title: Improvement in soil water availability in pastures by excavating and mixing buried soil horizons from multilayered Pumice Soils (Vitrands) at Galatea, central North Island, New Zealand

authors: Laubscher, Nadia

subjects: Pumice Soil

abstract: Pumice Soils (Typic Udivitrands) in the Galatea Basin in the eastern Bay of Plenty, central North Island, New Zealand, are formed on weakly weathered, coarse textured, glassy, pumice tephra deposits and associated buried soil horizons. The Galatea Basin tends to experience summer drought and decreased summer pasture production. 

Observations that refilled holes had better summer pasture growth in the disturbed materials compared to growth in adjacent undisturbed soils led to trials where the underlying finer-textured, buried soil horizons were “flipped” (excavated and mixed into the pumiceous surface horizons) using a mechanised digger. The main objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the mixing of the finer textured buried horizons into the pumiceous surface soils will give increased water holding capacity and thus improve water availability to plants during dry summer periods. 

The top 2.5 m of a reference sequence of four tephra deposits and associated buried soil horizons in an exposed section through a terrace at the southern end of Galatea Basin was described. The tephras and their dates or ages of deposition are(from top) Kaharoa (AD 1314 ± 12), Taupo (AD 232 ± 10), Whakatane (5526 ± 145 calendar years BP), and Rotoma (9423 ± 120 calendar years BP). Undisturbed cores from each soil horizon and the pumiceous tephra layers were collected for water retention and bulk density determination. Four sites were identified that had previously been modified by flipping. Each site contained a flipped area comprising excavated and mixed soil materials and an adjacent “undisturbed” (control) area comprising undisturbed soil. At each of site, three pits were excavated in the flipped area and three in the undisturbed area. Detailed soil descriptions were made and undisturbed soil cores were taken from all horizons in each pit to a depth of 0.6 m. Water retention was determined using a hanging water column and a pressure plate extractor. 

The water retention curves for the undisturbed horizons from the reference profile show that most of the water was held in the soil at lower tensions (<100 kPa). The 3bBw horizon (Whakatane Tephra) had the highest readily available water (25 % v,v) while the 2bAB horizon (Taupo Tephra) had the highest total available water capacity (37 % v,v). The mean profile readily-available water contents to 600 mm depth from the flipped soils were higher (P<0.01) than those of the undisturbed soils. Plant readily-available water content was calculated in the flipped soils to 600 mm depth and to 450 mm depth in the undisturbed soils (based on plant root observations in the field over summer). Plant readily-available water content was greater in the flipped soils compared to that in the undisturbed soils at sites 1, 2 and 3 (P<0.05) and at site 4 (P≤ 0.1).

Assuming an evaporation rate of 4 mm per day and that plant rooting depth is deeper in flipped soils than in undisturbed soils (~600 mm compared to ~450 mm), the flipped soils can hold more readily-available water (mean of 39 days) than the undisturbed soils (mean of 19 days) between rainfall/irrigation events (assuming soils were wet to field capacity at the start) before the soil water drops below the readily available limit.

The hypothesis that “flipping” of the multilayered Pumice Soils will give increased water holding capacity in modified surface horizons (mixed buried soil horizon materials), and thus improve moisture availability to plants during dry summer periods, was accepted.

text: Improvement in soil water availability in pastures by excavating and mixing buried soil horizons from multilayered Pumice Soils (Vitrands) at Galatea, central North Island, New Zealand Pumice Soils (Typic Udivitrands) in the Galatea Basin in the eastern Bay of Plenty, central North Island, New Zealand, are formed on weakly weathered, coarse textured, glassy, pumice tephra deposits and associated buried soil horizons. The Galatea Basin tends to experience summer drought and decreased summer pasture production. 

Observations that refilled holes had better summer pasture growth in the disturbed materials compared to growth in adjacent undisturbed soils led to trials where the underlying finer-textured, buried soil horizons were “flipped” (excavated and mixed into the pumiceous surface horizons) using a mechanised digger. The main objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the mixing of the finer textured buried horizons into the pumiceous surface soils will give increased water holding capacity and thus improve water availability to plants during dry summer periods. 

The top 2.5 m of a reference sequence of four tephra deposits and associated buried soil horizons in an exposed section through a terrace at the southern end of Galatea Basin was described. The tephras and their dates or ages of deposition are(from top) Kaharoa (AD 1314 ± 12), Taupo (AD 232 ± 10), Whakatane (5526 ± 145 calendar years BP), and Rotoma (9423 ± 120 calendar years BP). Undisturbed cores from each soil horizon and the pumiceous tephra layers were collected for water retention and bulk density determination. Four sites were identified that had previously been modified by flipping. Each site contained a flipped area comprising excavated and mixed soil materials and an adjacent “undisturbed” (control) area comprising undisturbed soil. At each of site, three pits were excavated in the flipped area and three in the undisturbed area. Detailed soil descriptions were made and undisturbed soil cores were taken from all horizons in each pit to a depth of 0.6 m. Water retention was determined using a hanging water column and a pressure plate extractor. 

The water retention curves for the undisturbed horizons from the reference profile show that most of the water was held in the soil at lower tensions (<100 kPa). The 3bBw horizon (Whakatane Tephra) had the highest readily available water (25 % v,v) while the 2bAB horizon (Taupo Tephra) had the highest total available water capacity (37 % v,v). The mean profile readily-available water contents to 600 mm depth from the flipped soils were higher (P<0.01) than those of the undisturbed soils. Plant readily-available water content was calculated in the flipped soils to 600 mm depth and to 450 mm depth in the undisturbed soils (based on plant root observations in the field over summer). Plant readily-available water content was greater in the flipped soils compared to that in the undisturbed soils at sites 1, 2 and 3 (P<0.05) and at site 4 (P≤ 0.1).

Assuming an evaporation rate of 4 mm per day and that plant rooting depth is deeper in flipped soils than in undisturbed soils (~600 mm compared to ~450 mm), the flipped soils can hold more readily-available water (mean of 39 days) than the undisturbed soils (mean of 19 days) between rainfall/irrigation events (assuming soils were wet to field capacity at the start) before the soil water drops below the readily available limit.

The hypothesis that “flipping” of the multilayered Pumice Soils will give increased water holding capacity in modified surface horizons (mixed buried soil horizon materials), and thus improve moisture availability to plants during dry summer periods, was accepted.

year: 2014

title: Tourism and spirituality: A phenomenological analysis

authors: Willson, Gregory Brian

subjects: phenomenology

abstract: Using phenomenological analysis, this paper examines the concept of 'spirituality' in the lived travel experience of an individual tourist. The paper contributes a phenomenological snippet of the tourist's 'portrait' (the individual's rich story, much like a portrait painting) to reveal the spiritual meaning Amber reportedly gained from and imbued onto her travel experiences with the tour operator, Hands up Holidays. The paper argues that when discussing the 'spiritual' dimension of tourism, one potential avenue is to seek to understand how people seek meaning and life purpose themselves, their quest for meaning, and experiences of transcendence and connectedness as subjectively lived through their travel. The paper concludes that the phenomenological view may be a useful frame through which to further examine the personal meaning of travel as lived by people, both in religious and non-religious contexts, but contextualised within the wider meaning of their lives.

text: Tourism and spirituality: A phenomenological analysis Using phenomenological analysis, this paper examines the concept of 'spirituality' in the lived travel experience of an individual tourist. The paper contributes a phenomenological snippet of the tourist's 'portrait' (the individual's rich story, much like a portrait painting) to reveal the spiritual meaning Amber reportedly gained from and imbued onto her travel experiences with the tour operator, Hands up Holidays. The paper argues that when discussing the 'spiritual' dimension of tourism, one potential avenue is to seek to understand how people seek meaning and life purpose themselves, their quest for meaning, and experiences of transcendence and connectedness as subjectively lived through their travel. The paper concludes that the phenomenological view may be a useful frame through which to further examine the personal meaning of travel as lived by people, both in religious and non-religious contexts, but contextualised within the wider meaning of their lives.

year: 2013

title: Sixty years of adult learning in Aotearoa New Zealand: Looking back to the 1960s and beyond the 2020s

authors: Amundsen, Diana Leigh

abstract: This article offers a historical analysis of the past sixty years of adult learning in Aotearoa New Zealand and critically appraises events which have shaped today’s context. Drawing on a substantial body of research by key adult educators, researchers and scholars, the review assesses historical, socio-cultural, and political factors that influenced adult learning policies and practices. First, a brief discussion is given of traditional Māori education, colonisation, bi-culturalism and multiculturalism for relevance to the Aotearoa New Zealand context. Next, a historical analysis is offered in a decade-by-decade review. Looking back over the past sixty years, this historical analysis exposes key influences which have shaped adult learning in Aotearoa, and discusses trends emerging as significant future directions going into and beyond the 2020s.

text: Sixty years of adult learning in Aotearoa New Zealand: Looking back to the 1960s and beyond the 2020s This article offers a historical analysis of the past sixty years of adult learning in Aotearoa New Zealand and critically appraises events which have shaped today’s context. Drawing on a substantial body of research by key adult educators, researchers and scholars, the review assesses historical, socio-cultural, and political factors that influenced adult learning policies and practices. First, a brief discussion is given of traditional Māori education, colonisation, bi-culturalism and multiculturalism for relevance to the Aotearoa New Zealand context. Next, a historical analysis is offered in a decade-by-decade review. Looking back over the past sixty years, this historical analysis exposes key influences which have shaped adult learning in Aotearoa, and discusses trends emerging as significant future directions going into and beyond the 2020s.

year: 2020