title: Intervention analysis of SARS on Japanese tourism demand for Taiwan

authors: Min, Jennifer C.H.

subjects: international tourism

abstract: Japan was Asia’s leading generator of international tourism in the 1980s and 1990s. Japanese tourists make up over 30% of all international tourists to Taiwan and they have been the highest ranking tourist source market since the early stages of the island’s tourism development in the 1970s. However, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, the most catastrophic disaster in the past 100 years in Taiwan, had a huge impact on Japanese inbound tourism to the island. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how Japanese inbound arrivals have been affected by the SARS outbreak. A SARIMA with intervention model is used to assess the impact of the epidemic on inbound tourism from Japan to Taiwan in the aftermath of the SARS outbreak. The empirical results indicated that inbound tourism from Japan was devastated by the crisis, particularly during the first 5 months after the SARS outbreak. This study provides some helpful insight for the tourism industry to respond to the impact of exogenous shock.

text: Intervention analysis of SARS on Japanese tourism demand for Taiwan Japan was Asia’s leading generator of international tourism in the 1980s and 1990s. Japanese tourists make up over 30% of all international tourists to Taiwan and they have been the highest ranking tourist source market since the early stages of the island’s tourism development in the 1970s. However, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, the most catastrophic disaster in the past 100 years in Taiwan, had a huge impact on Japanese inbound tourism to the island. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how Japanese inbound arrivals have been affected by the SARS outbreak. A SARIMA with intervention model is used to assess the impact of the epidemic on inbound tourism from Japan to Taiwan in the aftermath of the SARS outbreak. The empirical results indicated that inbound tourism from Japan was devastated by the crisis, particularly during the first 5 months after the SARS outbreak. This study provides some helpful insight for the tourism industry to respond to the impact of exogenous shock.

year: 2010

title: Grain growth and kinetics for nanocrystalline magnesium alloy produced by mechanical alloying

authors: Cao, Peng

subjects: alloys

abstract: A study on the kinetics of grain growth of an Mg-12.1 wt%Cu alloy produced by mechanical alloying was carried out. The grain sizes of as-mechanically alloyed powder and of cold-compacted annealed powder were determined from the broadening of X-ray lines. The grain size deceases initially due to recrystallization and then increases gradually, and finally ceases to reach an ultimate value regardless of annealing time. From isothermal anneals, the grain growth kinetics can be described by Dn − D0n = ct, where n (n = 5 to 8) is a constant essentially dependent on the annealing temperature. The activation energy for grain growth Q has been determined to be 118 kJ/mol, which is longer by 26 kJ/mol than that for pure magnesium. Second-phase intermetallic particle Mg2Cu produced during ball-milling influences not only on activation energy but also on exponent of the kinetic equation.

text: Grain growth and kinetics for nanocrystalline magnesium alloy produced by mechanical alloying A study on the kinetics of grain growth of an Mg-12.1 wt%Cu alloy produced by mechanical alloying was carried out. The grain sizes of as-mechanically alloyed powder and of cold-compacted annealed powder were determined from the broadening of X-ray lines. The grain size deceases initially due to recrystallization and then increases gradually, and finally ceases to reach an ultimate value regardless of annealing time. From isothermal anneals, the grain growth kinetics can be described by Dn − D0n = ct, where n (n = 5 to 8) is a constant essentially dependent on the annealing temperature. The activation energy for grain growth Q has been determined to be 118 kJ/mol, which is longer by 26 kJ/mol than that for pure magnesium. Second-phase intermetallic particle Mg2Cu produced during ball-milling influences not only on activation energy but also on exponent of the kinetic equation.

year: 2001

title: Kapa Haka Whakataetae Kua tini haere te kanohi o te mahi kapa haka i te ao hurihuri nei.

authors: Rollo, Te Manaaroha Pirihira

subjects: Kapa Haka

abstract: Tihei Haka! Mauriora Kapa haka (Rollo, 2006)
Ka tū te ihiihi, ka tū te wanawana o te hunga i ngā hui whakataetae kapa haka o te motu. He hui rongonui i te maramataka a te Māori ia tau ia tau, ā, he hui whakahirahira anō mō rātou mā i whakawhiti mai i tāwahi rā hoki. Mā te mahi a te kapa haka ka whakaari ngā rōpū haka i ngā mahi nō nehe rā me ngā mahi hou o te ao onāianei. Ahakoa te āhuatanga o te mahi, he taonga tuku iho nā rātou mā kua mene ki te pō.  Moe mai rā e te kāhui o ngā whetu i te pō, moe mai i te Ariki o te rangi. 

I tēnei tuhinga, e āta titiro ana 'hau ki ngā mahi hou me te āhuatanga hou kei ngā rōpū haka i te whakataetae-a-motu, arā Te Matatini me ētahi atu momo whakataetae i Aotearoa, tāpiri mai hoki ērā kei Te Moana nui a Kiwa. Ko te ingoa matua o tēnei tuhinga,  KAPA HAKA WHAKATAETAE. Kua tīni haere te kanohi o te mahi kapa haka i te ao hurihuri nei .
No reira, ko te tino pātai kei tēnei rangahau ko tērā. He aha ngā mahi hou kei te kapa haka whakataetae? Nā he hua anō hoki kei reira? Ka hāngaia tonu e te tuhinga nei  ngā hui whakataetae kapa haka mai i te tau 1972 tae noa ki te tau 2006.

Ngā ūpoko o te tuhinga whakapae
E whā ngā wāhanga ūpoko o tēnei tuhinga whakapae. Mā ngā ūpoko katoa ka kitea ai ngā momo kaupapa ake e hāngai pū ana ki te kaupapa mō te whakataetae kapa haka me ōna āhuatanga hou. He mahi whakahirahira tāku ki te whakatakoto i ngā kōrero, i ngā whakaaro, i ngā mātauranga o tēnā tangata mōhio, o tēnā tangata mātau ki roto i ngā whare māramatanga, arā ngā  wāhanga wēnā,  hei mātauranga hou mō te ao katoa.

I te ūpoko tuatahi, ka anga te titiro ki ngā whakamāramatanga o ngā tikanga-a-iwi e pā ana ki te  tūturutanga me te ao o te kapa haka. Mā wēnei whakamāramatanga hei awhi i a 'hau i taku rangahau ki te mahi onāianei o te whakataetae kapa haka. Ka whai mātauranga 'hau mō ngā tikanga o ngā kupu e rua. Ko ēnei ko te kupu  haka  te tuatahi, ā, ko te kupu  kapa haka  te tuarua. He aha ngā rerekētanga me te ōritenga o wēnei kupu rongonui? Ka anga whakamua ki ngā tūmanako me ngā ritenga o te whakataetae kapa haka a te motu mai i te New Zealand Polynesian Festival tae atu ki Te Matatini. Ko te whāinga mutunga o tēnei wāhanga, ka hoki whakanui ki te whakataetae-a-motu mai i te tau 1972 tae noa atu ki te tau 2006.

Ko te ūpoko tuarua, ka whakatakoto e 'hau ngā whakautu o ngā patapātai mai i ngā rārangi kōrero me ngā whakaaro whānui i whakahokia mai e ngā tāngata o ngā rōpū haka e whā, arā, Te Rōpū Haka o Te Kotahitanga, Ngāti Poneke Young Māori Club, ko Te Waihīrere, ā, huri atu ki Te Pou a Mangatāwhiri hoki, he rōpū i whakatūhia anō i te tau 2005. I tēnei wāhanga ka kitea ngā kōrero ātaahua, ngā mātauranga tūturu me ngā whakaaro hōhonu o ngā kaiako me ngā tāngata e tautoko ana i taku mahi kimi mātauranga.  Nā rātou ka ohorere, ka mirimiri hoki i tōku hinengaro ki ngā māramatanga hou. He tika anō te kupu ā  Pā Henare Tate nō Ngapuhi nui tonu e kī ana,  Mā te whakaatu, ka mōhio, mā te mōhio, ka mārama, mā te mārama, ka mātau, mā te mātau, ka ora   (Barlow 1991)

I te ūpoko tuatoru he whakaaturanga tēnei o āku tirohanga ki ngā āhua rerekē me ngā mahi hou i roto i ngā rōpū haka i runga i te ātamira o te whakataetae, i roto hoki i te mura o te ahi o te whakataetae. Kua tuhituhi au i ngā momo āhuatanga e pā ana ki  te taha o te kanikani, te mahi-a-korikori me ngā mahi katoa i runga i te atamira. Ahakoa iti ko tētahi atu wahanga o ērā kōrero e pā ana ki te pūoro me ōna mana kua puta i konei. Ka huri taku tuhinga ki te taha o te reo waiata, te toi whakaari me te whakaataata o ngā mahi a te Rēhia. I konei ka titiro ki te tāmoko, te pani kanohi me te pani tinana, arā he mahi hou katoa. Ko te wahanga mutunga e pā ana ki te reo Māori me te tito waiata hoki. Ahakoa he maha ngā āhuatanga, ko ngā tuhinga nei mō ia āhuatanga kia kitea ai ngā rerekēnga me ngā mahi hou i te whakataetae kapa haka o te ao Māori. No reira te nuinga engari ko wētahi i whakaurua mai i ētahi atu iwi ō tāwahi.       

Ko te ūpoko whakamutunga, ka hāngai taku titiro ki te ao o te whakataetae, arā, ki ngā whakaaro me te tā o te hinengaro me te ngākau o te tangata. Ka peka haere ki te whakatū o ngā rōpū whakataetae me te parakatihi o ngā waiata, ngā haka me ngā whakaritenga mo te whakataetae kapa haka. Ko te kōrero whakamutunga, ka huri ki wētahi atu o ngā whakataetae mai i Te Kuki Airani, i Tahiti me Hawaii hoki. Āe mārika, ka ora te ao o te whakataetae puta noa i te ao nui. Ki ahau, mā tēnei tuhinga hei whakapuare ngā hurihanga o te ao Māori me te ao o te kapa haka. Ka ea, he tika hoki te whakataukī rā,  ka pū te ruha, ka hao te rangatahi    (Ryan 1995), arā ka kimi i ērā e pīataata ai o rātou wairua, hinengaro, ngākau.

text: Kapa Haka Whakataetae Kua tini haere te kanohi o te mahi kapa haka i te ao hurihuri nei. Tihei Haka! Mauriora Kapa haka (Rollo, 2006)
Ka tū te ihiihi, ka tū te wanawana o te hunga i ngā hui whakataetae kapa haka o te motu. He hui rongonui i te maramataka a te Māori ia tau ia tau, ā, he hui whakahirahira anō mō rātou mā i whakawhiti mai i tāwahi rā hoki. Mā te mahi a te kapa haka ka whakaari ngā rōpū haka i ngā mahi nō nehe rā me ngā mahi hou o te ao onāianei. Ahakoa te āhuatanga o te mahi, he taonga tuku iho nā rātou mā kua mene ki te pō.  Moe mai rā e te kāhui o ngā whetu i te pō, moe mai i te Ariki o te rangi. 

I tēnei tuhinga, e āta titiro ana 'hau ki ngā mahi hou me te āhuatanga hou kei ngā rōpū haka i te whakataetae-a-motu, arā Te Matatini me ētahi atu momo whakataetae i Aotearoa, tāpiri mai hoki ērā kei Te Moana nui a Kiwa. Ko te ingoa matua o tēnei tuhinga,  KAPA HAKA WHAKATAETAE. Kua tīni haere te kanohi o te mahi kapa haka i te ao hurihuri nei .
No reira, ko te tino pātai kei tēnei rangahau ko tērā. He aha ngā mahi hou kei te kapa haka whakataetae? Nā he hua anō hoki kei reira? Ka hāngaia tonu e te tuhinga nei  ngā hui whakataetae kapa haka mai i te tau 1972 tae noa ki te tau 2006.

Ngā ūpoko o te tuhinga whakapae
E whā ngā wāhanga ūpoko o tēnei tuhinga whakapae. Mā ngā ūpoko katoa ka kitea ai ngā momo kaupapa ake e hāngai pū ana ki te kaupapa mō te whakataetae kapa haka me ōna āhuatanga hou. He mahi whakahirahira tāku ki te whakatakoto i ngā kōrero, i ngā whakaaro, i ngā mātauranga o tēnā tangata mōhio, o tēnā tangata mātau ki roto i ngā whare māramatanga, arā ngā  wāhanga wēnā,  hei mātauranga hou mō te ao katoa.

I te ūpoko tuatahi, ka anga te titiro ki ngā whakamāramatanga o ngā tikanga-a-iwi e pā ana ki te  tūturutanga me te ao o te kapa haka. Mā wēnei whakamāramatanga hei awhi i a 'hau i taku rangahau ki te mahi onāianei o te whakataetae kapa haka. Ka whai mātauranga 'hau mō ngā tikanga o ngā kupu e rua. Ko ēnei ko te kupu  haka  te tuatahi, ā, ko te kupu  kapa haka  te tuarua. He aha ngā rerekētanga me te ōritenga o wēnei kupu rongonui? Ka anga whakamua ki ngā tūmanako me ngā ritenga o te whakataetae kapa haka a te motu mai i te New Zealand Polynesian Festival tae atu ki Te Matatini. Ko te whāinga mutunga o tēnei wāhanga, ka hoki whakanui ki te whakataetae-a-motu mai i te tau 1972 tae noa atu ki te tau 2006.

Ko te ūpoko tuarua, ka whakatakoto e 'hau ngā whakautu o ngā patapātai mai i ngā rārangi kōrero me ngā whakaaro whānui i whakahokia mai e ngā tāngata o ngā rōpū haka e whā, arā, Te Rōpū Haka o Te Kotahitanga, Ngāti Poneke Young Māori Club, ko Te Waihīrere, ā, huri atu ki Te Pou a Mangatāwhiri hoki, he rōpū i whakatūhia anō i te tau 2005. I tēnei wāhanga ka kitea ngā kōrero ātaahua, ngā mātauranga tūturu me ngā whakaaro hōhonu o ngā kaiako me ngā tāngata e tautoko ana i taku mahi kimi mātauranga.  Nā rātou ka ohorere, ka mirimiri hoki i tōku hinengaro ki ngā māramatanga hou. He tika anō te kupu ā  Pā Henare Tate nō Ngapuhi nui tonu e kī ana,  Mā te whakaatu, ka mōhio, mā te mōhio, ka mārama, mā te mārama, ka mātau, mā te mātau, ka ora   (Barlow 1991)

I te ūpoko tuatoru he whakaaturanga tēnei o āku tirohanga ki ngā āhua rerekē me ngā mahi hou i roto i ngā rōpū haka i runga i te ātamira o te whakataetae, i roto hoki i te mura o te ahi o te whakataetae. Kua tuhituhi au i ngā momo āhuatanga e pā ana ki  te taha o te kanikani, te mahi-a-korikori me ngā mahi katoa i runga i te atamira. Ahakoa iti ko tētahi atu wahanga o ērā kōrero e pā ana ki te pūoro me ōna mana kua puta i konei. Ka huri taku tuhinga ki te taha o te reo waiata, te toi whakaari me te whakaataata o ngā mahi a te Rēhia. I konei ka titiro ki te tāmoko, te pani kanohi me te pani tinana, arā he mahi hou katoa. Ko te wahanga mutunga e pā ana ki te reo Māori me te tito waiata hoki. Ahakoa he maha ngā āhuatanga, ko ngā tuhinga nei mō ia āhuatanga kia kitea ai ngā rerekēnga me ngā mahi hou i te whakataetae kapa haka o te ao Māori. No reira te nuinga engari ko wētahi i whakaurua mai i ētahi atu iwi ō tāwahi.       

Ko te ūpoko whakamutunga, ka hāngai taku titiro ki te ao o te whakataetae, arā, ki ngā whakaaro me te tā o te hinengaro me te ngākau o te tangata. Ka peka haere ki te whakatū o ngā rōpū whakataetae me te parakatihi o ngā waiata, ngā haka me ngā whakaritenga mo te whakataetae kapa haka. Ko te kōrero whakamutunga, ka huri ki wētahi atu o ngā whakataetae mai i Te Kuki Airani, i Tahiti me Hawaii hoki. Āe mārika, ka ora te ao o te whakataetae puta noa i te ao nui. Ki ahau, mā tēnei tuhinga hei whakapuare ngā hurihanga o te ao Māori me te ao o te kapa haka. Ka ea, he tika hoki te whakataukī rā,  ka pū te ruha, ka hao te rangatahi    (Ryan 1995), arā ka kimi i ērā e pīataata ai o rātou wairua, hinengaro, ngākau.

year: 2007