title: The Study of the Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Components of Manuka Honey

authors: Wang, Hao

subjects: Antioxidant activity

abstract: The phenolic compounds of honey have been known to pose significantly antioxidant activity, including iron-binding and free radical scavenging activity. Manuka honey has been widely used in wound treatment and the antioxidant activity of manuka honey is important in that. However, the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds of manuka honey has been studied in a few of cases. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular structure of phenolic compounds of manuka honey mainly responsible for each type of antioxidant activity (iron-binding and free radical scavenging activity). The measurement of iron-binding type of activity was based on the inhibition of the Fenton reaction using the β-carotene-linoleic acid model system and the measurement of free radical scavenging activity was based on ABTS system. The phenolic extracts of manuka honey obtained off XAD column was run through Sephadex G-25 column. The elution was pooled to form fractions for assaying of antioxidant activity, so that the fractions with highest antioxidant activity can be detected. The fractions with highest antioxidant activity, including iron-binding and free radical scavenging activity, were re-run through Sephadex G-25 again, and the resulting fractions were assayed. After repeating fourth running through Sephadex G-25 column, 5 pools with highest antioxidant activity were obtained. The elution volumes of these 5 pools were mainly from 105.6 – 115.2 ml, indicating that this volume range had most of the antioxidant activity for phenolic extracts of manuka honey. Five pools were further separated by Superdex Peptide column on the FPLC system. The results showed that each pool was separated to have several main peaks. Each peak obtained from chromatography of all five pools was taken for activity assay. The peak with highest iron-binding activity was selected for structure identification by UV and mass spectra methods. The conclusion was made that the phenolic compound responsible for iron-binding type of antioxidant activity could be the molecule with molecular weight of 458.

text: The Study of the Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Components of Manuka Honey The phenolic compounds of honey have been known to pose significantly antioxidant activity, including iron-binding and free radical scavenging activity. Manuka honey has been widely used in wound treatment and the antioxidant activity of manuka honey is important in that. However, the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds of manuka honey has been studied in a few of cases. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular structure of phenolic compounds of manuka honey mainly responsible for each type of antioxidant activity (iron-binding and free radical scavenging activity). The measurement of iron-binding type of activity was based on the inhibition of the Fenton reaction using the β-carotene-linoleic acid model system and the measurement of free radical scavenging activity was based on ABTS system. The phenolic extracts of manuka honey obtained off XAD column was run through Sephadex G-25 column. The elution was pooled to form fractions for assaying of antioxidant activity, so that the fractions with highest antioxidant activity can be detected. The fractions with highest antioxidant activity, including iron-binding and free radical scavenging activity, were re-run through Sephadex G-25 again, and the resulting fractions were assayed. After repeating fourth running through Sephadex G-25 column, 5 pools with highest antioxidant activity were obtained. The elution volumes of these 5 pools were mainly from 105.6 – 115.2 ml, indicating that this volume range had most of the antioxidant activity for phenolic extracts of manuka honey. Five pools were further separated by Superdex Peptide column on the FPLC system. The results showed that each pool was separated to have several main peaks. Each peak obtained from chromatography of all five pools was taken for activity assay. The peak with highest iron-binding activity was selected for structure identification by UV and mass spectra methods. The conclusion was made that the phenolic compound responsible for iron-binding type of antioxidant activity could be the molecule with molecular weight of 458.

year: 2011

title: Review of best management practices for aquatic vegetation control in stormwater ponds, wetlands, and lakes

authors: de Winton, Mary

abstract: Auckland Council (AC) is responsible for the development and operation of a stormwater network across the region to avert risks to citizens and the environment.
Within this stormwater network, aquatic vegetation (including plants, unicellular and filamentous algae) can have both a positive and negative role in stormwater management and water quality treatment. The situations where management is needed to control aquatic vegetation are not always clear, and an inability to identify effective, feasible and economical control options may constrain management initiatives. AC (Infrastructure and Technical Services, Stormwater) commissioned this technical report to provide information for decision- making on aquatic vegetation management with in stormwater systems that are likely to experience vegetation-related issues.
Information was collated from a comprehensive literature review, augmented by knowledge held by the authors. This review identified a wide range of management practices that could be potentially employed. It also demonstrated complexities and uncertainties relating to these options that makes the identification of a best management practice difficult. Hence, the focus of this report was to enable users to screen for potential options, and use reference material provided on each option to confirm the best practice to employ for each situation.
The report identifies factors to define whether there is an aquatic vegetation problem (Section 3.0), and emphasises the need for agreed management goals for control (e.g. reduction, mitigation, containment, eradication). Resources to screen which management option(s) to employ are provided (Section 4.0), relating to the target aquatic vegetation, likely applicability of options to the system being managed, indicative cost, and ease of implementation. Initial screening allows users to shortlist potential control options for further reference (Section 5.0).
Thirty-five control options are described (Section 5.0) in sufficient detail to consider applicability to individual sites and species. These options are grouped under categories of biological, chemical or physical control. Biological control options involve the use of organisms to predate, infect or control vegetation growth (e.g. classical biological control) or manipulate conditions to control algal growth (e.g. pest fish removal, microbial products). Chemical control options involve the use of pesticides and chemicals (e.g. glyphosate, diquat), or the use of flocculants and nutrient inactivation products that are used to reduce nutrient loading, thereby decreasing algal growth. Physical control options involve removing vegetation or algal biomass (e.g. mechanical or manual harvesting), or setting up barriers to their growth (e.g. shading, bottom lining, sediment capping).
Preventative management options are usually the most cost effective, and these are also briefly described (Section 6.0). For example, the use of hygiene or quarantine protocols can reduce weed introductions or spread. Catchment- based practices to reduce sediment and nutrient sources to stormwater are likely to assist in the avoidance of algal and possibly aquatic plant problems. Nutrient removal may be a co-benefit where harvesting of submerged weed biomass is undertaken in stormwater systems. It should also be considered that removal of substantial amounts of submerged vegetation may result in a sudden and difficult-to-reverse s witch to a turbid, phytoplankton dominated state. Another possible solution is the conversion of systems that experience aquatic vegetation issues, to systems that are less likely to experience issues.
The focus of this report is on systems that receive significant stormwater inputs, i.e. constructed bodies, including ponds, amenity lakes, wetlands, and highly-modified receiving bodies. However, some information will have application to other natural water bodies.

text: Review of best management practices for aquatic vegetation control in stormwater ponds, wetlands, and lakes Auckland Council (AC) is responsible for the development and operation of a stormwater network across the region to avert risks to citizens and the environment.
Within this stormwater network, aquatic vegetation (including plants, unicellular and filamentous algae) can have both a positive and negative role in stormwater management and water quality treatment. The situations where management is needed to control aquatic vegetation are not always clear, and an inability to identify effective, feasible and economical control options may constrain management initiatives. AC (Infrastructure and Technical Services, Stormwater) commissioned this technical report to provide information for decision- making on aquatic vegetation management with in stormwater systems that are likely to experience vegetation-related issues.
Information was collated from a comprehensive literature review, augmented by knowledge held by the authors. This review identified a wide range of management practices that could be potentially employed. It also demonstrated complexities and uncertainties relating to these options that makes the identification of a best management practice difficult. Hence, the focus of this report was to enable users to screen for potential options, and use reference material provided on each option to confirm the best practice to employ for each situation.
The report identifies factors to define whether there is an aquatic vegetation problem (Section 3.0), and emphasises the need for agreed management goals for control (e.g. reduction, mitigation, containment, eradication). Resources to screen which management option(s) to employ are provided (Section 4.0), relating to the target aquatic vegetation, likely applicability of options to the system being managed, indicative cost, and ease of implementation. Initial screening allows users to shortlist potential control options for further reference (Section 5.0).
Thirty-five control options are described (Section 5.0) in sufficient detail to consider applicability to individual sites and species. These options are grouped under categories of biological, chemical or physical control. Biological control options involve the use of organisms to predate, infect or control vegetation growth (e.g. classical biological control) or manipulate conditions to control algal growth (e.g. pest fish removal, microbial products). Chemical control options involve the use of pesticides and chemicals (e.g. glyphosate, diquat), or the use of flocculants and nutrient inactivation products that are used to reduce nutrient loading, thereby decreasing algal growth. Physical control options involve removing vegetation or algal biomass (e.g. mechanical or manual harvesting), or setting up barriers to their growth (e.g. shading, bottom lining, sediment capping).
Preventative management options are usually the most cost effective, and these are also briefly described (Section 6.0). For example, the use of hygiene or quarantine protocols can reduce weed introductions or spread. Catchment- based practices to reduce sediment and nutrient sources to stormwater are likely to assist in the avoidance of algal and possibly aquatic plant problems. Nutrient removal may be a co-benefit where harvesting of submerged weed biomass is undertaken in stormwater systems. It should also be considered that removal of substantial amounts of submerged vegetation may result in a sudden and difficult-to-reverse s witch to a turbid, phytoplankton dominated state. Another possible solution is the conversion of systems that experience aquatic vegetation issues, to systems that are less likely to experience issues.
The focus of this report is on systems that receive significant stormwater inputs, i.e. constructed bodies, including ponds, amenity lakes, wetlands, and highly-modified receiving bodies. However, some information will have application to other natural water bodies.

year: 2013

title: Te Arawa– Kaitaki of Te Arawa Lakes

authors: Curtis, Sir Toby

abstract: The Te Arawa Lakes Trust has embarked on a project to develop a Te Arawa Cultural Values Framework, in regard to the 14 lakes located in our tribal region. There are a host of positives that we believe can accrue as an outcome of this exercise. Already the calibre of people acknowledged for their cultural expertise have added a lot by their attendance. Their presence and contribution injected a level of enthusiasm and confidence in the compilation of the final draft. It is hoped that distribution among the wider community will elicit constructive feedback.

text: Te Arawa– Kaitaki of Te Arawa Lakes The Te Arawa Lakes Trust has embarked on a project to develop a Te Arawa Cultural Values Framework, in regard to the 14 lakes located in our tribal region. There are a host of positives that we believe can accrue as an outcome of this exercise. Already the calibre of people acknowledged for their cultural expertise have added a lot by their attendance. Their presence and contribution injected a level of enthusiasm and confidence in the compilation of the final draft. It is hoped that distribution among the wider community will elicit constructive feedback.

year: 2015