title: Shoreline changes for southeastern Matakana Island (Panepane Point) following capital dredging (2015-16)

authors: de Lange, Willem P.

abstract: Surveys of the mean high water mark before and after the capital dredging of 2015/16 indicate minor shoreline fluctuations on the open coast of Matakana Island that are consistent with normal variations. The largest change has occurred at the Panepane Point spit tip, which eroded by ˜20 m between August 2015 and October 2016. This is most likely due to the changed alignment of the channels approaching the narrowest section of the tidal inlet, and is consistent with the predicted impacts in the Assessment of Environmental Impacts. Panepane Point is not expected to continue to erode further with the current channel alignment. The patterns of erosion and accretion observed for the ebb tidal delta (Matakana Banks) since the dredging are consistent with those reported before dredging, and are associated with the migration of swash bars over the swash platform of the delta in response to normal variations in wave and tidal currents. These is some evidence to suggest that the ebb tidal delta is starting to extend further offshore. The observed changes do not indicate that the ebb tidal delta is undergoing collapse following dredging. The patterns of erosion and accretion observed in the Lower Western Channel are consistent with channel migrations observed in the past, superimposed on continuing shoaling of the ebb shield of the flood tidal delta (Centre Bank). The contribution of dredging to this behaviour is currently being investigated.

text: Shoreline changes for southeastern Matakana Island (Panepane Point) following capital dredging (2015-16) Surveys of the mean high water mark before and after the capital dredging of 2015/16 indicate minor shoreline fluctuations on the open coast of Matakana Island that are consistent with normal variations. The largest change has occurred at the Panepane Point spit tip, which eroded by ˜20 m between August 2015 and October 2016. This is most likely due to the changed alignment of the channels approaching the narrowest section of the tidal inlet, and is consistent with the predicted impacts in the Assessment of Environmental Impacts. Panepane Point is not expected to continue to erode further with the current channel alignment. The patterns of erosion and accretion observed for the ebb tidal delta (Matakana Banks) since the dredging are consistent with those reported before dredging, and are associated with the migration of swash bars over the swash platform of the delta in response to normal variations in wave and tidal currents. These is some evidence to suggest that the ebb tidal delta is starting to extend further offshore. The observed changes do not indicate that the ebb tidal delta is undergoing collapse following dredging. The patterns of erosion and accretion observed in the Lower Western Channel are consistent with channel migrations observed in the past, superimposed on continuing shoaling of the ebb shield of the flood tidal delta (Centre Bank). The contribution of dredging to this behaviour is currently being investigated.

year: 2017

title: The plastic problem: Stormwater's role in polluting Lake Rotorua

authors: Kerebs, Aria

subjects: macroplastic

abstract: With the ever-increasing rate of plastic production, pollution of the aquatic environment is worsening. While microplastics (<5 mm), and marine plastic pollution are well studied, less is known about large plastic and its fate in freshwater systems. Large plastics include mesoplastics (5 mm – 2.5 cm) and macroplastics (>2.5 cm). This study aims to provide a baseline quantification of large plastics entering Lake Rotorua, focusing on the Rotorua city urban stormwater streams which are a known source of plastic entering the lake. A five-month sampling campaign collected large plastics from seven 50 m stream reaches across Rotorua city, including four sites along the longitudinal gradient of the Utuhina Stream (Headwater, Devon, Blomfield, and Depot Street sites) and three stream mouth sites (Waingaehe, Owhata Point, and Waiowhiro Stream). Sampled plastics were visually classified by polymer type to determine what plastics have been entering the lake, this was done using the New Zealand recycling and polymer guidelines. Results of the field campaign and plastic polymer classification were coupled with a systematic literature review of in situ plastic capturing devices and community initiatives to inform potential plastic reduction management options for Rotorua city. Devices were assessed against tailored suitability criteria (including Rotorua stormwater stream specific variables like channel depth and narrowness). The monthly sampling captured a total of nearly 6 kg of plastic, 30.2% (51 of 169 collected samples) of which was recyclable plastics (polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP)). From the literature review, booms and boom-receptacles were the best suited devices for Rotorua streams; however, they are best paired with stormwater traps to increase effectiveness. Additionally, education on recycling procedures and the plastic lifecycle, increasing awareness, and implementation of community-led initiatives are management strategies that are best coupled with in-situ devices. The findings from this study provide a foundational understanding of large plastic in the Rotorua urban stormwater system.

text: The plastic problem: Stormwater's role in polluting Lake Rotorua With the ever-increasing rate of plastic production, pollution of the aquatic environment is worsening. While microplastics (<5 mm), and marine plastic pollution are well studied, less is known about large plastic and its fate in freshwater systems. Large plastics include mesoplastics (5 mm – 2.5 cm) and macroplastics (>2.5 cm). This study aims to provide a baseline quantification of large plastics entering Lake Rotorua, focusing on the Rotorua city urban stormwater streams which are a known source of plastic entering the lake. A five-month sampling campaign collected large plastics from seven 50 m stream reaches across Rotorua city, including four sites along the longitudinal gradient of the Utuhina Stream (Headwater, Devon, Blomfield, and Depot Street sites) and three stream mouth sites (Waingaehe, Owhata Point, and Waiowhiro Stream). Sampled plastics were visually classified by polymer type to determine what plastics have been entering the lake, this was done using the New Zealand recycling and polymer guidelines. Results of the field campaign and plastic polymer classification were coupled with a systematic literature review of in situ plastic capturing devices and community initiatives to inform potential plastic reduction management options for Rotorua city. Devices were assessed against tailored suitability criteria (including Rotorua stormwater stream specific variables like channel depth and narrowness). The monthly sampling captured a total of nearly 6 kg of plastic, 30.2% (51 of 169 collected samples) of which was recyclable plastics (polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP)). From the literature review, booms and boom-receptacles were the best suited devices for Rotorua streams; however, they are best paired with stormwater traps to increase effectiveness. Additionally, education on recycling procedures and the plastic lifecycle, increasing awareness, and implementation of community-led initiatives are management strategies that are best coupled with in-situ devices. The findings from this study provide a foundational understanding of large plastic in the Rotorua urban stormwater system.

year: 2025

title: The appropriate use of Te Reo Maori in the names of new species discovered in Aotearoa New Zealand

authors: Papa, Judy Wiki

subjects: Te Reo Maori

abstract: Language is the key to understanding
Ko te reo te taikura o te whakaao-mārama
In this thesis I investigate the naming of new species that are being discovered in and around the waters of the coastline, across the vast landscape and in remote areas of Aotearoa New Zealand. These native species often endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand are often named with no reference to the native landscape and wear names that pay homage to or represent ancestors and traditions of another culture.   Few of these species have been given scientific names that include Te Reo Māori and this study sought to explore why this was the case and how Te Reo Māori should be included in these names.
This study investigated the background, methods and the knowledge associated with matauranga Māori and scientific naming protocols and how these could be incorporated into the naming of new species of Aotearoa New Zealand.  Data were gathered from historical manuscripts that mention naming or classification of species in Aotearoa New Zealand, literature about classification, and eight interviews with people knowledgeable in the Māori and western scientific naming traditions of nomenclature and classification.  The interview data was transcribed and analysed using these themes drawn both from the literature and the data.  The study considered the rightful place of Māori knowledge and western scientific systems of naming new species, including the appropriate use of Te Reo Māori in a uniquely Aotearoa New Zealand way.
My findings indicate that the practice of naming species in Aotearoa New Zealand by scientists is governed by international protocols and that any incorporation of Te Reo Māori varied, and this variation depended on individual researchers that have developed their own method of using Te Reo Māori in the names of new species.  The findings indicate however that Te Reo Māori is of utmost importance to a Māori cultural context and must be used appropriately for the benefit of future generations of Māori.  
In my conclusions I acknowledge the two systems of biological classification and matauranga Māori and their historical importance in the classification of species in Aotearoa New Zealand and on the international stage.  I also recommend a set of guidelines derived from the research findings on the appropriate use of Te Reo Māori in naming new species.

text: The appropriate use of Te Reo Maori in the names of new species discovered in Aotearoa New Zealand Language is the key to understanding
Ko te reo te taikura o te whakaao-mārama
In this thesis I investigate the naming of new species that are being discovered in and around the waters of the coastline, across the vast landscape and in remote areas of Aotearoa New Zealand. These native species often endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand are often named with no reference to the native landscape and wear names that pay homage to or represent ancestors and traditions of another culture.   Few of these species have been given scientific names that include Te Reo Māori and this study sought to explore why this was the case and how Te Reo Māori should be included in these names.
This study investigated the background, methods and the knowledge associated with matauranga Māori and scientific naming protocols and how these could be incorporated into the naming of new species of Aotearoa New Zealand.  Data were gathered from historical manuscripts that mention naming or classification of species in Aotearoa New Zealand, literature about classification, and eight interviews with people knowledgeable in the Māori and western scientific naming traditions of nomenclature and classification.  The interview data was transcribed and analysed using these themes drawn both from the literature and the data.  The study considered the rightful place of Māori knowledge and western scientific systems of naming new species, including the appropriate use of Te Reo Māori in a uniquely Aotearoa New Zealand way.
My findings indicate that the practice of naming species in Aotearoa New Zealand by scientists is governed by international protocols and that any incorporation of Te Reo Māori varied, and this variation depended on individual researchers that have developed their own method of using Te Reo Māori in the names of new species.  The findings indicate however that Te Reo Māori is of utmost importance to a Māori cultural context and must be used appropriately for the benefit of future generations of Māori.  
In my conclusions I acknowledge the two systems of biological classification and matauranga Māori and their historical importance in the classification of species in Aotearoa New Zealand and on the international stage.  I also recommend a set of guidelines derived from the research findings on the appropriate use of Te Reo Māori in naming new species.

year: 2012