title: Late Miocene surface heat flow and thermal modelling of Murchison and southern Taranaki basins, New Zealand

authors: Lee, S.

abstract: Numerical thermal modelling of the successions interescted in Fresne-1, North Tasman-1 and Surville-1, southern Taranaki Basin, establishes a Late Miocene surface heat flow value of 77 ± 6 mWm-2 compared with a present-day value of 70 ± 12 mWm-2. This analysis relies upon 2700 m of Late Miocene – Pliocene erosion at Fresne-1, established by seismic reflection mapping. The use of this Late Miocene surface heat flow value in thermal modelling of the succession in Bounty-1 together with apatite fission track data, establishes a 10 Ma timing for the start of uplift and an c. 8 Ma timing for the start of erosion of the 2700 m of the sedimentary section that formerly overlay the top of the Bounty-1 succession. Murchison and southern Taranaki basins had similar timing (Late Miocene) and duration of hydrocarbon maturation prior to the start of Basin inversion.

text: Late Miocene surface heat flow and thermal modelling of Murchison and southern Taranaki basins, New Zealand Numerical thermal modelling of the successions interescted in Fresne-1, North Tasman-1 and Surville-1, southern Taranaki Basin, establishes a Late Miocene surface heat flow value of 77 ± 6 mWm-2 compared with a present-day value of 70 ± 12 mWm-2. This analysis relies upon 2700 m of Late Miocene – Pliocene erosion at Fresne-1, established by seismic reflection mapping. The use of this Late Miocene surface heat flow value in thermal modelling of the succession in Bounty-1 together with apatite fission track data, establishes a 10 Ma timing for the start of uplift and an c. 8 Ma timing for the start of erosion of the 2700 m of the sedimentary section that formerly overlay the top of the Bounty-1 succession. Murchison and southern Taranaki basins had similar timing (Late Miocene) and duration of hydrocarbon maturation prior to the start of Basin inversion.

year: 2014

title: A study of the impact of foreign direct investment on firms in the Chinese wine industry

authors: Yin, Haolin

subjects: FDI

abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the process by which emerging market firms leverage foreign resources and capabilities through linkages with foreign affiliates in the home country. This is achieved through a thorough examination of the inter-firm transfer of firm Ownership-specific advantages, resources and capabilities from locally-based foreign affiliates to local Chinese firms via joint ventures and non-equity-based collaborative partnerships.
The theoretical foundation of this study draws on the Linkage, Leverage and Learning (LLL) framework (Mathews, 2006a; 2017) within the broader contextual frameworks of the Investment Development Path (IDP) framework (Dunning & Narula, 1996) and the Ownership, Location and Internalisation (OLI) paradigm (Dunning, 2000; 2001). The particular focus of the study is on the Linkage and Leverage constructs.
A case study method, focused on the Chinese wine industry and its participants, is employed. Qualitative data was collected through 48 in-depth semi-structured interviews with firms (including wine producers, suppliers and distributors), wine institutes and wine bureaux.
This thesis finds that the leverage process encompasses three phases:
a) Application, or directly utilising foreign resources and capabilities without change;
b) Adaptation which involves incrementally changing foreign resources and capabilities and/or adjusting the existing resources and capabilities of local Chinese firms to better utilise foreign resources and capabilities; and
c) Amelioration, or remodelling original foreign resources and capabilities by fundamentally improving and innovating them to better fit the needs of local Chinese firms.
The leverage process shows that local Chinese firms not only learn from foreign affiliates, but also develop foreign resources and capabilities to upgrade their competences. Foreign multinationals contribute to the upgrading of local firms in the Chinese wine industry by introducing technology, techniques and experience in winegrowing and winemaking; expertise in corporate governance and vineyard management; and well-developed philosophies in the winery business. Further, the findings suggest that inward FDI (IFDI) has played a catalyst role in the development of the Chinese wine industry by a) expanding industrial scale, b) introducing winery business philosophies, c) closing the technology gap between the industry and its international counterparts, d) creating a climate for Sino-foreign communication regarding wine techniques, e) engaging in wine education, f) promoting local wine regions, and g) boosting industrial confidence.
The theoretical contributions of this thesis include the exploration of how the LLL framework can be employed in a home-country context; a richer understanding of “Leverage” within the LLL framework; and the development of a process model which illustrates IFDI’s impact on the upgrading of emerging market firms and their industry within the home country.
Although this research is limited contextually to the wine industry in China, it has implications for other emerging economies that have unique, competitive and irreplaceable Location-specific advantages attractive to IFDI. Public policies that seek to achieve industrial development in such economies can draw on the catalyst role of IFDI. Emerging market firms to gain greater access to foreign resources and capabilities by adopting the linkage-leverage-learning concept as a strategy in their home countries.

text: A study of the impact of foreign direct investment on firms in the Chinese wine industry The purpose of this thesis is to examine the process by which emerging market firms leverage foreign resources and capabilities through linkages with foreign affiliates in the home country. This is achieved through a thorough examination of the inter-firm transfer of firm Ownership-specific advantages, resources and capabilities from locally-based foreign affiliates to local Chinese firms via joint ventures and non-equity-based collaborative partnerships.
The theoretical foundation of this study draws on the Linkage, Leverage and Learning (LLL) framework (Mathews, 2006a; 2017) within the broader contextual frameworks of the Investment Development Path (IDP) framework (Dunning & Narula, 1996) and the Ownership, Location and Internalisation (OLI) paradigm (Dunning, 2000; 2001). The particular focus of the study is on the Linkage and Leverage constructs.
A case study method, focused on the Chinese wine industry and its participants, is employed. Qualitative data was collected through 48 in-depth semi-structured interviews with firms (including wine producers, suppliers and distributors), wine institutes and wine bureaux.
This thesis finds that the leverage process encompasses three phases:
a) Application, or directly utilising foreign resources and capabilities without change;
b) Adaptation which involves incrementally changing foreign resources and capabilities and/or adjusting the existing resources and capabilities of local Chinese firms to better utilise foreign resources and capabilities; and
c) Amelioration, or remodelling original foreign resources and capabilities by fundamentally improving and innovating them to better fit the needs of local Chinese firms.
The leverage process shows that local Chinese firms not only learn from foreign affiliates, but also develop foreign resources and capabilities to upgrade their competences. Foreign multinationals contribute to the upgrading of local firms in the Chinese wine industry by introducing technology, techniques and experience in winegrowing and winemaking; expertise in corporate governance and vineyard management; and well-developed philosophies in the winery business. Further, the findings suggest that inward FDI (IFDI) has played a catalyst role in the development of the Chinese wine industry by a) expanding industrial scale, b) introducing winery business philosophies, c) closing the technology gap between the industry and its international counterparts, d) creating a climate for Sino-foreign communication regarding wine techniques, e) engaging in wine education, f) promoting local wine regions, and g) boosting industrial confidence.
The theoretical contributions of this thesis include the exploration of how the LLL framework can be employed in a home-country context; a richer understanding of “Leverage” within the LLL framework; and the development of a process model which illustrates IFDI’s impact on the upgrading of emerging market firms and their industry within the home country.
Although this research is limited contextually to the wine industry in China, it has implications for other emerging economies that have unique, competitive and irreplaceable Location-specific advantages attractive to IFDI. Public policies that seek to achieve industrial development in such economies can draw on the catalyst role of IFDI. Emerging market firms to gain greater access to foreign resources and capabilities by adopting the linkage-leverage-learning concept as a strategy in their home countries.

year: 2021

title: Lost in translation or lack of nuance? Perception of (near-)synonymy of common te reo Māori loanwords in New Zealand English

authors: Pohl, Alexander

abstract: Ongoing contact between languages and their speakers inevitably leads to a flow of words being borrowed from one language into another. Research in the field of language contact has established and documented the kinds of borrowed words that stick in their recipient language (Haspelmath 2009; Winford 2010). However, one question that has received comparatively less attention is how a newly adopted loanword relates to the structure of the existing lexicon it enters. In recent years, language contact research has thus seen a paradigm shift towards an onomasiological perspective (see Anderson et al. 2017; Crombez et al. 2022; Zenner et al. 2023). Within this approach, most studies looking at lexical variation between loanwords and their (near-)synonyms employ corpus linguistics methods (e.g. Onysko & Winter-Froemel 2011; Soares da Silva 2013). However, there is variation in how these corpus studies have investigated loanword meanings, and, to our knowledge, there has been almost no experimental research focussed specifically on the relationship between loanwords and their (near-)synonyms to date. This project presents a large-scale experimental approach from a case-study examining Māori loanwords borrowed into New Zealand English (NZE). NZE presents an unusual language contact situation because it involves a dominant language (NZE) receiving an exceptionally high amount of lexical material (words and phrases) from an Indigenous language: Māori. Further adding to the uniqueness of this contact situation is the fact that only a fraction of the population (<10%) speaks Māori fluently (Statistics New Zealand 2019). Nonetheless, Māori loanwords are ubiquitous, salient, and probably still increasing within the NZE lexicon (Macalister 2007; Trye et al. 2019). One important dimension of this set of borrowings are their semantic characteristics, which straddle three main classes of words: flora and fauna (mānuka ‘tea tree’), material culture (maunga ‘mountain’) and social culture (mana ‘power’).  Here, we report on a Qualtrics experiment devised to probe the perceived relationship between 60 Māori loanwords and their NZE equivalents, as ascertained from published sources. The synonymy judgements were elicited for pairs (e.g. whānau – family) using an analogue slider (ranging from 0 = non-synonymous to 100 = fully synonymous). Data was collected using a three-tiered questionnaire: 1) assessing synonymy of loanwords; 2) eliciting strategies for semantic assessments; and 3) collating background information about participants. Following cleaning and exclusions, the dataset showed a skew towards female participants, and for this reason, we focus our statistical analysis on the core sample containing (n = 170) young women (18-24 years). The results of the synonymy judgements analysis consist of qualitative inspections of box plots in relation to the semantic characteristics of Māori words in question, as well as sociodemographic variables of interest, specifically: years lived in Aotearoa NZ, and a composite score capturing exposure to and attitude towards Māori (TRMO). Preliminary findings suggest that many people think Māori loanwords are (highly) synonymous with NZE lexical alternatives. Our regression analyses exhibit evidence that years lived in Aotearoa NZ (p = 0.0054) and TRMO (p = 8.26e-10) can predict knowledge of Māori words. No statistically significant evidence was found for any predictors regarding the scores of the synonymy judgements; instead, we found that the random effects account for most of the variation. This is indicative of idiosyncratic loanword behaviour, in line with situations where variation is in-flux. These findings will be complemented by qualitative analyses of comments provided by participants in the open answer section (2). The talk will conclude with a summary of contributions to the general understanding of loanword meanings and contact-induced lexical change.

text: Lost in translation or lack of nuance? Perception of (near-)synonymy of common te reo Māori loanwords in New Zealand English Ongoing contact between languages and their speakers inevitably leads to a flow of words being borrowed from one language into another. Research in the field of language contact has established and documented the kinds of borrowed words that stick in their recipient language (Haspelmath 2009; Winford 2010). However, one question that has received comparatively less attention is how a newly adopted loanword relates to the structure of the existing lexicon it enters. In recent years, language contact research has thus seen a paradigm shift towards an onomasiological perspective (see Anderson et al. 2017; Crombez et al. 2022; Zenner et al. 2023). Within this approach, most studies looking at lexical variation between loanwords and their (near-)synonyms employ corpus linguistics methods (e.g. Onysko & Winter-Froemel 2011; Soares da Silva 2013). However, there is variation in how these corpus studies have investigated loanword meanings, and, to our knowledge, there has been almost no experimental research focussed specifically on the relationship between loanwords and their (near-)synonyms to date. This project presents a large-scale experimental approach from a case-study examining Māori loanwords borrowed into New Zealand English (NZE). NZE presents an unusual language contact situation because it involves a dominant language (NZE) receiving an exceptionally high amount of lexical material (words and phrases) from an Indigenous language: Māori. Further adding to the uniqueness of this contact situation is the fact that only a fraction of the population (<10%) speaks Māori fluently (Statistics New Zealand 2019). Nonetheless, Māori loanwords are ubiquitous, salient, and probably still increasing within the NZE lexicon (Macalister 2007; Trye et al. 2019). One important dimension of this set of borrowings are their semantic characteristics, which straddle three main classes of words: flora and fauna (mānuka ‘tea tree’), material culture (maunga ‘mountain’) and social culture (mana ‘power’).  Here, we report on a Qualtrics experiment devised to probe the perceived relationship between 60 Māori loanwords and their NZE equivalents, as ascertained from published sources. The synonymy judgements were elicited for pairs (e.g. whānau – family) using an analogue slider (ranging from 0 = non-synonymous to 100 = fully synonymous). Data was collected using a three-tiered questionnaire: 1) assessing synonymy of loanwords; 2) eliciting strategies for semantic assessments; and 3) collating background information about participants. Following cleaning and exclusions, the dataset showed a skew towards female participants, and for this reason, we focus our statistical analysis on the core sample containing (n = 170) young women (18-24 years). The results of the synonymy judgements analysis consist of qualitative inspections of box plots in relation to the semantic characteristics of Māori words in question, as well as sociodemographic variables of interest, specifically: years lived in Aotearoa NZ, and a composite score capturing exposure to and attitude towards Māori (TRMO). Preliminary findings suggest that many people think Māori loanwords are (highly) synonymous with NZE lexical alternatives. Our regression analyses exhibit evidence that years lived in Aotearoa NZ (p = 0.0054) and TRMO (p = 8.26e-10) can predict knowledge of Māori words. No statistically significant evidence was found for any predictors regarding the scores of the synonymy judgements; instead, we found that the random effects account for most of the variation. This is indicative of idiosyncratic loanword behaviour, in line with situations where variation is in-flux. These findings will be complemented by qualitative analyses of comments provided by participants in the open answer section (2). The talk will conclude with a summary of contributions to the general understanding of loanword meanings and contact-induced lexical change.

year: 2024