title: Applicability of ensemble pattern scaling method on precipitation intensity indices at regional scale

authors: Li, Y.

subjects: biology

abstract: Pattern scaling constructs future climate change scenarios using the normalized change patterns of GCMs, offers the possibility of representing the whole range of uncertainties involved in future climate change projection. This paper investigates the applicability and uncertainty associated with the pattern scaling method in constructing the changes of future precipitation intensity indices at regional scale, using a two-step ensemble approach. In the first step, the linearity accuracy and GCM internal variability were examined explicitly. The inter-model variability of the GCMs and associated confidence intervals were produced in the second step ensemble. Australia and its 7 administrative regions was selected as the study area and three precipitation intensity indices, including two precipitation extreme indices, were used for the examination: i.e., the 99th percentile daily precipitation intensity (P₉₉), the 20-yr-return extreme precipitation intensity (RP₂₀), and the mean precipitation intensity (precipitation amount per wet day) (RPD). A total of 12 IPCC AR4 GCMs with 6 simulation samples were used for the ensemble. For the 3 precipitation intensity indices, good linear relationships between precipitation intensity indices change and global mean temperature change at the national level were found for most GCMs, however, the linear relationship weakened when the analysis was applied to the administrative regions. In addition, the GCM internal signal-to-noise ratios for each GCM tended to decrease at the regional and grid cell levels, along with the reduction in spatial scale. Both GCM-internal and inter-model variability was significant, and the inter-model variability was larger than GCM-internal variability. The final result of the inter-model ensemble median results show that for Australia, in general, all three indices will increase under global warming, with the change rates being 3.56, 7.62 and 2.26 % K⁻¹ for P₉₉, RP₂₀ and RPD respectively at the national level.

text: Applicability of ensemble pattern scaling method on precipitation intensity indices at regional scale Pattern scaling constructs future climate change scenarios using the normalized change patterns of GCMs, offers the possibility of representing the whole range of uncertainties involved in future climate change projection. This paper investigates the applicability and uncertainty associated with the pattern scaling method in constructing the changes of future precipitation intensity indices at regional scale, using a two-step ensemble approach. In the first step, the linearity accuracy and GCM internal variability were examined explicitly. The inter-model variability of the GCMs and associated confidence intervals were produced in the second step ensemble. Australia and its 7 administrative regions was selected as the study area and three precipitation intensity indices, including two precipitation extreme indices, were used for the examination: i.e., the 99th percentile daily precipitation intensity (P₉₉), the 20-yr-return extreme precipitation intensity (RP₂₀), and the mean precipitation intensity (precipitation amount per wet day) (RPD). A total of 12 IPCC AR4 GCMs with 6 simulation samples were used for the ensemble. For the 3 precipitation intensity indices, good linear relationships between precipitation intensity indices change and global mean temperature change at the national level were found for most GCMs, however, the linear relationship weakened when the analysis was applied to the administrative regions. In addition, the GCM internal signal-to-noise ratios for each GCM tended to decrease at the regional and grid cell levels, along with the reduction in spatial scale. Both GCM-internal and inter-model variability was significant, and the inter-model variability was larger than GCM-internal variability. The final result of the inter-model ensemble median results show that for Australia, in general, all three indices will increase under global warming, with the change rates being 3.56, 7.62 and 2.26 % K⁻¹ for P₉₉, RP₂₀ and RPD respectively at the national level.

year: 2011

title: David Mclean Wallace: a Waiorongomai blacksmith who founded an engineering firm

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Born in Scotland and trained as a blacksmith, Wallace arrived in New Zealand in 1873, working at Ngaruawahia, Auckland, and Huntly before settling in Waiorongomai in 1885. Soon obtaining most of the available work, he acquired other blacksmiths’ businesses. Shifting to Te Aroha in 1892, his business grew steadily, and in 1912 a private company comprising Wallace and his sons was formed. With the arrival of the motor car, the firm adapted to repair these, an adaptability assisted by his inventive skills. After patenting a popular miners’ pick, he turned to inventions to benefit farmers.
Wallace was involved in many aspects of community life, serving on several committees, and for a while was on the borough council where, occasionally, when opposed by other councillors, he was a belligerent member. But in general he was popular and highly respected.

text: David Mclean Wallace: a Waiorongomai blacksmith who founded an engineering firm Born in Scotland and trained as a blacksmith, Wallace arrived in New Zealand in 1873, working at Ngaruawahia, Auckland, and Huntly before settling in Waiorongomai in 1885. Soon obtaining most of the available work, he acquired other blacksmiths’ businesses. Shifting to Te Aroha in 1892, his business grew steadily, and in 1912 a private company comprising Wallace and his sons was formed. With the arrival of the motor car, the firm adapted to repair these, an adaptability assisted by his inventive skills. After patenting a popular miners’ pick, he turned to inventions to benefit farmers.
Wallace was involved in many aspects of community life, serving on several committees, and for a while was on the borough council where, occasionally, when opposed by other councillors, he was a belligerent member. But in general he was popular and highly respected.

year: 2016

title: Māori cultural definitions of sexual violence.

authors: Pihama, Leonie

abstract: Exploring definitions of sexual violence in Aotearoa highlights that on the whole such definitions are located within dominant Pākehā frameworks that do not provide adequately for understanding the context of sexual violence for Māori. As such Māori working in the area of healing the trauma of sexual violence have been developing frameworks which are enabling of culturally defined understandings and traditional knowledge as a basis by which to understand sexual violence in Aotearoa. Informed by te reo and tikanga Māori (Māori language and culture) Māori healers, social workers and health providers have moved beyond western definitions and have highlighted the link between acts of sexual violence and the violence of colonial invasion. This article explores Māori perspectives of the origins and impacts of sexual violence for Māori and advocates for Kaupapa Māori and decolonising approaches to be more fully supported and engaged in dealing with these issues within our communities.

text: Māori cultural definitions of sexual violence. Exploring definitions of sexual violence in Aotearoa highlights that on the whole such definitions are located within dominant Pākehā frameworks that do not provide adequately for understanding the context of sexual violence for Māori. As such Māori working in the area of healing the trauma of sexual violence have been developing frameworks which are enabling of culturally defined understandings and traditional knowledge as a basis by which to understand sexual violence in Aotearoa. Informed by te reo and tikanga Māori (Māori language and culture) Māori healers, social workers and health providers have moved beyond western definitions and have highlighted the link between acts of sexual violence and the violence of colonial invasion. This article explores Māori perspectives of the origins and impacts of sexual violence for Māori and advocates for Kaupapa Māori and decolonising approaches to be more fully supported and engaged in dealing with these issues within our communities.

year: 2016