title: Protein from pasture

authors: Donnelly, Paul Edward

subjects: Plant proteins

abstract: Ryegrass, white clover, ryegra.ss/whi te clover and lucerne herbages were used in an industrial pilot-scale study of the effects of regrowth period and season on protein extraction, separation and recovery. Herbage was harvested, adjusted to 10% tlry matter, pulped and (belt) pressed. Protein in the expressed juice was thermally coagulated and centrifugally separated to produce wet leaf protein concentrate (LPC) which was spray dried. Nitrogen recovery ratios ranged from 15 to 27%, and decreased with increasing herbage maturity. Largest decreases were for ryegrass as the herbage flowered. Summer 1977 ratios were lucerne 22%, white clover 19%, ryegrass/white clover 18% and ryegrass 17%. The higher recovery ratio for lucerne was due to a higher extractability. The grazing rotation intervals used in seasonal dairying on ryegrass/white clover pastures in New Zealand would be satisfactory for protein extraction. Estimated recoverable protein yields for irrigated and non-irrlgated pasture, and lucerne, were 979, 675 and 660 kg/ha/yr, respectively. For integrated dairying plus protein extraction, total (animal plus plant) protein yields were estimated to be 1479, 1051 and 980 kg/ha/yr, for the above respective circumstances. 
LPC contained from 32 to 55% crude protein which was higher for the legumes than ryegrass. Crude fat was higher in ryegrass (9%) than white clover (5%) and lucerne (7%) LPC. Amino acid content was not consistently affected by regrowth period. LPC histidine and lysine contents (g/16g N) and in vivo protein true digestibilities were: ryegrass 2.4, 5.7, 70%; white clover 2.7, 6.0, 73%; ryegrass/white clover 1.9, 5.4, 70%; lucerne 2.6, 6.1, 82%. Relative Nutritive Values (RNV) of the protein (rat growth assay, lactalbumin as reference) were: ryegrass 0.53, white clover 0.47, ryegrass/white clover 0.45 and lucerne iii ,.... 0.63. With supplemental methionine, the respective RNV were o. 79, 0.88, 0.82 and 0.89. Neither season (autumn v. spring) nor herbage age (4, 6 or 8 weeks regrowth) affected protein quality. In a second experiment LPC were prepared with and without juice treatment with metabisulphite. Protein true digestibility, available lysine . (g/16g N) and the percentage true protein in the chloroplastic fraction were: ryegrass 73%, 4.8, 73%; white clover 80%, 5.7, 56%; ryegrass/ white clover 74%, 5.1, 73% and lucerne 80%, 5.4, 49%. It is published that the chloroplastic fraction is less digestible and contains less lysine and histidine and more fat, than the cytoplasmic traction. The lower digestibility of ryegrass and ryegrass/white clover than legume protein is due to a higher proportion of the protein being in the chloroplastic fraction for the former two herbages. 
Metabisulphite treatment increased chemically available lysine (2%, P<0.05) and methionine (7%, P<0.05) and also increased RNV from 0.59 to 0.73. RNV further increased to 0.84 with supplemental methionine. Metabisulphite did not improve the availability of the second limiting amino acid(s) for growth. Nutritionally available methionine and cystine, without and with metabisulphite treatment, were respectively, methionine 1.57 g/16g N (81% availability) and 1.64 (85% availability) and cystine 0.26 (27% availability) and 0.70 (73% availability). The .biggest improvement in cystine availability (10% to 65%) due to metabisulphite was for ryegrass/white clover, the only herbage for which metabisulphite also improved protein digestibility (by 4 units). Cystine is more prone to nutritional damage during processing than methionine .

text: Protein from pasture Ryegrass, white clover, ryegra.ss/whi te clover and lucerne herbages were used in an industrial pilot-scale study of the effects of regrowth period and season on protein extraction, separation and recovery. Herbage was harvested, adjusted to 10% tlry matter, pulped and (belt) pressed. Protein in the expressed juice was thermally coagulated and centrifugally separated to produce wet leaf protein concentrate (LPC) which was spray dried. Nitrogen recovery ratios ranged from 15 to 27%, and decreased with increasing herbage maturity. Largest decreases were for ryegrass as the herbage flowered. Summer 1977 ratios were lucerne 22%, white clover 19%, ryegrass/white clover 18% and ryegrass 17%. The higher recovery ratio for lucerne was due to a higher extractability. The grazing rotation intervals used in seasonal dairying on ryegrass/white clover pastures in New Zealand would be satisfactory for protein extraction. Estimated recoverable protein yields for irrigated and non-irrlgated pasture, and lucerne, were 979, 675 and 660 kg/ha/yr, respectively. For integrated dairying plus protein extraction, total (animal plus plant) protein yields were estimated to be 1479, 1051 and 980 kg/ha/yr, for the above respective circumstances. 
LPC contained from 32 to 55% crude protein which was higher for the legumes than ryegrass. Crude fat was higher in ryegrass (9%) than white clover (5%) and lucerne (7%) LPC. Amino acid content was not consistently affected by regrowth period. LPC histidine and lysine contents (g/16g N) and in vivo protein true digestibilities were: ryegrass 2.4, 5.7, 70%; white clover 2.7, 6.0, 73%; ryegrass/white clover 1.9, 5.4, 70%; lucerne 2.6, 6.1, 82%. Relative Nutritive Values (RNV) of the protein (rat growth assay, lactalbumin as reference) were: ryegrass 0.53, white clover 0.47, ryegrass/white clover 0.45 and lucerne iii ,.... 0.63. With supplemental methionine, the respective RNV were o. 79, 0.88, 0.82 and 0.89. Neither season (autumn v. spring) nor herbage age (4, 6 or 8 weeks regrowth) affected protein quality. In a second experiment LPC were prepared with and without juice treatment with metabisulphite. Protein true digestibility, available lysine . (g/16g N) and the percentage true protein in the chloroplastic fraction were: ryegrass 73%, 4.8, 73%; white clover 80%, 5.7, 56%; ryegrass/ white clover 74%, 5.1, 73% and lucerne 80%, 5.4, 49%. It is published that the chloroplastic fraction is less digestible and contains less lysine and histidine and more fat, than the cytoplasmic traction. The lower digestibility of ryegrass and ryegrass/white clover than legume protein is due to a higher proportion of the protein being in the chloroplastic fraction for the former two herbages. 
Metabisulphite treatment increased chemically available lysine (2%, P<0.05) and methionine (7%, P<0.05) and also increased RNV from 0.59 to 0.73. RNV further increased to 0.84 with supplemental methionine. Metabisulphite did not improve the availability of the second limiting amino acid(s) for growth. Nutritionally available methionine and cystine, without and with metabisulphite treatment, were respectively, methionine 1.57 g/16g N (81% availability) and 1.64 (85% availability) and cystine 0.26 (27% availability) and 0.70 (73% availability). The .biggest improvement in cystine availability (10% to 65%) due to metabisulphite was for ryegrass/white clover, the only herbage for which metabisulphite also improved protein digestibility (by 4 units). Cystine is more prone to nutritional damage during processing than methionine .

year: 1980

title: The impact of culture on women's leadership in Vanuatu secondary schools

authors: Warsal, Daisy

subjects: Educational leadership

abstract: The government of Vanuatu ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1995. Following the ratification, Gender Equity in Education Policy was developed in 2005 by the Ministry of Education of Vanuatu. One of the objectives was to increase the number of women principals. However, recent statistics on women in educational leadership in Vanuatu show a decline in the number of women principals. The low percentage of women in educational leadership in the secondary schools of Vanuatu indicates that gender equity in educational leadership is still far from being achieved.

This study looks at how Vanuatu culture affects women's leadership in secondary schools and identifies ways in which women's leadership might be developed. Qualitative methods were employed to study the experiences of six women leaders and five aspiring women leaders in several Vanuatu secondary schools. The findings from the study indicate three main areas inherent in Vanuatu culture that significantly impact upon the leadership practices of the participants. The findings reveal the existence of entrenched cultural barriers in the education system, in the social structures of Vanuatu and in the attitudes of individual men, women and some students towards women leaders. These barriers, it seems, are the major impediments to women's advancement in educational leadership in Vanuatu secondary schools.

text: The impact of culture on women's leadership in Vanuatu secondary schools The government of Vanuatu ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1995. Following the ratification, Gender Equity in Education Policy was developed in 2005 by the Ministry of Education of Vanuatu. One of the objectives was to increase the number of women principals. However, recent statistics on women in educational leadership in Vanuatu show a decline in the number of women principals. The low percentage of women in educational leadership in the secondary schools of Vanuatu indicates that gender equity in educational leadership is still far from being achieved.

This study looks at how Vanuatu culture affects women's leadership in secondary schools and identifies ways in which women's leadership might be developed. Qualitative methods were employed to study the experiences of six women leaders and five aspiring women leaders in several Vanuatu secondary schools. The findings from the study indicate three main areas inherent in Vanuatu culture that significantly impact upon the leadership practices of the participants. The findings reveal the existence of entrenched cultural barriers in the education system, in the social structures of Vanuatu and in the attitudes of individual men, women and some students towards women leaders. These barriers, it seems, are the major impediments to women's advancement in educational leadership in Vanuatu secondary schools.

year: 2009

title: The science-society relationship in Aotearoa: practicing responsible innovation in the New Zealand research and innovation system

authors: Finlay-Smits, Susanna

subjects: Responsible innovation

abstract: Reports on Aotearoa New Zealand’s research, science, and innovation (RSI) system suggest the sector could improve its social responsibility and create more social value. However, researchers and innovators within the sector find this challenging. Through qualitative interviews and a national survey of RSI system participants, this study explores the current perceptions, practices enacted, and support given around responsible research and innovation practices. Findings indicate that researchers and innovators have diverse understandings of what responsible research and innovation entails, viewing anticipation and reflexivity-aligned practices as the most important aspects of responsible research and innovation. Participants feel most supported by research organisations and funding bodies to enact such aspects of responsible practice. However, they perceive a discrepancy, across all dimensions explored, between what researchers and innovators should do, and what they actually do in terms of enacting responsible practices. Thus, significant room for improvement is identified, particularly regarding practices that align with researchers’ and innovators’ obligations under Te Tiriti o Waitangi, and requirements under Vision Mātauranga.

text: The science-society relationship in Aotearoa: practicing responsible innovation in the New Zealand research and innovation system Reports on Aotearoa New Zealand’s research, science, and innovation (RSI) system suggest the sector could improve its social responsibility and create more social value. However, researchers and innovators within the sector find this challenging. Through qualitative interviews and a national survey of RSI system participants, this study explores the current perceptions, practices enacted, and support given around responsible research and innovation practices. Findings indicate that researchers and innovators have diverse understandings of what responsible research and innovation entails, viewing anticipation and reflexivity-aligned practices as the most important aspects of responsible research and innovation. Participants feel most supported by research organisations and funding bodies to enact such aspects of responsible practice. However, they perceive a discrepancy, across all dimensions explored, between what researchers and innovators should do, and what they actually do in terms of enacting responsible practices. Thus, significant room for improvement is identified, particularly regarding practices that align with researchers’ and innovators’ obligations under Te Tiriti o Waitangi, and requirements under Vision Mātauranga.

year: 2023-05-17