title: 'Soldiers and Shirkers': An Analysis of the Dominant Ideas of Service and Conscientious Objection in New Zealand During the Great War.

authors: Loveridge, Steven

subjects: First World War New Zealand

abstract: During the First World War, ideas of duty and sacrifice were a dominant
characteristic of public discourse in New Zealand. Specifically, concern centred on a
perceived inequality of sacrifice, which saw brave soldiers die on the front lines,
whilst other men remained on the home front, apparently avoiding duty. This thesis
charts the prevailing and powerful ideas that circulated during wartime New Zealand
around these two stereotypes; on the one hand there was the soldier, the ideal of
service and duty; on the other, the conscientious objector, a target for the derogatory
label of 'shirker'.
While there are a few select critical works which examine the experiences of New
Zealand World War One conscientious objectors, such We Will Not Cease (1939) and
Armageddon or Calvary (1919), there is a near complete absence of studies which
examine the home front and ask how conscientious objectors were perceived and
consequently judged as they were. It is the contention of this thesis that ideas around
the soldier and the 'shirker' were interrelated stereotypes and that both images
emerged from the process of mass mobilisation; a highly organised war effort which
was largely dependent for its success upon the cooperation of wider civilian society.
In sum, the thesis examines and analyses the ideas within mainstream New Zealand
society as they appeared in public sources (notably newspapers, cartoons and
government publications), and in doing so, tracks how social mores and views
towards duty, sacrifice and service were played out at a time of national and
international crisis.

text: 'Soldiers and Shirkers': An Analysis of the Dominant Ideas of Service and Conscientious Objection in New Zealand During the Great War. During the First World War, ideas of duty and sacrifice were a dominant
characteristic of public discourse in New Zealand. Specifically, concern centred on a
perceived inequality of sacrifice, which saw brave soldiers die on the front lines,
whilst other men remained on the home front, apparently avoiding duty. This thesis
charts the prevailing and powerful ideas that circulated during wartime New Zealand
around these two stereotypes; on the one hand there was the soldier, the ideal of
service and duty; on the other, the conscientious objector, a target for the derogatory
label of 'shirker'.
While there are a few select critical works which examine the experiences of New
Zealand World War One conscientious objectors, such We Will Not Cease (1939) and
Armageddon or Calvary (1919), there is a near complete absence of studies which
examine the home front and ask how conscientious objectors were perceived and
consequently judged as they were. It is the contention of this thesis that ideas around
the soldier and the 'shirker' were interrelated stereotypes and that both images
emerged from the process of mass mobilisation; a highly organised war effort which
was largely dependent for its success upon the cooperation of wider civilian society.
In sum, the thesis examines and analyses the ideas within mainstream New Zealand
society as they appeared in public sources (notably newspapers, cartoons and
government publications), and in doing so, tracks how social mores and views
towards duty, sacrifice and service were played out at a time of national and
international crisis.

year: 2009

title: Audit committees and internal auditors: Using LMX for relationship analysis

authors: Osman, Mohammad Noor Hisham

subjects: accounting

abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretically-informed meaning for the ‘quality of the audit committee-internal auditor relationship’ construct and to provide a new instrument for its measure. Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX theory) is widely accepted in the management communication and management literature as one which can be used to explain the development of a leader-member relationship and the quality of such a relationship. The analysis will be grounded in the LMX literature, and in understanding of the relationship between the audit committee and internal auditors. This paper is a contribution to the literature as such application of LMX is a newly theorised initiative to enable researchers to improve our understandings of this important corporate relationship. The output of this analysis can be used for research which evaluates the quality of the audit committee-internal auditor relationship (AC-IA relationship).

text: Audit committees and internal auditors: Using LMX for relationship analysis The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretically-informed meaning for the ‘quality of the audit committee-internal auditor relationship’ construct and to provide a new instrument for its measure. Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX theory) is widely accepted in the management communication and management literature as one which can be used to explain the development of a leader-member relationship and the quality of such a relationship. The analysis will be grounded in the LMX literature, and in understanding of the relationship between the audit committee and internal auditors. This paper is a contribution to the literature as such application of LMX is a newly theorised initiative to enable researchers to improve our understandings of this important corporate relationship. The output of this analysis can be used for research which evaluates the quality of the audit committee-internal auditor relationship (AC-IA relationship).

year: 2008-04

title: Keepa Te Wharau: a Ngati Rahiri rangatira

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Keepa Te Wharau’s whakapapa linked him, unusually, to both Ngati Maru and Ngati Haua. Through these connections he was associated with the Te Aroha district from an early age, visiting it on several occasions and even cultivating there, briefly. When the block was before the land court he gave evidence – though his evidence in a later succession case was clearly wrong, deliberately so. Having interests in several blocks of land, he falsely claimed not to have received money for the Aroha Block, using the excuse of drunkenness, for which he was before the court on several occasions. He would sell land, as would his children, to meet living expenses. He invested in two goldfields, Thames and Te Aroha, very modestly. A leading rangatira, he was notable for his loyalty to the Crown.

text: Keepa Te Wharau: a Ngati Rahiri rangatira Keepa Te Wharau’s whakapapa linked him, unusually, to both Ngati Maru and Ngati Haua. Through these connections he was associated with the Te Aroha district from an early age, visiting it on several occasions and even cultivating there, briefly. When the block was before the land court he gave evidence – though his evidence in a later succession case was clearly wrong, deliberately so. Having interests in several blocks of land, he falsely claimed not to have received money for the Aroha Block, using the excuse of drunkenness, for which he was before the court on several occasions. He would sell land, as would his children, to meet living expenses. He invested in two goldfields, Thames and Te Aroha, very modestly. A leading rangatira, he was notable for his loyalty to the Crown.

year: 2016