title: Radiocarbon age of the Kaharoa Tephra, a key marker for late-Holocene stratigraphy and archaeology in New Zealand

authors: Lowe, David J.

subjects: radiocarbon dating

abstract: The Kaharoa eruption, the most recent rhyolitic volcanic event in New Zealand, resulted in the deposition of the compositionally distinctive Kaharoa Tephra over at least 30 000 km2 of northern and eastern North Island. The tephra forms an isochronous marker bed for various late-Holocene stratigraphic and palaeoen vironmental studies but is particularly important for evaluating the chronology of New Zealand's notably short prehistory because it was erupted within the last millennium, close to the time of first Polynesian colonization. We derive a definitive radiocarbon age, previously ambiguous, for the Kaharoa Tephra of 665615 BP using cluster analysis of 22 radiocarbon ages relevant to the Kaharoa eruptive episode. The error-weighted mean age obtained on unscreened ages, minus outliers, is supported by statistically identical ages obtained from three sets of screened ages selected to minimize the effects of inbuilt age or contamination. Based on the intercepts method and 1 sigma range of Northern Hemisphere calibration curves, and after subtraction of 27 years for the interhemispheric offset, the radiocarbon age 665615 BP corresponds to calibrated dates ranging from c. 650–560 cal. BP (i.e. cal. ad 1300–1390). The approximate midpoint of this range provides a colloquial calen dar date for the Kaharoa Tephra of c. 600 cal. BP (c. cal. ad 1350).

text: Radiocarbon age of the Kaharoa Tephra, a key marker for late-Holocene stratigraphy and archaeology in New Zealand The Kaharoa eruption, the most recent rhyolitic volcanic event in New Zealand, resulted in the deposition of the compositionally distinctive Kaharoa Tephra over at least 30 000 km2 of northern and eastern North Island. The tephra forms an isochronous marker bed for various late-Holocene stratigraphic and palaeoen vironmental studies but is particularly important for evaluating the chronology of New Zealand's notably short prehistory because it was erupted within the last millennium, close to the time of first Polynesian colonization. We derive a definitive radiocarbon age, previously ambiguous, for the Kaharoa Tephra of 665615 BP using cluster analysis of 22 radiocarbon ages relevant to the Kaharoa eruptive episode. The error-weighted mean age obtained on unscreened ages, minus outliers, is supported by statistically identical ages obtained from three sets of screened ages selected to minimize the effects of inbuilt age or contamination. Based on the intercepts method and 1 sigma range of Northern Hemisphere calibration curves, and after subtraction of 27 years for the interhemispheric offset, the radiocarbon age 665615 BP corresponds to calibrated dates ranging from c. 650–560 cal. BP (i.e. cal. ad 1300–1390). The approximate midpoint of this range provides a colloquial calen dar date for the Kaharoa Tephra of c. 600 cal. BP (c. cal. ad 1350).

year: 1998

title: Play behaviour in domestic goat kids. The influences of flooring surface and heat supplementation, and potential implications for welfare

authors: Kiddle, Jackie Grace

subjects: Animal behaviour

abstract: Increased demand for commercial goat products and concern for welfare in farmed animals has led to a demand for further research in goat welfare. Animal behaviour is commonly used to assess animal welfare in farm animals. Both the elimination of negative welfare states and the improvements of positive welfare states are important in the assessment of animal welfare. The performance of play has been used as an indicator of positive welfare in several species. Research on play behaviour in goat kids is limited. The following thesis describes a study investigating play behaviour in domestic goat kids in response to flooring and provisional supplemental heat and then discusses the possible welfare implications of play behaviour for goat kids. In part 1 of the study an ethogram of play behaviour in domestic goat kids was developed from video recordings and live observations. Part 2 is a continuation of research conducted by Sutherland et al. (2019) in which 80 female Saanen goat kids were grouped into four treatments. The treatments were as follows; 1) floor covered in wood shavings without heat lamps, 2) wood shavings with two heat lamps, 3) metal mesh flooring without heat lamps, and 3) metal mesh with two heat lamps. Each treatment consisted of four pens (1.5mx3.5m) with five goats per pen. All pens were video camera recorded and replayed on Adobe Premier Pro. Play behaviour frequencies were observed during 30 min periods twice a day for eight days. Behaviour was continuously recorded as frequency per minute. The results indicated that flooring surface had an influence on play behaviour frequencies in goat kids with a significant increase in play behaviour found in wood shaving treatments (p<0.05). Heat supplementation did not influence play behaviour with no significant difference between heat lamp and no heat lamp treatments (p>0.05). Play behaviour could potentially be used as an indicator of good welfare in goat kids, however, more research is needed to assess change in play behaviour in response to other situations. The complexity of behaviour, such as the performance of play behaviours other than locomotor play, could also be used to indicate enhanced levels of welfare, exceeding the minimum standards, however, this requires more validation.

text: Play behaviour in domestic goat kids. The influences of flooring surface and heat supplementation, and potential implications for welfare Increased demand for commercial goat products and concern for welfare in farmed animals has led to a demand for further research in goat welfare. Animal behaviour is commonly used to assess animal welfare in farm animals. Both the elimination of negative welfare states and the improvements of positive welfare states are important in the assessment of animal welfare. The performance of play has been used as an indicator of positive welfare in several species. Research on play behaviour in goat kids is limited. The following thesis describes a study investigating play behaviour in domestic goat kids in response to flooring and provisional supplemental heat and then discusses the possible welfare implications of play behaviour for goat kids. In part 1 of the study an ethogram of play behaviour in domestic goat kids was developed from video recordings and live observations. Part 2 is a continuation of research conducted by Sutherland et al. (2019) in which 80 female Saanen goat kids were grouped into four treatments. The treatments were as follows; 1) floor covered in wood shavings without heat lamps, 2) wood shavings with two heat lamps, 3) metal mesh flooring without heat lamps, and 3) metal mesh with two heat lamps. Each treatment consisted of four pens (1.5mx3.5m) with five goats per pen. All pens were video camera recorded and replayed on Adobe Premier Pro. Play behaviour frequencies were observed during 30 min periods twice a day for eight days. Behaviour was continuously recorded as frequency per minute. The results indicated that flooring surface had an influence on play behaviour frequencies in goat kids with a significant increase in play behaviour found in wood shaving treatments (p<0.05). Heat supplementation did not influence play behaviour with no significant difference between heat lamp and no heat lamp treatments (p>0.05). Play behaviour could potentially be used as an indicator of good welfare in goat kids, however, more research is needed to assess change in play behaviour in response to other situations. The complexity of behaviour, such as the performance of play behaviours other than locomotor play, could also be used to indicate enhanced levels of welfare, exceeding the minimum standards, however, this requires more validation.

year: 2021

title: Interface of gender and culture

authors: Tamasese, Kiwi

subjects: Maori

abstract: I greet you in the soothing waters of the Pacific. The birth waters of Hawai’i to the North, island of the dream time, and Aotearoa, to the south. Papua New Guinea to the West and Marquesas to the East.  These islands are the gathering places of the world’s largest Continent, the Pacific. We of this continent know that her birth waters are our connection.  We also know that she is woman identified. It is no surprise therefore that from Hawai’i to the north to Aotearoa in the south the positioning of women in each of these societies bears a different story to that of the women of the continent of Europe.  This reality lived out in Hawai’i means women shared with men the ultimate leadership of peoples.  This location of women power is named Kuhinanui. Many remarkable women of Hawai’i occupied this position.  From times of peace throughout to the first clash with imposed new culture, women of Hawai’i led, bled, struggled, defied and kept the kukui of self belief burning. Genealogically Hawai’i is connected to her other sisters throughout the Pacific.  The story of Kuhinanui Liliuokalani is poignant.

text: Interface of gender and culture I greet you in the soothing waters of the Pacific. The birth waters of Hawai’i to the North, island of the dream time, and Aotearoa, to the south. Papua New Guinea to the West and Marquesas to the East.  These islands are the gathering places of the world’s largest Continent, the Pacific. We of this continent know that her birth waters are our connection.  We also know that she is woman identified. It is no surprise therefore that from Hawai’i to the north to Aotearoa in the south the positioning of women in each of these societies bears a different story to that of the women of the continent of Europe.  This reality lived out in Hawai’i means women shared with men the ultimate leadership of peoples.  This location of women power is named Kuhinanui. Many remarkable women of Hawai’i occupied this position.  From times of peace throughout to the first clash with imposed new culture, women of Hawai’i led, bled, struggled, defied and kept the kukui of self belief burning. Genealogically Hawai’i is connected to her other sisters throughout the Pacific.  The story of Kuhinanui Liliuokalani is poignant.

year: 1993