title: Correcting bulk density measurements made with driving hammer equipment

authors: Parfitt, R.L.

subjects: area

abstract: Accurate measurement of dry bulk density is critical for determining stocks of elements such as carbon or nitrogen, in soils. During investigations of changes of soil carbon with time, we resampled soil profiles for bulk density using two methods, namely the driving hammer method and the carving method. The carving method involves gently pressing a metal ring down into a carved pedestal of soil while the hammer method uses percussion to insert a metal ring into the top of a soil layer. We consider the carving method to be more accurate because the soils are less disturbed using carving. The hammer method generally underestimated bulk density by about 5% in comparison with the carving method – depending on soil order and horizon. Most of the bulk density data in the New Zealand National Soils Database (originally collected in moist soils for water release characterisation) were obtained with the hammer method and can now be corrected to the equivalent of data obtained by carving. With data from 44 soil profiles comprising 388 horizons, we showed that a greater correction is needed for soils in the Allophanic (+ 10%) and Melanic soil orders than for other soil orders. The Brown Soils were separated from the remaining soils and a correction factor of about + 9% was required for their A and AB horizons and + 3% for their subsoil horizons. The remaining soils required a correction factor of + 6% for their A and AB horizons and + 3.5% for their subsoil horizons. The correction factor for the A horizons for the Allophanic Soils was similar to their subsoil horizons, suggesting that the influence of aluminium and allophane was overriding that of soil carbon. The Melanic Soils required a correction factor of + 13% for their A horizons but their subsoil horizons responded differently to other soils possibly because of high smectite contents. These differences in bulk density, attributed to change in sampling method, were often greater than changes in soil carbon that would be considered important. Although we used New Zealand soils, we believe that our conclusions will apply to many soils world-wide because most of our soils have equivalents within the FAO and USDA systems of soil classification. This study shows the importance of assessing bulk density methodology, and the possible need for other workers to amend the carbon stocks calculated from the hammer method.

text: Correcting bulk density measurements made with driving hammer equipment Accurate measurement of dry bulk density is critical for determining stocks of elements such as carbon or nitrogen, in soils. During investigations of changes of soil carbon with time, we resampled soil profiles for bulk density using two methods, namely the driving hammer method and the carving method. The carving method involves gently pressing a metal ring down into a carved pedestal of soil while the hammer method uses percussion to insert a metal ring into the top of a soil layer. We consider the carving method to be more accurate because the soils are less disturbed using carving. The hammer method generally underestimated bulk density by about 5% in comparison with the carving method – depending on soil order and horizon. Most of the bulk density data in the New Zealand National Soils Database (originally collected in moist soils for water release characterisation) were obtained with the hammer method and can now be corrected to the equivalent of data obtained by carving. With data from 44 soil profiles comprising 388 horizons, we showed that a greater correction is needed for soils in the Allophanic (+ 10%) and Melanic soil orders than for other soil orders. The Brown Soils were separated from the remaining soils and a correction factor of about + 9% was required for their A and AB horizons and + 3% for their subsoil horizons. The remaining soils required a correction factor of + 6% for their A and AB horizons and + 3.5% for their subsoil horizons. The correction factor for the A horizons for the Allophanic Soils was similar to their subsoil horizons, suggesting that the influence of aluminium and allophane was overriding that of soil carbon. The Melanic Soils required a correction factor of + 13% for their A horizons but their subsoil horizons responded differently to other soils possibly because of high smectite contents. These differences in bulk density, attributed to change in sampling method, were often greater than changes in soil carbon that would be considered important. Although we used New Zealand soils, we believe that our conclusions will apply to many soils world-wide because most of our soils have equivalents within the FAO and USDA systems of soil classification. This study shows the importance of assessing bulk density methodology, and the possible need for other workers to amend the carbon stocks calculated from the hammer method.

year: 2010

title: Dramatic forms of presentation in Kleist's Novelle Das Erdbeben in Chili.

authors: Sutherland, Mhairi A.

subjects: Das Erdbeben

abstract: Of Heinrich von Kleist's eight Novellen, Das Erdbeben in Chili was amongst the first to be written. Whilst it is impossible to state with any certainty its chronology in relation to others of his early Novellen, it was probably completed by autumn 1806 and was certainly the first to be published.¹)

text: Dramatic forms of presentation in Kleist's Novelle Das Erdbeben in Chili. Of Heinrich von Kleist's eight Novellen, Das Erdbeben in Chili was amongst the first to be written. Whilst it is impossible to state with any certainty its chronology in relation to others of his early Novellen, it was probably completed by autumn 1806 and was certainly the first to be published.¹)

year: 1972

title: Pilot study investigating pathway for practitioner engagement with whānau during a self-control activity: Implications for uptake in the home and for empowered engagement.

authors: Watson, Kaitlyn

subjects: Community psychology

abstract: There is a gap in youth mentoring services using the home environment of at-risk youth to encourage development of the skills worked on within mentoring. This thesis explores whether a game-based intervention situated in the home environment of youth may initiate changes in behaviour that coincide with their learning during mentoring. Participants were recruited through a private youth mentoring service within Whāngarei. Participants included whānau of youth who are enrolled in the Awhi Ako youth mentoring service and their respective mentors. The Awhi Ako mentoring service aims to support youth through their selected needs by a wider wraparound service.
A game was picked to introduce to whānau to play together at home. This game contained a mechanism that may reward self-control behaviours. Whānau were interviewed and asked to discuss their child’s self-control behaviours before the introduction of the game and any changes after playing the game. 
A principal focus of this thesis is on practitioner engagement with the whānau of mentored youth. Practitioner engagement with communities and people is an integral value underpinning Community psychology. Whānau within the youth mentoring service include Māori, Pasifika, Pākehā and mixed ethnic backgrounds. A core focus of this thesis is understanding the relationship between practitioner and participants and how this impacts upon uptake of the introduction of the activity. In accordance with community psychology underpinnings and values of cultural awareness, cultural respect and understanding this thesis aspires to provide evidence towards the importance of this relationship. Another key focus of this thesis is comprehending the multifaceted effects of an intervention within the home environment and how this impacts mentors, the home environment and the development of youth. Emphasizing a fundamental principle of community psychology of interconnectedness between all facets of a persons life. 
The conclusions drawn from this thesis illustrate the importance of developing a relationship with whānau a key focus to their willingness to participate and actively engage in this pilot study. The findings from this pilot study indicate that whānau experienced hardship and that whānau within at-risk environments had competing priorities that impeded the introduction of home-based activities.

text: Pilot study investigating pathway for practitioner engagement with whānau during a self-control activity: Implications for uptake in the home and for empowered engagement. There is a gap in youth mentoring services using the home environment of at-risk youth to encourage development of the skills worked on within mentoring. This thesis explores whether a game-based intervention situated in the home environment of youth may initiate changes in behaviour that coincide with their learning during mentoring. Participants were recruited through a private youth mentoring service within Whāngarei. Participants included whānau of youth who are enrolled in the Awhi Ako youth mentoring service and their respective mentors. The Awhi Ako mentoring service aims to support youth through their selected needs by a wider wraparound service.
A game was picked to introduce to whānau to play together at home. This game contained a mechanism that may reward self-control behaviours. Whānau were interviewed and asked to discuss their child’s self-control behaviours before the introduction of the game and any changes after playing the game. 
A principal focus of this thesis is on practitioner engagement with the whānau of mentored youth. Practitioner engagement with communities and people is an integral value underpinning Community psychology. Whānau within the youth mentoring service include Māori, Pasifika, Pākehā and mixed ethnic backgrounds. A core focus of this thesis is understanding the relationship between practitioner and participants and how this impacts upon uptake of the introduction of the activity. In accordance with community psychology underpinnings and values of cultural awareness, cultural respect and understanding this thesis aspires to provide evidence towards the importance of this relationship. Another key focus of this thesis is comprehending the multifaceted effects of an intervention within the home environment and how this impacts mentors, the home environment and the development of youth. Emphasizing a fundamental principle of community psychology of interconnectedness between all facets of a persons life. 
The conclusions drawn from this thesis illustrate the importance of developing a relationship with whānau a key focus to their willingness to participate and actively engage in this pilot study. The findings from this pilot study indicate that whānau experienced hardship and that whānau within at-risk environments had competing priorities that impeded the introduction of home-based activities.

year: 2024