title: Ventriloquism as early literacy practice: making meaning in pretend play

authors: Bateman, Amanda

subjects: pretend play

abstract: This article discusses how children in New Zealand make meaning in their spontaneous pretend play from kindergarten (four years old) through to their first year of primary school (five years old). The findings discussed here are taken from a wider project investigating children’s storytelling where 12 child participants were video recorded during their everyday storytelling experiences over a three-year period. This article reveals how children’s engagement in pretend play often involves playing out an impromptu storyline where ventriloquism is used to talk objects into life through paralinguistic features such as gesture, gaze and voice prosody. These findings suggest that through the act of ventriloquism in pretend play children learn to engage in complex meaning making activities in playful ways, orally formulating characters and building coherent and systematic storylines that can be identified as early literacy practices.

text: Ventriloquism as early literacy practice: making meaning in pretend play This article discusses how children in New Zealand make meaning in their spontaneous pretend play from kindergarten (four years old) through to their first year of primary school (five years old). The findings discussed here are taken from a wider project investigating children’s storytelling where 12 child participants were video recorded during their everyday storytelling experiences over a three-year period. This article reveals how children’s engagement in pretend play often involves playing out an impromptu storyline where ventriloquism is used to talk objects into life through paralinguistic features such as gesture, gaze and voice prosody. These findings suggest that through the act of ventriloquism in pretend play children learn to engage in complex meaning making activities in playful ways, orally formulating characters and building coherent and systematic storylines that can be identified as early literacy practices.

year: 2016

title: The nature and dynamics of the Rotorua eruptive episode, Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone

authors: Kilgour, Geoff

subjects: Volcanic hazard analysis

abstract: The 15.7 cal yrs B.P. Rotorua eruptive episode is the latest expression of western Okataina volcanism. Okataina is one of the world's most active rhyolitic volcanoes and this eruptive episode provides an ideal opportunity to examine the nature, dynamics and impacts of a large magnitude explosive eruption from this volcanic centre.

This re-investigation of the Rotorua eruptive episode has lead to the grouping of the deposits into two distinct phases of eruption. The Rotorua Tephra and Eastern Dome (previously thought to be Te Rere-related) are termed 'Rotorua A' phase. Trig 7693 andMiddle domes (previously linked to the source of the Rotorua Tephra) have been grouped with the Upper Rotorua Tephra into the. 'Rotorua B' phase. These groupings are predominantly based on mineralogy and geochemistry on samples of pyroclastic and dome deposits.

The eruptive sequence began with a small initial ash without a basalt trigger, followed soon after by a plinian fall deposit (1.62 km³) directed to the NW. Dome growth ensued (Eastern dome), creating an extensive rhyolite dome (0.72 km³) in the Okareka Embayment. Soon after Eastern dome growth (based on the absence of paleosol development) the Rotorua B phase was initiated. This phase of predominant effusive dome growth lead to the construction of the coalesced Trig 7693 and Middle domes. Periodic vulcanian explosions and dome collapses lead to the localised dispersal to the S and E, of pyroclastic density currents and fall.

A new age of 12941 ± 75 ¹⁴C years BP was obtained from charcoal in a surge deposit at a proximal site. This results in a revised age for the Rotorua eruption of 15 700 cal yrs BP. The eruption duration is estimated to exceed 15 yrs, based on a total dome volume of 1.37 km³, assuming a growth rate of 3 m ³/s.

To the NW, the Rotorua A plinian deposit (Ap-1 to Ap-10 sub units) is overall normally graded, however cm-scale bedding is evident throughout the deposit. The grain size ranges from a block-sized, basal sub unit to a medium ash, upper. The plinian tephra is biotite-poor compared to the distinct Rotorua B deposits (previously 'Upper Rotorua Tephra'), which is biotite-rich.

Whole rock geochemistry on the Rotorua A pyroclastics, forms an apparent trend, suggesting the magma supplying the explosive phase was compositional zoned prior to eruption and was subsequently disrupted immediately prior to or during eruption. The Rotorua A and B phases plot as distinct clusters in all binary element plots. Intensive parameters calculated on Fe-Ti oxides highlights the distinction between Rotorua A (Rotorua Tephra and Eastern Dome) and Trig 7693 and Middle domes. Isotopic evidence indicates the Trig 7 693 and Middle domes were supplied by a separate magma
batch to the Rotorua A phase, suggesting small ( <1 km³) magma batches were residing in close proximity.

An eruption of this size today would cause the total destruction of Rotorua City (home to >50,000 people) due to ~ 1.5 m of volcanic ejecta accumulating in this region. This would cripple the central North Island for weeks to months. Due to the length of the eruption, mitigation would be required for an extended period after the initial phase of the eruptive episode. Livestock would be severely affected from blanketing tephra, along with the complete collapse of intensive forestry operations in the Rotorua District. National and international flights from Hamilton and Auckland airports would be heavily disrupted causing major economic losses. Respiratory problems and contaminated water intake would continue for a long period after the cessation of volcanic activity.

text: The nature and dynamics of the Rotorua eruptive episode, Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone The 15.7 cal yrs B.P. Rotorua eruptive episode is the latest expression of western Okataina volcanism. Okataina is one of the world's most active rhyolitic volcanoes and this eruptive episode provides an ideal opportunity to examine the nature, dynamics and impacts of a large magnitude explosive eruption from this volcanic centre.

This re-investigation of the Rotorua eruptive episode has lead to the grouping of the deposits into two distinct phases of eruption. The Rotorua Tephra and Eastern Dome (previously thought to be Te Rere-related) are termed 'Rotorua A' phase. Trig 7693 andMiddle domes (previously linked to the source of the Rotorua Tephra) have been grouped with the Upper Rotorua Tephra into the. 'Rotorua B' phase. These groupings are predominantly based on mineralogy and geochemistry on samples of pyroclastic and dome deposits.

The eruptive sequence began with a small initial ash without a basalt trigger, followed soon after by a plinian fall deposit (1.62 km³) directed to the NW. Dome growth ensued (Eastern dome), creating an extensive rhyolite dome (0.72 km³) in the Okareka Embayment. Soon after Eastern dome growth (based on the absence of paleosol development) the Rotorua B phase was initiated. This phase of predominant effusive dome growth lead to the construction of the coalesced Trig 7693 and Middle domes. Periodic vulcanian explosions and dome collapses lead to the localised dispersal to the S and E, of pyroclastic density currents and fall.

A new age of 12941 ± 75 ¹⁴C years BP was obtained from charcoal in a surge deposit at a proximal site. This results in a revised age for the Rotorua eruption of 15 700 cal yrs BP. The eruption duration is estimated to exceed 15 yrs, based on a total dome volume of 1.37 km³, assuming a growth rate of 3 m ³/s.

To the NW, the Rotorua A plinian deposit (Ap-1 to Ap-10 sub units) is overall normally graded, however cm-scale bedding is evident throughout the deposit. The grain size ranges from a block-sized, basal sub unit to a medium ash, upper. The plinian tephra is biotite-poor compared to the distinct Rotorua B deposits (previously 'Upper Rotorua Tephra'), which is biotite-rich.

Whole rock geochemistry on the Rotorua A pyroclastics, forms an apparent trend, suggesting the magma supplying the explosive phase was compositional zoned prior to eruption and was subsequently disrupted immediately prior to or during eruption. The Rotorua A and B phases plot as distinct clusters in all binary element plots. Intensive parameters calculated on Fe-Ti oxides highlights the distinction between Rotorua A (Rotorua Tephra and Eastern Dome) and Trig 7693 and Middle domes. Isotopic evidence indicates the Trig 7 693 and Middle domes were supplied by a separate magma
batch to the Rotorua A phase, suggesting small ( <1 km³) magma batches were residing in close proximity.

An eruption of this size today would cause the total destruction of Rotorua City (home to >50,000 people) due to ~ 1.5 m of volcanic ejecta accumulating in this region. This would cripple the central North Island for weeks to months. Due to the length of the eruption, mitigation would be required for an extended period after the initial phase of the eruptive episode. Livestock would be severely affected from blanketing tephra, along with the complete collapse of intensive forestry operations in the Rotorua District. National and international flights from Hamilton and Auckland airports would be heavily disrupted causing major economic losses. Respiratory problems and contaminated water intake would continue for a long period after the cessation of volcanic activity.

year: 2002

title: Listening to the Winds of Change: Assessing culturally responsive and relational pedagogy

authors: Thin-Rabb, Polly

subjects: Culturally responsive and relational pedagogy

abstract: This thesis examines how the Rongohia te Hau tools were used to capture a snapshot of the extent that culturally responsive and relational pedagogies were occurring within classrooms in two English-medium secondary schools in Aotearoa, New Zealand. In this study, school leaders used Rongohia te Hau to measure changes in the educational experiences of Māori learners over twelve to eighteen-months, to prioritise next steps in addressing the educational inequities that were evident. 

With the contribution of teachers, leaders and kaitoro (Kia Eke Panuku facilitators), this research investigates the purpose and place of Rongohia te Hau within the Kia Eke Panuku professional learning and development context. It also presents and discusses the pedagogical shifts that occurred in these two schools over the period of this research, as evidenced by quantitative and qualitative Rongohia te Hau data. Furthermore, the learning implications that arose out of this research are analysed to help generate new questions and considerations, to enable continuing conversations for these schools, other schools, professional learning and development providers and researchers.

text: Listening to the Winds of Change: Assessing culturally responsive and relational pedagogy This thesis examines how the Rongohia te Hau tools were used to capture a snapshot of the extent that culturally responsive and relational pedagogies were occurring within classrooms in two English-medium secondary schools in Aotearoa, New Zealand. In this study, school leaders used Rongohia te Hau to measure changes in the educational experiences of Māori learners over twelve to eighteen-months, to prioritise next steps in addressing the educational inequities that were evident. 

With the contribution of teachers, leaders and kaitoro (Kia Eke Panuku facilitators), this research investigates the purpose and place of Rongohia te Hau within the Kia Eke Panuku professional learning and development context. It also presents and discusses the pedagogical shifts that occurred in these two schools over the period of this research, as evidenced by quantitative and qualitative Rongohia te Hau data. Furthermore, the learning implications that arose out of this research are analysed to help generate new questions and considerations, to enable continuing conversations for these schools, other schools, professional learning and development providers and researchers.

year: 2017