title: Ahumai

authors: Temara, Pou

subjects: Pātere

abstract: E tika ana kia punarua te wānanga i ēnei pātere e rua nā te mea he mārama te kite iho o whatu he ōrite ētahi o ngā rārangi kupu, ngā whakaaro me ngā kareāroto ki te pātere a Ahumai. Ahakoa kāore i te takoto te ingoa o te kaitito i tēnei pātere, nā te ōrite o ētahi o ngā kupu, e taea te whakapae, nā te ringa kotahi ēnei pātere i waituhi? Kai roto hoki i te pātere nei e takaoto ana ngā rohe o Raukawa pērā i Wharepūhunga, me ngā tangata whai mana o tērā iwi pērā i a Tīkao. Hei taituarā ka hahua ake anō te kōrero a Turanga Te Mauparaoa ki te tata o te rohe o te iwi nāna te waiata nei, ki tōna rohe. Kāore te Māori e kī ‘nō tua ake nei tēnei pātere’ mēnā he tawhiti atu te iwi i tōna. Nō reira, ki taku wānanga, ehara tēnei pātere nō ngā iwi o Taranaki. He tawhiti rawa a Taranaki i Murupara. Hāunga a Raukawa, koia te iwi kai ‘tua ake nei’.

E tuku ana ahau i taku ihu kia puta. Ki te tapahia mai, e pai ana. E kī ana hoki au, ko te mea poto te titonga tuatahi, ko te mea roa te titonga o muri mai. He ariā te mea tuatahi nō te mea tuarua.

text: Ahumai E tika ana kia punarua te wānanga i ēnei pātere e rua nā te mea he mārama te kite iho o whatu he ōrite ētahi o ngā rārangi kupu, ngā whakaaro me ngā kareāroto ki te pātere a Ahumai. Ahakoa kāore i te takoto te ingoa o te kaitito i tēnei pātere, nā te ōrite o ētahi o ngā kupu, e taea te whakapae, nā te ringa kotahi ēnei pātere i waituhi? Kai roto hoki i te pātere nei e takaoto ana ngā rohe o Raukawa pērā i Wharepūhunga, me ngā tangata whai mana o tērā iwi pērā i a Tīkao. Hei taituarā ka hahua ake anō te kōrero a Turanga Te Mauparaoa ki te tata o te rohe o te iwi nāna te waiata nei, ki tōna rohe. Kāore te Māori e kī ‘nō tua ake nei tēnei pātere’ mēnā he tawhiti atu te iwi i tōna. Nō reira, ki taku wānanga, ehara tēnei pātere nō ngā iwi o Taranaki. He tawhiti rawa a Taranaki i Murupara. Hāunga a Raukawa, koia te iwi kai ‘tua ake nei’.

E tuku ana ahau i taku ihu kia puta. Ki te tapahia mai, e pai ana. E kī ana hoki au, ko te mea poto te titonga tuatahi, ko te mea roa te titonga o muri mai. He ariā te mea tuatahi nō te mea tuarua.

year: 2017

title: Takuahi: Te oriori mō Tāmaunga-o-te-rangi - Mana atua, mana whenua, mana tangata

authors: Dewes, Mahue

subjects: Takuahi

abstract: E roa nei tātau te Māori nō ngā wā o Hawaiki e tito ana i te waiata, i te haka, i te oriori, i te mōteatea hei waka kawe i ngā kōrero tuku iho ki ngā whakatipuranga hou. He putuputu tonu ngā tūmomo karere, ka raua atu ki roto i wēnei momo titonga waiata a te Māori. Ka whārikihia e ngā tohunga kaitito ngā karere nei mā te reo kīwaha, mā te reo whakataukī, mā te reo auaha hei kura huna. Mei māmā te kimi, ka tohunga katoa ngā Māori. Kai te aroaro o te tuhingaroa nei, ka ketuketu i tētahi o ngā oriori o Ngāti Porou, otiā, nō Te Whānau-a-Hinerupe, ko te oriori mō Tāmaunga-o-te-rangi, nā Te Māperetahi. Mā konei ake e ruku atu ai ki te raparapa i ngā kura huna e whakatauira ana i te mana Atua, mana whenua, mana tangata hei mana ahi kā. Mā tēnā hoki e whakatauira te mana ahi kā, kai a Tama, otiā, hei tauira atu ki ngā uri o Te Whānau-a-Hinerupe i tō rātau ake ahi kā roa ki Te Kawakawa mai Tawhiti. Ko ngā kōrero kua kohingia, he kōrero nō ngā tāngata e mōhio ana ki ngā tūmomo mana, ā, ki ngā kōrero e pā ana ki te oriori nei. Ka iringia wēnei rau kōrero hei whakarākei tonu i te pae tapu o Te Whānau-a-Hinerupe.

text: Takuahi: Te oriori mō Tāmaunga-o-te-rangi - Mana atua, mana whenua, mana tangata E roa nei tātau te Māori nō ngā wā o Hawaiki e tito ana i te waiata, i te haka, i te oriori, i te mōteatea hei waka kawe i ngā kōrero tuku iho ki ngā whakatipuranga hou. He putuputu tonu ngā tūmomo karere, ka raua atu ki roto i wēnei momo titonga waiata a te Māori. Ka whārikihia e ngā tohunga kaitito ngā karere nei mā te reo kīwaha, mā te reo whakataukī, mā te reo auaha hei kura huna. Mei māmā te kimi, ka tohunga katoa ngā Māori. Kai te aroaro o te tuhingaroa nei, ka ketuketu i tētahi o ngā oriori o Ngāti Porou, otiā, nō Te Whānau-a-Hinerupe, ko te oriori mō Tāmaunga-o-te-rangi, nā Te Māperetahi. Mā konei ake e ruku atu ai ki te raparapa i ngā kura huna e whakatauira ana i te mana Atua, mana whenua, mana tangata hei mana ahi kā. Mā tēnā hoki e whakatauira te mana ahi kā, kai a Tama, otiā, hei tauira atu ki ngā uri o Te Whānau-a-Hinerupe i tō rātau ake ahi kā roa ki Te Kawakawa mai Tawhiti. Ko ngā kōrero kua kohingia, he kōrero nō ngā tāngata e mōhio ana ki ngā tūmomo mana, ā, ki ngā kōrero e pā ana ki te oriori nei. Ka iringia wēnei rau kōrero hei whakarākei tonu i te pae tapu o Te Whānau-a-Hinerupe.

year: 2016

title: A contrast-sensitive, redundancy reduction mechanism acting on MT neurons can explain global motion direction biases without the need for Bayesian priors

authors: Perrone, John A.

subjects: Bayesian observer model

abstract: Introduction: The perceived global direction of moving objects can be influenced by the contrast of the object (Weiss, Simoncelli & Adelson, Nature Neuroscience, 2002). There is currently no detailed, neural-based explanation for how this could occur. Weiss et al., proposed an ideal Bayesian observer model that included a physiologically unspecified ‘low speed’ prior. We have recently developed a new velocity code for extracting image velocity from small groups of MT neurons (Perrone & Krauzlis, VSS 2011). The code includes a stage of local spatial inhibition between MT neurons designed to reduce the amount of redundant signals passed onto the global motion integration stage (MST). The inhibition is made dependent upon the contrast of the stimulus by exploiting the fact that some MT neurons change their speed tuning (V shifts to ∼ .5V) at low contrast (Krekelberg et al., J. Neurosci., 2006). An inhibitory signal based on the difference in output from two such MT units tuned to V and 2V will be high at high contrast, but will switch off at low contrast when the input speed is V.
Methods: We tested our velocity code using high- and low-contrast rhombus stimuli that have been shown to produce contrast dependent biases in global motion estimates (Weiss, et al., 2002).
Results: The model produced contrast dependent estimates of global motion direction that match the perceptual results. Low contrast rhomboids tended to produce estimates orthogonal to the major axis of the rhombus whereas high contrast rhomboids produced estimates closer to the veridical direction. Our simulations indicate that at low contrast the spatial inhibitory mechanisms between MT neurons may be switching off causing an increase in the density of responses signalling motion orthogonal to the edges.
Conclusion: Our model provides a biologically plausible mechanism by which the Weiss et al., Bayesian prior could be implemented.

text: A contrast-sensitive, redundancy reduction mechanism acting on MT neurons can explain global motion direction biases without the need for Bayesian priors Introduction: The perceived global direction of moving objects can be influenced by the contrast of the object (Weiss, Simoncelli & Adelson, Nature Neuroscience, 2002). There is currently no detailed, neural-based explanation for how this could occur. Weiss et al., proposed an ideal Bayesian observer model that included a physiologically unspecified ‘low speed’ prior. We have recently developed a new velocity code for extracting image velocity from small groups of MT neurons (Perrone & Krauzlis, VSS 2011). The code includes a stage of local spatial inhibition between MT neurons designed to reduce the amount of redundant signals passed onto the global motion integration stage (MST). The inhibition is made dependent upon the contrast of the stimulus by exploiting the fact that some MT neurons change their speed tuning (V shifts to ∼ .5V) at low contrast (Krekelberg et al., J. Neurosci., 2006). An inhibitory signal based on the difference in output from two such MT units tuned to V and 2V will be high at high contrast, but will switch off at low contrast when the input speed is V.
Methods: We tested our velocity code using high- and low-contrast rhombus stimuli that have been shown to produce contrast dependent biases in global motion estimates (Weiss, et al., 2002).
Results: The model produced contrast dependent estimates of global motion direction that match the perceptual results. Low contrast rhomboids tended to produce estimates orthogonal to the major axis of the rhombus whereas high contrast rhomboids produced estimates closer to the veridical direction. Our simulations indicate that at low contrast the spatial inhibitory mechanisms between MT neurons may be switching off causing an increase in the density of responses signalling motion orthogonal to the edges.
Conclusion: Our model provides a biologically plausible mechanism by which the Weiss et al., Bayesian prior could be implemented.

year: 2012