title: Hidden features: Experiments with feature transfer for fine-grained multi-class and one-class image categorization

authors: Vetrova, Varvara

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Can we apply out-of-the box feature transfer using pre-trained convolutional neural networks in fine-grained multiclass image categorization tasks? What is the effect of (a) domainspecific fine-tuning and (b) a special-purpose network architecture designed and trained specifically for the target domain? How do these approaches perform in one-class classification? We investigate these questions by tackling two biological object recognition tasks: classification of “cryptic” plants of genus Coprosma and identification of New Zealand moth species. We compare results based on out-of-the-box features extracted using a pre-trained state-of-the-art network to those obtained by finetuning to the target domain, and also evaluate features learned using a simple Siamese network trained only on data from the target domain. For each extracted feature set, we test a number of classifiers, e.g., support vector machines. In addition to multiclass classification, we also consider one-class classification, a scenario that is particularly relevant to biosecurity applications.
In the multi-class setting, we find that out-of-the-box lowlevel features extracted from the generic pre-trained network yield high accuracy (90.76%) when coupled with a simple LDA classifier. Fine-tuning improves accuracy only slightly (to 91.6%). Interestingly, features extracted from the much simpler Siamese network trained on data from the target domain lead to comparable results (90.8%). In the one-class classification setting, we note high variability in the area under the ROC curve across feature sets, opening up the possibility of considering an ensemble approach.

text: Hidden features: Experiments with feature transfer for fine-grained multi-class and one-class image categorization Can we apply out-of-the box feature transfer using pre-trained convolutional neural networks in fine-grained multiclass image categorization tasks? What is the effect of (a) domainspecific fine-tuning and (b) a special-purpose network architecture designed and trained specifically for the target domain? How do these approaches perform in one-class classification? We investigate these questions by tackling two biological object recognition tasks: classification of “cryptic” plants of genus Coprosma and identification of New Zealand moth species. We compare results based on out-of-the-box features extracted using a pre-trained state-of-the-art network to those obtained by finetuning to the target domain, and also evaluate features learned using a simple Siamese network trained only on data from the target domain. For each extracted feature set, we test a number of classifiers, e.g., support vector machines. In addition to multiclass classification, we also consider one-class classification, a scenario that is particularly relevant to biosecurity applications.
In the multi-class setting, we find that out-of-the-box lowlevel features extracted from the generic pre-trained network yield high accuracy (90.76%) when coupled with a simple LDA classifier. Fine-tuning improves accuracy only slightly (to 91.6%). Interestingly, features extracted from the much simpler Siamese network trained on data from the target domain lead to comparable results (90.8%). In the one-class classification setting, we note high variability in the area under the ROC curve across feature sets, opening up the possibility of considering an ensemble approach.

year: 2018

title: A bi-objective model for supply chain design of dispersed manufacturing in China

authors: Zhang, Abraham

subjects: supply chain management

abstract: Dispersed manufacturing achieves the greatest cumulative competitive advantage by dissecting a supply chain and assigning each process to an optimal location. Dispersed manufacturing has been an integral part of global manufacturing in China. This paper presents a bi-objective model for the supply chain design of dispersed manufacturing in the context of rising business operating costs in coastal China. It considers essential trade-offs between supply chain cost and lead time to determine optimal facility locations of manufacturing steps. The model is applied to a representative case to illustrate the cost benefits of dispersed manufacturing as opposed to performing all manufacturing steps of a product at a single facility location. It provides explanations in several factors that have benefited manufacturing growth in China, and offers insights in the emerging global manufacturing trends.

text: A bi-objective model for supply chain design of dispersed manufacturing in China Dispersed manufacturing achieves the greatest cumulative competitive advantage by dissecting a supply chain and assigning each process to an optimal location. Dispersed manufacturing has been an integral part of global manufacturing in China. This paper presents a bi-objective model for the supply chain design of dispersed manufacturing in the context of rising business operating costs in coastal China. It considers essential trade-offs between supply chain cost and lead time to determine optimal facility locations of manufacturing steps. The model is applied to a representative case to illustrate the cost benefits of dispersed manufacturing as opposed to performing all manufacturing steps of a product at a single facility location. It provides explanations in several factors that have benefited manufacturing growth in China, and offers insights in the emerging global manufacturing trends.

year: 2013

title: An investigation into the commercial feasibility of Jasus edwardsii aquaculture in New Zealand

authors: Ruru, Ian Hector

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: In 1996 New Zealand introduced legislation to allow Jasus edwardsii pueruli to be collected as "seedstock" and ongrown in a commercial aquaculture trial. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the commercial feasibility of J. edwardsii aquaculture in New Zealand by working with an organisation involved in the trial.
The methodology involved a combination of experiments in the field, in laboratories, and within an ongrowing facility. This thesis examined five key areas and found the following:
1. Data obtained in the research indicates that New Zealand will continue to rely on harvesting pueruli from the wild since significant technical obstacles remain in the development of commercial scale pueruli hatcheries. Forecast data, obtained using the delphi technique and information about current research on larval rearing, indicates that commercial scale supply of pueruli from hatcheries may occur between 2017 and 2021.
2. Harvesting trials collected a low number of pueruli with the lowest unit cost for collection being $1.80. A greater collection rate could be achieved with a better understanding of seasonal and local settlement patterns.
3. Survival rates in pueruli transporting experiments were significantly affected by stocking density, time and temperature. The safest transit conditions were achieved with 15 pueruli per litre for less than 6 hours at 14°C.
4. A range of stocking densities, from 3 lobsters per tank to 12 per tank, were tested for their effect on growth of six-month old lobsters. The lobsters were reared in a total recirculation seawater system at a constant 16°C, and fed fresh mussels (Perna canaliculus). For the 121 day trial, no statistically significant effect was detected. However, there was a trend for growth rates to be highest at 3 and 6 lobsters per tank and for growth rates at stocking densities of 9 and 12 lobsters per tank to decrease after Day 50. Lobsters showed increased mortality at the highest stocking rate.
5. A bioeconomic model of a hypothetical farm was developed to assess economic benefits and risks and to determine overall profitability. The model showed an annual net cash position of $287,100 and cumulative cash position of $859,200 by the 10th year of operation based on annual sales of 10,837 kg at $65 per kg. The model indicates that the highest cost components in the first 10 years are processing and transport, and labour. Based on the model and the scenarios examined, profitability is very sensitive to factors such as the farm size, processing and transport costs, and sale price. Biological factors such as growth rates, survival, and feed requirements also influence overall profitability. Good returns will depend upon consistent exports of high quality lobsters.
The study concludes that commercial feasibility will be affected by these key areas. The potential of J. edwardsii aquaculture in New Zealand will continue to benefit from further research.

text: An investigation into the commercial feasibility of Jasus edwardsii aquaculture in New Zealand In 1996 New Zealand introduced legislation to allow Jasus edwardsii pueruli to be collected as "seedstock" and ongrown in a commercial aquaculture trial. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the commercial feasibility of J. edwardsii aquaculture in New Zealand by working with an organisation involved in the trial.
The methodology involved a combination of experiments in the field, in laboratories, and within an ongrowing facility. This thesis examined five key areas and found the following:
1. Data obtained in the research indicates that New Zealand will continue to rely on harvesting pueruli from the wild since significant technical obstacles remain in the development of commercial scale pueruli hatcheries. Forecast data, obtained using the delphi technique and information about current research on larval rearing, indicates that commercial scale supply of pueruli from hatcheries may occur between 2017 and 2021.
2. Harvesting trials collected a low number of pueruli with the lowest unit cost for collection being $1.80. A greater collection rate could be achieved with a better understanding of seasonal and local settlement patterns.
3. Survival rates in pueruli transporting experiments were significantly affected by stocking density, time and temperature. The safest transit conditions were achieved with 15 pueruli per litre for less than 6 hours at 14°C.
4. A range of stocking densities, from 3 lobsters per tank to 12 per tank, were tested for their effect on growth of six-month old lobsters. The lobsters were reared in a total recirculation seawater system at a constant 16°C, and fed fresh mussels (Perna canaliculus). For the 121 day trial, no statistically significant effect was detected. However, there was a trend for growth rates to be highest at 3 and 6 lobsters per tank and for growth rates at stocking densities of 9 and 12 lobsters per tank to decrease after Day 50. Lobsters showed increased mortality at the highest stocking rate.
5. A bioeconomic model of a hypothetical farm was developed to assess economic benefits and risks and to determine overall profitability. The model showed an annual net cash position of $287,100 and cumulative cash position of $859,200 by the 10th year of operation based on annual sales of 10,837 kg at $65 per kg. The model indicates that the highest cost components in the first 10 years are processing and transport, and labour. Based on the model and the scenarios examined, profitability is very sensitive to factors such as the farm size, processing and transport costs, and sale price. Biological factors such as growth rates, survival, and feed requirements also influence overall profitability. Good returns will depend upon consistent exports of high quality lobsters.
The study concludes that commercial feasibility will be affected by these key areas. The potential of J. edwardsii aquaculture in New Zealand will continue to benefit from further research.

year: 2000