title: Cloning of the IL-1β3 gene and IL-1β4 pseudogene in salmonids uncovers a second type of IL-1β gene in teleost fish

authors: Husain, Mansourah

subjects: Atlantic salmon

abstract: To date two closely related interleukin-1β genes (IL-1β1 and IL-β2) have been found in salmonids. The cloning of trout and salmon IL-1β3., and a salmon IL-1β4 pseudogene reveals that two types of IL-1β genes exist in teleost species. Type I teleost IL-1β genes, including salmonid IL-1β3, share a similar 6 coding exon structure as in tetrapods. Type II teleost IL-1β genes, e.g. salmonid IL-1β1-2, lack one or two coding exons at their 5'-end, and share higher identities within this subgroup than within the type I subgroup. Both types of IL-1β genes have been found in species of Salmoniformes, Perciformes and Beloniformes, suggesting the divergence occurred early in teleost evolution. Trout IL-1β3 is highly expressed in ovary suggesting a role in reproduction. A relatively high constitutive expression in gills, spleen and kidney and the up-regulation by PAMPs, proinflammatory cytokines and viral infection suggests IL-1β3 also has a role in inflammation and host defence.

text: Cloning of the IL-1β3 gene and IL-1β4 pseudogene in salmonids uncovers a second type of IL-1β gene in teleost fish To date two closely related interleukin-1β genes (IL-1β1 and IL-β2) have been found in salmonids. The cloning of trout and salmon IL-1β3., and a salmon IL-1β4 pseudogene reveals that two types of IL-1β genes exist in teleost species. Type I teleost IL-1β genes, including salmonid IL-1β3, share a similar 6 coding exon structure as in tetrapods. Type II teleost IL-1β genes, e.g. salmonid IL-1β1-2, lack one or two coding exons at their 5'-end, and share higher identities within this subgroup than within the type I subgroup. Both types of IL-1β genes have been found in species of Salmoniformes, Perciformes and Beloniformes, suggesting the divergence occurred early in teleost evolution. Trout IL-1β3 is highly expressed in ovary suggesting a role in reproduction. A relatively high constitutive expression in gills, spleen and kidney and the up-regulation by PAMPs, proinflammatory cytokines and viral infection suggests IL-1β3 also has a role in inflammation and host defence.

year: 2012

title: International migration and income inequality in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2013–2018

authors: Islam, Ahmed Zohirul

subjects: migration

abstract: Income inequality and international migration are often interrelated and have both become key concerns in Aotearoa New Zealand over recent decades. The present study aimed to examine the effects of immigration on income inequality in Aotearoa New Zealand by decomposing the within-group and between-group contributions to the level of inequality and to the change in income inequality between 2013 and 2018. Drawing on census and administrative income data, we explored two routes (composition effect and group-specific income-distribution effect) through which international migration influences the aggregate income distribution. Mean log deviation (MLD) decomposition technique was used to decompose the within-group inequality and between-group inequality, and the population subgroup decomposition of Mookherjee and Shorrocks’s (1982) approach was used to decompose the change in inequality over the 2013–2018 period. The results show that income inequality was higher among immigrants than among New Zealand-born, and recent immigrants have relatively lower incomes which improve over time. Between 2013 and 2018, increases in the share of the high-skilled immigrant groups had inequality-increasing contributions. The decrease in the population share of low-skilled recent immigrants contributed to decreasing overall income inequality as did the effect of change in group-specific income distribution of low-skilled earlier immigrants. These results highlight the need for more focus on the role of migrant composition in terms of gender, nationality, occupation and migrant status in order to gain greater insight into the relationship between immigration and inequality.

text: International migration and income inequality in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2013–2018 Income inequality and international migration are often interrelated and have both become key concerns in Aotearoa New Zealand over recent decades. The present study aimed to examine the effects of immigration on income inequality in Aotearoa New Zealand by decomposing the within-group and between-group contributions to the level of inequality and to the change in income inequality between 2013 and 2018. Drawing on census and administrative income data, we explored two routes (composition effect and group-specific income-distribution effect) through which international migration influences the aggregate income distribution. Mean log deviation (MLD) decomposition technique was used to decompose the within-group inequality and between-group inequality, and the population subgroup decomposition of Mookherjee and Shorrocks’s (1982) approach was used to decompose the change in inequality over the 2013–2018 period. The results show that income inequality was higher among immigrants than among New Zealand-born, and recent immigrants have relatively lower incomes which improve over time. Between 2013 and 2018, increases in the share of the high-skilled immigrant groups had inequality-increasing contributions. The decrease in the population share of low-skilled recent immigrants contributed to decreasing overall income inequality as did the effect of change in group-specific income distribution of low-skilled earlier immigrants. These results highlight the need for more focus on the role of migrant composition in terms of gender, nationality, occupation and migrant status in order to gain greater insight into the relationship between immigration and inequality.

year: 2024-04-25

title: Older adult education in a New Zealand university: Developments and issues

authors: Findsen, Brian

abstract: This article explores a case study of educational provision for older adults in the context of continuing education in one of New Zealand’s universities. It explains how developments in older adult education at the University of Waikato have reflected historical and cultural trends related to the wider field of adult and community education (ACE) inside a higher education setting. It discusses issues of tertiary education policy and funding, what constitutes curriculum and provision for older adults and how university-community partnerships have shaped opportunities for both indigenous Māori and Pakeha (European) seniors. Government removal of funding to all universities in New Zealand for ACE at the end of 2012 ended formal provision but older adult education groups, formerly supported by the Centre for Continuing Education in the University of Waikato, have assumed a more proactive stance in planning and implementing their own programmes.

text: Older adult education in a New Zealand university: Developments and issues This article explores a case study of educational provision for older adults in the context of continuing education in one of New Zealand’s universities. It explains how developments in older adult education at the University of Waikato have reflected historical and cultural trends related to the wider field of adult and community education (ACE) inside a higher education setting. It discusses issues of tertiary education policy and funding, what constitutes curriculum and provision for older adults and how university-community partnerships have shaped opportunities for both indigenous Māori and Pakeha (European) seniors. Government removal of funding to all universities in New Zealand for ACE at the end of 2012 ended formal provision but older adult education groups, formerly supported by the Centre for Continuing Education in the University of Waikato, have assumed a more proactive stance in planning and implementing their own programmes.

year: 2014