title: Towards a Theory of 'Appropriate Fandom'

authors: Stewart, Mark

subjects: fan policing

abstract: As fandom and fan practices become more broadly recognized within popular culture, tensions and conflicts arise between different understandings of the 'appropriate' way to perform fandom. Different groups have different unspoken understandings of what constitutes the 'right' and the 'wrong' way to be a fan, to behave as a fan. These understandings may differ within a fandom, between different fandoms, between fans and the media industries, and between fans and the broader public.

This article sketches a framework for how we might understand differing conceptions of 'appropriate' and 'inappropriate' fandom, explores the drivers behind these understandings, and highlights how different participants and stakeholders work to bring fans within their own conceptions of 'appropriate' fandom. The article outlines four modes or directions of 'appropriate' fandom and provides a detailed analysis of how top-down 'appropriate' fandom is evidenced within the television industry, using a case study of the US competition reality television series Survivor.

text: Towards a Theory of 'Appropriate Fandom' As fandom and fan practices become more broadly recognized within popular culture, tensions and conflicts arise between different understandings of the 'appropriate' way to perform fandom. Different groups have different unspoken understandings of what constitutes the 'right' and the 'wrong' way to be a fan, to behave as a fan. These understandings may differ within a fandom, between different fandoms, between fans and the media industries, and between fans and the broader public.

This article sketches a framework for how we might understand differing conceptions of 'appropriate' and 'inappropriate' fandom, explores the drivers behind these understandings, and highlights how different participants and stakeholders work to bring fans within their own conceptions of 'appropriate' fandom. The article outlines four modes or directions of 'appropriate' fandom and provides a detailed analysis of how top-down 'appropriate' fandom is evidenced within the television industry, using a case study of the US competition reality television series Survivor.

year: 2023-03

title: The Interdecadal pacific oscillation and the Southern Oscillation Index: relative merits for anticipating inflows to the Upper Clutha lakes.

authors: Taylor, Malcolm

subjects: Southern Oscillation Index

abstract: Spring values of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the unfiltered Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) are compared for anticipating summer inflows to the lakes of the upper Clutha River, New Zealand. Earlier work proposed the spring SOI to forecast summer inflows. However, more recent data, which includes a change of state of the IPO, indicate the spring SOI only has a degree of predictive ability for the low summer flows. Furthermore, this low-flow predictability requires La Niña conditions (spring SOI>5). The spring IPO index, in contrast, can anticipate both high and low summer inflows when the spring SOI >0, and thus has a wider range of applicability for summer inflow forecasting than the SOI. Both the IPO and SOI appear to have no summer inflow forecasting ability when the spring SOI is negative.

text: The Interdecadal pacific oscillation and the Southern Oscillation Index: relative merits for anticipating inflows to the Upper Clutha lakes. Spring values of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the unfiltered Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) are compared for anticipating summer inflows to the lakes of the upper Clutha River, New Zealand. Earlier work proposed the spring SOI to forecast summer inflows. However, more recent data, which includes a change of state of the IPO, indicate the spring SOI only has a degree of predictive ability for the low summer flows. Furthermore, this low-flow predictability requires La Niña conditions (spring SOI>5). The spring IPO index, in contrast, can anticipate both high and low summer inflows when the spring SOI >0, and thus has a wider range of applicability for summer inflow forecasting than the SOI. Both the IPO and SOI appear to have no summer inflow forecasting ability when the spring SOI is negative.

year: 2015

title: Te tuangi (the clam): A metaphor for teaching, learning and the key competencies

authors: Simpson, Mary Louisa

subjects: Early childhood

abstract: This article explores the shift from “essential skills” to “key competencies” in the school curriculum. Drawing on information gathered from teacher interviews and observations at a New Zealand primary school, this article suggests that culture and context strongly shape and influence the interpretation of key competencies. The authors develop a metaphor—te tuangi—to theorise the relationship between a learner (akonga) and a teacher (kaiako) in a cultural and social context.

text: Te tuangi (the clam): A metaphor for teaching, learning and the key competencies This article explores the shift from “essential skills” to “key competencies” in the school curriculum. Drawing on information gathered from teacher interviews and observations at a New Zealand primary school, this article suggests that culture and context strongly shape and influence the interpretation of key competencies. The authors develop a metaphor—te tuangi—to theorise the relationship between a learner (akonga) and a teacher (kaiako) in a cultural and social context.

year: 2011