title: The international context of education, training and certification for medical physicists in Europe, North America and Australasia

authors: Geoghegan, D. S.

subjects: certification

abstract: A common international education, training and certification framework for medical physicists is not available. Because of this an agreed uniform level of skills and knowledge, which is considered as a prerequisite for the free movement of professionals, does not exist. The aim of this study is to provide a description of the present status of the medical physicist education, training and certification framework in 25 European, 2 North American and 2 Australasian countries and compare this with an international certification model. We find that a common policy is generally followed on education, training and certification as well as on professional practice, notwithstanding a few national differences. Attempts to formulate general guidelines are already in progress based on common features and differences between countries which could be used to inform the development of a truly international certification process for medical physicists.

text: The international context of education, training and certification for medical physicists in Europe, North America and Australasia A common international education, training and certification framework for medical physicists is not available. Because of this an agreed uniform level of skills and knowledge, which is considered as a prerequisite for the free movement of professionals, does not exist. The aim of this study is to provide a description of the present status of the medical physicist education, training and certification framework in 25 European, 2 North American and 2 Australasian countries and compare this with an international certification model. We find that a common policy is generally followed on education, training and certification as well as on professional practice, notwithstanding a few national differences. Attempts to formulate general guidelines are already in progress based on common features and differences between countries which could be used to inform the development of a truly international certification process for medical physicists.

year: 2013

title: Conflicts and projections

authors: Malik, Robi

subjects: computer science

abstract: This paper studies abstraction methods suitable to verify very large models of discrete-event systems to be nonconflicting. It compares the observer property to methods known from process algebra, namely to conflict equivalence and observation equivalence. The observer property is shown to be the property that corresponds to conflict equivalence in the case where natural projection is used for abstraction. In this case, the observer property turns out to be the least restrictive condition that can be imposed on natural projection to enable compositional reasoning about conflicts. The observer property is also shown to be closely related to observation equivalence. Several examples and propositions are presented to relate different aspects of these methods of abstraction.

text: Conflicts and projections This paper studies abstraction methods suitable to verify very large models of discrete-event systems to be nonconflicting. It compares the observer property to methods known from process algebra, namely to conflict equivalence and observation equivalence. The observer property is shown to be the property that corresponds to conflict equivalence in the case where natural projection is used for abstraction. In this case, the observer property turns out to be the least restrictive condition that can be imposed on natural projection to enable compositional reasoning about conflicts. The observer property is also shown to be closely related to observation equivalence. Several examples and propositions are presented to relate different aspects of these methods of abstraction.

year: 2007

title: Indigenous people with disabilities: The argument for representation in human rights legislation (with specific reference to the development stage of the United Nations International Disability Convention)

authors: Hickey, Huhana

subjects: Tangata whaikaha

abstract: Until comparatively recently, human rights legislation was largely based on a universalist analysis. In treating all human beings alike, in failing to acknowledge the need for special measures to combat the marginalisation and oppression of particular groups, such as indigenous people and people with disabilities, it actually contributed to their invisibility and, hence, to their marginalisation and oppression. More recently, however, there has been a global trend towards the recognition of marginalised groups in human rights legislation. Even so, universalism, and the prejudice that so often accompanies it, is still in evidence. For example, although the United Nations is currently involved in drafting a Disabled Persons Convention, indigenous people with disabilities are not specifically represented. Their particular situation, one that involves a dual form of oppression (as indigenous people and as people with disabilities) is not acknowledged. Unless this situation is remedied, the Convention will inevitably be both less acceptable and less useful than would otherwise be the case.

text: Indigenous people with disabilities: The argument for representation in human rights legislation (with specific reference to the development stage of the United Nations International Disability Convention) Until comparatively recently, human rights legislation was largely based on a universalist analysis. In treating all human beings alike, in failing to acknowledge the need for special measures to combat the marginalisation and oppression of particular groups, such as indigenous people and people with disabilities, it actually contributed to their invisibility and, hence, to their marginalisation and oppression. More recently, however, there has been a global trend towards the recognition of marginalised groups in human rights legislation. Even so, universalism, and the prejudice that so often accompanies it, is still in evidence. For example, although the United Nations is currently involved in drafting a Disabled Persons Convention, indigenous people with disabilities are not specifically represented. Their particular situation, one that involves a dual form of oppression (as indigenous people and as people with disabilities) is not acknowledged. Unless this situation is remedied, the Convention will inevitably be both less acceptable and less useful than would otherwise be the case.

year: 2005-09