title: Outcomes in different ethnic groups of New Zealand patients with screen-detected vs. non-screen-detected breast cancer.

authors: Lawrenson, Ross

subjects: Breast screening

abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare characteristics and survival of New Zealand European, Māori, and Pacific women with screen-detected vs. non-screen-detected breast cancer. 
METHODS: Women aged 45-69 diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between January 2005 and May 2013 were identified from the Waikato and Auckland Breast Cancer Registries. Patient demographics and tumour characteristics were described by detection mode and ethnicity. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the five-year breast cancer-specific survival of women with stage I-III breast cancer by ethnicity and detection mode. 
RESULTS: Women with screen-detected cancers were older, had smaller tumours, fewer stage IV (0.8% vs. 7.6%), fewer high grade (16.8% vs. 39.0%), and fewer lymph node positive diseases (26.3% vs. 51.5%) than women with non-screen-detected cancers. There were more Luminal A (70.0% vs. 54.0%), fewer human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive non-Luminal (4.4% vs. 8.8%), and fewer triple negative cases (7.0% vs. 13.8%) in screen-detected than non-screen-detected cancers. If not screen detected, 22.7% of breast cancers in Pacific women were stage IV compared with 2.4% if screen detected. If not screen detected, the five-year breast cancer-specific survival was 91.1% for New Zealand European women, 84.2% for Māori women, and 80.2% for Pacific women (p-value <0.001). For screen-detected breast cancer, survival between different ethnic groups was similar.
CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancers detected through screening are diagnosed at an earlier stage and have a greater proportion of subtypes, with better outcome. Variations in survival for Māori and Pacific women are only found in women with non-screen-detected breast cancer.

text: Outcomes in different ethnic groups of New Zealand patients with screen-detected vs. non-screen-detected breast cancer. OBJECTIVE: To compare characteristics and survival of New Zealand European, Māori, and Pacific women with screen-detected vs. non-screen-detected breast cancer. 
METHODS: Women aged 45-69 diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between January 2005 and May 2013 were identified from the Waikato and Auckland Breast Cancer Registries. Patient demographics and tumour characteristics were described by detection mode and ethnicity. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the five-year breast cancer-specific survival of women with stage I-III breast cancer by ethnicity and detection mode. 
RESULTS: Women with screen-detected cancers were older, had smaller tumours, fewer stage IV (0.8% vs. 7.6%), fewer high grade (16.8% vs. 39.0%), and fewer lymph node positive diseases (26.3% vs. 51.5%) than women with non-screen-detected cancers. There were more Luminal A (70.0% vs. 54.0%), fewer human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive non-Luminal (4.4% vs. 8.8%), and fewer triple negative cases (7.0% vs. 13.8%) in screen-detected than non-screen-detected cancers. If not screen detected, 22.7% of breast cancers in Pacific women were stage IV compared with 2.4% if screen detected. If not screen detected, the five-year breast cancer-specific survival was 91.1% for New Zealand European women, 84.2% for Māori women, and 80.2% for Pacific women (p-value <0.001). For screen-detected breast cancer, survival between different ethnic groups was similar.
CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancers detected through screening are diagnosed at an earlier stage and have a greater proportion of subtypes, with better outcome. Variations in survival for Māori and Pacific women are only found in women with non-screen-detected breast cancer.

year: 2019

title: Creating a curriculum for indigenous and community languages: Te reo Māori as an example

authors: Bruce, Ian

subjects: linguistics

abstract: Part 1 of this paper introduces the draft Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for languages and describes how it was used in the construction of draft New Zealand curriculum guidelines for French and German. Part 2 discusses how the CEFR has been employed in curriculum development in Te Reo Māori at the University of Waikato and suggests that it could also prove useful in relation to curriculum development projects involving indigenous and community languages more generally.

text: Creating a curriculum for indigenous and community languages: Te reo Māori as an example Part 1 of this paper introduces the draft Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for languages and describes how it was used in the construction of draft New Zealand curriculum guidelines for French and German. Part 2 discusses how the CEFR has been employed in curriculum development in Te Reo Māori at the University of Waikato and suggests that it could also prove useful in relation to curriculum development projects involving indigenous and community languages more generally.

year: 2002

title: Chinese and English language versions: intellectual capital disclosure

authors: Liao, Likang

subjects: accounting

abstract: Purpose – The paper of this paper is to assess the extent and quality of IC disclosure in the Chinese and English language versions of the annual reports of 50 Chinese companies which are dual listed in both Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong stock markets.

Design/methodology/approach – An IC disclosure index is constructed. Content analysis is used to code the 100 annual reports in accordance to a five-point scale.

Findings – The Chinese version annual reports disclose more internal capital than the English versions, yet the English versions showed greater external capital. There was found to be a strong relationship between type of industries, the size of companies and the level of IC disclosure.

Research limitations/implications – The paper only examines one year's annual reports of the top 50 Chinese companies by market capitalisation.

Practical implications – It is hoped that by highlighting the IC disclosure of companies in China this will raise the level of debate around this issue and will lead to greater disclosure transparency of company reporting.

Originality/value – This is the first research study that compares the IC disclosure in different language versions of annual reports of Chinese companies as well as testing for the effects of company characteristics. It is also the first study that uses three different weighting methods to measure disclosure quality.

text: Chinese and English language versions: intellectual capital disclosure Purpose – The paper of this paper is to assess the extent and quality of IC disclosure in the Chinese and English language versions of the annual reports of 50 Chinese companies which are dual listed in both Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong stock markets.

Design/methodology/approach – An IC disclosure index is constructed. Content analysis is used to code the 100 annual reports in accordance to a five-point scale.

Findings – The Chinese version annual reports disclose more internal capital than the English versions, yet the English versions showed greater external capital. There was found to be a strong relationship between type of industries, the size of companies and the level of IC disclosure.

Research limitations/implications – The paper only examines one year's annual reports of the top 50 Chinese companies by market capitalisation.

Practical implications – It is hoped that by highlighting the IC disclosure of companies in China this will raise the level of debate around this issue and will lead to greater disclosure transparency of company reporting.

Originality/value – This is the first research study that compares the IC disclosure in different language versions of annual reports of Chinese companies as well as testing for the effects of company characteristics. It is also the first study that uses three different weighting methods to measure disclosure quality.

year: 2013