title: Quantum-resistant timestamping for open science: A non-technical guide

authors: Krägeloh, Christian U.

subjects: research integrity

abstract: Psychology faces a dual challenge from artificial intelligence (AI): While AI offers powerful research tools, it simultaneously threatens the discipline’s methodological foundations through deepfakes and synthetic data generation. The ability to prove when psychological data, preregistrations, and research protocols genuinely existed has become critical for maintaining scientific integrity, particularly as AI can now fabricate convincing retroactive evidence. These concerns are compounded by the vulnerability of existing open-science platforms to cyberattacks, data loss, or service unavailability, raising broader questions about the reliability and security of current research infrastructure. Together, these threats make robust, independent verification of research records increasingly urgent, especially in the context of psychology’s ongoing replication crisis and open-science reforms. This method article presents a quantum-resistant blockchain timestamping solution for researchers with no technical blockchain knowledge. Using the example of the Algorand blockchain’s Falcon cryptographic signatures – which are understood as being able to withstand both current AI threats and future quantum-computing attacks – we are demonstrating how researchers can create immutable proof that their hypotheses, data collection protocols, and datasets existed at specific times at the cost of a fraction of cent. Through step-by-step instructions, this article enables researchers to implement quantum-resistant timestamping regardless of their technical background. By removing barriers to blockchain-based verification, this method aims to make such protection as routine as current preregistration practices, ultimately establishing a new standard for safeguarding research integrity in the age of AI.

text: Quantum-resistant timestamping for open science: A non-technical guide Psychology faces a dual challenge from artificial intelligence (AI): While AI offers powerful research tools, it simultaneously threatens the discipline’s methodological foundations through deepfakes and synthetic data generation. The ability to prove when psychological data, preregistrations, and research protocols genuinely existed has become critical for maintaining scientific integrity, particularly as AI can now fabricate convincing retroactive evidence. These concerns are compounded by the vulnerability of existing open-science platforms to cyberattacks, data loss, or service unavailability, raising broader questions about the reliability and security of current research infrastructure. Together, these threats make robust, independent verification of research records increasingly urgent, especially in the context of psychology’s ongoing replication crisis and open-science reforms. This method article presents a quantum-resistant blockchain timestamping solution for researchers with no technical blockchain knowledge. Using the example of the Algorand blockchain’s Falcon cryptographic signatures – which are understood as being able to withstand both current AI threats and future quantum-computing attacks – we are demonstrating how researchers can create immutable proof that their hypotheses, data collection protocols, and datasets existed at specific times at the cost of a fraction of cent. Through step-by-step instructions, this article enables researchers to implement quantum-resistant timestamping regardless of their technical background. By removing barriers to blockchain-based verification, this method aims to make such protection as routine as current preregistration practices, ultimately establishing a new standard for safeguarding research integrity in the age of AI.

year: 2026

title: Variation in benthic primary production during tidal emersion within different intertidal habitats

authors: Rogers, Kate

abstract: Intertidal habitats provide a wealth of ecosystem services including fuelling oceanic food webs and processing nutrients however, understanding the response of these habitats to emersion has been largely overlooked. Increasing rates of terrestrial sediment reaching the coast is degrading the water column light climate and thus the productive capacity of benthic primary producers during immersion. As a result, low tide production may become more significant in the near future. There is currently little knowledge regarding how primary production changes over an emersion period, in particular how it varies with habitat type and the impacts of environmental stressors, such as desiccation.  

This study explored the spatial (between habitats) and temporal (over austral summer and over individual emersion periods) variability in benthic primary production within a temperate barrier-enclosed estuary. Research was conducted in three intertidal habitats (encompassing differences in sediment properties, dominant primary producers, and macrofaunal communities) in Tauranga Harbour, New Zealand. Seagrass (Zostera muelleri), shellfish, and polychaete dominated habitats were chosen as they represent common intertidal habitats found in temperate regions. Emerged gross primary production (GPP), at the community scale, was quantified by measuring changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration over time during a series of successive three minute incubations spanning the entirety of the low tide period. This was achieved by measuring fluxes of CO2 in benthic incubation chambers under both light and dark conditions, to derive net primary production (NPP) and sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) respectively. CO2 fluxes were then analysed to determine whether sampling month or time exposed had a significant difference on the photosynthetic capacity of different intertidal habitats. Sedimentary and environmental variables were sampled to identify any key predictors of emerged primary production. 

Primary production (both NPP and GPP) measured in the seagrass habitat exceeded both bare sediment habitats (by up to 11 times) due to inherent differences in the dominant primary producers (seagrass vs. microphytobenthos) and the associated photosynthetic biomass. Within bare sediment habitats, significant differences in primary production were attributed to variation in sedimentary characteristics (particularly mud content) and macrofaunal communities. GPP was standardised for photosynthesising biomass to provide a measure of photosynthetic efficiency (GPPSG and GPPchl a). Once standardised, month to month differences within individual habitats disappeared, thus initial temporal differences measured over austral summer were primarily attributed to differences in biomass. Temporal trends over individual emersion periods were not consistent across all habitats. GPPSG in the seagrass habitat increased hourly (from T1 to T4) on multiple sampling occasions, while no consistent trends were evident in either of the bare sediment habitats.  

This study recognises that emerged primary production can equal, if not exceed, rates of production and carbon fixation during immersion. This reinforces the importance of including emerged intertidal habitats in global carbon budgets. Especially as the contribution of low tide production will become increasingly important as elevated turbidity levels may compromise the productive capacity of submerged habitats. Understanding the dynamics of intertidal habitats under emersion is valuable as they represent a significant proportion of coastal ecosystems in New Zealand and around the globe.

text: Variation in benthic primary production during tidal emersion within different intertidal habitats Intertidal habitats provide a wealth of ecosystem services including fuelling oceanic food webs and processing nutrients however, understanding the response of these habitats to emersion has been largely overlooked. Increasing rates of terrestrial sediment reaching the coast is degrading the water column light climate and thus the productive capacity of benthic primary producers during immersion. As a result, low tide production may become more significant in the near future. There is currently little knowledge regarding how primary production changes over an emersion period, in particular how it varies with habitat type and the impacts of environmental stressors, such as desiccation.  

This study explored the spatial (between habitats) and temporal (over austral summer and over individual emersion periods) variability in benthic primary production within a temperate barrier-enclosed estuary. Research was conducted in three intertidal habitats (encompassing differences in sediment properties, dominant primary producers, and macrofaunal communities) in Tauranga Harbour, New Zealand. Seagrass (Zostera muelleri), shellfish, and polychaete dominated habitats were chosen as they represent common intertidal habitats found in temperate regions. Emerged gross primary production (GPP), at the community scale, was quantified by measuring changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration over time during a series of successive three minute incubations spanning the entirety of the low tide period. This was achieved by measuring fluxes of CO2 in benthic incubation chambers under both light and dark conditions, to derive net primary production (NPP) and sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) respectively. CO2 fluxes were then analysed to determine whether sampling month or time exposed had a significant difference on the photosynthetic capacity of different intertidal habitats. Sedimentary and environmental variables were sampled to identify any key predictors of emerged primary production. 

Primary production (both NPP and GPP) measured in the seagrass habitat exceeded both bare sediment habitats (by up to 11 times) due to inherent differences in the dominant primary producers (seagrass vs. microphytobenthos) and the associated photosynthetic biomass. Within bare sediment habitats, significant differences in primary production were attributed to variation in sedimentary characteristics (particularly mud content) and macrofaunal communities. GPP was standardised for photosynthesising biomass to provide a measure of photosynthetic efficiency (GPPSG and GPPchl a). Once standardised, month to month differences within individual habitats disappeared, thus initial temporal differences measured over austral summer were primarily attributed to differences in biomass. Temporal trends over individual emersion periods were not consistent across all habitats. GPPSG in the seagrass habitat increased hourly (from T1 to T4) on multiple sampling occasions, while no consistent trends were evident in either of the bare sediment habitats.  

This study recognises that emerged primary production can equal, if not exceed, rates of production and carbon fixation during immersion. This reinforces the importance of including emerged intertidal habitats in global carbon budgets. Especially as the contribution of low tide production will become increasingly important as elevated turbidity levels may compromise the productive capacity of submerged habitats. Understanding the dynamics of intertidal habitats under emersion is valuable as they represent a significant proportion of coastal ecosystems in New Zealand and around the globe.

year: 2019

title: Words on Walls: Te reo Māori (loan)words in Aotearoa New Zealand primary school classrooms

authors: Burnette, Jessie

abstract: The unique language contact situation within Aotearoa New Zealand has informed a range of studies of the defining and increasingly salient feature of New Zealand English (NZE): the integration of loanwords from the indigenous, donor language, te reo Māori, into the dominant recipient language, English (Hay et al. 2008). As NZE is experiencing a state of great lexical flux, it is important to establish which (loan)words children are regularly exposed to and what social meanings they may be acquiring in relation to these. One relevant domain that can be examined for this purpose is that of the classroom. The classroom is educational in the traditional sense, but also in the developmental sense, in the acquisition of broader social meaning. Previous schoolscape research has highlighted not only the pedagogical importance of these spaces, but their influence in the construction and transmission of language ideologies (Pzymus and Huddleston 2021; Brown 2012). The present study aims to answer two questions: RQ1) Which (loan)words are children regularly exposed to through schoolscapes in Aotearoa (and do these words align with the loanwords identified as frequently appearing in previously collected corpora)? RQ2) What implicit language ideologies does the presentation of loanwords display (e.g. are loanwords presented as ‘flagged’/foreign (Levendis and Calude 2019))? This study brings together quantitative and qualitative analysis methods in an in-depth investigation of nine classrooms within three separate primary schools, and aims to provide a broad and perationalizable framework for conducting LL.

text: Words on Walls: Te reo Māori (loan)words in Aotearoa New Zealand primary school classrooms The unique language contact situation within Aotearoa New Zealand has informed a range of studies of the defining and increasingly salient feature of New Zealand English (NZE): the integration of loanwords from the indigenous, donor language, te reo Māori, into the dominant recipient language, English (Hay et al. 2008). As NZE is experiencing a state of great lexical flux, it is important to establish which (loan)words children are regularly exposed to and what social meanings they may be acquiring in relation to these. One relevant domain that can be examined for this purpose is that of the classroom. The classroom is educational in the traditional sense, but also in the developmental sense, in the acquisition of broader social meaning. Previous schoolscape research has highlighted not only the pedagogical importance of these spaces, but their influence in the construction and transmission of language ideologies (Pzymus and Huddleston 2021; Brown 2012). The present study aims to answer two questions: RQ1) Which (loan)words are children regularly exposed to through schoolscapes in Aotearoa (and do these words align with the loanwords identified as frequently appearing in previously collected corpora)? RQ2) What implicit language ideologies does the presentation of loanwords display (e.g. are loanwords presented as ‘flagged’/foreign (Levendis and Calude 2019))? This study brings together quantitative and qualitative analysis methods in an in-depth investigation of nine classrooms within three separate primary schools, and aims to provide a broad and perationalizable framework for conducting LL.

year: 2024