title: Industry training organisations in changing times: New research possibilities

authors: Cochrane, William

subjects: Industry Training Organisations

abstract: The tertiary education reforms have placed considerable pressure on Industry Training Organisations (ITOs), which are now required to assume “new roles as strategic leaders in skills and training needs for the industries under their coverage” (Ministry of Education 2003a:21). This paper argues that the Statement of Tertiary Education Priorities (STEP) requirement can lead to productive relationships between ITOs and established research organisations. It considers the new context within which ITOs now operate and offers an illustrative case study of the sort of research that can result from collaborative relationships. Specifically, it reports on research commissioned by the New Zealand Industry Training Organisation (NZITO), which covers dairy manufacturing, meat processing, and leather processing, as part of its strategic planning. The research reported includes: an analysis of the industries covered by the NZITO and their economic significance; the impact of an ageing workforce and other demographic on the labour market and its implications for NZITO industries; the impact of technological change on the labour market; and some of the consequences of the continuing integration of the global economy.

text: Industry training organisations in changing times: New research possibilities The tertiary education reforms have placed considerable pressure on Industry Training Organisations (ITOs), which are now required to assume “new roles as strategic leaders in skills and training needs for the industries under their coverage” (Ministry of Education 2003a:21). This paper argues that the Statement of Tertiary Education Priorities (STEP) requirement can lead to productive relationships between ITOs and established research organisations. It considers the new context within which ITOs now operate and offers an illustrative case study of the sort of research that can result from collaborative relationships. Specifically, it reports on research commissioned by the New Zealand Industry Training Organisation (NZITO), which covers dairy manufacturing, meat processing, and leather processing, as part of its strategic planning. The research reported includes: an analysis of the industries covered by the NZITO and their economic significance; the impact of an ageing workforce and other demographic on the labour market and its implications for NZITO industries; the impact of technological change on the labour market; and some of the consequences of the continuing integration of the global economy.

year: 2007

title: Linear acoustic waves in a nonisothermal atmosphere. II. photospheric resonator model of three-minute umbral oscillations

authors: Chae, Jongchul

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: The velocity oscillations observed in the chromosphere of sunspot umbrae resemble a resonance in that their power spectra are sharply peaked around a period of about three minutes. In order to describe the resonance that leads to the observed 3-minute oscillations, we propose the photospheric resonator model of acoustic waves in the solar atmosphere. The acoustic waves are driven by the motion of a piston at the lower boundary, and propagate in a nonisothermal atmosphere that consists of the lower layer (photosphere), where temperature rapidly decreases with height, and the upper layer (chromosphere), where temperature slowly increases with height. We have obtained the following results: (1) The lower layer (photosphere) acts as a leaky resonator of acoustic waves. The bottom end is established by the piston, and the top end by the reflection at the interface between the two layers. (2) The temperature minimum region partially reflects and partially transmits acoustic waves of frequencies around the acoustic cutoff frequency at the temperature minimum. (3) The resonance occurs in the photospheric layer at one frequency around this cutoff frequency. (4) The waves escaping the photospheric layer appear as upwardpropagating waves in the chromosphere. The power spectrum of the velocity oscillation observed in the chromosphere can be fairly well reproduced by this model. The photospheric resonator model was compared with the chromospheric resonator model and the propagating wave model.

text: Linear acoustic waves in a nonisothermal atmosphere. II. photospheric resonator model of three-minute umbral oscillations The velocity oscillations observed in the chromosphere of sunspot umbrae resemble a resonance in that their power spectra are sharply peaked around a period of about three minutes. In order to describe the resonance that leads to the observed 3-minute oscillations, we propose the photospheric resonator model of acoustic waves in the solar atmosphere. The acoustic waves are driven by the motion of a piston at the lower boundary, and propagate in a nonisothermal atmosphere that consists of the lower layer (photosphere), where temperature rapidly decreases with height, and the upper layer (chromosphere), where temperature slowly increases with height. We have obtained the following results: (1) The lower layer (photosphere) acts as a leaky resonator of acoustic waves. The bottom end is established by the piston, and the top end by the reflection at the interface between the two layers. (2) The temperature minimum region partially reflects and partially transmits acoustic waves of frequencies around the acoustic cutoff frequency at the temperature minimum. (3) The resonance occurs in the photospheric layer at one frequency around this cutoff frequency. (4) The waves escaping the photospheric layer appear as upwardpropagating waves in the chromosphere. The power spectrum of the velocity oscillation observed in the chromosphere can be fairly well reproduced by this model. The photospheric resonator model was compared with the chromospheric resonator model and the propagating wave model.

year: 2019

title: ʺThree Strikesʺ sentencing: Another blow for Māori

authors: Rumbles, Wayne

abstract: On June 1, 2010 the Sentencing and Parole Reform Act 2010 amended the Sentencing Act and introduced into New Zealand the so-called “three strikes” sentencing regime. The rationale for introducing this sentencing regime was that it would protect the public, deter offenders, and improve public confidence in the criminal justice system. The stated purpose of the Act is:
• To deny parole to certain repeat offender and to offenders guilty of the worst murders.
• Impose maximum terms of imprisonment on persistent repeat offenders who continue to commit serious violent offences.
This legislative comment will argue that this regime will disproportionately impact on Māori who are already over represented in the criminal justice system at every level. The Department of Corrections has reaffirmed that amplification of Māori within the system is at least in part due to systemic factors that operate at one or more steps of the criminal justice process which make it more likely for Māori to be apprehended, arrested, charged, convicted or imprisoned, with the result that Māori “accumulate” in the system in greater numbers. Given that there is some systematic bias discernable around Māori in the criminal justice system, any habitual offender-sentencing regime will disproportionately impact on Māori, feeding a cycle of increasing Māori incarceration.

text: ʺThree Strikesʺ sentencing: Another blow for Māori On June 1, 2010 the Sentencing and Parole Reform Act 2010 amended the Sentencing Act and introduced into New Zealand the so-called “three strikes” sentencing regime. The rationale for introducing this sentencing regime was that it would protect the public, deter offenders, and improve public confidence in the criminal justice system. The stated purpose of the Act is:
• To deny parole to certain repeat offender and to offenders guilty of the worst murders.
• Impose maximum terms of imprisonment on persistent repeat offenders who continue to commit serious violent offences.
This legislative comment will argue that this regime will disproportionately impact on Māori who are already over represented in the criminal justice system at every level. The Department of Corrections has reaffirmed that amplification of Māori within the system is at least in part due to systemic factors that operate at one or more steps of the criminal justice process which make it more likely for Māori to be apprehended, arrested, charged, convicted or imprisoned, with the result that Māori “accumulate” in the system in greater numbers. Given that there is some systematic bias discernable around Māori in the criminal justice system, any habitual offender-sentencing regime will disproportionately impact on Māori, feeding a cycle of increasing Māori incarceration.

year: 2011