title: ASEAN-New Zealand trade relations and trade potential

authors: Bano, Sayeeda

subjects: international trade

abstract: This paper explores trade development by the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) with a particular reference to New Zealand and in the context of free trade agreements and partnerships. It describes the history of ASEAN, its trade composition, diversity and intensity. The paper includes an analysis of Kojima indices of trade intensities, the trade potential index and a gravity trade model using panel data and multivariate analysis. Hypotheses derived from trade theories are then tested to identify the key determinants of trade and the implications for policy. Overall, the study shows that economic integration has had a positive impact on ASEAN nations and with New Zealand and with ongoing potential.

text: ASEAN-New Zealand trade relations and trade potential This paper explores trade development by the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) with a particular reference to New Zealand and in the context of free trade agreements and partnerships. It describes the history of ASEAN, its trade composition, diversity and intensity. The paper includes an analysis of Kojima indices of trade intensities, the trade potential index and a gravity trade model using panel data and multivariate analysis. Hypotheses derived from trade theories are then tested to identify the key determinants of trade and the implications for policy. Overall, the study shows that economic integration has had a positive impact on ASEAN nations and with New Zealand and with ongoing potential.

year: 2010-04

title: Minimising energy use in milk powder production using process integration techniques

authors: Atkins, Martin John

subjects: milk powder producation

abstract: Spray drying of milk powder is an energy intensive process and there remains a significant opportunity to reduce energy consumption by applying process integration principles. The ability to optimally integrate the drying process with the other processing steps has the potential to improve the overall efficiency of the entire process, especially when exhaust heat recovery is considered. However, achieving the minimum energy targets established using pinch analysis results in heat exchanger networks that, while theoretically feasible, are impracticable, unrealistic, contain large number of units, and ultimately uneconomic. Integration schemes that are acceptable from an operational point of view are examined in this paper. The use of evaporated water is an important factor to achieve both energy and water reductions. The economics of additional heat recovery seem favourable and exhaust heat recovery is economically justifiable on its own merits, although milk powder deposition should be minimised by selecting an appropriate target temperature for the exhaust air. This will restrict the amount of heat recovery but minimise operational risk from heat exchanger fouling. The thermodynamic constraints caused by the operating temperatures of the dryer and the poor economics exclude the use of heat pumps for exhaust heat recovery in the short to medium term.

text: Minimising energy use in milk powder production using process integration techniques Spray drying of milk powder is an energy intensive process and there remains a significant opportunity to reduce energy consumption by applying process integration principles. The ability to optimally integrate the drying process with the other processing steps has the potential to improve the overall efficiency of the entire process, especially when exhaust heat recovery is considered. However, achieving the minimum energy targets established using pinch analysis results in heat exchanger networks that, while theoretically feasible, are impracticable, unrealistic, contain large number of units, and ultimately uneconomic. Integration schemes that are acceptable from an operational point of view are examined in this paper. The use of evaporated water is an important factor to achieve both energy and water reductions. The economics of additional heat recovery seem favourable and exhaust heat recovery is economically justifiable on its own merits, although milk powder deposition should be minimised by selecting an appropriate target temperature for the exhaust air. This will restrict the amount of heat recovery but minimise operational risk from heat exchanger fouling. The thermodynamic constraints caused by the operating temperatures of the dryer and the poor economics exclude the use of heat pumps for exhaust heat recovery in the short to medium term.

year: 2012

title: Academic success amongst a cohort of gifted and talented Māori and Pasifika secondary school boys: Elements that have contributed to their achievement

authors: Miller, Graeme Oliver

subjects: Māori

abstract: In recent years Māori and Pasifika students have been the focus of much discussion and a significant amount of research relating to underachievement. Despite this, many Māori and Pasifika secondary school boys are achieving highly in the academic sphere within the context of mainstream boys’ state secondary schools in New Zealand. Achievement aside, evidence shows that Māori and Pasifika secondary school boys are seriously under-represented in programmes for the gifted and talented. This enquiry examines factors in relation to identifying gifted and talented students, and investigates how their abilities are forged and nurtured. The reasons for student success merit serious investigation because of how the multiple elements contributing to their achievement are likely to be applicable to others, and are a pressing concern for academic attainment in the New Zealand education system. 
 
This qualitative study examines why 30 academically successful Māori and Pasifika secondary school boys achieved highly in the mainstream education system. The boys ranged from 13 to 19 years, the youngest being in his first year at high school as a Year 9 student, and the oldest being in his second year at university. The thesis argues their academic success was due to the complex interplay of home and school environmental elements, and the boys’ intrapersonal characteristics. The study explored the boys’ and parents’ narratives to explain why students had achieved highly, and examined both the parents’ and boys’ perceptions of how well the schools had provided for their intellectual, emotional and cultural needs. Sociocultural learning theory is the main theoretical lens through which the findings are viewed. The methodology is primarily built upon narrative inquiry. The main method of data collection was by semi-structured interview, both individually and in focus groups. Supplementary methods utilised were questionnaires and observation.  
  
An issue in the research was the disparity between the cultural and ethnic background of the participants and myself as the researcher. However, an endeavour was made to mitigate this by consulting with Māori and Pasifika educators, a kaumatua (elder) and iwi (tribal) representative prior to the research commencing. In addition, models developed through this study were submitted to Māori and Pasifika educators for their comment and approval prior to being included. 
 
With its focus specifically on highly-achieving Māori and Pasifika secondary school boys, this thesis makes an original contribution to the national and international discussion about raising student achievement. It provides a platform for further research to 	address the particular concerns around the underachievement of Māori and Pasifika secondary school boys. 
 
While there are several implications arising from the research, all are linked to the need for policy makers and educators to address the issue of the underrepresentation of Māori and Pasifika students in programmes for the gifted and talented. Policies, practices and relationships need to be examined to evaluate how effectively they contribute to gifted and talented Māori and Pasifika students receiving the academic opportunities they deserve. A key part of this examination will need to include consultation with students and their whānau.

text: Academic success amongst a cohort of gifted and talented Māori and Pasifika secondary school boys: Elements that have contributed to their achievement In recent years Māori and Pasifika students have been the focus of much discussion and a significant amount of research relating to underachievement. Despite this, many Māori and Pasifika secondary school boys are achieving highly in the academic sphere within the context of mainstream boys’ state secondary schools in New Zealand. Achievement aside, evidence shows that Māori and Pasifika secondary school boys are seriously under-represented in programmes for the gifted and talented. This enquiry examines factors in relation to identifying gifted and talented students, and investigates how their abilities are forged and nurtured. The reasons for student success merit serious investigation because of how the multiple elements contributing to their achievement are likely to be applicable to others, and are a pressing concern for academic attainment in the New Zealand education system. 
 
This qualitative study examines why 30 academically successful Māori and Pasifika secondary school boys achieved highly in the mainstream education system. The boys ranged from 13 to 19 years, the youngest being in his first year at high school as a Year 9 student, and the oldest being in his second year at university. The thesis argues their academic success was due to the complex interplay of home and school environmental elements, and the boys’ intrapersonal characteristics. The study explored the boys’ and parents’ narratives to explain why students had achieved highly, and examined both the parents’ and boys’ perceptions of how well the schools had provided for their intellectual, emotional and cultural needs. Sociocultural learning theory is the main theoretical lens through which the findings are viewed. The methodology is primarily built upon narrative inquiry. The main method of data collection was by semi-structured interview, both individually and in focus groups. Supplementary methods utilised were questionnaires and observation.  
  
An issue in the research was the disparity between the cultural and ethnic background of the participants and myself as the researcher. However, an endeavour was made to mitigate this by consulting with Māori and Pasifika educators, a kaumatua (elder) and iwi (tribal) representative prior to the research commencing. In addition, models developed through this study were submitted to Māori and Pasifika educators for their comment and approval prior to being included. 
 
With its focus specifically on highly-achieving Māori and Pasifika secondary school boys, this thesis makes an original contribution to the national and international discussion about raising student achievement. It provides a platform for further research to 	address the particular concerns around the underachievement of Māori and Pasifika secondary school boys. 
 
While there are several implications arising from the research, all are linked to the need for policy makers and educators to address the issue of the underrepresentation of Māori and Pasifika students in programmes for the gifted and talented. Policies, practices and relationships need to be examined to evaluate how effectively they contribute to gifted and talented Māori and Pasifika students receiving the academic opportunities they deserve. A key part of this examination will need to include consultation with students and their whānau.

year: 2015