title: The Sorcerers' Apprentice: A life of Reo Franklin Fortune, Anthropologist

authors: Thomas, Caroline

subjects: Fortune, Reo Franklin

abstract: Between the two World Wars, the two main schools in world anthropology were the American and the British. The former was dominated by Franz Boas and his graduate students, while in Britain and its Empire the dominant figures were A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and Bronislaw Malinowski. These leaders acted as patrons to their students, assisting them in getting access to funding, field locations, and jobs. Few crossed the divide to work in both the paradigms and their respective institutions, but one who did was Reo Franklin Fortune. His place within the history of Anthropology has, however, to date remained little more than a footnote. There can be no doubt that Fortune contributed significantly to the development of modern field-based anthropological methods and arguments. All together, he undertook five full years of fieldwork, in cultures located as diversely as the Pacific Islands, New Guinea, East Asia and North America. Contemporary anthropology sometimes remembers Fortune for his well-known ethnographies Sorcerers of Dobu (1932) and Manus Religion (1935). More often, it merely recalls him as the second of Margaret Mead’s three husbands. Unfortunately too, Mead, her friends, and biographers have often portrayed Fortune in an unfavourable light. This work tries to present a more balanced story. It employs archival material to reconstruct the life of Fortune, demonstrating the complexity of his thinking and of his social and academic relationships. Each chapter demarcates a chronological period in Fortune’s life. Wherever possible, his own words and those of his friends, colleagues and associates are used to help tell the story. The person who emerges is highly talented and principled, with a strong sense of honesty and truth, but who is often betrayed or misunderstood by those around him.

text: The Sorcerers' Apprentice: A life of Reo Franklin Fortune, Anthropologist Between the two World Wars, the two main schools in world anthropology were the American and the British. The former was dominated by Franz Boas and his graduate students, while in Britain and its Empire the dominant figures were A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and Bronislaw Malinowski. These leaders acted as patrons to their students, assisting them in getting access to funding, field locations, and jobs. Few crossed the divide to work in both the paradigms and their respective institutions, but one who did was Reo Franklin Fortune. His place within the history of Anthropology has, however, to date remained little more than a footnote. There can be no doubt that Fortune contributed significantly to the development of modern field-based anthropological methods and arguments. All together, he undertook five full years of fieldwork, in cultures located as diversely as the Pacific Islands, New Guinea, East Asia and North America. Contemporary anthropology sometimes remembers Fortune for his well-known ethnographies Sorcerers of Dobu (1932) and Manus Religion (1935). More often, it merely recalls him as the second of Margaret Mead’s three husbands. Unfortunately too, Mead, her friends, and biographers have often portrayed Fortune in an unfavourable light. This work tries to present a more balanced story. It employs archival material to reconstruct the life of Fortune, demonstrating the complexity of his thinking and of his social and academic relationships. Each chapter demarcates a chronological period in Fortune’s life. Wherever possible, his own words and those of his friends, colleagues and associates are used to help tell the story. The person who emerges is highly talented and principled, with a strong sense of honesty and truth, but who is often betrayed or misunderstood by those around him.

year: 2011

title: Developing key concepts for the design of hypertext for printed books

authors: Timpany, Claire

subjects: non-linear reading

abstract: In the modern world, computers and interactivity are becoming an ever-increasing phenomenon, but this means that the tactile appeal of the printed book is giving way to the increasing popularity of digital interactivity. This research explores how one of the integral concepts of computer interaction, hypertext, can be applied to the medium of print and the advantages that this can bring to the reading environment. The interaction used to read a printed book is different to that of reading material in an electronic form. Books are linear, moving forward, whereas electronic material is laterally associative. However, reading material in an electronic form, such as hypertext, allows the readers to customise and reorder knowledge for their own needs. In comparison, navigation of paper documents is aided by the information being fixed, and readers can easily refer to several documents simultaneously. The considerations that need to be made when combining the benefits of two such contrasting media needs careful attention. Six key design concepts applying hypertext methods to books are discussed to assist the production of effective reading media.

text: Developing key concepts for the design of hypertext for printed books In the modern world, computers and interactivity are becoming an ever-increasing phenomenon, but this means that the tactile appeal of the printed book is giving way to the increasing popularity of digital interactivity. This research explores how one of the integral concepts of computer interaction, hypertext, can be applied to the medium of print and the advantages that this can bring to the reading environment. The interaction used to read a printed book is different to that of reading material in an electronic form. Books are linear, moving forward, whereas electronic material is laterally associative. However, reading material in an electronic form, such as hypertext, allows the readers to customise and reorder knowledge for their own needs. In comparison, navigation of paper documents is aided by the information being fixed, and readers can easily refer to several documents simultaneously. The considerations that need to be made when combining the benefits of two such contrasting media needs careful attention. Six key design concepts applying hypertext methods to books are discussed to assist the production of effective reading media.

year: 2009

title: Street-level bureaucracy and occupational therapy practices in Aotearoa New Zealand. A genealogical critique.

authors: Silcock, Elizabeth Mary

subjects: power

abstract: As a human science that is also part of administering and supporting bureaucracy, occupational therapy functions in multi-layered networks of power  that support many different social structures. Occupational therapists’ work often involves operationalising health, education and social services at the street-level, positioning them between the aspirations of both policy and social activism and material life outcomes. Through a genealogical critique, this thesis problematises the practice of occupational therapy through a Foucauldian lens that views everything as dangerous. By viewing occupational therapy practice as dangerous, the power relations at the street-level of the mundane and taken-for-granted have been problematised as part of much larger social structures of power and discourse. 
Several Foucauldian tools were deployed in order to ensure that a focus on occupational therapy practices was maintained; three distinct research methods were utilised to access a range of heterogeneous genealogical information.  Firstly, an historical archival analysis of the four iterations of the Competencies for Registration for occupational therapists document (1990 to the current day) produced by the regulatory authority, the Occupational Therapy Board of New Zealand, was carried out.  Secondly, practice observations of occupational therapists working in different practice settings were analysed as three individual case studies. Concurrently with these two methods, a critical action method using a research blog was developed to create a medium for public discussion of practice through an open engagement with the profession. The combination of these three methods enabled access to a range of elements for analysis.  Many of these elements inter-linked, overlapped and connected to historically contingent networks of dominant power that have formed through the processes of colonisation, the establishment of the health system and normalised medical practices, and economic forms of governance. The nuances of how occupational therapy is practised at the street-level offered opportunities to contest the dominance of these networks. In all three case studies there was an unspoken understanding and a normalisation of materiality as an accepted and significant element of how the profession practised.  The material regimes of knowledge and material practices in these unspoken norms were highly productive and able to contest other lines of power.  Along with this alternate network of power, the most recent version of the Competencies for Registration offers a further opportunity for occupational therapists to contest dominant power relations in a way that could capitalise on the secure position the profession has developed through its material network of power.  Opportunities for alternate pathways of practice which privilege Te Ao Māori and Te Tiriti o Waitangi are a possibility in the legally sanctioned Competencies. The close connection of occupational therapy practices to real life material outcomes for other people, position the street-level doing of occupational therapists at a juncture where action and decision making can re-configure power relations. Re-thinking practice in terms of what the doing of occupational therapy does in relation to networks of power, is an opportunity for practitioners to enact policy at the street-level in ways that use their ability to influence power from the bottom up whilst being alert to the dangers presented by doing so.

text: Street-level bureaucracy and occupational therapy practices in Aotearoa New Zealand. A genealogical critique. As a human science that is also part of administering and supporting bureaucracy, occupational therapy functions in multi-layered networks of power  that support many different social structures. Occupational therapists’ work often involves operationalising health, education and social services at the street-level, positioning them between the aspirations of both policy and social activism and material life outcomes. Through a genealogical critique, this thesis problematises the practice of occupational therapy through a Foucauldian lens that views everything as dangerous. By viewing occupational therapy practice as dangerous, the power relations at the street-level of the mundane and taken-for-granted have been problematised as part of much larger social structures of power and discourse. 
Several Foucauldian tools were deployed in order to ensure that a focus on occupational therapy practices was maintained; three distinct research methods were utilised to access a range of heterogeneous genealogical information.  Firstly, an historical archival analysis of the four iterations of the Competencies for Registration for occupational therapists document (1990 to the current day) produced by the regulatory authority, the Occupational Therapy Board of New Zealand, was carried out.  Secondly, practice observations of occupational therapists working in different practice settings were analysed as three individual case studies. Concurrently with these two methods, a critical action method using a research blog was developed to create a medium for public discussion of practice through an open engagement with the profession. The combination of these three methods enabled access to a range of elements for analysis.  Many of these elements inter-linked, overlapped and connected to historically contingent networks of dominant power that have formed through the processes of colonisation, the establishment of the health system and normalised medical practices, and economic forms of governance. The nuances of how occupational therapy is practised at the street-level offered opportunities to contest the dominance of these networks. In all three case studies there was an unspoken understanding and a normalisation of materiality as an accepted and significant element of how the profession practised.  The material regimes of knowledge and material practices in these unspoken norms were highly productive and able to contest other lines of power.  Along with this alternate network of power, the most recent version of the Competencies for Registration offers a further opportunity for occupational therapists to contest dominant power relations in a way that could capitalise on the secure position the profession has developed through its material network of power.  Opportunities for alternate pathways of practice which privilege Te Ao Māori and Te Tiriti o Waitangi are a possibility in the legally sanctioned Competencies. The close connection of occupational therapy practices to real life material outcomes for other people, position the street-level doing of occupational therapists at a juncture where action and decision making can re-configure power relations. Re-thinking practice in terms of what the doing of occupational therapy does in relation to networks of power, is an opportunity for practitioners to enact policy at the street-level in ways that use their ability to influence power from the bottom up whilst being alert to the dangers presented by doing so.

year: 2018