title: Instruction systolic arrays for exact parallel linear algebraic computation

authors: Krishnamurthy, V.

abstract: This thesis develops new computational algorithms for parallel/distributed error-free (exact) rational (real and complex) computing and its applications to exact linear algebraic computing. 
The practical realization of these parallel algorithms in VLSI systems using a new concept known as Instruction Systolic Arrays (ISA) is considered.
Thus, the thesis represents the author’s contribution to the theory, design, and implementation of parallel/distributed algorithms for exact rational/linear algebraic computing using ISA processors.
This thesis consists of six chapters with the following contents.

CHAPTER 1
INSTRUCTION SYSTOLIC ARRAYS - A PROGRAMMABLE PARALLEL ARCHITECTURE
Chapter 1 introduces the concept of Instruction Systolic arrays (ISA). The ISA is a new versatile programmable parallel architecture that retains all the advantages of systolic arrays. In the ISA, instructions and boolean selectors are pumped through the processing array. The ISA has tremendous potential for VLSI computing because of its ability to execute different types of programs on the same processing array. We also introduce a variant of the ISA known as the Single Instruction Systolic Array (SISA). In the SISA, single instructions and selectors are pumped through the processing array.

CHAPTER 2
INSTRUCTION SYSTOLIC ARRAYS FOR DISTRIBUTED CHINESE REMAINDERING/ INTERPOLATION ALGORITHMS
We present a parallel/ distributed algorithm for a fundamental problem in Numerical Computing/algebraic computing, namely interpolation and the closely related Chinese remaindering. The ISA implementation of this algorithm is described. A generalization of the interpolation algorithm for multivariable is then presented. The multivariable interpolation algorithm can be realized in a ISA as well as in a pyramid architecture. The Occam simulation of a pyramid for multivariable interpolation is also described. We then present a parallel/ distributed algorithm for rational function interpolation and consider its ISA implementation.

CHAPTER 3
PARALLEL MATRIX COMPUTATION USING ISA
This chapter introduces a parallel algorithm for the generalized inversion (g-inversion) of matrices, which involves parallel matrix addition and multiplication operations. The ISA implementation of this algorithm is described. The solution of a homogeneous system of linear algebraic equations is based on g-inverse computation and we indicate its ISA implementation. The solution of such equations has important practical applications in finding Petri net invariants, chemical equation balancing and dimensional analysis. Two other important g-inversion algorithms - one iterative and the other direct - are also described.

CHAPTER 4
PARALLEL ERROR-FREE RATIONAL ARITHMETIC - ISA IMPLEMENTATION
This chapter introduces a new parallel error-free (exact) rational arithmetic system called Parallel Rational Hensel code arithmetic (Para-Hensel code or PHC). We introduce algorithms for parallel element-wise arithmetic operations, and for encoding and decoding PHC codes. We briefly indicate the ISA implementation of these algorithms. We also consider the application of PHC for exact parallel matrix g-inversion with systolic processors.

CHAPTER 5
PARALLEL COMPLEX RATIONAL AND MATRIX ARITHMETIC USING GAUSSIAN PRIME CODES
In this chapter, we introduce a new parallel exact complex rational arithmetic system based on Gaussian prime codes. Two closely related methods for constructing these codes are described. The first method uses several distinct (multiple) Gaussian primes to construct Gauss-Hensel codes (GHC). The second method uses the powers of one or more Gaussian primes to construct Gauss p-adic codes (GPC). Their practical applications and extension to parallel inversion of complex matrices are described. These systems are amenable for massively parallel realization. 

CHAPTER 6 
ISA - APPLICATIONS TO ARRAY PROCESSING AND REAL-TIME COMPUTING
This chapter considers the suitability of the ISA for vector/ array processing computers. We also consider the relationship of the ISA to wavefront processing and dataflow computing. We then describe a linear variant of the ISA known as the Linear ISA (LISA), which is an area efficient architecture. We then briefly indicate some possible application areas of the ISA: real-time robot control applications and high-speed vision systems.

text: Instruction systolic arrays for exact parallel linear algebraic computation This thesis develops new computational algorithms for parallel/distributed error-free (exact) rational (real and complex) computing and its applications to exact linear algebraic computing. 
The practical realization of these parallel algorithms in VLSI systems using a new concept known as Instruction Systolic Arrays (ISA) is considered.
Thus, the thesis represents the author’s contribution to the theory, design, and implementation of parallel/distributed algorithms for exact rational/linear algebraic computing using ISA processors.
This thesis consists of six chapters with the following contents.

CHAPTER 1
INSTRUCTION SYSTOLIC ARRAYS - A PROGRAMMABLE PARALLEL ARCHITECTURE
Chapter 1 introduces the concept of Instruction Systolic arrays (ISA). The ISA is a new versatile programmable parallel architecture that retains all the advantages of systolic arrays. In the ISA, instructions and boolean selectors are pumped through the processing array. The ISA has tremendous potential for VLSI computing because of its ability to execute different types of programs on the same processing array. We also introduce a variant of the ISA known as the Single Instruction Systolic Array (SISA). In the SISA, single instructions and selectors are pumped through the processing array.

CHAPTER 2
INSTRUCTION SYSTOLIC ARRAYS FOR DISTRIBUTED CHINESE REMAINDERING/ INTERPOLATION ALGORITHMS
We present a parallel/ distributed algorithm for a fundamental problem in Numerical Computing/algebraic computing, namely interpolation and the closely related Chinese remaindering. The ISA implementation of this algorithm is described. A generalization of the interpolation algorithm for multivariable is then presented. The multivariable interpolation algorithm can be realized in a ISA as well as in a pyramid architecture. The Occam simulation of a pyramid for multivariable interpolation is also described. We then present a parallel/ distributed algorithm for rational function interpolation and consider its ISA implementation.

CHAPTER 3
PARALLEL MATRIX COMPUTATION USING ISA
This chapter introduces a parallel algorithm for the generalized inversion (g-inversion) of matrices, which involves parallel matrix addition and multiplication operations. The ISA implementation of this algorithm is described. The solution of a homogeneous system of linear algebraic equations is based on g-inverse computation and we indicate its ISA implementation. The solution of such equations has important practical applications in finding Petri net invariants, chemical equation balancing and dimensional analysis. Two other important g-inversion algorithms - one iterative and the other direct - are also described.

CHAPTER 4
PARALLEL ERROR-FREE RATIONAL ARITHMETIC - ISA IMPLEMENTATION
This chapter introduces a new parallel error-free (exact) rational arithmetic system called Parallel Rational Hensel code arithmetic (Para-Hensel code or PHC). We introduce algorithms for parallel element-wise arithmetic operations, and for encoding and decoding PHC codes. We briefly indicate the ISA implementation of these algorithms. We also consider the application of PHC for exact parallel matrix g-inversion with systolic processors.

CHAPTER 5
PARALLEL COMPLEX RATIONAL AND MATRIX ARITHMETIC USING GAUSSIAN PRIME CODES
In this chapter, we introduce a new parallel exact complex rational arithmetic system based on Gaussian prime codes. Two closely related methods for constructing these codes are described. The first method uses several distinct (multiple) Gaussian primes to construct Gauss-Hensel codes (GHC). The second method uses the powers of one or more Gaussian primes to construct Gauss p-adic codes (GPC). Their practical applications and extension to parallel inversion of complex matrices are described. These systems are amenable for massively parallel realization. 

CHAPTER 6 
ISA - APPLICATIONS TO ARRAY PROCESSING AND REAL-TIME COMPUTING
This chapter considers the suitability of the ISA for vector/ array processing computers. We also consider the relationship of the ISA to wavefront processing and dataflow computing. We then describe a linear variant of the ISA known as the Linear ISA (LISA), which is an area efficient architecture. We then briefly indicate some possible application areas of the ISA: real-time robot control applications and high-speed vision systems.

year: 1988

title: Indigenous women traders in the negotiation of space, place, and identity in the Merauke regency, Papua Province, Indonesia

authors: Kanem, Veronika Triariyani

subjects: Indigenous Women

abstract: This research focuses on Indigenous women traders in Merauke regency, Papua Province, Indonesia. Indigenous women traders, known as Mama-Mama, are group of women who play a very important role in distributing local produces from rural area to the market as well as the role as a family food provider. They are also involved in maintaining and strengthening the existence of traditional knowledge. In the last four decades, the presence of Indonesian traders at the market has exceeded the number of native traders. The market which is vital for the Papuan community has become dominated by Indonesian traders. The first issue faced by Mama-Mama is the development of concrete stalls at Wamanggu in a way that did not consider Mama-Mama’s needs. Furthermore, Mama-Mama experienced high competition in selling their traditional goods because of their lack of skills and limited access to resources as compared to Indonesian traders. Lastly, a mega project in 2010 set up by the Indonesian government called MIFEE (Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate), which aimed to overcome a food crisis in Indonesia, has led to massive deforestation. Deforestation has, in turn, reduced the population of sago trees in the forest. Sago is one of the indigenous traditional foods which also represents the cultural identity of Merauke’s local tribe, the Marind tribe. Another concern appeared when the distribution of sago flour at the market declined slightly. This affected sago consumption among the local people because rice was available as a substitute meal. The shrinking of sago production has also affected Mama-Mama’s daily earnings. 
Several times, with assistance from Sekretariat Keadilan dan Perdamaian Keuskupan Agung Merauke (SKP-KAME) and Lembaga Advokasi Peduli Perempuan (eL-AdPPer), Mama-Mama have been tried to speak up for their rights. They have tried to convey their problems to the House of Representatives (DPRD), but they found it difficult to penetrate the government hierarchy. Mama-Mama’s voices almost never been well followed up by the member of the House of Representatives, while their problems have been used by a certain candidate as one of political campaign issues to win the election. This study explores the presence of Indonesian traders which affected Mama-Mama’s access to adequate stalls, trading opportunities and their roles in reproducing and maintaining the production of traditional knowledge. Further, this study also analyse how power, space, and place are interconnected in dealing with the market complexities.

text: Indigenous women traders in the negotiation of space, place, and identity in the Merauke regency, Papua Province, Indonesia This research focuses on Indigenous women traders in Merauke regency, Papua Province, Indonesia. Indigenous women traders, known as Mama-Mama, are group of women who play a very important role in distributing local produces from rural area to the market as well as the role as a family food provider. They are also involved in maintaining and strengthening the existence of traditional knowledge. In the last four decades, the presence of Indonesian traders at the market has exceeded the number of native traders. The market which is vital for the Papuan community has become dominated by Indonesian traders. The first issue faced by Mama-Mama is the development of concrete stalls at Wamanggu in a way that did not consider Mama-Mama’s needs. Furthermore, Mama-Mama experienced high competition in selling their traditional goods because of their lack of skills and limited access to resources as compared to Indonesian traders. Lastly, a mega project in 2010 set up by the Indonesian government called MIFEE (Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate), which aimed to overcome a food crisis in Indonesia, has led to massive deforestation. Deforestation has, in turn, reduced the population of sago trees in the forest. Sago is one of the indigenous traditional foods which also represents the cultural identity of Merauke’s local tribe, the Marind tribe. Another concern appeared when the distribution of sago flour at the market declined slightly. This affected sago consumption among the local people because rice was available as a substitute meal. The shrinking of sago production has also affected Mama-Mama’s daily earnings. 
Several times, with assistance from Sekretariat Keadilan dan Perdamaian Keuskupan Agung Merauke (SKP-KAME) and Lembaga Advokasi Peduli Perempuan (eL-AdPPer), Mama-Mama have been tried to speak up for their rights. They have tried to convey their problems to the House of Representatives (DPRD), but they found it difficult to penetrate the government hierarchy. Mama-Mama’s voices almost never been well followed up by the member of the House of Representatives, while their problems have been used by a certain candidate as one of political campaign issues to win the election. This study explores the presence of Indonesian traders which affected Mama-Mama’s access to adequate stalls, trading opportunities and their roles in reproducing and maintaining the production of traditional knowledge. Further, this study also analyse how power, space, and place are interconnected in dealing with the market complexities.

year: 2018

title: Chief Justice James Prendergast and the administration of New Zealand colonial justice, 1862-1899

authors: Morris, Grant Hamilton

abstract: The New Zealand legal system during the nineteenth-century was in a state of rapid change and constant turmoil. After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi between Maori and the British Crown in 1840, British immigration to New Zealand began in earnest. As a British colony, New Zealand gradually acquired the British legal system and adapted it to suit the colonial environment. These adaptations resulted in conflict with Maori and eventually the supremacy of British law in New Zealand. 

This thesis explores the role of James Prendergast in helping to create the colonial New Zealand legal system. Prendergast served as Attorney-General of New Zealand from 1865 to 1875 and Chief Justice of New Zealand from 1875 to 1899. Firstly, the English background of Prendergast is analysed and provided as a context for his actions in New Zealand. Then, Prendergast’s rise to power in New Zealand is explored, focusing primarily on his roles as Attorney-General and Chief Justice. Particular attention is paid to Prendergast’s relationship with Maori, his enduring legacy in New Zealand statute and case law and the relationship between English law and the colonial New Zealand legal system. The recent vilification of Prendergast by modern scholars is detailed, especially in relation to Prendergast’s decision in the case, Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington (1877). Finally, an assessment is made of Prendergast’s life, legacy and influence in New Zealand legal history. 

Several important conclusions are reached through the study of the life of James Prendergast. Through his words, actions and judgments, Prendergast played a highly influential role in the development of the New Zealand legal system. Prendergast is more than just the two-dimensional figure that he has become in modern scholarship. Many of Prendergast’s actions that were considered successful by contemporary colonial society are also the actions for which Prendergast is now criticised by modern New Zealand society. A clash has occurred between the standards of the past and the views of the present. 

This thesis also proffers the argument that the English legal system was of overwhelming importance in the development of the New Zealand legal system and the administration of colonial justice. The central problem in adapting the English system to the New Zealand environment was the inflexibility of the law in the face of indigenous people’s rights. Prendergast was a product of Victorian England and failed to come to terms with Maori society. While he was a competent judge who left a legacy of common law precedent, Prendergast’s main success was as an administrator and leader of the colonial legal environment. While the Wi Parata decision of 1877 was legally dubious, it is misleading to judge Prendergast's career solely by this one decision. 

James Prendergast is a pivotal figure in the study of nineteenth-century New Zealand legal history. He has left a legacy of legal precedent and jurisprudential controversy. This judicial biography provides an account of his successes and failures throughout his long and eventful life.

text: Chief Justice James Prendergast and the administration of New Zealand colonial justice, 1862-1899 The New Zealand legal system during the nineteenth-century was in a state of rapid change and constant turmoil. After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi between Maori and the British Crown in 1840, British immigration to New Zealand began in earnest. As a British colony, New Zealand gradually acquired the British legal system and adapted it to suit the colonial environment. These adaptations resulted in conflict with Maori and eventually the supremacy of British law in New Zealand. 

This thesis explores the role of James Prendergast in helping to create the colonial New Zealand legal system. Prendergast served as Attorney-General of New Zealand from 1865 to 1875 and Chief Justice of New Zealand from 1875 to 1899. Firstly, the English background of Prendergast is analysed and provided as a context for his actions in New Zealand. Then, Prendergast’s rise to power in New Zealand is explored, focusing primarily on his roles as Attorney-General and Chief Justice. Particular attention is paid to Prendergast’s relationship with Maori, his enduring legacy in New Zealand statute and case law and the relationship between English law and the colonial New Zealand legal system. The recent vilification of Prendergast by modern scholars is detailed, especially in relation to Prendergast’s decision in the case, Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington (1877). Finally, an assessment is made of Prendergast’s life, legacy and influence in New Zealand legal history. 

Several important conclusions are reached through the study of the life of James Prendergast. Through his words, actions and judgments, Prendergast played a highly influential role in the development of the New Zealand legal system. Prendergast is more than just the two-dimensional figure that he has become in modern scholarship. Many of Prendergast’s actions that were considered successful by contemporary colonial society are also the actions for which Prendergast is now criticised by modern New Zealand society. A clash has occurred between the standards of the past and the views of the present. 

This thesis also proffers the argument that the English legal system was of overwhelming importance in the development of the New Zealand legal system and the administration of colonial justice. The central problem in adapting the English system to the New Zealand environment was the inflexibility of the law in the face of indigenous people’s rights. Prendergast was a product of Victorian England and failed to come to terms with Maori society. While he was a competent judge who left a legacy of common law precedent, Prendergast’s main success was as an administrator and leader of the colonial legal environment. While the Wi Parata decision of 1877 was legally dubious, it is misleading to judge Prendergast's career solely by this one decision. 

James Prendergast is a pivotal figure in the study of nineteenth-century New Zealand legal history. He has left a legacy of legal precedent and jurisprudential controversy. This judicial biography provides an account of his successes and failures throughout his long and eventful life.

year: 2001