title: Island tourism: marketing culture and heritage – editorial introduction to the special issue

authors: Brown, Keith G.

subjects: culture

abstract: Purpose – This editorial aims to situate the papers chosen for this special issue within academic literature and identify their contributions to new knowledge. 
Design/methodology/approach – The editorial first discusses tourism research literature pertinent to the marketing of cultural and heritage tourism products at island destinations around the globe. Second, the contributions made to this field by the authors in this volume and their implications for theory, industry dynamics and tourism product as well as to island communities are identified. 
Findings – Each paper contributes to the field, either by explorations of theory, shifts in paradigm or by revealing new knowledge. 
Originality/value – Collectively this collection of papers offers new perspectives on the special characteristics of island tourism, community dynamics, the role of marketing and the development of sustainable cultural and heritage tourism products in island contexts.

text: Island tourism: marketing culture and heritage – editorial introduction to the special issue Purpose – This editorial aims to situate the papers chosen for this special issue within academic literature and identify their contributions to new knowledge. 
Design/methodology/approach – The editorial first discusses tourism research literature pertinent to the marketing of cultural and heritage tourism products at island destinations around the globe. Second, the contributions made to this field by the authors in this volume and their implications for theory, industry dynamics and tourism product as well as to island communities are identified. 
Findings – Each paper contributes to the field, either by explorations of theory, shifts in paradigm or by revealing new knowledge. 
Originality/value – Collectively this collection of papers offers new perspectives on the special characteristics of island tourism, community dynamics, the role of marketing and the development of sustainable cultural and heritage tourism products in island contexts.

year: 2010

title: Makahiki – Nā Maka o Lono utilizing the Papakū Makawalu method to analyze mele and pule of Lono and the Makahiki

authors: Nuuhiwa, Ann Kaleilokelani

subjects: Makahiki

abstract: This paper seeks to affirm Papakū Makawalu as a Hawaiian methodology that can be utilized to understand moʻolelo, mele and pule. Papakū makawalu is a name given to the process of deconstructing, analyzing, and reconstructing Hawaiian genres of discourse for the purpose of separating the embedded layers of metaphor to reveal the many possibilities of interpretation. The topics of choice that will be subjected to the papakū makawalu process are Lono and his role in the Makahiki festivities as recorded in mele and pule.
	This paper specifically examines the processes of time keeping, as Lonoikamakahiki is the akua of establishing the annual calendar by feeding the stars and aligning the calendar with the star constellation Makaliʻi. Lonomakua is the akua of ritual fire and all the geological activities that occur during the Makahiki. Lononuiākea is the akua for the celestial and atmospheric activities that transpire during the Makahiki season. The rituals, mele and pule that have been composed for these environmental expectations are rooted in generational observations to which layers upon layers of metaphor are added to describe Lono and his kino lau akua (manifestations). Papakū makawalu will establish that the environmental indicators that are affiliated with the season of Lono are in fact the kino lau akua of Lono.
	Papakū makawalu allows modern Hawaiians the means to expose the many layers and to understand Lono, which in turn allows the kānaka to better understand the ritual rules of engagement between the kānaka Hawaiʻi and the natural environment.

text: Makahiki – Nā Maka o Lono utilizing the Papakū Makawalu method to analyze mele and pule of Lono and the Makahiki This paper seeks to affirm Papakū Makawalu as a Hawaiian methodology that can be utilized to understand moʻolelo, mele and pule. Papakū makawalu is a name given to the process of deconstructing, analyzing, and reconstructing Hawaiian genres of discourse for the purpose of separating the embedded layers of metaphor to reveal the many possibilities of interpretation. The topics of choice that will be subjected to the papakū makawalu process are Lono and his role in the Makahiki festivities as recorded in mele and pule.
	This paper specifically examines the processes of time keeping, as Lonoikamakahiki is the akua of establishing the annual calendar by feeding the stars and aligning the calendar with the star constellation Makaliʻi. Lonomakua is the akua of ritual fire and all the geological activities that occur during the Makahiki. Lononuiākea is the akua for the celestial and atmospheric activities that transpire during the Makahiki season. The rituals, mele and pule that have been composed for these environmental expectations are rooted in generational observations to which layers upon layers of metaphor are added to describe Lono and his kino lau akua (manifestations). Papakū makawalu will establish that the environmental indicators that are affiliated with the season of Lono are in fact the kino lau akua of Lono.
	Papakū makawalu allows modern Hawaiians the means to expose the many layers and to understand Lono, which in turn allows the kānaka to better understand the ritual rules of engagement between the kānaka Hawaiʻi and the natural environment.

year: 2020

title: Māori and the [potential] demographic dividend

authors: Jackson, Natalie

subjects: demography

abstract: This paper outlines a recently articulated concept in the demographic literature known as the ‘demographic dividend’, and connects it with key features of Māori and non- Māori demography. The dividend arises – or has the potential to arise - as each population passes through a particular point in its demographic transition. During these years, the maximum proportion of the population moves into the key working and income-earning age groups, and the minimum (comprised of youth and the elderly) is notionally dependent. With proactive and timely investment in the youthful base of the population, there is potential to convert the demographic dividend into two economic windfalls, the first arising as fertility decline causes youthful dependency to fall and the last large waves of young adults flood into the working age population, the second as the latter age and move on into the higher income earning age groups. However the window of opportunity to invest in the first dividend is fleeting, while failure to invest in that stage seriously compromises the second. This paper shows that for the Māori population, despite its relative youth, the first opportunity is already coming to an end and with it the potential gains of the second. But it also argues that there is a third window of opportunity which holds particular promise for Māori. This period will also be fleeting, but is arising in both absolute and relative terms as the relatively youthful Māori population co-exists alongside its structurally older counterpart, and together (with other New Zealanders) comprise an ‘economic dividend system’ that produces the potential for a ‘collateral dividend’.

text: Māori and the [potential] demographic dividend This paper outlines a recently articulated concept in the demographic literature known as the ‘demographic dividend’, and connects it with key features of Māori and non- Māori demography. The dividend arises – or has the potential to arise - as each population passes through a particular point in its demographic transition. During these years, the maximum proportion of the population moves into the key working and income-earning age groups, and the minimum (comprised of youth and the elderly) is notionally dependent. With proactive and timely investment in the youthful base of the population, there is potential to convert the demographic dividend into two economic windfalls, the first arising as fertility decline causes youthful dependency to fall and the last large waves of young adults flood into the working age population, the second as the latter age and move on into the higher income earning age groups. However the window of opportunity to invest in the first dividend is fleeting, while failure to invest in that stage seriously compromises the second. This paper shows that for the Māori population, despite its relative youth, the first opportunity is already coming to an end and with it the potential gains of the second. But it also argues that there is a third window of opportunity which holds particular promise for Māori. This period will also be fleeting, but is arising in both absolute and relative terms as the relatively youthful Māori population co-exists alongside its structurally older counterpart, and together (with other New Zealanders) comprise an ‘economic dividend system’ that produces the potential for a ‘collateral dividend’.

year: 2011-06