title: Postantibiotic effect of purified melittin from honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

authors: Han, Sangmi

subjects: bee venom

abstract: Since the ancient times, the antibacterial application of honeybee venom (BV) has been practised and persisted. We investigated the antibacterial activity of whole BV and purified melittin against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the postantibiotic effects (PAEs). The in vitro PAEs of whole BV and isolated melittin were determined using E. coli and S. aureus. The PAEs of whole BV against E. coli and S. aureus were 0.15 h (1   MIC), 2.4 h (5   MIC), and 3.45 h (1   MIC), respectively. The PAEs of melittin against E. coli and S. aureus were 0.1 h (1   MIC), 3.2 h (5   MIC), and 4.35 h (1   MIC), respectively. These results suggest that whole BV and melittin will be developed as a novel antibacterial drug.

text: Postantibiotic effect of purified melittin from honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Since the ancient times, the antibacterial application of honeybee venom (BV) has been practised and persisted. We investigated the antibacterial activity of whole BV and purified melittin against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the postantibiotic effects (PAEs). The in vitro PAEs of whole BV and isolated melittin were determined using E. coli and S. aureus. The PAEs of whole BV against E. coli and S. aureus were 0.15 h (1   MIC), 2.4 h (5   MIC), and 3.45 h (1   MIC), respectively. The PAEs of melittin against E. coli and S. aureus were 0.1 h (1   MIC), 3.2 h (5   MIC), and 4.35 h (1   MIC), respectively. These results suggest that whole BV and melittin will be developed as a novel antibacterial drug.

year: 2009

title: The Zapatista rebellion and Mexican reluctance to repress a dissident group

authors: Whyte, Hamish

abstract: Mexican dirty wars, the disappearances of thousands, the 1968 Tlatelolco Massacre, the 1971 Corpus Christi Massacre, genocidal plans, kidnappings, tortures and mass graves: Mexico has a long and well-documented history of how it deals with those who rebel, speak out or protest against the government. The Zapatistas are a group in the state of Chiapas who decided to speak out in defiance. However, the fate they received was less harsh than those who had gone before them, or since. Why?
On January 1st 1994, 3,000 Mayan Indian farmers including men, women and children became guerrillas and came down from the mountains in Chiapas and declared war on the Mexican government. They took several municipalities in Chiapas and barricaded themselves in there. The government responded by sending in the military, taking back the municipalities and trying to restore order. Twelve days later, the fighting stopped and a ceasefire was called. Why were the Zapatistas, poor indigenous farmers from the most southern state in Mexico, not brutally repressed like similar groups before them? 
This paper is a plausibility probe case study analysis of the Zapatistas, exploring potential hypotheses as to what caused the government’s treatment of them to differ from treatment afforded to other rebellions in Mexico. The Zapatista case appears to be a unique one in the Mexican context. This paper looks at the causes from different and interlinking angles. ‘Liberation technology’, political culture, historical timing and the political situation in Mexico, are all explored. The findings show that each aspect had its own crucial role to play, but that there was a definitive role for communication and technology in explaining the relatively benign treatment of the Zapatistas.
Communication and ‘liberation technology’ allowed the Zapatistas to highlight their struggle and create a discourse that they were able to control. Mexico also has had a complex political relationship and history with the United States of America, and this appears to have had a significant impact on the treatment of the Zapatista during this period. Mexican political culture is strong and complex and has also played a defining role in the history of the Zapatistas.

text: The Zapatista rebellion and Mexican reluctance to repress a dissident group Mexican dirty wars, the disappearances of thousands, the 1968 Tlatelolco Massacre, the 1971 Corpus Christi Massacre, genocidal plans, kidnappings, tortures and mass graves: Mexico has a long and well-documented history of how it deals with those who rebel, speak out or protest against the government. The Zapatistas are a group in the state of Chiapas who decided to speak out in defiance. However, the fate they received was less harsh than those who had gone before them, or since. Why?
On January 1st 1994, 3,000 Mayan Indian farmers including men, women and children became guerrillas and came down from the mountains in Chiapas and declared war on the Mexican government. They took several municipalities in Chiapas and barricaded themselves in there. The government responded by sending in the military, taking back the municipalities and trying to restore order. Twelve days later, the fighting stopped and a ceasefire was called. Why were the Zapatistas, poor indigenous farmers from the most southern state in Mexico, not brutally repressed like similar groups before them? 
This paper is a plausibility probe case study analysis of the Zapatistas, exploring potential hypotheses as to what caused the government’s treatment of them to differ from treatment afforded to other rebellions in Mexico. The Zapatista case appears to be a unique one in the Mexican context. This paper looks at the causes from different and interlinking angles. ‘Liberation technology’, political culture, historical timing and the political situation in Mexico, are all explored. The findings show that each aspect had its own crucial role to play, but that there was a definitive role for communication and technology in explaining the relatively benign treatment of the Zapatistas.
Communication and ‘liberation technology’ allowed the Zapatistas to highlight their struggle and create a discourse that they were able to control. Mexico also has had a complex political relationship and history with the United States of America, and this appears to have had a significant impact on the treatment of the Zapatista during this period. Mexican political culture is strong and complex and has also played a defining role in the history of the Zapatistas.

year: 2018

title: Riperata kahutia: a woman of mana

authors: Nikora, Shelley Aroha

subjects: Riperata Kahutia

abstract: Riperata Kahutia is widely remembered as a leader in the history of Tūranganuiā-
Kiwa, who fought to retain and repossess land during the difficult times of the
1860's. During this period of rapid social change and political upheavals resulting
in injustices, the exercise of rangatiratanga took many forms. Responses to
change covered a wide spectrum and there was no 'right' way of doing things,
simply leaders making decisions on the basis of what they and their people
thought at the time were best. Riperata utilised the law as a means of retaining
the land and the mana of her people. While her status as a rangatira was never in
doubt, innuendo surfaced suggesting she may have received more land entitlement
than she was qualified for.
The activities by Riperata may have been different from other leaders but the
purpose was the same: to preserve the people and the land. Her strategies for
doing so, based on her inherited mana and upbringing, her knowledge of local iwi
traditions, her acquisition of new skills introduced by Pākehā and her innovative
approaches to exercising her rangatiratanga, make her a worthwhile study.
This thesis will support the viewpoint that Riperata Kahutia acted on behalf of her
people and for the good of her people. It will be argued Riperata was a visionary
who embraced the changes imposed upon a society enduring the consequences of
colonisation. A major objective is to dispel suggestions she embellished her
rights.

text: Riperata kahutia: a woman of mana Riperata Kahutia is widely remembered as a leader in the history of Tūranganuiā-
Kiwa, who fought to retain and repossess land during the difficult times of the
1860's. During this period of rapid social change and political upheavals resulting
in injustices, the exercise of rangatiratanga took many forms. Responses to
change covered a wide spectrum and there was no 'right' way of doing things,
simply leaders making decisions on the basis of what they and their people
thought at the time were best. Riperata utilised the law as a means of retaining
the land and the mana of her people. While her status as a rangatira was never in
doubt, innuendo surfaced suggesting she may have received more land entitlement
than she was qualified for.
The activities by Riperata may have been different from other leaders but the
purpose was the same: to preserve the people and the land. Her strategies for
doing so, based on her inherited mana and upbringing, her knowledge of local iwi
traditions, her acquisition of new skills introduced by Pākehā and her innovative
approaches to exercising her rangatiratanga, make her a worthwhile study.
This thesis will support the viewpoint that Riperata Kahutia acted on behalf of her
people and for the good of her people. It will be argued Riperata was a visionary
who embraced the changes imposed upon a society enduring the consequences of
colonisation. A major objective is to dispel suggestions she embellished her
rights.

year: 2009