title: University Students' Knowledge of and Attitudes toward Sex Offenders and Treatment of Sex Offenders in New Zealand and China

authors: Liu, Sen

subjects: attitudes

abstract: Topics related to sexual offending and sex offenders can provoke a great deal of fear and anxiety in society. Sex offenders are a group of people who are considered to be especially unpleasant and harmful compared to other types of offenders. Over the past two decades, academic researchers and clinical professionals have developed a variety of assessment methods and treatment programmes to reduce recidivism rates of sex offenders. Public attitudes toward sex offenders are proposed to play an important role in the effectiveness of treatment for sex offenders. Thus, general community members’ attitudes have been widely studied in western countries. However, there is little cross-cultural research exploring Asian people’s attitudes toward sex offenders. The three keys purposes of this study were to examine university students’ knowledge of and attitudes toward sex offenders, explore how their knowledge and attitudes were formed, and compare the similarities and differences between New Zealand and Chinese university students. A total of 62 participants were included in this study; 29 from New Zealand and 33 from China. It was hypothesized that New Zealand university students would be more knowledgeable of and positive toward sex offenders, treatment of sex offenders and released sex offenders than Chinese university students. The results supported hypotheses that New Zealand students had greater knowledge of and positive attitudes toward sex offenders and treatment of sex offenders. However, no difference was found in people’s attitudes toward released sex offenders between two groups of students. The results also indicated that the news media was the most common source of information on sexual offending and sex offenders in both countries. However, there is a great difference in people’s attitudes toward veracity of information provided by the media between New Zealand and Chinese students. The results are considered in light of current research. Implications and future research directions are briefly discussed.

text: University Students' Knowledge of and Attitudes toward Sex Offenders and Treatment of Sex Offenders in New Zealand and China Topics related to sexual offending and sex offenders can provoke a great deal of fear and anxiety in society. Sex offenders are a group of people who are considered to be especially unpleasant and harmful compared to other types of offenders. Over the past two decades, academic researchers and clinical professionals have developed a variety of assessment methods and treatment programmes to reduce recidivism rates of sex offenders. Public attitudes toward sex offenders are proposed to play an important role in the effectiveness of treatment for sex offenders. Thus, general community members’ attitudes have been widely studied in western countries. However, there is little cross-cultural research exploring Asian people’s attitudes toward sex offenders. The three keys purposes of this study were to examine university students’ knowledge of and attitudes toward sex offenders, explore how their knowledge and attitudes were formed, and compare the similarities and differences between New Zealand and Chinese university students. A total of 62 participants were included in this study; 29 from New Zealand and 33 from China. It was hypothesized that New Zealand university students would be more knowledgeable of and positive toward sex offenders, treatment of sex offenders and released sex offenders than Chinese university students. The results supported hypotheses that New Zealand students had greater knowledge of and positive attitudes toward sex offenders and treatment of sex offenders. However, no difference was found in people’s attitudes toward released sex offenders between two groups of students. The results also indicated that the news media was the most common source of information on sexual offending and sex offenders in both countries. However, there is a great difference in people’s attitudes toward veracity of information provided by the media between New Zealand and Chinese students. The results are considered in light of current research. Implications and future research directions are briefly discussed.

year: 2014

title: Late Holocene cool climate episodes, recorded on Lake Bonney, an Antarctic amplifier lake

authors: Croall, Jacob Grant

abstract: Chemical, stable isotope and natural abundance radionuclide analysis of cores taken through sediments below Lake Bonney, Taylor Valley, Antarctica, show evidence of multiple episodes of flooding by meltwaters from Taylor Glacier and desiccation to brines sufficiently concentrated to produce ice free conditions. The last three identified desiccation events date 1550 ± 40, 800 ± 100 and 450 ± 160 yr B.P. and match the last three periods of sustained cooling identified by isotope changes in the Taylor Dome ice core. Similar cooling events have been identified by other authors elsewhere in Antarctica.

The desiccation events have produced dramatic changes in the sediment character of Lake Bonney East Lobe, but show little impact in the West Lobe. In East Lobe halite, hydrohalite, gypsum, and aragonite are precipitated and extreme isotopic enrichment of carbon (up to 813C of +12.0%0) occurred as aragonite was forced from solution by rapid freezing of the brine over winter. Reflooding events were often associated with algal blooms and resulted in radical changes in the 180/1 60 ratio in the water column.

It is speculated that Taylor Glacier retreated to expose a 250 m deep subglacial depression during the last glacial maximum allowing Glacial Lake Washburn to extend westwards to perhaps Cavendish Rocks. The reduced Taylor Glacier enabled Taylor Dome to lower causing deposition of more 180 enriched ice than would otherwise have been expected. Taylor Glacier and Taylor Dome have continued to advance throughout the Holocene.

text: Late Holocene cool climate episodes, recorded on Lake Bonney, an Antarctic amplifier lake Chemical, stable isotope and natural abundance radionuclide analysis of cores taken through sediments below Lake Bonney, Taylor Valley, Antarctica, show evidence of multiple episodes of flooding by meltwaters from Taylor Glacier and desiccation to brines sufficiently concentrated to produce ice free conditions. The last three identified desiccation events date 1550 ± 40, 800 ± 100 and 450 ± 160 yr B.P. and match the last three periods of sustained cooling identified by isotope changes in the Taylor Dome ice core. Similar cooling events have been identified by other authors elsewhere in Antarctica.

The desiccation events have produced dramatic changes in the sediment character of Lake Bonney East Lobe, but show little impact in the West Lobe. In East Lobe halite, hydrohalite, gypsum, and aragonite are precipitated and extreme isotopic enrichment of carbon (up to 813C of +12.0%0) occurred as aragonite was forced from solution by rapid freezing of the brine over winter. Reflooding events were often associated with algal blooms and resulted in radical changes in the 180/1 60 ratio in the water column.

It is speculated that Taylor Glacier retreated to expose a 250 m deep subglacial depression during the last glacial maximum allowing Glacial Lake Washburn to extend westwards to perhaps Cavendish Rocks. The reduced Taylor Glacier enabled Taylor Dome to lower causing deposition of more 180 enriched ice than would otherwise have been expected. Taylor Glacier and Taylor Dome have continued to advance throughout the Holocene.

year: 2005

title: Mokena Hou and his wife Rina

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Mokena Hou had a distinguished whakapapa, but as nephew to Hou was subordinate to the latter’s son, Karauna Hou. He was born near the Te Aroha hot pools, and his future wife, Rina, who also had illustrious ancestors, including some Ngati Haua, was born in the same area. Both were affiliated to several hapu. After the Hauraki tribes fled from Ngapuhi in 1821, he would be present at the battle of Taumatawiwi in 1830 (though he did not fight) and participated in a later siege of the Ngati Haua pa at Matamata. During the 1830s and later, he mostly cultivated land and dug gum in the lower Waihou region and as well as cultivating at Te Aroha. 
 After living at Kaitawa before the Thames goldfield opened, nearby, in 1867, he moved to Te Aroha, where he would live continuously, warding off the ambitions of Ngati Haua. When the land court investigated the ownership of blocks of land in Hauraki, he sought to obtain as many interests as possible, not always successfully, and tried to get more than his fair share of both land and revenue. 
A devoted Anglican, he assisted the early missionaries to the Waihou region. Wanting peaceful relations with Pakeha, he assisted both the surveying and the settlement of the Aroha Block. When gold was discovered at Te Aroha in 1880, he assisted the prospectors, opened his land for mining and for a township, and invested in some claims, expecting and obtaining a good financial reward. He may have assisted in making the hot pools a public reserve, and certainly gave sections of land within the settlement for public and religious purposes. When he and his wife died a month apart, they were fondly remembered.

text: Mokena Hou and his wife Rina Mokena Hou had a distinguished whakapapa, but as nephew to Hou was subordinate to the latter’s son, Karauna Hou. He was born near the Te Aroha hot pools, and his future wife, Rina, who also had illustrious ancestors, including some Ngati Haua, was born in the same area. Both were affiliated to several hapu. After the Hauraki tribes fled from Ngapuhi in 1821, he would be present at the battle of Taumatawiwi in 1830 (though he did not fight) and participated in a later siege of the Ngati Haua pa at Matamata. During the 1830s and later, he mostly cultivated land and dug gum in the lower Waihou region and as well as cultivating at Te Aroha. 
 After living at Kaitawa before the Thames goldfield opened, nearby, in 1867, he moved to Te Aroha, where he would live continuously, warding off the ambitions of Ngati Haua. When the land court investigated the ownership of blocks of land in Hauraki, he sought to obtain as many interests as possible, not always successfully, and tried to get more than his fair share of both land and revenue. 
A devoted Anglican, he assisted the early missionaries to the Waihou region. Wanting peaceful relations with Pakeha, he assisted both the surveying and the settlement of the Aroha Block. When gold was discovered at Te Aroha in 1880, he assisted the prospectors, opened his land for mining and for a township, and invested in some claims, expecting and obtaining a good financial reward. He may have assisted in making the hot pools a public reserve, and certainly gave sections of land within the settlement for public and religious purposes. When he and his wife died a month apart, they were fondly remembered.

year: 2016