title: A role for genre-based pedagogy in academic writing instruction?: an EAP perspective

authors: Bruce, Ian

subjects: writing

abstract: In this paper I discuss the use of genre as a theoretical construct in academic writing instruction in the context of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses. I begin by considering the notion of discourse competence as a concept that accounts for the knowledge elements and skills employed by expert academic writers, and then consider genre as a way of operationalizing the different elements of discourse competence knowledge for the purpose of writing instruction. I review briefly the diversity of approaches to theorizing genre knowledge, and then present the dual social genre/cognitive genre approach that I have used as a basis for research and course design in an EAP context. I exemplify this model by summarizing the key elements of two studies of research genres in which I have used this model. I conclude with a brief theoretical discussion of the issue of construct validity in relation to using the concept of genre in research that relates to writing instruction.

text: A role for genre-based pedagogy in academic writing instruction?: an EAP perspective In this paper I discuss the use of genre as a theoretical construct in academic writing instruction in the context of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses. I begin by considering the notion of discourse competence as a concept that accounts for the knowledge elements and skills employed by expert academic writers, and then consider genre as a way of operationalizing the different elements of discourse competence knowledge for the purpose of writing instruction. I review briefly the diversity of approaches to theorizing genre knowledge, and then present the dual social genre/cognitive genre approach that I have used as a basis for research and course design in an EAP context. I exemplify this model by summarizing the key elements of two studies of research genres in which I have used this model. I conclude with a brief theoretical discussion of the issue of construct validity in relation to using the concept of genre in research that relates to writing instruction.

year: 2013

title: Several new methods for the development of latent and blood fingerprints

authors: Caldwell, Jonathan Paul

abstract: Several new methods for the development of latent and blood fingerprints have been investigated as well as a preliminary appraisal of a technique for the estimation of post-mortem interval and age of blood stains.

The utilisation of coordinatively-unsaturated (six-coordinate) europium and terbium complexes as reactive reagents for the direct visualisation of latent fingerprints on porous and non-porous surfaces has been investigated. The main complex investigated in this study was tris(6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionato) europium(III) [Eu(fod)₃] and was the only one which proved to be effective in the fluorescent visualisation of latent fingerprints using a one step process. Eu(fod)₃ was found to work for fingerprints on porous paper and to a limited extent on aluminium drink cans and galvanized iron.

The use of the two and three ringed analogues of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) for the fluorescent enhancement of latent fingerprints was also investigated. Solution trials proved that the reaction products of 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and 2,3- anthracenedicarboxaldehyde (ADA) with analine produce favourable “red-shifts” in emission wavelengths which would make them stand out from the blue background emissions commonly obtained from paper. However, poor results were obtained when NDA and ADA were trailed on latent fingerprints on paper.

2,2’-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazolinesulfonate(6)] diammonium salt (ABTS), ortho-phenylenediamime (OPD), and para-phenylenediamine (PPD) have been found to be
successful reagents in the visual enhancement of blood fingerprints. Colours obtained from the oxidised products are green, orange, and purple respectively. A comparison with the commonly-used and hazardous 3,3’-diaminobenzidine (DAB) has proved all three reagents to be effective, safer alternatives with the added bonus of ABTS being (as far as is known) non-toxic. 

A preliminary appraisal has indicated that fluorescein diacetate (FDA) may be useful in estimating the post-mortem interval or age of blood stains and blood prints.

Of the range of techniques and processes investigated with the aim of improving fingerprint visualisation, some proved unsuccessful, yet provided some useful information. These included attempts to improve the colloidal gold technique of latent fingerprint visualisation, increase the chemiluminescence from luminol-treated blood fingerprints in the presence of bromide ions, increase the colour development of ABTS-treated blood fingerprints using an albumin antibody conjugated to peroxidase, an attempt to force fluorescein into the lipid component of a latent fingerprint by acidification of an alkaline solution of fluorescein, and an attempt to stain blood fingerprints with a fluorescent protein stain called SYPROᵀᴹ Orange.

text: Several new methods for the development of latent and blood fingerprints Several new methods for the development of latent and blood fingerprints have been investigated as well as a preliminary appraisal of a technique for the estimation of post-mortem interval and age of blood stains.

The utilisation of coordinatively-unsaturated (six-coordinate) europium and terbium complexes as reactive reagents for the direct visualisation of latent fingerprints on porous and non-porous surfaces has been investigated. The main complex investigated in this study was tris(6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionato) europium(III) [Eu(fod)₃] and was the only one which proved to be effective in the fluorescent visualisation of latent fingerprints using a one step process. Eu(fod)₃ was found to work for fingerprints on porous paper and to a limited extent on aluminium drink cans and galvanized iron.

The use of the two and three ringed analogues of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) for the fluorescent enhancement of latent fingerprints was also investigated. Solution trials proved that the reaction products of 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and 2,3- anthracenedicarboxaldehyde (ADA) with analine produce favourable “red-shifts” in emission wavelengths which would make them stand out from the blue background emissions commonly obtained from paper. However, poor results were obtained when NDA and ADA were trailed on latent fingerprints on paper.

2,2’-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazolinesulfonate(6)] diammonium salt (ABTS), ortho-phenylenediamime (OPD), and para-phenylenediamine (PPD) have been found to be
successful reagents in the visual enhancement of blood fingerprints. Colours obtained from the oxidised products are green, orange, and purple respectively. A comparison with the commonly-used and hazardous 3,3’-diaminobenzidine (DAB) has proved all three reagents to be effective, safer alternatives with the added bonus of ABTS being (as far as is known) non-toxic. 

A preliminary appraisal has indicated that fluorescein diacetate (FDA) may be useful in estimating the post-mortem interval or age of blood stains and blood prints.

Of the range of techniques and processes investigated with the aim of improving fingerprint visualisation, some proved unsuccessful, yet provided some useful information. These included attempts to improve the colloidal gold technique of latent fingerprint visualisation, increase the chemiluminescence from luminol-treated blood fingerprints in the presence of bromide ions, increase the colour development of ABTS-treated blood fingerprints using an albumin antibody conjugated to peroxidase, an attempt to force fluorescein into the lipid component of a latent fingerprint by acidification of an alkaline solution of fluorescein, and an attempt to stain blood fingerprints with a fluorescent protein stain called SYPROᵀᴹ Orange.

year: 1999

title: Te kawa whakauru ora: Transformative pathways to flourishing whānau

authors: Raharuhi, Te Urukeiha

subjects: flourishing whānau

abstract: Flourishing is more than a combination of wellbeing factors or the absence of disease. It is a state of vitality, optimism and potential. We flourish when we feel positive about our ability to make choices to improve our lives. We flourish when we have opportunities to make valuable contributions to those we care most about, in ways that are meaningful to us. 

There is a wealth of research about whānau wellbeing. However, it is difficult to discern how it directly benefits whānau. Furthermore, deficit approaches to whānau wellbeing research publicise negative stereotypes that are alienating for Māori and detrimental to our flourishing. Te Kawa Whakauru Ora explores a process of identifying transformative pathways to flourishing whānau. It is not a generic approach that represents whānau as homogenous. Nor does it equate whānau with household or nuclear family. This research inquiry into flourishing whānau occurs within the scope of whakapapa and explores diversity within my whānau. 

This research inquiry compares whānau participation in individual wellbeing activities with participation in whānau events. Whānau events are identified by whānau as the only occasions where we experience whakapapa, whanaungatanga and aspects of flourishing that are unique to our collective wellbeing. The research inquiry then focuses on trialling a process of identifying pathways to flourishing whānau through participation in whānau events. When we participate in whānau events, we simultaneously access many aspects of flourishing to varying degrees. Te reo Māori and Māori concepts that are accessible to all whānau regardless of our level of proficiency, are tools to raise our awareness about these. When coupled with an existing research framework, a process for time series analysis of flourishing whānau is created, allowing us to document and compare the contexts of flourishing experienced at different events. 

The trial process of identifying transformative pathways to flourishing whānau is described in detail throughout this thesis to engage with whānau wanting to document the contexts within which they access flourishing. The research process recognises that the potential for pathways to be transformative increases when these are identified by each whānau. This thesis is thus different from existing research about whānau wellbeing because it demonstrates and strengthens whānau research capability.

text: Te kawa whakauru ora: Transformative pathways to flourishing whānau Flourishing is more than a combination of wellbeing factors or the absence of disease. It is a state of vitality, optimism and potential. We flourish when we feel positive about our ability to make choices to improve our lives. We flourish when we have opportunities to make valuable contributions to those we care most about, in ways that are meaningful to us. 

There is a wealth of research about whānau wellbeing. However, it is difficult to discern how it directly benefits whānau. Furthermore, deficit approaches to whānau wellbeing research publicise negative stereotypes that are alienating for Māori and detrimental to our flourishing. Te Kawa Whakauru Ora explores a process of identifying transformative pathways to flourishing whānau. It is not a generic approach that represents whānau as homogenous. Nor does it equate whānau with household or nuclear family. This research inquiry into flourishing whānau occurs within the scope of whakapapa and explores diversity within my whānau. 

This research inquiry compares whānau participation in individual wellbeing activities with participation in whānau events. Whānau events are identified by whānau as the only occasions where we experience whakapapa, whanaungatanga and aspects of flourishing that are unique to our collective wellbeing. The research inquiry then focuses on trialling a process of identifying pathways to flourishing whānau through participation in whānau events. When we participate in whānau events, we simultaneously access many aspects of flourishing to varying degrees. Te reo Māori and Māori concepts that are accessible to all whānau regardless of our level of proficiency, are tools to raise our awareness about these. When coupled with an existing research framework, a process for time series analysis of flourishing whānau is created, allowing us to document and compare the contexts of flourishing experienced at different events. 

The trial process of identifying transformative pathways to flourishing whānau is described in detail throughout this thesis to engage with whānau wanting to document the contexts within which they access flourishing. The research process recognises that the potential for pathways to be transformative increases when these are identified by each whānau. This thesis is thus different from existing research about whānau wellbeing because it demonstrates and strengthens whānau research capability.

year: 2025