title: The impact of foreign direct investment on local industry in Chile

authors: Akoorie, Michèle E.M.

subjects: MNEs

abstract: Technology transfer, spillovers and linkages from MNEs to local industry may aid economic development in emerging economies. This paper argues that foreign affiliates in an emerging economy (Chile) will demonstrate multiple patterns of linkage formation which is a combination of competitive and collaborative linkages with local firms. Foreign affiliates will overcome their liability of foreignness (LOF) by engaging in collaborative relationships which augment their ownership advantages in terms of producing socially responsible products and processes (Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR). Using a sample of firms from the service sector in Chile case study techniques are employed within and across to analyse the degree of linkage (DOL) between foreign affiliates and local firms. Foreign affiliates do demonstrate multiple patterns of linkage formation and those firms with above average extent and quality of linkages are also likely to have above average scores for CSR linkages. The implications of these findings for policy and IB theory are discussed.

text: The impact of foreign direct investment on local industry in Chile Technology transfer, spillovers and linkages from MNEs to local industry may aid economic development in emerging economies. This paper argues that foreign affiliates in an emerging economy (Chile) will demonstrate multiple patterns of linkage formation which is a combination of competitive and collaborative linkages with local firms. Foreign affiliates will overcome their liability of foreignness (LOF) by engaging in collaborative relationships which augment their ownership advantages in terms of producing socially responsible products and processes (Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR). Using a sample of firms from the service sector in Chile case study techniques are employed within and across to analyse the degree of linkage (DOL) between foreign affiliates and local firms. Foreign affiliates do demonstrate multiple patterns of linkage formation and those firms with above average extent and quality of linkages are also likely to have above average scores for CSR linkages. The implications of these findings for policy and IB theory are discussed.

year: 2010

title: Food webs in forest and pasture streams in the Waikato region, New Zealand:  A study based on analyses of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, and fish gut contents.

authors: Hicks, Brendan J.

subjects: stable isotopes

abstract: Stable isotopes of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) were studied in 11 stream communities in the Waikato region of New Zealand. From comparisons of mean d13C and d15N values, food webs in the shaded, forest streams were clearly based on allochthonous material (conditioned leaf litter and terrestrial invertebrates). Autotrophs in forest streams were not a significant C source for the food webs. However, the C source of food webs in the unshaded pasture streams appeared to be a mixture of allochthonous and autochthonous material. Conditioned leaf litter appeared to contribute to the pasture stream food webs, and the d13C and d15N of some samples of epilithic diatoms indicated their consumption by invertebrates in pasture streams. Fish ate a wide range of aquatic invertebrates; longfinned eels (Anguilla dieffenbachiai) and banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) also had a large proportion of terrestrial invertebrates in their diet. Filamentous green algae were found only at pasture sites, where they were sometimes abundant. The wide range of d13C values of filamentous green algae (-18.8 to -29.7[[perthousand]]) complicated understanding of their role in the stream food webs. The d13C values of Cladophora were related to water velocity, with more 13C-enriched values in pools than in runs (-23.2[[perthousand]] in pools, mean velocity 0.12 m s-1; -28.1[[perthousand]] in runs, mean velocity 0.24 m s-1). Crayfish and the gastropod mollusc Potamopyrgus appeared to be the only invertebrates to eat filamentous green algae.

text: Food webs in forest and pasture streams in the Waikato region, New Zealand:  A study based on analyses of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, and fish gut contents. Stable isotopes of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) were studied in 11 stream communities in the Waikato region of New Zealand. From comparisons of mean d13C and d15N values, food webs in the shaded, forest streams were clearly based on allochthonous material (conditioned leaf litter and terrestrial invertebrates). Autotrophs in forest streams were not a significant C source for the food webs. However, the C source of food webs in the unshaded pasture streams appeared to be a mixture of allochthonous and autochthonous material. Conditioned leaf litter appeared to contribute to the pasture stream food webs, and the d13C and d15N of some samples of epilithic diatoms indicated their consumption by invertebrates in pasture streams. Fish ate a wide range of aquatic invertebrates; longfinned eels (Anguilla dieffenbachiai) and banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) also had a large proportion of terrestrial invertebrates in their diet. Filamentous green algae were found only at pasture sites, where they were sometimes abundant. The wide range of d13C values of filamentous green algae (-18.8 to -29.7[[perthousand]]) complicated understanding of their role in the stream food webs. The d13C values of Cladophora were related to water velocity, with more 13C-enriched values in pools than in runs (-23.2[[perthousand]] in pools, mean velocity 0.12 m s-1; -28.1[[perthousand]] in runs, mean velocity 0.24 m s-1). Crayfish and the gastropod mollusc Potamopyrgus appeared to be the only invertebrates to eat filamentous green algae.

year: 1997-12-01

title: Te Kōtihitihi: Ngā Tuhinga Reo Māori, Putanga 2

authors: Ngāpō, Korohere

abstract: Koinei te katoa o te Putanga 2 o te puka hautaka, Te Kōtihitihi.

text: Te Kōtihitihi: Ngā Tuhinga Reo Māori, Putanga 2 Koinei te katoa o te Putanga 2 o te puka hautaka, Te Kōtihitihi.

year: 2012-05