title: “My Home Is My Castle”: Defiance of the commercial homestay host in tourism

authors: McIntosh, Alison J.

subjects: commercial home

abstract: The intrinsic nature of small tourism business provision has rarely been captured in previous literature, but it has recently gained momentum within scholarly discourse exploring the role of the “home” in tourism and hospitality. This article contributes an examination of the commercial homestay host in New Zealand with a particular focus on the hosts’ personal relationship with their “commercial home.” The article reports the findings of in-depth interviews conducted with commercial homestay hosts in New Zealand. Findings allude to the tyranny of the homestay hosts in their tourism hosting role, their oppressive social need, self-marginalization, and distinctive identity—one that is notably defiant of other commercial hospitality and tourism business norms. In contrast, previous studies rarely showcase the personal perspectives, conscious defiance, or marginalization of commercial hospitality provision. Consequences for understanding the tourism and hospitality phenomenon of commercial home hosting are thus discussed.

text: “My Home Is My Castle”: Defiance of the commercial homestay host in tourism The intrinsic nature of small tourism business provision has rarely been captured in previous literature, but it has recently gained momentum within scholarly discourse exploring the role of the “home” in tourism and hospitality. This article contributes an examination of the commercial homestay host in New Zealand with a particular focus on the hosts’ personal relationship with their “commercial home.” The article reports the findings of in-depth interviews conducted with commercial homestay hosts in New Zealand. Findings allude to the tyranny of the homestay hosts in their tourism hosting role, their oppressive social need, self-marginalization, and distinctive identity—one that is notably defiant of other commercial hospitality and tourism business norms. In contrast, previous studies rarely showcase the personal perspectives, conscious defiance, or marginalization of commercial hospitality provision. Consequences for understanding the tourism and hospitality phenomenon of commercial home hosting are thus discussed.

year: 2011-09

title: The microbiome of colonial ascidians

authors: Livne Fadlon, Shir

abstract: Colonial ascidians are prolific and successful marine invertebrates worldwide. Colonial ascidians harbour a diverse assemblage of microorganisms, some of which are known to produce secondary metabolites (bioactives) that contribute to the ascidians’ ecological success. However, little is known about the microbial ecology of the putative symbionts associated with colonial ascidians and whether they consistently contribute to host competitiveness. We hypothesise that the colonial ascidian microbiome is host-specific and enables host ecological success in interacting with proximate competitor(s) through chemical competition facilitated by inducible microbially synthesised metabolites. We further theorise that, during invasion events, non-native colonial ascidians outcompete native ones using allelochemical capacities conferred by their microbiome and that nonnative colonial ascidians, which are globally successful invaders, harbour unique microorganism assemblages. 
To examine our hypotheses, it is necessary to characterise the relationship between ascidian ecological status (i.e., native, non-native, monospecific, or interacting) and the ascidian microbiome. We systematically sampled colonial ascidian specimens (both native and non-native species) engaged in competitive interactions as well as monospecific specimens. Microbiome analysis was conducted using 16S rRNA gene PCR amplicon sequencing to characterise baseline variability and identify microbial response patterns linked to the ecological status of host species. 
Our findings revealed a high degree of species-specificity in the ascidian microbiome, and native and non-native species exhibited distinct microbial patterns linked with their ecological state. However, interacting ascidian species did not appear to harbour dominant unique microbial assemblages compared to their monospecific counterparts. We also conducted the first microbiome comparison for zooids and tunics of colonial ascidians and found that, contrary to common assumptions, zooids and tunics generally harbour similar microorganisms. 
This study provides the first systematic characterisation of the colonial ascidian microbiome. We generated statistically informative baselines for the colonial ascidian microbiome and novel insight on its potential roles in mediating host ecology. Findings from this study form a robust foundation for future chemical characterisation of potential bioactive compounds (using the same specimens) and shotgun metagenomic analyses of these unique microbial communities.

text: The microbiome of colonial ascidians Colonial ascidians are prolific and successful marine invertebrates worldwide. Colonial ascidians harbour a diverse assemblage of microorganisms, some of which are known to produce secondary metabolites (bioactives) that contribute to the ascidians’ ecological success. However, little is known about the microbial ecology of the putative symbionts associated with colonial ascidians and whether they consistently contribute to host competitiveness. We hypothesise that the colonial ascidian microbiome is host-specific and enables host ecological success in interacting with proximate competitor(s) through chemical competition facilitated by inducible microbially synthesised metabolites. We further theorise that, during invasion events, non-native colonial ascidians outcompete native ones using allelochemical capacities conferred by their microbiome and that nonnative colonial ascidians, which are globally successful invaders, harbour unique microorganism assemblages. 
To examine our hypotheses, it is necessary to characterise the relationship between ascidian ecological status (i.e., native, non-native, monospecific, or interacting) and the ascidian microbiome. We systematically sampled colonial ascidian specimens (both native and non-native species) engaged in competitive interactions as well as monospecific specimens. Microbiome analysis was conducted using 16S rRNA gene PCR amplicon sequencing to characterise baseline variability and identify microbial response patterns linked to the ecological status of host species. 
Our findings revealed a high degree of species-specificity in the ascidian microbiome, and native and non-native species exhibited distinct microbial patterns linked with their ecological state. However, interacting ascidian species did not appear to harbour dominant unique microbial assemblages compared to their monospecific counterparts. We also conducted the first microbiome comparison for zooids and tunics of colonial ascidians and found that, contrary to common assumptions, zooids and tunics generally harbour similar microorganisms. 
This study provides the first systematic characterisation of the colonial ascidian microbiome. We generated statistically informative baselines for the colonial ascidian microbiome and novel insight on its potential roles in mediating host ecology. Findings from this study form a robust foundation for future chemical characterisation of potential bioactive compounds (using the same specimens) and shotgun metagenomic analyses of these unique microbial communities.

year: 2022

title: Pushing the process: A whānau journey through the Treaty of Waitangi claims process

authors: Harrison, Reece David

subjects: Whanau Claims

abstract: This thesis follows the journey of a Whānau (ngā uri a Arama Whakatau) in its Claim to the Waitangi Tribunal under the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1986. In particular, it looks at inter-Whānau dynamics before, during and after the Claims process. The connections to the claimant area through whakapapa and establishing ahi kaa rights are identified, as are problems faced by lodging a Claim at the Whānau level. Aspects of inter-Whānau, inter-Hapū and inter-iwi politics are considered along with Crown agencies' processes. The primary question posed in the thesis is whether a Whānau Claim is the more appropriate avenue compared to making a Claim through the Hapū or iwi. However, the inter-Whānau dynamics are the core focus of the thesis in this 'warts-and-all' discussion from the perspective of the participant-observer.

text: Pushing the process: A whānau journey through the Treaty of Waitangi claims process This thesis follows the journey of a Whānau (ngā uri a Arama Whakatau) in its Claim to the Waitangi Tribunal under the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1986. In particular, it looks at inter-Whānau dynamics before, during and after the Claims process. The connections to the claimant area through whakapapa and establishing ahi kaa rights are identified, as are problems faced by lodging a Claim at the Whānau level. Aspects of inter-Whānau, inter-Hapū and inter-iwi politics are considered along with Crown agencies' processes. The primary question posed in the thesis is whether a Whānau Claim is the more appropriate avenue compared to making a Claim through the Hapū or iwi. However, the inter-Whānau dynamics are the core focus of the thesis in this 'warts-and-all' discussion from the perspective of the participant-observer.

year: 2007