinics varies with rurality. Analysis of indicators of health need suggest that ‘Ambulatory Sensitive Hospitalisations’ are a robust indicator; however, area-level socioeconomic deprivation is also strongly associated with other indicators of need and data is more widely available to researchers. Mixed-methods analysis suggests that GP services are not distributed equitably within the Waikato DHB region and that key barriers to access include the affordability, appropriateness, and availability of services. New Zealand’s history of colonisation and discrimination are identified as fundamental drivers of health inequity. Furthermore, population growth and ageing suggest that current levels of access to GP services are unlikely to be maintained in the future, while participants identify key economic, professional, organisation, and social dimensions that influence service sustainability in New Zealand.

text: The spatial equity and sustainability of general practitioner services: A mixed methods analysis of the Waikato DHB region The New Zealand Primary Health Care Strategy states that quality primary health care is the first level of contact with the health system and should be universally accessible. Effective primary health care is an essential component of health systems, and is associated with more equitable distributions of health outcomes. However, not all New Zealanders have ready access to primary health care. For instance, adult residents of the Waikato region, and in particular Māori, have higher levels of unmet need for primay care than others. Improving the spatial equity of health services is a key step in achieving health equity. Health systems should contribute to achieving health equity and maintaining sustainable and equitable services into the future. 

This thesis research examines the spatial equity and sustainability of general practitioner (GP) services in the Waikato DHB region, using a mixed-methods approach to identify not only where inequities exist, but why they occur. A conceptual framework establishes a foundation for examining spatial equity and sustainability in New Zealand. Next, a systematic literature review identifies common definitions and measures of spatial equity. Primary Health Organisation (PHO) enrolment data is used to examine patterns of patient enrolment at GP services, and a range of health needs indicators were assessed for their suitability in the New Zealand primary care context. These findings inform the development of a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) model of spatial accessibility that is tailored to the Waikato District Health Board (DHB) context. The GIS model is then used, in combination with in-depth qualitative interviews, to examine the spatial equity and sustainability of GP services in the Waikato DHB region. 

Key findings include that spatial equity is commonly defined as a ‘need-based distribution of resources’, which can be quantified using a range of statistical and geospatial measures and techniques. PHO enrolment analysis revealed that most patients do not enrol with their closest service, and that the size of the ‘catchment area’ served by GP clinics varies with rurality. Analysis of indicators of health need suggest that ‘Ambulatory Sensitive Hospitalisations’ are a robust indicator; however, area-level socioeconomic deprivation is also strongly associated with other indicators of need and data is more widely available to researchers. Mixed-methods analysis suggests that GP services are not distributed equitably within the Waikato DHB region and that key barriers to access include the affordability, appropriateness, and availability of services. New Zealand’s history of colonisation and discrimination are identified as fundamental drivers of health inequity. Furthermore, population growth and ageing suggest that current levels of access to GP services are unlikely to be maintained in the future, while participants identify key economic, professional, organisation, and social dimensions that influence service sustainability in New Zealand.

year: 2020