title: An external heat pulse method for measurement of sap flow through fruit pedicels, leaf petioles and other small-diameter stems

authors: Clearwater, Michael J.

subjects: Actinidia chinensis

abstract: The external heat ratio method is described for measurement of low rates of sap flow in both directions through stems and other plant organs, including fruit pedicels, with diameters up to 5 mm and flows less than 2 g h⁻¹. Calibration was empirical, with heat pulse velocity (vh) compared to gravimetric measurements of sap flow. In the four stem types tested (Actinidia sp. fruit pedicels, Schefflera arboricola petioles, Pittosporum crassifolium stems and Fagus sylvatica stems), vh was linearly correlated with sap velocity (vs) up to a vs of approximately 0.007 cm s⁻¹, equivalent to a flow of 1.8 g h⁻¹ through a 3-mm-diameter stem. Minimum detectable vs was approximately 0.0001 cm s⁻¹, equivalent to 0.025 g h⁻¹ through a 3-mm-diameter stem. Sensitivity increased with bark removal. Girdling had no effect on short-term measurements of in vivo sap flow, suggesting that phloem flows were too low to be separated from xylem flows. Fluctuating ambient temperatures increased variability in outdoor sap flow measurements. However, a consistent diurnal time-course of fruit pedicel sap flow was obtained, with flows towards 75-day-old kiwifruit lagging behind evaporative demand and peaking at 0.3 g h⁻¹ in the late afternoon.

text: An external heat pulse method for measurement of sap flow through fruit pedicels, leaf petioles and other small-diameter stems The external heat ratio method is described for measurement of low rates of sap flow in both directions through stems and other plant organs, including fruit pedicels, with diameters up to 5 mm and flows less than 2 g h⁻¹. Calibration was empirical, with heat pulse velocity (vh) compared to gravimetric measurements of sap flow. In the four stem types tested (Actinidia sp. fruit pedicels, Schefflera arboricola petioles, Pittosporum crassifolium stems and Fagus sylvatica stems), vh was linearly correlated with sap velocity (vs) up to a vs of approximately 0.007 cm s⁻¹, equivalent to a flow of 1.8 g h⁻¹ through a 3-mm-diameter stem. Minimum detectable vs was approximately 0.0001 cm s⁻¹, equivalent to 0.025 g h⁻¹ through a 3-mm-diameter stem. Sensitivity increased with bark removal. Girdling had no effect on short-term measurements of in vivo sap flow, suggesting that phloem flows were too low to be separated from xylem flows. Fluctuating ambient temperatures increased variability in outdoor sap flow measurements. However, a consistent diurnal time-course of fruit pedicel sap flow was obtained, with flows towards 75-day-old kiwifruit lagging behind evaporative demand and peaking at 0.3 g h⁻¹ in the late afternoon.

year: 2009

title: Quantifying functionality of buildings to natural hazards

authors: Mayer, Bethany

abstract: Continued functionality of critical infrastructure systems shortly after an earthquake is expected. However, experience has shown that this is often not the case. Building with limited or no structural damage may still experience significant non-structural damage or be impacted by surrounding and interconnected infrastructural failures that can a sustained and substantial impact on the operability of the building. A method to rapidly identify how damage, outages, or blockages are linked to drops in functional performance measures for the people and organisations is being developed for hospitals and will be further expanded to other building occupancies and infrastructure including commercial buildings, critical facilities, and housing. Immediate understanding of damage and the subsequent effects of the damage can provide instant feedback on the level of operational functionality. This poster show how this is currently being implemented for hospitals and how this work can be extended to other buildings. Functionality is determined through the use of risk analysis tools that help to quantitatively define probabilities of building and organisational functionality. The project aims to take a holistic view of a building’s performance, considering the physical and spatial factors of damage, use and needs of the structure, and interconnected interdependencies.

text: Quantifying functionality of buildings to natural hazards Continued functionality of critical infrastructure systems shortly after an earthquake is expected. However, experience has shown that this is often not the case. Building with limited or no structural damage may still experience significant non-structural damage or be impacted by surrounding and interconnected infrastructural failures that can a sustained and substantial impact on the operability of the building. A method to rapidly identify how damage, outages, or blockages are linked to drops in functional performance measures for the people and organisations is being developed for hospitals and will be further expanded to other building occupancies and infrastructure including commercial buildings, critical facilities, and housing. Immediate understanding of damage and the subsequent effects of the damage can provide instant feedback on the level of operational functionality. This poster show how this is currently being implemented for hospitals and how this work can be extended to other buildings. Functionality is determined through the use of risk analysis tools that help to quantitatively define probabilities of building and organisational functionality. The project aims to take a holistic view of a building’s performance, considering the physical and spatial factors of damage, use and needs of the structure, and interconnected interdependencies.

year: 2021

title: What do New Zealand picturebooks tell us about New Zealand national identity?

authors: Daly, Nicola

abstract: Jeffries (2004, p. 4) defines national identity as ' ... a shared sense of belonging of a group of people that depends on a common area of named place, a common set of beliefs and values, and positive feelings for a specific named geographical area'. In her examination of how New Zealand culture is portrayed in picturebooks published between 2000 and 2005, McNeur (2006) suggests that the visual and textual messages in children's picturebooks are an important contributor to the development of children's national identity. This paper describes the process of choosing a collection of 22 New Zealand children's picturebooks (known as the New Zealand PictureBook Collection) to reflect and represent diversity in New Zealand national identity, and analyses what these books tell us about the New Zealand national identity.

text: What do New Zealand picturebooks tell us about New Zealand national identity? Jeffries (2004, p. 4) defines national identity as ' ... a shared sense of belonging of a group of people that depends on a common area of named place, a common set of beliefs and values, and positive feelings for a specific named geographical area'. In her examination of how New Zealand culture is portrayed in picturebooks published between 2000 and 2005, McNeur (2006) suggests that the visual and textual messages in children's picturebooks are an important contributor to the development of children's national identity. This paper describes the process of choosing a collection of 22 New Zealand children's picturebooks (known as the New Zealand PictureBook Collection) to reflect and represent diversity in New Zealand national identity, and analyses what these books tell us about the New Zealand national identity.

year: 2016