title: Visitors to a Theme Park - Motives and Satisfaction: The Case of Janfusun, Taiwan

authors: Yeh, Shih-Shuo (Sam)

subjects: theme parks

abstract: This thesis is a study that aims to understand the pre, during and post visit behaviours of theme park visitors. This study took place at Janfusun Fancyworld, which is situated at Gukeng village Yun-Lin County, Taiwan. The park was the first Taiwanese theme park to achieve ISO 9002 and has hosted over 2 million visitors every year almost since its inception over a decade ago. By these criteria Janfusun is considered the leading theme park in Taiwan. Theme parks originally emerged from medieval and travelling fairs, but the success of locations such as Coney Island in the late nineteenth century introduced the element of exciting rides. At present the definition of a 'theme park' might be said to be an 'amusement park' that possesses a central theme based on history, fiction or other core. However, it is the researcher's own observation that Janfusun focuses more on the installation of hardware facilities, but pays less attention in creating an unifying theme. This situation may have affected the research outcome since Janfusun operates more as an 'amusement park' from a western perspective but markets itself as a 'theme park' within Taiwan, and is consistent with a Taiwanese understanding of the term of being a 'theme park'.
The main hypothesis adopted in this study is that satisfaction may be of two types: (1) generic, which relates to general 'push' needs such as those for relaxation, and (2) site specific, which relate to destination attraction features and 'pull' determinants. This thesis argues that the satisfaction of generic motives such as the requirement for relaxation and escape is contingent upon the ability of the attraction to meet the visit motives specific to the attraction. For example, a need for escape would not be met if a theme park visitor found the rides uninspiring, the portrayal of fantasy unconvincing and the food poor. Furthermore, researchers such as Foster (1999) suggest that some destination attributes, while considered important by the tourists, rarely act as an incentive to choose a specific destination, but the absence of these attributes can be a powerful deterrent. Some of the attributes, such as 'accessible toilets' and 'a place to rest', are considered as convenience factors in this thesis. This thesis attempts to understand the relationship of push, pull and convenience factors to the visitors' overall satisfaction. Also, this thesis tries to understand the role of socio-demographic variables in determining overall satisfaction. This thesis also includes a longitudinal study that allows the research to capture the effect of changes to visitors. For example, Janfusun has newly installed an artificial beach and wave feature that serves the social needs of its visitors. This thesis also examines the importance of repeat visitation in determining visitors' motivations and experiences. For example, it was found that visitors with high repeat visits are more aware of the 'new rides' than the first time visitors. Finally the last chapter attempts to answer two key questions, (a) why are the findings of importance to both conceptual literature and management practice, and (b) what might future researchers learn from this thesis. The objectives of this thesis are thus summarised as to:
1. Conduct a longitudinal study in Janfusun.
2. Identify visitors' pre-visit behaviour, which is associated with generic motives and push factors.
3. Identify visitors' during-visit behaviour, which is associated with site-specific features and pull factors.
4. Identify post-visit behaviour, which is associated with satisfaction and loyalty.
5. Identify the causal relationships between pre, during and post visit behaviours and conceptualise a model.
6. Identify the role of convenience factors.

text: Visitors to a Theme Park - Motives and Satisfaction: The Case of Janfusun, Taiwan This thesis is a study that aims to understand the pre, during and post visit behaviours of theme park visitors. This study took place at Janfusun Fancyworld, which is situated at Gukeng village Yun-Lin County, Taiwan. The park was the first Taiwanese theme park to achieve ISO 9002 and has hosted over 2 million visitors every year almost since its inception over a decade ago. By these criteria Janfusun is considered the leading theme park in Taiwan. Theme parks originally emerged from medieval and travelling fairs, but the success of locations such as Coney Island in the late nineteenth century introduced the element of exciting rides. At present the definition of a 'theme park' might be said to be an 'amusement park' that possesses a central theme based on history, fiction or other core. However, it is the researcher's own observation that Janfusun focuses more on the installation of hardware facilities, but pays less attention in creating an unifying theme. This situation may have affected the research outcome since Janfusun operates more as an 'amusement park' from a western perspective but markets itself as a 'theme park' within Taiwan, and is consistent with a Taiwanese understanding of the term of being a 'theme park'.
The main hypothesis adopted in this study is that satisfaction may be of two types: (1) generic, which relates to general 'push' needs such as those for relaxation, and (2) site specific, which relate to destination attraction features and 'pull' determinants. This thesis argues that the satisfaction of generic motives such as the requirement for relaxation and escape is contingent upon the ability of the attraction to meet the visit motives specific to the attraction. For example, a need for escape would not be met if a theme park visitor found the rides uninspiring, the portrayal of fantasy unconvincing and the food poor. Furthermore, researchers such as Foster (1999) suggest that some destination attributes, while considered important by the tourists, rarely act as an incentive to choose a specific destination, but the absence of these attributes can be a powerful deterrent. Some of the attributes, such as 'accessible toilets' and 'a place to rest', are considered as convenience factors in this thesis. This thesis attempts to understand the relationship of push, pull and convenience factors to the visitors' overall satisfaction. Also, this thesis tries to understand the role of socio-demographic variables in determining overall satisfaction. This thesis also includes a longitudinal study that allows the research to capture the effect of changes to visitors. For example, Janfusun has newly installed an artificial beach and wave feature that serves the social needs of its visitors. This thesis also examines the importance of repeat visitation in determining visitors' motivations and experiences. For example, it was found that visitors with high repeat visits are more aware of the 'new rides' than the first time visitors. Finally the last chapter attempts to answer two key questions, (a) why are the findings of importance to both conceptual literature and management practice, and (b) what might future researchers learn from this thesis. The objectives of this thesis are thus summarised as to:
1. Conduct a longitudinal study in Janfusun.
2. Identify visitors' pre-visit behaviour, which is associated with generic motives and push factors.
3. Identify visitors' during-visit behaviour, which is associated with site-specific features and pull factors.
4. Identify post-visit behaviour, which is associated with satisfaction and loyalty.
5. Identify the causal relationships between pre, during and post visit behaviours and conceptualise a model.
6. Identify the role of convenience factors.

year: 2008

title: Coastal and sediment dynamics in a high-energy, rocky environment

authors: McComb, Peter

abstract: A study of the wave dynamics, hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics was conducted at an energetic open-coast site at New Plymouth, New Zealand. The location features large, shore-normal reefs of volcanic agglomerate extending from an irregular shoreline, with “black” volcanic sands intermittently overlying a rocky bed. The breakwaters of an artificial harbour (Port Taranaki) interrupt the longshore littoral transport, and dredging and offshore dumping causes “downstream” erosion along the city foreshore. The key study objectives were to investigate the local coastal dynamics, and to examine ways to mitigate the effects of the harbour on the adjacent coast. 

Two large experimental field programmes were conducted involving: i) wave, current and suspended sediment measurements, ii) side-scan sonar and hydrographic survey, iii) sediment tracing, and iv) experimental dumping of 47,000 m³ of dredged sand in a rocky nearshore zone (6-10 m depth). Sediment trap calibration experiments were also performed. 

Analysis of the measured wave data has identified wave-induced motion as a significant source of velocity error in p, u, v meters on taut-wire moorings, and wave directions resolved from the cross-spectra of pressure and velocity have frequency dependent errors due to the phase difference between the pressure and velocity data. Accordingly, the spectra of wave direction should be resolved solely from velocity data. Calibration of sediment traps against an automated water sampler has provided the first strong evidence that traps are effective in deriving the time-averaged suspended sediment concentration SSC in a wave-dominated coastal environment. Rigid cylindrical traps of high Aspect Ratio have a 75% sampling efficiency. 

Wave transformations across the complex nearshore bathymetry are dominated by seabed friction and refraction. This process was simulated using the WBEND wave refraction model, applying a constant friction coefficient for sandy beds, and a Nikuradse roughness for rocky beds. Wind vector was found to influence the spatial distribution of wave energy, with whitecapping conditions under onshore-directed winds inducing a longshore “smoothing” in the wave energy, which appears to act in opposition to wave height reinforcement from refraction. 

Sediment tracing using an artificial fluorescent material proved to be an effective method for observing the transport of littoral sediments over sandy and rocky beds, over distances of up to 5 km. The tracer exhibited a horizontal diffusivity of the order 0.1 m²s⁻¹, of which approximately 5% was expressed in the cross-shore direction. 
The time-averaged entrainment (C₀) of “black” volcanic sands under high-energy conditions may be effectively predicted using the excess non-dimensional skin friction (θ₂.₅) raised to the power of 1.5, with the mean grain size used in the sediment mobility term (Ψ) and the median grain size in the friction factor (fw). The scale of turbulent mixing (lₛ) increases linearly with elevation above the bed, with a gradient of 0.46. Suspended sediments show a systematic (and linear) reduction in mean grain size with increasing elevation above bed. 

SSCs over rocky beds are supply-limited, and inversely proportional to the distance from contiguous sandy beds. Sediments are principally transported in the suspended form, and a system of irregular shore-normal reefs does not significantly obstruct the longshore flux. Rocky beds appear to be resilient to sediment inundation and the sand/rock sediment facies have remained positionally stable over 16 years. Dumping sand in a rocky reef environment does not necessarily result in adjacent beds becoming inundated with sand. In this environment, a nearshore dump mound did not migrate as a contiguous body, but slowly dispersed as suspended sediments. 

Net sediment transport at New Plymouth is directed alongshore to the northeast, although the sediments respond to local and temporal perturbations, which give rise to reversing and circulating fluxes. Port Taranaki traps 174,000 m³ of coastal sediments per year, of which 142,000 m³ accumulates at the breakwater tip. The latter are derived from the shallow zone seaward of the breakwater wall (i.e. within ∼50 m). Sediments in depths > 6 m (i.e. > 100 m from the breakwater wall) bypass the harbour and traverse the rocky reefs toward the eastern beaches. The historical offshore dumping practice removes sediments from the nearshore littoral budget, while the orientation of the main port breakwater causes the longshore sediment flux to be directed away from the adjacent (Kawaroa) coast, further reducing the supply of littoral sediments to that region. 

A new dumping ground has been identified for the breakwater-tip sediments, which is projected to retain the dredged sediments within the nearshore littoral system, feeding sand to the central and eastern city foreshore. Sedimentation of the coast immediately adjacent to the port is not expected to result from the long-term use of this ground.

text: Coastal and sediment dynamics in a high-energy, rocky environment A study of the wave dynamics, hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics was conducted at an energetic open-coast site at New Plymouth, New Zealand. The location features large, shore-normal reefs of volcanic agglomerate extending from an irregular shoreline, with “black” volcanic sands intermittently overlying a rocky bed. The breakwaters of an artificial harbour (Port Taranaki) interrupt the longshore littoral transport, and dredging and offshore dumping causes “downstream” erosion along the city foreshore. The key study objectives were to investigate the local coastal dynamics, and to examine ways to mitigate the effects of the harbour on the adjacent coast. 

Two large experimental field programmes were conducted involving: i) wave, current and suspended sediment measurements, ii) side-scan sonar and hydrographic survey, iii) sediment tracing, and iv) experimental dumping of 47,000 m³ of dredged sand in a rocky nearshore zone (6-10 m depth). Sediment trap calibration experiments were also performed. 

Analysis of the measured wave data has identified wave-induced motion as a significant source of velocity error in p, u, v meters on taut-wire moorings, and wave directions resolved from the cross-spectra of pressure and velocity have frequency dependent errors due to the phase difference between the pressure and velocity data. Accordingly, the spectra of wave direction should be resolved solely from velocity data. Calibration of sediment traps against an automated water sampler has provided the first strong evidence that traps are effective in deriving the time-averaged suspended sediment concentration SSC in a wave-dominated coastal environment. Rigid cylindrical traps of high Aspect Ratio have a 75% sampling efficiency. 

Wave transformations across the complex nearshore bathymetry are dominated by seabed friction and refraction. This process was simulated using the WBEND wave refraction model, applying a constant friction coefficient for sandy beds, and a Nikuradse roughness for rocky beds. Wind vector was found to influence the spatial distribution of wave energy, with whitecapping conditions under onshore-directed winds inducing a longshore “smoothing” in the wave energy, which appears to act in opposition to wave height reinforcement from refraction. 

Sediment tracing using an artificial fluorescent material proved to be an effective method for observing the transport of littoral sediments over sandy and rocky beds, over distances of up to 5 km. The tracer exhibited a horizontal diffusivity of the order 0.1 m²s⁻¹, of which approximately 5% was expressed in the cross-shore direction. 
The time-averaged entrainment (C₀) of “black” volcanic sands under high-energy conditions may be effectively predicted using the excess non-dimensional skin friction (θ₂.₅) raised to the power of 1.5, with the mean grain size used in the sediment mobility term (Ψ) and the median grain size in the friction factor (fw). The scale of turbulent mixing (lₛ) increases linearly with elevation above the bed, with a gradient of 0.46. Suspended sediments show a systematic (and linear) reduction in mean grain size with increasing elevation above bed. 

SSCs over rocky beds are supply-limited, and inversely proportional to the distance from contiguous sandy beds. Sediments are principally transported in the suspended form, and a system of irregular shore-normal reefs does not significantly obstruct the longshore flux. Rocky beds appear to be resilient to sediment inundation and the sand/rock sediment facies have remained positionally stable over 16 years. Dumping sand in a rocky reef environment does not necessarily result in adjacent beds becoming inundated with sand. In this environment, a nearshore dump mound did not migrate as a contiguous body, but slowly dispersed as suspended sediments. 

Net sediment transport at New Plymouth is directed alongshore to the northeast, although the sediments respond to local and temporal perturbations, which give rise to reversing and circulating fluxes. Port Taranaki traps 174,000 m³ of coastal sediments per year, of which 142,000 m³ accumulates at the breakwater tip. The latter are derived from the shallow zone seaward of the breakwater wall (i.e. within ∼50 m). Sediments in depths > 6 m (i.e. > 100 m from the breakwater wall) bypass the harbour and traverse the rocky reefs toward the eastern beaches. The historical offshore dumping practice removes sediments from the nearshore littoral budget, while the orientation of the main port breakwater causes the longshore sediment flux to be directed away from the adjacent (Kawaroa) coast, further reducing the supply of littoral sediments to that region. 

A new dumping ground has been identified for the breakwater-tip sediments, which is projected to retain the dredged sediments within the nearshore littoral system, feeding sand to the central and eastern city foreshore. Sedimentation of the coast immediately adjacent to the port is not expected to result from the long-term use of this ground.

year: 2001

title: Investigation of in vitro diabetic inflammation and  treatment with Piper excelsum tea extract

authors: Harvey, Savannah

subjects: Piper excelsum

abstract: Induction of inflammation through hyperglycaemia and adiposity has been shown to contribute to the pathogenicity of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was the first cytokine found to bridge the connection between the immune system and T2D. This was found due to its increased production in the disease state. TNF-α has specifically been linked to the onset of insulin resistance in T2D models. Evidence has shown that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) may also play a role as a danger signal for the immune system as it can result in the induction of inflammation. Currently, there are no pharmaceutical options for T2D patients which target inflammation. Tea made from the leaves of kawakawa (Piper excelsum) has been used for many generations by Māori as a traditional rākau rongoā (traditional medicine) to treat a range of ailments including inflammation. The aim of this project was to investigate the modulation of inflammation using a commercially available kawakawa tea in human cancer cells in vitro. 

This project involved measuring the growth rate, cytotoxicity, TNF-α production and HSP60 expression upon exposure to three treatments: high glucose, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or kawakawa tea extract (KTE).

This study showed that a high concentration of KTE (1000 µg/mL) inhibited cell growth in both HEPG2 and HeLa cell lines. Cells treated with this concentration also showed typical morphological signs of apoptosis. Cytotoxicity testing confirmed that there was a significant (p <0.05) decrease in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity for this treatment which confirmed the cells were likely dying through apoptosis. Over a course of 24-hours three LPS treatments were found to be cytotoxic. These were the 10 ng/mL, 10 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL concentrations of LPS. After 48-hours all treatments apart from 100 µg/mL KTE treatment were also found to be cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity for these treatments was either due to a reduction in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (infers mitochondrial stress) or increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from cells (infers necrotic cell death). These cytotoxicity experiments allowed for identification of which concentrations should be selected or removed for future experiments. 

Cytotoxicity levels were taken into consideration and experiments were run investigating the induction of TNF-α using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Issues regarding negative readings from samples arose which resulted in protocol changes and extensive trouble shooting. It was found that extended exposure times were required to attenuate a positive result from the positive control, LPS. 

HSP60 expression was also measured for human cells exposed to high glucose and KTE treatments. No change in HSP60 expression was detected. However, 24-hour LPS exposure resulted in a significant increase in HSP60 expression compared to the control for the 100 ng/mL LPS treatment. Two concentrations were investigated; 100 ng/mL LPS and 100 µg/mL LPS which resulted in 1.4- and 2.1-fold increases compared to the control, respectively.

Overall, no conclusion could be drawn regarding the modulation of inflammation by KTE. However, this study was able to identify the effect the tea has on human cancer cell growth and the nature of cytotoxicity the tea poses to the cells. It is recommended to continue this research exploring different kawakawa tea blends and using alternative in vitro cell lines and whole animal models.

text: Investigation of in vitro diabetic inflammation and  treatment with Piper excelsum tea extract Induction of inflammation through hyperglycaemia and adiposity has been shown to contribute to the pathogenicity of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was the first cytokine found to bridge the connection between the immune system and T2D. This was found due to its increased production in the disease state. TNF-α has specifically been linked to the onset of insulin resistance in T2D models. Evidence has shown that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) may also play a role as a danger signal for the immune system as it can result in the induction of inflammation. Currently, there are no pharmaceutical options for T2D patients which target inflammation. Tea made from the leaves of kawakawa (Piper excelsum) has been used for many generations by Māori as a traditional rākau rongoā (traditional medicine) to treat a range of ailments including inflammation. The aim of this project was to investigate the modulation of inflammation using a commercially available kawakawa tea in human cancer cells in vitro. 

This project involved measuring the growth rate, cytotoxicity, TNF-α production and HSP60 expression upon exposure to three treatments: high glucose, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or kawakawa tea extract (KTE).

This study showed that a high concentration of KTE (1000 µg/mL) inhibited cell growth in both HEPG2 and HeLa cell lines. Cells treated with this concentration also showed typical morphological signs of apoptosis. Cytotoxicity testing confirmed that there was a significant (p <0.05) decrease in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity for this treatment which confirmed the cells were likely dying through apoptosis. Over a course of 24-hours three LPS treatments were found to be cytotoxic. These were the 10 ng/mL, 10 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL concentrations of LPS. After 48-hours all treatments apart from 100 µg/mL KTE treatment were also found to be cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity for these treatments was either due to a reduction in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (infers mitochondrial stress) or increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from cells (infers necrotic cell death). These cytotoxicity experiments allowed for identification of which concentrations should be selected or removed for future experiments. 

Cytotoxicity levels were taken into consideration and experiments were run investigating the induction of TNF-α using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Issues regarding negative readings from samples arose which resulted in protocol changes and extensive trouble shooting. It was found that extended exposure times were required to attenuate a positive result from the positive control, LPS. 

HSP60 expression was also measured for human cells exposed to high glucose and KTE treatments. No change in HSP60 expression was detected. However, 24-hour LPS exposure resulted in a significant increase in HSP60 expression compared to the control for the 100 ng/mL LPS treatment. Two concentrations were investigated; 100 ng/mL LPS and 100 µg/mL LPS which resulted in 1.4- and 2.1-fold increases compared to the control, respectively.

Overall, no conclusion could be drawn regarding the modulation of inflammation by KTE. However, this study was able to identify the effect the tea has on human cancer cell growth and the nature of cytotoxicity the tea poses to the cells. It is recommended to continue this research exploring different kawakawa tea blends and using alternative in vitro cell lines and whole animal models.

year: 2021