title: Privacy preserving computation by fragmenting individual bits and distributing gates

authors: Will, Mark Antony

subjects: computer science

abstract: Solutions that allow the computation of arbitrary operations over data securely in the cloud are currently impractical. The holy grail of cryptography, fully homomorphic encryption, still requires minutes to compute a single operation. In order to provide a practical solution, this paper proposes taking a different approach to the problem of securely processing data. FRagmenting Individual Bits (FRIBs), a scheme which preserves user privacy by distributing bit fragments across many locations, is presented. Privacy is maintained by each server only receiving a small portion of the actual data, and solving for the rest results in a vast number of possibilities. Functions are defined with NAND logic gates, and are computed quickly as the performance overhead is shifted from computation to network latency. This paper details our proof of concept addition algorithm which took 346ms to add two 32-bit values-paving the way towards further improvements to get computations completed under 100ms.

text: Privacy preserving computation by fragmenting individual bits and distributing gates Solutions that allow the computation of arbitrary operations over data securely in the cloud are currently impractical. The holy grail of cryptography, fully homomorphic encryption, still requires minutes to compute a single operation. In order to provide a practical solution, this paper proposes taking a different approach to the problem of securely processing data. FRagmenting Individual Bits (FRIBs), a scheme which preserves user privacy by distributing bit fragments across many locations, is presented. Privacy is maintained by each server only receiving a small portion of the actual data, and solving for the rest results in a vast number of possibilities. Functions are defined with NAND logic gates, and are computed quickly as the performance overhead is shifted from computation to network latency. This paper details our proof of concept addition algorithm which took 346ms to add two 32-bit values-paving the way towards further improvements to get computations completed under 100ms.

year: 2016

title: Building ethnic, refugee and gender relations : ethnic refugee women in the Waikato : improving their socio-economic status through community organisations?

authors: Lepina, Marie-Claire Mwabiere

subjects: Refugees

abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the role of community organisations in the resettlement of refugee¹ ethnic women in the Waikato. Do community organisations (women organisations, ethnic organisations, religious groups and other organisations) support refugee women to improve their socio-economic status by getting them into paid jobs? As it is demonstrated through quantitative data obtained from census statistics and from WINZ² clients data and from qualitative information obtained from focus groups discussions, individual interviews, questionnaires, and participant observation, community organisations are supporting refugee women in their resettlement process by improving their life skills, such as giving them English lessons, organising cooking classes, driving skills, counselling and life orientation programmes. They are not employment agencies; they limit their support to women who come to seek services. They are patriarchal and hierarchical; they are limited to their mission statement and by funding.
As refugee women are the principal caregivers of the family, they are facing different burdens due to their refugee status, their cultural background and their family tasks while they lack skills, have little education, are confronted by racism and discrimination and have big family size. Thus in order to study the integration of the ethnic women into New Zealand society, I have approached this task by looking at different theories of integration, Post-Colonialism, Critical Realism, Gender Inequalities and Justice. Women's empowerment is limited by assuming their family task and motherhood function. Refugee women who have various skills will fight to enter the labour force to pursue their career or to further their education, but the cost of loans and the uncertainty of getting a job keep these women at home.
Ethnic refugee women need an ethnic approach for their integration into the community and their integration still depends on their socio-economic status. Community organisations need to meet these women in their principal areas of gathering, such as Mosques, Temples, churches, ethnic community meetings, community centres or during special ceremonies (party, wedding ... ).  Refugee women have various skills that can be developed for their empowerment and their participation in the development of Waikato to recover their past life prior to becoming refugees, and plan a new future life by improving their socioeconomic status.

text: Building ethnic, refugee and gender relations : ethnic refugee women in the Waikato : improving their socio-economic status through community organisations? The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the role of community organisations in the resettlement of refugee¹ ethnic women in the Waikato. Do community organisations (women organisations, ethnic organisations, religious groups and other organisations) support refugee women to improve their socio-economic status by getting them into paid jobs? As it is demonstrated through quantitative data obtained from census statistics and from WINZ² clients data and from qualitative information obtained from focus groups discussions, individual interviews, questionnaires, and participant observation, community organisations are supporting refugee women in their resettlement process by improving their life skills, such as giving them English lessons, organising cooking classes, driving skills, counselling and life orientation programmes. They are not employment agencies; they limit their support to women who come to seek services. They are patriarchal and hierarchical; they are limited to their mission statement and by funding.
As refugee women are the principal caregivers of the family, they are facing different burdens due to their refugee status, their cultural background and their family tasks while they lack skills, have little education, are confronted by racism and discrimination and have big family size. Thus in order to study the integration of the ethnic women into New Zealand society, I have approached this task by looking at different theories of integration, Post-Colonialism, Critical Realism, Gender Inequalities and Justice. Women's empowerment is limited by assuming their family task and motherhood function. Refugee women who have various skills will fight to enter the labour force to pursue their career or to further their education, but the cost of loans and the uncertainty of getting a job keep these women at home.
Ethnic refugee women need an ethnic approach for their integration into the community and their integration still depends on their socio-economic status. Community organisations need to meet these women in their principal areas of gathering, such as Mosques, Temples, churches, ethnic community meetings, community centres or during special ceremonies (party, wedding ... ).  Refugee women have various skills that can be developed for their empowerment and their participation in the development of Waikato to recover their past life prior to becoming refugees, and plan a new future life by improving their socioeconomic status.

year: 2003

title: Ungentlemanly warfare: The impact of irregular warfare on military strategy in the New Zealand Wars

authors: Foy, Rhys

subjects: New Zealand Wars

abstract: ‘Ungentlemanly Warfare’ examines the impact of irregular warfare on strategic thinking in the New Zealand Wars (1845–1872). Britain entered the period as an eighteenth-century force reliant on European methods of war. In contrast, Māori were an experienced bushfighting force depleted on manpower but experiencing a period of military innovation. This interaction led to an important exchange of strategic ideology and methods.  
This thesis tracks how Māori, British, and colonial forces developed and exchanged irregular warfare practices across three regions and time periods. The Northern War exposed the shortcomings of conventional military conduct. Māori leadership altered their strategic approach and pursued a strategy of elastic offence. In contrast, British leadership persisted with their ineffective conventional means of warfare. In the Waikato War, British strategy was influenced by the success of colonial irregulars. British strategic and operational methods changed with the inclusion of multi-echelon warfare and the indirect approach. Kīngitanga leadership improved their combat capacity through guerrilla warfare, decentralised command, and a grand strategy of elastic offence. The Taranaki and West Coast campaigns highlighted the relationship between the use of irregular warfare and military success in New Zealand. Both sides experienced success and failure across numerous conflicts, the defining factor being the active use of irregular warfare. These case studies reveal the significance of irregular warfare strategies and tactics to military success in colonial New Zealand. They also reveal opportunities and challenges to military adaptation in Māori, British, and colonial martial cultures of the nineteenth century. 
 ‘Ungentlemanly Warfare’ provides a unique approach to the examination of the New Zealand Wars conflict. It is an operational history that draws upon methods and aspects of the ‘war and society’ approach to military history, especially the use of Māori scholarship, evidence, and theory. The thesis’ chapters consider strategic and tactical decision-making across the numerous conflicts within the period. To do so, I provide close readings of primary evidence, including military communication and reports, early histories, and first-person accounts, to identify the roles of irregular warfare and strategic adaptions in the New Zealand Wars. 
	‘Ungentlemanly Warfare’ analyses the impact of irregular warfare on the strategic thinking of military leaders within the New Zealand Wars. I argue that irregular warfare strategies and tactics played a significantly larger role in the outcome of events than previously acknowledged. This study illustrates the importance of guerrilla warfare and the strategy of elastic offence to Māori strategy. In contrast, it highlights the evolution of British military thinking from conventional conservatism to a multi-echelon force led by irregular warfare units and tactics. ‘Ungentlemanly Warfare’ argues that irregular warfare was central to military conflicts in nineteenth-century New Zealand.

text: Ungentlemanly warfare: The impact of irregular warfare on military strategy in the New Zealand Wars ‘Ungentlemanly Warfare’ examines the impact of irregular warfare on strategic thinking in the New Zealand Wars (1845–1872). Britain entered the period as an eighteenth-century force reliant on European methods of war. In contrast, Māori were an experienced bushfighting force depleted on manpower but experiencing a period of military innovation. This interaction led to an important exchange of strategic ideology and methods.  
This thesis tracks how Māori, British, and colonial forces developed and exchanged irregular warfare practices across three regions and time periods. The Northern War exposed the shortcomings of conventional military conduct. Māori leadership altered their strategic approach and pursued a strategy of elastic offence. In contrast, British leadership persisted with their ineffective conventional means of warfare. In the Waikato War, British strategy was influenced by the success of colonial irregulars. British strategic and operational methods changed with the inclusion of multi-echelon warfare and the indirect approach. Kīngitanga leadership improved their combat capacity through guerrilla warfare, decentralised command, and a grand strategy of elastic offence. The Taranaki and West Coast campaigns highlighted the relationship between the use of irregular warfare and military success in New Zealand. Both sides experienced success and failure across numerous conflicts, the defining factor being the active use of irregular warfare. These case studies reveal the significance of irregular warfare strategies and tactics to military success in colonial New Zealand. They also reveal opportunities and challenges to military adaptation in Māori, British, and colonial martial cultures of the nineteenth century. 
 ‘Ungentlemanly Warfare’ provides a unique approach to the examination of the New Zealand Wars conflict. It is an operational history that draws upon methods and aspects of the ‘war and society’ approach to military history, especially the use of Māori scholarship, evidence, and theory. The thesis’ chapters consider strategic and tactical decision-making across the numerous conflicts within the period. To do so, I provide close readings of primary evidence, including military communication and reports, early histories, and first-person accounts, to identify the roles of irregular warfare and strategic adaptions in the New Zealand Wars. 
	‘Ungentlemanly Warfare’ analyses the impact of irregular warfare on the strategic thinking of military leaders within the New Zealand Wars. I argue that irregular warfare strategies and tactics played a significantly larger role in the outcome of events than previously acknowledged. This study illustrates the importance of guerrilla warfare and the strategy of elastic offence to Māori strategy. In contrast, it highlights the evolution of British military thinking from conventional conservatism to a multi-echelon force led by irregular warfare units and tactics. ‘Ungentlemanly Warfare’ argues that irregular warfare was central to military conflicts in nineteenth-century New Zealand.

year: 2023