title: Managed retreat governance: Insights from Matatā, New Zealand.

authors: Hanna, Christina Jane

abstract: This report provides an initial summary of case study findings from PhD research investigating the role of environmental planning in enabling managed retreat in New Zealand. It begins with an overview of the case study and background to the decisions that have led to managed retreat in Matatā. Fundamentally, it highlights key administrative barriers and enablers to implementing managed retreat, which will be further developed in the doctoral thesis. Principal findings are summarised below:
1. There is a lack of national policy guidance, legislative mechanisms and implementation support to achieve managed retreat of existing land-use activities under the current planning system. This not only creates difficulties for managed retreat policy formation and implementation (requiring a process of learning by doing) but more broadly, it hinders anticipatory governance and favours absorptive resilience over transformation away from risk.
2. There is no specific risk tolerance criteria in New Zealand to determine when a particular annual loss-of-life risk is acceptable or not. This makes it more difficult to determine the point at which risk reduction (such as managed retreat) is required.
3. The process for funding managed retreat (particularly where there is risk to life) is ad hoc and uncertain, with potential to undermine the legitimacy of incentivised retreat.
4. Whilst ‘voluntary retreat’ is the only tool currently available to territorial authorities to achieve (incentivised) managed retreat of existing uses, (where the Public Works Act 1981 cannot be applied) it is not perceived as being ‘voluntary’ by people and communities if it is combined with regulation to remove existing use rights or withdrawal of service. This perception undermines trust in the retreat process and further emphasises the need for mechanisms that affected communities consider fair.
5. Provision of risk information and previous disaster experience is ineffective in avoiding investment in risky areas. Therefore, other means of implementing managed retreat are necessary in order to reduce intolerable risk to life. 
6. There is a mismatch of responsibilities and jurisdiction in the management of existing land uses between territorial and regional authorities under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). Integrated management (and potential transfer of powers) is necessary in order to overcome this barrier. Early political alignment and collaborative policy development may also help the political acceptability of retreat within local government.
7. While regional councils are generally considered to have the ability to extinguish existing use rights, there is uncertainty regarding the application of s85 RMA, and the presence of existing resource consents as highlighted by Grace, France-Hudson, and Kilvington (2018). It is likely that case law arising from the Bay of Plenty Regional Plan Change 17 will provide legal clarity on these matters.
8. In the absence of a national framework, Regional Policy Statements can assist in the enablement of managed retreat where they provide a strong policy framework including a community tested, risk-based approach with key risk thresholds and direction to reduce risk to acceptable levels.
9. Policy learning is occurring across New Zealand, driven by local leadership. Development of national managed retreat principles arising from Matatā demonstrate aspects of adaptive governance.

text: Managed retreat governance: Insights from Matatā, New Zealand. This report provides an initial summary of case study findings from PhD research investigating the role of environmental planning in enabling managed retreat in New Zealand. It begins with an overview of the case study and background to the decisions that have led to managed retreat in Matatā. Fundamentally, it highlights key administrative barriers and enablers to implementing managed retreat, which will be further developed in the doctoral thesis. Principal findings are summarised below:
1. There is a lack of national policy guidance, legislative mechanisms and implementation support to achieve managed retreat of existing land-use activities under the current planning system. This not only creates difficulties for managed retreat policy formation and implementation (requiring a process of learning by doing) but more broadly, it hinders anticipatory governance and favours absorptive resilience over transformation away from risk.
2. There is no specific risk tolerance criteria in New Zealand to determine when a particular annual loss-of-life risk is acceptable or not. This makes it more difficult to determine the point at which risk reduction (such as managed retreat) is required.
3. The process for funding managed retreat (particularly where there is risk to life) is ad hoc and uncertain, with potential to undermine the legitimacy of incentivised retreat.
4. Whilst ‘voluntary retreat’ is the only tool currently available to territorial authorities to achieve (incentivised) managed retreat of existing uses, (where the Public Works Act 1981 cannot be applied) it is not perceived as being ‘voluntary’ by people and communities if it is combined with regulation to remove existing use rights or withdrawal of service. This perception undermines trust in the retreat process and further emphasises the need for mechanisms that affected communities consider fair.
5. Provision of risk information and previous disaster experience is ineffective in avoiding investment in risky areas. Therefore, other means of implementing managed retreat are necessary in order to reduce intolerable risk to life. 
6. There is a mismatch of responsibilities and jurisdiction in the management of existing land uses between territorial and regional authorities under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). Integrated management (and potential transfer of powers) is necessary in order to overcome this barrier. Early political alignment and collaborative policy development may also help the political acceptability of retreat within local government.
7. While regional councils are generally considered to have the ability to extinguish existing use rights, there is uncertainty regarding the application of s85 RMA, and the presence of existing resource consents as highlighted by Grace, France-Hudson, and Kilvington (2018). It is likely that case law arising from the Bay of Plenty Regional Plan Change 17 will provide legal clarity on these matters.
8. In the absence of a national framework, Regional Policy Statements can assist in the enablement of managed retreat where they provide a strong policy framework including a community tested, risk-based approach with key risk thresholds and direction to reduce risk to acceptable levels.
9. Policy learning is occurring across New Zealand, driven by local leadership. Development of national managed retreat principles arising from Matatā demonstrate aspects of adaptive governance.

year: 2018

title: Serendipity: integrated environment support for process modelling, enactment and improvement

authors: Grundy, John C.

subjects: computer science

abstract: Large cooperative work systems require work coordination, context awareness and process modelling and enactment mechanisms to be effective. The Serendipity environment provides visual languages for specifying process models and event processing. Enacted models can be modified during or after use and can act as plans of work to be done, describe work in progress, and record work done on a project. Serendipity has been integrated with an Information Systems engineering environment and office automation applications, without modification to these pre-existing tools. Animation of process models allows collaborating users to remain aware of the work contexts of their collaborators. Information about the current enacted process stage is attached to descriptions of changes made to work artefacts, recording the context of work. Such changes are also stored by the process stage, allowing collaborators to review the stage work history. Serendipity's visual event processing language allows users to specify rules and actions triggered by enactment, process or work artefact modification, or tool events. This paper describes Serendipity, our experiences using it, and its architecture and implementation.

text: Serendipity: integrated environment support for process modelling, enactment and improvement Large cooperative work systems require work coordination, context awareness and process modelling and enactment mechanisms to be effective. The Serendipity environment provides visual languages for specifying process models and event processing. Enacted models can be modified during or after use and can act as plans of work to be done, describe work in progress, and record work done on a project. Serendipity has been integrated with an Information Systems engineering environment and office automation applications, without modification to these pre-existing tools. Animation of process models allows collaborating users to remain aware of the work contexts of their collaborators. Information about the current enacted process stage is attached to descriptions of changes made to work artefacts, recording the context of work. Such changes are also stored by the process stage, allowing collaborators to review the stage work history. Serendipity's visual event processing language allows users to specify rules and actions triggered by enactment, process or work artefact modification, or tool events. This paper describes Serendipity, our experiences using it, and its architecture and implementation.

year: 1996-08

title: Manaaki whenua. Manaaki tangata: Care for the land, care for the people: Leading critical school reform with mana whenua and whānau Māori

authors: Ford, Therese

subjects: Critical school reform

abstract: Education disparities between Māori and Pākehā students in Aotearoa, have their origins in colonial education policies and practices which considerably advantaged Pākehā students and compromised the ability of Māori students to engage with learning and succeed.  Despite the promises of equality inherent in the Treaty of Waitangi,  this historical foundation has, for over 150 years, perpetuated intergenerational cycles of education failure for Māori resulting in high levels of endemic social and economic disadvantage in many Māori communities.
This thesis examines the leadership praxis of two Pākehā principals, to understand how, with more respectful connections with Māori communities, they were able to address education disparities and facilitate success for Māori students as Māori. Culturally responsive research methodologies guided two, in-depth case studies which employed mixed methods.
Two collaborative stories, with the voices of mana whenua and whānau Māori, identified the importance of school leaders developing critical levels of consciousness, through authentic, bidirectional relationships with Māori communities.  These relationships enabled the principals to understand the authentic local, pre-colonial iwi histories of the land. This in turn fostered connections between the schools and local Māori communities that enabled them to collaboratively respond to the implications of colonisation.  
The thesis challenges the monocultural, monolingual, unidirectional policies and practices that characterise the current model of colonial education.  It presents instead a decolonising model of critical school reform and a framework for implementation and evaluation.  It contends that honouring the Treaty of Waitangi requires an equity focused response with power sharing relationships, critically led by principals alongside Māori communities.

text: Manaaki whenua. Manaaki tangata: Care for the land, care for the people: Leading critical school reform with mana whenua and whānau Māori Education disparities between Māori and Pākehā students in Aotearoa, have their origins in colonial education policies and practices which considerably advantaged Pākehā students and compromised the ability of Māori students to engage with learning and succeed.  Despite the promises of equality inherent in the Treaty of Waitangi,  this historical foundation has, for over 150 years, perpetuated intergenerational cycles of education failure for Māori resulting in high levels of endemic social and economic disadvantage in many Māori communities.
This thesis examines the leadership praxis of two Pākehā principals, to understand how, with more respectful connections with Māori communities, they were able to address education disparities and facilitate success for Māori students as Māori. Culturally responsive research methodologies guided two, in-depth case studies which employed mixed methods.
Two collaborative stories, with the voices of mana whenua and whānau Māori, identified the importance of school leaders developing critical levels of consciousness, through authentic, bidirectional relationships with Māori communities.  These relationships enabled the principals to understand the authentic local, pre-colonial iwi histories of the land. This in turn fostered connections between the schools and local Māori communities that enabled them to collaboratively respond to the implications of colonisation.  
The thesis challenges the monocultural, monolingual, unidirectional policies and practices that characterise the current model of colonial education.  It presents instead a decolonising model of critical school reform and a framework for implementation and evaluation.  It contends that honouring the Treaty of Waitangi requires an equity focused response with power sharing relationships, critically led by principals alongside Māori communities.

year: 2020