title: Scamper: a scalable and extensible packet prober for active measurement of the internet

authors: Luckie, Matthew John

subjects: computer science

abstract: Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD) is widely believed to be unreliable because of firewalls that discard ICMP “Packet Too Big”messages. This paper measures PMTUD behaviour for 50,000 popular websites and finds the failure rate in IPv4 is much less than previous studies. We measure the overall failure rate between 5% and 18%, depending on the MTU of the constraining link. We explore methods webserver operators are using to reduce their dependence on PMTUD, and find 11% limit themselves to sending packets no larger than 1380 bytes. We identify a number of common behaviours that seem to be software bugs rather than filtering by firewalls. If these are corrected PMTUD failures could be reduced by 63%. We further find the IPv6 failure rate is less than the IPv4 rate even with more scope for failure in IPv6.

text: Scamper: a scalable and extensible packet prober for active measurement of the internet Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD) is widely believed to be unreliable because of firewalls that discard ICMP “Packet Too Big”messages. This paper measures PMTUD behaviour for 50,000 popular websites and finds the failure rate in IPv4 is much less than previous studies. We measure the overall failure rate between 5% and 18%, depending on the MTU of the constraining link. We explore methods webserver operators are using to reduce their dependence on PMTUD, and find 11% limit themselves to sending packets no larger than 1380 bytes. We identify a number of common behaviours that seem to be software bugs rather than filtering by firewalls. If these are corrected PMTUD failures could be reduced by 63%. We further find the IPv6 failure rate is less than the IPv4 rate even with more scope for failure in IPv6.

year: 2010

title: The demographic forces shaping New Zealand’s future. What population ageing [really] means

authors: Jackson, Natalie

subjects: demography

abstract: This paper outlines the key demographic forces shaping New Zealand’s future. It ranges broadly across birth rates, life expectancy and migration to show how this converging demography will result in a regionally-disparate future. It identifies a migration-driven bite in New Zealand’s age structure across the young adult ages that is pronounced in non-urban areas, and argues that while rural regions have long lost young adults and sun-belt regions gained older, what differs is that this phenomenon is now occurring alongside population ageing, rendering such age structures no longer conducive to growth. The converging trends will not only make responding to baby boomer retirement more difficult but will increase competition for workers and push up labour and consumption costs. With the exception of larger urban areas and some retirement zones, it shows that sub national growth in much of New Zealand has already ended and that this scenario will continue to unfold until zero growth or population decline embraces all but the major urban areas. This is despite a national growth rate which is currently near equal the annual global growth rate. The paper posits that it is time to re-evaluate the question ‘when does population growth ‘end’?’

text: The demographic forces shaping New Zealand’s future. What population ageing [really] means This paper outlines the key demographic forces shaping New Zealand’s future. It ranges broadly across birth rates, life expectancy and migration to show how this converging demography will result in a regionally-disparate future. It identifies a migration-driven bite in New Zealand’s age structure across the young adult ages that is pronounced in non-urban areas, and argues that while rural regions have long lost young adults and sun-belt regions gained older, what differs is that this phenomenon is now occurring alongside population ageing, rendering such age structures no longer conducive to growth. The converging trends will not only make responding to baby boomer retirement more difficult but will increase competition for workers and push up labour and consumption costs. With the exception of larger urban areas and some retirement zones, it shows that sub national growth in much of New Zealand has already ended and that this scenario will continue to unfold until zero growth or population decline embraces all but the major urban areas. This is despite a national growth rate which is currently near equal the annual global growth rate. The paper posits that it is time to re-evaluate the question ‘when does population growth ‘end’?’

year: 2011-05

title: Neoliberalism and racism in Aotearoa

authors: Rew, Nathan

abstract: Webinar Toru will engage with issues of racism, neoliberalism and what Graham Hingangaroa Smith has called ‘New Formations of Colonisation’. This webinar will provide an overview of neoliberalism and racism and how they intersect and impact upon Māori, Pacific Nations and ethnic minority groups in Aotearoa.

text: Neoliberalism and racism in Aotearoa Webinar Toru will engage with issues of racism, neoliberalism and what Graham Hingangaroa Smith has called ‘New Formations of Colonisation’. This webinar will provide an overview of neoliberalism and racism and how they intersect and impact upon Māori, Pacific Nations and ethnic minority groups in Aotearoa.

year: 2025