title: Object/picture recognition in hens

authors: Railton, R.

subjects: conditional discrimination

abstract: Two experiments examined whether hens, Gallus gallus domesticus, would respond to photographs in the same way they do to the real objects depicted in the photographs. Experiment 1 assessed whether hens transferred a discrimination of differently coloured three-dimensional objects to two-dimensional photographs of those objects, and vice versa. All hens learned to discriminate between the stimuli and showed transfer to the alternative stimuli when the colour cues were present. In Experiment 2 transfer with stimuli that differed in shape only was examined. It was found that only three of the six hens learned to discriminate the stimuli to any degree, and that these three hens did not transfer this discrimination to the alternative stimuli. It was also found that previously learning an object discrimination did not aid the hens in learning to discriminate between photographs of the objects. These data suggest that the hens did not respond to the objects depicted in pictures in the same way they did to the real objects. The authors argue it cannot be assumed that all animals respond to two-dimensional pictures of stimuli in the same way as they do to the real three-dimensional stimuli and this should be established before researchers use two-dimensional stimuli as representatives of real world stimuli.

text: Object/picture recognition in hens Two experiments examined whether hens, Gallus gallus domesticus, would respond to photographs in the same way they do to the real objects depicted in the photographs. Experiment 1 assessed whether hens transferred a discrimination of differently coloured three-dimensional objects to two-dimensional photographs of those objects, and vice versa. All hens learned to discriminate between the stimuli and showed transfer to the alternative stimuli when the colour cues were present. In Experiment 2 transfer with stimuli that differed in shape only was examined. It was found that only three of the six hens learned to discriminate the stimuli to any degree, and that these three hens did not transfer this discrimination to the alternative stimuli. It was also found that previously learning an object discrimination did not aid the hens in learning to discriminate between photographs of the objects. These data suggest that the hens did not respond to the objects depicted in pictures in the same way they did to the real objects. The authors argue it cannot be assumed that all animals respond to two-dimensional pictures of stimuli in the same way as they do to the real three-dimensional stimuli and this should be established before researchers use two-dimensional stimuli as representatives of real world stimuli.

year: 2014

title: Go hard, go early: Alternatives to the treatment model for addressing poverty, inequality and mental distress in Aotearoa New Zealand

authors: Stolte, Ottilie Emma Elisabeth

subjects: community psychology

abstract: This discussion article is based on a paper presented at the Community Psychology Symposium as part of the 2021 New Zealand Psychology Conference. In this article, I reflect on my teaching praxis, widening inequalities, and on the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for psychology. Currently, the lack of mental health sector capacity and the shortage of some 1000 psychologists, poses a significant conundrum. This article revisits Albee's critique, "that no mass disease or disorder has ever been controlled or eliminated through individual treatment" (2005, p.37), and in so doing I reflect on what community psychology can contribute at this point in history.

text: Go hard, go early: Alternatives to the treatment model for addressing poverty, inequality and mental distress in Aotearoa New Zealand This discussion article is based on a paper presented at the Community Psychology Symposium as part of the 2021 New Zealand Psychology Conference. In this article, I reflect on my teaching praxis, widening inequalities, and on the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for psychology. Currently, the lack of mental health sector capacity and the shortage of some 1000 psychologists, poses a significant conundrum. This article revisits Albee's critique, "that no mass disease or disorder has ever been controlled or eliminated through individual treatment" (2005, p.37), and in so doing I reflect on what community psychology can contribute at this point in history.

year: 2021

title: An Assessment of the Cognitive Ability and the Attitude to Rehabilitation of European and Maori Trainees at a Borstal Institution.

authors: Zimmerman, Malcolm Laird

subjects: Borstal Institution

abstract: The incidence of delinquency in New Zealand has risen and is a cause for serious concern for the future of the nation. "As in all fields of social inquiry it is much easier to specify the problem than it is to account for its occurrence ... In the case of delinquency, it is much easier to record what has occurred as opposed to why - it is even more difficult to prevent delinquency from occurring at all. Why should this be so?" (Blizard, 1967, p.i.)
There are no easy answers: there are no short cuts to understanding: there will never be an easily worked out, or easily administered programme for prevention. The road is hard, costly both in terms of men, money and time.

text: An Assessment of the Cognitive Ability and the Attitude to Rehabilitation of European and Maori Trainees at a Borstal Institution. The incidence of delinquency in New Zealand has risen and is a cause for serious concern for the future of the nation. "As in all fields of social inquiry it is much easier to specify the problem than it is to account for its occurrence ... In the case of delinquency, it is much easier to record what has occurred as opposed to why - it is even more difficult to prevent delinquency from occurring at all. Why should this be so?" (Blizard, 1967, p.i.)
There are no easy answers: there are no short cuts to understanding: there will never be an easily worked out, or easily administered programme for prevention. The road is hard, costly both in terms of men, money and time.

year: 1971