title: Has human rights law become lex specialis for the European Court of Human Rights in right to life cases arising from internal armed conflicts?

authors: Chevalier-Watts, Juliet

subjects: lex specialis

abstract: It is generally accepted that although human rights law is applicable in situations of armed conflict, international humanitarian law is lex specialis. However, this may not necessarily be the case with regard to internal armed conflicts, and legal authorities provide contradictory views as to what extent human rights principles are applicable in internal armed conflicts. This article explores the relationship between human rights law and international humanitarian law and considers the jurisprudential approach of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to right to life cases arising out of the internal armed conflicts in Turkey and Chechnya. The paper argues that such case law provides evidence that Strasbourg considers the principles of human rights law as lex specialis in right to life cases arising out of internal armed conflicts.

text: Has human rights law become lex specialis for the European Court of Human Rights in right to life cases arising from internal armed conflicts? It is generally accepted that although human rights law is applicable in situations of armed conflict, international humanitarian law is lex specialis. However, this may not necessarily be the case with regard to internal armed conflicts, and legal authorities provide contradictory views as to what extent human rights principles are applicable in internal armed conflicts. This article explores the relationship between human rights law and international humanitarian law and considers the jurisprudential approach of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to right to life cases arising out of the internal armed conflicts in Turkey and Chechnya. The paper argues that such case law provides evidence that Strasbourg considers the principles of human rights law as lex specialis in right to life cases arising out of internal armed conflicts.

year: 2010

title: A diagnostic tool for tree based supervised classification learning algorithms

authors: Holmes, Geoffrey

subjects: computer science

abstract: The process of developing applications of machine learning and data mining that employ supervised classification algorithms includes the important step of knowledge verification. Interpretable output is presented to a user so that they can verify that the knowledge contained in the output makes sense for the given application. As the development of an application is an iterative process it is quite likely that a user would wish to compare models constructed at various times or stages. 
One crucial stage where comparison of models is important is when the accuracy of a model is being estimated, typically using some form of cross-validation. This stage is used to establish an estimate of how well a model will perform on unseen data. This is vital information to present to a user, but it is also important to show the degree of variation between models obtained from the entire dataset and models obtained during cross-validation. In this way it can be verified that the cross-validation models are at least structurally aligned with the model garnered from the entire dataset. 
This paper presents a diagnostic tool for the comparison of tree-based supervised classification models. The method is adapted from work on approximate tree matching and applied to decision trees. The tool is described together with experimental results on standard datasets.

text: A diagnostic tool for tree based supervised classification learning algorithms The process of developing applications of machine learning and data mining that employ supervised classification algorithms includes the important step of knowledge verification. Interpretable output is presented to a user so that they can verify that the knowledge contained in the output makes sense for the given application. As the development of an application is an iterative process it is quite likely that a user would wish to compare models constructed at various times or stages. 
One crucial stage where comparison of models is important is when the accuracy of a model is being estimated, typically using some form of cross-validation. This stage is used to establish an estimate of how well a model will perform on unseen data. This is vital information to present to a user, but it is also important to show the degree of variation between models obtained from the entire dataset and models obtained during cross-validation. In this way it can be verified that the cross-validation models are at least structurally aligned with the model garnered from the entire dataset. 
This paper presents a diagnostic tool for the comparison of tree-based supervised classification models. The method is adapted from work on approximate tree matching and applied to decision trees. The tool is described together with experimental results on standard datasets.

year: 1999-03

title: The development of guidelines for indigenous research ethics in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

authors: Hudson, Maui

abstract: The development of Indigenous frameworks for research ethics has been a key component of progressing Indigenous aspirations for research around the world. They have provided a focal point for challenging approaches to research that prioritise non-Indigenous methods and values, and allow non-Indigenous researchers to claim expert status over Indigenous peoples, places and knowledges. The theme of self-determination underpins contemporary approaches to Indigenous development and the repositioning of state-Indigenous nation relationships. This paper describes the background, development, and implementation by Māori communities and researchers of an Indigenous ethical framework in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

text: The development of guidelines for indigenous research ethics in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The development of Indigenous frameworks for research ethics has been a key component of progressing Indigenous aspirations for research around the world. They have provided a focal point for challenging approaches to research that prioritise non-Indigenous methods and values, and allow non-Indigenous researchers to claim expert status over Indigenous peoples, places and knowledges. The theme of self-determination underpins contemporary approaches to Indigenous development and the repositioning of state-Indigenous nation relationships. This paper describes the background, development, and implementation by Māori communities and researchers of an Indigenous ethical framework in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

year: 2016