title: Total site utility systems optimisation for milk powder production

authors: Walmsley, Timothy Gordon

abstract: This study applies the Total Site Heat Integration method, in conjunction with a detailed process and utility model, to investigate three methods to increase the energy efficiency of the utility supply system for milk powder production. Sequentially explored opportunities are: (1) increasing boiler efficiency through condensing economisers, (2) waste heat recovery from the chiller unit, and (3) Combined Heat and Power (CHP) for electricity production. The basis for the analysis is the anticipated future milk powder process design, which incorporates results from recent studies that have focused on improving the process design and integration of the heat treatment and evaporator systems and recovering heat from the spray dryer exhaust, which show a combined specific fuel consumption reduction of 29.6 % and a relatively small increase in electricity use of 4.5 %. To maximise boiler efficiency, the study concludes that a condensing economiser for the flue gas can be indirectly matched with heating fluidised bed air flows through the boiler condensate system, which results in specific fuel use reduction of 227 MJ/tp. Chiller waste heat can be upgraded and integrated as a heat source to replace the equivalent specific fuel use of 101 MJ/tp through integration with the site low temperature hot water loop. By designing the steam system to maximise electricity generation in a new turbine, results show that 51 % of the site’s electricity demand may be satisfied by CHP. The combined effect of implementing these three utility systems opportunities is a specific fuel use of 3,868 MJ/tₚ, of which 530 MJ/tₚ result from electricity production, and a specific grid electricity demand of 113.4 kWh/tₚ.

text: Total site utility systems optimisation for milk powder production This study applies the Total Site Heat Integration method, in conjunction with a detailed process and utility model, to investigate three methods to increase the energy efficiency of the utility supply system for milk powder production. Sequentially explored opportunities are: (1) increasing boiler efficiency through condensing economisers, (2) waste heat recovery from the chiller unit, and (3) Combined Heat and Power (CHP) for electricity production. The basis for the analysis is the anticipated future milk powder process design, which incorporates results from recent studies that have focused on improving the process design and integration of the heat treatment and evaporator systems and recovering heat from the spray dryer exhaust, which show a combined specific fuel consumption reduction of 29.6 % and a relatively small increase in electricity use of 4.5 %. To maximise boiler efficiency, the study concludes that a condensing economiser for the flue gas can be indirectly matched with heating fluidised bed air flows through the boiler condensate system, which results in specific fuel use reduction of 227 MJ/tp. Chiller waste heat can be upgraded and integrated as a heat source to replace the equivalent specific fuel use of 101 MJ/tp through integration with the site low temperature hot water loop. By designing the steam system to maximise electricity generation in a new turbine, results show that 51 % of the site’s electricity demand may be satisfied by CHP. The combined effect of implementing these three utility systems opportunities is a specific fuel use of 3,868 MJ/tₚ, of which 530 MJ/tₚ result from electricity production, and a specific grid electricity demand of 113.4 kWh/tₚ.

year: 2016

title: “High 5!” Strategies to enhance comprehension of expository text

authors: Dymock, Susan

subjects: education

abstract: This article reviews theoretical and research evidence to support the explicit and systematic teaching of five comprehension strategies that will help all students tackle expository texts with success. The article explains the “High 5!” strategies and how to teach them. An example of a lesson is included to show how the five strategies connect with students' background knowledge to enhance comprehension.

text: “High 5!” Strategies to enhance comprehension of expository text This article reviews theoretical and research evidence to support the explicit and systematic teaching of five comprehension strategies that will help all students tackle expository texts with success. The article explains the “High 5!” strategies and how to teach them. An example of a lesson is included to show how the five strategies connect with students' background knowledge to enhance comprehension.

year: 2010

title: The art of dialogue with indigenous communities in the new biotechnology world

authors: Hudson, Maui

subjects: biotechnology

abstract: Te Hau Mihi Ata is a research project that aims to negotiate spaces for and develop processes of dialogue that allow for a deeper level of interaction between mtauranga Māori (Māori indigenous knowledge) and science. Over a two-year period a series of facilitated exchanges or wnanga were held focusing on areas of new technology (assisted reproductive technologies, life technologies, and future food technologies) that involved Māori scientists and people with expertise in mtauranga Māori. These dialogue events were designed to explore, through the challenge of considering new biotechnologies, the similarities and differences that emerge from approaching these issues from different knowledge paradigms. This paper will outline the key project findings from this series of exchanges including the barriers and facilitators to the dialogue process and knowledge exchange as well as discuss how participants created connections between scientific discourse and indigenous knowledge frameworks.

text: The art of dialogue with indigenous communities in the new biotechnology world Te Hau Mihi Ata is a research project that aims to negotiate spaces for and develop processes of dialogue that allow for a deeper level of interaction between mtauranga Māori (Māori indigenous knowledge) and science. Over a two-year period a series of facilitated exchanges or wnanga were held focusing on areas of new technology (assisted reproductive technologies, life technologies, and future food technologies) that involved Māori scientists and people with expertise in mtauranga Māori. These dialogue events were designed to explore, through the challenge of considering new biotechnologies, the similarities and differences that emerge from approaching these issues from different knowledge paradigms. This paper will outline the key project findings from this series of exchanges including the barriers and facilitators to the dialogue process and knowledge exchange as well as discuss how participants created connections between scientific discourse and indigenous knowledge frameworks.

year: 2012