title: Outdoor education: Opportunities provided by a place based approach

authors: Brown, Mike

subjects: place-based

abstract: This paper calls for educators to consider the role that ‘place’ has in outdoor education experiences. It is suggested that greater emphasis and acknowledgment be given to ‘place(s)’ and how they may help students make sense of both their personal and communal identity. The paper is interwoven with a narrative from the author’s experiences of working with Pākehā and Māori students on a course that consciously utilised a ‘place-based’ approach to teaching and learning. The paper challenges the conception that outdoor education requires ‘high-impact’ adventurous activities, instead suggesting that we seek to develop a modest pedagogy which acknowledges our relationships with place(s) as a way to understand who we are , how we connect to others and how we both give and take meanings from the places in which we live and learn. These issues have potential implications for educators and programme designers.

text: Outdoor education: Opportunities provided by a place based approach This paper calls for educators to consider the role that ‘place’ has in outdoor education experiences. It is suggested that greater emphasis and acknowledgment be given to ‘place(s)’ and how they may help students make sense of both their personal and communal identity. The paper is interwoven with a narrative from the author’s experiences of working with Pākehā and Māori students on a course that consciously utilised a ‘place-based’ approach to teaching and learning. The paper challenges the conception that outdoor education requires ‘high-impact’ adventurous activities, instead suggesting that we seek to develop a modest pedagogy which acknowledges our relationships with place(s) as a way to understand who we are , how we connect to others and how we both give and take meanings from the places in which we live and learn. These issues have potential implications for educators and programme designers.

year: 2008

title: The coastal habitats of Tairawhiti: A review of the scientific, local, and customary knowledge

authors: Ross, Philip M.

abstract: In Aotearoa/New Zealand, regional councils and unitary authorities have a range of responsibilities for decision making in the coastal and marine area (CMA). The New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010), in policy 11, sets out requirements for avoiding significant adverse effects on species, habitats and ecosystems, and section 67 of the Resource Management Act (1991) indicates that regional plans must give effect to the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement. For regional councils to be able to successfully manage indigenous marine biodiversity (composed of species, habitats and ecosystems) they must have some understanding of the types of biodiversity present within a region’s CMA, and knowledge of the spatial distribution of that biodiversity. For regions such as Auckland and Northland biodiversity in the CMA has been relatively well described. For example, the Department of Conservation has compiled a marine habitat map for the Northland section of the Northeast Marine Bioregion, which covers an area of 1.34 million hectares of coastal habitat from Ahipara to Mangawhai (https://www.nrc.govt.nz/resource-library-summary/research-and-reports/coastal/).
This knowledge makes it much easier for councils to develop coastal plans that provide appropriate protections and management outcomes. In other regions, less information is available which can make it difficult to put in place appropriate environmental management.
The Gisborne Region (Tairawhiti) is a region for which there is comparatively little information available regarding marine biodiversity and the distribution of coastal habitats. The region has been under-represented in coastal research to date, which is largely a consequence of its remoteness to institutions conducting research in the CMA (Universities, CRIs and other research providers). Consequently the Gisborne District Council (GDC), the unitary authority responsible for Tairawhiti, does not have readily available and robust information about the marine and coastal environments of the region. This lack of knowledge spans the range of coastal habitats which GDC has the task of managing under the Resource Management Act (1991).
As a first step towards gathering the information required to better manage the Tairawhiti CMA, this report collates and summarises the available scientific, local and customary knowledge on the extent, location and state of marine and estuarine habitats within the Tairawhiti region. In addition to the collation of this information, additional objectives for this report include: identifying gaps in the information base; recording information that might explain how pressures and activities within the region may have altered coastal habitats; providing advice on priorities for additional work required to fill knowledge gaps; and where possible, include mātauranga Māori in accordance with tikanga. With this knowledge, GDC will be in a better position to facilitate the development of a Regional Plan for Tairāwhiti to set the strategic direction for growth, development and resource management over the next 30 years.

text: The coastal habitats of Tairawhiti: A review of the scientific, local, and customary knowledge In Aotearoa/New Zealand, regional councils and unitary authorities have a range of responsibilities for decision making in the coastal and marine area (CMA). The New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010), in policy 11, sets out requirements for avoiding significant adverse effects on species, habitats and ecosystems, and section 67 of the Resource Management Act (1991) indicates that regional plans must give effect to the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement. For regional councils to be able to successfully manage indigenous marine biodiversity (composed of species, habitats and ecosystems) they must have some understanding of the types of biodiversity present within a region’s CMA, and knowledge of the spatial distribution of that biodiversity. For regions such as Auckland and Northland biodiversity in the CMA has been relatively well described. For example, the Department of Conservation has compiled a marine habitat map for the Northland section of the Northeast Marine Bioregion, which covers an area of 1.34 million hectares of coastal habitat from Ahipara to Mangawhai (https://www.nrc.govt.nz/resource-library-summary/research-and-reports/coastal/).
This knowledge makes it much easier for councils to develop coastal plans that provide appropriate protections and management outcomes. In other regions, less information is available which can make it difficult to put in place appropriate environmental management.
The Gisborne Region (Tairawhiti) is a region for which there is comparatively little information available regarding marine biodiversity and the distribution of coastal habitats. The region has been under-represented in coastal research to date, which is largely a consequence of its remoteness to institutions conducting research in the CMA (Universities, CRIs and other research providers). Consequently the Gisborne District Council (GDC), the unitary authority responsible for Tairawhiti, does not have readily available and robust information about the marine and coastal environments of the region. This lack of knowledge spans the range of coastal habitats which GDC has the task of managing under the Resource Management Act (1991).
As a first step towards gathering the information required to better manage the Tairawhiti CMA, this report collates and summarises the available scientific, local and customary knowledge on the extent, location and state of marine and estuarine habitats within the Tairawhiti region. In addition to the collation of this information, additional objectives for this report include: identifying gaps in the information base; recording information that might explain how pressures and activities within the region may have altered coastal habitats; providing advice on priorities for additional work required to fill knowledge gaps; and where possible, include mātauranga Māori in accordance with tikanga. With this knowledge, GDC will be in a better position to facilitate the development of a Regional Plan for Tairāwhiti to set the strategic direction for growth, development and resource management over the next 30 years.

year: 2021

title: Computational and empirical thermal modelling of a proposed SOFC stack housing design

authors: Fenton, Basil

abstract: Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) generate electricity cleanly, efficiently and quietly. There has been much effort in commercialising planar and large tubular SOFCs in the past two decades. Some research has involved modelling the mass, thermal and electrical energy flows in SOFC stack designs. Due to increased thermo-mechanical strength, a minitubular configuration offers quicker start up than planar designs, higher power densities than large tubular designs, and the potential for easier sealing. 
A stack housing design that bundled the small tubular fuel cells inside a three-way heat exchanger was proposed. Effluent fuel from the fuel cells was combusted to form an integrated burner. The air required is supplied by natural convection generated from the exhaust and hot gasses flowing up a flue (chimney). Experimental trials were done with a fabricated test rig (verification cell) to assess the stack housing design when operated with hydrogen-air. Temperature profiles data were collected to investigate the effect of varying fuel flow rate, chimney dimensions, and insulation. 
Code was written for the finite element program ANSYS® to model the verification cell. This included a simple model for the flame in the verification cell. Robustness of the model was investigated by varying software settings, and comparing predicted temperature profiles with measured temperature profiles for varying fuel flow rates, chimney dimensions, and insulation. 
The verification cell operated successfully on hydrogen-air but the temperature was not high or uniform enough to support a fuel cell stack. Using insulation increased temperatures and produced a more uniform temperature distribution. Increasing flue length increased temperatures marginally but increasing flue width decreased temperatures by 10%. 
A simple model for the hydrogen flame was used as the heat source in the verification cell to predict temperature profiles for a given set of flow rates and operating conditions. Temperature profiles could be correlated with flow rate within 10% of actual data for the air and exhaust manifolds, but accuracy was not translated for other fuel flow rates. The benefits and drawbacks of the ANSYS® program for modelling the SOFC stack are discussed and recommendations on further research given.

text: Computational and empirical thermal modelling of a proposed SOFC stack housing design Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) generate electricity cleanly, efficiently and quietly. There has been much effort in commercialising planar and large tubular SOFCs in the past two decades. Some research has involved modelling the mass, thermal and electrical energy flows in SOFC stack designs. Due to increased thermo-mechanical strength, a minitubular configuration offers quicker start up than planar designs, higher power densities than large tubular designs, and the potential for easier sealing. 
A stack housing design that bundled the small tubular fuel cells inside a three-way heat exchanger was proposed. Effluent fuel from the fuel cells was combusted to form an integrated burner. The air required is supplied by natural convection generated from the exhaust and hot gasses flowing up a flue (chimney). Experimental trials were done with a fabricated test rig (verification cell) to assess the stack housing design when operated with hydrogen-air. Temperature profiles data were collected to investigate the effect of varying fuel flow rate, chimney dimensions, and insulation. 
Code was written for the finite element program ANSYS® to model the verification cell. This included a simple model for the flame in the verification cell. Robustness of the model was investigated by varying software settings, and comparing predicted temperature profiles with measured temperature profiles for varying fuel flow rates, chimney dimensions, and insulation. 
The verification cell operated successfully on hydrogen-air but the temperature was not high or uniform enough to support a fuel cell stack. Using insulation increased temperatures and produced a more uniform temperature distribution. Increasing flue length increased temperatures marginally but increasing flue width decreased temperatures by 10%. 
A simple model for the hydrogen flame was used as the heat source in the verification cell to predict temperature profiles for a given set of flow rates and operating conditions. Temperature profiles could be correlated with flow rate within 10% of actual data for the air and exhaust manifolds, but accuracy was not translated for other fuel flow rates. The benefits and drawbacks of the ANSYS® program for modelling the SOFC stack are discussed and recommendations on further research given.

year: 2004