title: Māori provisions in plans: Mana whenua, mauri of water, and wahi tapu

authors: Kennedy, Nathan

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: The intention  of  this  document  is  to  allow  those  using  Ngā  Mahi:  Kaupapa  Māori Outcomes an  Indicators Kete (Jefferies and Kennedy, 2009, PUCM Māori Report 2) to view a range of examples of Māori provisions within statutory planning documents against plans being evaluated. The extracts in this Report 3 on Māori Provisions in Plans relate to the three tikanga in the Ngā Mahi report: Mana Whenua, Mauri (relating to water), and Wähi Tapu. It is intended that as we develop new kete (containing worksheets and user guides) and thereby expand Ngā Mahi, this current report will be revised to include plan provisions relating to additional tikanga.

text: Māori provisions in plans: Mana whenua, mauri of water, and wahi tapu The intention  of  this  document  is  to  allow  those  using  Ngā  Mahi:  Kaupapa  Māori Outcomes an  Indicators Kete (Jefferies and Kennedy, 2009, PUCM Māori Report 2) to view a range of examples of Māori provisions within statutory planning documents against plans being evaluated. The extracts in this Report 3 on Māori Provisions in Plans relate to the three tikanga in the Ngā Mahi report: Mana Whenua, Mauri (relating to water), and Wähi Tapu. It is intended that as we develop new kete (containing worksheets and user guides) and thereby expand Ngā Mahi, this current report will be revised to include plan provisions relating to additional tikanga.

year: 2008-07-31

title: A study of iwi communication between Te Tau Ihu iwi and intergenerational diasporic whānau

authors: Wright, Karamea Moana

subjects: diaspora

abstract: This study looks at the online communication methods used between Te Tau Ihu iwi and intergenerational uri who live in the diaspora. Preferences and perceptions of methods of communication utilized by both iwi, and tāngata who live in the overseas diaspora were explored. Most important are the implications for uri living away from Aotearoa, and their desire to remain connected to iwi in New Zealand. This is a mixed methods study, comprising of a survey of fifty-eight emigrant respondents living abroad, and interviews with one member of the first, second, and third generations of emigrants to the United States, with affiliation to at least one of the eight tribes who claim tāngata whenua status of Te Tau Ihu.

The implications of the findings from the study provide both iwi and tāngata the opportunity to create a synergistic relationship of communicating. Assisting iwi to develop and implement a strategy for relevant communication, and iwi members engaging in a dialogue with iwi about relevance of communication is critical in strengthening ties between iwi and future generations regardless of location. “He aha te mea nui, he tangata, he tangata.”

text: A study of iwi communication between Te Tau Ihu iwi and intergenerational diasporic whānau This study looks at the online communication methods used between Te Tau Ihu iwi and intergenerational uri who live in the diaspora. Preferences and perceptions of methods of communication utilized by both iwi, and tāngata who live in the overseas diaspora were explored. Most important are the implications for uri living away from Aotearoa, and their desire to remain connected to iwi in New Zealand. This is a mixed methods study, comprising of a survey of fifty-eight emigrant respondents living abroad, and interviews with one member of the first, second, and third generations of emigrants to the United States, with affiliation to at least one of the eight tribes who claim tāngata whenua status of Te Tau Ihu.

The implications of the findings from the study provide both iwi and tāngata the opportunity to create a synergistic relationship of communicating. Assisting iwi to develop and implement a strategy for relevant communication, and iwi members engaging in a dialogue with iwi about relevance of communication is critical in strengthening ties between iwi and future generations regardless of location. “He aha te mea nui, he tangata, he tangata.”

year: 2019

title: Deterring birds from baits by manipulating colour and odour

authors: Hartley, Lynette J.

abstract: Poisonous baits are used extensively in New Zealand to control introduced mammalian pest species particularly brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and rats (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, R. exulans). This thesis examined bait characteristics that could be manipulated to make poisonous baits less attractive to native birds. The first characteristic examined was colour as the appearance of foods was believed to be important to foraging birds. The target mammalian species may be more attentive when foraging to other aspects of food such as taste and smell. A six colour choice method for testing colour preference in birds was developed using chickens (Gallus domesticus). The procedure involved testing birds individually, on six occasions, with novel food of six different colours presented simultaneously. All three species of birds tested; captive New Zealand weka (Gallirallus australis), wild New Zealand robins (Petroica australis), and free range domestic chickens showed similar colour preferences. The red and yellow novel food was preferred to the blue novel food. Baits in New Zealand are currently dyed green to deter birds but this study suggested blue may be a more effective deterrent.

There was considerable individual variability in colour preference suggesting one colour is not likely to deter all birds in a population from poisonous baits. Both weka and chickens showed a pattern of increasing consumption from test to test and the implications of this behaviour pattern are discussed in terms of poisonous bait consumption.

Free range chickens were used to investigate whether chickens avoided some shades of blue more than others but no preferences were detected. The relative luminance of the colours offered to the chickens was calculated, however, and there was an indication that chickens preferred lighter rather than darker colours. I would suggest, therefore, that light coloured poisonous baits should not be used.

It was suggested that natural predator-prey systems may provide useful concepts for the design of bird deterrents. Many toxic insects have a combination of several conspicuous characteristics, all of which assault different senses at the same time. I investigated combinations of colour, novelty and methyl pyrazine, an odour used by toxic insects to deter birds. Wild robins were not deterred from familiar food by methyl pyrazine odour and the addition of methyl pyrazine did not alter chickens’ colour preferences or their consumption of novel food. Pyrazine, however, was very effective in deterring captive weka from red and blue novel food. The weka ate very little of either colour when it was associated with pyrazine odour.

The combination of pyrazine and blue, which was effective in captivity, was tested in the field using real (non toxic) baits. Consumption over six days was compared with that of the green-coloured, cinnamon-flavoured, baits commonly used in poisoning operations. Fewer of the blue-pyrazine baits were eaten on the first day and there was an indication that consumption of blue-pyrazine baits was lower overall. Methyl pyrazine may be useful in deterring birds from poisonous baits and is certainly worthy of more investigation.

text: Deterring birds from baits by manipulating colour and odour Poisonous baits are used extensively in New Zealand to control introduced mammalian pest species particularly brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and rats (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, R. exulans). This thesis examined bait characteristics that could be manipulated to make poisonous baits less attractive to native birds. The first characteristic examined was colour as the appearance of foods was believed to be important to foraging birds. The target mammalian species may be more attentive when foraging to other aspects of food such as taste and smell. A six colour choice method for testing colour preference in birds was developed using chickens (Gallus domesticus). The procedure involved testing birds individually, on six occasions, with novel food of six different colours presented simultaneously. All three species of birds tested; captive New Zealand weka (Gallirallus australis), wild New Zealand robins (Petroica australis), and free range domestic chickens showed similar colour preferences. The red and yellow novel food was preferred to the blue novel food. Baits in New Zealand are currently dyed green to deter birds but this study suggested blue may be a more effective deterrent.

There was considerable individual variability in colour preference suggesting one colour is not likely to deter all birds in a population from poisonous baits. Both weka and chickens showed a pattern of increasing consumption from test to test and the implications of this behaviour pattern are discussed in terms of poisonous bait consumption.

Free range chickens were used to investigate whether chickens avoided some shades of blue more than others but no preferences were detected. The relative luminance of the colours offered to the chickens was calculated, however, and there was an indication that chickens preferred lighter rather than darker colours. I would suggest, therefore, that light coloured poisonous baits should not be used.

It was suggested that natural predator-prey systems may provide useful concepts for the design of bird deterrents. Many toxic insects have a combination of several conspicuous characteristics, all of which assault different senses at the same time. I investigated combinations of colour, novelty and methyl pyrazine, an odour used by toxic insects to deter birds. Wild robins were not deterred from familiar food by methyl pyrazine odour and the addition of methyl pyrazine did not alter chickens’ colour preferences or their consumption of novel food. Pyrazine, however, was very effective in deterring captive weka from red and blue novel food. The weka ate very little of either colour when it was associated with pyrazine odour.

The combination of pyrazine and blue, which was effective in captivity, was tested in the field using real (non toxic) baits. Consumption over six days was compared with that of the green-coloured, cinnamon-flavoured, baits commonly used in poisoning operations. Fewer of the blue-pyrazine baits were eaten on the first day and there was an indication that consumption of blue-pyrazine baits was lower overall. Methyl pyrazine may be useful in deterring birds from poisonous baits and is certainly worthy of more investigation.

year: 1999