title: Sex differences in outcomes from mild traumatic brain injury eight years post-injury.

authors: Starkey, Nicola J.

subjects: Adult

abstract: The long-term effects of mild TBI (mTBI) are not well understood, and there is an ongoing debate about whether there are sex differences in outcomes following mTBI. This study examined i) symptom burden and functional outcomes at 8-years post-injury in males and females following mTBI; ii) sex differences in outcomes at 8-years post-injury for those aged <45 years and ≥45 years and; iii) sex differences in outcomes for single and repetitive TBI. Adults (≥16 years at injury) identified as part of a population-based TBI incidence study (BIONIC) who experienced mTBI 8-years ago (N = 151) and a TBI-free sample (N = 151) completed self-report measures of symptoms and symptom burden (Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist), and functional outcomes (Participation Assessments with Recombined Tools, Work Limitations Questionnaire). The mTBI group reported significantly greater post-concussion symptoms compared to the TBI-free group (F(1,298) = 26.84, p<.01, ηp2 = .08). Females with mTBI were twice as likely to exceed clinical cut-offs for post-concussive (X2 (1)>5.2, p<.05, V>.19) and PTSD symptoms (X2(1) = 6.10, p = .014, V = .20) compared to the other groups, and reported their health had the greatest impact on time-related work demands (F(1,171) = 4.36, p = .04, ηp2 = .03. There was no interaction between sex and age on outcomes. The repetitive mTBI group reported significantly greater post-concussion symptoms (F(1,147) = 9.80, p<.01, ηp2 = .06) compared to the single mTBI group. Twice the proportion of women with repetitive mTBI exceeded the clinical cut-offs for post-concussive (X2(1)>6.90, p<.01, V>.30), anxiety (X2(1)>3.95, p<.05, V>.23) and PTSD symptoms (X2(1)>5.11, p<.02, V>.26) compared with males with repetitive TBI or women with single TBI. Thus, at 8-years post-mTBI, people continued to report a high symptom burden. Women with mTBI, particularly those with a history of repetitive mTBI, had the greatest symptom burden and were most likely to have symptoms of clinical significance. When treating mTBI it is important to assess TBI history, particularly in women. This may help identify those at greatest risk of poor long-term outcomes to direct early treatment and intervention.

text: Sex differences in outcomes from mild traumatic brain injury eight years post-injury. The long-term effects of mild TBI (mTBI) are not well understood, and there is an ongoing debate about whether there are sex differences in outcomes following mTBI. This study examined i) symptom burden and functional outcomes at 8-years post-injury in males and females following mTBI; ii) sex differences in outcomes at 8-years post-injury for those aged <45 years and ≥45 years and; iii) sex differences in outcomes for single and repetitive TBI. Adults (≥16 years at injury) identified as part of a population-based TBI incidence study (BIONIC) who experienced mTBI 8-years ago (N = 151) and a TBI-free sample (N = 151) completed self-report measures of symptoms and symptom burden (Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist), and functional outcomes (Participation Assessments with Recombined Tools, Work Limitations Questionnaire). The mTBI group reported significantly greater post-concussion symptoms compared to the TBI-free group (F(1,298) = 26.84, p<.01, ηp2 = .08). Females with mTBI were twice as likely to exceed clinical cut-offs for post-concussive (X2 (1)>5.2, p<.05, V>.19) and PTSD symptoms (X2(1) = 6.10, p = .014, V = .20) compared to the other groups, and reported their health had the greatest impact on time-related work demands (F(1,171) = 4.36, p = .04, ηp2 = .03. There was no interaction between sex and age on outcomes. The repetitive mTBI group reported significantly greater post-concussion symptoms (F(1,147) = 9.80, p<.01, ηp2 = .06) compared to the single mTBI group. Twice the proportion of women with repetitive mTBI exceeded the clinical cut-offs for post-concussive (X2(1)>6.90, p<.01, V>.30), anxiety (X2(1)>3.95, p<.05, V>.23) and PTSD symptoms (X2(1)>5.11, p<.02, V>.26) compared with males with repetitive TBI or women with single TBI. Thus, at 8-years post-mTBI, people continued to report a high symptom burden. Women with mTBI, particularly those with a history of repetitive mTBI, had the greatest symptom burden and were most likely to have symptoms of clinical significance. When treating mTBI it is important to assess TBI history, particularly in women. This may help identify those at greatest risk of poor long-term outcomes to direct early treatment and intervention.

year: 2022

title: Performance in the 1.2 km shuttle run test reflects fitness capacities in rugby players

authors: Sella, Francesco Stefano

abstract: The relationships between performance in the 1.2 km shuttle test (Bronco) with the Multistage Shuttle Run Test (MSRT) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) in rugby players were investigated. Additionally, differences in Bronco, MSRT, and Yo-Yo IR1 scores between backs (B) and forwards (F), and rugby codes were assessed. Data from professional players (23 rugby sevens and 133 rugby union) were analysed. All rugby sevens players performed the Bronco and MSRT, whereas rugby union players completed the Bronco and Yo-Yo IR1. The relationship between the Bronco and MSRT or Yo-Yo IR1 was quantified using Pearson’s r, whereas differences between playing positions and codes were quantified using Hedges’ g effect sizes (ES). Large correlations were observed between Bronco and MSRT (r = -0.57 and 0.53). Very large correlations were observed between Bronco and Yo-Yo IR1 (r = -0.74 and 0.71). Similar Bronco (B: 289 ± 10 s; F: 291 ± 10 s) and MSRT (B: 2470 ± 162 m; F: 2446 ± 236 m) scores were found in rugby sevens backs and forwards, while moderately better Bronco (B: 294 ± 15 s; F: 311 ± 21 s) and Yo-Yo IR1 (B: 1985 ± 367 m; F: 1627 ± 375 m) scores characterised rugby union backs (ES = -0.90 and 0.96). Small to moderately better Bronco scores were observed in rugby sevens compared to rugby union players (ES = -0.36 to -0.99). These results support the utility of the Bronco as a fitness test in rugby. The low shared variance observed between the Bronco and the two other tests, however, indicates the scores derived from these tests (e.g., speed) are not interchangeable.

text: Performance in the 1.2 km shuttle run test reflects fitness capacities in rugby players The relationships between performance in the 1.2 km shuttle test (Bronco) with the Multistage Shuttle Run Test (MSRT) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) in rugby players were investigated. Additionally, differences in Bronco, MSRT, and Yo-Yo IR1 scores between backs (B) and forwards (F), and rugby codes were assessed. Data from professional players (23 rugby sevens and 133 rugby union) were analysed. All rugby sevens players performed the Bronco and MSRT, whereas rugby union players completed the Bronco and Yo-Yo IR1. The relationship between the Bronco and MSRT or Yo-Yo IR1 was quantified using Pearson’s r, whereas differences between playing positions and codes were quantified using Hedges’ g effect sizes (ES). Large correlations were observed between Bronco and MSRT (r = -0.57 and 0.53). Very large correlations were observed between Bronco and Yo-Yo IR1 (r = -0.74 and 0.71). Similar Bronco (B: 289 ± 10 s; F: 291 ± 10 s) and MSRT (B: 2470 ± 162 m; F: 2446 ± 236 m) scores were found in rugby sevens backs and forwards, while moderately better Bronco (B: 294 ± 15 s; F: 311 ± 21 s) and Yo-Yo IR1 (B: 1985 ± 367 m; F: 1627 ± 375 m) scores characterised rugby union backs (ES = -0.90 and 0.96). Small to moderately better Bronco scores were observed in rugby sevens compared to rugby union players (ES = -0.36 to -0.99). These results support the utility of the Bronco as a fitness test in rugby. The low shared variance observed between the Bronco and the two other tests, however, indicates the scores derived from these tests (e.g., speed) are not interchangeable.

year: 2021

title: Te Piringa

authors: Dickson, Matiu

abstract: Māori have an oral tradition, that is, the transfer of knowledge within and between generations, which was carried out orally by way of story-telling or the more formal speech-making. Ngā korero purākau are the stories and whaikōrero is formal talking on the marae or ancestral gathering places of Māori people. The value of public speaking is expressed in the saying: Ko te kōrerote kai a te Rangatira – (The chiefs thrive on talking and debating). This article looks at the transfer of knowledge to the next generation.

text: Te Piringa Māori have an oral tradition, that is, the transfer of knowledge within and between generations, which was carried out orally by way of story-telling or the more formal speech-making. Ngā korero purākau are the stories and whaikōrero is formal talking on the marae or ancestral gathering places of Māori people. The value of public speaking is expressed in the saying: Ko te kōrerote kai a te Rangatira – (The chiefs thrive on talking and debating). This article looks at the transfer of knowledge to the next generation.

year: 2010