title: Analysis of ICMP Quotations

authors: Malone, David

subjects: computer science

abstract: RFC 792 requires most ICMP error messages to quote the IP header and the next eight bytes of the packet to which the ICMP error message applies. The quoted packet is used by the receiver to match the ICMP message to an appropriate process. An operating system may examine the quoted source and destination IP addresses, IP protocol, and source and destination port numbers to determine the socket or process corresponding to the ICMP message. In an idealised end-to-end Internet, the portion of the packet quoted should be the same as that which was sent, except for the IP TTL, DSCP, ECN bits, and checksum fields. In the modern Internet, this may not always be the case. This paper presents an analysis of ICMP quotations where the quote does not match the probe.

text: Analysis of ICMP Quotations RFC 792 requires most ICMP error messages to quote the IP header and the next eight bytes of the packet to which the ICMP error message applies. The quoted packet is used by the receiver to match the ICMP message to an appropriate process. An operating system may examine the quoted source and destination IP addresses, IP protocol, and source and destination port numbers to determine the socket or process corresponding to the ICMP message. In an idealised end-to-end Internet, the portion of the packet quoted should be the same as that which was sent, except for the IP TTL, DSCP, ECN bits, and checksum fields. In the modern Internet, this may not always be the case. This paper presents an analysis of ICMP quotations where the quote does not match the probe.

year: 2007

title: Evaluation of lactic acid bacterium from chilli waste as a potential antifungal agent for wood products

authors: O'Callahan, Diahanna Rachelle

subjects: 16S rRNA gene sequencing

abstract: Aims:  The aim of this study was to isolate lactic acid bacteria from chilli waste and evaluate metabolites produced for the ability to arrest wood decay.

Methods and Results:  Using an optical density screening method, one bacterium (isolate C11) was identified as having pronounced antifungal properties against Oligoporus placenta. This isolate was identified as Lactobacillus brevis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. To determine antifungal activity in wood, Pinus radiata blocks were impregnated with Lact. brevis [C11] cell-free supernatant and exposed to brown rot fungi O. placenta, Antrodia xantha and Coniophora puteana. The treated timber demonstrated resistance to degradation from all fungi. The antifungal metabolites were heat stable and not affected by proteinase K, but were affected by neutralization with NaOH suggesting the metabolites were of an acidic nature. The presence of lactic and acetic acid was confirmed by HPLC analysis.

Conclusions: Lactobacillus brevis [C11] produced acidic metabolites that were able to inhibit the growth of wood decay fungi and subsequent wood decay.

Significance and Impact of the Study:  Traditional wood treatments are becoming an environmental issue as the public demands more benign options. The use of lactic acid bacteria which are considered safe for general use is a potential alternative to the conventional heavy metal chemicals currently in use.

text: Evaluation of lactic acid bacterium from chilli waste as a potential antifungal agent for wood products Aims:  The aim of this study was to isolate lactic acid bacteria from chilli waste and evaluate metabolites produced for the ability to arrest wood decay.

Methods and Results:  Using an optical density screening method, one bacterium (isolate C11) was identified as having pronounced antifungal properties against Oligoporus placenta. This isolate was identified as Lactobacillus brevis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. To determine antifungal activity in wood, Pinus radiata blocks were impregnated with Lact. brevis [C11] cell-free supernatant and exposed to brown rot fungi O. placenta, Antrodia xantha and Coniophora puteana. The treated timber demonstrated resistance to degradation from all fungi. The antifungal metabolites were heat stable and not affected by proteinase K, but were affected by neutralization with NaOH suggesting the metabolites were of an acidic nature. The presence of lactic and acetic acid was confirmed by HPLC analysis.

Conclusions: Lactobacillus brevis [C11] produced acidic metabolites that were able to inhibit the growth of wood decay fungi and subsequent wood decay.

Significance and Impact of the Study:  Traditional wood treatments are becoming an environmental issue as the public demands more benign options. The use of lactic acid bacteria which are considered safe for general use is a potential alternative to the conventional heavy metal chemicals currently in use.

year: 2011

title: The digital divide in New Zealand: The position of Maori and Pacific peoples

authors: Gibson, John

subjects: communication

abstract: Information and communication technology plays an ever-growing role in economic, political and social life and those who are unable to access such technologies are increasingly disadvantaged. Hence, what has come to be known as the 'digital divide' is of considerable significance. Here, indicators of that divide as it affects Maori and

text: The digital divide in New Zealand: The position of Maori and Pacific peoples Information and communication technology plays an ever-growing role in economic, political and social life and those who are unable to access such technologies are increasingly disadvantaged. Hence, what has come to be known as the 'digital divide' is of considerable significance. Here, indicators of that divide as it affects Maori and

year: 2002