title: Photosynthesis of lichens from lichen-dominated communities in the alpine/nival belt of the Alps – II: Laboratory and field measurements of CO₂ exchange and water relations

authors: Reiter, Robert

subjects: lichen

abstract: CO₂ exchange and water relations of selected lichen species were investigated in the field and also in the laboratory, at a height of 3106 m above sea level in the Austrian Alps, during the short snowless summer period from middle of July to the end of August. In the course of the field investigations, clear summer days were quite rare. Altogether 14 diurnal courses of CO₂ exchange were measured spanning a time of 255 h of measurements.
The air temperatures measured close to the ground ranged between −0.7 and 17.1 °C and their daily fluctuation was lower than 10.7 °C. Fog was present for more than one-third of the measuring period and relative humidity (RH) exceeded 90% in almost half of the time. Temperature optimum of net photosynthesis (NP) of Xanthoria elegans and Brodoa atrofusca determined in the laboratory increased with increasing photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) from 1.5 to 11.3 °C and the maximal CO₂ uptake was found to be at 10 °C. In the field the lichens were metabolically active at air temperatures between −0.7 and 12.8 °C. The light compensation points (LCP) of both lichen species ranged in the laboratory between 50 and 200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD (0–20 °C) and in the field between 22 and 56 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD (3–8 °C). At 30 °C the NP of X. elegans surpassed the LCP, whereas B. atrofusca remained below the LCP. NP in X. elegans did not reach light saturation at 1500 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD. NP in B. atrofusca reached light saturation at low temperatures (−5 to +5 °C). At higher temperatures light saturation was almost detectable. On sunny days the lichens in the field were metabolically active only for 3 h during the early morning. In this time they reached the maximal values or values close to their maximal CO₂ uptake in situ. Under dry weather conditions the lichens dried out to a minimal water content (WC) of 5–12% which is below the moisture compensation point (MCP) of 34–25%. The optimal WC was between 90% and 120% dry weight (DW) in B. atrofusca and Umbilicaria cylindrica, in X. elegans between 140% and 180% DW. Species specific differences in water-holding capacity, desiccation intensity and in the compensation points of temperature, light and moisture are responsible for differences in metabolic activity. The lichens were active during less than half of the observation time. Total time of NP of X. elegans was 24% of the measuring period, for U. cylindrica 22% and for B. atrofusca 16%.

text: Photosynthesis of lichens from lichen-dominated communities in the alpine/nival belt of the Alps – II: Laboratory and field measurements of CO₂ exchange and water relations CO₂ exchange and water relations of selected lichen species were investigated in the field and also in the laboratory, at a height of 3106 m above sea level in the Austrian Alps, during the short snowless summer period from middle of July to the end of August. In the course of the field investigations, clear summer days were quite rare. Altogether 14 diurnal courses of CO₂ exchange were measured spanning a time of 255 h of measurements.
The air temperatures measured close to the ground ranged between −0.7 and 17.1 °C and their daily fluctuation was lower than 10.7 °C. Fog was present for more than one-third of the measuring period and relative humidity (RH) exceeded 90% in almost half of the time. Temperature optimum of net photosynthesis (NP) of Xanthoria elegans and Brodoa atrofusca determined in the laboratory increased with increasing photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) from 1.5 to 11.3 °C and the maximal CO₂ uptake was found to be at 10 °C. In the field the lichens were metabolically active at air temperatures between −0.7 and 12.8 °C. The light compensation points (LCP) of both lichen species ranged in the laboratory between 50 and 200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD (0–20 °C) and in the field between 22 and 56 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD (3–8 °C). At 30 °C the NP of X. elegans surpassed the LCP, whereas B. atrofusca remained below the LCP. NP in X. elegans did not reach light saturation at 1500 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD. NP in B. atrofusca reached light saturation at low temperatures (−5 to +5 °C). At higher temperatures light saturation was almost detectable. On sunny days the lichens in the field were metabolically active only for 3 h during the early morning. In this time they reached the maximal values or values close to their maximal CO₂ uptake in situ. Under dry weather conditions the lichens dried out to a minimal water content (WC) of 5–12% which is below the moisture compensation point (MCP) of 34–25%. The optimal WC was between 90% and 120% dry weight (DW) in B. atrofusca and Umbilicaria cylindrica, in X. elegans between 140% and 180% DW. Species specific differences in water-holding capacity, desiccation intensity and in the compensation points of temperature, light and moisture are responsible for differences in metabolic activity. The lichens were active during less than half of the observation time. Total time of NP of X. elegans was 24% of the measuring period, for U. cylindrica 22% and for B. atrofusca 16%.

year: 2008

title: KEA: Practical automatic keyphrase extraction

authors: Witten, Ian H.

subjects: computer science

abstract: Keyphrases provide semantic metadata that summarize and characterize documents. This paper describes Kea, an algorithm for automatically extracting keyphrases from text. Kea identifies candidate keyphrases using lexical methods, calculates feature values for each candidate, and uses a machine learning algorithm to predict which candidates are good keyphrases. The machine learning scheme first builds a prediction model using training documents with known keyphrases, and then uses the model to find keyphrases in new documents. We use a large test corpus to evaluate Kea’s effectiveness in terms of how many author-assigned keyphrases are correctly identified. The system is simple, robust, and publicly available.

text: KEA: Practical automatic keyphrase extraction Keyphrases provide semantic metadata that summarize and characterize documents. This paper describes Kea, an algorithm for automatically extracting keyphrases from text. Kea identifies candidate keyphrases using lexical methods, calculates feature values for each candidate, and uses a machine learning algorithm to predict which candidates are good keyphrases. The machine learning scheme first builds a prediction model using training documents with known keyphrases, and then uses the model to find keyphrases in new documents. We use a large test corpus to evaluate Kea’s effectiveness in terms of how many author-assigned keyphrases are correctly identified. The system is simple, robust, and publicly available.

year: 2000-03

title: Guidelines for gender affirming healthcare for gender diverse and transgender children, young people and adults in Aotearoa New Zealand

authors: Oliphant, Jeannie

abstract: Internationally and within New Zealand there has been a substantial increase in the demand for gender affirming healthcare over the past decade. The Youth’12 secondary school survey, estimated that approximately 1.2% of adolescents in New Zealand identify as transgender.¹ It is likely that this level of referrals to health services will continue in the foreseeable future. 
This guideline has been developed following the recognition that New Zealand’s previous good practice guide, Gender Reassignment Health Services for Trans People within New Zealand,² which was based heavily on the World Professional Association of Transgender Health, Standards of Care, version 6 (WPATH SOC v6),³ requires updating to be in step with current practice and international guidelines.
Transgender healthcare is a rapidly evolving area of medicine. WPATH is the international body responsible for producing standards of care. WPATH SOC v7,⁴ was published soon after New Zealand’s good practice guide and version 8 is currently in development. This guideline is not intended to replace the WPATH SOC but to present additional guidance for the provision of gender affirming healthcare in Aotearoa, New Zealand. We hope that this guide will be used to support the development of health services providing gender affirming healthcare around the country and provide guidance to District Health Boards (DHBs).
We use Sir Mason Durie’s health framework to inform the kaupapa or approach of these guidelines. WPATH SOC v7 encourages culturally appropriate approaches which are contextually based.⁴ Durie’s model for health promotion development, Te Pae Māhutonga (the Southern Cross), has two guiding principles which correspond to the pointer stars of the constellation, Te Mana Whakahaere and Ngā Manukura.⁵

text: Guidelines for gender affirming healthcare for gender diverse and transgender children, young people and adults in Aotearoa New Zealand Internationally and within New Zealand there has been a substantial increase in the demand for gender affirming healthcare over the past decade. The Youth’12 secondary school survey, estimated that approximately 1.2% of adolescents in New Zealand identify as transgender.¹ It is likely that this level of referrals to health services will continue in the foreseeable future. 
This guideline has been developed following the recognition that New Zealand’s previous good practice guide, Gender Reassignment Health Services for Trans People within New Zealand,² which was based heavily on the World Professional Association of Transgender Health, Standards of Care, version 6 (WPATH SOC v6),³ requires updating to be in step with current practice and international guidelines.
Transgender healthcare is a rapidly evolving area of medicine. WPATH is the international body responsible for producing standards of care. WPATH SOC v7,⁴ was published soon after New Zealand’s good practice guide and version 8 is currently in development. This guideline is not intended to replace the WPATH SOC but to present additional guidance for the provision of gender affirming healthcare in Aotearoa, New Zealand. We hope that this guide will be used to support the development of health services providing gender affirming healthcare around the country and provide guidance to District Health Boards (DHBs).
We use Sir Mason Durie’s health framework to inform the kaupapa or approach of these guidelines. WPATH SOC v7 encourages culturally appropriate approaches which are contextually based.⁴ Durie’s model for health promotion development, Te Pae Māhutonga (the Southern Cross), has two guiding principles which correspond to the pointer stars of the constellation, Te Mana Whakahaere and Ngā Manukura.⁵

year: 2018