title: Product effects on endorser image: the potential for reverse image transfer

authors: Charbonneau, Jan

subjects: product image

abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate reverse image transfer as it applies to both celebrities (actors/models) and celebrity athletes in a New Zealand context. It extends the work of Garland and Charbonneau which examined reverse image transfer (product image transferring to endorser) as it applied to celebrity athlete endorsers alone.
Design/methodology/approach – The data for the study are collected from 240 New Zealand university undergraduate students who are split equally into eight treatment groups. Using Ohanian’s source-credibility scale, each group rate several celebrities or celebrity athletes on their suitability for endorsing two contrasting products: orange juice (representing a positively perceived product) and cigarettes (representing a negatively perceived product). ANOVA (analysis of variance) is used to compare means between celebrities/celebrity athletes and the products they endorse. The study is a close replication of Till’s work in the USA.
Findings – The results show a pronounced polarising effect for celebrity athletes, as opposed to celebrities (actors/models), for the endorsement of both products but particularly for cigarettes, the negative product. The potential for reverse image transfer is real, demanding careful attention by celebrities, agents and marketers during evaluation of endorsement opportunities. Research limitations/implications – Though not compromising the research integrity, the sample of New Zealand students is restrictive. Further extension of the research is advisable to address limitations based on sample composition, cultural setting and time of research.
Originality/value – Aside from addressing the paucity of research on reverse image transfer, this paper signals important managerial implications for celebrity endorsers and their agents.

text: Product effects on endorser image: the potential for reverse image transfer Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate reverse image transfer as it applies to both celebrities (actors/models) and celebrity athletes in a New Zealand context. It extends the work of Garland and Charbonneau which examined reverse image transfer (product image transferring to endorser) as it applied to celebrity athlete endorsers alone.
Design/methodology/approach – The data for the study are collected from 240 New Zealand university undergraduate students who are split equally into eight treatment groups. Using Ohanian’s source-credibility scale, each group rate several celebrities or celebrity athletes on their suitability for endorsing two contrasting products: orange juice (representing a positively perceived product) and cigarettes (representing a negatively perceived product). ANOVA (analysis of variance) is used to compare means between celebrities/celebrity athletes and the products they endorse. The study is a close replication of Till’s work in the USA.
Findings – The results show a pronounced polarising effect for celebrity athletes, as opposed to celebrities (actors/models), for the endorsement of both products but particularly for cigarettes, the negative product. The potential for reverse image transfer is real, demanding careful attention by celebrities, agents and marketers during evaluation of endorsement opportunities. Research limitations/implications – Though not compromising the research integrity, the sample of New Zealand students is restrictive. Further extension of the research is advisable to address limitations based on sample composition, cultural setting and time of research.
Originality/value – Aside from addressing the paucity of research on reverse image transfer, this paper signals important managerial implications for celebrity endorsers and their agents.

year: 2010

title: Methane emission hotspots from a drained peat soil under dairy grazing

authors: Hamill, Jacob

subjects: Methane

abstract: Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas that is emitted from natural peatland ecosystems due to their high water tables. However, large areas of natural peatlands have been drained for agricultural purposes, resulting in a reduction in overall methane emissions. However, where soil is saturated, such as within or adjacent to drainage ditches, methane emission can remain high. The aim of this research was to determine the magnitude of soil- and drainage ditch-derived methane emissions from a drained Waikato peatland under dairy grazing and where and when these emissions occur.

Gamma Farm is a pastoral dairy farm located on the remnants of the Moanatuatua peatland and drained by shallow surface “spinner” drains that discharge into deeper field-border drains. The paddocks were classified into four different landforms based on the location and hydrology of the drainage features. These landforms are crown, slope, ditch edge and drainage ditch. To adequately determine the spatial and temporal variation in methane fluxes chamber measurements of methane fluxes were undertaken along a transect across the width of the study site, approximately perpendicular to the border drains. A campaign approach was used, with chamber measurements being undertaken from autumn through to winter to capture methane fluxes under different environmental conditions. To measure seasonal and annual-scale methane emissions an eddy covariance flux tower was used.
Based on chamber measurements drainage ditches were shown to have average methane emissions of 0.071 ± 0.005 mg CH4 m-2 h-1 . Conversely, the soil of the crown, slope and ditch edges were shown to be a net methane sink, with average net methane oxidation of ‒0.019 ± 0.006, ‒0.01 ± 0.008 and ‒0.023 ± 0.006 mg CH4 m-2 h-1 respectively. Weighting the chamber measurements by landform area it was concluded that the study site was primarily a minor net methane sink. However, eddy covariance measurements indicated that the study site was a net source of methane with annual emissions of 44.72 kg CH4 ha-1 yr-1 . This large discrepancy between the chamber and eddy covariance measurements is likely caused by the large spatial and temporal scale differences between the two measurement techniques.

In addition, it was found that there was no relationship between soil methane fluxes and the soil temperature, Olsen-P, and nitrate concentration. However, methane fluxes were shown to decrease as the ammonium concentration and depth to the water table increased. In addition, methane fluxes decreased as volumetric moisture content (VMC) decreased, but at low VMCs (<40%) methane fluxes tended towards zero. For the water-borne methane fluxes there was no relationship found between methane fluxes and any measured variable (pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, water temperature, water depth, nitrate concentration or dissolved phosphorus). However, at longer time scales such as monthly averages of eddy covariance measurements, methane fluxes were positively correlated with soil temperature and air temperature. Additionally, both seasonal and diurnal cycles in the eddy covariance methane fluxes were observed.

text: Methane emission hotspots from a drained peat soil under dairy grazing Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas that is emitted from natural peatland ecosystems due to their high water tables. However, large areas of natural peatlands have been drained for agricultural purposes, resulting in a reduction in overall methane emissions. However, where soil is saturated, such as within or adjacent to drainage ditches, methane emission can remain high. The aim of this research was to determine the magnitude of soil- and drainage ditch-derived methane emissions from a drained Waikato peatland under dairy grazing and where and when these emissions occur.

Gamma Farm is a pastoral dairy farm located on the remnants of the Moanatuatua peatland and drained by shallow surface “spinner” drains that discharge into deeper field-border drains. The paddocks were classified into four different landforms based on the location and hydrology of the drainage features. These landforms are crown, slope, ditch edge and drainage ditch. To adequately determine the spatial and temporal variation in methane fluxes chamber measurements of methane fluxes were undertaken along a transect across the width of the study site, approximately perpendicular to the border drains. A campaign approach was used, with chamber measurements being undertaken from autumn through to winter to capture methane fluxes under different environmental conditions. To measure seasonal and annual-scale methane emissions an eddy covariance flux tower was used.
Based on chamber measurements drainage ditches were shown to have average methane emissions of 0.071 ± 0.005 mg CH4 m-2 h-1 . Conversely, the soil of the crown, slope and ditch edges were shown to be a net methane sink, with average net methane oxidation of ‒0.019 ± 0.006, ‒0.01 ± 0.008 and ‒0.023 ± 0.006 mg CH4 m-2 h-1 respectively. Weighting the chamber measurements by landform area it was concluded that the study site was primarily a minor net methane sink. However, eddy covariance measurements indicated that the study site was a net source of methane with annual emissions of 44.72 kg CH4 ha-1 yr-1 . This large discrepancy between the chamber and eddy covariance measurements is likely caused by the large spatial and temporal scale differences between the two measurement techniques.

In addition, it was found that there was no relationship between soil methane fluxes and the soil temperature, Olsen-P, and nitrate concentration. However, methane fluxes were shown to decrease as the ammonium concentration and depth to the water table increased. In addition, methane fluxes decreased as volumetric moisture content (VMC) decreased, but at low VMCs (<40%) methane fluxes tended towards zero. For the water-borne methane fluxes there was no relationship found between methane fluxes and any measured variable (pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, water temperature, water depth, nitrate concentration or dissolved phosphorus). However, at longer time scales such as monthly averages of eddy covariance measurements, methane fluxes were positively correlated with soil temperature and air temperature. Additionally, both seasonal and diurnal cycles in the eddy covariance methane fluxes were observed.

year: 2019

title: What do we know about the intersection of being blind and being Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand? Taking an applied community psychology approach to a systematic review of the published literature

authors: Graham, Rebekah Sarah

subjects: Disability

abstract: Self-determination and dignity are guaranteed rights for disabled persons under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. However, such rights have been slow to eventuate for Maori (Indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand). This paper brings together systematic fashion publications that currently exist regarding blindness and Maori, centring throughout Maori understandings of disability and blindness. We employed a structured approach alongside PRISMA protocols and reflexive dialogue. Included publications were quantitative data reviews, surveys, qualitative studies, literature reviews, and works of fiction. For our analysis, we formulated a matrix that drew from Kaupapa Maori, applied community psychology, and disability rights literature. This meant we made explicit where research practices included—and excluded—self-determination, democratic participation, and inclusion of both disabled and Maori. Our review highlights inconsistency across disciplines regarding self-determination and democratic participation by both Maori and disabled key stakeholders. Our approach can be utilised across disciplines as a tool for considering the ways in which researchers uphold Indigenous self-determination, disability rights, and data sovereignty. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.

text: What do we know about the intersection of being blind and being Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand? Taking an applied community psychology approach to a systematic review of the published literature Self-determination and dignity are guaranteed rights for disabled persons under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. However, such rights have been slow to eventuate for Maori (Indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand). This paper brings together systematic fashion publications that currently exist regarding blindness and Maori, centring throughout Maori understandings of disability and blindness. We employed a structured approach alongside PRISMA protocols and reflexive dialogue. Included publications were quantitative data reviews, surveys, qualitative studies, literature reviews, and works of fiction. For our analysis, we formulated a matrix that drew from Kaupapa Maori, applied community psychology, and disability rights literature. This meant we made explicit where research practices included—and excluded—self-determination, democratic participation, and inclusion of both disabled and Maori. Our review highlights inconsistency across disciplines regarding self-determination and democratic participation by both Maori and disabled key stakeholders. Our approach can be utilised across disciplines as a tool for considering the ways in which researchers uphold Indigenous self-determination, disability rights, and data sovereignty. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.

year: 2023