title: Coastal flood risk within a peri-urban area: SUSSEX Inlet district, SE Australia

authors: Asbridge, E.F.

abstract: The peri-urban interface (PUI) exhibits characteristic qualities of both urban and rural regions, and this complexity has meant that risk assessments and long-term planning for PUI are lagging, despite these areas representing new developing settlement frontiers. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by modifying an existing approach to quantify and assess flood risk. The risk triangle framework was used to map exposure, vulnerability and biophysical variables; however, in a novel application, the risk triangle framework was adapted by presuming that there is a variation in the degree of exposure, vulnerability and biophysical variables. Within Australia and globally, PUIs are often coastal, and flood risk associated with rainfall and coastal inundation poses considerable risk to communities in the PUI; these risks will be further exacerbated should projections of increasing frequency of extreme rainfall events and accelerating sea-level rise eventuate. An indicator-based approach using the risk triangle framework that maps flood hazard, exposure and vulnerability was used to integrate the biophysical and socio-economic flooding risk for communities in PUI of the St Georges Basin and Sussex Inlet catchments of south-eastern Australia. Integrating the flood risk triangle with future scenarios of demographic and climate change, and considering factors that contribute to PUI flood risk, facilitated the identification of planning strategies that would reduce the future rate of increase in flood risk. These planning strategies are useful for natural resource managers and land use planners across Australia and globally, who are tasked with balancing socio-economic prosperity for a changing population, whilst maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services and values. The indicator-based approach used in this study provides a cost-effective first-pass risk assessment and is a valuable tool for decision makers planning for flood risk across PUIs in NSW and globally.

text: Coastal flood risk within a peri-urban area: SUSSEX Inlet district, SE Australia The peri-urban interface (PUI) exhibits characteristic qualities of both urban and rural regions, and this complexity has meant that risk assessments and long-term planning for PUI are lagging, despite these areas representing new developing settlement frontiers. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by modifying an existing approach to quantify and assess flood risk. The risk triangle framework was used to map exposure, vulnerability and biophysical variables; however, in a novel application, the risk triangle framework was adapted by presuming that there is a variation in the degree of exposure, vulnerability and biophysical variables. Within Australia and globally, PUIs are often coastal, and flood risk associated with rainfall and coastal inundation poses considerable risk to communities in the PUI; these risks will be further exacerbated should projections of increasing frequency of extreme rainfall events and accelerating sea-level rise eventuate. An indicator-based approach using the risk triangle framework that maps flood hazard, exposure and vulnerability was used to integrate the biophysical and socio-economic flooding risk for communities in PUI of the St Georges Basin and Sussex Inlet catchments of south-eastern Australia. Integrating the flood risk triangle with future scenarios of demographic and climate change, and considering factors that contribute to PUI flood risk, facilitated the identification of planning strategies that would reduce the future rate of increase in flood risk. These planning strategies are useful for natural resource managers and land use planners across Australia and globally, who are tasked with balancing socio-economic prosperity for a changing population, whilst maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services and values. The indicator-based approach used in this study provides a cost-effective first-pass risk assessment and is a valuable tool for decision makers planning for flood risk across PUIs in NSW and globally.

year: 2021

title: Affordable housing through inclusionary zoning – case of Auckland

authors: Ayyagari, Ravi Teja

subjects: affordable housing

abstract: The main aim of this thesis is to critically evaluate Auckland Council’s approach in revoking the provisions of inclusionary zoning from the Auckland Unitary Plan that sought to secure affordable housing. Auckland’s major housing affordability problem has received a lot of attention at the national, regional and local level. Review of international literature suggests that there are various mechanisms to secure affordable housing using planning principles. One of these mechanisms is inclusionary zoning, which requires land developers to dedicate a certain percentage of the total number of dwellings in a development for affordable units. This mechanism can be implemented by land developers constructing the units and imposing a retention mechanism or by transferring the units or land to a community housing provider.
This thesis examines the provisions of inclusionary zoning that were part of the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan from three dimensions; legislative, economic and socio-cultural. In order to combat the problem of affordable housing, the New Zealand government introduced legislation specifically to address this matter but this either was repealed or had short timeframes to undertake developments under the legislation. This research uncovered that inclusionary zoning is not new to New Zealand. Queenstown Lakes District Council has implemented it in the past but could not withstand the political challenges. Primary data was collected through interviews with four key stakeholders who play an active part in the provision of affordable housing either by administering it or delivering it on ground.
The critical evaluation and analysis of the primary and secondary data revealed that the provisions of inclusionary zoning in the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan have worked to secure affordable housing, to a certain extent. But there are many opportunities, as recommended in this thesis, to increase the supply of affordable housing units through inclusionary zoning within the current legislation. One of the research findings was that while implementing inclusionary zoning in brownfield areas was more complex than that of greenfield areas, it did not prove to be economically unviable. This research also concluded that inclusionary zoning is an effective tool to encourage socially integrated developments which was well addressed in the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan.

text: Affordable housing through inclusionary zoning – case of Auckland The main aim of this thesis is to critically evaluate Auckland Council’s approach in revoking the provisions of inclusionary zoning from the Auckland Unitary Plan that sought to secure affordable housing. Auckland’s major housing affordability problem has received a lot of attention at the national, regional and local level. Review of international literature suggests that there are various mechanisms to secure affordable housing using planning principles. One of these mechanisms is inclusionary zoning, which requires land developers to dedicate a certain percentage of the total number of dwellings in a development for affordable units. This mechanism can be implemented by land developers constructing the units and imposing a retention mechanism or by transferring the units or land to a community housing provider.
This thesis examines the provisions of inclusionary zoning that were part of the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan from three dimensions; legislative, economic and socio-cultural. In order to combat the problem of affordable housing, the New Zealand government introduced legislation specifically to address this matter but this either was repealed or had short timeframes to undertake developments under the legislation. This research uncovered that inclusionary zoning is not new to New Zealand. Queenstown Lakes District Council has implemented it in the past but could not withstand the political challenges. Primary data was collected through interviews with four key stakeholders who play an active part in the provision of affordable housing either by administering it or delivering it on ground.
The critical evaluation and analysis of the primary and secondary data revealed that the provisions of inclusionary zoning in the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan have worked to secure affordable housing, to a certain extent. But there are many opportunities, as recommended in this thesis, to increase the supply of affordable housing units through inclusionary zoning within the current legislation. One of the research findings was that while implementing inclusionary zoning in brownfield areas was more complex than that of greenfield areas, it did not prove to be economically unviable. This research also concluded that inclusionary zoning is an effective tool to encourage socially integrated developments which was well addressed in the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan.

year: 2018

title: When loanwords are not lone words: Using networks and hypergraphs to explore Māori loanwords in New Zealand English

authors: Trye, David

abstract: Networks are being used to model an increasingly diverse range of realworld phenomena. This paper introduces an exploratory approach to studying loanwords in relation to one another, using networks of co-occurrence. While traditional studies treat individual loanwords as discrete items, we show that insights can be gained by focusing on the various loanwords that co-occur within each text in a corpus, especially when leveraging the notion of a hypergraph. Our research involves a case-study of New Zealand English (NZE), which borrows Indigenous Māori words on a large scale. We use a topic-constrained corpus to show that: (i) Māori loanword types tend not to occur by themselves in a text; (ii) infrequent loanwords are nearly always accompanied by frequent loanwords; and (iii) it is not uncommon for texts to contain a mixture of listed and unlisted loanwords, suggesting that NZE is still riding a wave of borrowing importation from Māori.

text: When loanwords are not lone words: Using networks and hypergraphs to explore Māori loanwords in New Zealand English Networks are being used to model an increasingly diverse range of realworld phenomena. This paper introduces an exploratory approach to studying loanwords in relation to one another, using networks of co-occurrence. While traditional studies treat individual loanwords as discrete items, we show that insights can be gained by focusing on the various loanwords that co-occur within each text in a corpus, especially when leveraging the notion of a hypergraph. Our research involves a case-study of New Zealand English (NZE), which borrows Indigenous Māori words on a large scale. We use a topic-constrained corpus to show that: (i) Māori loanword types tend not to occur by themselves in a text; (ii) infrequent loanwords are nearly always accompanied by frequent loanwords; and (iii) it is not uncommon for texts to contain a mixture of listed and unlisted loanwords, suggesting that NZE is still riding a wave of borrowing importation from Māori.

year: 2023