title: Bayesian tools for tephrochronology

authors: Buck, Caitlin E.

subjects: radiocarbon dating

abstract: It is suggested that Bayesian statistical methods for radiocarbon data interpretation, already widely used in archaeology, also have potential to improve the dating of tephra layers and hence enhance their use for tephrochronology. By re-analysing data from a recently published paper in which the authors sought to identify the calendar date of the eruption of fourteenth-century AD Kaharoa Tephra, a key marker in New Zealand prehistory, it is shown that Bayesian methods can be used to draw together a coherent collection of radiocarbon data, undertake formal outlier detection, and include prior information. Regardless of the calibration curve adopted, the distribution of likely dates for the Kaharoa eruption is multimodal. By including prior information from wiggle-matched dendrochronology, the uncertainty on the estimate of the calendar date is reduced from a range of about 100 years to about 25 years (i.e., 648-623 cal. BP, with modes at 638 and 632 cal. BP). Using sensitivity analysis, however, it is shown that such estimates are affected by the quality and nature of the prior information available. As a result, we urge tephrochronologists to seek fastidiously both high-quality radiocarbon data and reliable stratigraphic sequences that might inform future geochronological model building.

text: Bayesian tools for tephrochronology It is suggested that Bayesian statistical methods for radiocarbon data interpretation, already widely used in archaeology, also have potential to improve the dating of tephra layers and hence enhance their use for tephrochronology. By re-analysing data from a recently published paper in which the authors sought to identify the calendar date of the eruption of fourteenth-century AD Kaharoa Tephra, a key marker in New Zealand prehistory, it is shown that Bayesian methods can be used to draw together a coherent collection of radiocarbon data, undertake formal outlier detection, and include prior information. Regardless of the calibration curve adopted, the distribution of likely dates for the Kaharoa eruption is multimodal. By including prior information from wiggle-matched dendrochronology, the uncertainty on the estimate of the calendar date is reduced from a range of about 100 years to about 25 years (i.e., 648-623 cal. BP, with modes at 638 and 632 cal. BP). Using sensitivity analysis, however, it is shown that such estimates are affected by the quality and nature of the prior information available. As a result, we urge tephrochronologists to seek fastidiously both high-quality radiocarbon data and reliable stratigraphic sequences that might inform future geochronological model building.

year: 2003

title: Leader aspirations and job satisfaction: The moderating effect of leadership position

authors: Roche, Maree A.

subjects: aspirations

abstract: Self Determination Theory (SDT) asserts aspirations (life goals) of personal growth, relationship and community (intrinsic aspirations) support wellbeing, whereas aspirations for wealth, image and fame (extrinsic aspirations) is detrimental. The following study explores aspirations on a sample of 386 leaders towards job satisfaction, and also testing the differences by leadership position (senior and junior). Findings show that all aspirations are related to job satisfaction, with extrinsic aspirations negatively related and intrinsic aspirations positively. Regression analysis showed that significant predictors were image aspirations (negatively) and personal growth aspirations and relationships aspirations (positively). In addition, the majority of interaction effects were significant showing that senior leaders enjoyed greater job satisfaction than junior leaders, regarding most aspirations. This study is important as it highlights the positive nature of intrinsic aspirations and the negative influence of extrinsic aspirations. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of a senior leadership position for leveraging aspirations towards superior job satisfaction.

text: Leader aspirations and job satisfaction: The moderating effect of leadership position Self Determination Theory (SDT) asserts aspirations (life goals) of personal growth, relationship and community (intrinsic aspirations) support wellbeing, whereas aspirations for wealth, image and fame (extrinsic aspirations) is detrimental. The following study explores aspirations on a sample of 386 leaders towards job satisfaction, and also testing the differences by leadership position (senior and junior). Findings show that all aspirations are related to job satisfaction, with extrinsic aspirations negatively related and intrinsic aspirations positively. Regression analysis showed that significant predictors were image aspirations (negatively) and personal growth aspirations and relationships aspirations (positively). In addition, the majority of interaction effects were significant showing that senior leaders enjoyed greater job satisfaction than junior leaders, regarding most aspirations. This study is important as it highlights the positive nature of intrinsic aspirations and the negative influence of extrinsic aspirations. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of a senior leadership position for leveraging aspirations towards superior job satisfaction.

year: 2010

title: Reclaiming Kaitiakitanga : An intergenerational perspective of Kaitiakitanga within Te Parawhau

authors: Walker, Erana

subjects: Kaitiakitanga

abstract: Kaitiakitanga is a concept that is utilised widely throughout the Māori world for the protection and preservation of cultural aspects to Māori. Through years of application by westernised mainstream processes the value has largely been restricted to the realms of environmental protection. This restriction has often been the result of misinterpretation of Kaitiakitanga and its relevance as a concept to Māori. The purpose of the thesis is to question how the perspective of Kaitiakitanga is constructed in the minds of representatives from the hapū of Te Parawhau. To test for variance, the research spans across two generations of hapū members. Using Whakawhiti Kōrero for data collection as well as Kaupapa Māori methodology as guidance, the thesis explores perspectives of two generations of Te Parawhau descendants around Kaitiakitanga and how it can be developed to aid in the growth and prosperity of the hapū. Key themes highlighted by the analysis encompass ideas of connectedness as well as spiritual, physical, environmental and human elements of responsibility and obligation. The thesis introduces a distinct Te Parawhau analytical framework for its analysis of rich kōrero by hapū members in relation to Kaitiakitanga. Through this framework the value of Kaitiakitanga is tested for relevance to Te Parawhau and its future development. The world view of Te Parawhau has formed the basis of participant perspectives around Kaitiakitanga and leads the researcher to consider that such knowledge is important to the future functionality of Māori value’s. The thesis concludes to show that there are indeed differences in application and perspectives of Kaitiakitanga within the hapū of Te Parawhau.

text: Reclaiming Kaitiakitanga : An intergenerational perspective of Kaitiakitanga within Te Parawhau Kaitiakitanga is a concept that is utilised widely throughout the Māori world for the protection and preservation of cultural aspects to Māori. Through years of application by westernised mainstream processes the value has largely been restricted to the realms of environmental protection. This restriction has often been the result of misinterpretation of Kaitiakitanga and its relevance as a concept to Māori. The purpose of the thesis is to question how the perspective of Kaitiakitanga is constructed in the minds of representatives from the hapū of Te Parawhau. To test for variance, the research spans across two generations of hapū members. Using Whakawhiti Kōrero for data collection as well as Kaupapa Māori methodology as guidance, the thesis explores perspectives of two generations of Te Parawhau descendants around Kaitiakitanga and how it can be developed to aid in the growth and prosperity of the hapū. Key themes highlighted by the analysis encompass ideas of connectedness as well as spiritual, physical, environmental and human elements of responsibility and obligation. The thesis introduces a distinct Te Parawhau analytical framework for its analysis of rich kōrero by hapū members in relation to Kaitiakitanga. Through this framework the value of Kaitiakitanga is tested for relevance to Te Parawhau and its future development. The world view of Te Parawhau has formed the basis of participant perspectives around Kaitiakitanga and leads the researcher to consider that such knowledge is important to the future functionality of Māori value’s. The thesis concludes to show that there are indeed differences in application and perspectives of Kaitiakitanga within the hapū of Te Parawhau.

year: 2016