title: Unsupervised discretization using tree-based density estimation

authors: Schmidberger, Gabi

subjects: computer science

abstract: This paper presents an unsupervised discretization method that performs density estimation for univariate data. The subintervals that the discretization produces can be used as the bins of a histogram. Histograms are a very simple and broadly understood means for displaying data, and our method automatically adapts bin widths to the data. It uses the log-likelihood as the scoring function to select cut points and the cross-validated log-likelihood to select the number of intervals. We compare this method with equal-width discretization where we also select the number of bins using the cross-validated log-likelihood and with equal-frequency discretization.

text: Unsupervised discretization using tree-based density estimation This paper presents an unsupervised discretization method that performs density estimation for univariate data. The subintervals that the discretization produces can be used as the bins of a histogram. Histograms are a very simple and broadly understood means for displaying data, and our method automatically adapts bin widths to the data. It uses the log-likelihood as the scoring function to select cut points and the cross-validated log-likelihood to select the number of intervals. We compare this method with equal-width discretization where we also select the number of bins using the cross-validated log-likelihood and with equal-frequency discretization.

year: 2005

title: INTRODUCTION Establishing, placing, engaging and doing feminist geographies

authors: Johnston, Lynda

abstract: This Handbook reflects the immense depth of interest, developments, directions and tensions in gender and feminist geographies. It brings together 48 chapters by new, emerging and established scholars, activists and artists in order to highlight original international work in gender and feminist geographies. For nearly five decades –  from the 1970s onwards –  geographers have employed feminist and other critical social theories to understand gender, power, place and space. There is now a vast and considerable literature in gender and feminist geographies, and also a growing number of scholars who bring feminist theory and praxis to diverse topics and locations. There are unmistakable continuities between earlier compendiums, such as Geographies of New Femininities (Laurie et al. 2014), Feminist Geography in Practice (Moss 2002) and A Companion to Feminist Geography (Nelson and Seager 2005) and this Handbook. The differences between earlier volumes and this one suggest that the field of scholarship continues to mature in theory and practice, in part by diversifying the voices and perspectives that refocus its scholarship towards new questions, new approaches and new critical theories. This Handbook aims to provide a window into established gender and feminist geographies while pointing readers towards new directions. We, as editors, are deeply honoured to be caretakers of the chapters. From the outset, our main goal has been to represent the diversity of research, different theoretical frameworks, the variety of methodological tools and the multiplicity of practices within gender and feminist geographies. The range and merit of different approaches to gender and feminist geographies are based on different interpretations of what is regarded as salient and significant for scholars and activists. Where we have succeeded in achieving our goal, we are indebted to the contributors to this compendium; where we have failed, we look with hope towards the scholars who will generate their own inspired points of departure.

text: INTRODUCTION Establishing, placing, engaging and doing feminist geographies This Handbook reflects the immense depth of interest, developments, directions and tensions in gender and feminist geographies. It brings together 48 chapters by new, emerging and established scholars, activists and artists in order to highlight original international work in gender and feminist geographies. For nearly five decades –  from the 1970s onwards –  geographers have employed feminist and other critical social theories to understand gender, power, place and space. There is now a vast and considerable literature in gender and feminist geographies, and also a growing number of scholars who bring feminist theory and praxis to diverse topics and locations. There are unmistakable continuities between earlier compendiums, such as Geographies of New Femininities (Laurie et al. 2014), Feminist Geography in Practice (Moss 2002) and A Companion to Feminist Geography (Nelson and Seager 2005) and this Handbook. The differences between earlier volumes and this one suggest that the field of scholarship continues to mature in theory and practice, in part by diversifying the voices and perspectives that refocus its scholarship towards new questions, new approaches and new critical theories. This Handbook aims to provide a window into established gender and feminist geographies while pointing readers towards new directions. We, as editors, are deeply honoured to be caretakers of the chapters. From the outset, our main goal has been to represent the diversity of research, different theoretical frameworks, the variety of methodological tools and the multiplicity of practices within gender and feminist geographies. The range and merit of different approaches to gender and feminist geographies are based on different interpretations of what is regarded as salient and significant for scholars and activists. Where we have succeeded in achieving our goal, we are indebted to the contributors to this compendium; where we have failed, we look with hope towards the scholars who will generate their own inspired points of departure.

year: 2020

title: Current state of the Rotorua Lakes

authors: Hamilton, David P.

abstract: The Rotorua Te Arawa Lakes’ programme of restoration has arguably been the most ambitious and effective of any for a group of lakes around the world. It has been characterised by willingness to ‘try things’, to be guided closely by scientific input, and to
now have excellent structures for monitoring and implementation of actions. Still, major challenges remain. One of these is the potential for a sense of complacency, particularly when some lakes have responded extremely positively to in-lake treatments (e.g. Rotorua) or major one-off actions (e.g. Rotoiti). It is essential that these improvements in lake water quality, some of which may not be able to be maintained indefinitely in their current mode, not delay further catchment management actions.
Another challenge is exotic oxygen weeds, particularly where it is difficult to harvest large accumulations. The final challenge relates to climate. Recent years have been characterised by droughts and intense rainfall events that challenge land management practices. Further, surface water temperatures in the lakes in 2015 have been greater than at any time in the past. If these changes are symptomatic of a future climate, then there will need to be greater effort put into building resilience in the lakes and their catchments.

text: Current state of the Rotorua Lakes The Rotorua Te Arawa Lakes’ programme of restoration has arguably been the most ambitious and effective of any for a group of lakes around the world. It has been characterised by willingness to ‘try things’, to be guided closely by scientific input, and to
now have excellent structures for monitoring and implementation of actions. Still, major challenges remain. One of these is the potential for a sense of complacency, particularly when some lakes have responded extremely positively to in-lake treatments (e.g. Rotorua) or major one-off actions (e.g. Rotoiti). It is essential that these improvements in lake water quality, some of which may not be able to be maintained indefinitely in their current mode, not delay further catchment management actions.
Another challenge is exotic oxygen weeds, particularly where it is difficult to harvest large accumulations. The final challenge relates to climate. Recent years have been characterised by droughts and intense rainfall events that challenge land management practices. Further, surface water temperatures in the lakes in 2015 have been greater than at any time in the past. If these changes are symptomatic of a future climate, then there will need to be greater effort put into building resilience in the lakes and their catchments.

year: 2015