title: Where have all the children gone? Experiences of children, parents and teachers in a changing early childhood education service

authors: Hawkes, Kathryn Frances

subjects: Early childhood education

abstract: This study analyses the experiences of children, parents and teachers in a changing early childhood education (ECE) service in New Zealand. This thesis derived from the researcher’s growing awareness of neo-liberal politics and the institutionalisation of children resulting from social, economic and cultural changes. The researcher’s interest in connecting children within ECE services to the local community outside of the ECE service’s gate was also explored. The study revealed experiences and perspectives from children, families and teachers within one independent, community based, not for profit ECE service that recently underwent changes.
Drawing from literature, the thesis acknowledges the changes that have taken place within ECE in New Zealand over the past 20 years. The changes identified within the literature are identified within the historical, economic and social context. The changes include marketisation, competition, the increase of hours and days that young children are placed within ECE services and the government support of families to return to work. 
The study was based on a social constructionist framework that used a qualitative inquiry research methodology. Perspectives and views were gathered from the head teacher, parents and children at the ECE service utilising the Mosaic approach. The methodological tools included semi structured interviews, walking interviews, a diary of outings collated by the head teacher, children’s auto photography and interviews with the children while viewing their learning journals.
The collected data was analysed in relation to the study’s social constructionist framework. The patterns and themes that emerged included marketisation, intrinsic and extrinsic pressures on children, parents and teachers, leadership, changes to the operational structure of the service and curriculum experiences for parents, teachers and children. 
Foundational to the study are the rights of the child and need for children to have their perspective heard. The Mosaic approach to the methodology utilised within the study raises the perspectives and views of the child giving equitable value to their contribution within the study. The outcome of the study is to propose an ideological framework that could assist in ensuring the child is heard within ECE and that the child is represented within all matters affecting them. This ideological framework aspires to be an underpinning framework that is utilised by ECE leaders and teachers when making decisions on all matters relating to children, their families and the ECE service.

text: Where have all the children gone? Experiences of children, parents and teachers in a changing early childhood education service This study analyses the experiences of children, parents and teachers in a changing early childhood education (ECE) service in New Zealand. This thesis derived from the researcher’s growing awareness of neo-liberal politics and the institutionalisation of children resulting from social, economic and cultural changes. The researcher’s interest in connecting children within ECE services to the local community outside of the ECE service’s gate was also explored. The study revealed experiences and perspectives from children, families and teachers within one independent, community based, not for profit ECE service that recently underwent changes.
Drawing from literature, the thesis acknowledges the changes that have taken place within ECE in New Zealand over the past 20 years. The changes identified within the literature are identified within the historical, economic and social context. The changes include marketisation, competition, the increase of hours and days that young children are placed within ECE services and the government support of families to return to work. 
The study was based on a social constructionist framework that used a qualitative inquiry research methodology. Perspectives and views were gathered from the head teacher, parents and children at the ECE service utilising the Mosaic approach. The methodological tools included semi structured interviews, walking interviews, a diary of outings collated by the head teacher, children’s auto photography and interviews with the children while viewing their learning journals.
The collected data was analysed in relation to the study’s social constructionist framework. The patterns and themes that emerged included marketisation, intrinsic and extrinsic pressures on children, parents and teachers, leadership, changes to the operational structure of the service and curriculum experiences for parents, teachers and children. 
Foundational to the study are the rights of the child and need for children to have their perspective heard. The Mosaic approach to the methodology utilised within the study raises the perspectives and views of the child giving equitable value to their contribution within the study. The outcome of the study is to propose an ideological framework that could assist in ensuring the child is heard within ECE and that the child is represented within all matters affecting them. This ideological framework aspires to be an underpinning framework that is utilised by ECE leaders and teachers when making decisions on all matters relating to children, their families and the ECE service.

year: 2014

title: Using a tephrostratigraphic framework to determine the past 40,000 yrs of fault rupture and paleohydrothermal activity on the east strand of the Whirinaki Fault, Ngakuru Graben, central Taupo Volcanic Zone

authors: Loame, Remedy Charlotte

subjects: seismology

abstract: The Ngakuru Graben in the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand, is largely thermally inactive, but several fossil geothermal systems have been mapped throughout the area parallel to the Whirinaki Fault (WF). A fossil geothermal system was identified on the northeast section of the east strand of the WF at a location on Hossack Road hereafter referred to as the Meade-Hossack site. The aim of this study was to establish a history of fault rupture and sinter development at the Meade-Hossack site, and to relate the observed faulting and paleogeothermal activity to that at other locations on the WF. The objectives were to (i) describe the stratigraphy exposed in a trench and outcrop, (ii) identify (correlate) tephras using stratigraphic principles, ferromagnesian mineralogical assemblages, and electron microprobe-determined major-element compositions of glass shards, and (iii) restore tectonic deformation at the site using tephrochronology to date the timing of fault movement and the development of sinter formation.

A paleoseismic trench was excavated across the northeast section of the east strand of the WF. The stratigraphy and deformation in the trench were logged. Samples of tephras were taken for mineral and glass shard analysis by microscope petrography and electron microprobe analysis, respectively. Eight tephras were identified, namely the Kaharoa (AD 1314 ± 12 or 636 ± 12 cal. yr. BP) (95% probability age range), Taupo (AD 232 ± 10 or 1718 ± 10 cal. yr. BP), Rotoma (9423 ± 120 cal. yr. BP), Rotorua (15635 ± 412 cal. yr. BP), Okareka (21858 ± 290 cal. yr. BP), Kawakawa (25358 ± 162 cal. yr. BP), Poihipi (28446 ± 670 cal. yr. BP), and Tahuna (c. 40 ka), as well as the Ohakuri Ignimbrite (c. 240 ka).

Five fault rupture events were identified in the trench (MH1–5). The trench logs were used to reconstruct earlier stages of the stratigraphic succession at the site prior to deformation by each rupture events. The tephra ages were used to constrain the timing of fault movement. The slip rates and the vertical displacement measurements were also calculated using tephrochronology, and correlated with trends (fast-slow-fast) for events of similar ages observed in other trenches on the WF.

Rupture event MH1 occurred between the Taupo and Kaharoa eruption episodes at a slip rate of 0.87 ± 0.37 mm/yr, MH2 between the Rotoma and Taupo eruptions at a rate of 0.11 ± 0.20 mm/yr, MH3 between the Rotorua and Rotoma eruptions at a rate of 0.20 ± 0.22 mm/yr, MH4 between the Okareka and Rotorua eruptions at a rate of 0.13 ± 0.27 mm/yr, and MH5 between the Ohakuri and Okareka eruptions at a rate of 0.53 ± 0.24 mm/yr. The recurrence interval during the last 21.8 kyrs was calculated to be 1.8–5.4 kyrs, which fits within recurrence intervals calculated for other trenches on the WF.

The rupture events at the Meade-Hossack site show evidence of stress transfer from the southeast section of the east strand as well as the northwest section of the west strand of the WF, indicating that the strands are connected at depth. Sinter deposition mirrors that on the west strand from ~40–10 ka, indicating that the paleogeothermal fields were fed by the same source at depth.Sinter deposition mirrors that on the west strand from ~40–10 ka, indicating that the paleogeothermal fields were fed by the same source at depth. Fault rupture MH3 at the Meade-Hossack site altered the local fluid flow regime, leading to the cessation of sinter development on the east strand by 9423 ± 120 cal. yr. BP.

text: Using a tephrostratigraphic framework to determine the past 40,000 yrs of fault rupture and paleohydrothermal activity on the east strand of the Whirinaki Fault, Ngakuru Graben, central Taupo Volcanic Zone The Ngakuru Graben in the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand, is largely thermally inactive, but several fossil geothermal systems have been mapped throughout the area parallel to the Whirinaki Fault (WF). A fossil geothermal system was identified on the northeast section of the east strand of the WF at a location on Hossack Road hereafter referred to as the Meade-Hossack site. The aim of this study was to establish a history of fault rupture and sinter development at the Meade-Hossack site, and to relate the observed faulting and paleogeothermal activity to that at other locations on the WF. The objectives were to (i) describe the stratigraphy exposed in a trench and outcrop, (ii) identify (correlate) tephras using stratigraphic principles, ferromagnesian mineralogical assemblages, and electron microprobe-determined major-element compositions of glass shards, and (iii) restore tectonic deformation at the site using tephrochronology to date the timing of fault movement and the development of sinter formation.

A paleoseismic trench was excavated across the northeast section of the east strand of the WF. The stratigraphy and deformation in the trench were logged. Samples of tephras were taken for mineral and glass shard analysis by microscope petrography and electron microprobe analysis, respectively. Eight tephras were identified, namely the Kaharoa (AD 1314 ± 12 or 636 ± 12 cal. yr. BP) (95% probability age range), Taupo (AD 232 ± 10 or 1718 ± 10 cal. yr. BP), Rotoma (9423 ± 120 cal. yr. BP), Rotorua (15635 ± 412 cal. yr. BP), Okareka (21858 ± 290 cal. yr. BP), Kawakawa (25358 ± 162 cal. yr. BP), Poihipi (28446 ± 670 cal. yr. BP), and Tahuna (c. 40 ka), as well as the Ohakuri Ignimbrite (c. 240 ka).

Five fault rupture events were identified in the trench (MH1–5). The trench logs were used to reconstruct earlier stages of the stratigraphic succession at the site prior to deformation by each rupture events. The tephra ages were used to constrain the timing of fault movement. The slip rates and the vertical displacement measurements were also calculated using tephrochronology, and correlated with trends (fast-slow-fast) for events of similar ages observed in other trenches on the WF.

Rupture event MH1 occurred between the Taupo and Kaharoa eruption episodes at a slip rate of 0.87 ± 0.37 mm/yr, MH2 between the Rotoma and Taupo eruptions at a rate of 0.11 ± 0.20 mm/yr, MH3 between the Rotorua and Rotoma eruptions at a rate of 0.20 ± 0.22 mm/yr, MH4 between the Okareka and Rotorua eruptions at a rate of 0.13 ± 0.27 mm/yr, and MH5 between the Ohakuri and Okareka eruptions at a rate of 0.53 ± 0.24 mm/yr. The recurrence interval during the last 21.8 kyrs was calculated to be 1.8–5.4 kyrs, which fits within recurrence intervals calculated for other trenches on the WF.

The rupture events at the Meade-Hossack site show evidence of stress transfer from the southeast section of the east strand as well as the northwest section of the west strand of the WF, indicating that the strands are connected at depth. Sinter deposition mirrors that on the west strand from ~40–10 ka, indicating that the paleogeothermal fields were fed by the same source at depth.Sinter deposition mirrors that on the west strand from ~40–10 ka, indicating that the paleogeothermal fields were fed by the same source at depth. Fault rupture MH3 at the Meade-Hossack site altered the local fluid flow regime, leading to the cessation of sinter development on the east strand by 9423 ± 120 cal. yr. BP.

year: 2016

title: Representations of diversity in the revised New Zealand PictureBook Collection

authors: Daly, Nicola

subjects: picturebooks

abstract: Collections of children’s literature are used for a range of reasons including preservation, record keeping, and more recently the encouragement of intercultural understanding. Both the signifi- cance of learning about other cultures and the importance of children seeing themselves reflected in the books that they read have been discussed extensively. In 2010, the New Zealand PictureBook Collection (NZPBC) was developed in order to create a resource that reflected New Zealand national identity. In 2015 the NZPBC was revised and this article presents a visual and textual analysis of the diversity present in the sixty books nomi- nated through the lens of critical multicultural analysis, using four variables. Findings indicate considerable diversity is present in the collection in terms of representations of ethnicity and family; less so for representations of disability and languages.

text: Representations of diversity in the revised New Zealand PictureBook Collection Collections of children’s literature are used for a range of reasons including preservation, record keeping, and more recently the encouragement of intercultural understanding. Both the signifi- cance of learning about other cultures and the importance of children seeing themselves reflected in the books that they read have been discussed extensively. In 2010, the New Zealand PictureBook Collection (NZPBC) was developed in order to create a resource that reflected New Zealand national identity. In 2015 the NZPBC was revised and this article presents a visual and textual analysis of the diversity present in the sixty books nomi- nated through the lens of critical multicultural analysis, using four variables. Findings indicate considerable diversity is present in the collection in terms of representations of ethnicity and family; less so for representations of disability and languages.

year: 2017