title: High diversity of lichens at 84°S, Queen Maud Mountains, suggests preglacial survival of species in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica

authors: Green, T.G. Allan

subjects: relict

abstract: Investigations of lichens collected in 1959/1960, 1963/1964 and 2003 from near the Beardmore  Glacier in the southern Ross Sea region (84 S) have more than doubled the number of known lichen species in the area to around 30. The ranges of 15 species have been extended to 84° S. A lichen diversity hotspot has also been found along Ebony Ridge and its associated peaks where 28 of the species occur, a number equivalent to more northerly sites in the Ross Sea (e.g. Botany Bay 77° S). Furthermore, 6 species had been previously recorded only from the Antarctic Peninsula region. In agreement with previous studies on mites and springtails from the same area, we suggest that these populations represent relicts that predate the present Ross Ice Shelf extension, with a possible age of 2,000,000 years or older.

text: High diversity of lichens at 84°S, Queen Maud Mountains, suggests preglacial survival of species in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica Investigations of lichens collected in 1959/1960, 1963/1964 and 2003 from near the Beardmore  Glacier in the southern Ross Sea region (84 S) have more than doubled the number of known lichen species in the area to around 30. The ranges of 15 species have been extended to 84° S. A lichen diversity hotspot has also been found along Ebony Ridge and its associated peaks where 28 of the species occur, a number equivalent to more northerly sites in the Ross Sea (e.g. Botany Bay 77° S). Furthermore, 6 species had been previously recorded only from the Antarctic Peninsula region. In agreement with previous studies on mites and springtails from the same area, we suggest that these populations represent relicts that predate the present Ross Ice Shelf extension, with a possible age of 2,000,000 years or older.

year: 2011

title: Mechanical performance of Kraft fibre reinforced polypropylene composites: Influence of fibre length, fibre beating and hygrothermal ageing

authors: Pickering, Kim L.

subjects: A. Natural fibre composites

abstract: This paper describes the influence of fibre length, fibre beating and hygrothermal ageing on tensile strength (TS), Young’s modulus (YM), failure strain (FS) and impact strength (IS) of Kraft fibre reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. TS, YM and IS of composites were found to decrease and FS increased with decreasing fibre length. Modest levels of fibre beating increased the TS of composites, which is believed to be due to improved interfacial bonding. During hygrothermal ageing, the diffusion coefficient increased with increased ageing temperature. Composites without coupling agent showed higher water uptake and diffusion coefficient than those with coupling agent. TS and YM were found to decrease for hygrothermal ageing due to fibre damage and reduced fibre matrix interfacial bonding, whilst FS and IS were found to increase due to the plasticizing effect of water.

text: Mechanical performance of Kraft fibre reinforced polypropylene composites: Influence of fibre length, fibre beating and hygrothermal ageing This paper describes the influence of fibre length, fibre beating and hygrothermal ageing on tensile strength (TS), Young’s modulus (YM), failure strain (FS) and impact strength (IS) of Kraft fibre reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. TS, YM and IS of composites were found to decrease and FS increased with decreasing fibre length. Modest levels of fibre beating increased the TS of composites, which is believed to be due to improved interfacial bonding. During hygrothermal ageing, the diffusion coefficient increased with increased ageing temperature. Composites without coupling agent showed higher water uptake and diffusion coefficient than those with coupling agent. TS and YM were found to decrease for hygrothermal ageing due to fibre damage and reduced fibre matrix interfacial bonding, whilst FS and IS were found to increase due to the plasticizing effect of water.

year: 2008

title: Maori internal and international migration at the turn of the century: An Australasian perspective

authors: Bedford, Richard

abstract: At the beginning of the twenty-first century there were two major national clusters of Maori: New Zealand, the ancestral home for Maori, and Australia, home to a much smaller Maori population from the early years of the nineteenth century. In the 2001 censuses of New Zealand and Australia, the usually resident Maori populations were, respectively, 526,281 (ethnic group classification) and 72,956 (ancestry classification). In this paper we examine four dimensions of Maori population movement between 1996 and 2001 using the census data from New Zealand and Australia: 1) internal migration between rural and urban areas in New Zealand; 2) internal migration between rural and urban areas in Australia; 3) migration into New Zealand of Maori resident overseas in 1996; 4) migration into Australia of Maori resident overseas in 1996. There has never been a comprehensive assessment of Maori migration in an Australasian context before, but in the light of developments in population exchanges between New Zealand and Australia this sort of analysis is critical if one wishes to understand contemporary Maori population dynamics.

text: Maori internal and international migration at the turn of the century: An Australasian perspective At the beginning of the twenty-first century there were two major national clusters of Maori: New Zealand, the ancestral home for Maori, and Australia, home to a much smaller Maori population from the early years of the nineteenth century. In the 2001 censuses of New Zealand and Australia, the usually resident Maori populations were, respectively, 526,281 (ethnic group classification) and 72,956 (ancestry classification). In this paper we examine four dimensions of Maori population movement between 1996 and 2001 using the census data from New Zealand and Australia: 1) internal migration between rural and urban areas in New Zealand; 2) internal migration between rural and urban areas in Australia; 3) migration into New Zealand of Maori resident overseas in 1996; 4) migration into Australia of Maori resident overseas in 1996. There has never been a comprehensive assessment of Maori migration in an Australasian context before, but in the light of developments in population exchanges between New Zealand and Australia this sort of analysis is critical if one wishes to understand contemporary Maori population dynamics.

year: 2004