title: Characterisation of four strains of thermophilic spirochetes and characterisation of phosphofructokinase from isolate Rt 118.B2

authors: Apimerika, Lisa

subjects: Spirochetes

abstract: Four strains of spirochetes were purified by the selective use of antibiotics. Microscopy revealed the strains have typical spirochete morphology. The strains were obligate anaerobes and all four strains utilised a variety of carbohydrates including polysaccharides -but not amino acids- as energy sources. The optimum pH of the isolates was between 6.5 and 7.0. The cardinal growth temperatures varied between the different strains from 52°C to 59°C. The lowest temperature any of the four strains could grow at was 37°C and the highest was 62°C. Doubling times of the isolates varied from 221 minutes to 333 minutes. The major products of glucose fermentations were acetate and lactic acid, no ethanol was formed. All strains were resistant to rifampicin, naldixic acid, novobiocin and polymyxin B. Determination of the G+C mol% of DNA revealed that the strains have the lowest G+C % of the species. 
Cell free extracts from the isolates were assayed for pyrophosphate dependent phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity and the results were compared with those from other members of the species. Attempts were made to purify PFK from one of the isolates. The partially purified enzyme was characterised and was found to have an optimum pH of 7 and optimum temperature of 60°C. The thermostability of the enzyme at various temperatures was established. The kinetics of the enzyme were examined and the Kₘ of fructose-6-phosphate, pyrophosphate and tripolyphosphate established. Various polyphosphates were used as phosphoryl donors; this is the first report of polyphosphates being used as a phosphoryl donor for PFK.

text: Characterisation of four strains of thermophilic spirochetes and characterisation of phosphofructokinase from isolate Rt 118.B2 Four strains of spirochetes were purified by the selective use of antibiotics. Microscopy revealed the strains have typical spirochete morphology. The strains were obligate anaerobes and all four strains utilised a variety of carbohydrates including polysaccharides -but not amino acids- as energy sources. The optimum pH of the isolates was between 6.5 and 7.0. The cardinal growth temperatures varied between the different strains from 52°C to 59°C. The lowest temperature any of the four strains could grow at was 37°C and the highest was 62°C. Doubling times of the isolates varied from 221 minutes to 333 minutes. The major products of glucose fermentations were acetate and lactic acid, no ethanol was formed. All strains were resistant to rifampicin, naldixic acid, novobiocin and polymyxin B. Determination of the G+C mol% of DNA revealed that the strains have the lowest G+C % of the species. 
Cell free extracts from the isolates were assayed for pyrophosphate dependent phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity and the results were compared with those from other members of the species. Attempts were made to purify PFK from one of the isolates. The partially purified enzyme was characterised and was found to have an optimum pH of 7 and optimum temperature of 60°C. The thermostability of the enzyme at various temperatures was established. The kinetics of the enzyme were examined and the Kₘ of fructose-6-phosphate, pyrophosphate and tripolyphosphate established. Various polyphosphates were used as phosphoryl donors; this is the first report of polyphosphates being used as a phosphoryl donor for PFK.

year: 1996

title: Searching in a Book

authors: Liesaputra, Veronica

subjects: computer science

abstract: Information has no value unless it is accessible. With physical books, most people rely on the table of contents and subject index to find what they want. But what if they are reading a book in a digital library and have access to a full-text search tool?. 
The paper describes a search interface to Realistic Books, and investigates the influence of document format and search result presentation on information finding. We compare searching in Realistic Books with searching in HTML and PDF files, and with physical books.

text: Searching in a Book Information has no value unless it is accessible. With physical books, most people rely on the table of contents and subject index to find what they want. But what if they are reading a book in a digital library and have access to a full-text search tool?. 
The paper describes a search interface to Realistic Books, and investigates the influence of document format and search result presentation on information finding. We compare searching in Realistic Books with searching in HTML and PDF files, and with physical books.

year: 2009

title: Are historical perpetual leases on Maori owned land (Native reserves) a basis for currently enforceable fiduciary obligations?

authors: Dimitrov, Dara

subjects: fiduciary obligations

abstract: Colonial perpetual leases over what were once native reserves continue to trouble the New Zealand government. The colonial Public Trust Office was tasked with managing and administering Māori property affairs, with a focus on the administration of the native reserves. However, if the perpetual leases continue to be viewed through the contractual lens, relief for the Māori landowners will not be forthcoming. Therefore, examining the rationale for imposing fiduciary duties upon the colonial Public Trust Office is essential. Where traditional legal fiduciary literature explores the onerous proscriptive duties that bind persons occupying a fiduciary position, this article establishes that the extensive statutory role assigned to colonial Public Trust officers in managing the native reserves for their Māori beneficiaries created a fiduciary relationship. Moreover, this article shows that, when the colonial Public Trust Office exercised its powers, this often led to conflicts of interest with their Māori beneficiaries.

text: Are historical perpetual leases on Maori owned land (Native reserves) a basis for currently enforceable fiduciary obligations? Colonial perpetual leases over what were once native reserves continue to trouble the New Zealand government. The colonial Public Trust Office was tasked with managing and administering Māori property affairs, with a focus on the administration of the native reserves. However, if the perpetual leases continue to be viewed through the contractual lens, relief for the Māori landowners will not be forthcoming. Therefore, examining the rationale for imposing fiduciary duties upon the colonial Public Trust Office is essential. Where traditional legal fiduciary literature explores the onerous proscriptive duties that bind persons occupying a fiduciary position, this article establishes that the extensive statutory role assigned to colonial Public Trust officers in managing the native reserves for their Māori beneficiaries created a fiduciary relationship. Moreover, this article shows that, when the colonial Public Trust Office exercised its powers, this often led to conflicts of interest with their Māori beneficiaries.

year: 2024