title: A year in climate change emergency

authors: Daya-Winterbottom, Trevor

abstract: This country report provides an overview of recent case law and legislative amendments regarding climate change mitigation, and the declaration of a climate emergency by the New Zealand Parliament.

text: A year in climate change emergency This country report provides an overview of recent case law and legislative amendments regarding climate change mitigation, and the declaration of a climate emergency by the New Zealand Parliament.

year: 2021-04

title: Estimating patterns and rates of coastal cliff retreat around Tauranga Harbour

authors: Garae, Camillia Pauline

subjects: rate of coastal cliff retreat

abstract: Cliffs are common around the shores of Tauranga Harbour, including in the urban areas. The existence of cliffs indicates a potential hazard to people living close to the cliff edge, as they imply both a tendency for the upper surfaces to erode, and for the debris to fall onto lower areas. To identify the relative risk around the harbour shoreline, it is useful to determine the rates and patterns of shoreline erosion.

This study initially determined the shoreline changes between 1943, 1982 and 2011 using a combination of aerial photograph analysis using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), airborne LiDAR data and Laser scan data. Long term rate of retreat was determined for the study area with the use of digitised aerial photographs and DSAS applications. Cliff locations are often difficult to determine from aerial photographs due to shadows and vegetation obscuring the ground surface. Hence, LiDAR data were used to initially identify the cliff edge positions in 2011. These results were compared to the 2011 aerial photograph to assess how easily the cliff edge can be identified with the photographs. The inferred cliff edge from the 2011 aerial photograph was digitised in GIS, and the corresponding cliff edge for 1943 was also determined and digitised using stereopairs to aid cliff edge identification. The 1982 aerial photograph was scanned, georeferenced and shoreline digitised. Using the DSAS software, the rates were computed. However, this was also compared to other methods using the intersection points generated from DSAS. Laser scan surveys were conducted to determine surface volume changes to acquire short term rate of retreat at the cliff face. This analysis involved surveys carried out within a period from May 2014, July 2014 – November 2014. The data collected was compared to earlier laser scan data from September 2012 – July 2013 and LiDAR data from September 2011.

Several approaches were used to determine the best estimate of rate of retreat from the DSAS analyses. It was identified that the buffer end-point rate produced the best rate cliff retreat in the study area. The range of rate of retreat using this method was -0.2 ± 0.16 to 0.07 ± 0.16 m.y-1. It was also identified that the Matua Subgroup had the highest rate of erosion within the study area located at South west Matakana Island. The rate was lowest at East Pahoia Peninsula. Although laser scans were conducted only over a short period of time, comparing the dataset to earlier laser scan data a range of rates were obtained -0.01 to 0.02 m.y-1. Although rates were determined for both methods the errors were large and need to be considered.

text: Estimating patterns and rates of coastal cliff retreat around Tauranga Harbour Cliffs are common around the shores of Tauranga Harbour, including in the urban areas. The existence of cliffs indicates a potential hazard to people living close to the cliff edge, as they imply both a tendency for the upper surfaces to erode, and for the debris to fall onto lower areas. To identify the relative risk around the harbour shoreline, it is useful to determine the rates and patterns of shoreline erosion.

This study initially determined the shoreline changes between 1943, 1982 and 2011 using a combination of aerial photograph analysis using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), airborne LiDAR data and Laser scan data. Long term rate of retreat was determined for the study area with the use of digitised aerial photographs and DSAS applications. Cliff locations are often difficult to determine from aerial photographs due to shadows and vegetation obscuring the ground surface. Hence, LiDAR data were used to initially identify the cliff edge positions in 2011. These results were compared to the 2011 aerial photograph to assess how easily the cliff edge can be identified with the photographs. The inferred cliff edge from the 2011 aerial photograph was digitised in GIS, and the corresponding cliff edge for 1943 was also determined and digitised using stereopairs to aid cliff edge identification. The 1982 aerial photograph was scanned, georeferenced and shoreline digitised. Using the DSAS software, the rates were computed. However, this was also compared to other methods using the intersection points generated from DSAS. Laser scan surveys were conducted to determine surface volume changes to acquire short term rate of retreat at the cliff face. This analysis involved surveys carried out within a period from May 2014, July 2014 – November 2014. The data collected was compared to earlier laser scan data from September 2012 – July 2013 and LiDAR data from September 2011.

Several approaches were used to determine the best estimate of rate of retreat from the DSAS analyses. It was identified that the buffer end-point rate produced the best rate cliff retreat in the study area. The range of rate of retreat using this method was -0.2 ± 0.16 to 0.07 ± 0.16 m.y-1. It was also identified that the Matua Subgroup had the highest rate of erosion within the study area located at South west Matakana Island. The rate was lowest at East Pahoia Peninsula. Although laser scans were conducted only over a short period of time, comparing the dataset to earlier laser scan data a range of rates were obtained -0.01 to 0.02 m.y-1. Although rates were determined for both methods the errors were large and need to be considered.

year: 2015

title: Archetypes and the unthought: The projection of the King’s Court in New Zealand television media

authors: Mataira, Kelvin

abstract: This thesis explores archetypal projections of conflict in Television New Zealand’s news and current affairs as an unthought. The television news and current affairs programmes identified in the thesis relate to issues of conflict between the Maori people of New Zealand, and the Government and Crown agencies of New Zealand. The unresolved issues of conflict are manifest in what has become popularly known as the Treaty of Waitangi settlement process.

The thesis is informed by Foucault’s conviction that the unthought is the power that is linked to every mode of knowledge. The thesis argues that knowledge in relation to thought is limited because the knowledge is surrounded by an immense region of shadow. In an ontology based on thought only it is shown how the Shadow and the King’s Court archetypes conceal and prevent human beings from comprehending other discourses.

It is argued that Foucault’s concern with the unthought is reflected in Carl Gustav Jung’s convictions about the collective unconscious. Jung’s theory of the quarternio: thinking, sensing, intuition and feeling that describe the four functions of the mind, inform the theory and the methodology for the thesis. It is proposed that the discursive activities of television media can be understood in relation to Hermes the Greek God of magic, lies and illusion. It is further proposed that the images that are projected from television media can be informed by mythical accounts of Hermes’ behaviour and activity in relation to Zeus, Apollo, Dionysus, and Ares.

In the thesis, the quarternio and the Greek Gods are represented by the archetypes of the King’s Court. The Ruler archetype represents Zeus and Apollo as the thinking function of the mind. The Sage archetype is shown to be located in close proximity to the Ruler. The Warrior archetype represents Dionysus as the sensing function of the mind. The Magician archetype represents Hermes as the intuitive function of the mind. The Fool archetype represents Ares as the feeling function of the mind. The Destroyer archetype as the inferior and rejected contents of the collective unconscious represents the archetypal Shadow that undermines the activities of the King’s Court. 

It is maintained in the thesis that television media projections of the King’s Court are a metaphor of the mind, and in particular of the contents of the collective unconscious. The King’s Court as a mythical and archetypal metaphor invites an inspection of the unthought through the epistemology of image. The thesis furnishes a methodology based on the epistemology of television. Through an analysis of popular contemporary films such as the Star Wars Trilogy that are shown to be heavily invested with archetypal motif, discourses for each of the King’s Court archetypes are presented. Foucault’s notion of the rituals and gestures that constitute the true discourse in a regime of truth informs the definition of discourse in the thesis. Discourse in the thesis is to be understood as verbal and non-verbal modes of communication.

Foucault’s notion of disciplinary power provides a method for analysing television news and current affairs programmes as an order of discourse. Disciplinary power enables an understanding of the power relations in television media as the power that circulates in an inquisition between the examiner and the confessor. The archetypes of the King’s Court are projected through the rituals of inquisition in television media.

In the analysis all of the archetypes of the King’s Court are seen except for the Magician. Television it is argued represents the Magician. The Destroyer, the Ruler the Sage, the Warrior and the Fool on television media are controlled by the Magician. The Magician shows that the Ruler’s discourse reflected through the King’s Court represents the regime of truth. The competing discourse of the Destroyer as archetypal foe is located outside of the King’s Court and in opposition to the Ruler’s discourse. The Ruler’s discourse is Apollonine. The Ruler projects the image of control, peace, reconciliation, rationality, serenity, authority, and wealth. The Sage as the intellectual and the Fool as the archetypal Trickster are shown to actively facilitate the power of the Ruler. The Warrior who is projected as a powerful leader may be alienated from the King’s Court.

text: Archetypes and the unthought: The projection of the King’s Court in New Zealand television media This thesis explores archetypal projections of conflict in Television New Zealand’s news and current affairs as an unthought. The television news and current affairs programmes identified in the thesis relate to issues of conflict between the Maori people of New Zealand, and the Government and Crown agencies of New Zealand. The unresolved issues of conflict are manifest in what has become popularly known as the Treaty of Waitangi settlement process.

The thesis is informed by Foucault’s conviction that the unthought is the power that is linked to every mode of knowledge. The thesis argues that knowledge in relation to thought is limited because the knowledge is surrounded by an immense region of shadow. In an ontology based on thought only it is shown how the Shadow and the King’s Court archetypes conceal and prevent human beings from comprehending other discourses.

It is argued that Foucault’s concern with the unthought is reflected in Carl Gustav Jung’s convictions about the collective unconscious. Jung’s theory of the quarternio: thinking, sensing, intuition and feeling that describe the four functions of the mind, inform the theory and the methodology for the thesis. It is proposed that the discursive activities of television media can be understood in relation to Hermes the Greek God of magic, lies and illusion. It is further proposed that the images that are projected from television media can be informed by mythical accounts of Hermes’ behaviour and activity in relation to Zeus, Apollo, Dionysus, and Ares.

In the thesis, the quarternio and the Greek Gods are represented by the archetypes of the King’s Court. The Ruler archetype represents Zeus and Apollo as the thinking function of the mind. The Sage archetype is shown to be located in close proximity to the Ruler. The Warrior archetype represents Dionysus as the sensing function of the mind. The Magician archetype represents Hermes as the intuitive function of the mind. The Fool archetype represents Ares as the feeling function of the mind. The Destroyer archetype as the inferior and rejected contents of the collective unconscious represents the archetypal Shadow that undermines the activities of the King’s Court. 

It is maintained in the thesis that television media projections of the King’s Court are a metaphor of the mind, and in particular of the contents of the collective unconscious. The King’s Court as a mythical and archetypal metaphor invites an inspection of the unthought through the epistemology of image. The thesis furnishes a methodology based on the epistemology of television. Through an analysis of popular contemporary films such as the Star Wars Trilogy that are shown to be heavily invested with archetypal motif, discourses for each of the King’s Court archetypes are presented. Foucault’s notion of the rituals and gestures that constitute the true discourse in a regime of truth informs the definition of discourse in the thesis. Discourse in the thesis is to be understood as verbal and non-verbal modes of communication.

Foucault’s notion of disciplinary power provides a method for analysing television news and current affairs programmes as an order of discourse. Disciplinary power enables an understanding of the power relations in television media as the power that circulates in an inquisition between the examiner and the confessor. The archetypes of the King’s Court are projected through the rituals of inquisition in television media.

In the analysis all of the archetypes of the King’s Court are seen except for the Magician. Television it is argued represents the Magician. The Destroyer, the Ruler the Sage, the Warrior and the Fool on television media are controlled by the Magician. The Magician shows that the Ruler’s discourse reflected through the King’s Court represents the regime of truth. The competing discourse of the Destroyer as archetypal foe is located outside of the King’s Court and in opposition to the Ruler’s discourse. The Ruler’s discourse is Apollonine. The Ruler projects the image of control, peace, reconciliation, rationality, serenity, authority, and wealth. The Sage as the intellectual and the Fool as the archetypal Trickster are shown to actively facilitate the power of the Ruler. The Warrior who is projected as a powerful leader may be alienated from the King’s Court.

year: 2000