title: The hormonal control of lipid metabolism in sheep

authors: Lewis, Kae Jennifer

abstract: The hormonal control of lipid metabolism was investigated by incubation of ovine adipose tissue slices in the presence of hormones the in vitro. The effects of insulin, catecholamines, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) on lipogenesis and lipid mobilization were studied to assess their likely individual contributions to overfatness in vivo.
From the various measurements of lipid metabolism made, the rates of fatty acid accumulation in the tissue during the incubation were calculated. Since most of the fatty acid released by lipolysis appeared to be re-esterified, observation of glycerol data alone may give a false impression of the extent of fatty acid mobilization or the overall energy balance of the tissue. About 60 - 100% of fatty acid released by lipolysis could be recycled within the tissue, a phenomenon which is under hormonal control and is possibly linked with maintenance of non-shivering thermogenesis.
Insulin stimulated the rate of lipogenesis (from acetate) by up to 6-fold, with the average stimulation about 70%, but it failed to affect the rate in tissue from one quarter of the animals tested. Also insulin stimulated the retention of fatty acid by the cell as well as fatty acid recycling, even in tissue in which it was not lipogenic. Thus observation of lipogenesis alone can give a false impression of the lipid-storing effects of a hormone. 
IGFs, when present at high concentrations, were lipogenic. However, because the binding proteins may restrict the activity of IGFs in vivo, low concentrations of IGF were tested and shown to be lipolytic. It is suggested that whereas the high concentrations of IGFs have been thought to act via the insulin receptor, low concentrations may mediate the lipolytic response via the IGF receptor. Similar states of negative energy balance in the tissue were caused by the presence of either IGF I, IGF II or adrenalin in the medium. 
GH sometimes stimulated a transient increase in the rate of lipolysis. It is suggested that GH may stimulate the local release of IGF in vitro which then mediates the observed lipolytic activity. GH was also sometimes observed to be lipogenic over the 6 hour incubation period.
To investigate the effects of a known physiological change in the animal in vivo on the subsequent effects on lipid metabolism in vitro, GH was administered to animals and their adipose tissue was compared with tissue from control animals. The basal rate of lipogenesis and fat accumulation in vitro was depressed in the bGH-dosed animals as was deposition of fat in vivo. The effectiveness of insulin in increasing lipogenesis in vitro was reduced in the bGH-dosed animals although the percentage response was unaffected. Thus the “lipolytic” effects of exogenous GH may in fact be due to a reduction in lipogenesis, caused by possible post-receptor desensitization of the tissue to the lipogenic effects of insulin as well as to the presence of increased IGF in vivo. Thus the physiological state of the animal can have profound and lasting effects on lipid metabolism in vitro.

text: The hormonal control of lipid metabolism in sheep The hormonal control of lipid metabolism was investigated by incubation of ovine adipose tissue slices in the presence of hormones the in vitro. The effects of insulin, catecholamines, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) on lipogenesis and lipid mobilization were studied to assess their likely individual contributions to overfatness in vivo.
From the various measurements of lipid metabolism made, the rates of fatty acid accumulation in the tissue during the incubation were calculated. Since most of the fatty acid released by lipolysis appeared to be re-esterified, observation of glycerol data alone may give a false impression of the extent of fatty acid mobilization or the overall energy balance of the tissue. About 60 - 100% of fatty acid released by lipolysis could be recycled within the tissue, a phenomenon which is under hormonal control and is possibly linked with maintenance of non-shivering thermogenesis.
Insulin stimulated the rate of lipogenesis (from acetate) by up to 6-fold, with the average stimulation about 70%, but it failed to affect the rate in tissue from one quarter of the animals tested. Also insulin stimulated the retention of fatty acid by the cell as well as fatty acid recycling, even in tissue in which it was not lipogenic. Thus observation of lipogenesis alone can give a false impression of the lipid-storing effects of a hormone. 
IGFs, when present at high concentrations, were lipogenic. However, because the binding proteins may restrict the activity of IGFs in vivo, low concentrations of IGF were tested and shown to be lipolytic. It is suggested that whereas the high concentrations of IGFs have been thought to act via the insulin receptor, low concentrations may mediate the lipolytic response via the IGF receptor. Similar states of negative energy balance in the tissue were caused by the presence of either IGF I, IGF II or adrenalin in the medium. 
GH sometimes stimulated a transient increase in the rate of lipolysis. It is suggested that GH may stimulate the local release of IGF in vitro which then mediates the observed lipolytic activity. GH was also sometimes observed to be lipogenic over the 6 hour incubation period.
To investigate the effects of a known physiological change in the animal in vivo on the subsequent effects on lipid metabolism in vitro, GH was administered to animals and their adipose tissue was compared with tissue from control animals. The basal rate of lipogenesis and fat accumulation in vitro was depressed in the bGH-dosed animals as was deposition of fat in vivo. The effectiveness of insulin in increasing lipogenesis in vitro was reduced in the bGH-dosed animals although the percentage response was unaffected. Thus the “lipolytic” effects of exogenous GH may in fact be due to a reduction in lipogenesis, caused by possible post-receptor desensitization of the tissue to the lipogenic effects of insulin as well as to the presence of increased IGF in vivo. Thus the physiological state of the animal can have profound and lasting effects on lipid metabolism in vitro.

year: 1987

title: Changes over time in family members of adults with mild traumatic brain injury

authors: Jones, Kelly

abstract: Objective:
The impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) extends beyond the person who was injured. Family caregivers of adults with moderate to severe TBI frequently report increased burden, stress and depression. Few studies have examined the well-being of family members in the mild TBI population despite the latter representing up to 95% of all TBIs.

Methods:
Five areas of well-being were examined in 99 family members (including parents, partners, siblings, other relatives, adult children, friends or neighbours) of adults (aged ≥16 years) with mild TBI. At 6- and 12-month post-injury, family members completed the Bakas Caregiver Outcomes Scale, Short Form-36 Health Survey, EQ-5D-3L, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Outcomes and change over time and associated factors were examined.

Results:
At 6 months, group mean scores for health-related quality of life for mental and physical components and overall health status were similar to the New Zealand (NZ) population. Mean scores for sleep, anxiety and depression were below clinically significant thresholds. From 6 to 12 months, there were significant improvements in Bakas Caregiver Outcomes Scale scores by 2.61 (95% confidence interval: 0.72–4.49), health-related quality of life (mental component) and EQ-5D-3L overall health (P = 0.01). Minimally clinically important differences were observed in overall health, anxiety, health-related quality of life and depression at 12 months. Female family members reported significant improvements in physical health over time, and more positive life changes were reported by those caring for males with TBI.

Conclusions:
The findings suggest diminished burden over time for family members of adults with mild TBI.

text: Changes over time in family members of adults with mild traumatic brain injury Objective:
The impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) extends beyond the person who was injured. Family caregivers of adults with moderate to severe TBI frequently report increased burden, stress and depression. Few studies have examined the well-being of family members in the mild TBI population despite the latter representing up to 95% of all TBIs.

Methods:
Five areas of well-being were examined in 99 family members (including parents, partners, siblings, other relatives, adult children, friends or neighbours) of adults (aged ≥16 years) with mild TBI. At 6- and 12-month post-injury, family members completed the Bakas Caregiver Outcomes Scale, Short Form-36 Health Survey, EQ-5D-3L, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Outcomes and change over time and associated factors were examined.

Results:
At 6 months, group mean scores for health-related quality of life for mental and physical components and overall health status were similar to the New Zealand (NZ) population. Mean scores for sleep, anxiety and depression were below clinically significant thresholds. From 6 to 12 months, there were significant improvements in Bakas Caregiver Outcomes Scale scores by 2.61 (95% confidence interval: 0.72–4.49), health-related quality of life (mental component) and EQ-5D-3L overall health (P = 0.01). Minimally clinically important differences were observed in overall health, anxiety, health-related quality of life and depression at 12 months. Female family members reported significant improvements in physical health over time, and more positive life changes were reported by those caring for males with TBI.

Conclusions:
The findings suggest diminished burden over time for family members of adults with mild TBI.

year: 2019

title: Can large taonga bivalves speed up recovery in degraded estuaries?

authors: Prinz, Natalie

abstract: THE QUESTION:
Will there introduction of adult, long-lived bivalves with differing functional traits speed up recovery of degraded soft sediment habitats in estuaries?
RESULTS:
Average bivalve survival after one year was 18% in + tuangi plot sand 59% in + hanikura plots. Sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) after one month was enhanced by 116% in treatments containing tuangi compared to control treatments. After one year those were similar to ambient levels, still showed higher SOC than control plots.

text: Can large taonga bivalves speed up recovery in degraded estuaries? THE QUESTION:
Will there introduction of adult, long-lived bivalves with differing functional traits speed up recovery of degraded soft sediment habitats in estuaries?
RESULTS:
Average bivalve survival after one year was 18% in + tuangi plot sand 59% in + hanikura plots. Sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) after one month was enhanced by 116% in treatments containing tuangi compared to control treatments. After one year those were similar to ambient levels, still showed higher SOC than control plots.

year: 2023