title: Introduction

authors: Peters, Sally

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: This special edition of Early Years draws on research from Aotearoa New Zealand and comprises six papers that shed light on both the policy context and the curriculum in action. This focus on New Zealand is timely as New Zealand has attracted world-wide attention in recent years for its curricular innovations at both the early childhood (Te Whariki, Ministry of Education 1996) and school level (New Zealand Curriculum, Ministry of Education 2007). There has also been a strong focus on early years research, funded through the current Teaching and Learning Research Initiative (TLRI) and the Centres of Innovation programme (which ran from 2003– 2009). A vibrant early childhood sector is providing new insights into learning and teaching, whilst also navigating a time of political change with challenges around funding. This introductory paper provides a brief overview of early years education in New Zealand, picking up on and extending some of background information provided by the contributors to this special edition.

text: Introduction This special edition of Early Years draws on research from Aotearoa New Zealand and comprises six papers that shed light on both the policy context and the curriculum in action. This focus on New Zealand is timely as New Zealand has attracted world-wide attention in recent years for its curricular innovations at both the early childhood (Te Whariki, Ministry of Education 1996) and school level (New Zealand Curriculum, Ministry of Education 2007). There has also been a strong focus on early years research, funded through the current Teaching and Learning Research Initiative (TLRI) and the Centres of Innovation programme (which ran from 2003– 2009). A vibrant early childhood sector is providing new insights into learning and teaching, whilst also navigating a time of political change with challenges around funding. This introductory paper provides a brief overview of early years education in New Zealand, picking up on and extending some of background information provided by the contributors to this special edition.

year: 2011

title: Eruption and emplacement of the 1.3-Ma Ongatiti Ignimbrite, New Zealand:  Regional pathways, particle processes, and pumice evolution associated with a large-volume pyroclastic flow deposit

authors: Yousef Zadeh, Elham

abstract: Pyroclastic flows are the most devastating phenomena of explosive volcanic eruptions. These hazardous density currents are able to travel several tens of kilometers radially away from their source as fast, hot density currents. Due to the enveloping ash cloud, it is still impossible to directly study pyroclastic flows, however, their deposits (i.e. ignimbrites) provide useful insight into their internal processes.

The Ongatiti Ignimbrite was sourced from Mangakino caldera (1600-950 ka), the oldest volcanic center in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand. The crystal- and pumice-rich ignimbrite offers a unique opportunity to understand an ancient and large-volume pyroclastic flow as well as more details about particle processes and pumice evolution. The minimum deposit volume for the Ongatiti Ignimbrite has been revised to approximately 720 km³, or 512 km³ dense rock equivalent. Previous studies proposed ages from 1.21 to 1.28 Ma by dating methods, such as ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar, K/Ar, and zircon fission-track. This research used the (U-Th)/He method to determine an age of 1.3 Ma. 

This study has combined field facies analysis and GIS methods to characterize the Ongatiti Ignimbrite. The topographic controls on the spatial distribution of the ignimbrite has been determined to understand pyroclastic flow pathways through valleys and over hills. The Ongatiti Ignimbrite was a landscape-modifying event that covered at least the western North Island and as far away as Auckland and Wellington. It is a welded to non-welded, columnar-jointed, cliff-forming deposit, that has been divided into nine facies based on the variation in pumice and lithic clast abundance, and welding rank. 
This study also focuses on the texture and components of the ignimbrite matrix to better understand the magma fragmentation process, the transportational and depositional dynamics of the gas-ash fluid, and the post-emplacement processes. The microtextures of ignimbrite matrix were described and quantified by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, synchrotron x-ray microtomography, electron probe microanalysis, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD).
The matrix is poorly sorted and varies in the size and texture of ash-sized pumice fragments, glass shards, crystals, and lithic clasts. Glass shards range in shape between dominantly platy, Y-shaped, and complex shapes, and in size from a few microns to about 900 microns. The matrix is crystal-rich and comprises primary subhedral to anhedral volcanic crystals (plagioclase, quartz, pyroxene, hornblende, and Ti-Fe oxides and range between 100 to a few 1000 microns in size. The degree of welding in the matrix is defined by crystal-crystal contacts and deformation of glass shards around particles, and the highest degree of welding is shown by moderately deformed shards. 
The physical characteristics and chemical composition of pumice clasts were determined, and the main pumice textures were recognised as vesicular, fibrous, microvesicular and dense type.  Tomographic imaging shows different vesicularities and local crystal arrangement within pumice and ignimbrite. Glass chemical analysis shows two different groups, higher-silica (~80-81 wt%), and high-silica (76-78 wt%). 
The Ongatiti Ignimbrite was emplaced by a super-eruption with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 7, and eruptions of similar size could catastrophically bury a vast area of the North Island. The matrix of the Ongatiti Ignimbrite suggests complex particle interactions within the ash-gas fluid of pyroclastic flows. Microtomographic imaging of ignimbrite components offers new insights into understanding these complex processes.

text: Eruption and emplacement of the 1.3-Ma Ongatiti Ignimbrite, New Zealand:  Regional pathways, particle processes, and pumice evolution associated with a large-volume pyroclastic flow deposit Pyroclastic flows are the most devastating phenomena of explosive volcanic eruptions. These hazardous density currents are able to travel several tens of kilometers radially away from their source as fast, hot density currents. Due to the enveloping ash cloud, it is still impossible to directly study pyroclastic flows, however, their deposits (i.e. ignimbrites) provide useful insight into their internal processes.

The Ongatiti Ignimbrite was sourced from Mangakino caldera (1600-950 ka), the oldest volcanic center in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand. The crystal- and pumice-rich ignimbrite offers a unique opportunity to understand an ancient and large-volume pyroclastic flow as well as more details about particle processes and pumice evolution. The minimum deposit volume for the Ongatiti Ignimbrite has been revised to approximately 720 km³, or 512 km³ dense rock equivalent. Previous studies proposed ages from 1.21 to 1.28 Ma by dating methods, such as ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar, K/Ar, and zircon fission-track. This research used the (U-Th)/He method to determine an age of 1.3 Ma. 

This study has combined field facies analysis and GIS methods to characterize the Ongatiti Ignimbrite. The topographic controls on the spatial distribution of the ignimbrite has been determined to understand pyroclastic flow pathways through valleys and over hills. The Ongatiti Ignimbrite was a landscape-modifying event that covered at least the western North Island and as far away as Auckland and Wellington. It is a welded to non-welded, columnar-jointed, cliff-forming deposit, that has been divided into nine facies based on the variation in pumice and lithic clast abundance, and welding rank. 
This study also focuses on the texture and components of the ignimbrite matrix to better understand the magma fragmentation process, the transportational and depositional dynamics of the gas-ash fluid, and the post-emplacement processes. The microtextures of ignimbrite matrix were described and quantified by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, synchrotron x-ray microtomography, electron probe microanalysis, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD).
The matrix is poorly sorted and varies in the size and texture of ash-sized pumice fragments, glass shards, crystals, and lithic clasts. Glass shards range in shape between dominantly platy, Y-shaped, and complex shapes, and in size from a few microns to about 900 microns. The matrix is crystal-rich and comprises primary subhedral to anhedral volcanic crystals (plagioclase, quartz, pyroxene, hornblende, and Ti-Fe oxides and range between 100 to a few 1000 microns in size. The degree of welding in the matrix is defined by crystal-crystal contacts and deformation of glass shards around particles, and the highest degree of welding is shown by moderately deformed shards. 
The physical characteristics and chemical composition of pumice clasts were determined, and the main pumice textures were recognised as vesicular, fibrous, microvesicular and dense type.  Tomographic imaging shows different vesicularities and local crystal arrangement within pumice and ignimbrite. Glass chemical analysis shows two different groups, higher-silica (~80-81 wt%), and high-silica (76-78 wt%). 
The Ongatiti Ignimbrite was emplaced by a super-eruption with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 7, and eruptions of similar size could catastrophically bury a vast area of the North Island. The matrix of the Ongatiti Ignimbrite suggests complex particle interactions within the ash-gas fluid of pyroclastic flows. Microtomographic imaging of ignimbrite components offers new insights into understanding these complex processes.

year: 2020

title: Pakeha students and a pro-Treaty analysis: Teaching issues in a diploma of clinical psychology programme

authors: Yensen, Helen

subjects: Maori

abstract: We ran Treaty/biculturalism workshops for the Diploma on an ad hoc basis in 1990, 1991, and 1992. This year we have contracted for a fuller package which involves work with first and second years and staff. Next year this will continue with third year students. We believe biculturalism training for non-Maori has two major aspects and, although they overlap in various ways we think that it is useful to separate them: the first one is awareness of Maori cultural practices, values, etc, which can perhaps be called ‘cultural sensitivity training’. This needs to be under the control of Maori and have major input from Maori. The second aspect is where our focus is, and that is awareness of the effect on the Maori world of the loss of sovereignty by Maori; of their marginalisation over the last one hundred and fifty years by Pakeha; of their oppressed status; loss of economic base, and the implications for change that flow from those events. We believe that, at least initially, Pakeha have the responsibility for educating themselves and other pakeha in this area.

text: Pakeha students and a pro-Treaty analysis: Teaching issues in a diploma of clinical psychology programme We ran Treaty/biculturalism workshops for the Diploma on an ad hoc basis in 1990, 1991, and 1992. This year we have contracted for a fuller package which involves work with first and second years and staff. Next year this will continue with third year students. We believe biculturalism training for non-Maori has two major aspects and, although they overlap in various ways we think that it is useful to separate them: the first one is awareness of Maori cultural practices, values, etc, which can perhaps be called ‘cultural sensitivity training’. This needs to be under the control of Maori and have major input from Maori. The second aspect is where our focus is, and that is awareness of the effect on the Maori world of the loss of sovereignty by Maori; of their marginalisation over the last one hundred and fifty years by Pakeha; of their oppressed status; loss of economic base, and the implications for change that flow from those events. We believe that, at least initially, Pakeha have the responsibility for educating themselves and other pakeha in this area.

year: 1993