title: Foresight in hindsight: Visions of the future from Julius Vogel, Āpirana Ngata, Truby King, and Ettie Rout, 1889-1923

authors: Lemberg, Nicola Johanna

subjects: history

abstract: This thesis examines seven future-focused texts authored by four New Zealanders: Julius Vogel, Āpirana Ngata, Truby King, and Ettie Rout. ‘The future’ is a neglected lens for historical research and this thesis explores the value of such an approach, using New Zealand society from the 1880s and to the 1920s as a case study. A methodological combination of textual analysis, biography, and historical contexts, including consideration of print culture, allows for nuanced examination of depictions of the future, and suggests such connections are vital to fully understanding histories of the future. This research serves as a framework to inform further exploration of historical future imaginings, either in New Zealand or in other geographic or temporal contexts.

From Vogel’s novel Anno Domini 2000 (1889) to Ngata’s 1892 essay The Past and Future of the Maori to King’s and Rout’s twentieth-century guidebooks on the care of babies and the use of contraception, the four authors utilize various textual forms to communicate their imagined future, and commonly frame their ideas within concepts of utopia and dystopia. This thesis compares the futures depicted by male and female authors, and those emerging from Māori and Pākehā cultural contexts. It examines futures envisioned by politicians, community leaders, and ostracized individuals. Shaped by preoccupations with empire, gender, and identity, these future-focused texts highlight relationships between national and global spaces. This in turn allows for a fresh exploration of New Zealand’s past, and especially the country’s colonial histories.

text: Foresight in hindsight: Visions of the future from Julius Vogel, Āpirana Ngata, Truby King, and Ettie Rout, 1889-1923 This thesis examines seven future-focused texts authored by four New Zealanders: Julius Vogel, Āpirana Ngata, Truby King, and Ettie Rout. ‘The future’ is a neglected lens for historical research and this thesis explores the value of such an approach, using New Zealand society from the 1880s and to the 1920s as a case study. A methodological combination of textual analysis, biography, and historical contexts, including consideration of print culture, allows for nuanced examination of depictions of the future, and suggests such connections are vital to fully understanding histories of the future. This research serves as a framework to inform further exploration of historical future imaginings, either in New Zealand or in other geographic or temporal contexts.

From Vogel’s novel Anno Domini 2000 (1889) to Ngata’s 1892 essay The Past and Future of the Maori to King’s and Rout’s twentieth-century guidebooks on the care of babies and the use of contraception, the four authors utilize various textual forms to communicate their imagined future, and commonly frame their ideas within concepts of utopia and dystopia. This thesis compares the futures depicted by male and female authors, and those emerging from Māori and Pākehā cultural contexts. It examines futures envisioned by politicians, community leaders, and ostracized individuals. Shaped by preoccupations with empire, gender, and identity, these future-focused texts highlight relationships between national and global spaces. This in turn allows for a fresh exploration of New Zealand’s past, and especially the country’s colonial histories.

year: 2024

title: A Mana Wahine inquiry into indigenous governance

authors: Toi, Sharon Marjorie

subjects: Mana Wahine

abstract: This thesis investigates the question “How can indigenous women reinvigorate their role in tribal governance structures when many such structures continue to reinforce gendered colonial constructs within which women are marginalised?”  It is noted that contemporary tribal governance structures are often considered a site within which indigenous peoples can express cultural identity, however, when indigenous women are clearly under-represented in positions of power within those structures, this thesis questions why this situation continues. 
First, the thesis seeks to address the broad historical context within which indigenous women were subjected to colonial constructs of legislation, paternalistic government policies and the mechanisms of a euro-western court system policy. It is against this backdrop that comparisons are drawn that take into account the historical relationships between Māori, First Nations, Aboriginal, and Native American women and their respective colonising governments which bear alarming similarities in terms of the subjugation of these populations of women through colonisation. The significance of this historical-comparative lens is to illustrate how the status of women became seriously eroded within indigenous societies from traditional through to modern times. Consequently, this thesis goes on to explore the contemporary socio-political status of indigenous women as a result of their colonised history. 
From this broad historical context, the thesis narrows its view to examine commonalities and differences in relation to Māori and Native American women's experiences of tribal governance as tribal leaders and women of cultural significance and influence. The thesis changes tack to reflect the specific research intent of my Fulbright scholar experience to the University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona. Narrowing the focus of the research allowed me to analyse in more detail, beneficial comparisons of what was working for women tribal leaders under the auspices of the largely successful Native Nations Institute, Indigenous Governance Programme, in comparison to Māori women in tribal governance in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Importantly, this research synergises indigenous women’s shared knowledge in the reinvigoration of traditional tribal governance structures. The objective being to establish a body of knowledge that gives strength to a collective indigenous women's experience of governance from which normative propositions of indigenous governance based on western concepts can be examined, challenged and potentially transformed.  
It is noted that indigenous women have been included as essential decision-makers and leaders in traditional tribal governance systems; however, contemporary indigenous governance models do little to reflect this. The impact is that for indigenous women, tribal institutions and structures can themselves embed and reflect western colonial and patriarchal ideologies. Through our colonial experiences, indigenous peoples have inherited an oppressive gender legacy entrenched in policy and legislation that is socially constructed and instructed. To survive, indigenous women have to engage, challenge, resist and mitigate gendered spaces. This research highlights the extent to which indigenous women’s ways of leading or governing continue to be circumscribed in the on-going process of colonisation. Colonialism was a gendered process, and consequently, this thesis draws upon indigenous Feminist, Kaupapa Maori and Mana Wahine (Māori women’s) theoretical frameworks to analyse the complex ways that intersecting discourses of colonialism, race, gender and power continue to marginalise indigenous women within tribal governance. Indigenous Feminist theory also provides a framework for contextualising how First Nations, Aboriginal and Native American/American Indian women speak to these issues.  Importantly, how indigenous women are engaging in decolonising methodologies that impact the colonised practices, ways and attitudes they have or are currently experiencing in tribal governance, are also revealed.
Lastly, this thesis contributes to legal scholarship by contextualising the specific challenges of tribal governance for indigenous women. It addresses this by situating women’s experiences and ways of ‘being and doing’ within the micro tribal governance context while taking account of the macro realities of tribal governance politically, socially and more importantly, culturally.

text: A Mana Wahine inquiry into indigenous governance This thesis investigates the question “How can indigenous women reinvigorate their role in tribal governance structures when many such structures continue to reinforce gendered colonial constructs within which women are marginalised?”  It is noted that contemporary tribal governance structures are often considered a site within which indigenous peoples can express cultural identity, however, when indigenous women are clearly under-represented in positions of power within those structures, this thesis questions why this situation continues. 
First, the thesis seeks to address the broad historical context within which indigenous women were subjected to colonial constructs of legislation, paternalistic government policies and the mechanisms of a euro-western court system policy. It is against this backdrop that comparisons are drawn that take into account the historical relationships between Māori, First Nations, Aboriginal, and Native American women and their respective colonising governments which bear alarming similarities in terms of the subjugation of these populations of women through colonisation. The significance of this historical-comparative lens is to illustrate how the status of women became seriously eroded within indigenous societies from traditional through to modern times. Consequently, this thesis goes on to explore the contemporary socio-political status of indigenous women as a result of their colonised history. 
From this broad historical context, the thesis narrows its view to examine commonalities and differences in relation to Māori and Native American women's experiences of tribal governance as tribal leaders and women of cultural significance and influence. The thesis changes tack to reflect the specific research intent of my Fulbright scholar experience to the University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona. Narrowing the focus of the research allowed me to analyse in more detail, beneficial comparisons of what was working for women tribal leaders under the auspices of the largely successful Native Nations Institute, Indigenous Governance Programme, in comparison to Māori women in tribal governance in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Importantly, this research synergises indigenous women’s shared knowledge in the reinvigoration of traditional tribal governance structures. The objective being to establish a body of knowledge that gives strength to a collective indigenous women's experience of governance from which normative propositions of indigenous governance based on western concepts can be examined, challenged and potentially transformed.  
It is noted that indigenous women have been included as essential decision-makers and leaders in traditional tribal governance systems; however, contemporary indigenous governance models do little to reflect this. The impact is that for indigenous women, tribal institutions and structures can themselves embed and reflect western colonial and patriarchal ideologies. Through our colonial experiences, indigenous peoples have inherited an oppressive gender legacy entrenched in policy and legislation that is socially constructed and instructed. To survive, indigenous women have to engage, challenge, resist and mitigate gendered spaces. This research highlights the extent to which indigenous women’s ways of leading or governing continue to be circumscribed in the on-going process of colonisation. Colonialism was a gendered process, and consequently, this thesis draws upon indigenous Feminist, Kaupapa Maori and Mana Wahine (Māori women’s) theoretical frameworks to analyse the complex ways that intersecting discourses of colonialism, race, gender and power continue to marginalise indigenous women within tribal governance. Indigenous Feminist theory also provides a framework for contextualising how First Nations, Aboriginal and Native American/American Indian women speak to these issues.  Importantly, how indigenous women are engaging in decolonising methodologies that impact the colonised practices, ways and attitudes they have or are currently experiencing in tribal governance, are also revealed.
Lastly, this thesis contributes to legal scholarship by contextualising the specific challenges of tribal governance for indigenous women. It addresses this by situating women’s experiences and ways of ‘being and doing’ within the micro tribal governance context while taking account of the macro realities of tribal governance politically, socially and more importantly, culturally.

year: 2019

title: Settling of Bentonite Particles in Gelatin Solutions for Stickwater Treatment

authors: Shamsuddin, Rashid M.

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: The settling of calcium and sodium bentonite coated with adsorbed protein from gelatin solutions was investigated across pH 3 to 9. The particle settling or sedimentation was achieved at acidic environment regardless of the amount of protein adsorbed by the particles. The settling is attributed to the formation of “house of cards” structure by bentonite platelets and it is strongly influenced by solution pH. The collapse of this formation resulted in floc formation or particle suspension where no settling can be observed. Few possible settling mechanisms were proposed based on the charge balance and interactions between bentonite platelets and protein molecules in the system. The findings are intended for treatment of gelatin-rich stickwater (meat rendering waste water) using bentonite as low-cost adsorbent. Integrating adsorption and settling into one unit operation has multiple benefits; reducing BOD by removing the proteins and bentonite is directly modified with organics and can be recovered via gravity settling for composite additive application.

text: Settling of Bentonite Particles in Gelatin Solutions for Stickwater Treatment The settling of calcium and sodium bentonite coated with adsorbed protein from gelatin solutions was investigated across pH 3 to 9. The particle settling or sedimentation was achieved at acidic environment regardless of the amount of protein adsorbed by the particles. The settling is attributed to the formation of “house of cards” structure by bentonite platelets and it is strongly influenced by solution pH. The collapse of this formation resulted in floc formation or particle suspension where no settling can be observed. Few possible settling mechanisms were proposed based on the charge balance and interactions between bentonite platelets and protein molecules in the system. The findings are intended for treatment of gelatin-rich stickwater (meat rendering waste water) using bentonite as low-cost adsorbent. Integrating adsorption and settling into one unit operation has multiple benefits; reducing BOD by removing the proteins and bentonite is directly modified with organics and can be recovered via gravity settling for composite additive application.

year: 2016