title: The estimation and interpretation of coefficients in panel gravity models of migration

authors: Cameron, Michael Patrick

subjects: gross migration flows

abstract: In this paper, we demonstrate that the conventional ordinary least squares and fixed effects estimators of classical gravity models of migration are biased, and that the interpretation of coefficients in the fixed effects gravity model is typically incorrect. We then present a best linear unbiased (BLU) estimator for gravity models of migration, and illustrate its application with inter-regional data from New Zealand. The results demonstrate that the standard ordinary least squares and fixed effect models lead to biased coefficients on population. Alternative estimates that are BLU are provided for a data generating process with fixed origin and destination effects. The coefficients on population must be interpreted in this model as growth rate effects rather than level effects. Our findings also have significance for other types of spatial interaction modelling.

text: The estimation and interpretation of coefficients in panel gravity models of migration In this paper, we demonstrate that the conventional ordinary least squares and fixed effects estimators of classical gravity models of migration are biased, and that the interpretation of coefficients in the fixed effects gravity model is typically incorrect. We then present a best linear unbiased (BLU) estimator for gravity models of migration, and illustrate its application with inter-regional data from New Zealand. The results demonstrate that the standard ordinary least squares and fixed effect models lead to biased coefficients on population. Alternative estimates that are BLU are provided for a data generating process with fixed origin and destination effects. The coefficients on population must be interpreted in this model as growth rate effects rather than level effects. Our findings also have significance for other types of spatial interaction modelling.

year: 2019

title: International Tourists' Experiences of the Heritage Buildings in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand.

authors: Willson, Gregory Brian

subjects: heritage buildings

abstract: There has been increased attention given in the tourism literature to experiential perspectives of tourism. This thesis addresses the lack of attention in previous experiential studies to the relationship between heritage buildings and tourism. Specifically, this thesis explores the influence of heritage buildings in shaping international tourists' experiences of a particular region of New Zealand: Hawke's Bay. This research sought insight into the specific attributes of heritage buildings that influenced the experiences of international tourists visiting the region, and examined the relative importance of heritage buildings for international tourism to Hawke's Bay, as perceived by international tourists visiting the region. In this way, results are assumed in the personal constructs of individual consumers (Beeho  Prentice, 1997; Prentice, Witt  Hamer, 1998; McIntosh  Siggs, 2005). An increased understanding of the relationship between heritage buildings and tourism is essential in strengthening support for preservation, for product development and promotion.  

A mixed-methodology comprising of 50 semi-structured interviews, 66 photograph-supported interviews and 354 structured questionnaires was adopted. Hawke's Bay's heritage buildings were found to have an important influence on tourists' experiences of the region, visually and as part of the narratives of their reported experiences. Attributes of Hawke's Bay's heritage buildings that influenced tourists' experiences of the region included their architecture, exterior and interior design, colour, history and associated stories. Furthermore, the interviews elicited three key experiential themes that emerged from respondents' narratives of their experiences in Hawke's Bay. They are; 'visual appeal', 'personal reflections' and 'engaging experiences'. Specifically, it was found that a townscape is not a passive space. Heritage buildings render the townscape an experiential place filled with emotion, mindfulness, engagement, and imbued with personal meaning. Visitors in effect created their own experiences through their active interaction with the environment; rendering it relevant to a context they were personally interested in, or which held personal significance for them. Analysis of the questionnaires revealed that, as perceived by international tourists, heritage buildings are important to a region; a significant proportion of respondents indicated that they would theoretically be willing to pay some money to ensure the preservation of Hawke's Bay's heritage buildings. This thesis evidences the important relationship between heritage buildings and tourism, and future research is advocated to advance upon the conclusions made in this research.

text: International Tourists' Experiences of the Heritage Buildings in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. There has been increased attention given in the tourism literature to experiential perspectives of tourism. This thesis addresses the lack of attention in previous experiential studies to the relationship between heritage buildings and tourism. Specifically, this thesis explores the influence of heritage buildings in shaping international tourists' experiences of a particular region of New Zealand: Hawke's Bay. This research sought insight into the specific attributes of heritage buildings that influenced the experiences of international tourists visiting the region, and examined the relative importance of heritage buildings for international tourism to Hawke's Bay, as perceived by international tourists visiting the region. In this way, results are assumed in the personal constructs of individual consumers (Beeho  Prentice, 1997; Prentice, Witt  Hamer, 1998; McIntosh  Siggs, 2005). An increased understanding of the relationship between heritage buildings and tourism is essential in strengthening support for preservation, for product development and promotion.  

A mixed-methodology comprising of 50 semi-structured interviews, 66 photograph-supported interviews and 354 structured questionnaires was adopted. Hawke's Bay's heritage buildings were found to have an important influence on tourists' experiences of the region, visually and as part of the narratives of their reported experiences. Attributes of Hawke's Bay's heritage buildings that influenced tourists' experiences of the region included their architecture, exterior and interior design, colour, history and associated stories. Furthermore, the interviews elicited three key experiential themes that emerged from respondents' narratives of their experiences in Hawke's Bay. They are; 'visual appeal', 'personal reflections' and 'engaging experiences'. Specifically, it was found that a townscape is not a passive space. Heritage buildings render the townscape an experiential place filled with emotion, mindfulness, engagement, and imbued with personal meaning. Visitors in effect created their own experiences through their active interaction with the environment; rendering it relevant to a context they were personally interested in, or which held personal significance for them. Analysis of the questionnaires revealed that, as perceived by international tourists, heritage buildings are important to a region; a significant proportion of respondents indicated that they would theoretically be willing to pay some money to ensure the preservation of Hawke's Bay's heritage buildings. This thesis evidences the important relationship between heritage buildings and tourism, and future research is advocated to advance upon the conclusions made in this research.

year: 2006

title: Te aho tapu: Mātauranga a Māui ancient knowledge and preserving culture through practice

authors: Keelan-Peebles, Jacqueline Roberta

abstract: I am Māui I am not Māori. Reclamation of identity as uri o Māui-tikitiki-a-Taranga is the ngako of  this creative thesis, in response to the question, ‘who were we before and what is Māuitanga’? 
Due to its paucity my intention is to revive its frequency in restoration to its rightful status in this way; the tools to navigate authentication is through the lens of mātauranga Māui, embedded in kōrero tawhito, traditional cultural practice, lived experience and whakapapa. Validation is  founded in our iwi repositories, pūrākau, ngā waiata, mōteatea, karakia, whaikōrero, rituals of encounter and the arts.
Raranga as the creative vehicle affords the means to analogize kaupapa Māui. The creation of a Kākahu/Korowai is the appropriate representation as its significance aligns itself with the mantle of honour due to rangatira living and those who have passed. 
Exploration of kaupapa Māui infrastructure is fundamental to unravelling multi-faceted cultural narratives. These are the mechanisms to the reclamation of who we were before and to answer the question of Māuitanga. Ultimately to claim and to restore my heritage, to reinstate the common use of an ancient iwi, te iwi ‛Māui’.

text: Te aho tapu: Mātauranga a Māui ancient knowledge and preserving culture through practice I am Māui I am not Māori. Reclamation of identity as uri o Māui-tikitiki-a-Taranga is the ngako of  this creative thesis, in response to the question, ‘who were we before and what is Māuitanga’? 
Due to its paucity my intention is to revive its frequency in restoration to its rightful status in this way; the tools to navigate authentication is through the lens of mātauranga Māui, embedded in kōrero tawhito, traditional cultural practice, lived experience and whakapapa. Validation is  founded in our iwi repositories, pūrākau, ngā waiata, mōteatea, karakia, whaikōrero, rituals of encounter and the arts.
Raranga as the creative vehicle affords the means to analogize kaupapa Māui. The creation of a Kākahu/Korowai is the appropriate representation as its significance aligns itself with the mantle of honour due to rangatira living and those who have passed. 
Exploration of kaupapa Māui infrastructure is fundamental to unravelling multi-faceted cultural narratives. These are the mechanisms to the reclamation of who we were before and to answer the question of Māuitanga. Ultimately to claim and to restore my heritage, to reinstate the common use of an ancient iwi, te iwi ‛Māui’.

year: 2022