title: Volcanology of the Raventhorpe and Pokeno West Volcanic Complexes, South Auckland Volcanic Field

authors: Taylor, Simon Nicholas

subjects: South Auckland Volcanic Field

abstract: The South Auckland volcanic field hosts at least 82 volcanic centres throughout the Pukekohe, Bombay, Tuakau, Pukekawa and Onewhero regions. The monogenetic basaltic volcanic field was active between 1.59 to 0.51 Ma, producing tuff rings, maar craters, scoria cones, and basaltic lava flows covering an area of 300 km2.

Two volcanic complexes have been studied in this thesis: the Raventhorpe volcanic complex, and the Pokeno West volcanic complex. The Raventhorpe complex hosts six interconnected and overlapping tuff rings (the Raventhorpe and five Ingram Road tuff rings) and the Rutherford Road scoria cone with several lava flows. The Pokeno West volcanic complex hosts a single tuff ring and surrounding lava flows. Each complex has been mapped and stratigraphic logs of exposed sections have been constructed. Measurements have been made of componentry (juveniles, lithics, crystals) and vesicularity of juvenile clasts. Petrography of the tuff rings, mineralogy (including selected electron microprobe analyses) and geochemistry by XRF has been undertaken to characterise the deposits. These data have been compiled and used for facies analysis, and to determine styles of eruption and their controlling factors.

The tuff ring facies of Raventhorpe include finely fragmented laminated to thinly bedded surge beds, coarse planar fall beds, and a massive magmatic block and bomb bed. The data show evidence for eruption drying out in the early stages moving to a Strombolian phase before reverting back to a phreatomagmatic style. Petrographic data indicates the Kaawa Formation aquifers were very important in the eruption dynamics, with the localisation of vents controlled by the St. Stevens Fault.
The facies of the Pokeno West tuff ring include finely fragmented laminated or thinly bedded surge beds, cross bedded surge beds, planar bedded fall beds, and massive magmatic coarse lapilli beds. The data suggest variable eruption styles occurred alternating between phreatomagmatic and Strombolian. Petrographic analysis of lithic clasts indicates the Kaawa Formation aquifers were important in the eruption dynamics and the localisation of the tuff ring could be related to the Waikato or Pukekawa faults. The presence of the Kidnappers Ignimbrite allows for a new age constraint based on stratigraphy (>1.0 Ma).

GIS analysis of the South Auckland volcanic field indicates fault location is the main control on the distribution of volcanic centres. The type of volcanism occurring is related to the hydrogeological parameters of underlying strata, which throughout the Manukau Lowlands is the Kaawa Formation. However, there are several dry magmatic volcanic centres in the Manukau Lowlands which could indicate another control by rate of magma flux which if rapid enough could prevent water-magma interaction. The distribution of age constrained centres has been statistically verified to be random.

text: Volcanology of the Raventhorpe and Pokeno West Volcanic Complexes, South Auckland Volcanic Field The South Auckland volcanic field hosts at least 82 volcanic centres throughout the Pukekohe, Bombay, Tuakau, Pukekawa and Onewhero regions. The monogenetic basaltic volcanic field was active between 1.59 to 0.51 Ma, producing tuff rings, maar craters, scoria cones, and basaltic lava flows covering an area of 300 km2.

Two volcanic complexes have been studied in this thesis: the Raventhorpe volcanic complex, and the Pokeno West volcanic complex. The Raventhorpe complex hosts six interconnected and overlapping tuff rings (the Raventhorpe and five Ingram Road tuff rings) and the Rutherford Road scoria cone with several lava flows. The Pokeno West volcanic complex hosts a single tuff ring and surrounding lava flows. Each complex has been mapped and stratigraphic logs of exposed sections have been constructed. Measurements have been made of componentry (juveniles, lithics, crystals) and vesicularity of juvenile clasts. Petrography of the tuff rings, mineralogy (including selected electron microprobe analyses) and geochemistry by XRF has been undertaken to characterise the deposits. These data have been compiled and used for facies analysis, and to determine styles of eruption and their controlling factors.

The tuff ring facies of Raventhorpe include finely fragmented laminated to thinly bedded surge beds, coarse planar fall beds, and a massive magmatic block and bomb bed. The data show evidence for eruption drying out in the early stages moving to a Strombolian phase before reverting back to a phreatomagmatic style. Petrographic data indicates the Kaawa Formation aquifers were very important in the eruption dynamics, with the localisation of vents controlled by the St. Stevens Fault.
The facies of the Pokeno West tuff ring include finely fragmented laminated or thinly bedded surge beds, cross bedded surge beds, planar bedded fall beds, and massive magmatic coarse lapilli beds. The data suggest variable eruption styles occurred alternating between phreatomagmatic and Strombolian. Petrographic analysis of lithic clasts indicates the Kaawa Formation aquifers were important in the eruption dynamics and the localisation of the tuff ring could be related to the Waikato or Pukekawa faults. The presence of the Kidnappers Ignimbrite allows for a new age constraint based on stratigraphy (>1.0 Ma).

GIS analysis of the South Auckland volcanic field indicates fault location is the main control on the distribution of volcanic centres. The type of volcanism occurring is related to the hydrogeological parameters of underlying strata, which throughout the Manukau Lowlands is the Kaawa Formation. However, there are several dry magmatic volcanic centres in the Manukau Lowlands which could indicate another control by rate of magma flux which if rapid enough could prevent water-magma interaction. The distribution of age constrained centres has been statistically verified to be random.

year: 2012

title: Community-Based Tourism Development in Long Lan Village, Luang Prabang, Laos

authors: Phillips, Laura Elizabeth

abstract: This thesis reports on research that was conducted from July to September 2014 in the village of Long Lan in Northern Laos into the potential for a community based, community operated, and community controlled ethnic-ecological-tourism enterprise. 
Long Lan is a White Hmong village located in a mountainous area 40 km northeast of Luang Prabang. They were traditional shifting cultivators growing rice and corn for subsistence and opium poppies for the production of opium as a cash crop. In 1999, however, the Lao government banned both shifting cultivation and opium production, presenting Long Lan with a serious livelihood challenge. In the same year, the Centre for Ecological Studies of Highlands (CHESH), a sister organization of the Vietnamese NGO the Social Policy Ecology Research Institute (SPERI), began working with Long Lan on a programme of Culture Based Sustainable Community Development aimed at developing the customary forms of leadership, governance, and ownership of territory in order for Long Lan inhabitants to maintaining their own spiritual values towards nature and their own customary ways of governing their community and natural resources.
As part of the overall village development plan, the objective of the current research was to gain an understanding of potential benefits, pitfalls and challenges involved in operating a community-based ethnic tourism enterprise in Long Lan village, and to gather information useful in aiding in the possible development of an endogenous, community-based tourism venture owned and operated by the people of Long Lan. Thirty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with Long Lan residents to ascertain their knowledge and understanding of tourism activities and their possible impact. These views were analysed and fed back to the village in research feedback meetings together with recommendations by the research team. 
The research is placed within the context of a critical review of ethnic tourism Thailand and Laos.

text: Community-Based Tourism Development in Long Lan Village, Luang Prabang, Laos This thesis reports on research that was conducted from July to September 2014 in the village of Long Lan in Northern Laos into the potential for a community based, community operated, and community controlled ethnic-ecological-tourism enterprise. 
Long Lan is a White Hmong village located in a mountainous area 40 km northeast of Luang Prabang. They were traditional shifting cultivators growing rice and corn for subsistence and opium poppies for the production of opium as a cash crop. In 1999, however, the Lao government banned both shifting cultivation and opium production, presenting Long Lan with a serious livelihood challenge. In the same year, the Centre for Ecological Studies of Highlands (CHESH), a sister organization of the Vietnamese NGO the Social Policy Ecology Research Institute (SPERI), began working with Long Lan on a programme of Culture Based Sustainable Community Development aimed at developing the customary forms of leadership, governance, and ownership of territory in order for Long Lan inhabitants to maintaining their own spiritual values towards nature and their own customary ways of governing their community and natural resources.
As part of the overall village development plan, the objective of the current research was to gain an understanding of potential benefits, pitfalls and challenges involved in operating a community-based ethnic tourism enterprise in Long Lan village, and to gather information useful in aiding in the possible development of an endogenous, community-based tourism venture owned and operated by the people of Long Lan. Thirty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with Long Lan residents to ascertain their knowledge and understanding of tourism activities and their possible impact. These views were analysed and fed back to the village in research feedback meetings together with recommendations by the research team. 
The research is placed within the context of a critical review of ethnic tourism Thailand and Laos.

year: 2015

title: Prismatic storying: Making visible multi coloured codes

authors: Stuart, Margaret J.

abstract: Language is a casement into cultures' deepest meanings. As children acquire languages, they implicitly adopt the mores of people around them; read the symbols, artefacts and codes. In this article, we examine the importance of language and literacy in the early childhood curriculum Te Whariki: He Whariki Matauranga mo nga Mokopuna o Aotearoa/Early Childhood Curriculum (Ministry of Education, 1996). The focus of the article is on literacy from a bicultural perspective. Adults support children in finding out about both their social and physical worlds. They use their 'imaginations to explore their own and others' identities' (MoE, 1996, p. 25). Our aim is to offer teachers in mainstream early childhood centres (ECE) strategies to apply, practise and situate literacy approaches that reflect Te Ao Maori through stories reflecting symbolic representations of people, places and things.

text: Prismatic storying: Making visible multi coloured codes Language is a casement into cultures' deepest meanings. As children acquire languages, they implicitly adopt the mores of people around them; read the symbols, artefacts and codes. In this article, we examine the importance of language and literacy in the early childhood curriculum Te Whariki: He Whariki Matauranga mo nga Mokopuna o Aotearoa/Early Childhood Curriculum (Ministry of Education, 1996). The focus of the article is on literacy from a bicultural perspective. Adults support children in finding out about both their social and physical worlds. They use their 'imaginations to explore their own and others' identities' (MoE, 1996, p. 25). Our aim is to offer teachers in mainstream early childhood centres (ECE) strategies to apply, practise and situate literacy approaches that reflect Te Ao Maori through stories reflecting symbolic representations of people, places and things.

year: 2018