title: The diverse aims of second language teaching: Implications for New Zealand primary schools

authors: Barnard, Roger

subjects: Second language teaching

abstract: This paper discusses complex issues surrounding second language teaching and learning and relates them to the introduction of second language teaching in New Zealand primary schools.  After considering the recent trend in many countries to introduce second languages in increasingly younger learners, a review is made of dominant paradigms of second language teaching: grammar-translation, the direct method, audiolingualism, the natural approach and communicative language teaching.  Each of these provides valuable insights for teaching aims and methodology, but no one approach or method by itself can meet the perceived needs of all language learners.  A range of possible goals is suggested in terms of various competencies: linguistic, communicative and intercultural.  Factors constraining the effective introduction of second language teaching in New Zealand primary schools are briefly outlined and explained.  The paper concludes with the need to decide appropriate educational goals at a local level, according to the selection of target language/s and in the light of the opportunities and constraints of each specific context of learning.

text: The diverse aims of second language teaching: Implications for New Zealand primary schools This paper discusses complex issues surrounding second language teaching and learning and relates them to the introduction of second language teaching in New Zealand primary schools.  After considering the recent trend in many countries to introduce second languages in increasingly younger learners, a review is made of dominant paradigms of second language teaching: grammar-translation, the direct method, audiolingualism, the natural approach and communicative language teaching.  Each of these provides valuable insights for teaching aims and methodology, but no one approach or method by itself can meet the perceived needs of all language learners.  A range of possible goals is suggested in terms of various competencies: linguistic, communicative and intercultural.  Factors constraining the effective introduction of second language teaching in New Zealand primary schools are briefly outlined and explained.  The paper concludes with the need to decide appropriate educational goals at a local level, according to the selection of target language/s and in the light of the opportunities and constraints of each specific context of learning.

year: 2004-09-01

title: EDTA in dairy wastewater and removal efficiency - A case study

authors: Xie, Congmin Zoe

subjects: EDTA cleaning

abstract: EDTA is the most widely used chelating agent for removal of undesirable cations in many industrial applications such as the dairy industry. It is generally considered to be non-biodegradable by conventional wastewater treatment, thereby potentially producing an environmental health risk. Under suitable conditions, however, EDTA has been reported to be effectively degraded by micro organisms during wastewater treatment. This study examined degradation of EDTA from a dairy wastewater treatment process in New Zealand operated at pH 8.0-8.2, with a three-week sludge retention time. An HPLC-UV analytical method was used to measure EDTA. A wide range of EDTA concentrations (93 to 5194 μg/L) was measured in the influent entering the wastewater treatment plant, while concentrations of 72-260 μg/L were measured in dairy effluent discharged into the local stream. About 93% of EDTA was degraded by the wastewater treatment. This study demonstrates that the wastewater treatment process at a dairy plant in New Zealand was very effective in removing EDTA.

text: EDTA in dairy wastewater and removal efficiency - A case study EDTA is the most widely used chelating agent for removal of undesirable cations in many industrial applications such as the dairy industry. It is generally considered to be non-biodegradable by conventional wastewater treatment, thereby potentially producing an environmental health risk. Under suitable conditions, however, EDTA has been reported to be effectively degraded by micro organisms during wastewater treatment. This study examined degradation of EDTA from a dairy wastewater treatment process in New Zealand operated at pH 8.0-8.2, with a three-week sludge retention time. An HPLC-UV analytical method was used to measure EDTA. A wide range of EDTA concentrations (93 to 5194 μg/L) was measured in the influent entering the wastewater treatment plant, while concentrations of 72-260 μg/L were measured in dairy effluent discharged into the local stream. About 93% of EDTA was degraded by the wastewater treatment. This study demonstrates that the wastewater treatment process at a dairy plant in New Zealand was very effective in removing EDTA.

year: 2012

title: Ngati Rahiri versus Ngati Tamatera

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Conflict between Ngati Tamatera, of Ohinemuri, and Ngati Rahiri, of Te Aroha, was provoked by the latter believing that members of other hapu had received money for the Aroha Block to which they were not entitled. In addition, the two hapu disagreed over the block’s northern boundary. In early 1877 Ngati Rahiri threatened violence and even fired over the heads of several rangatira passing through their land, thereby challenging their right to intrude on it. In response, Ngati Tamatera, with the assistance of Ngati Koi, blocked the road to Te Aroha and also the Waihou River against Ngati Rahiri, although they permitted Pakeha to pass. Pakeha took a relaxed attitude to the conflict, not expecting any real battles occurring during a squabble they understood to have been caused by members of an inferior hapu having their names wrongly included in Crown grants.
After Ngati Tamatera erected two small and unimpressive pa to block both road and river, Ngati Rahiri retaliated by constructing a similarly unimpressive pa at Omahu, their settlement at Te Aroha. Apart from much posturing, the only actions taken were Ngati Tamatera sending back to Omahu an aged woman who had come down the river in a canoe and Ngati Rahiri stealing pigs and peaches and firing shots near a settlement. The Native Minister and various officials, notably James Mackay, intervened to resolve the conflict, which was ended with a reconciliation initiated by Ngati Tamatera and formalized by a large meeting of both hapu at Omahu.
Once this quarrel was settled, negotiations to enable the Crown to purchase the Aroha Block were resumed.

text: Ngati Rahiri versus Ngati Tamatera Conflict between Ngati Tamatera, of Ohinemuri, and Ngati Rahiri, of Te Aroha, was provoked by the latter believing that members of other hapu had received money for the Aroha Block to which they were not entitled. In addition, the two hapu disagreed over the block’s northern boundary. In early 1877 Ngati Rahiri threatened violence and even fired over the heads of several rangatira passing through their land, thereby challenging their right to intrude on it. In response, Ngati Tamatera, with the assistance of Ngati Koi, blocked the road to Te Aroha and also the Waihou River against Ngati Rahiri, although they permitted Pakeha to pass. Pakeha took a relaxed attitude to the conflict, not expecting any real battles occurring during a squabble they understood to have been caused by members of an inferior hapu having their names wrongly included in Crown grants.
After Ngati Tamatera erected two small and unimpressive pa to block both road and river, Ngati Rahiri retaliated by constructing a similarly unimpressive pa at Omahu, their settlement at Te Aroha. Apart from much posturing, the only actions taken were Ngati Tamatera sending back to Omahu an aged woman who had come down the river in a canoe and Ngati Rahiri stealing pigs and peaches and firing shots near a settlement. The Native Minister and various officials, notably James Mackay, intervened to resolve the conflict, which was ended with a reconciliation initiated by Ngati Tamatera and formalized by a large meeting of both hapu at Omahu.
Once this quarrel was settled, negotiations to enable the Crown to purchase the Aroha Block were resumed.

year: 2016