title: Fraternity and Equality

authors: Cupit, Geoffrey

subjects: fraternity

abstract: Is there a connection between the values of fraternity and outcome equality? Is inequality at odds with fraternity? There are reasons to doubt that it is. First, fraternity requires us to want our ‘brothers’ and ‘sisters’ to fare well even when they are already better off than we are and their doing better will increase inequality. Second, fraternity seems not to require equality as a matter of fairness. Fairness requires (a certain) equality, but fraternity does not require fairness.
In examining what fraternity requires I discuss Rawls' suggestion that the difference principle corresponds to a natural meaning of fraternity, arguing that fraternity may be even more tolerant of inequality than the difference principle. Nevertheless, I defend the claim that fraternity and equality are linked, albeit not in such a way as to make inequality inconsistent with fraternity. Fraternity is related to equality since equalizing expresses the connectedness at the core of fraternity; but inequality is consistent with fraternity since there are other ways of expressing that connectedness.

text: Fraternity and Equality Is there a connection between the values of fraternity and outcome equality? Is inequality at odds with fraternity? There are reasons to doubt that it is. First, fraternity requires us to want our ‘brothers’ and ‘sisters’ to fare well even when they are already better off than we are and their doing better will increase inequality. Second, fraternity seems not to require equality as a matter of fairness. Fairness requires (a certain) equality, but fraternity does not require fairness.
In examining what fraternity requires I discuss Rawls' suggestion that the difference principle corresponds to a natural meaning of fraternity, arguing that fraternity may be even more tolerant of inequality than the difference principle. Nevertheless, I defend the claim that fraternity and equality are linked, albeit not in such a way as to make inequality inconsistent with fraternity. Fraternity is related to equality since equalizing expresses the connectedness at the core of fraternity; but inequality is consistent with fraternity since there are other ways of expressing that connectedness.

year: 2013

title: Blood money: A grounded theory of corporate citizenship; Myanmar (Burma) as a case in point

authors: Black, Nicola Mary

subjects: Corporate Citizenship

abstract: Corporate Citizenship as a social phenomena spans a growing body of
corporate initiatives, nascent policy frameworks, and global civil society action.
Corporate engagement with fragile states, and other situations identified as
contexts of conflict and/or weak governance, is the subject of scholarly and
practitioner research by those with an interest in Corporate Citizenship. In this
thesis I represent the corporation as a legal entity with significant political and
socio-economic impacts. Responsibility for these impacts is the subject of
ongoing social critique and contest. I consider the corporate form as a site of
broad protest at the environmental devastation and social dislocation that has
accompanied the globalisation and intensification of neo-liberal economic
activity. My analytic focus is the range of social processes involving actors from
the private, civil and political sphere, through which understandings of
responsible, potentially 'constructive' corporate engagement in fragile states are
created, contested and transformed. Further, efforts to embed Corporate
Citizenship as the normative basis for global business practice broadly reflect
aspirations for greater social justice. In identifying and describing intentions,
aspirations and forms of corporate engagement in fragile states, and the social
process through which these change, I critically examine the discourses of
development, security and governance which underpin Corporate Citizenship
efforts.
In this thesis I offer a grounded theory of Corporate Citizenship in Fragile
States I have developed through an empirical case study of the oil and gas
industry in Myanmar (Burma). Working within a social constructivist perspective
in the grounded theory research tradition, I have employed an iterative analytic
process to develop the theory presented. In this process the sampling of data was
undertaken to challenge and develop concepts in the emerging theory, concepts
identified using a method of constant comparison within and between sets of data.
I continued these concurrent processes of data-collection, analysis and theoretical
development until I judged the theory to be a sufficiently complete description of
the focus of inquiry. A total of seven broad sets of data informed the
development of the theory presented. These datasets include over a hundred
interviews in seven countries with stakeholders in three joint-venture offshore
exploration and production projects in Myanmar (Burma) undertaken from July
2006 to August 2009. The datasets also draw from an extensive body of corporate
and advocacy group publications regarding foreign investment in Myanmar, along
with other secondary data sources.
In this inquiry I have explored the multiple interactions between corporate,
state and civil society actors through which understandings of 'responsible'
corporate engagement in Myanmar are created, enacted and transformed. I have
identified and conceptualised four social processes at work in these interactions,
which I describe in the grounded theories of:
(1) Commercial Diplomacy (describing the use of enterprise as a conduit
for foreign policy by states, particularly as it relates to 'ethical' business
activity)
(2) Stakeholder Activism (critiquing the aims and strategies of
transnational civil society organisations who advocate for 'responsible'
corporate engagement)
(3) Corporate Engagement (explaining variation in the motivations and
terms of corporate engagement, specifically different forms of divestment
or engagement, as strategic responses to stakeholder activism, commercial
diplomacy and other factors which influence the enterprise context)
(4) Constructive Corporate Engagement (a conceptual framework,
grounded in multiple stakeholder-views and drawing from the
international development discourses of state fragility and human security,
for considering the potentially constructive impacts of corporate
engagement).
Working within and between these four theories, I generated an overarching
grounded theory of (5) Corporate Citizenship in Fragile States. From these
theories I offer a critical analysis of Corporate Citizenship as the normative basis
for a new articulation between the economic, social and political spheres in
pursuit of a more equitable global order.

text: Blood money: A grounded theory of corporate citizenship; Myanmar (Burma) as a case in point Corporate Citizenship as a social phenomena spans a growing body of
corporate initiatives, nascent policy frameworks, and global civil society action.
Corporate engagement with fragile states, and other situations identified as
contexts of conflict and/or weak governance, is the subject of scholarly and
practitioner research by those with an interest in Corporate Citizenship. In this
thesis I represent the corporation as a legal entity with significant political and
socio-economic impacts. Responsibility for these impacts is the subject of
ongoing social critique and contest. I consider the corporate form as a site of
broad protest at the environmental devastation and social dislocation that has
accompanied the globalisation and intensification of neo-liberal economic
activity. My analytic focus is the range of social processes involving actors from
the private, civil and political sphere, through which understandings of
responsible, potentially 'constructive' corporate engagement in fragile states are
created, contested and transformed. Further, efforts to embed Corporate
Citizenship as the normative basis for global business practice broadly reflect
aspirations for greater social justice. In identifying and describing intentions,
aspirations and forms of corporate engagement in fragile states, and the social
process through which these change, I critically examine the discourses of
development, security and governance which underpin Corporate Citizenship
efforts.
In this thesis I offer a grounded theory of Corporate Citizenship in Fragile
States I have developed through an empirical case study of the oil and gas
industry in Myanmar (Burma). Working within a social constructivist perspective
in the grounded theory research tradition, I have employed an iterative analytic
process to develop the theory presented. In this process the sampling of data was
undertaken to challenge and develop concepts in the emerging theory, concepts
identified using a method of constant comparison within and between sets of data.
I continued these concurrent processes of data-collection, analysis and theoretical
development until I judged the theory to be a sufficiently complete description of
the focus of inquiry. A total of seven broad sets of data informed the
development of the theory presented. These datasets include over a hundred
interviews in seven countries with stakeholders in three joint-venture offshore
exploration and production projects in Myanmar (Burma) undertaken from July
2006 to August 2009. The datasets also draw from an extensive body of corporate
and advocacy group publications regarding foreign investment in Myanmar, along
with other secondary data sources.
In this inquiry I have explored the multiple interactions between corporate,
state and civil society actors through which understandings of 'responsible'
corporate engagement in Myanmar are created, enacted and transformed. I have
identified and conceptualised four social processes at work in these interactions,
which I describe in the grounded theories of:
(1) Commercial Diplomacy (describing the use of enterprise as a conduit
for foreign policy by states, particularly as it relates to 'ethical' business
activity)
(2) Stakeholder Activism (critiquing the aims and strategies of
transnational civil society organisations who advocate for 'responsible'
corporate engagement)
(3) Corporate Engagement (explaining variation in the motivations and
terms of corporate engagement, specifically different forms of divestment
or engagement, as strategic responses to stakeholder activism, commercial
diplomacy and other factors which influence the enterprise context)
(4) Constructive Corporate Engagement (a conceptual framework,
grounded in multiple stakeholder-views and drawing from the
international development discourses of state fragility and human security,
for considering the potentially constructive impacts of corporate
engagement).
Working within and between these four theories, I generated an overarching
grounded theory of (5) Corporate Citizenship in Fragile States. From these
theories I offer a critical analysis of Corporate Citizenship as the normative basis
for a new articulation between the economic, social and political spheres in
pursuit of a more equitable global order.

year: 2009

title: The Treaty, tikanga Māori, ecosystem-based management, mainstream law and power sharing for environmental integrity in Aotearoa New Zealand – possible ways forward

authors: Joseph, Robert

subjects: Maori, ecosystem-based management, coastal marine estate, sustainability, Treaty of Waitangi

abstract: Ecosystem-based management (EBM) has become an appropriate international response for addressing alarming global environmental degradation trends. EBM is designed and executed as an adaptive, learning-based process that applies the following common international principles:
•	the connections and relationships within an ecosystem;
•	the cumulative impacts that affect marine welfare; 
•	focus on maintaining the natural structure and function of ecosystems and their productivity;
•	incorporate human use and values of ecosystems in managing the resource;
•	recognise that ecosystems are dynamic and constantly changing;
•	are based on a shared vision of all key participants; and
•	are based on scientific knowledge, adopted by continual learning and monitoring.

The New Zealand Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge agrees with these EBM principles but has adapted them into an Aotearoa New Zealand theoretical approach that fundamentally acknowledges mātauranga and tikanga Māori law hence the following Aotearoa New Zealand EBM principles:
•	a co-governance and co-design structure that recognises the Māori constitutional relationship and mana whenua at all levels (whānau, hapū, iwi), together with the guiding principles of mauri, whakapapa, kaitiakitanga, mātauranga-a-iwi and mātauranga-a-hapū;
•	is place and time-specific, recognising/understanding the ecosystem as a whole in all its ecological complexities and connectedness and addressing cumulative and multiple stressors;
•	acknowledges humans as ecosystem components with multiple values;
•	views long-term sustainability as a fundamental value, in particular maintaining values and uses for future generations;
•	includes collaborative and participatory management throughout the whole process, considering all values and involving all interested parties from agencies and iwi to industries, whānau, hapū and local communities;
•	has clear goals and objectives based on knowledge; and
•	includes adaptive management, appropriate monitoring and acknowledgement of uncertainty.

The report focuses on analysing EBM through the incorporation of mātauranga and tikanga Māori and power sharing through Treaty partnerships over the marine and coastal estate.

text: The Treaty, tikanga Māori, ecosystem-based management, mainstream law and power sharing for environmental integrity in Aotearoa New Zealand – possible ways forward Ecosystem-based management (EBM) has become an appropriate international response for addressing alarming global environmental degradation trends. EBM is designed and executed as an adaptive, learning-based process that applies the following common international principles:
•	the connections and relationships within an ecosystem;
•	the cumulative impacts that affect marine welfare; 
•	focus on maintaining the natural structure and function of ecosystems and their productivity;
•	incorporate human use and values of ecosystems in managing the resource;
•	recognise that ecosystems are dynamic and constantly changing;
•	are based on a shared vision of all key participants; and
•	are based on scientific knowledge, adopted by continual learning and monitoring.

The New Zealand Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge agrees with these EBM principles but has adapted them into an Aotearoa New Zealand theoretical approach that fundamentally acknowledges mātauranga and tikanga Māori law hence the following Aotearoa New Zealand EBM principles:
•	a co-governance and co-design structure that recognises the Māori constitutional relationship and mana whenua at all levels (whānau, hapū, iwi), together with the guiding principles of mauri, whakapapa, kaitiakitanga, mātauranga-a-iwi and mātauranga-a-hapū;
•	is place and time-specific, recognising/understanding the ecosystem as a whole in all its ecological complexities and connectedness and addressing cumulative and multiple stressors;
•	acknowledges humans as ecosystem components with multiple values;
•	views long-term sustainability as a fundamental value, in particular maintaining values and uses for future generations;
•	includes collaborative and participatory management throughout the whole process, considering all values and involving all interested parties from agencies and iwi to industries, whānau, hapū and local communities;
•	has clear goals and objectives based on knowledge; and
•	includes adaptive management, appropriate monitoring and acknowledgement of uncertainty.

The report focuses on analysing EBM through the incorporation of mātauranga and tikanga Māori and power sharing through Treaty partnerships over the marine and coastal estate.

year: 2019-07-30