title: Heyer's heroes: An investigation into Georgette Heyer and her literary 'mark' on the Regency hero

authors: Warner, Celeste Rosalind

subjects: Georgette Heyer

abstract: Georgette Heyer, a writer most famous for her Regency romances, has not entered the portals of any literary canon, yet her writing has had an impact on the literary world in terms of her contribution to popular fiction. The body of Scholarship on Georgette Heyer is not large and this thesis seeks to contribute to and extend previous research through an analysis of her heroes, in particular, the Regency hero. This investigation into her heroes reveals that Heyer was influenced by the heroes of both literary and popular writers and, in turn, helped to create a new genre of romantic hero. Georgette Heyer's two prototypes, 'Mark I: The brusque, savage sort with a foul temper' and 'Mark II: Suave, well-dressed, rich, and a famous whip', have their roots in literary tradition. A study of her novels reveals the heavy influence of pre-twentieth century writers, particularly Charlotte Br nte, Lord Byron, and Jane Austen, and the twentieth century works of Baroness Orczy. In the Regency novels, Heyer's heroes are suave, sophisticated men: Corinthians, top-sawyers, leaders of fashion - the type of archetypal hero one might expect in popular historical romance fiction. Indeed, Heyer's novels are of fundamental importance in the creation and popularising of this archetype. Georgette Heyer also redefines the romantic genre by introducing the rake as a type of anti-hero and subverting the heroic norm with dandified and plain men also playing the heroic role. Through Georgette Heyer's contribution to the Regency romance, the Heyer hero has become a recognised and frequently replicated type.

text: Heyer's heroes: An investigation into Georgette Heyer and her literary 'mark' on the Regency hero Georgette Heyer, a writer most famous for her Regency romances, has not entered the portals of any literary canon, yet her writing has had an impact on the literary world in terms of her contribution to popular fiction. The body of Scholarship on Georgette Heyer is not large and this thesis seeks to contribute to and extend previous research through an analysis of her heroes, in particular, the Regency hero. This investigation into her heroes reveals that Heyer was influenced by the heroes of both literary and popular writers and, in turn, helped to create a new genre of romantic hero. Georgette Heyer's two prototypes, 'Mark I: The brusque, savage sort with a foul temper' and 'Mark II: Suave, well-dressed, rich, and a famous whip', have their roots in literary tradition. A study of her novels reveals the heavy influence of pre-twentieth century writers, particularly Charlotte Br nte, Lord Byron, and Jane Austen, and the twentieth century works of Baroness Orczy. In the Regency novels, Heyer's heroes are suave, sophisticated men: Corinthians, top-sawyers, leaders of fashion - the type of archetypal hero one might expect in popular historical romance fiction. Indeed, Heyer's novels are of fundamental importance in the creation and popularising of this archetype. Georgette Heyer also redefines the romantic genre by introducing the rake as a type of anti-hero and subverting the heroic norm with dandified and plain men also playing the heroic role. Through Georgette Heyer's contribution to the Regency romance, the Heyer hero has become a recognised and frequently replicated type.

year: 2010

title: The influence of asymptomatic hypermobility on unanticipated cutting biomechanics

authors: Hanzlíková, Ivana

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Background:
Generalized joint hypermobility is an important risk factor for knee injuries, including to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Examining movement patterns specific to hypermobile individuals during sport-specific movements could facilitate development of targeted recommendations and injury prevention programs for this population.

Hypothesis:
Asymptomatic hypermobile participants will present kinematics measures suggestive of a greater risk of noncontact knee or ACL injuries.

Study Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Level of Evidence:
Level 3.

Methods:
Forty-two (15 asymptomatic hypermobile and 27 nonhypermobile) individuals performed unanticipated side-step cutting on their dominant and nondominant legs. Ankle, knee, hip, pelvis, and trunk angles in all planes of motion were collected during the first 100 ms after initial contact using a 3-dimensional infrared system. Precontact foot-ground angles were also extracted. Data from hypermobile and nonhypermobile groups were compared using multiple regression models with sex as a confounder. When nonsignificant, the confounder was removed from the model. Effect sizes (Hedge g) were calculated in the presence of significant between-group differences.

Results:
Hypermobile individuals presented with lower minimum knee valgus angles with a mean difference of 3.5° (P = 0.03, Hedge g = 0.69) and greater peak knee external rotation angles with a mean difference of −4.5° (P = 0.04, Hedge g = 0.70) during dominant leg cutting, and lower peak ankle plantarflexion angles with a mean difference of 4.5° (P = 0.03, Hedge g = 0.73) during nondominant leg cutting compared with nonhypermobile individuals.

Conclusion:
Based on current scientific evidence, however, the identified differences are not crucial biomechanical injury risk factors that could predispose asymptomatic hypermobile individuals to noncontact knee or ACL injuries.

Clinical Relevance:
Further research is needed to highlight differences between hypermobility groups. Knowledge of the differences between these groups may change the physical activity recommendations, prevention of injury, and rehabilitation approaches.

text: The influence of asymptomatic hypermobility on unanticipated cutting biomechanics Background:
Generalized joint hypermobility is an important risk factor for knee injuries, including to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Examining movement patterns specific to hypermobile individuals during sport-specific movements could facilitate development of targeted recommendations and injury prevention programs for this population.

Hypothesis:
Asymptomatic hypermobile participants will present kinematics measures suggestive of a greater risk of noncontact knee or ACL injuries.

Study Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Level of Evidence:
Level 3.

Methods:
Forty-two (15 asymptomatic hypermobile and 27 nonhypermobile) individuals performed unanticipated side-step cutting on their dominant and nondominant legs. Ankle, knee, hip, pelvis, and trunk angles in all planes of motion were collected during the first 100 ms after initial contact using a 3-dimensional infrared system. Precontact foot-ground angles were also extracted. Data from hypermobile and nonhypermobile groups were compared using multiple regression models with sex as a confounder. When nonsignificant, the confounder was removed from the model. Effect sizes (Hedge g) were calculated in the presence of significant between-group differences.

Results:
Hypermobile individuals presented with lower minimum knee valgus angles with a mean difference of 3.5° (P = 0.03, Hedge g = 0.69) and greater peak knee external rotation angles with a mean difference of −4.5° (P = 0.04, Hedge g = 0.70) during dominant leg cutting, and lower peak ankle plantarflexion angles with a mean difference of 4.5° (P = 0.03, Hedge g = 0.73) during nondominant leg cutting compared with nonhypermobile individuals.

Conclusion:
Based on current scientific evidence, however, the identified differences are not crucial biomechanical injury risk factors that could predispose asymptomatic hypermobile individuals to noncontact knee or ACL injuries.

Clinical Relevance:
Further research is needed to highlight differences between hypermobility groups. Knowledge of the differences between these groups may change the physical activity recommendations, prevention of injury, and rehabilitation approaches.

year: 2021

title: /u/ fronting and /t/ aspiration in Māori and New Zealand English

authors: Maclagan, Margaret

subjects: Maori

abstract: This article examines the relationship between the frontness of /u/ and the aspiration of /t/ in both Māori and New Zealand English (NZE). In both languages, these processes can be observed since the earliest recordings dating from the latter part of the nineteenth century. We report analyses of these developments for three groups of male speakers of Māori spanning the twentieth century. We compare the Māori analyses with analyses of related features of the speakers' English and of the English of monolingual contemporaries. The occurrence of these processes in Māori cannot be seen simply as interference from NZE as the Māori-speaking population became increasingly bilingual. We conclude that it was the arrival of English with its contrast between aspirated and unaspirated plosives, rather than direct borrowing, that was the trigger for the fronting of the hitherto stable back Māori /u/ vowel together with increased aspiration of /t/ before both /i/ and /u/.

text: /u/ fronting and /t/ aspiration in Māori and New Zealand English This article examines the relationship between the frontness of /u/ and the aspiration of /t/ in both Māori and New Zealand English (NZE). In both languages, these processes can be observed since the earliest recordings dating from the latter part of the nineteenth century. We report analyses of these developments for three groups of male speakers of Māori spanning the twentieth century. We compare the Māori analyses with analyses of related features of the speakers' English and of the English of monolingual contemporaries. The occurrence of these processes in Māori cannot be seen simply as interference from NZE as the Māori-speaking population became increasingly bilingual. We conclude that it was the arrival of English with its contrast between aspirated and unaspirated plosives, rather than direct borrowing, that was the trigger for the fronting of the hitherto stable back Māori /u/ vowel together with increased aspiration of /t/ before both /i/ and /u/.

year: 2009