title: Bloodmeal Hydrolysate In Novatein Thermoplastic Protein

authors: Ahuja, Gaurav

subjects: Bloodmeal

abstract: Novatein Thermoplastic (NTP) is a bloodmeal based plastic developed by the University of Waikato by mixing bloodmeal with water, additives and tri-ethylene glycol (TEG - a plasticiser and petroleum based product) so it can be extruded and injection moulded. The aim of this research was to produce a bloodmeal hydrolysate that could be used in NTP as a substitute for TEG, and also used to treat sodium bentonite clay to improve its properties as a filler in NTP.
Bloodmeal was hydrolysed with pepsin and alcalase to determine the reaction rate, degree of hydrolysis and optimum conditions.  Bloodmeal could be readily hydrolysed giving up to 80% hydrolysis yield with 25-40% degree of hydrolysis, with average peptide molecular weight ranging between 2-12 kDa for alcalase, and 20-25% degree of hydrolysis and average molecular weights of 20-80 kDa for pepsin.  Large scale hydrolysis with alcalase, trypsin and then pepsin gave 80% hydrolysis yield, and peptide average molecular weights at 8.9 kDa for alcalase, to 5.5 for trypsin.
Adsorption of hydrolysate on to sodium bentonite gave 127 mg/g clay adsorption for alcalase, but was low for trypsin, and no adsorption occurred for pepsin hydrolysate.
Specific mechanical energy required to extrude NTP increased with increasing hydrolysate content but only slightly increased with clay content, but in both cases increased with extent of hydrolysis, i.e. trypsin hydrolysate gave greater SME than alcalase, and pepsin hydrolysate gave greater SME than trypsin, which could be due to the increasing salt content in the hydrolysate.
Tensile strength, secant modulus, crystallinity, thermostability and glass transition temperature decreased with increasing hydrolysate content in NTP, likely due to the shorter average protein chain length, indicative of some plasticisation.  Glass transition temperature did not change for NTP with alcalase hydrolysate.  Toughness, strain at break, and impact strength were low indicating a very brittle material.
Highly variable results were obtained for the NTP with treated and untreated clay as a filler, but generally gave lower mechanical properties than conventional NTP.  Alcalase treated clay was particularly detrimental on NTP composite strain at break and toughness.  Thermostability of the composites increased within the 450-600oC region with increasing clay concentration for all treated clays, but showed a much more rapid decrease in mass loss.

text: Bloodmeal Hydrolysate In Novatein Thermoplastic Protein Novatein Thermoplastic (NTP) is a bloodmeal based plastic developed by the University of Waikato by mixing bloodmeal with water, additives and tri-ethylene glycol (TEG - a plasticiser and petroleum based product) so it can be extruded and injection moulded. The aim of this research was to produce a bloodmeal hydrolysate that could be used in NTP as a substitute for TEG, and also used to treat sodium bentonite clay to improve its properties as a filler in NTP.
Bloodmeal was hydrolysed with pepsin and alcalase to determine the reaction rate, degree of hydrolysis and optimum conditions.  Bloodmeal could be readily hydrolysed giving up to 80% hydrolysis yield with 25-40% degree of hydrolysis, with average peptide molecular weight ranging between 2-12 kDa for alcalase, and 20-25% degree of hydrolysis and average molecular weights of 20-80 kDa for pepsin.  Large scale hydrolysis with alcalase, trypsin and then pepsin gave 80% hydrolysis yield, and peptide average molecular weights at 8.9 kDa for alcalase, to 5.5 for trypsin.
Adsorption of hydrolysate on to sodium bentonite gave 127 mg/g clay adsorption for alcalase, but was low for trypsin, and no adsorption occurred for pepsin hydrolysate.
Specific mechanical energy required to extrude NTP increased with increasing hydrolysate content but only slightly increased with clay content, but in both cases increased with extent of hydrolysis, i.e. trypsin hydrolysate gave greater SME than alcalase, and pepsin hydrolysate gave greater SME than trypsin, which could be due to the increasing salt content in the hydrolysate.
Tensile strength, secant modulus, crystallinity, thermostability and glass transition temperature decreased with increasing hydrolysate content in NTP, likely due to the shorter average protein chain length, indicative of some plasticisation.  Glass transition temperature did not change for NTP with alcalase hydrolysate.  Toughness, strain at break, and impact strength were low indicating a very brittle material.
Highly variable results were obtained for the NTP with treated and untreated clay as a filler, but generally gave lower mechanical properties than conventional NTP.  Alcalase treated clay was particularly detrimental on NTP composite strain at break and toughness.  Thermostability of the composites increased within the 450-600oC region with increasing clay concentration for all treated clays, but showed a much more rapid decrease in mass loss.

year: 2014

title: Funding and providing social services: The good, the bad and the third way?

authors: Harris, Paul

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: The funder/provider split in the area of social services is now a long-established reality in Aotearoa/New Zealand. It has been the subject of much debate and criticism see, for example, Boston et at 1996. However, it remains the principal means by which a range of NGO service providers gains access to State funding. At the same time, with the advent of a new Labour-Alliance coalition government in 1999, the possibility arises that one of the social policy reforms the government might consider would be to amend or even to abolish the funder/provider system.

text: Funding and providing social services: The good, the bad and the third way? The funder/provider split in the area of social services is now a long-established reality in Aotearoa/New Zealand. It has been the subject of much debate and criticism see, for example, Boston et at 1996. However, it remains the principal means by which a range of NGO service providers gains access to State funding. At the same time, with the advent of a new Labour-Alliance coalition government in 1999, the possibility arises that one of the social policy reforms the government might consider would be to amend or even to abolish the funder/provider system.

year: 2001

title: Co-constructions of gender and ethnicity in New Zealand television advertising

authors: Michelle, Carolyn

subjects: television advertising

abstract: This paper reports key findings from a content analysis of gender and ethnic depictions in a sample of 2,120 New Zealand prime-time television advertisements screened in 2006. The study explored the following questions: With what product categories are male and female White, Māori/Pasifika and Asian characters most commonly associated? What are the most common occupational roles of male and female White, Māori/Pasifika and Asian characters? The results reveal highly stereotypical depictions of women and men within each ethnic category. White men dominated advertisements for foodstuffs, telecommunications and financial/corporate/legal services and were over-represented as professionals/white collar workers, while White women were over-represented in advertisements for household products, personal products, and medical products and featured predominantly as homemakers. Māori/Pasifika men were over-represented as athletes and service and sales workers. Non-White women featured prominently within multi-ethnic groups in advertisements for personal grooming products and most frequently featured as glamour models, while non-White men were over-represented as blue collar workers. Largely absent were Māori/Pasifika women and Asians of both genders, potentially exacerbating the multiple axes of subordination encountered by these groups in the New Zealand context.

text: Co-constructions of gender and ethnicity in New Zealand television advertising This paper reports key findings from a content analysis of gender and ethnic depictions in a sample of 2,120 New Zealand prime-time television advertisements screened in 2006. The study explored the following questions: With what product categories are male and female White, Māori/Pasifika and Asian characters most commonly associated? What are the most common occupational roles of male and female White, Māori/Pasifika and Asian characters? The results reveal highly stereotypical depictions of women and men within each ethnic category. White men dominated advertisements for foodstuffs, telecommunications and financial/corporate/legal services and were over-represented as professionals/white collar workers, while White women were over-represented in advertisements for household products, personal products, and medical products and featured predominantly as homemakers. Māori/Pasifika men were over-represented as athletes and service and sales workers. Non-White women featured prominently within multi-ethnic groups in advertisements for personal grooming products and most frequently featured as glamour models, while non-White men were over-represented as blue collar workers. Largely absent were Māori/Pasifika women and Asians of both genders, potentially exacerbating the multiple axes of subordination encountered by these groups in the New Zealand context.

year: 2011