title: Post Re Greenpeace Supreme Court Reflections: Charity Law in the 21st Century in Aotearoa (New Zealand)

authors: Chevalier-Watts, Juliet

abstract: The focus of this article is on the political purpose doctrine and public benefit within New Zealand charity law, in the light of the much awaited New Zealand Supreme Court decision in Re Greenpeace. This article asserts that the majority decision in Re Greenpeace was merely a reflection of the court’s ability to recognise the applicability of charity law in contemporary circumstances, in a way that responds to societal needs. The article considers the notion of public benefit as it relates to charity law, both prior to, and after Re Greenpeace, and contends that courts may find the public benefit where it is appropriate to do so, and in circumstances where the social framework favours that way of thinking.

text: Post Re Greenpeace Supreme Court Reflections: Charity Law in the 21st Century in Aotearoa (New Zealand) The focus of this article is on the political purpose doctrine and public benefit within New Zealand charity law, in the light of the much awaited New Zealand Supreme Court decision in Re Greenpeace. This article asserts that the majority decision in Re Greenpeace was merely a reflection of the court’s ability to recognise the applicability of charity law in contemporary circumstances, in a way that responds to societal needs. The article considers the notion of public benefit as it relates to charity law, both prior to, and after Re Greenpeace, and contends that courts may find the public benefit where it is appropriate to do so, and in circumstances where the social framework favours that way of thinking.

year: 2016

title: Effect of Mn on the Properties of Powder Metallurgy Ti-2.5Al-xMn Alloys.

authors: Alshammari, Yousef Namlan

subjects: blended elemental

abstract: Titanium alloys are the ideal material for a wide range of structural applications, but their high cost compared to other metals hinders their adoption. Powder metallurgy and cheap alloying elements can be used to create new Ti alloys. In this study, the simultaneous addition of Al and Mn is considered to manufacture and characterise ternary Ti-2.5Al-Mn alloys obtained via pressing and sintering by varying the Mn content (1-10 wt.%). It is found that the addition of the alloying elements reduces compressibility. Consequently, the amount of porosity increases (8.5 → 10.8%) with the amount of Mn as the alloys were processed under the same conditions. The progressive addition of Mn refines the classical lamellar microstructure and, eventually, transforms it into an equiaxed β-grain structure with acicular α grains. The microstructural changes lead to continuous increases in strength (ultimate tensile strength: 694 → 851 MPa) and hardness (225 → 325 HV30) with an associated loss of ductility (elongation to failure: 13.9 → 1.0%). However, the obtained ternary Ti-2.5Al-Mn alloys have similar or better overall mechanical behaviour than most of the binary Ti-Mn alloys obtained through a variety of manufacturing methods.

text: Effect of Mn on the Properties of Powder Metallurgy Ti-2.5Al-xMn Alloys. Titanium alloys are the ideal material for a wide range of structural applications, but their high cost compared to other metals hinders their adoption. Powder metallurgy and cheap alloying elements can be used to create new Ti alloys. In this study, the simultaneous addition of Al and Mn is considered to manufacture and characterise ternary Ti-2.5Al-Mn alloys obtained via pressing and sintering by varying the Mn content (1-10 wt.%). It is found that the addition of the alloying elements reduces compressibility. Consequently, the amount of porosity increases (8.5 → 10.8%) with the amount of Mn as the alloys were processed under the same conditions. The progressive addition of Mn refines the classical lamellar microstructure and, eventually, transforms it into an equiaxed β-grain structure with acicular α grains. The microstructural changes lead to continuous increases in strength (ultimate tensile strength: 694 → 851 MPa) and hardness (225 → 325 HV30) with an associated loss of ductility (elongation to failure: 13.9 → 1.0%). However, the obtained ternary Ti-2.5Al-Mn alloys have similar or better overall mechanical behaviour than most of the binary Ti-Mn alloys obtained through a variety of manufacturing methods.

year: 2023-07-10

title: Caregiver Health Related Quality of Life and Burden When Caring for Children with Traumatic Brain Injury

authors: Rose, Wallis

subjects: Caregiver Burden

abstract: Often family members take on the responsibility of caregiver when another family member sustains a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The caregiving role is a stressful task which may impact negatively upon caregivers’ psychological and physical health. Variables which may contribute to caregiver burden include: caregiver age, educational attainment, income, gender, ethnicity, marital status, supports, time post-injury, and child clinical variables: TBI severity, behavioural functioning and adaptive functioning. The literature varies in its reporting of which areas of health are most affected, and the degree to which sociodemographic and child variables impact upon negative health related quality of life (HRQoL) and burden. To address this the current study explored health outcomes for TBI caregivers using a battery of measures (Medical Study Short Form-36, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, DSM-IV Depression Diagnostic Scale, BAKAS Caregiving Outcomes Scale); questionnaires were also used to collect sociodemographic information and information relating to supports and services used in the rehabilitation of the TBI child. The Behavioural Assessment System for Children was used to collect behavioural and adaptability information from the caregivers about the child. Assessments were carried out at baseline, 1-month, 6-months and 12-months post TBI from a sample of 94 TBI caregivers and at baseline from a sample of 43 Control caregivers.

TBI caregivers experienced poorer overall health and higher levels of depression and were less likely to report positive life changes compared to Control caregivers. Older age and higher income predicted positive life changes. In addition to this higher income predicted better physical and overall health. Ethnicity was found to predict depression with the Māori/‘other ethnicity’ group suffering higher levels of depression. Children’s dysfunctional behaviour was found to predict poorer caregiver health outcomes across several domains; these include physical health, overall health, and depression; while the child’s adaptive functioning was not found to be a predictive factor in any caregiver health domains. New Zealand European and Māori TBI caregivers experienced similar health outcomes and received similar levels of support. However, Māori experienced more positive life changes than New Zealand Europeans. Caregivers’ physical and psychological well-being was found to improve over time, these changes were the greatest between the 1-month and 12-month period.
As a high percentage of children’s TBI’s occur in the home and at school, education aimed at schools and parents to inform of the effects of TBI upon children and families will bring an awareness which may encourage families to seek medical help. In doing so will offer the opportunity to receive or seek support in the initial period post TBI in the hope of reducing the burden for caregivers and producing better health outcomes. Bringing these families into contact with medical services may also help in identifying caregivers at higher risk of poorer health outcomes. Findings of more positive life changes for Māori may suggest cultural ideology is a protective factor in caregiver burden, further investigation may be necessary to understand these cultural differences and how they impact upon the caregiving role.

text: Caregiver Health Related Quality of Life and Burden When Caring for Children with Traumatic Brain Injury Often family members take on the responsibility of caregiver when another family member sustains a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The caregiving role is a stressful task which may impact negatively upon caregivers’ psychological and physical health. Variables which may contribute to caregiver burden include: caregiver age, educational attainment, income, gender, ethnicity, marital status, supports, time post-injury, and child clinical variables: TBI severity, behavioural functioning and adaptive functioning. The literature varies in its reporting of which areas of health are most affected, and the degree to which sociodemographic and child variables impact upon negative health related quality of life (HRQoL) and burden. To address this the current study explored health outcomes for TBI caregivers using a battery of measures (Medical Study Short Form-36, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, DSM-IV Depression Diagnostic Scale, BAKAS Caregiving Outcomes Scale); questionnaires were also used to collect sociodemographic information and information relating to supports and services used in the rehabilitation of the TBI child. The Behavioural Assessment System for Children was used to collect behavioural and adaptability information from the caregivers about the child. Assessments were carried out at baseline, 1-month, 6-months and 12-months post TBI from a sample of 94 TBI caregivers and at baseline from a sample of 43 Control caregivers.

TBI caregivers experienced poorer overall health and higher levels of depression and were less likely to report positive life changes compared to Control caregivers. Older age and higher income predicted positive life changes. In addition to this higher income predicted better physical and overall health. Ethnicity was found to predict depression with the Māori/‘other ethnicity’ group suffering higher levels of depression. Children’s dysfunctional behaviour was found to predict poorer caregiver health outcomes across several domains; these include physical health, overall health, and depression; while the child’s adaptive functioning was not found to be a predictive factor in any caregiver health domains. New Zealand European and Māori TBI caregivers experienced similar health outcomes and received similar levels of support. However, Māori experienced more positive life changes than New Zealand Europeans. Caregivers’ physical and psychological well-being was found to improve over time, these changes were the greatest between the 1-month and 12-month period.
As a high percentage of children’s TBI’s occur in the home and at school, education aimed at schools and parents to inform of the effects of TBI upon children and families will bring an awareness which may encourage families to seek medical help. In doing so will offer the opportunity to receive or seek support in the initial period post TBI in the hope of reducing the burden for caregivers and producing better health outcomes. Bringing these families into contact with medical services may also help in identifying caregivers at higher risk of poorer health outcomes. Findings of more positive life changes for Māori may suggest cultural ideology is a protective factor in caregiver burden, further investigation may be necessary to understand these cultural differences and how they impact upon the caregiving role.

year: 2012