title: The Common-Health and Beyond: New Zealand Trainee Specialists in International Medical Networks, 1945-1975

authors: Armstrong, John

subjects: History

abstract: In the two to three decades that followed World War Two, approximately three-quarters of all New Zealand doctors, and up to ninety per cent of New Zealand medical specialists, travelled overseas for the purposes of obtaining post-graduate experience and qualifications. This thesis uses oral interviews, quantification techniques, and a range of textual analyses to explore the form and function of this large-scale professional migration, and to capture the experiences of those doctors who participated in it.
The central argument of this thesis is that the careers of New Zealand specialists during this period cannot be understood without making reference to a complex and mutually influential international system of cultural and professional conventions, institutional rules, interpersonal networks, health related policies, and discursive formations. While powerfully centred on British medical norms and structures, this ‘Common-health’ system facilitated the transmission of people, ideas, technologies, and policies both within and between the nations of the British Commonwealth, in multiple directions by multiple means, and in doing so, was critical to the development of medical specialisation in the twentieth century.
For New Zealand’s prospective specialists, the primary motivating force behind these migrations was the need to access populations that were large enough to facilitate specialist training. Britain’s much larger population and the existence of a range of cultural and institutional commonalities, derived from nineteenth-century colonisation, made Britain the default destination for thousands of New Zealand trainee specialists during the second half of the twentieth century. However, while the Common-health system was a powerful facilitator of medical interaction and migration, it also functioned as a mechanism of exclusion that severely curtailed the ability of women doctors and those of non-European heritage to participate in professional medicine on their own terms. This thesis examines this restrictive aspect of post-World War Two medical networks with relation to women by suggesting that traditional beliefs about the role of women in medicine, together with the strongly informal nature of many professional interactions, not only limited the overall participation of women doctors, but also conditioned their ability to access particular specialty fields. The thesis also examines the reconfiguration of these patterns of connection during the late 1960s and early 1970s, and in particular, the emergence of the United States and Australia as important venues for post-graduate training for New Zealand’s prospective specialists.

text: The Common-Health and Beyond: New Zealand Trainee Specialists in International Medical Networks, 1945-1975 In the two to three decades that followed World War Two, approximately three-quarters of all New Zealand doctors, and up to ninety per cent of New Zealand medical specialists, travelled overseas for the purposes of obtaining post-graduate experience and qualifications. This thesis uses oral interviews, quantification techniques, and a range of textual analyses to explore the form and function of this large-scale professional migration, and to capture the experiences of those doctors who participated in it.
The central argument of this thesis is that the careers of New Zealand specialists during this period cannot be understood without making reference to a complex and mutually influential international system of cultural and professional conventions, institutional rules, interpersonal networks, health related policies, and discursive formations. While powerfully centred on British medical norms and structures, this ‘Common-health’ system facilitated the transmission of people, ideas, technologies, and policies both within and between the nations of the British Commonwealth, in multiple directions by multiple means, and in doing so, was critical to the development of medical specialisation in the twentieth century.
For New Zealand’s prospective specialists, the primary motivating force behind these migrations was the need to access populations that were large enough to facilitate specialist training. Britain’s much larger population and the existence of a range of cultural and institutional commonalities, derived from nineteenth-century colonisation, made Britain the default destination for thousands of New Zealand trainee specialists during the second half of the twentieth century. However, while the Common-health system was a powerful facilitator of medical interaction and migration, it also functioned as a mechanism of exclusion that severely curtailed the ability of women doctors and those of non-European heritage to participate in professional medicine on their own terms. This thesis examines this restrictive aspect of post-World War Two medical networks with relation to women by suggesting that traditional beliefs about the role of women in medicine, together with the strongly informal nature of many professional interactions, not only limited the overall participation of women doctors, but also conditioned their ability to access particular specialty fields. The thesis also examines the reconfiguration of these patterns of connection during the late 1960s and early 1970s, and in particular, the emergence of the United States and Australia as important venues for post-graduate training for New Zealand’s prospective specialists.

year: 2013

title: Social media and the evolution of vaccine preferences during the COVID-19 pandemic: Discrete choice experiment

authors: Maris, R

subjects: COVID-19

abstract: Vaccine information and misinformation are spread through social media in ways that may vary by platform. Understanding the role social media plays in shaping vaccine preferences is crucial for policymakers and researchers.


          
          
            Objective


            This study aims to test whether social media use is associated with changes in vaccine preferences during the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand, and whether trust in sources of information has a moderating role.


          
          
            Methods


            Our data consist of a balanced panel of 257 web-based respondents in New Zealand in August 2020, October-November 2020, and March-April 2021. We use a novel approach with stated choice panel data to study transitions between different vaccine preference groups. We analyze the associations between these transitions and social media use. We classify respondents as resistant (never chose a vaccine), hesitant (chose a vaccine between 1 and 5 times), and provaccine (chose a vaccine 6 out of 6 times) in each wave of data.


          
          
            Results


            We found a positive or neutral association between social media use and vaccine uptake. Facebook, Twitter (pre-2022), and TikTok users who are provaccine are less likely to become hesitant or resistant. Facebook and Instagram users who are hesitant are more likely to become pro. Some social media platforms may have a more positive association with vaccine uptake preferences for those who do not trust the government.


          
          
            Conclusions


            The paper contributes to the wider literature, which shows social media can be associated with reinforcing both pro and antivaccination sentiment, and these results depend on where individuals get their information from and their trust in such sources.

text: Social media and the evolution of vaccine preferences during the COVID-19 pandemic: Discrete choice experiment Vaccine information and misinformation are spread through social media in ways that may vary by platform. Understanding the role social media plays in shaping vaccine preferences is crucial for policymakers and researchers.


          
          
            Objective


            This study aims to test whether social media use is associated with changes in vaccine preferences during the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand, and whether trust in sources of information has a moderating role.


          
          
            Methods


            Our data consist of a balanced panel of 257 web-based respondents in New Zealand in August 2020, October-November 2020, and March-April 2021. We use a novel approach with stated choice panel data to study transitions between different vaccine preference groups. We analyze the associations between these transitions and social media use. We classify respondents as resistant (never chose a vaccine), hesitant (chose a vaccine between 1 and 5 times), and provaccine (chose a vaccine 6 out of 6 times) in each wave of data.


          
          
            Results


            We found a positive or neutral association between social media use and vaccine uptake. Facebook, Twitter (pre-2022), and TikTok users who are provaccine are less likely to become hesitant or resistant. Facebook and Instagram users who are hesitant are more likely to become pro. Some social media platforms may have a more positive association with vaccine uptake preferences for those who do not trust the government.


          
          
            Conclusions


            The paper contributes to the wider literature, which shows social media can be associated with reinforcing both pro and antivaccination sentiment, and these results depend on where individuals get their information from and their trust in such sources.

year: 2025

title: No explanation required: Entrenchment and perception of Māori loanwords in a diachronic newspaper corpus of New Zealand English

authors: Levendis, Katharine Joy

subjects: New Zealand English

abstract: Māori loanwords are uncontestably the most notable feature of New Zealand English (Gordon, 2005; Macalister, 2006b). Although frequencies of Māori loanwords are reported to be increasing in recent years (Macalister, 2006b), and analyses strongly indicate a skew in loanwords across certain topics (Davies & Maclagan, 2006; de Bres, 2006), no studies have yet addressed whether Māori loanword behaviour differs in a corpus restricted to a single topic (with the exception of Calude, Miller, Harper, & Whaanga, Forthcoming). Nor has a thorough diachronic analysis been made on the subject since Davies and Maclagan (2006) and Macalister (2006b). This thesis is concerned with frequency of use and perception of Māori loanwords in a diachronic corpus restricted to a singular theme: te Wiki o te Reo Māori, Māori Language Week. Using a quantitative methodology in a corpus constructed from New Zealand regional and national newspaper articles spanning 2008-2017, average Māori loanword frequencies are found to be almost 5 times that of the most recent comparable diachronic study (Macalister, 2006b), and demonstrate a statistically significant diachronic increase in use. In contrast, the markedness (or translation) of Māori loanwords shows a statistically significant decreasing diachronic trend over the 10-year period. However, practice of marking appears to be affected by user perceptions and intention to educate, and therefore cannot be relied upon as a gauge of loanword entrenchment. Other conventional measures of loanword entrenchment such as frequency, listedness and morphological assimilation are also shown to be unreliable when considered independently from one another, and in cases such as that of New Zealand English where a change from above influenced by social and cultural factors (Māori loanwords functioning as an expression of political attitude and stance) appears to be interfering in loanword use. Measurement of Māori loanword entrenchment cannot be made using the same criteria as loanwords from non-threatened languages, and suggestions are made for the revised criteria for studying loanword entrenchment which takes into account the sociolinguistic context in which the loanwords are used.

text: No explanation required: Entrenchment and perception of Māori loanwords in a diachronic newspaper corpus of New Zealand English Māori loanwords are uncontestably the most notable feature of New Zealand English (Gordon, 2005; Macalister, 2006b). Although frequencies of Māori loanwords are reported to be increasing in recent years (Macalister, 2006b), and analyses strongly indicate a skew in loanwords across certain topics (Davies & Maclagan, 2006; de Bres, 2006), no studies have yet addressed whether Māori loanword behaviour differs in a corpus restricted to a single topic (with the exception of Calude, Miller, Harper, & Whaanga, Forthcoming). Nor has a thorough diachronic analysis been made on the subject since Davies and Maclagan (2006) and Macalister (2006b). This thesis is concerned with frequency of use and perception of Māori loanwords in a diachronic corpus restricted to a singular theme: te Wiki o te Reo Māori, Māori Language Week. Using a quantitative methodology in a corpus constructed from New Zealand regional and national newspaper articles spanning 2008-2017, average Māori loanword frequencies are found to be almost 5 times that of the most recent comparable diachronic study (Macalister, 2006b), and demonstrate a statistically significant diachronic increase in use. In contrast, the markedness (or translation) of Māori loanwords shows a statistically significant decreasing diachronic trend over the 10-year period. However, practice of marking appears to be affected by user perceptions and intention to educate, and therefore cannot be relied upon as a gauge of loanword entrenchment. Other conventional measures of loanword entrenchment such as frequency, listedness and morphological assimilation are also shown to be unreliable when considered independently from one another, and in cases such as that of New Zealand English where a change from above influenced by social and cultural factors (Māori loanwords functioning as an expression of political attitude and stance) appears to be interfering in loanword use. Measurement of Māori loanword entrenchment cannot be made using the same criteria as loanwords from non-threatened languages, and suggestions are made for the revised criteria for studying loanword entrenchment which takes into account the sociolinguistic context in which the loanwords are used.

year: 2018