title: Relationships Between Supervisor Behaviour and Subordinates' Work Attitudes: The Role of LMX

authors: Van Lamoen, Nils Karel

subjects: leadership

abstract: This study investigated the relationship between supervisor behaviour and the work experience of subordinate employees and assessed the role of the interpersonal exchange relationship between supervisor and subordinate. Participants completed a questionnaire asking them to rate their supervisor’s behaviour (initiating structure, tolerance of subordinate independence, perceived support, integration and consideration of subordinates), the quality of their leader-member exchange relationship (LMX) with their supervisor, perceived job autonomy, and role ambiguity. To assess subordinates’ work experience, respondents were also asked to report on their level of work engagement, citizenship behaviour, job motivation, commitment to the organisation, and team commitment. Two hundred and fifteen responses were collected and, following a factor analysis, mediation analyses were conducted using the supervisor behaviours as predictors, LMX, autonomy, and ambiguity as mediators and subordinate attitudes and behaviour as outcomes. 
The results provided support for the proposed mediated relationships with 30 out of 36 indirect relationships being significant. The findings confirmed that 1) supervisory behaviour had indirect effects on subordinate attitudes and behaviour. 2) LMX, job autonomy, and role ambiguity significantly predicted subordinate employees’ work attitudes and behaviour. 3) The behaviours of supervisors helped determine LMX, job autonomy and role ambiguity. These results confirmed that there is a strong relationship between the behaviour of supervisors and the work experience of subordinate employees. 
Although causation cannot be inferred based on the results of this study, the findings indicate that the supervisor may contribute to the work experience of subordinates. The findings may suggest that if supervisors were to change their role behaviour by the way they deal with subordinates and introduce structure in the workplace this my help reduce subordinates’ role ambiguity, raise perceived job autonomy,  lead to a higher quality exchange relationship, and positively influence work outcomes. This would enhance employee work engagement, organisation-directed citizenship behaviour, intrinsic motivation, commitment to organisation and work team benefiting both the organisation and the employees.
	Longitudinal research into an integrated model of supervisor behaviour and LMX using experimental or observational study designs is recommended in order to develop a model of causal relationships between supervisor behaviour, LMX, and subordinate outcomes. Further investigation of the measurement of supervisor behaviour may be appropriate in order to validate or revise the LBDQ scales, since factor analyses on these scales prompted substantial changes. Additionally, the results of this study indicated that perceived supervisor support and LMX may not be distinct constructs. Further research into the measurement and theoretical grounding of these measures is recommended.

text: Relationships Between Supervisor Behaviour and Subordinates' Work Attitudes: The Role of LMX This study investigated the relationship between supervisor behaviour and the work experience of subordinate employees and assessed the role of the interpersonal exchange relationship between supervisor and subordinate. Participants completed a questionnaire asking them to rate their supervisor’s behaviour (initiating structure, tolerance of subordinate independence, perceived support, integration and consideration of subordinates), the quality of their leader-member exchange relationship (LMX) with their supervisor, perceived job autonomy, and role ambiguity. To assess subordinates’ work experience, respondents were also asked to report on their level of work engagement, citizenship behaviour, job motivation, commitment to the organisation, and team commitment. Two hundred and fifteen responses were collected and, following a factor analysis, mediation analyses were conducted using the supervisor behaviours as predictors, LMX, autonomy, and ambiguity as mediators and subordinate attitudes and behaviour as outcomes. 
The results provided support for the proposed mediated relationships with 30 out of 36 indirect relationships being significant. The findings confirmed that 1) supervisory behaviour had indirect effects on subordinate attitudes and behaviour. 2) LMX, job autonomy, and role ambiguity significantly predicted subordinate employees’ work attitudes and behaviour. 3) The behaviours of supervisors helped determine LMX, job autonomy and role ambiguity. These results confirmed that there is a strong relationship between the behaviour of supervisors and the work experience of subordinate employees. 
Although causation cannot be inferred based on the results of this study, the findings indicate that the supervisor may contribute to the work experience of subordinates. The findings may suggest that if supervisors were to change their role behaviour by the way they deal with subordinates and introduce structure in the workplace this my help reduce subordinates’ role ambiguity, raise perceived job autonomy,  lead to a higher quality exchange relationship, and positively influence work outcomes. This would enhance employee work engagement, organisation-directed citizenship behaviour, intrinsic motivation, commitment to organisation and work team benefiting both the organisation and the employees.
	Longitudinal research into an integrated model of supervisor behaviour and LMX using experimental or observational study designs is recommended in order to develop a model of causal relationships between supervisor behaviour, LMX, and subordinate outcomes. Further investigation of the measurement of supervisor behaviour may be appropriate in order to validate or revise the LBDQ scales, since factor analyses on these scales prompted substantial changes. Additionally, the results of this study indicated that perceived supervisor support and LMX may not be distinct constructs. Further research into the measurement and theoretical grounding of these measures is recommended.

year: 2012

title: Prospective actuarial risk assessment: A comparison of five risk assessment instruments in different sexual offender subtypes

authors: Rettenberger, Martin

subjects: sexual offending

abstract: This study examines the predictive validity of the most commonly used risk assessment instruments for sexual offenders: Static-99, Rapid Risk Assessment for Sexual Offense Recidivism, Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide, Sexual Violence Risk—20, and Psychopathy Checklist—Revised in a prospective research design. Although risk assessment is part of a regime leading to various efforts to reduce risk by treatment and aftercare, all instruments show good predictive validity. However, depending on the instrument, recidivism category, and subgroup, the predictive accuracy varies markedly. Furthermore, the authors fail to demonstrate predictive validity for sexual violent reoffences—for the whole sample and for all subgroups. The results, nevertheless, support the utility and predictive validity of actuarial risk assessment complementary to treatment efforts to reduce risk. On the other hand, forensic practitioners have to be aware of the limitations of actuarial risk assessment methods, in particular as regards to variable predictive accuracy for different sexual offender subgroups and reoffence categories.

text: Prospective actuarial risk assessment: A comparison of five risk assessment instruments in different sexual offender subtypes This study examines the predictive validity of the most commonly used risk assessment instruments for sexual offenders: Static-99, Rapid Risk Assessment for Sexual Offense Recidivism, Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide, Sexual Violence Risk—20, and Psychopathy Checklist—Revised in a prospective research design. Although risk assessment is part of a regime leading to various efforts to reduce risk by treatment and aftercare, all instruments show good predictive validity. However, depending on the instrument, recidivism category, and subgroup, the predictive accuracy varies markedly. Furthermore, the authors fail to demonstrate predictive validity for sexual violent reoffences—for the whole sample and for all subgroups. The results, nevertheless, support the utility and predictive validity of actuarial risk assessment complementary to treatment efforts to reduce risk. On the other hand, forensic practitioners have to be aware of the limitations of actuarial risk assessment methods, in particular as regards to variable predictive accuracy for different sexual offender subgroups and reoffence categories.

year: 2010

title: Biological flora of New Zealand 11. Eleochairs spacelata, kuta, paopao, bamboo spike sedge.

authors: Kapa, Mieke M

subjects: cultural

abstract: Information relevant to the ecology and morphology of Eleocharis sphacelata (Cyperaceae) available through published and unpublished sources is assembled and reviewed. Eleocharis sphacelata is a freshwater wetland sedge found growing at the edge of lake margins, swamps, lagoons, and bogs within New Zealand, Australia, and Papua New Guinea. It is a perennial rhizomatous herb, with tall green cylindrical culms rising from submerged rhizomes generally buried under water in aerobic soils. A tendency to dominate the deepwater margins makes E. sphacelata crucial to the ecology of this habitat as a source of food, shelter, and protection for invertebrates, birds, and fish. Eleocharis sphacelata is commonly named giant spike-rush, kuta, or paopao. Māori have traditionally used the plant for clothing and warm coverings within whare (houses). Recent interest comes from its use in restoration plantings and constructed wetlands.

text: Biological flora of New Zealand 11. Eleochairs spacelata, kuta, paopao, bamboo spike sedge. Information relevant to the ecology and morphology of Eleocharis sphacelata (Cyperaceae) available through published and unpublished sources is assembled and reviewed. Eleocharis sphacelata is a freshwater wetland sedge found growing at the edge of lake margins, swamps, lagoons, and bogs within New Zealand, Australia, and Papua New Guinea. It is a perennial rhizomatous herb, with tall green cylindrical culms rising from submerged rhizomes generally buried under water in aerobic soils. A tendency to dominate the deepwater margins makes E. sphacelata crucial to the ecology of this habitat as a source of food, shelter, and protection for invertebrates, birds, and fish. Eleocharis sphacelata is commonly named giant spike-rush, kuta, or paopao. Māori have traditionally used the plant for clothing and warm coverings within whare (houses). Recent interest comes from its use in restoration plantings and constructed wetlands.

year: 2009