title: Improving bovine donor cell culture conditions for embryo-derived cell transfer cloning

authors: Wilson, Shaan Harker

subjects: Cells

abstract: Cloning by cell transfer offers an efficient method for increasing genetic gain in livestock populations. High-quality genes are routinely induced into embryos with artificial selection-based in vitro fertilisation, or genetic engineering using microinjection. The capacity for large-scale amplification of these superior genes with cell culture is unique to cloning due to its ability to use a single cultured cell as a donor for producing new embryos. Thus, cell transfer cloning could become the primary tool for genetic advancement in the livestock industry if its application is improved. Currently, cell transfer cloning is inefficient in producing viable offspring that survive to term compared to methods such as in vitro production. This is largely caused by epigenetic modifications that arise from the donor cell and the epigenetic abnormalities carried over to the blastocyst generated. Cloning with pluripotent embryonic cells rather than the more widely researched somatic cells may remediate cases of genetic abnormalities. Pluripotent embryo-derived cells are less differentiated than their somatic cell counterparts and can generate cell types from all three of the germ layers, requiring much less reprogramming by the cytoplast. However, the elucidation of optimal conditions to culture pluripotent embryo-derived cells has proved challenging. The primary aim of this research project was to advance methodologies involved in the culture of pluripotent embryo-derived cells in order to increase the efficiency of cell transfer cloning. 
A series of comparative culture experiments were executed on blastocysts produced through in vitro generation. Experiments focused on the effect of substrate and selection of media components on the generation of an embryo-derived outgrowth. Substrate implementation was found to be essential to initial outgrowth generation as well as further growth. Minimal media with cytokines and small molecules removed was unable to produce outgrowths, indicating the importance of the small molecules and cytokines in attachment, cell proliferation, and survival. Immunofluorescent assays were completed on outgrowths to demonstrate proliferation and cell type markers. Pluripotency marker OCT4 was found in 48% of cell nuclei stained 4 days after plating and in 5% of those stained on day 6. Hypoblast marker Gata6 was not detected in any of the outgrowth cells. The DNA synthesis marker EdU was incorporated into the DNA of 49% of cells after 30 min, which is highly relevant to cloning as donors in S-phase are incompatible with the MII arrested cytoplasts used. 
A robust protocol was formed for generating outgrowths from bovine blastocysts. Outgrowths demonstrated proliferation and presence of pluripotency markers was illustrated. Cell transfer cloning was completed successfully using embryo-derived donor cells. However, exact donor cell conditions for improved cell transfer efficiency were not elucidated. Further cell transfer experiments should be conducted with a range of donor cell conditions. Karyotyping of the embryos produced would be required before any in vivo implantation of blastocysts into recipients is attempted.

text: Improving bovine donor cell culture conditions for embryo-derived cell transfer cloning Cloning by cell transfer offers an efficient method for increasing genetic gain in livestock populations. High-quality genes are routinely induced into embryos with artificial selection-based in vitro fertilisation, or genetic engineering using microinjection. The capacity for large-scale amplification of these superior genes with cell culture is unique to cloning due to its ability to use a single cultured cell as a donor for producing new embryos. Thus, cell transfer cloning could become the primary tool for genetic advancement in the livestock industry if its application is improved. Currently, cell transfer cloning is inefficient in producing viable offspring that survive to term compared to methods such as in vitro production. This is largely caused by epigenetic modifications that arise from the donor cell and the epigenetic abnormalities carried over to the blastocyst generated. Cloning with pluripotent embryonic cells rather than the more widely researched somatic cells may remediate cases of genetic abnormalities. Pluripotent embryo-derived cells are less differentiated than their somatic cell counterparts and can generate cell types from all three of the germ layers, requiring much less reprogramming by the cytoplast. However, the elucidation of optimal conditions to culture pluripotent embryo-derived cells has proved challenging. The primary aim of this research project was to advance methodologies involved in the culture of pluripotent embryo-derived cells in order to increase the efficiency of cell transfer cloning. 
A series of comparative culture experiments were executed on blastocysts produced through in vitro generation. Experiments focused on the effect of substrate and selection of media components on the generation of an embryo-derived outgrowth. Substrate implementation was found to be essential to initial outgrowth generation as well as further growth. Minimal media with cytokines and small molecules removed was unable to produce outgrowths, indicating the importance of the small molecules and cytokines in attachment, cell proliferation, and survival. Immunofluorescent assays were completed on outgrowths to demonstrate proliferation and cell type markers. Pluripotency marker OCT4 was found in 48% of cell nuclei stained 4 days after plating and in 5% of those stained on day 6. Hypoblast marker Gata6 was not detected in any of the outgrowth cells. The DNA synthesis marker EdU was incorporated into the DNA of 49% of cells after 30 min, which is highly relevant to cloning as donors in S-phase are incompatible with the MII arrested cytoplasts used. 
A robust protocol was formed for generating outgrowths from bovine blastocysts. Outgrowths demonstrated proliferation and presence of pluripotency markers was illustrated. Cell transfer cloning was completed successfully using embryo-derived donor cells. However, exact donor cell conditions for improved cell transfer efficiency were not elucidated. Further cell transfer experiments should be conducted with a range of donor cell conditions. Karyotyping of the embryos produced would be required before any in vivo implantation of blastocysts into recipients is attempted.

year: 2021

title: Narrative persuasiveness without a narrative essence: A rejoinder to Talbi’s “Recognizing Something Human”

authors: Ulatowski, Joseph W.

subjects: disagreement

abstract: Merel Talbi’s (2024a) main article, “The Epistemic Import of Narratives,” concerns how narratives of personal experience can be persuasive in reaching across a significant social or political divide. A primary goal of the article was to defend their role and value against the assumption that our form of argument must be based on logic and science. At the same time, she alerts us to some dangers associated with the use of such narratives, which she develops in her response (2024b) to us (2024b), a theme that we shall discuss, recognising the political context in which these situations occur. What she identifies as the main difference between us about the persuasiveness of narratives of personal experience may be framed as a question: what are the relative contributions of the narrative form and the personal quality? 

We shall return to that question by way of a reframing which avoids the assumption that there is an essence of narrative structure. En route to that topic we shall look at ideas about how narratives may mesh well with the structure of the human mind. That will include Schechtman’s (2024) ideas about fiction as a process which mirrors the way human memory works. It will also include the thought that the self is a product of narrative self-creation. This may suggest that narratives can be persuasive given that they mesh well with our makeup. However our makeup is described, we hold that there is no essence of narrative structure that explains persuasiveness, for it comes down to the particularities of the situation. Narratives can occur in a variety of situations and a variety of forms; accounting narratives represent one kind of narrative with a distinct form and function. While there is no essence of a narrative that is linked to persuasiveness, narratives in particular situations certainly can be persuasive, as indeed they are designed to be.

text: Narrative persuasiveness without a narrative essence: A rejoinder to Talbi’s “Recognizing Something Human” Merel Talbi’s (2024a) main article, “The Epistemic Import of Narratives,” concerns how narratives of personal experience can be persuasive in reaching across a significant social or political divide. A primary goal of the article was to defend their role and value against the assumption that our form of argument must be based on logic and science. At the same time, she alerts us to some dangers associated with the use of such narratives, which she develops in her response (2024b) to us (2024b), a theme that we shall discuss, recognising the political context in which these situations occur. What she identifies as the main difference between us about the persuasiveness of narratives of personal experience may be framed as a question: what are the relative contributions of the narrative form and the personal quality? 

We shall return to that question by way of a reframing which avoids the assumption that there is an essence of narrative structure. En route to that topic we shall look at ideas about how narratives may mesh well with the structure of the human mind. That will include Schechtman’s (2024) ideas about fiction as a process which mirrors the way human memory works. It will also include the thought that the self is a product of narrative self-creation. This may suggest that narratives can be persuasive given that they mesh well with our makeup. However our makeup is described, we hold that there is no essence of narrative structure that explains persuasiveness, for it comes down to the particularities of the situation. Narratives can occur in a variety of situations and a variety of forms; accounting narratives represent one kind of narrative with a distinct form and function. While there is no essence of a narrative that is linked to persuasiveness, narratives in particular situations certainly can be persuasive, as indeed they are designed to be.

year: 2025

title: Ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa ki Rotorua

authors: Morrison, Scott Jeffrey Tipene

subjects: Te reo Māori

abstract: Ko te reo Māori he reo tuauriuri whāioio, ā, he reo i kōhure ake i te whenua e kīa nei ko Aotearoa. Heoi anō, ka tae mai te Pākehā ki konei noho ai, ā, ka whārikihia ko ā rātou ture hei tauira tikanga mō ngā tāngata ki Aotearoa, ā, ko tō rātou reo hei reo whakaata whakaaro hei reo hoko parāoa hoki. I roto i ngā tau maha kua pahemo i raro i ēnei whakarite hou, kua memeha noa te reo Māori. Te mutu, i roto i ngā whakaakoranga hou i mahue ngā ahureitanga ake o te reo hei kawenga i te hihiri o te hinengaro Māori. Koinei ka tahuri ake au ki te whai i tētahi o ngā āhuatanga whakahirahira o te reo e mahue ana i roto i ngā akoranga i te reo hei reo tuarua.
Ko ngā kīrehu tētahi pekanga o te reo Māori kei te kaha te ngaro i te nuinga o ngā kaikōrero o te reo Māori o ēnei rā. Ki te waiho ērā momo kōrero kia moe, e kore e whakaara ake, ā, ko tōna mutunga, kua ngaro mō ake tonu atu. Kātahi tātou te ao Māori ka tangi mō tēnei āhuatanga nui o te reo ka ngaro i a tātou, ā, ko te rere a te ua koia anō kei te wai e riringi tonu nei te utu. Heoi anō, ki te mataara tātou, ki te whakaara ake i ēnei momo kōrero, ka whai kupu te reo Māori, ā, ka hoki mai te reo tuauriuri whāioio ki a tātou o tēnei reanga. Kei roto i ngā kīrehu e pupuri ana te wairua me te hinengaro Māori o ngā tūpuna o mua, arā, ka kite i te āhua o te whakaaro i roto i a rātou.
Ka tahuri ake au ki te whai i tēnei kaupapa kia whakaara ake anō ngā kīrehu kua roa e moe ana, ā, ki te kimi whakautu mō ētahi pātai i toko ake i te wā e whakaarohia ana te kaupapa nei. Tuatahi, i whakawhāiti taku titiro ki ngā kīrehu ake o Te Arawa waka e noho ana ki te rohe o Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe. I pērā ai te whānui o taku titiro kia kore ai au e pokea e te kaupapa nei ka tahi, kia whakaara ake anō ai ngā kīrehu tūturu o tērā rohe kua tino roa nei e ngaro ana ka rua, ā, kia whakahoki mai ai ko aua kīrehu hei mahi mā tēnei reanga kōrero Māori kia ea ai te kōrero, "Ko Te Arawa māngai nui" ka toru. Tuarua, i whakawhānui ake taku titiro ki ngā kīrehu kei te mōhiotia e te motu.
Hei whakatutuki i taku kaupapa ka tirohia, ka wānangahia te kaupapa i raro i ngā upoko e whai ake nei. Kei te upoko tuatahi he whakamārama he aha au i whai ai i taku kaupapa mō ngā kīrehu. Kei te upoko tuarua he āta whakamārama i te kīrehu me ōna tikanga katoa, me ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i te kīrehu me ana hoa me te kīwaha, te huahuatau, te kupu whakarite, me te whakataukī. Ka titiro hoki ki ngā wāhi ka rangona, ka whakamahia rānei te kīrehu. Kei te upoko tuatoru ka tirohia ngā kīrehu kua kitea. E rua ngā wāhanga o tēnei upoko. Kei te wāhanga tuatahi ko ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa ki Rotorua me ā rātou whakamārama, kei te wāhanga tuarua ko ngā kīrehu o te motu whānui kua whakaraupapahia i raro anō i ngā upoko e whakaatu ana i te tikanga o ia kīrehu, me ā rātou whakamārama. Kei te whakamutunga ko te whakarārangi me te tūhonohono ake i ngā kitenga katoa i roto i aku rangahau, i aku wherawheratanga i te kaupapa nei me ngā hua ka puta ki te whāia ngā kīrehu i roto i ngā akoranga ki te hunga kātahi anō ka tahuri mai ki te whai i te reo Māori hei reo tuarua.
Kei konei ka whai wāhi ki te whakamārama i te huarahi i whāia e tutuki ai te kaupapa o tēnei mahi rangahau. I te wā e whakaarohia ana te kaupapa nei ka puta te whakaaro ki roto i a au kia kōrero tahi me ngā koroheke nō roto o Te Arawa waka, kia pātaihia rātou ki ō rātou mōhiotanga e pā ana ki tēnei kaupapa, me ngā kīrehu e mōhio ana rātou, kei te whakamahia rānei e rātou. Ka mutu, kia kōrero hoki ki ngā tāngata wetewete reo, ki ngā tāngata matatau, ki te rangatahi, me ngā koroheke o ngā iwi i waho atu o Te Arawa. Ehara i te mea he aha, heoi anō ki a au kāore kē he huarahi i tua atu i te kōrerorero-ā-tangata hei awhi i te rangahau o tēnei kaupapa. I pēnā ai te whakaaro nā te mea, ki a au ko te kīrehu he mea ka rangona i roto i ngā kōrerorero a te tangata, ā, he mea kāore e tino tuhituhi ana. Nā reira, i āta whakaaro au ko ngā wāhi kōrerorero noa a te tangata pea, ngā wāhi pai kia rapu mai i ēnei tūmomo kōrero. Nā, i whāia tēnei huarahi e au, ā, i tino whai hua tēnei o ngā huarahi. I kitea, i rangona ētahi kōrero whakamārama me ētahi o ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa i konei. Tāpiri atu ki tēnā, i rangona ngā whakaaro me ngā kōrero a ngā momo tāngata katoa, rangatahi mai, koroheke mai.
I tua atu i te kōrero tahi, arā anō ngā huarahi i whāia. I pūhia au e ngā hau kōhengihengi a Tāwhirimātea kia tae atu ki ngā tōpito katoa o Te Ika Roa a Māui; ki ngā whare pukapuka i Tāmaki, i Te Whanganui a Tara, i Kirikiriroa, i Pāmutana, i Rotorua. Hei aha? Hei āta rangahau i ngā kōrero e pā ana ki tēnei kaupapa. I reira i kitea ngā rīpoata tawhito me ngā rīpoata hou, ngā kohinga kōrero o namata, o nāianei hoki, me ngā reta i tuhia e ngā rangatira i tērā rautau, me ngā rārangi pukapuka e pupuri ana ngā kōrero o mua. I haere au ki Te Kōti Whenua Māori i Rotorua ki te pānui ngā kōrero e whakaatu ana i te noho a te Māori i ngā rā o nehe, me ngā kōrero i whakatakotohia e rātou ki mua i te aroaro o te kōti. I roto i ēnei tuhinga e mau ana ētahi kīrehu i whakahua ake i te wā i hui ai ngā tūpuna mō te whenua te kaupapa. Kei aua wāhi nui anō, arā, kei Tāmaki me Te Whanga Nui a Tara, e puritia ana ētahi tēpa kei runga nei ngā kōrero a ngā rangatira kua whetūrangitia. I tonoa kia whakarongo pīkari aku taringa ki ēnei tēpa, ā, i puta mai ētahi kīrehu i aua tēpa rā.
Nā ēnei momo huarahi i taea ai te whakaemi me te whakakao i ngā whakaaro me ngā kōrero katoa o tēnei tuhinga, ā, te putanga atu, kua whakarārangihia ngā kōrero, ngā whakaaro me ngā kīrehu i kitea mai, i rangona mai, i puta mai. 
Heoi anō, kāore te wai i marino i ngā wā katoa. I ētahi wā ka tae mai he raruraru, he uauatanga hei whakapakeke i te ara, he ngārara rānei hei whakapae i te huarahi. Ka pōuri te manawa nā te mea kāore au i whai wāhi ki te kōrero ki a Irirangi Tiakiawa rāua ko Tāmati Wharehuia i mua i tō rāua wehenga. I te whakatikatika au i a au anō ki te kōrero ki a Irirangi kātahi ia ka mate. Ka whakatika anō au ki te kōrero ki a Tāmati, ā, ka mate hoki tērā. Kāore e kore he kōrero, he mōhiotanga ā rāua hei whakamōmona i te tuhinga nei, engari e taea te pēhea? Ko tēnei mea te mate e kore e taea te karo, engari, i runga i tēnā āhua, kei te tangi tonu te mapu, kei te pōuri tonu te manawa.
I tua atu i tēnā, ka raruraru au i te korenga ōku e tino kite ngā kīrehu i roto i ngā tuhinga a te tangata. E tika ana te whakaaro, kāore ngā kīrehu e tino tuhituhi ana. I kitea ētahi i roto i ngā tuhinga, engari me uaua ka kitea mai ērā. E hia kē ngā hāora i whakapaua e au kia rapua mai ngā kīrehu e huna ana i roto i ngā pukapuka, i ngā reta, otirā i ngā momo tuhinga katoa a te tangata.
Ahakoa ēnei, he nui ngā painga i puta mai ki a au i roto i tēnei mahi rangahau. Ka mīharo katoa te kōrero tahi me ngā koroheke, i reira i āta rangona te reo o ngā mata o te ao kōhatu, me kī, te reo tuauriuri whāioio. I puta mai i a rātou ngā whakaaro tūturu o te hinengaro Māori tūturu hei awhi i te hanga o tēnei mahi rangahau. I pai anō rā taku haere ki te Whare Pukapuka o Turnbull i reira e pupuri ana ngā kōrero me ngā whakaahua a tua whakarere. I ētahi wā, nā te nui o ngā momo tuhinga Māori ātaahua i roto i taua whare pukapuka, ka titi taku haere ki kaupapa kē. Ahakoa i reira au mō te wiki kotahi, kāore rawa i oti i a au ngā tuhinga i hiahia au ki te pānui. Ko tētahi atu mea pai i puta mai ki a au i roto i tēnei mahi rangahau, ko te akoako i ētahi kīrehu, i ētahi kīwaha me ētahi whakataukī hou hei whakamahi māku i ngā wā e kōrero Māori ana au, me te whēkite o ētahi tuhinga Māori kāore anō au kia kite noa.
Heoi anō hei whakakapi i tēnei wāhanga, i hangaia mai tēnei pūtoi kīrehu hei whakaara ake i ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa ki Rotorua ka tahi, hei hua mā te hunga e ako ana i te reo Māori hei reo tuarua kia whai kupu tō rātou reo ka rua, hei whakahoki i ngā pātai i toko ake ai i te wā e whakaaroarohia ana tēnei kaupapa ka toru. Ināianei ka riro mā ngā kōrero, mā ngā tuhinga me ngā whakaaro kei te whai mai e whakatinana te kaupapa o tēnei mahi rangahau.

text: Ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa ki Rotorua Ko te reo Māori he reo tuauriuri whāioio, ā, he reo i kōhure ake i te whenua e kīa nei ko Aotearoa. Heoi anō, ka tae mai te Pākehā ki konei noho ai, ā, ka whārikihia ko ā rātou ture hei tauira tikanga mō ngā tāngata ki Aotearoa, ā, ko tō rātou reo hei reo whakaata whakaaro hei reo hoko parāoa hoki. I roto i ngā tau maha kua pahemo i raro i ēnei whakarite hou, kua memeha noa te reo Māori. Te mutu, i roto i ngā whakaakoranga hou i mahue ngā ahureitanga ake o te reo hei kawenga i te hihiri o te hinengaro Māori. Koinei ka tahuri ake au ki te whai i tētahi o ngā āhuatanga whakahirahira o te reo e mahue ana i roto i ngā akoranga i te reo hei reo tuarua.
Ko ngā kīrehu tētahi pekanga o te reo Māori kei te kaha te ngaro i te nuinga o ngā kaikōrero o te reo Māori o ēnei rā. Ki te waiho ērā momo kōrero kia moe, e kore e whakaara ake, ā, ko tōna mutunga, kua ngaro mō ake tonu atu. Kātahi tātou te ao Māori ka tangi mō tēnei āhuatanga nui o te reo ka ngaro i a tātou, ā, ko te rere a te ua koia anō kei te wai e riringi tonu nei te utu. Heoi anō, ki te mataara tātou, ki te whakaara ake i ēnei momo kōrero, ka whai kupu te reo Māori, ā, ka hoki mai te reo tuauriuri whāioio ki a tātou o tēnei reanga. Kei roto i ngā kīrehu e pupuri ana te wairua me te hinengaro Māori o ngā tūpuna o mua, arā, ka kite i te āhua o te whakaaro i roto i a rātou.
Ka tahuri ake au ki te whai i tēnei kaupapa kia whakaara ake anō ngā kīrehu kua roa e moe ana, ā, ki te kimi whakautu mō ētahi pātai i toko ake i te wā e whakaarohia ana te kaupapa nei. Tuatahi, i whakawhāiti taku titiro ki ngā kīrehu ake o Te Arawa waka e noho ana ki te rohe o Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe. I pērā ai te whānui o taku titiro kia kore ai au e pokea e te kaupapa nei ka tahi, kia whakaara ake anō ai ngā kīrehu tūturu o tērā rohe kua tino roa nei e ngaro ana ka rua, ā, kia whakahoki mai ai ko aua kīrehu hei mahi mā tēnei reanga kōrero Māori kia ea ai te kōrero, "Ko Te Arawa māngai nui" ka toru. Tuarua, i whakawhānui ake taku titiro ki ngā kīrehu kei te mōhiotia e te motu.
Hei whakatutuki i taku kaupapa ka tirohia, ka wānangahia te kaupapa i raro i ngā upoko e whai ake nei. Kei te upoko tuatahi he whakamārama he aha au i whai ai i taku kaupapa mō ngā kīrehu. Kei te upoko tuarua he āta whakamārama i te kīrehu me ōna tikanga katoa, me ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i te kīrehu me ana hoa me te kīwaha, te huahuatau, te kupu whakarite, me te whakataukī. Ka titiro hoki ki ngā wāhi ka rangona, ka whakamahia rānei te kīrehu. Kei te upoko tuatoru ka tirohia ngā kīrehu kua kitea. E rua ngā wāhanga o tēnei upoko. Kei te wāhanga tuatahi ko ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa ki Rotorua me ā rātou whakamārama, kei te wāhanga tuarua ko ngā kīrehu o te motu whānui kua whakaraupapahia i raro anō i ngā upoko e whakaatu ana i te tikanga o ia kīrehu, me ā rātou whakamārama. Kei te whakamutunga ko te whakarārangi me te tūhonohono ake i ngā kitenga katoa i roto i aku rangahau, i aku wherawheratanga i te kaupapa nei me ngā hua ka puta ki te whāia ngā kīrehu i roto i ngā akoranga ki te hunga kātahi anō ka tahuri mai ki te whai i te reo Māori hei reo tuarua.
Kei konei ka whai wāhi ki te whakamārama i te huarahi i whāia e tutuki ai te kaupapa o tēnei mahi rangahau. I te wā e whakaarohia ana te kaupapa nei ka puta te whakaaro ki roto i a au kia kōrero tahi me ngā koroheke nō roto o Te Arawa waka, kia pātaihia rātou ki ō rātou mōhiotanga e pā ana ki tēnei kaupapa, me ngā kīrehu e mōhio ana rātou, kei te whakamahia rānei e rātou. Ka mutu, kia kōrero hoki ki ngā tāngata wetewete reo, ki ngā tāngata matatau, ki te rangatahi, me ngā koroheke o ngā iwi i waho atu o Te Arawa. Ehara i te mea he aha, heoi anō ki a au kāore kē he huarahi i tua atu i te kōrerorero-ā-tangata hei awhi i te rangahau o tēnei kaupapa. I pēnā ai te whakaaro nā te mea, ki a au ko te kīrehu he mea ka rangona i roto i ngā kōrerorero a te tangata, ā, he mea kāore e tino tuhituhi ana. Nā reira, i āta whakaaro au ko ngā wāhi kōrerorero noa a te tangata pea, ngā wāhi pai kia rapu mai i ēnei tūmomo kōrero. Nā, i whāia tēnei huarahi e au, ā, i tino whai hua tēnei o ngā huarahi. I kitea, i rangona ētahi kōrero whakamārama me ētahi o ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa i konei. Tāpiri atu ki tēnā, i rangona ngā whakaaro me ngā kōrero a ngā momo tāngata katoa, rangatahi mai, koroheke mai.
I tua atu i te kōrero tahi, arā anō ngā huarahi i whāia. I pūhia au e ngā hau kōhengihengi a Tāwhirimātea kia tae atu ki ngā tōpito katoa o Te Ika Roa a Māui; ki ngā whare pukapuka i Tāmaki, i Te Whanganui a Tara, i Kirikiriroa, i Pāmutana, i Rotorua. Hei aha? Hei āta rangahau i ngā kōrero e pā ana ki tēnei kaupapa. I reira i kitea ngā rīpoata tawhito me ngā rīpoata hou, ngā kohinga kōrero o namata, o nāianei hoki, me ngā reta i tuhia e ngā rangatira i tērā rautau, me ngā rārangi pukapuka e pupuri ana ngā kōrero o mua. I haere au ki Te Kōti Whenua Māori i Rotorua ki te pānui ngā kōrero e whakaatu ana i te noho a te Māori i ngā rā o nehe, me ngā kōrero i whakatakotohia e rātou ki mua i te aroaro o te kōti. I roto i ēnei tuhinga e mau ana ētahi kīrehu i whakahua ake i te wā i hui ai ngā tūpuna mō te whenua te kaupapa. Kei aua wāhi nui anō, arā, kei Tāmaki me Te Whanga Nui a Tara, e puritia ana ētahi tēpa kei runga nei ngā kōrero a ngā rangatira kua whetūrangitia. I tonoa kia whakarongo pīkari aku taringa ki ēnei tēpa, ā, i puta mai ētahi kīrehu i aua tēpa rā.
Nā ēnei momo huarahi i taea ai te whakaemi me te whakakao i ngā whakaaro me ngā kōrero katoa o tēnei tuhinga, ā, te putanga atu, kua whakarārangihia ngā kōrero, ngā whakaaro me ngā kīrehu i kitea mai, i rangona mai, i puta mai. 
Heoi anō, kāore te wai i marino i ngā wā katoa. I ētahi wā ka tae mai he raruraru, he uauatanga hei whakapakeke i te ara, he ngārara rānei hei whakapae i te huarahi. Ka pōuri te manawa nā te mea kāore au i whai wāhi ki te kōrero ki a Irirangi Tiakiawa rāua ko Tāmati Wharehuia i mua i tō rāua wehenga. I te whakatikatika au i a au anō ki te kōrero ki a Irirangi kātahi ia ka mate. Ka whakatika anō au ki te kōrero ki a Tāmati, ā, ka mate hoki tērā. Kāore e kore he kōrero, he mōhiotanga ā rāua hei whakamōmona i te tuhinga nei, engari e taea te pēhea? Ko tēnei mea te mate e kore e taea te karo, engari, i runga i tēnā āhua, kei te tangi tonu te mapu, kei te pōuri tonu te manawa.
I tua atu i tēnā, ka raruraru au i te korenga ōku e tino kite ngā kīrehu i roto i ngā tuhinga a te tangata. E tika ana te whakaaro, kāore ngā kīrehu e tino tuhituhi ana. I kitea ētahi i roto i ngā tuhinga, engari me uaua ka kitea mai ērā. E hia kē ngā hāora i whakapaua e au kia rapua mai ngā kīrehu e huna ana i roto i ngā pukapuka, i ngā reta, otirā i ngā momo tuhinga katoa a te tangata.
Ahakoa ēnei, he nui ngā painga i puta mai ki a au i roto i tēnei mahi rangahau. Ka mīharo katoa te kōrero tahi me ngā koroheke, i reira i āta rangona te reo o ngā mata o te ao kōhatu, me kī, te reo tuauriuri whāioio. I puta mai i a rātou ngā whakaaro tūturu o te hinengaro Māori tūturu hei awhi i te hanga o tēnei mahi rangahau. I pai anō rā taku haere ki te Whare Pukapuka o Turnbull i reira e pupuri ana ngā kōrero me ngā whakaahua a tua whakarere. I ētahi wā, nā te nui o ngā momo tuhinga Māori ātaahua i roto i taua whare pukapuka, ka titi taku haere ki kaupapa kē. Ahakoa i reira au mō te wiki kotahi, kāore rawa i oti i a au ngā tuhinga i hiahia au ki te pānui. Ko tētahi atu mea pai i puta mai ki a au i roto i tēnei mahi rangahau, ko te akoako i ētahi kīrehu, i ētahi kīwaha me ētahi whakataukī hou hei whakamahi māku i ngā wā e kōrero Māori ana au, me te whēkite o ētahi tuhinga Māori kāore anō au kia kite noa.
Heoi anō hei whakakapi i tēnei wāhanga, i hangaia mai tēnei pūtoi kīrehu hei whakaara ake i ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa ki Rotorua ka tahi, hei hua mā te hunga e ako ana i te reo Māori hei reo tuarua kia whai kupu tō rātou reo ka rua, hei whakahoki i ngā pātai i toko ake ai i te wā e whakaaroarohia ana tēnei kaupapa ka toru. Ināianei ka riro mā ngā kōrero, mā ngā tuhinga me ngā whakaaro kei te whai mai e whakatinana te kaupapa o tēnei mahi rangahau.

year: 1999