title: The post-antibiotic effect of manuka honey on gastrointestinal pathogens

authors: Lin, Shih-Min (Sam)

subjects: biology

abstract: An increasing number of studies have shown that honey has substantial antimicrobial activity [1]. This has mostly been demonstrated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests in which microorganisms are exposed to a constant level of honey for a long period. However, the efficacy of honey taken orally would be greatly affected by dilution in large amounts of body fluids and water from food and drink as well as by a short period of contact with bacterial cells owing to rapid peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract. We therefore investigated how long it would take manuka honey to eliminate microorganisms and whether or not honey has a post-antibiotic effect (PAE) similar to other common drugs.

text: The post-antibiotic effect of manuka honey on gastrointestinal pathogens An increasing number of studies have shown that honey has substantial antimicrobial activity [1]. This has mostly been demonstrated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests in which microorganisms are exposed to a constant level of honey for a long period. However, the efficacy of honey taken orally would be greatly affected by dilution in large amounts of body fluids and water from food and drink as well as by a short period of contact with bacterial cells owing to rapid peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract. We therefore investigated how long it would take manuka honey to eliminate microorganisms and whether or not honey has a post-antibiotic effect (PAE) similar to other common drugs.

year: 2010

title: Experiences using Z animation tools.

authors: Reeve, Greg

abstract: In this paper we describe our experience of using three different animation systems. We searched for and decided to use these tools in the context of a project which involved developing formal versions (in Z) of informal requirements documents, and then showing the formal versions to people in industry who were not Z users (or users of any formal techniques). So, an animator seemed a good way of showing the behaviour of a system described formally without the audience having to learn Z. A requirement, however, that the tools used have to satisfy is that they correctly animated Z (whatever that may mean) and they behave adequately in terms of speed and presentation. We have to report that none of the tools we looked at satisfy these requirements--though to be fair all of them are still under development.

text: Experiences using Z animation tools. In this paper we describe our experience of using three different animation systems. We searched for and decided to use these tools in the context of a project which involved developing formal versions (in Z) of informal requirements documents, and then showing the formal versions to people in industry who were not Z users (or users of any formal techniques). So, an animator seemed a good way of showing the behaviour of a system described formally without the audience having to learn Z. A requirement, however, that the tools used have to satisfy is that they correctly animated Z (whatever that may mean) and they behave adequately in terms of speed and presentation. We have to report that none of the tools we looked at satisfy these requirements--though to be fair all of them are still under development.

year: 2001-05-01

title: Ethics in Maori research: Working paper

authors: Cram, Fiona

subjects: Maori

abstract: When we think about what we are doing as researchers, one of our main tasks is to acquire knowledge. For some researchers their task begins and ends there. Knowledge is viewed as cumulative, that by adding to some knowledge pool we will one day be able to put the component parts together and discover universal laws. Many researchers also assume that the knowledge they have collected is objective, value-free and apolitical. This is part of psychologists’ ‘physics envy’. A Maori view of knowledge is very different from this. For Maori the purpose of knowledge is to uphold the interests and the mana of the group; it serves the community. Researchers are not building up their own status; they are fighting for the betterment of their iwi and for Maori people in general.

text: Ethics in Maori research: Working paper When we think about what we are doing as researchers, one of our main tasks is to acquire knowledge. For some researchers their task begins and ends there. Knowledge is viewed as cumulative, that by adding to some knowledge pool we will one day be able to put the component parts together and discover universal laws. Many researchers also assume that the knowledge they have collected is objective, value-free and apolitical. This is part of psychologists’ ‘physics envy’. A Maori view of knowledge is very different from this. For Maori the purpose of knowledge is to uphold the interests and the mana of the group; it serves the community. Researchers are not building up their own status; they are fighting for the betterment of their iwi and for Maori people in general.

year: 1993