title: Stable oxygen and carbon isotope compositional fields for skeletal and diagenetic components in New Zealand Cenozoic nontropical carbonate sediments and limestones: A synthesis and review

authors: Nelson, Campbell S.

subjects: oxygen isotopes

abstract: The stable oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) of a precipitated carbonate depends mainly on the isotope composition, salinity, and temperature of the host fluid, whereas the stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) reflects the source of CO2 for precipitation, such as meteoric or sea water, shell dissolution, or various biochemical origins, including microbial oxidation of organic matter and methane. Despite the potentially complex array of controls, natural waters tend to show a characteristic range of isotope values which in turn are mimicked or tracked by the carbonate minerals precipitated from them. Consequently, plots of δ18O versus δ13C for carbonate materials can help identify their depositional and/or diagenetic environment(s). Here we compile isotope results for about 800 samples of carbonate skeletons, bulk sediments, fossils, limestones, cements, concretions, and veins spanning a range of ages (latest Cretaceous to modern) and locations in temperate-region New Zealand. Despite some overlap, the isotope values for 21 defined categories of carbonate materials tend to group in discrete regions of the δ18O-δ13C diagram, thereby providing important insights about their origin. New Zealand modern skeletal shelf carbonates plot in a distinctly different field from their tropical counterparts because of their heavier δ18O and narrower range of δ13C values, in accord with their nontropical bryomol skeletal facies. Cements in New Zealand temperate limestones are predominantly of burial or, more rarely, meteoric origin, but their nontropical heritage based solely on isotope composition becomes blurred and eventually lost as diagenesis proceeds. In common with many other global examples, siderite, calcite, and dolomite concretions have developed during shallow burial in a range of freshwater to marine depositional settings, the carbon originating mainly from early diagenetic, bacterially mediated reactions involving the decomposition of organic matter in bottom sediments. A summary δ18O-δ13C diagram showing mean and standard-deviation isotope values for the various New Zealand carbonate categories will form a basis for comparing and interpreting other carbonate materials and deposits. © 1996 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

text: Stable oxygen and carbon isotope compositional fields for skeletal and diagenetic components in New Zealand Cenozoic nontropical carbonate sediments and limestones: A synthesis and review The stable oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) of a precipitated carbonate depends mainly on the isotope composition, salinity, and temperature of the host fluid, whereas the stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) reflects the source of CO2 for precipitation, such as meteoric or sea water, shell dissolution, or various biochemical origins, including microbial oxidation of organic matter and methane. Despite the potentially complex array of controls, natural waters tend to show a characteristic range of isotope values which in turn are mimicked or tracked by the carbonate minerals precipitated from them. Consequently, plots of δ18O versus δ13C for carbonate materials can help identify their depositional and/or diagenetic environment(s). Here we compile isotope results for about 800 samples of carbonate skeletons, bulk sediments, fossils, limestones, cements, concretions, and veins spanning a range of ages (latest Cretaceous to modern) and locations in temperate-region New Zealand. Despite some overlap, the isotope values for 21 defined categories of carbonate materials tend to group in discrete regions of the δ18O-δ13C diagram, thereby providing important insights about their origin. New Zealand modern skeletal shelf carbonates plot in a distinctly different field from their tropical counterparts because of their heavier δ18O and narrower range of δ13C values, in accord with their nontropical bryomol skeletal facies. Cements in New Zealand temperate limestones are predominantly of burial or, more rarely, meteoric origin, but their nontropical heritage based solely on isotope composition becomes blurred and eventually lost as diagenesis proceeds. In common with many other global examples, siderite, calcite, and dolomite concretions have developed during shallow burial in a range of freshwater to marine depositional settings, the carbon originating mainly from early diagenetic, bacterially mediated reactions involving the decomposition of organic matter in bottom sediments. A summary δ18O-δ13C diagram showing mean and standard-deviation isotope values for the various New Zealand carbonate categories will form a basis for comparing and interpreting other carbonate materials and deposits. © 1996 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

year: 1996-01-01

title: The explanation of why the level of UMF varies in manuka honey

authors: Stephens, Jonathan McDonald Counsell

subjects: biology

abstract: A few years ago many beekeepers kindly supplied samples of manuka honey, from the spring 2001 season, directly from hives in various specific locations so that a study could be conducted to investigate the possible reasons why there is variation in the level of UMF in manuka honey.

text: The explanation of why the level of UMF varies in manuka honey A few years ago many beekeepers kindly supplied samples of manuka honey, from the spring 2001 season, directly from hives in various specific locations so that a study could be conducted to investigate the possible reasons why there is variation in the level of UMF in manuka honey.

year: 2008

title: Culture and collaborative conservation? Inter-cultural difference and the Maungatautari Project

authors: Harms, Matthew

subjects: Inter-cultural navigation

abstract: This thesis situates and examines the role of sociocultural difference and biculturalism in the Maungatautari Sanctuary Mountain project, a multi-stakeholder community-based biodiversity conservation project in the Waikato region of New Zealand’s North Island. In the project, Mana Whenua (local indigenous Māori groups) and Pākehā (New Zealanders of British and European descent) from the area endeavour to interact and partner in the non-profit Maungatautari Ecological Island Trust (MEIT) as its primary stakeholder groups. Utilizing sociocultural anthropology, three years of participant observation, participant interviews, fieldwork data and contextualizing history, the role of culture and issues of biculturalism and partnership are examined in relation to the respective sociocultural backgrounds and identity of project participants. Findings indicate that sociocultural difference in the form of varying beliefs, values, attitudes, practices and protocol, and identity/cultural politics have led to dissonance and strained stakeholder interrelations that negatively affected the project. In some instances, a post-colonial ‘neo-paternalism’ marginalised local Māori cultural input and needs in the project. At other times project participants successfully bridged inter-cultural differences. In these occurrences they created a collaborative, complementary, bicultural partnership which valued, sought to understand, and incorporated differing sociocultural aspects, advancing project goals. Further analysis identified an ongoing risk of future multi-stakeholder dissonance relative to culturally-derived disparate views on such issues as cultural harvesting, species reintroductions and care, ecotourism, development on the mountain, and biodiversity research. Normative solutions are identified which can aid Maungatautari stakeholders and other culturally-heterogeneous multi-stakeholder conservation groups work toward and produce inclusive, inter-cultural partnership.

text: Culture and collaborative conservation? Inter-cultural difference and the Maungatautari Project This thesis situates and examines the role of sociocultural difference and biculturalism in the Maungatautari Sanctuary Mountain project, a multi-stakeholder community-based biodiversity conservation project in the Waikato region of New Zealand’s North Island. In the project, Mana Whenua (local indigenous Māori groups) and Pākehā (New Zealanders of British and European descent) from the area endeavour to interact and partner in the non-profit Maungatautari Ecological Island Trust (MEIT) as its primary stakeholder groups. Utilizing sociocultural anthropology, three years of participant observation, participant interviews, fieldwork data and contextualizing history, the role of culture and issues of biculturalism and partnership are examined in relation to the respective sociocultural backgrounds and identity of project participants. Findings indicate that sociocultural difference in the form of varying beliefs, values, attitudes, practices and protocol, and identity/cultural politics have led to dissonance and strained stakeholder interrelations that negatively affected the project. In some instances, a post-colonial ‘neo-paternalism’ marginalised local Māori cultural input and needs in the project. At other times project participants successfully bridged inter-cultural differences. In these occurrences they created a collaborative, complementary, bicultural partnership which valued, sought to understand, and incorporated differing sociocultural aspects, advancing project goals. Further analysis identified an ongoing risk of future multi-stakeholder dissonance relative to culturally-derived disparate views on such issues as cultural harvesting, species reintroductions and care, ecotourism, development on the mountain, and biodiversity research. Normative solutions are identified which can aid Maungatautari stakeholders and other culturally-heterogeneous multi-stakeholder conservation groups work toward and produce inclusive, inter-cultural partnership.

year: 2018