title: Exploring the Possibility of an Intergenerational Right to Return to Earth

authors: Brennan, Anna

abstract: If human civilisation realises its grand ambitions to establish extraterrestrial human settlements on Mars in the not-so-distant future, how will human rights apply and be enforced? Rather than States, it is thought that space companies such as SpaceX, Blue Origin and the Sierra Nevada Corporation will be the first to establish extraterrestrial settlements. Rapid technological developments over the last decade mean that these ambitions are no longer science fiction. This article considers the scope of the right to freedom of movement in outer space, especially the right to return to Earth. Due to the perilous nature of the journey from Earth to Mars and the harsh environment in which the first settlements will be established, this article considers whether there are any legitimate and, indeed,
permissible circumstances where the right to return to Earth will be restricted. The final part of this article will explore the possibility that future descendants of the first wave of settlers to Mars will have an intergenerational right to return to Earth
despite having been born on the Red Planet.

text: Exploring the Possibility of an Intergenerational Right to Return to Earth If human civilisation realises its grand ambitions to establish extraterrestrial human settlements on Mars in the not-so-distant future, how will human rights apply and be enforced? Rather than States, it is thought that space companies such as SpaceX, Blue Origin and the Sierra Nevada Corporation will be the first to establish extraterrestrial settlements. Rapid technological developments over the last decade mean that these ambitions are no longer science fiction. This article considers the scope of the right to freedom of movement in outer space, especially the right to return to Earth. Due to the perilous nature of the journey from Earth to Mars and the harsh environment in which the first settlements will be established, this article considers whether there are any legitimate and, indeed,
permissible circumstances where the right to return to Earth will be restricted. The final part of this article will explore the possibility that future descendants of the first wave of settlers to Mars will have an intergenerational right to return to Earth
despite having been born on the Red Planet.

year: 2024

title: Effects of maize fertilizer subsidies on food security in Malawi

authors: Mkwara, Bentry

subjects: maize

abstract: This study employs spatial analysis to examine the impact of smallholder fertilizer subsidies on national and household food security in Malawi. It illustrates that at national level, food security is positively linked to fertilizer subsidies. However, at household level, maize production is heavily skewed with the south lagging behind the centre and the north. In the short-to-medium term, replacing the current countrywide subsidy program with a more targeted one is highly recommended. Furthermore, by diversifying into other crops or smallscale businesses, smallholders may be able to increase their income and hence food buying power.

text: Effects of maize fertilizer subsidies on food security in Malawi This study employs spatial analysis to examine the impact of smallholder fertilizer subsidies on national and household food security in Malawi. It illustrates that at national level, food security is positively linked to fertilizer subsidies. However, at household level, maize production is heavily skewed with the south lagging behind the centre and the north. In the short-to-medium term, replacing the current countrywide subsidy program with a more targeted one is highly recommended. Furthermore, by diversifying into other crops or smallscale businesses, smallholders may be able to increase their income and hence food buying power.

year: 2011-11

title: Aihe Pepene

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Sharing the same illustrious whakapapa as his brother Reha Aperahama, Aihe Pepene was prominent when living in the Thames district before settling at Te Aroha in 1878. When speculators tried to acquire the Thames foreshore from Pepene and others in 1870, he became involved in the subsequent legal actions over unpaid promissory notes. Later he would acquire interests in many blocks of land, and received a steady income by leasing or selling these plus his share in the goldfields revenue. When the Aroha Block was considered by the land court for the last time, in 1878, he conducted the case for Ngati Rahiri.
He invested in four Hauraki goldfields, and was briefly an owner and skipper of two small river steamers, an unsuccessful endeavour that resulted in his being forced to sell more land to meet his debts. Once his 1880 and 1881 financial difficulties were resolved, no more such problems recurred. 
A leading rangatira in Hauraki generally as well as at Te Aroha, he would be elected to a Maori Committee that was soon revealed to have no significance. Closely involved with Pakeha, he assisted settlement, and his loyalty to the Crown was illustrated by his becoming an officer in the Thames Native Volunteer Corps. A member of the Church of England for many years, like many Maori he became a Mormon, a faith perhaps more appropriate to his private life, for he had more than one wife, notoriously eloping with the wife of a more senior rangatira despite already being married.

text: Aihe Pepene Sharing the same illustrious whakapapa as his brother Reha Aperahama, Aihe Pepene was prominent when living in the Thames district before settling at Te Aroha in 1878. When speculators tried to acquire the Thames foreshore from Pepene and others in 1870, he became involved in the subsequent legal actions over unpaid promissory notes. Later he would acquire interests in many blocks of land, and received a steady income by leasing or selling these plus his share in the goldfields revenue. When the Aroha Block was considered by the land court for the last time, in 1878, he conducted the case for Ngati Rahiri.
He invested in four Hauraki goldfields, and was briefly an owner and skipper of two small river steamers, an unsuccessful endeavour that resulted in his being forced to sell more land to meet his debts. Once his 1880 and 1881 financial difficulties were resolved, no more such problems recurred. 
A leading rangatira in Hauraki generally as well as at Te Aroha, he would be elected to a Maori Committee that was soon revealed to have no significance. Closely involved with Pakeha, he assisted settlement, and his loyalty to the Crown was illustrated by his becoming an officer in the Thames Native Volunteer Corps. A member of the Church of England for many years, like many Maori he became a Mormon, a faith perhaps more appropriate to his private life, for he had more than one wife, notoriously eloping with the wife of a more senior rangatira despite already being married.

year: 2016