title: Os militares como sujeitos "quase étnicos" nos sistemas democráticos (Soldiers as quasi-ethnic subjects in democratic systems)

authors: Zirker, Daniel

abstract: O fim da Guerra Fria teve um impacto profundo sobre nossa compreensão do desenvolvimento sociopolítico. Importantes conteúdos identitários – etnia, religião, língua e mesmo história comum – substituíram a divisão ideológica dicotômica que caracterizou o período. Axiomas das ciências sociais daquele período entraram em colapso, juntamente com os principais sistemas políticos do “Bloco Oriental”.³ Assim, cultura, identidade e etnia passaram a dominar, cada vez mais, a nossa compreensão do comportamento político. Esses são conceitos extraordinariamente complexos e escorregadios,⁴ e todos fazem parte de um novo período de nacionalismo e secessão nacional (Smith, 1981, p.18), que ultrapassou a política internacional. Conceitos como “etnopolítica”, com sua dinâmica e “regras”, têm, cada vez mais, dominado a política das nações democráticas, desafiando as identidades nacionais antes estabelecidas. Em tais países, o setor militar invariavelmente é atraído para o interior da etnopolítica, incrementando ainda mais sua insularidade, enquanto competências avançadas se combinam com a sua missão central, de proteger e preservar a nação. E isso acontece mesmo quando essa nação, por causa da profunda divisão interna, é de difícil identificação. Como Alfred de Vigny argumentou em seu clássico do século XIX, Servitude et grandeur militaires, “O exército é uma nação dentro de uma nação”.⁵ Morris Janowitz pôs a mesma ideia em termos mais precisos: “A profissão militar é mais do que uma ocupação; é todo um estilo de vida completo. O oficial faz parte de uma comunidade cujas exigências sobre sua existência diária transcendem seus deveres oficiais...” (1967, p.175).⁶

text: Os militares como sujeitos "quase étnicos" nos sistemas democráticos (Soldiers as quasi-ethnic subjects in democratic systems) O fim da Guerra Fria teve um impacto profundo sobre nossa compreensão do desenvolvimento sociopolítico. Importantes conteúdos identitários – etnia, religião, língua e mesmo história comum – substituíram a divisão ideológica dicotômica que caracterizou o período. Axiomas das ciências sociais daquele período entraram em colapso, juntamente com os principais sistemas políticos do “Bloco Oriental”.³ Assim, cultura, identidade e etnia passaram a dominar, cada vez mais, a nossa compreensão do comportamento político. Esses são conceitos extraordinariamente complexos e escorregadios,⁴ e todos fazem parte de um novo período de nacionalismo e secessão nacional (Smith, 1981, p.18), que ultrapassou a política internacional. Conceitos como “etnopolítica”, com sua dinâmica e “regras”, têm, cada vez mais, dominado a política das nações democráticas, desafiando as identidades nacionais antes estabelecidas. Em tais países, o setor militar invariavelmente é atraído para o interior da etnopolítica, incrementando ainda mais sua insularidade, enquanto competências avançadas se combinam com a sua missão central, de proteger e preservar a nação. E isso acontece mesmo quando essa nação, por causa da profunda divisão interna, é de difícil identificação. Como Alfred de Vigny argumentou em seu clássico do século XIX, Servitude et grandeur militaires, “O exército é uma nação dentro de uma nação”.⁵ Morris Janowitz pôs a mesma ideia em termos mais precisos: “A profissão militar é mais do que uma ocupação; é todo um estilo de vida completo. O oficial faz parte de uma comunidade cujas exigências sobre sua existência diária transcendem seus deveres oficiais...” (1967, p.175).⁶

year: 2016

title: Phytoplankton dynamics in Lake Tarawera

authors: Baldwin, Amanda Brigitte

subjects: Tarawera

abstract: This study examined the dynamics of phytoplankton populations in deep (maximum depth 84 m), monomictic, oligotrophic Lake Tarawera in the Rotorua lakes district of New Zealand.  Specifically, components of the annual phytoplankton assemblage; a summer deep chlorophyll maximum, a winter areal phytoplankton maximum and nitrogen fixation in ephemeral cyanobacterial surface blooms, are investigated.

Alternate hypotheses for the formation of the observed diatom deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) in Lake Tarawera were tested.  (1) That growth rates of phytoplankton are higher in the metalimnion than in the epilimnion, perhaps supported by higher concentrations of nutrients in the metalimnion. (2) That the DCM is formed by phytoplankton becoming entrained in more turbulent water at the thermocline and persists while the depth of the thermocline remains above the euphotic depth. 

Lake water concentrations of total inorganic nitrogen and total phosphorus measured monthly over a year at 10 m depth intervals at a mid lake station, provided no evidence that the metalimnion had higher nutrient concentrations than those in the epilimnion.  The productivity of DCM phytoplankton and epilimnion phytoplankton (5 m) was measured c. monthly over the six months that the DCM was present with in situ 13C uptake incubations.  Productivity was consistently higher in 5 m incubations (c. 5  g C L-1 h-1) than in DCM incubations.  The growth of DCM phytoplankton did not appear to be limited by either nitrogen or phosphorus as in situ incubations, over four days, with single or combined additions of these nutrients did not significantly increase chlorophyll a concentrations.  The depth of the DCM was similar to the depth of the thermocline while the thermocline remained above the euphotic depth, but this relationship ceased as the thermocline deepened in autumn and a DCM was no longer discernable.  Light availability at the thermocline therefore appears to be a key factor in regulating the position and persistence of DCM phytoplankton.  Though other studies have demonstrated higher growth of DCM phytoplankton, these maybe incidental, as all DCM formed by negatively buoyant phytoplankton appear to coincide with the depth of the thermocline.

The seasonal areal maximum of chlorophyll a phytoplankton biomass occurred in winter in Lake Tarawera, following the onset of whole lake mixing. This increase was preceded by high (32  g C L-1 h-1) carbon uptakes in in situ 13C surface incubations and increase in total phosphorus concentrations in surface waters.  Lake mixing may redistribute nutrients throughout the water column, and may also alleviate light limitation.  This is because the euphotic depth (25 - 30 m) is approximately half the average lake depth (55 m), so during lake mixing phytoplankton cells are in the euphotic zone half of the time.  The simultaneous increase in nutrients and light is likely to support the observed higher phytoplankton productivity and biomass in winter. 
Though Lake Tarawera is oligotrophic, surface blooms of cyanobacteria, occur from time to time.  In situ incubations of phytoplankton with excess nutrients added, showed that nitrogen was the nutrient most limiting to phytoplankton growth, and ratios of TN:TP from lake water samples also indicated that nitrogen was more likely to be limiting than phosphorus.  Acetylene reduction assays, carried out, in situ, during three shoreline bloom events over a two year period confirmed the presence of nitrogen fixation.  Nitrogen fixation followed a daily pattern, with highest rates of 40 nmol (106 heterocysts) -1 hr-1 at midday.  Though ratios of TN:TP in surface water samples were lowest during winter mixing, surface blooms were only identified in late autumn, toward the end of the stratified period.  Some of the highest concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in surface waters coincided with the occurrence of nitrogen fixation and may have been a consequence of nitrogen leaking from heterocysts.  The overall contribution nitrogen fixation to the lake nutrient budget is highly uncertain, but preliminary estimates attribute between 0.04% and 8% of 'new' nitrogen inputs to nitrogen fixation in Lake Tarawera.

text: Phytoplankton dynamics in Lake Tarawera This study examined the dynamics of phytoplankton populations in deep (maximum depth 84 m), monomictic, oligotrophic Lake Tarawera in the Rotorua lakes district of New Zealand.  Specifically, components of the annual phytoplankton assemblage; a summer deep chlorophyll maximum, a winter areal phytoplankton maximum and nitrogen fixation in ephemeral cyanobacterial surface blooms, are investigated.

Alternate hypotheses for the formation of the observed diatom deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) in Lake Tarawera were tested.  (1) That growth rates of phytoplankton are higher in the metalimnion than in the epilimnion, perhaps supported by higher concentrations of nutrients in the metalimnion. (2) That the DCM is formed by phytoplankton becoming entrained in more turbulent water at the thermocline and persists while the depth of the thermocline remains above the euphotic depth. 

Lake water concentrations of total inorganic nitrogen and total phosphorus measured monthly over a year at 10 m depth intervals at a mid lake station, provided no evidence that the metalimnion had higher nutrient concentrations than those in the epilimnion.  The productivity of DCM phytoplankton and epilimnion phytoplankton (5 m) was measured c. monthly over the six months that the DCM was present with in situ 13C uptake incubations.  Productivity was consistently higher in 5 m incubations (c. 5  g C L-1 h-1) than in DCM incubations.  The growth of DCM phytoplankton did not appear to be limited by either nitrogen or phosphorus as in situ incubations, over four days, with single or combined additions of these nutrients did not significantly increase chlorophyll a concentrations.  The depth of the DCM was similar to the depth of the thermocline while the thermocline remained above the euphotic depth, but this relationship ceased as the thermocline deepened in autumn and a DCM was no longer discernable.  Light availability at the thermocline therefore appears to be a key factor in regulating the position and persistence of DCM phytoplankton.  Though other studies have demonstrated higher growth of DCM phytoplankton, these maybe incidental, as all DCM formed by negatively buoyant phytoplankton appear to coincide with the depth of the thermocline.

The seasonal areal maximum of chlorophyll a phytoplankton biomass occurred in winter in Lake Tarawera, following the onset of whole lake mixing. This increase was preceded by high (32  g C L-1 h-1) carbon uptakes in in situ 13C surface incubations and increase in total phosphorus concentrations in surface waters.  Lake mixing may redistribute nutrients throughout the water column, and may also alleviate light limitation.  This is because the euphotic depth (25 - 30 m) is approximately half the average lake depth (55 m), so during lake mixing phytoplankton cells are in the euphotic zone half of the time.  The simultaneous increase in nutrients and light is likely to support the observed higher phytoplankton productivity and biomass in winter. 
Though Lake Tarawera is oligotrophic, surface blooms of cyanobacteria, occur from time to time.  In situ incubations of phytoplankton with excess nutrients added, showed that nitrogen was the nutrient most limiting to phytoplankton growth, and ratios of TN:TP from lake water samples also indicated that nitrogen was more likely to be limiting than phosphorus.  Acetylene reduction assays, carried out, in situ, during three shoreline bloom events over a two year period confirmed the presence of nitrogen fixation.  Nitrogen fixation followed a daily pattern, with highest rates of 40 nmol (106 heterocysts) -1 hr-1 at midday.  Though ratios of TN:TP in surface water samples were lowest during winter mixing, surface blooms were only identified in late autumn, toward the end of the stratified period.  Some of the highest concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in surface waters coincided with the occurrence of nitrogen fixation and may have been a consequence of nitrogen leaking from heterocysts.  The overall contribution nitrogen fixation to the lake nutrient budget is highly uncertain, but preliminary estimates attribute between 0.04% and 8% of 'new' nitrogen inputs to nitrogen fixation in Lake Tarawera.

year: 2009

title: It's harder in my language, but I still choose it

authors: Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory

abstract: In New Zealand, the language that dominates most technologies is English. For a variety of reasons, interfaces have been made available in the Maori language for a range of modem technological tools. We have conducted usability studies on many of these products and fluent Maori users have almost unanimously stated that the products are more difficult and time consuming to use in the indigenous (Maori) language. They allude to unfamiliar instances and uses of Maori words, and to an ingrained familiarity with the English-language versions of these technologies, saying they would revert to the English-language interfaces if time is a factor. However, they also express a sense of pride at being able to see and use the Maori language in these various forms of media and state that although they experience some difficulty, the Maori-language versions would still be their first preference.

text: It's harder in my language, but I still choose it In New Zealand, the language that dominates most technologies is English. For a variety of reasons, interfaces have been made available in the Maori language for a range of modem technological tools. We have conducted usability studies on many of these products and fluent Maori users have almost unanimously stated that the products are more difficult and time consuming to use in the indigenous (Maori) language. They allude to unfamiliar instances and uses of Maori words, and to an ingrained familiarity with the English-language versions of these technologies, saying they would revert to the English-language interfaces if time is a factor. However, they also express a sense of pride at being able to see and use the Maori language in these various forms of media and state that although they experience some difficulty, the Maori-language versions would still be their first preference.

year: 2014