title: Real time analysis of cataract surgery videos using deep learning

authors: Whitten, Jesse

subjects: Deep learning

abstract: A deep learning framework is proposed that classifies surgical instruments within cataract surgery videos and generates clinical summary reports, proving objective reporting and analysis. This framework is run in real time on an embedded system, potentially allowing real time feedback directly in a clinical environment. To evaluate this framework, a novel dataset of 39 cataract surgery videos is sampled at different frame rates and labeled with 10 surgical instrument classes. This dataset is used to train and evaluate several image classification deep learning model architectures: ResNet-50, ResNet-152 and InceptionV3. An Nvidia Jetson Nano 4GB embedded system is used to operate an optimised variation of the framework, evaluating the accuracy and representation of clinical summary reports. It was found that the deep learning models provided a maximum mean predictive AUC score of 0.982 and a sensitivity of 0.968 on hold out test videos. The Jetson Nano was demonstrated to provide accurate and representative clinical summary reports with a video frame rate of 6 frames per second, completing in real time. These results show that the deep learning framework is viable for integration into the clinical environment, automatically providing clinical summary reports containing objective assessment statistics, video annotations and graphical timeline visualisations of cataract removal surgeries.

text: Real time analysis of cataract surgery videos using deep learning A deep learning framework is proposed that classifies surgical instruments within cataract surgery videos and generates clinical summary reports, proving objective reporting and analysis. This framework is run in real time on an embedded system, potentially allowing real time feedback directly in a clinical environment. To evaluate this framework, a novel dataset of 39 cataract surgery videos is sampled at different frame rates and labeled with 10 surgical instrument classes. This dataset is used to train and evaluate several image classification deep learning model architectures: ResNet-50, ResNet-152 and InceptionV3. An Nvidia Jetson Nano 4GB embedded system is used to operate an optimised variation of the framework, evaluating the accuracy and representation of clinical summary reports. It was found that the deep learning models provided a maximum mean predictive AUC score of 0.982 and a sensitivity of 0.968 on hold out test videos. The Jetson Nano was demonstrated to provide accurate and representative clinical summary reports with a video frame rate of 6 frames per second, completing in real time. These results show that the deep learning framework is viable for integration into the clinical environment, automatically providing clinical summary reports containing objective assessment statistics, video annotations and graphical timeline visualisations of cataract removal surgeries.

year: 2022

title: Indonesia’s quest for peace and stability in South East Asia: a study of informal diplomacy in the second half of the Soeharto era (1985-1998)

authors: Faizasyah, Teuku

abstract: This study examines Indonesia’s use of informal diplomacy between 1985-1998, to further its interests for peace and stability in Southeast Asia. This study argues that the adoption of informal diplomacy was in response to the structural limitation of ASEAN, the nature of the problems of regional conflicts and disputes, and the Indonesian Foreign Ministry’s desire to increase its leverage in foreign policy making and implementation within the Indonesian political system which promoted inter-elites competition. At the same time, internal dynamics within the Ministry from the late-1960s - internal consolidation and the development of a new cadre of trained diplomats - made the adoption of informal diplomacy possible.

This study develops an analytical framework derived from the principles articulated by various scholars and practitioners of Track Two diplomacy and on the conception of bureaucratic politics. The main purpose of this study is to outline and analyse the adoption and application of informal diplomacy in Indonesia’s diplomatic activities from the mid-1980s onward, and also to test a number of hypotheses derived from the literature on informal diplomacy. This study examines three cases where Indonesia used informal diplomacy as part of the overall diplomatic initiatives: in dealing with conflicts in Cambodia and in the southernpart of the Philippines, and in seeking to prevent armed conflicts revolving around territorial disputes in the South China Sea. 

The assessment of research materials and interviews during the fieldwork show that in the Indonesian context adherence to informal diplomacy principles was subject to the circumstances during the meetings, time pressures, and the availability of resources as well as the notion of bureaucratic politics. Overall, the interest of President Soeharto in the informal diplomacy process increased the status of the diplomatic endeavours, an important feature of conflict resolution approaches within the Asian setting. 

This study makes extensive use of documents filed in Indonesia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and insights from interviews with theorists and practitioners at the time.

text: Indonesia’s quest for peace and stability in South East Asia: a study of informal diplomacy in the second half of the Soeharto era (1985-1998) This study examines Indonesia’s use of informal diplomacy between 1985-1998, to further its interests for peace and stability in Southeast Asia. This study argues that the adoption of informal diplomacy was in response to the structural limitation of ASEAN, the nature of the problems of regional conflicts and disputes, and the Indonesian Foreign Ministry’s desire to increase its leverage in foreign policy making and implementation within the Indonesian political system which promoted inter-elites competition. At the same time, internal dynamics within the Ministry from the late-1960s - internal consolidation and the development of a new cadre of trained diplomats - made the adoption of informal diplomacy possible.

This study develops an analytical framework derived from the principles articulated by various scholars and practitioners of Track Two diplomacy and on the conception of bureaucratic politics. The main purpose of this study is to outline and analyse the adoption and application of informal diplomacy in Indonesia’s diplomatic activities from the mid-1980s onward, and also to test a number of hypotheses derived from the literature on informal diplomacy. This study examines three cases where Indonesia used informal diplomacy as part of the overall diplomatic initiatives: in dealing with conflicts in Cambodia and in the southernpart of the Philippines, and in seeking to prevent armed conflicts revolving around territorial disputes in the South China Sea. 

The assessment of research materials and interviews during the fieldwork show that in the Indonesian context adherence to informal diplomacy principles was subject to the circumstances during the meetings, time pressures, and the availability of resources as well as the notion of bureaucratic politics. Overall, the interest of President Soeharto in the informal diplomacy process increased the status of the diplomatic endeavours, an important feature of conflict resolution approaches within the Asian setting. 

This study makes extensive use of documents filed in Indonesia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and insights from interviews with theorists and practitioners at the time.

year: 2003

title: Cultural Justice and Ethics

authors: Nikora, Linda Waimarie

subjects: Maori

abstract: Contains the complete proceedings of the Cultural Justice and Ethics symposium held within the Annual Conference of the New Zealand Psychological Society, Wellington, 23rd-24th August, 1993. The responsibility for ensuring that the discipline of psychology is culturally just, is not only that of Maori or some other non-dominant group - the responsibility belongs to all involved in psychology. This collection of papers is about questioning and challenging the psychology that has been adopted from other settings. It is about nurturing and valuing the development of local and indigenous psychologies. It is about developing psychological tools and methods of application that are culturally compatible. It is an invitation to become excited about and instrumental in building a profession and practice in Aotearoa, for Aotearoa.

text: Cultural Justice and Ethics Contains the complete proceedings of the Cultural Justice and Ethics symposium held within the Annual Conference of the New Zealand Psychological Society, Wellington, 23rd-24th August, 1993. The responsibility for ensuring that the discipline of psychology is culturally just, is not only that of Maori or some other non-dominant group - the responsibility belongs to all involved in psychology. This collection of papers is about questioning and challenging the psychology that has been adopted from other settings. It is about nurturing and valuing the development of local and indigenous psychologies. It is about developing psychological tools and methods of application that are culturally compatible. It is an invitation to become excited about and instrumental in building a profession and practice in Aotearoa, for Aotearoa.

year: 1993