title: Validity, reliability, and normative data on calf muscle function in rugby union players from the Calf Raise application

authors: Hébert-Losier, Kim

subjects: biomechanics

abstract: We examined the validity and reliability of biomechanical outcomes extracted using the Calf Raise application of three calf muscle tests. We then established normative calf muscle function values for male rugby union players accounting for rugby-related factors (position, level) alone and together with clinical factors (age, leg dominance, BMI, previous injury). In total, 120 athletes performed three single-leg calf muscle tests. Twenty athletes participated in application validation; 18 in test–retest reliability; and all in establishing normative equations. Validity of application outcomes against 3D motion and force plate data was good-to-excellent (CV ≤ 6.6%, ICC ≥0.84). Test–retest reliability was good across outcomes following familiarisation (CV < 10%, ICC ≥0.83). Forwards produced superior power than backs during the bodyweight (59 W, p = 0.007) and weighted (73 W, p < 0.001) power tests. Playing level influenced power outcomes (p < 0.009). Super Rugby players were more powerful than Club (both power tests), Provincial (both power tests), and International (bodyweight power). Backs completed more repetitions (3 repetitions, p = 0.001) and positive displacement (30 cm, p = 0.001) than forwards during endurance testing. When accounting for clinical factors; BMI, age, and previous injury explained some of the differences observed between positions and levels. This study provides initial benchmark values of calf muscle function in rugby union.

text: Validity, reliability, and normative data on calf muscle function in rugby union players from the Calf Raise application We examined the validity and reliability of biomechanical outcomes extracted using the Calf Raise application of three calf muscle tests. We then established normative calf muscle function values for male rugby union players accounting for rugby-related factors (position, level) alone and together with clinical factors (age, leg dominance, BMI, previous injury). In total, 120 athletes performed three single-leg calf muscle tests. Twenty athletes participated in application validation; 18 in test–retest reliability; and all in establishing normative equations. Validity of application outcomes against 3D motion and force plate data was good-to-excellent (CV ≤ 6.6%, ICC ≥0.84). Test–retest reliability was good across outcomes following familiarisation (CV < 10%, ICC ≥0.83). Forwards produced superior power than backs during the bodyweight (59 W, p = 0.007) and weighted (73 W, p < 0.001) power tests. Playing level influenced power outcomes (p < 0.009). Super Rugby players were more powerful than Club (both power tests), Provincial (both power tests), and International (bodyweight power). Backs completed more repetitions (3 repetitions, p = 0.001) and positive displacement (30 cm, p = 0.001) than forwards during endurance testing. When accounting for clinical factors; BMI, age, and previous injury explained some of the differences observed between positions and levels. This study provides initial benchmark values of calf muscle function in rugby union.

year: 2022

title: The Maintenance of Group Identity Through Social Networks in the Bay of Plenty Dutch Community

authors: Webster, Kaye Louise

subjects: Dutch

abstract: Abel Tasman, a Dutchman, was the first person to put New Zealand on European maps over three hundred years ago (in 1642) and today there are over twenty-eight thousand people living in New Zealand who identify themselves as Dutch and twenty-seven thousand people speaking the Dutch language.

Previous research has explored various aspects of Dutch migration, including migrant experiences, culture and language yet only de Bres (2004) compares the experiences of Dutch immigrants across time periods of their arrival. Cultural retention and maintenance has mainly been assessed via the use of the Dutch language rather than through other methods, such as Dutch customs and social networks. The main reason for this research is to compare the experiences and cultural identity of the three 'waves' of Dutch migrants, which has not been undertaken before.

This study interviewed six Dutch settler families living in the Bay of Plenty, from three time-periods (1950s; 1960s to 1980s; and 1990s to today) and across generations in order to compare their experiences and assess if and how they maintain their Dutch identity through their use of customs and social networks. Open-ended questionnaires and interview schedules were used to interview the sixteen participants. Content analysis was undertaken for the majority of the questionnaire and interview schedules. For the remaining questions that focused on social networks, the structural aspects of the social support for participants were measured in terms of the social network characteristics, size, density and multiplexity.

The study found an overall retention of Dutch identity across all time-periods for generation one (generation one refers to the migrating parents) with all families using the Dutch language within their own homes, yet only one family maintaining their Dutch identity through social networks and only one family maintaining their Dutch identity through the use of customs.

The second and third generation participants have little to no interest or involvement in the Dutch culture or community. One second generation participant considered herself Dutch-Kiwi, with the remaining second generation participants considering themselves New Zealanders. Only one person from the third generation participated and she identified herself as a Dutch-Kiwi. Overall, this study supports the perception of the 'invisible Dutch' however due to the small sample size it is impossible to make conclusive statements concerning the Bay of Plenty Dutch community.

There is a limited amount of research comparing the experiences of Dutch migrants and how their cultural identity is maintained through their social networks; therefore further research is required to fill this gap.

text: The Maintenance of Group Identity Through Social Networks in the Bay of Plenty Dutch Community Abel Tasman, a Dutchman, was the first person to put New Zealand on European maps over three hundred years ago (in 1642) and today there are over twenty-eight thousand people living in New Zealand who identify themselves as Dutch and twenty-seven thousand people speaking the Dutch language.

Previous research has explored various aspects of Dutch migration, including migrant experiences, culture and language yet only de Bres (2004) compares the experiences of Dutch immigrants across time periods of their arrival. Cultural retention and maintenance has mainly been assessed via the use of the Dutch language rather than through other methods, such as Dutch customs and social networks. The main reason for this research is to compare the experiences and cultural identity of the three 'waves' of Dutch migrants, which has not been undertaken before.

This study interviewed six Dutch settler families living in the Bay of Plenty, from three time-periods (1950s; 1960s to 1980s; and 1990s to today) and across generations in order to compare their experiences and assess if and how they maintain their Dutch identity through their use of customs and social networks. Open-ended questionnaires and interview schedules were used to interview the sixteen participants. Content analysis was undertaken for the majority of the questionnaire and interview schedules. For the remaining questions that focused on social networks, the structural aspects of the social support for participants were measured in terms of the social network characteristics, size, density and multiplexity.

The study found an overall retention of Dutch identity across all time-periods for generation one (generation one refers to the migrating parents) with all families using the Dutch language within their own homes, yet only one family maintaining their Dutch identity through social networks and only one family maintaining their Dutch identity through the use of customs.

The second and third generation participants have little to no interest or involvement in the Dutch culture or community. One second generation participant considered herself Dutch-Kiwi, with the remaining second generation participants considering themselves New Zealanders. Only one person from the third generation participated and she identified herself as a Dutch-Kiwi. Overall, this study supports the perception of the 'invisible Dutch' however due to the small sample size it is impossible to make conclusive statements concerning the Bay of Plenty Dutch community.

There is a limited amount of research comparing the experiences of Dutch migrants and how their cultural identity is maintained through their social networks; therefore further research is required to fill this gap.

year: 2007

title: Te manemanerau a te kāwanatanga: A history of the confiscation of Tūhoe lands in the Bay of Plenty

authors: Melbourne, Sydney

subjects: Ngāi Tūhoe

abstract: This thesis endeavours to show that Tūhoe lands should never have been confiscated and that Tūhoe efforts to gain compensation have been totally unsuccessful to date. When certain lands within the confiscated district of the Bay of Plenty were returned to the tribes there, Tūhoe were not granted any. Furthermore, lands which actually belonged to Tūhoe were granted to other tribes.
Although the major focus is on issues specific to Tūhoe, these are viewed within the wider context of nineteenth century land acquisition in New Zealand. This study looks at Tūhoe historical claims to disputed lands included in the confiscation district of the Bay of Plenty. Chapter One traces the extent of Tūhoe territories within the confiscation district and describes how Tūhoe came to occupy them and the duration of their occupation. Information about these claims came from tribal oral sources and original manuscripts, as well as from more generally accessible sources.
The development of colonial expansion patterns is discussed in Chapter Two. The contention is that they were based on materialistic considerations and legal pretexts to justify the acquisition of Māori lands. Hostilities between Māori and Government in the Bay of Plenty are dealt with in Chapter Three. Particular attention is paid to the causes of the hostilities and the complex racial and political misunderstandings which contributed to the inevitability of war. As a result of these encounters, the New Zealand Settlements Act was imposed.
Chapter Four covers the implementation of its provisions through the Compensation Court. The failings of this Court and its commissioners and field officials are exposed.
Chapter Five examines the settlement of Tūhoe lands in Ōpouriao and Waimana, as well as the changing fortunes of some of the settlers who took advantage of the settlement scheme. After placing the experiences of Tūhoe people within the wider context of what had taken place in New Zealand, Chapter Six focuses on Tūhoe attempts to bring the wrongs they had suffered to the attention of Government. In retrospect these early Tūhoe attempts at redress show that much has to be learnt about presenting substantial submissions. It was obvious that much of what was known by the elders then, though recorded, was never used in evidence to support their petitions. Nonetheless, without the existence of these manuscripts, present attempts would not be possible.
Chapter Seven gives a basis for a proposed just settlement for the confiscation of Tūhoe lands. In order to provide a guide for monetary compensation, details of values of Tūhoe confiscated land have been sought from official records. Compensation for the denial of justice, the loss of human life, land and property, remain open for negotiation.
Finally, while certain conclusions can be and are drawn from these investigations, the end of the story remains unwritten. It will depend on the outcome of new Tūhoe attempts to gain redress from the appropriate statutory body.

text: Te manemanerau a te kāwanatanga: A history of the confiscation of Tūhoe lands in the Bay of Plenty This thesis endeavours to show that Tūhoe lands should never have been confiscated and that Tūhoe efforts to gain compensation have been totally unsuccessful to date. When certain lands within the confiscated district of the Bay of Plenty were returned to the tribes there, Tūhoe were not granted any. Furthermore, lands which actually belonged to Tūhoe were granted to other tribes.
Although the major focus is on issues specific to Tūhoe, these are viewed within the wider context of nineteenth century land acquisition in New Zealand. This study looks at Tūhoe historical claims to disputed lands included in the confiscation district of the Bay of Plenty. Chapter One traces the extent of Tūhoe territories within the confiscation district and describes how Tūhoe came to occupy them and the duration of their occupation. Information about these claims came from tribal oral sources and original manuscripts, as well as from more generally accessible sources.
The development of colonial expansion patterns is discussed in Chapter Two. The contention is that they were based on materialistic considerations and legal pretexts to justify the acquisition of Māori lands. Hostilities between Māori and Government in the Bay of Plenty are dealt with in Chapter Three. Particular attention is paid to the causes of the hostilities and the complex racial and political misunderstandings which contributed to the inevitability of war. As a result of these encounters, the New Zealand Settlements Act was imposed.
Chapter Four covers the implementation of its provisions through the Compensation Court. The failings of this Court and its commissioners and field officials are exposed.
Chapter Five examines the settlement of Tūhoe lands in Ōpouriao and Waimana, as well as the changing fortunes of some of the settlers who took advantage of the settlement scheme. After placing the experiences of Tūhoe people within the wider context of what had taken place in New Zealand, Chapter Six focuses on Tūhoe attempts to bring the wrongs they had suffered to the attention of Government. In retrospect these early Tūhoe attempts at redress show that much has to be learnt about presenting substantial submissions. It was obvious that much of what was known by the elders then, though recorded, was never used in evidence to support their petitions. Nonetheless, without the existence of these manuscripts, present attempts would not be possible.
Chapter Seven gives a basis for a proposed just settlement for the confiscation of Tūhoe lands. In order to provide a guide for monetary compensation, details of values of Tūhoe confiscated land have been sought from official records. Compensation for the denial of justice, the loss of human life, land and property, remain open for negotiation.
Finally, while certain conclusions can be and are drawn from these investigations, the end of the story remains unwritten. It will depend on the outcome of new Tūhoe attempts to gain redress from the appropriate statutory body.

year: 1987