title: Network hygiene, incentives, and regulation:  Deployment of source address validation in the internet

authors: Luckie, Matthew John

subjects: computer science

abstract: The Spoofer project has collected data on the deployment and characteristics of IP source address validation on the Internet since 2005. Data from the project comes from participants who install an active probing client that runs in the background. The client automatically runs tests both periodically and when it detects a new network attachment point. We analyze the rich dataset of Spoofer tests in multiple dimensions: across time, networks, autonomous systems, countries, and by Internet protocol version. In our data for the year ending August 2019, at least a quarter of tested ASes did not filter packets with spoofed source addresses leaving their networks. We show that routers performing Network Address Translation do not always filter spoofed packets, as 6.4% of IPv4/24 tested in the year ending August 2019 did not filter. Worse, at least two thirds of tested ASes did not filter packets entering their networks with source addresses claiming to be from within their network that arrived from outside their network. We explore several approaches to encouraging remediation and the challenges of evaluating their impact. While we have been able to remediate 352 IPv4/24, we have found an order of magnitude more IPv4/24 that remains unremediated, despite myriad remediation strategies, with 21% unremediated for more than six months. Our analysis provides the most complete and confident picture of the Internet's susceptibility to date of this long-standing vulnerability. Although there is no simple solution to address the remaining long-tail of unremediated networks, we conclude with a discussion of possible non-technical interventions, and demonstrate how the platform can support evaluation of the impact of such interventions over time.

text: Network hygiene, incentives, and regulation:  Deployment of source address validation in the internet The Spoofer project has collected data on the deployment and characteristics of IP source address validation on the Internet since 2005. Data from the project comes from participants who install an active probing client that runs in the background. The client automatically runs tests both periodically and when it detects a new network attachment point. We analyze the rich dataset of Spoofer tests in multiple dimensions: across time, networks, autonomous systems, countries, and by Internet protocol version. In our data for the year ending August 2019, at least a quarter of tested ASes did not filter packets with spoofed source addresses leaving their networks. We show that routers performing Network Address Translation do not always filter spoofed packets, as 6.4% of IPv4/24 tested in the year ending August 2019 did not filter. Worse, at least two thirds of tested ASes did not filter packets entering their networks with source addresses claiming to be from within their network that arrived from outside their network. We explore several approaches to encouraging remediation and the challenges of evaluating their impact. While we have been able to remediate 352 IPv4/24, we have found an order of magnitude more IPv4/24 that remains unremediated, despite myriad remediation strategies, with 21% unremediated for more than six months. Our analysis provides the most complete and confident picture of the Internet's susceptibility to date of this long-standing vulnerability. Although there is no simple solution to address the remaining long-tail of unremediated networks, we conclude with a discussion of possible non-technical interventions, and demonstrate how the platform can support evaluation of the impact of such interventions over time.

year: 2019

title: Wrist injury prevention in gymnastics: Gymnast and coach perspectives

authors: Dalal, Sneha

subjects: gymnastics injuries

abstract: This study assesses the understanding and awareness of injury prevention programmes in minimising wrist injuries in gymnastics. The study uses a mixed-method approach, collecting extensive data via an anonymous online survey for gymnasts and their parents or guardians, and interviews with coaches. The research aims to understand program awareness, implementation, barriers, and outcomes from various perspectives. The findings from the study contribute to the existing body of knowledge on wrist injury prevention in gymnastics and provide valuable insights for improving training practices and program design to create safer gymnast-centric training programs. The study shows that flexibility and strength training alone do not significantly reduce wrist injuries in gymnastics, suggesting the need for a more comprehensive injury prevention approach. Findings also highlight the importance of balancing training frequency with adequate rest days to minimise injury risk. The lack of awareness and inconsistent implementation of injury prevention programs indicates a need for better communication and education among gymnasts, coaches and their parents/guardians. Interviews with coaches emphasise gradual training progression, strength building, and holistic well-being, underscoring the importance of a multifaceted approach to injury prevention. The study concludes that injury prevention programs must be prioritised and implemented effectively to further reduce the risk of wrist injuries, highlighting the importance of a multifaceted individualised approach to wrist injury prevention in gymnastics.

text: Wrist injury prevention in gymnastics: Gymnast and coach perspectives This study assesses the understanding and awareness of injury prevention programmes in minimising wrist injuries in gymnastics. The study uses a mixed-method approach, collecting extensive data via an anonymous online survey for gymnasts and their parents or guardians, and interviews with coaches. The research aims to understand program awareness, implementation, barriers, and outcomes from various perspectives. The findings from the study contribute to the existing body of knowledge on wrist injury prevention in gymnastics and provide valuable insights for improving training practices and program design to create safer gymnast-centric training programs. The study shows that flexibility and strength training alone do not significantly reduce wrist injuries in gymnastics, suggesting the need for a more comprehensive injury prevention approach. Findings also highlight the importance of balancing training frequency with adequate rest days to minimise injury risk. The lack of awareness and inconsistent implementation of injury prevention programs indicates a need for better communication and education among gymnasts, coaches and their parents/guardians. Interviews with coaches emphasise gradual training progression, strength building, and holistic well-being, underscoring the importance of a multifaceted approach to injury prevention. The study concludes that injury prevention programs must be prioritised and implemented effectively to further reduce the risk of wrist injuries, highlighting the importance of a multifaceted individualised approach to wrist injury prevention in gymnastics.

year: 2025

title: Taku haumaru me te kurī - Te Reo Maori

authors: Carter, Jennifer

subjects: dog safety tips

abstract: This safety leaflet designed to target young children aged 5-6yrs will provide an age-appropriate understanding of how to avoid pet dog attacks which can injure, maim and even kill children.    This research-based educational resource provides practical, valid and reliable guidelines for safe interaction between children and pet dogs in their homes or known to them.  
The content of this leaflet has been drawn from ‘Stories with happy endings: Preventing pet dog attacks on children’, the 2007-2008 Summer Scholarship report prepared for the Child Accident Prevention Foundation of New Zealand (CAPFNZ). Obtain a copy of the report from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/768

text: Taku haumaru me te kurī - Te Reo Maori This safety leaflet designed to target young children aged 5-6yrs will provide an age-appropriate understanding of how to avoid pet dog attacks which can injure, maim and even kill children.    This research-based educational resource provides practical, valid and reliable guidelines for safe interaction between children and pet dogs in their homes or known to them.  
The content of this leaflet has been drawn from ‘Stories with happy endings: Preventing pet dog attacks on children’, the 2007-2008 Summer Scholarship report prepared for the Child Accident Prevention Foundation of New Zealand (CAPFNZ). Obtain a copy of the report from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/768

year: 2008