title: Post-translocation assortative pairing and social implications for the conservation of an endangered songbird

authors: Bradley, David William

subjects: adaptive management

abstract: Animals translocated for conservation purposes may be sourced from multiple locations which may exhibit inter-site variability in reproductive behaviours. The influence that these differences may have on the propensity of pair formation, and the ultimate impact this may have on the success of the translocation, is unknown due to the low sample sizes of many translocations. We address this knowledge gap by collating an existing 18-year data set documenting multisource translocations of the endangered North Island Kōkako, Callaeas wilsoni, a duetting New Zealand species with known population-specific vocalizations. We found a strong, statistically significant tendency for Kōkako to pair assortatively with respect to source population (like with like) following release. Population-specific differences in sexually selected behaviours that are important in mate choice decisions, such as bird song, are likely the proximate explanation for such reproductive decisions. Accounting for the tendency to pair assortatively following translocation may be particularly important when managing highly vocal animals like Kōkako that produce vocal duets and cooperatively defend territories as mated pairs. Consequently, careful consideration of behavioural variation between translocated individuals should be made, which will appropriately inform decisions relating to release-cohort composition. Failure to consider such variation may negatively impact the success of a translocation as the effective population size of the founder group may be lower than intended. Our findings make an important contribution towards understanding the impact that behavioural variation can have on the conservation of endangered species, and highlight the value of combining long-term data from multiple sources.

text: Post-translocation assortative pairing and social implications for the conservation of an endangered songbird Animals translocated for conservation purposes may be sourced from multiple locations which may exhibit inter-site variability in reproductive behaviours. The influence that these differences may have on the propensity of pair formation, and the ultimate impact this may have on the success of the translocation, is unknown due to the low sample sizes of many translocations. We address this knowledge gap by collating an existing 18-year data set documenting multisource translocations of the endangered North Island Kōkako, Callaeas wilsoni, a duetting New Zealand species with known population-specific vocalizations. We found a strong, statistically significant tendency for Kōkako to pair assortatively with respect to source population (like with like) following release. Population-specific differences in sexually selected behaviours that are important in mate choice decisions, such as bird song, are likely the proximate explanation for such reproductive decisions. Accounting for the tendency to pair assortatively following translocation may be particularly important when managing highly vocal animals like Kōkako that produce vocal duets and cooperatively defend territories as mated pairs. Consequently, careful consideration of behavioural variation between translocated individuals should be made, which will appropriately inform decisions relating to release-cohort composition. Failure to consider such variation may negatively impact the success of a translocation as the effective population size of the founder group may be lower than intended. Our findings make an important contribution towards understanding the impact that behavioural variation can have on the conservation of endangered species, and highlight the value of combining long-term data from multiple sources.

year: 2013

title: Carbonate Alteration of the Sams Creek Gold Deposit

authors: Lee, Ryan John

subjects: Sams Creek Gold Depsoit

abstract: Located near Upper Takaka, NW Nelson, the Sams Creek Gold Deposit is host to significant gold mineralisation, which has been extensively explored since being first discovered in 1974 by CRA exploration. The gold mineralisation, hosted largely within the Sams Creek Granite Dyke has since been the focus of continual ongoing exploration and research by various companies and academia. The dyke is a peralkaline microgranite, is up to 60 meters wide and has a strike length totalling 7 kilometres. Multiple stages of hydrothermal alteration have affected the granite dyke which is host to a series of sheeted, stock work and irregular fracture veins. At the time of writing, Sams Creek is New Zealand’s largest undeveloped gold project.

Despite extensive research and exploration, the origin of Au bearing fluids and hence classification of the deposit is still debated. Little is also known about the role of which the widespread carbonate alteration has had during the genesis of this deposit. Siderite/ankerite (carbonate) veins are a common occurrence at Sams Creek, occurring in both the highly mineralised granite and seemingly unaltered metasedimentary rock, of which the Sams Creek Granite and various other mafic dykes intrude.

This study presents a detailed paragenetic study of the multiple phases of carbonate alteration throughout the prospect. Trace element geochemistry for individual vein generations was obtained by in-situ analysis of the carbonate vein minerals using LA-ICP-MS. Oxygen and carbonate stable isotope ratios were also determined for many of the carbonate minerals.

The carbonate alteration was found to be largely structurally controlled and coeval with the multiple stages of Au mineralisation and alteration. The veins were often comprised of multiple siderite and ankerite intergrowths, reflecting temporally distinct fluids of varying Ca/Fe/Mn/Mg concentrations. Whole vein geochemical analysis confirmed an overall ankerite composition, contrary to the previous reports of siderite only veins. Major and trace element signatures showed geochemically distinct ankerite veins for each host rock. Notably, the geochemistry of the veins indicates that the surrounding metasediments are an unlikely fluid source for the carbonate alteration. This has implications for models which suggest an orogenic fluid is responsible for the alteration. The fluid likely received its trace element and isotopic signature from a high temperature, reduced and 18O-depleted fluid source, consistent with a fluid source that is not metamorphogenic. The carbonate minerals associated with the mineralisation and/or the dyke have a unique trace element signature in relation to carbonate of other lithologies.

Overall, this study provides evidence that is in agreement with the Sams Creek Dyke being classified as an Intrusion Related Gold System. Further implications for exploration potential are the distinctions between metamorphogenic and hydrothermal carbonate minerals, which could be easily undertaken using pXRF based upon anomalous Mn and Mg contents.

text: Carbonate Alteration of the Sams Creek Gold Deposit Located near Upper Takaka, NW Nelson, the Sams Creek Gold Deposit is host to significant gold mineralisation, which has been extensively explored since being first discovered in 1974 by CRA exploration. The gold mineralisation, hosted largely within the Sams Creek Granite Dyke has since been the focus of continual ongoing exploration and research by various companies and academia. The dyke is a peralkaline microgranite, is up to 60 meters wide and has a strike length totalling 7 kilometres. Multiple stages of hydrothermal alteration have affected the granite dyke which is host to a series of sheeted, stock work and irregular fracture veins. At the time of writing, Sams Creek is New Zealand’s largest undeveloped gold project.

Despite extensive research and exploration, the origin of Au bearing fluids and hence classification of the deposit is still debated. Little is also known about the role of which the widespread carbonate alteration has had during the genesis of this deposit. Siderite/ankerite (carbonate) veins are a common occurrence at Sams Creek, occurring in both the highly mineralised granite and seemingly unaltered metasedimentary rock, of which the Sams Creek Granite and various other mafic dykes intrude.

This study presents a detailed paragenetic study of the multiple phases of carbonate alteration throughout the prospect. Trace element geochemistry for individual vein generations was obtained by in-situ analysis of the carbonate vein minerals using LA-ICP-MS. Oxygen and carbonate stable isotope ratios were also determined for many of the carbonate minerals.

The carbonate alteration was found to be largely structurally controlled and coeval with the multiple stages of Au mineralisation and alteration. The veins were often comprised of multiple siderite and ankerite intergrowths, reflecting temporally distinct fluids of varying Ca/Fe/Mn/Mg concentrations. Whole vein geochemical analysis confirmed an overall ankerite composition, contrary to the previous reports of siderite only veins. Major and trace element signatures showed geochemically distinct ankerite veins for each host rock. Notably, the geochemistry of the veins indicates that the surrounding metasediments are an unlikely fluid source for the carbonate alteration. This has implications for models which suggest an orogenic fluid is responsible for the alteration. The fluid likely received its trace element and isotopic signature from a high temperature, reduced and 18O-depleted fluid source, consistent with a fluid source that is not metamorphogenic. The carbonate minerals associated with the mineralisation and/or the dyke have a unique trace element signature in relation to carbonate of other lithologies.

Overall, this study provides evidence that is in agreement with the Sams Creek Dyke being classified as an Intrusion Related Gold System. Further implications for exploration potential are the distinctions between metamorphogenic and hydrothermal carbonate minerals, which could be easily undertaken using pXRF based upon anomalous Mn and Mg contents.

year: 2016

title: Archetypes and the unthought: The projection of the King’s Court in New Zealand television media

authors: Mataira, Kelvin

abstract: This thesis explores archetypal projections of conflict in Television New Zealand’s news and current affairs as an unthought. The television news and current affairs programmes identified in the thesis relate to issues of conflict between the Maori people of New Zealand, and the Government and Crown agencies of New Zealand. The unresolved issues of conflict are manifest in what has become popularly known as the Treaty of Waitangi settlement process.

The thesis is informed by Foucault’s conviction that the unthought is the power that is linked to every mode of knowledge. The thesis argues that knowledge in relation to thought is limited because the knowledge is surrounded by an immense region of shadow. In an ontology based on thought only it is shown how the Shadow and the King’s Court archetypes conceal and prevent human beings from comprehending other discourses.

It is argued that Foucault’s concern with the unthought is reflected in Carl Gustav Jung’s convictions about the collective unconscious. Jung’s theory of the quarternio: thinking, sensing, intuition and feeling that describe the four functions of the mind, inform the theory and the methodology for the thesis. It is proposed that the discursive activities of television media can be understood in relation to Hermes the Greek God of magic, lies and illusion. It is further proposed that the images that are projected from television media can be informed by mythical accounts of Hermes’ behaviour and activity in relation to Zeus, Apollo, Dionysus, and Ares.

In the thesis, the quarternio and the Greek Gods are represented by the archetypes of the King’s Court. The Ruler archetype represents Zeus and Apollo as the thinking function of the mind. The Sage archetype is shown to be located in close proximity to the Ruler. The Warrior archetype represents Dionysus as the sensing function of the mind. The Magician archetype represents Hermes as the intuitive function of the mind. The Fool archetype represents Ares as the feeling function of the mind. The Destroyer archetype as the inferior and rejected contents of the collective unconscious represents the archetypal Shadow that undermines the activities of the King’s Court. 

It is maintained in the thesis that television media projections of the King’s Court are a metaphor of the mind, and in particular of the contents of the collective unconscious. The King’s Court as a mythical and archetypal metaphor invites an inspection of the unthought through the epistemology of image. The thesis furnishes a methodology based on the epistemology of television. Through an analysis of popular contemporary films such as the Star Wars Trilogy that are shown to be heavily invested with archetypal motif, discourses for each of the King’s Court archetypes are presented. Foucault’s notion of the rituals and gestures that constitute the true discourse in a regime of truth informs the definition of discourse in the thesis. Discourse in the thesis is to be understood as verbal and non-verbal modes of communication.

Foucault’s notion of disciplinary power provides a method for analysing television news and current affairs programmes as an order of discourse. Disciplinary power enables an understanding of the power relations in television media as the power that circulates in an inquisition between the examiner and the confessor. The archetypes of the King’s Court are projected through the rituals of inquisition in television media.

In the analysis all of the archetypes of the King’s Court are seen except for the Magician. Television it is argued represents the Magician. The Destroyer, the Ruler the Sage, the Warrior and the Fool on television media are controlled by the Magician. The Magician shows that the Ruler’s discourse reflected through the King’s Court represents the regime of truth. The competing discourse of the Destroyer as archetypal foe is located outside of the King’s Court and in opposition to the Ruler’s discourse. The Ruler’s discourse is Apollonine. The Ruler projects the image of control, peace, reconciliation, rationality, serenity, authority, and wealth. The Sage as the intellectual and the Fool as the archetypal Trickster are shown to actively facilitate the power of the Ruler. The Warrior who is projected as a powerful leader may be alienated from the King’s Court.

text: Archetypes and the unthought: The projection of the King’s Court in New Zealand television media This thesis explores archetypal projections of conflict in Television New Zealand’s news and current affairs as an unthought. The television news and current affairs programmes identified in the thesis relate to issues of conflict between the Maori people of New Zealand, and the Government and Crown agencies of New Zealand. The unresolved issues of conflict are manifest in what has become popularly known as the Treaty of Waitangi settlement process.

The thesis is informed by Foucault’s conviction that the unthought is the power that is linked to every mode of knowledge. The thesis argues that knowledge in relation to thought is limited because the knowledge is surrounded by an immense region of shadow. In an ontology based on thought only it is shown how the Shadow and the King’s Court archetypes conceal and prevent human beings from comprehending other discourses.

It is argued that Foucault’s concern with the unthought is reflected in Carl Gustav Jung’s convictions about the collective unconscious. Jung’s theory of the quarternio: thinking, sensing, intuition and feeling that describe the four functions of the mind, inform the theory and the methodology for the thesis. It is proposed that the discursive activities of television media can be understood in relation to Hermes the Greek God of magic, lies and illusion. It is further proposed that the images that are projected from television media can be informed by mythical accounts of Hermes’ behaviour and activity in relation to Zeus, Apollo, Dionysus, and Ares.

In the thesis, the quarternio and the Greek Gods are represented by the archetypes of the King’s Court. The Ruler archetype represents Zeus and Apollo as the thinking function of the mind. The Sage archetype is shown to be located in close proximity to the Ruler. The Warrior archetype represents Dionysus as the sensing function of the mind. The Magician archetype represents Hermes as the intuitive function of the mind. The Fool archetype represents Ares as the feeling function of the mind. The Destroyer archetype as the inferior and rejected contents of the collective unconscious represents the archetypal Shadow that undermines the activities of the King’s Court. 

It is maintained in the thesis that television media projections of the King’s Court are a metaphor of the mind, and in particular of the contents of the collective unconscious. The King’s Court as a mythical and archetypal metaphor invites an inspection of the unthought through the epistemology of image. The thesis furnishes a methodology based on the epistemology of television. Through an analysis of popular contemporary films such as the Star Wars Trilogy that are shown to be heavily invested with archetypal motif, discourses for each of the King’s Court archetypes are presented. Foucault’s notion of the rituals and gestures that constitute the true discourse in a regime of truth informs the definition of discourse in the thesis. Discourse in the thesis is to be understood as verbal and non-verbal modes of communication.

Foucault’s notion of disciplinary power provides a method for analysing television news and current affairs programmes as an order of discourse. Disciplinary power enables an understanding of the power relations in television media as the power that circulates in an inquisition between the examiner and the confessor. The archetypes of the King’s Court are projected through the rituals of inquisition in television media.

In the analysis all of the archetypes of the King’s Court are seen except for the Magician. Television it is argued represents the Magician. The Destroyer, the Ruler the Sage, the Warrior and the Fool on television media are controlled by the Magician. The Magician shows that the Ruler’s discourse reflected through the King’s Court represents the regime of truth. The competing discourse of the Destroyer as archetypal foe is located outside of the King’s Court and in opposition to the Ruler’s discourse. The Ruler’s discourse is Apollonine. The Ruler projects the image of control, peace, reconciliation, rationality, serenity, authority, and wealth. The Sage as the intellectual and the Fool as the archetypal Trickster are shown to actively facilitate the power of the Ruler. The Warrior who is projected as a powerful leader may be alienated from the King’s Court.

year: 2000