title: History in the making: The John Mansfield Thomson Archive at the University of Waikato

authors: Lodge, Martin

abstract: The Eminent New Zealand music historian and writer, the late John Mansfield Thomson, was both a prolific writer and a lifelong collector-of books, manuscripts, art works and musical ephemera At the time of his death in 1999, Thomson had put in order and deposited with the New Zealand Music Archive in the Turnbull Library about half of his personal papers. These have already proved a significant resource for researchers from several disciplines.
Following Thomson's sudden death, his family donated the rest of his literary remains to the University of Waikato where Thomson had been a research fellow in the Music Department for several years. Martin Lodge, a staff member of the Music Department, is Thomson's literary executor.

text: History in the making: The John Mansfield Thomson Archive at the University of Waikato The Eminent New Zealand music historian and writer, the late John Mansfield Thomson, was both a prolific writer and a lifelong collector-of books, manuscripts, art works and musical ephemera At the time of his death in 1999, Thomson had put in order and deposited with the New Zealand Music Archive in the Turnbull Library about half of his personal papers. These have already proved a significant resource for researchers from several disciplines.
Following Thomson's sudden death, his family donated the rest of his literary remains to the University of Waikato where Thomson had been a research fellow in the Music Department for several years. Martin Lodge, a staff member of the Music Department, is Thomson's literary executor.

year: 2007

title: Anthropogenic phosphorus loads to Lake Rotorua

authors: Tempero, Grant Wayne

abstract: Past wastewater disposal practices and ongoing catchment land-use intensification have resulted in the eutrophication of Lake Rotorua. These changes have been associated with elevated nutrient loads to the lake from point and diffuse sources. Phosphorus and nitrogen are important macronutrients limiting phytoplankton growth. Bioassay studies in Lake Rotorua have shown temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton growth limitation by either or both of these nutrients, hence the importance of controlling both phosphorus and nitrogen loads to the lake. This report was commissioned by the Bay of Plenty Regional Council to quantify sources of anthropogenic (i.e., associated with human activity) phosphorus in the catchment, so that these sources can be managed with the aim of reducing phytoplankton biomass in Lake Rotorua. This will form part of an integrated framework of catchment management which also aims to reduce the nitrogen load to the lake.
Determination of anthropogenic and natural (baseline) sources of phosphorus is essential for managing lake eutrophication. Natural concentrations (indicative of baseline or reference levels) of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and total phosphorus (TP) can be modelled from observed concentrations in undisturbed catchments. This model can then be used to estimate anthropogenic phosphorus in other catchments as the difference between natural and observed concentrations.
Mean annual discharge (MAD) was estimated individually for nine major stream sub-catchments of Lake Rotorua, and a combined MAD was estimated for other minor and ungauged stream sub-catchments. Natural stream phosphorus concentrations were derived from published values based on the River Environment Classification (REC) land classes within the lake catchment. Natural groundwater phosphorus concentrations were derived from published relationships between groundwater age and phosphorus concentrations in the Rotorua sub-catchments. Total phosphorus and DRP loads were calculated for each inflow for the period 2007-2014 (‘contemporary loads’) using the daily discharge estimates and time series of estimated daily mean concentrations of each nutrient species (TP, DRP) for each inflow. Daily loads were then summed to calculate annual loads. Natural loads for each inflow were subtracted from contemporary loads to estimate anthropogenic loads. Anthropogenic phosphorus loads to Lake Rotorua were estimated to be 22% (expressed as a catchment areal rate of 0.12 kg DRP ha-1 y-1) of the total DRP load and 48% (0.47 kg P ha-1 y-1) of the TP load. Relative to other New Zealand catchments, anthropogenic phosphorus was a relatively low proportion of the total load, given that the Rotorua catchment is highly developed. This can be attributed to the large volume of groundwater discharge to the lake, which is DRP-enriched due to gradual dissolution of phosphorus in the rhyolitic pumice bedrock. In sub-catchments where groundwater discharge to the lake was volumetrically dominant, e.g., Hamurana (89.3%) and Awahou (79.6%), the natural contribution to DRP loads was high, despite extensive agricultural land-use. By contrast, sub-catchments dominated by surface water discharges, e.g., Ngongotaha (34% groundwater) and Waiteti (14.5% groundwater), had comparatively high anthropogenic TP loads and elevated concentrations of particulate phosphorus. The minor and ungauged catchments, representing drains, small streams, overland flow, groundwater discharge to the bed of the lake, discharge below gauged stream sites and a residual term, were estimated to contribute the largest percentage (33%) of anthropogenic particulate phosphorus loads to Lake Rotorua despite being groundwater dominated.

text: Anthropogenic phosphorus loads to Lake Rotorua Past wastewater disposal practices and ongoing catchment land-use intensification have resulted in the eutrophication of Lake Rotorua. These changes have been associated with elevated nutrient loads to the lake from point and diffuse sources. Phosphorus and nitrogen are important macronutrients limiting phytoplankton growth. Bioassay studies in Lake Rotorua have shown temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton growth limitation by either or both of these nutrients, hence the importance of controlling both phosphorus and nitrogen loads to the lake. This report was commissioned by the Bay of Plenty Regional Council to quantify sources of anthropogenic (i.e., associated with human activity) phosphorus in the catchment, so that these sources can be managed with the aim of reducing phytoplankton biomass in Lake Rotorua. This will form part of an integrated framework of catchment management which also aims to reduce the nitrogen load to the lake.
Determination of anthropogenic and natural (baseline) sources of phosphorus is essential for managing lake eutrophication. Natural concentrations (indicative of baseline or reference levels) of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and total phosphorus (TP) can be modelled from observed concentrations in undisturbed catchments. This model can then be used to estimate anthropogenic phosphorus in other catchments as the difference between natural and observed concentrations.
Mean annual discharge (MAD) was estimated individually for nine major stream sub-catchments of Lake Rotorua, and a combined MAD was estimated for other minor and ungauged stream sub-catchments. Natural stream phosphorus concentrations were derived from published values based on the River Environment Classification (REC) land classes within the lake catchment. Natural groundwater phosphorus concentrations were derived from published relationships between groundwater age and phosphorus concentrations in the Rotorua sub-catchments. Total phosphorus and DRP loads were calculated for each inflow for the period 2007-2014 (‘contemporary loads’) using the daily discharge estimates and time series of estimated daily mean concentrations of each nutrient species (TP, DRP) for each inflow. Daily loads were then summed to calculate annual loads. Natural loads for each inflow were subtracted from contemporary loads to estimate anthropogenic loads. Anthropogenic phosphorus loads to Lake Rotorua were estimated to be 22% (expressed as a catchment areal rate of 0.12 kg DRP ha-1 y-1) of the total DRP load and 48% (0.47 kg P ha-1 y-1) of the TP load. Relative to other New Zealand catchments, anthropogenic phosphorus was a relatively low proportion of the total load, given that the Rotorua catchment is highly developed. This can be attributed to the large volume of groundwater discharge to the lake, which is DRP-enriched due to gradual dissolution of phosphorus in the rhyolitic pumice bedrock. In sub-catchments where groundwater discharge to the lake was volumetrically dominant, e.g., Hamurana (89.3%) and Awahou (79.6%), the natural contribution to DRP loads was high, despite extensive agricultural land-use. By contrast, sub-catchments dominated by surface water discharges, e.g., Ngongotaha (34% groundwater) and Waiteti (14.5% groundwater), had comparatively high anthropogenic TP loads and elevated concentrations of particulate phosphorus. The minor and ungauged catchments, representing drains, small streams, overland flow, groundwater discharge to the bed of the lake, discharge below gauged stream sites and a residual term, were estimated to contribute the largest percentage (33%) of anthropogenic particulate phosphorus loads to Lake Rotorua despite being groundwater dominated.

year: 2015

title: 2016 Subtidal Ecological Survey of Tauranga Harbour and development of benthic health models

authors: Clark, Dana

abstract: This report summarises the results of biological and physical data collected from a broad-scale subtidal survey of Tauranga Harbour conducted between March and May 2016. The survey was designed to understand more fully the role of various anthropogenic stressors on ecosystem health and feed into management of the harbour. Community-based models of ecosystem health called Benthic Health Models (BHMs) were developed to assess ecosystem health in response to mud and metal loading. This is the first comprehensive quantitative survey of Tauranga Harbour’s subtidal environment since 1990/91. 
The research was conducted as part of the Oranga Taiao Oranga Tangata (OTOT) programme. The wider research project aims to provide knowledge and toolsets to support co-management of estuaries. The three phases of this programme include 1) gathering Mātauranga Māori (a body of knowledge of Māori experience in the area) from local iwi/hapū, 2) consolidating the ecological knowledge of the Tauranga Harbour and providing modelling and indicators of estuarine ecosystem health, resilience and functioning, and 3) creating an Integrative Spatial Planning Tool (ISPT) that can help inform decision making in the harbour. The subtidal survey fits into the latter two research objectives, as the information collected will be used to develop indicators of ecosystem health, which will be used as components of the ISPT. 
Water, sediment and benthic macrofauna samples were collected from 45 subtidal sites across the harbour. Subtidal sediments were predominantly sandy with low levels of nutrients and metal loading. Upper reaches of channels tended to have higher mud, organic content and nutrient concentrations than sites closer to the main channels. Maximum subtidal sediment metal concentrations were well below guideline values and all metals, except lead, were less than median national values for intertidal estuarine sites. Highest metal concentrations were in the urbanised southern harbour or in areas of high mud deposition. 
Many of the numerically dominant macrofaunal taxa were present in both the 1990/91 and 2016 subtidal surveys, with pipi the most abundant bivalve in both surveys. Although the 2016 survey was not designed to quantitatively measure large bivalves, compared with the 1990/91 survey, fewer scallops and horse mussels were observed. The apparent decline in these species is concerning as large bivalves stabilise the sediment and provide complex physical structure to soft sediment habitats, providing predation refuges and settlement substrate for epifauna. The invasive Asian date mussel, on the other hand, has also become common in the harbour. 
Mud and metals were identified as key variables affecting the ecology of the harbour. To determine how environmental gradients in these variables affected ecosystem health, two Benthic Health Models (BHMs) were developed based on variability in community structure, one for each environmental gradient. The BHM approach is a useful management tool that can be used to determine the relative health of benthic communities at a single point in time, or track sites over time to assess whether communities are moving towards a more healthy or unhealthy state. It has been found to be more sensitive to changing ecosystem health than simple univariate community measures because it preserves more information about the community. 
Most sites were ranked in the lower BHM groups, suggesting Tauranga Harbour had fairly healthy subtidal communities with regard to mud and metal impacts. This was supported by values from other biotic indices, which indicated that all subtidal sites in Tauranga would be classified as having ‘good’ ecological status. Sites identified as most impacted by elevated mud and metals were generally located in the upper reaches of estuaries or near the urbanised southern portion of the harbour. In terms of mud, this to some extent reflects the natural progression of an estuary from land to sea; however, the rates of accumulation of sediments have been accelerated because of anthropogenic land-based activities. Although currents and mud were highly coupled in Tauranga’s subtidal environment, the Mud BHM could draw out community responses that were only associated with mud.

text: 2016 Subtidal Ecological Survey of Tauranga Harbour and development of benthic health models This report summarises the results of biological and physical data collected from a broad-scale subtidal survey of Tauranga Harbour conducted between March and May 2016. The survey was designed to understand more fully the role of various anthropogenic stressors on ecosystem health and feed into management of the harbour. Community-based models of ecosystem health called Benthic Health Models (BHMs) were developed to assess ecosystem health in response to mud and metal loading. This is the first comprehensive quantitative survey of Tauranga Harbour’s subtidal environment since 1990/91. 
The research was conducted as part of the Oranga Taiao Oranga Tangata (OTOT) programme. The wider research project aims to provide knowledge and toolsets to support co-management of estuaries. The three phases of this programme include 1) gathering Mātauranga Māori (a body of knowledge of Māori experience in the area) from local iwi/hapū, 2) consolidating the ecological knowledge of the Tauranga Harbour and providing modelling and indicators of estuarine ecosystem health, resilience and functioning, and 3) creating an Integrative Spatial Planning Tool (ISPT) that can help inform decision making in the harbour. The subtidal survey fits into the latter two research objectives, as the information collected will be used to develop indicators of ecosystem health, which will be used as components of the ISPT. 
Water, sediment and benthic macrofauna samples were collected from 45 subtidal sites across the harbour. Subtidal sediments were predominantly sandy with low levels of nutrients and metal loading. Upper reaches of channels tended to have higher mud, organic content and nutrient concentrations than sites closer to the main channels. Maximum subtidal sediment metal concentrations were well below guideline values and all metals, except lead, were less than median national values for intertidal estuarine sites. Highest metal concentrations were in the urbanised southern harbour or in areas of high mud deposition. 
Many of the numerically dominant macrofaunal taxa were present in both the 1990/91 and 2016 subtidal surveys, with pipi the most abundant bivalve in both surveys. Although the 2016 survey was not designed to quantitatively measure large bivalves, compared with the 1990/91 survey, fewer scallops and horse mussels were observed. The apparent decline in these species is concerning as large bivalves stabilise the sediment and provide complex physical structure to soft sediment habitats, providing predation refuges and settlement substrate for epifauna. The invasive Asian date mussel, on the other hand, has also become common in the harbour. 
Mud and metals were identified as key variables affecting the ecology of the harbour. To determine how environmental gradients in these variables affected ecosystem health, two Benthic Health Models (BHMs) were developed based on variability in community structure, one for each environmental gradient. The BHM approach is a useful management tool that can be used to determine the relative health of benthic communities at a single point in time, or track sites over time to assess whether communities are moving towards a more healthy or unhealthy state. It has been found to be more sensitive to changing ecosystem health than simple univariate community measures because it preserves more information about the community. 
Most sites were ranked in the lower BHM groups, suggesting Tauranga Harbour had fairly healthy subtidal communities with regard to mud and metal impacts. This was supported by values from other biotic indices, which indicated that all subtidal sites in Tauranga would be classified as having ‘good’ ecological status. Sites identified as most impacted by elevated mud and metals were generally located in the upper reaches of estuaries or near the urbanised southern portion of the harbour. In terms of mud, this to some extent reflects the natural progression of an estuary from land to sea; however, the rates of accumulation of sediments have been accelerated because of anthropogenic land-based activities. Although currents and mud were highly coupled in Tauranga’s subtidal environment, the Mud BHM could draw out community responses that were only associated with mud.

year: 2018