title: Peer tutoring in the primary classroom: A sociocultural interpretation of classroom interaction

authors: Barnard, Roger

subjects: scaffolding

abstract: In this paper, data collected from interaction between pupils in a mainstream intermediate classroom are interpreted from a sociocultural perspective. Extracts of conversations between classmates illustrate ways in which some pupils can scaffold the learning of their classmates, and specifically those who come from non-English speaking backgrounds. Some implications arising from the interpreted data are discussed in terms of the pedagogical relationships that may occur spontaneously among pupils, of the value of peer tutoring to both parties, and of the possibility of negative outcomes arising from peer tutoring relationships.

text: Peer tutoring in the primary classroom: A sociocultural interpretation of classroom interaction In this paper, data collected from interaction between pupils in a mainstream intermediate classroom are interpreted from a sociocultural perspective. Extracts of conversations between classmates illustrate ways in which some pupils can scaffold the learning of their classmates, and specifically those who come from non-English speaking backgrounds. Some implications arising from the interpreted data are discussed in terms of the pedagogical relationships that may occur spontaneously among pupils, of the value of peer tutoring to both parties, and of the possibility of negative outcomes arising from peer tutoring relationships.

year: 2002-07-01

title: A symmetric and interconnected skeleton structural (SISS) model for predicting thermal and electrical conductivity and Young’s modulus of porous foams

authors: Wang, Jianfeng

subjects: modelling

abstract: A symmetric and interconnected skeleton structural (SISS) model is proposed for predicting the thermal and electrical conductivities and Young’s modulus of open-cell foams with hollow and solid struts. The model predicted the effective thermal and electrical conductivities of solid-strut aluminium foams and other open-cell foams for the entire porosity range. The SISS model provided upper and lower bounds for the effective thermal conductivity and Young’s modulus of hollow-strut open-cell nickel foams. The SISS model was also found to predict the effective thermal conductivity of closed-cell graphite foams, and the effective electrical conductivity and Young’s modulus of closed-cell aluminium foams with reasonable accuracy. By analogy, the SISS model might also be applied to other physical properties.

text: A symmetric and interconnected skeleton structural (SISS) model for predicting thermal and electrical conductivity and Young’s modulus of porous foams A symmetric and interconnected skeleton structural (SISS) model is proposed for predicting the thermal and electrical conductivities and Young’s modulus of open-cell foams with hollow and solid struts. The model predicted the effective thermal and electrical conductivities of solid-strut aluminium foams and other open-cell foams for the entire porosity range. The SISS model provided upper and lower bounds for the effective thermal conductivity and Young’s modulus of hollow-strut open-cell nickel foams. The SISS model was also found to predict the effective thermal conductivity of closed-cell graphite foams, and the effective electrical conductivity and Young’s modulus of closed-cell aluminium foams with reasonable accuracy. By analogy, the SISS model might also be applied to other physical properties.

year: 2008

title: When your maunga is a mountain but your moana is not a sea; Insights from the perception of synonymy of te reo Māori loanwords and New Zealand English lexical equivalents

authors: Pohl, Alexander

abstract: Languages and their speakers are in ongoing contact with one another, which inevitably leads to a flow of words being borrowed from one language into another (Haspelmath 2009; Winford 2010). One perspective that has comparatively seen less attention in language contact research concerns how loanword relate to existing lexical alternatives. In recent years, language contact research has thus seen a paradigm shift towards an onomasiological perspective (see Anderson et al. 2017; Crombez et al. 2022; Zenner et al. 2023). Within this shift, most studies looking at lexical variation between loanwords and their near synonyms equivalents employ corpus linguistics methods (e.g. Onysko & WinterFroemel 2011; Soares da Silva 2013). 

This project presents a large-scale experimental approach from a case-study involving Māori loanwords borrowed into New Zealand English (NZE). Māori loanwords are ubiquitous, salient and probably still increasing within the NZE lexicon (Macalister 2007; Trye et al. 2019). Regarding onomasiology, Māori loanwords have been glossed and explained in different ways, and to date, there has been to our knowledge almost no research focused specifically on the relationship between loanwords and their near synonyms. 

Here, we report on a Qualtrics experiment devised to probe the perceived relationship between 60 Māori loanwords (spanning established semantic categories: flora and fauna, material culture, and social culture) and their NZE equivalents, as ascertained from published sources. The synonymy judgments were elicited for pairs (e.g. whānau – family), using an analogue slider (ranging from 0 = non-synonymous to 100 = fully synonymous; see Figure 1). Because synonymy judgements are subjective, we also included ten fillers, to help us calibrate and interpret participant judgements. The 60 words were divided into two-word lists in order avoid fatigue, resulting in a within participant design. The target demographic for our population of interest consisted of young adults (18-24 years). 

Following cleaning and exclusions (e.g. participants who ignored filler items), the final dataset contained 260 participants. Inspecting the dataset showed a skew towards female participants, and for this reason, we focus our statistical analysis on this core sample, while keeping an eye on the full dataset containing all participants. Preliminary findings suggest that young adults think Māori loanwords are (highly) synonymous with NZE lexical alternatives. These findings will be further scrutinised with regression techniques and qualitative analyses of the comments provided in an open answer section of the questionnaire.

text: When your maunga is a mountain but your moana is not a sea; Insights from the perception of synonymy of te reo Māori loanwords and New Zealand English lexical equivalents Languages and their speakers are in ongoing contact with one another, which inevitably leads to a flow of words being borrowed from one language into another (Haspelmath 2009; Winford 2010). One perspective that has comparatively seen less attention in language contact research concerns how loanword relate to existing lexical alternatives. In recent years, language contact research has thus seen a paradigm shift towards an onomasiological perspective (see Anderson et al. 2017; Crombez et al. 2022; Zenner et al. 2023). Within this shift, most studies looking at lexical variation between loanwords and their near synonyms equivalents employ corpus linguistics methods (e.g. Onysko & WinterFroemel 2011; Soares da Silva 2013). 

This project presents a large-scale experimental approach from a case-study involving Māori loanwords borrowed into New Zealand English (NZE). Māori loanwords are ubiquitous, salient and probably still increasing within the NZE lexicon (Macalister 2007; Trye et al. 2019). Regarding onomasiology, Māori loanwords have been glossed and explained in different ways, and to date, there has been to our knowledge almost no research focused specifically on the relationship between loanwords and their near synonyms. 

Here, we report on a Qualtrics experiment devised to probe the perceived relationship between 60 Māori loanwords (spanning established semantic categories: flora and fauna, material culture, and social culture) and their NZE equivalents, as ascertained from published sources. The synonymy judgments were elicited for pairs (e.g. whānau – family), using an analogue slider (ranging from 0 = non-synonymous to 100 = fully synonymous; see Figure 1). Because synonymy judgements are subjective, we also included ten fillers, to help us calibrate and interpret participant judgements. The 60 words were divided into two-word lists in order avoid fatigue, resulting in a within participant design. The target demographic for our population of interest consisted of young adults (18-24 years). 

Following cleaning and exclusions (e.g. participants who ignored filler items), the final dataset contained 260 participants. Inspecting the dataset showed a skew towards female participants, and for this reason, we focus our statistical analysis on this core sample, while keeping an eye on the full dataset containing all participants. Preliminary findings suggest that young adults think Māori loanwords are (highly) synonymous with NZE lexical alternatives. These findings will be further scrutinised with regression techniques and qualitative analyses of the comments provided in an open answer section of the questionnaire.

year: 2024