title: Constraints on parallelism beyond 10 instructions per cycle

authors: Cleary, John G.

subjects: instruction level parallelism

abstract: The problem of extracting Instruction Level Parallelism at levels of 10 instructions per clock and higher is considered. Two different architectures which use speculation on memory accesses to achieve this level of performance are reviewed. It is pointed out that while this form of speculation gives high potential parallelism it is necessary to retain execution state so that incorrect speculation can be detected and subsequently squashed. Simulation results show that the space to store such state is a critical resource in obtaining good speedup. To make good use of the space it is essential that state be stored efficiently and that it be retired as soon as possible. A number of techniques for extracting the best usage from the available state storage are introduced.

text: Constraints on parallelism beyond 10 instructions per cycle The problem of extracting Instruction Level Parallelism at levels of 10 instructions per clock and higher is considered. Two different architectures which use speculation on memory accesses to achieve this level of performance are reviewed. It is pointed out that while this form of speculation gives high potential parallelism it is necessary to retain execution state so that incorrect speculation can be detected and subsequently squashed. Simulation results show that the space to store such state is a critical resource in obtaining good speedup. To make good use of the space it is essential that state be stored efficiently and that it be retired as soon as possible. A number of techniques for extracting the best usage from the available state storage are introduced.

year: 1997-11

title: The advent of the Anthropocene in Australasia.

authors: Bostock, Helen C.

abstract: As early as the late 19th Century, several scientists had suggested that humans were starting to influence the physical environment of planet Earth (e.g. Marsh, 1864; Stoppani, 1873; Arrhenius, 1896; Chamberlain, 1897). This idea was resurrected and expanded in 2000 by Paul Crutzen, a Nobel Prize-winning chemist, and the late Eugene Stoermer, a professor of biology specialising in diatoms, who suggested that we had left the Holocene and entered the “Anthropocene” (Crutzen and Stoermer, 2000). As summarised by Steffen et al. (2011) and Wolfe et al. (2013), these iconoclastic scientists were referring to the Anthropocene as the interval of demonstrable human alteration of global biogeochemical cycles, beginning subtly in the late 18th Century following James Watt’s invention of the coal-fired steam engine, and accelerating markedly in the mid-20th Century (termed “The Great Acceleration”). Thus Crutzen and Stoermer (2000) argued that the Anthropocene should be an epoch, and for a starting date at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (Monastersky, 2015).

text: The advent of the Anthropocene in Australasia. As early as the late 19th Century, several scientists had suggested that humans were starting to influence the physical environment of planet Earth (e.g. Marsh, 1864; Stoppani, 1873; Arrhenius, 1896; Chamberlain, 1897). This idea was resurrected and expanded in 2000 by Paul Crutzen, a Nobel Prize-winning chemist, and the late Eugene Stoermer, a professor of biology specialising in diatoms, who suggested that we had left the Holocene and entered the “Anthropocene” (Crutzen and Stoermer, 2000). As summarised by Steffen et al. (2011) and Wolfe et al. (2013), these iconoclastic scientists were referring to the Anthropocene as the interval of demonstrable human alteration of global biogeochemical cycles, beginning subtly in the late 18th Century following James Watt’s invention of the coal-fired steam engine, and accelerating markedly in the mid-20th Century (termed “The Great Acceleration”). Thus Crutzen and Stoermer (2000) argued that the Anthropocene should be an epoch, and for a starting date at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (Monastersky, 2015).

year: 2015-07-21

title: Taupiri rau kotahi - Taupiri rau manomano

authors: Sam-Turner, Hiko Akuhata Te Ngoungou Raniera

subjects: Taupiri marae

abstract: Kua roa nei te paepae o Taupiri marae e noho mokemoke ana, i te nuinga o te waa kaaore he tangata hei kawe i ngaa tikanga, aa, kua waiho maa te tokoiti e moohio ana me peewhea te whakahaere tika i ngaa tikanga o te marae. I te nuinga o te waa e waimarie ana maatou mehemea ka tae atu ngaa taangata e rua ki te manaaki i te mauri o te paepae moo te roanga ake o te kaupapa, ahakoa tangihanga mai, huritau mai, aha atu raanei.
I ngaa tau kua kaha kitea ahau te toimaha o teeraa o ngaa haepapa ka taka ki runga i te tokoiti. Naa teenaa, ka hua ake te uho o teenei o ngaa kaupapa rangahau, he waihanga i teetehi rautaki whaikoorero e piki ake ai ngaa nama o te hunga kawe i teenei aahuatanga. Ko taa te tuhingaroa nei he waiho i eetehi moohiotanga hei aawhina, hei whakapakari, hei whakamaamaa i ngaa aahuatanga ka tau ki runga i ngaa taangata whaikoorero. Kua waihotia e au eetehi kura hei aarahi, hei aawhina i ngaa whaanau o te marae, heoti, te hunga e piikoko ana ki te kawe i ngaa taonga o too taatou ahurea.
Ko te tino take kua ahu peenei taku rangahau kia moohio pai ngaa whakatupuranga ki eenei maatauranga, heoti, kia moohio pai ngaa whakatupuranga me peewhea te whakahaere i eenei aahuatanga. I runga anoo i te tuupono ka tae mai ki te waa me manaaki te reanga rangatahi i te paepae, ka taka raanei te haepapa whakahaere paepae ki a maatou te hunga rangatahi, ko te wawata ia ka aawhina teenei tuhingaroa i a taatou. Kaaore e kore hei ngaa tau e heke mai nei ka kii pohapoha te paepae o Taupiri marae i te hunga e moohio ana ki te whakatakoto i aana kupu, ki te whaikoorero. Koia te take i hua mai te ingoa o teenei o ngaa tuhingaroa, maa te whaangai i te rau kotahi ko te whaainga ia aa toona waa ka hora katoa eeraa maatauranga ki ngaa rau manomano.
“Hei aha te pae nekeneke, waiho mai raa ki ahau he pae kounga, he pae motuhake”

text: Taupiri rau kotahi - Taupiri rau manomano Kua roa nei te paepae o Taupiri marae e noho mokemoke ana, i te nuinga o te waa kaaore he tangata hei kawe i ngaa tikanga, aa, kua waiho maa te tokoiti e moohio ana me peewhea te whakahaere tika i ngaa tikanga o te marae. I te nuinga o te waa e waimarie ana maatou mehemea ka tae atu ngaa taangata e rua ki te manaaki i te mauri o te paepae moo te roanga ake o te kaupapa, ahakoa tangihanga mai, huritau mai, aha atu raanei.
I ngaa tau kua kaha kitea ahau te toimaha o teeraa o ngaa haepapa ka taka ki runga i te tokoiti. Naa teenaa, ka hua ake te uho o teenei o ngaa kaupapa rangahau, he waihanga i teetehi rautaki whaikoorero e piki ake ai ngaa nama o te hunga kawe i teenei aahuatanga. Ko taa te tuhingaroa nei he waiho i eetehi moohiotanga hei aawhina, hei whakapakari, hei whakamaamaa i ngaa aahuatanga ka tau ki runga i ngaa taangata whaikoorero. Kua waihotia e au eetehi kura hei aarahi, hei aawhina i ngaa whaanau o te marae, heoti, te hunga e piikoko ana ki te kawe i ngaa taonga o too taatou ahurea.
Ko te tino take kua ahu peenei taku rangahau kia moohio pai ngaa whakatupuranga ki eenei maatauranga, heoti, kia moohio pai ngaa whakatupuranga me peewhea te whakahaere i eenei aahuatanga. I runga anoo i te tuupono ka tae mai ki te waa me manaaki te reanga rangatahi i te paepae, ka taka raanei te haepapa whakahaere paepae ki a maatou te hunga rangatahi, ko te wawata ia ka aawhina teenei tuhingaroa i a taatou. Kaaore e kore hei ngaa tau e heke mai nei ka kii pohapoha te paepae o Taupiri marae i te hunga e moohio ana ki te whakatakoto i aana kupu, ki te whaikoorero. Koia te take i hua mai te ingoa o teenei o ngaa tuhingaroa, maa te whaangai i te rau kotahi ko te whaainga ia aa toona waa ka hora katoa eeraa maatauranga ki ngaa rau manomano.
“Hei aha te pae nekeneke, waiho mai raa ki ahau he pae kounga, he pae motuhake”

year: 2022