title: Staying in Singapore?: New Zealand's third Labour government and the retention of military forces in Southeast Asia

authors: McCraw, David

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: At the beginning of the 1970s, three Western countries – Britain, Australia and New Zealand – had military forces stationed in Singapore under the Five Power Defence Arrangements for the defence of Malaysia and Singapore. Shortly afterwards, Labour party governments were elected in all three countries, and the Australian and British governments, against the wishes of the Singapore government, withdrew their forces from the island nation. Only the New Zealand Labour government of Norman Kirk was prepared to keep its forces in Singapore, despite having pledged at the 1972 election to negotiate a date for withdrawal. This article considers the question of why the New Zealand government pursued a different policy from its allies in regard to troops in Singapore, a policy which was in stark contrast to its attitude towards New Zealand troops in Vietnam and Cambodia, and one which was not supported by a section of the Labour party membership. Since Australia’s withdrawal policy has recently been examined for the first time, it seems worthwhile, and timely, to explore the different priorities underlying the New Zealand Labour government’s policy towards troops in Singapore.

text: Staying in Singapore?: New Zealand's third Labour government and the retention of military forces in Southeast Asia At the beginning of the 1970s, three Western countries – Britain, Australia and New Zealand – had military forces stationed in Singapore under the Five Power Defence Arrangements for the defence of Malaysia and Singapore. Shortly afterwards, Labour party governments were elected in all three countries, and the Australian and British governments, against the wishes of the Singapore government, withdrew their forces from the island nation. Only the New Zealand Labour government of Norman Kirk was prepared to keep its forces in Singapore, despite having pledged at the 1972 election to negotiate a date for withdrawal. This article considers the question of why the New Zealand government pursued a different policy from its allies in regard to troops in Singapore, a policy which was in stark contrast to its attitude towards New Zealand troops in Vietnam and Cambodia, and one which was not supported by a section of the Labour party membership. Since Australia’s withdrawal policy has recently been examined for the first time, it seems worthwhile, and timely, to explore the different priorities underlying the New Zealand Labour government’s policy towards troops in Singapore.

year: 2012

title: Geology, History and Stratigraphy of Hydrothermal Eruptions in the Rotorua Geothermal Field

authors: Cody, Ashley Douglas

subjects: Geothermal Hydrothermal eruptions Rotorua

abstract: The study area is the Rotorua geothermal field (RGF), which is located in the southern end of the Rotorua caldera. Distribution of surface geothermal activity, hydrothermal eruption (HE) deposits and craters have been mapped. HE deposits formed in geological, historical and modern times were studied to record and describe their distribution, composition, petrography, lithology and stratigraphy.

Locations of all identified HE sites in the RGF have been plotted and shown on accompanying maps. At Ohinemutu and Sulphur Bay, HE breccias have been preserved only where deposits were subsequently silicified by hot spring outflows. At Whakarewarewa two HE breccias outcrop over about 0.5 km² and are up to 23 m thick. Study of stratigraphic relationships with tephras of known ages has determined one as Holocene (c. 20 ka) and one of Late Pleistocene age (c. 65 ka).

Four HE breccias were studied in detail. The mineral composition, physical description, field characteristics and spatial distribution of HE breccias are described and mapped. Clasts and matrix were examined by XRD analyses of whole (67) and clay fraction separates (16). Silica crystallinity indices (14) were determined by XRD to identify devitrification rates of opaline mineral species. The petrography of 67 breccia clasts and matrix samples were studied, and polished sections showed the only sulphide to be pyrite. Geothermal alteration of all prehistorical HE deposits was of advanced argillic to argillic and one modern day deposit was of sub propylitic epithermal alteration.

Study of a HE deposit formed in Kuirau Park on 26 January 2001 allowed properties and mineral composition to be examined and recorded before rapid oxidation and weathering destroyed its physical and mineral composition. Study of this and other twentieth century HE events confirms that these rapidly decompose to leave little or no recognisable deposit in the geological record.

Descriptions and all known historical records of HEs in the RGF have been collated to provide a comprehensive inventory of maps and appendices of these events. This information will greatly assist statutory authorities with mitigation of risk to lives and property from geothermal hazards as well as aid appropriate land use and emergency services planning.

Hydrothermal eruptions are ongoing in the RGF through time and produce craters 2 - 110m diameter with erupted deposit volumes of 1 - 500,000 m³ that have distributed over <5 m² to >0.5 km². These have occurred throughout at least Late Pleistocene to Holocene times and appear to have been triggered by such events as volcanic eruptions from the adjacent Okataina Volcanic Centre and related abrupt changes to the waterlevels of Lake Rotorua. Frequency and spatial distribution of HEs in historical times suggest human interference with the geothermal system is also a significant influence.

This study has brought together all records of known hydrothermal eruptions and other unusual geothermal disturbances in the Rotorua geothermal field. The information has plotted into GIS for use by statutory authorities and others. Two prehistorical HE deposits in Rotorua city have also been recognised and described for the first time, together with identification of their likely vent locations and possible eruption initiating events.

text: Geology, History and Stratigraphy of Hydrothermal Eruptions in the Rotorua Geothermal Field The study area is the Rotorua geothermal field (RGF), which is located in the southern end of the Rotorua caldera. Distribution of surface geothermal activity, hydrothermal eruption (HE) deposits and craters have been mapped. HE deposits formed in geological, historical and modern times were studied to record and describe their distribution, composition, petrography, lithology and stratigraphy.

Locations of all identified HE sites in the RGF have been plotted and shown on accompanying maps. At Ohinemutu and Sulphur Bay, HE breccias have been preserved only where deposits were subsequently silicified by hot spring outflows. At Whakarewarewa two HE breccias outcrop over about 0.5 km² and are up to 23 m thick. Study of stratigraphic relationships with tephras of known ages has determined one as Holocene (c. 20 ka) and one of Late Pleistocene age (c. 65 ka).

Four HE breccias were studied in detail. The mineral composition, physical description, field characteristics and spatial distribution of HE breccias are described and mapped. Clasts and matrix were examined by XRD analyses of whole (67) and clay fraction separates (16). Silica crystallinity indices (14) were determined by XRD to identify devitrification rates of opaline mineral species. The petrography of 67 breccia clasts and matrix samples were studied, and polished sections showed the only sulphide to be pyrite. Geothermal alteration of all prehistorical HE deposits was of advanced argillic to argillic and one modern day deposit was of sub propylitic epithermal alteration.

Study of a HE deposit formed in Kuirau Park on 26 January 2001 allowed properties and mineral composition to be examined and recorded before rapid oxidation and weathering destroyed its physical and mineral composition. Study of this and other twentieth century HE events confirms that these rapidly decompose to leave little or no recognisable deposit in the geological record.

Descriptions and all known historical records of HEs in the RGF have been collated to provide a comprehensive inventory of maps and appendices of these events. This information will greatly assist statutory authorities with mitigation of risk to lives and property from geothermal hazards as well as aid appropriate land use and emergency services planning.

Hydrothermal eruptions are ongoing in the RGF through time and produce craters 2 - 110m diameter with erupted deposit volumes of 1 - 500,000 m³ that have distributed over <5 m² to >0.5 km². These have occurred throughout at least Late Pleistocene to Holocene times and appear to have been triggered by such events as volcanic eruptions from the adjacent Okataina Volcanic Centre and related abrupt changes to the waterlevels of Lake Rotorua. Frequency and spatial distribution of HEs in historical times suggest human interference with the geothermal system is also a significant influence.

This study has brought together all records of known hydrothermal eruptions and other unusual geothermal disturbances in the Rotorua geothermal field. The information has plotted into GIS for use by statutory authorities and others. Two prehistorical HE deposits in Rotorua city have also been recognised and described for the first time, together with identification of their likely vent locations and possible eruption initiating events.

year: 2003

title: Ngāti Whakaue Māngai Nui

authors: Hiini, Anaha Te Wheoro

subjects: Ngāti Whakaue Māngai Nui

abstract: Ko Ngāti Whakaue tētehi iwi ahurei o te waka o Te Arawa.  Ko tētehi taha ōna kei ngā tahataha o te kōroto moana o Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe, i Waingaehe ki Waimihia.  Ko tētehi atu taha ōna kei te ūnga o te waka rongomaiwhiti o Te Arawa, arā ki Maketū.  
Kua whai mana a Ngāti Whakaue i ngā rautau e tū whakahīhī ai rātau hei iwi mana nui i ō rātau pūkenga me ō rātau pūmanawa kia mau tonu tō rātau Whakauetanga, tō rātau ahurea me ā rātau tikanga.   Ko tētehi pūkenga pēnei i te āheinga ki te whakairo i te kupu rōreka, ki te tuitui i te kōrero i whakaputaina ai te kōrero ‘Te Arawa Māngai Nui’.  He mea whakapuaki te kōrero rā e iwi kē ki te whakanui i ngā pūkōrero o ngā paepae o Te Arawa, ka mutu, koirā hoki tētehi pūkenga i hau ai te rongo o Ngāti Whakaue.  
Nā, ko te pūkenga e kōrerohia nei, ko te reo o Ngāti Whakaue.  Ko tōna oranga tonutanga te kaupapa matua o tēnei tuhinga e rangahaua ana i te putanga o te kōrero a tētehi o ngā koroua matatau o te iwi i te tau 1992, arā a Hamuera Mitchell, nāna tonu nei i whakapuaki ‘Ka mate te reo o Ngāti Whakaue ā te tekau tau’.  

Nō reira, he whakatewhatewhahanga tēnei tuhinga o te reo o Ngāti Whakaue o tua, o mohoa noa nei hoki kia mōhiotia ai te oranga, te matenga haeretanga rānei o te reo o te iwi, o ngā hapū, o te hapori, o te kāinga o nāianei, kia tau hoki mehemea āe rānei kua whai hua ngā rautaki reo o mua a Ngāti Whakaue ki te whakarauora i tōna ake reo, ā, ka aha te iwi e anga whakamua ai.  Ka mātaitia te āhua o te reo o Ngāti Whakaue kia mōhiotia mehemea i tika tā Hamera Mitchell i kī ai i te tau 1992, karekau rānei, mehemea rānei he wero kē nāna kia kaua e tukuna e te iwi o Ngāti Whakaue tō rātau reo kia mate.

Ko te tikanga rangahau Pākehā, ko te tikanga rangahau Māori, me ngā tikanga ako reo ka kaha mātaitia i tēnei tuhinga kia tika ai te kohinga o ngā raraunga o tēnei momo rangahau, ngā tikanga matatika a te wānanga, ngā tukanga tātari me te whakahōrapatanga atu i ngā whakataunga o te rangahau.  

Hei āpiti atu, ka kōrerohia ngā kaupapa mātauranga a Ngāti Whakaue, tae noa atu ki ngā tini kaupapa whakarauora reo a te iwi kua whakahaerehia mai i te tau 2005 ki ēnei rangi tonu nei mō te oranga o te reo o Ngāti Whakaue te take e anga tōtika atu ai ki te wetenga o te rautaki reo o mua a Ngāti Whakaue i whakahaerehia ai i ngā tau 2013 ki te tau 2017 i kitea ai ōna pikinga, ōna hekenga, ōna ngoikoretanga me ōna hua.  

Heoi anō, hei whaiwhai noa ake i te rautaki o mua nei, ko ngā mātātuhi kua mahue iho rā, ko te korenga o ngā arotakenga, ko te korenga o ngā pūrongo, ko te korenga o ētehi taunakitanga ā-tuhi nei, ko te korenga o tētehi aha kē atu rānei kia kitea he hua, he pikinga, he hekenga, he aha rānei.  Ahakoa tērā raru, nā te kitenga me te rongotanga o te pikinga haeretanga o te āhua o te reo, nā ngā kōrero ā-waha me ngā kauhau a ētehi mō ngā hua i puta ai i te rautaki reo o mua a Ngāti Whakaue i mana ai te whakahaumanutanga o te reo o ngā paepae o te iwi.

Nā te mea ko te reo Māori te remurere o te kaituhi nei, kua tekau mā waru tau ia e whai ana i te kaupapa i a ia e whakaako ana, i a ia e wānanga ana, i a ia hoki e whakapau kaha ana ki te whakaora anō i te reo Māori, kua whakaritea e ia tētehi rautaki reo hou e toru tekau tau te roa hei kōkiri mā te iwi e ora rawa atu anō ai te reo o Ngāti Whakaue, e whai hua anō ai hoki te whakapuakitanga o te kōrero rā ‘Te Arawa Māngai Nui’, hei tohu whakanui i ngā pūkenga kōrero o te iwi.

E ai ki te kōrero, ‘he tīmohea kua pakari’.  Nā roto i te āta rangahaua o te kaupapa nei i mōhio ai e ora tonu nei te reo o Ngāti Whakaue, heoi, kāore e pērā rawa te kaha o te oranga i te wā i a kui mā, i a koro mā.  Ahakoa te kōrero mō te matenga haeretanga o te reo o Ngāti Whakaue, nā ngā kaupapa whakaora reo a te iwi i ngā tau i piki anō ai te oranga o te reo, ka mutu, mā te whakahaerenga tonutanga o ngā wānanga nei e ora tonu anō ai te reo.

text: Ngāti Whakaue Māngai Nui Ko Ngāti Whakaue tētehi iwi ahurei o te waka o Te Arawa.  Ko tētehi taha ōna kei ngā tahataha o te kōroto moana o Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe, i Waingaehe ki Waimihia.  Ko tētehi atu taha ōna kei te ūnga o te waka rongomaiwhiti o Te Arawa, arā ki Maketū.  
Kua whai mana a Ngāti Whakaue i ngā rautau e tū whakahīhī ai rātau hei iwi mana nui i ō rātau pūkenga me ō rātau pūmanawa kia mau tonu tō rātau Whakauetanga, tō rātau ahurea me ā rātau tikanga.   Ko tētehi pūkenga pēnei i te āheinga ki te whakairo i te kupu rōreka, ki te tuitui i te kōrero i whakaputaina ai te kōrero ‘Te Arawa Māngai Nui’.  He mea whakapuaki te kōrero rā e iwi kē ki te whakanui i ngā pūkōrero o ngā paepae o Te Arawa, ka mutu, koirā hoki tētehi pūkenga i hau ai te rongo o Ngāti Whakaue.  
Nā, ko te pūkenga e kōrerohia nei, ko te reo o Ngāti Whakaue.  Ko tōna oranga tonutanga te kaupapa matua o tēnei tuhinga e rangahaua ana i te putanga o te kōrero a tētehi o ngā koroua matatau o te iwi i te tau 1992, arā a Hamuera Mitchell, nāna tonu nei i whakapuaki ‘Ka mate te reo o Ngāti Whakaue ā te tekau tau’.  

Nō reira, he whakatewhatewhahanga tēnei tuhinga o te reo o Ngāti Whakaue o tua, o mohoa noa nei hoki kia mōhiotia ai te oranga, te matenga haeretanga rānei o te reo o te iwi, o ngā hapū, o te hapori, o te kāinga o nāianei, kia tau hoki mehemea āe rānei kua whai hua ngā rautaki reo o mua a Ngāti Whakaue ki te whakarauora i tōna ake reo, ā, ka aha te iwi e anga whakamua ai.  Ka mātaitia te āhua o te reo o Ngāti Whakaue kia mōhiotia mehemea i tika tā Hamera Mitchell i kī ai i te tau 1992, karekau rānei, mehemea rānei he wero kē nāna kia kaua e tukuna e te iwi o Ngāti Whakaue tō rātau reo kia mate.

Ko te tikanga rangahau Pākehā, ko te tikanga rangahau Māori, me ngā tikanga ako reo ka kaha mātaitia i tēnei tuhinga kia tika ai te kohinga o ngā raraunga o tēnei momo rangahau, ngā tikanga matatika a te wānanga, ngā tukanga tātari me te whakahōrapatanga atu i ngā whakataunga o te rangahau.  

Hei āpiti atu, ka kōrerohia ngā kaupapa mātauranga a Ngāti Whakaue, tae noa atu ki ngā tini kaupapa whakarauora reo a te iwi kua whakahaerehia mai i te tau 2005 ki ēnei rangi tonu nei mō te oranga o te reo o Ngāti Whakaue te take e anga tōtika atu ai ki te wetenga o te rautaki reo o mua a Ngāti Whakaue i whakahaerehia ai i ngā tau 2013 ki te tau 2017 i kitea ai ōna pikinga, ōna hekenga, ōna ngoikoretanga me ōna hua.  

Heoi anō, hei whaiwhai noa ake i te rautaki o mua nei, ko ngā mātātuhi kua mahue iho rā, ko te korenga o ngā arotakenga, ko te korenga o ngā pūrongo, ko te korenga o ētehi taunakitanga ā-tuhi nei, ko te korenga o tētehi aha kē atu rānei kia kitea he hua, he pikinga, he hekenga, he aha rānei.  Ahakoa tērā raru, nā te kitenga me te rongotanga o te pikinga haeretanga o te āhua o te reo, nā ngā kōrero ā-waha me ngā kauhau a ētehi mō ngā hua i puta ai i te rautaki reo o mua a Ngāti Whakaue i mana ai te whakahaumanutanga o te reo o ngā paepae o te iwi.

Nā te mea ko te reo Māori te remurere o te kaituhi nei, kua tekau mā waru tau ia e whai ana i te kaupapa i a ia e whakaako ana, i a ia e wānanga ana, i a ia hoki e whakapau kaha ana ki te whakaora anō i te reo Māori, kua whakaritea e ia tētehi rautaki reo hou e toru tekau tau te roa hei kōkiri mā te iwi e ora rawa atu anō ai te reo o Ngāti Whakaue, e whai hua anō ai hoki te whakapuakitanga o te kōrero rā ‘Te Arawa Māngai Nui’, hei tohu whakanui i ngā pūkenga kōrero o te iwi.

E ai ki te kōrero, ‘he tīmohea kua pakari’.  Nā roto i te āta rangahaua o te kaupapa nei i mōhio ai e ora tonu nei te reo o Ngāti Whakaue, heoi, kāore e pērā rawa te kaha o te oranga i te wā i a kui mā, i a koro mā.  Ahakoa te kōrero mō te matenga haeretanga o te reo o Ngāti Whakaue, nā ngā kaupapa whakaora reo a te iwi i ngā tau i piki anō ai te oranga o te reo, ka mutu, mā te whakahaerenga tonutanga o ngā wānanga nei e ora tonu anō ai te reo.

year: 2020