title: Interview with Michael Apple: The biography of a public intellectual

authors: Peters, Michael A.

abstract: Michael W. Apple is the John Bascom Professor of Curriculum and Instruction and Educational Policy Studies in the Departments of Curriculum and Instruction (CI) and Educational Policy Studies (EPS) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Education where he has taught since 1970. Michael Apple is one of the foremost educational theorists in the world and a public intellectual who is deeply committed to empowerment and transformation of people through education. Professor Apple specializes in understanding and analyzing the relations between education and power. He has made major contributions to the fields of cultural politics, curriculum theory and research, and critical teaching. He has been a tireless advocate and activist-theorist for development of democratic schools over four decades. He began teaching in elementary and secondary schools in New Jersey where he grew up and served as president of the local teachers' union. He has spent his career working with educators, unions, dissident and disadvantaged groups throughout the world on democratizing educational policy and practice. Professor Apple's research centers on the limits and possibilities of critical educational policy and practice in a time of conservative restoration.

text: Interview with Michael Apple: The biography of a public intellectual Michael W. Apple is the John Bascom Professor of Curriculum and Instruction and Educational Policy Studies in the Departments of Curriculum and Instruction (CI) and Educational Policy Studies (EPS) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Education where he has taught since 1970. Michael Apple is one of the foremost educational theorists in the world and a public intellectual who is deeply committed to empowerment and transformation of people through education. Professor Apple specializes in understanding and analyzing the relations between education and power. He has made major contributions to the fields of cultural politics, curriculum theory and research, and critical teaching. He has been a tireless advocate and activist-theorist for development of democratic schools over four decades. He began teaching in elementary and secondary schools in New Jersey where he grew up and served as president of the local teachers' union. He has spent his career working with educators, unions, dissident and disadvantaged groups throughout the world on democratizing educational policy and practice. Professor Apple's research centers on the limits and possibilities of critical educational policy and practice in a time of conservative restoration.

year: 2015

title: The relation between Preference and Price of different different amounts of food with hens

authors: Bicknell, Sinead Candice

subjects: Preference

abstract: In the first condition six hens responded on concurrent schedule with two variable interval 60-s schedules leading to 2 s of access to wheat.  This gave estimates of bias resulting from any uncontrolled differences between the two schedules (i.e., inherent bias). Then the same hens responded on concurrent chain schedules of reinforcement for two different durations of access to food: 2 s and 8 s. The initial links were both variable interval 60-s schedules and the terminal links were equal fixed ratio schedules. Over Conditions 2 to 8, the response requirement in the terminal links was varied over 1 to 128. Response and time ratios in the initial links showed responding and time allocation was greater on the key associated with the 8 s duration reinforcer, showing a preference for that terminal link, even when any inherent bias was removed. These preferences were generally greater the larger the response requirement. Preference followed the 8-s reinforcer when the key associated with that reinforcer was changed in Conditions 9 and 10, and was greater the larger the response requirement in these conditions. Thus increases in response requirement increased preference for the longer duration reinforcer. The terminal-link length increased equally for both food durations with increases in response requirement up to fixed ratio 32 for most hens. With fixed ratios of 64 and 128 there were some unequal length terminal links and these were associated with preference changes, with greater inequality between the terminal link lengths giving greater preference for the shorter terminal link. The study cannot separate out the effects of terminal link length and response requirement on preference, both most likely contributed to the preference changes. In the terminal links there were higher overall response rates and shorter post-entry pauses with the shorter duration of reinforcer (2 s) at the smaller fixed ratio values. These data follow the pattern seen in studies of fixed ratio performance, where less preferred reinforcers have given higher overall response rates and shorter post-reinforcement pauses at smaller fixed ratio values. These data indicate that differences in overall response rate in do not reflect the preference seen in the initial links.

text: The relation between Preference and Price of different different amounts of food with hens In the first condition six hens responded on concurrent schedule with two variable interval 60-s schedules leading to 2 s of access to wheat.  This gave estimates of bias resulting from any uncontrolled differences between the two schedules (i.e., inherent bias). Then the same hens responded on concurrent chain schedules of reinforcement for two different durations of access to food: 2 s and 8 s. The initial links were both variable interval 60-s schedules and the terminal links were equal fixed ratio schedules. Over Conditions 2 to 8, the response requirement in the terminal links was varied over 1 to 128. Response and time ratios in the initial links showed responding and time allocation was greater on the key associated with the 8 s duration reinforcer, showing a preference for that terminal link, even when any inherent bias was removed. These preferences were generally greater the larger the response requirement. Preference followed the 8-s reinforcer when the key associated with that reinforcer was changed in Conditions 9 and 10, and was greater the larger the response requirement in these conditions. Thus increases in response requirement increased preference for the longer duration reinforcer. The terminal-link length increased equally for both food durations with increases in response requirement up to fixed ratio 32 for most hens. With fixed ratios of 64 and 128 there were some unequal length terminal links and these were associated with preference changes, with greater inequality between the terminal link lengths giving greater preference for the shorter terminal link. The study cannot separate out the effects of terminal link length and response requirement on preference, both most likely contributed to the preference changes. In the terminal links there were higher overall response rates and shorter post-entry pauses with the shorter duration of reinforcer (2 s) at the smaller fixed ratio values. These data follow the pattern seen in studies of fixed ratio performance, where less preferred reinforcers have given higher overall response rates and shorter post-reinforcement pauses at smaller fixed ratio values. These data indicate that differences in overall response rate in do not reflect the preference seen in the initial links.

year: 2015

title: Manaakitia te paharakeke: an insight into the daily operational challenges facing Te Whakaruruhau

authors: Kurei, Anna

subjects: Women's refuge

abstract: This report is based on participant observations of the daily operations at Te Whakaruruhau, Hamilton. The observations represent the fieldwork element of an undergraduate paper contributing to the co-author, Anna Kurei’s Bachelor’s degree at the University of Waikato. Anna’s participation and observations over several weeks included attending meetings, shadowing Advocates, contributing (as appropriate) to operations and observing interactions between Advocates and the women in living in the service’s residential housing. 
Founded by Ruahine Albert and Ariana Simpson in 1986, Te Whakaruruhau Incorporated (Waikato women's refuge) was the first Māori women's refuge in Aotearoa. Since its inception, Te Whakaruruhau has been a Kaupapa driven service, with Māori cultural practices consciously employed throughout all its operations. Māori tikanga is fluid and adaptable by nature and can therefore meet the needs of people from multiple cultures and backgrounds. The current service has grown from humble beginnings in a four-bedroom state owned house providing emergency housing, to now include a twenty-four-hour crisis service, residential housing and a broadened community outreach programme. Staff numbers have increased from 7 to 36 paid staff and the twenty-fourhour crisis service has allowed the refuge to provide services for high risk cases that would otherwise be turned away. 
Funding is critical to the successful operation of the service. The refuge provides wrap-around services to meet clients’ needs and help them navigate through a maze of government and community services. The needs of women and families who have lived with domestic violence are deep-seated and complex. Achieving a stable, healthy, independent life is frequently a long-term process. Funding however, is not only limited, but is tied to expectations of achieving successful outcomes in the short-term. It was quickly evident during the fieldwork that Te Whakaruruhau is desperately under-resourced. In the year to June 2015 the Refuge provided services for 6575 cases, but had contracted funds for less than 1600. The consequences of such starkly inadequate resources are dire – for both clients and staff.
Advocates (case workers) are frequently exhausted as they try to assist women and children with high and complex needs with very little resources on a highly restricted budget. Many times, workers were observed relegating their own interests (including their own health and safety) in order to meet the demands and needs of their clients. Similarly, the successful rehabilitation of clients is jeopardised by restricted options, insufficient capacity in the system and at times even the simplest of requirements such as transport to essential services. We know that when women and children become free of violence they have better health, employment and education outcomes. These outcomes benefit not only themselves but their communities and the wider social and economic landscape. Higher levels of funding - with a longer term focus- would therefore ultimately reduce the costs of domestic violence overall. Further to this, Kaupapa-based services at Te Whakaruruhau offer a culturally meaningful response to the high representation of Maori women seeking assistance. Its success in the face of such high levels of under-resourcing suggests that expectations around funding also need to be altered.

text: Manaakitia te paharakeke: an insight into the daily operational challenges facing Te Whakaruruhau This report is based on participant observations of the daily operations at Te Whakaruruhau, Hamilton. The observations represent the fieldwork element of an undergraduate paper contributing to the co-author, Anna Kurei’s Bachelor’s degree at the University of Waikato. Anna’s participation and observations over several weeks included attending meetings, shadowing Advocates, contributing (as appropriate) to operations and observing interactions between Advocates and the women in living in the service’s residential housing. 
Founded by Ruahine Albert and Ariana Simpson in 1986, Te Whakaruruhau Incorporated (Waikato women's refuge) was the first Māori women's refuge in Aotearoa. Since its inception, Te Whakaruruhau has been a Kaupapa driven service, with Māori cultural practices consciously employed throughout all its operations. Māori tikanga is fluid and adaptable by nature and can therefore meet the needs of people from multiple cultures and backgrounds. The current service has grown from humble beginnings in a four-bedroom state owned house providing emergency housing, to now include a twenty-four-hour crisis service, residential housing and a broadened community outreach programme. Staff numbers have increased from 7 to 36 paid staff and the twenty-fourhour crisis service has allowed the refuge to provide services for high risk cases that would otherwise be turned away. 
Funding is critical to the successful operation of the service. The refuge provides wrap-around services to meet clients’ needs and help them navigate through a maze of government and community services. The needs of women and families who have lived with domestic violence are deep-seated and complex. Achieving a stable, healthy, independent life is frequently a long-term process. Funding however, is not only limited, but is tied to expectations of achieving successful outcomes in the short-term. It was quickly evident during the fieldwork that Te Whakaruruhau is desperately under-resourced. In the year to June 2015 the Refuge provided services for 6575 cases, but had contracted funds for less than 1600. The consequences of such starkly inadequate resources are dire – for both clients and staff.
Advocates (case workers) are frequently exhausted as they try to assist women and children with high and complex needs with very little resources on a highly restricted budget. Many times, workers were observed relegating their own interests (including their own health and safety) in order to meet the demands and needs of their clients. Similarly, the successful rehabilitation of clients is jeopardised by restricted options, insufficient capacity in the system and at times even the simplest of requirements such as transport to essential services. We know that when women and children become free of violence they have better health, employment and education outcomes. These outcomes benefit not only themselves but their communities and the wider social and economic landscape. Higher levels of funding - with a longer term focus- would therefore ultimately reduce the costs of domestic violence overall. Further to this, Kaupapa-based services at Te Whakaruruhau offer a culturally meaningful response to the high representation of Maori women seeking assistance. Its success in the face of such high levels of under-resourcing suggests that expectations around funding also need to be altered.

year: 2016