title: The charm of time: Generational comparison, memorable tourism experiences, and quality of life in visits to a world heritage site, Kulangsu

authors: Li, Yanhan

abstract: In recent years, heritage tourism has seen a shift toward younger visitors, challenging the earlier view that it attracts primarily older visitors. How this emerging group of younger tourists differ from older tourists, and the reasons for such differences from a Chinese generational perspective, remain unclear. Whilst a significant literature exists on differences of personal histories the speed of technological change in China has been so rapid that many older people now use their smartphones for making payments, keeping in touch with extended family and for leisure pursuits, and one wonders if even recent past research has kept up with these changes of senior behaviour. Moreover, previous heritage research has focused mainly on pre-visit and on-site perceptions, with limited attention to post-visit outcomes, such as memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) and quality of life (QoL), and little consideration of the temporal changes in these variables. MTEs look at tourists’ experiences that could be recalled or remembered after tourism activities occurred (Kim et al., 2012). Subjective QoL refers to how individuals perceive or evaluate their own lives (Woo et al., 2016). Therefore, this study aims to examine generational differences in heritage tourism experiences and outcomes among Chinese tourists, with particular attention to the temporal dynamics of MTEs and QoL.
To address these gaps, this study adopted a mixed-methods approach. In the qualitative phase, three rounds of interviews with 65 participants compared pre-visit, on-site, and post-visit perceptions between Chinese Generation Zs and the Lost Generation regarding visits to Kulangsu, a World Heritage Site. Interview data suggested that both MTEs and QoL improvements changed within seven to fifteen days after the visit. In the quantitative phase, a closed-ended questionnaire validated generational differences identified qualitatively. In brief, the three-stage interview approach not only minimized post hoc rationalization but also facilitated the exploration of time intervals’ influence on MTEs and QoL. The Jaccard index was further applied to support a reasonable transition from qualitative findings and the correlation hypotheses development to the quantitative significance test. This design enabled the study to capture temporal dynamics of tourism experiences that are often overlooked in cross-sectional tourism research.
The quantitative phase then within a broader and more representative sample (889 respondents, including a middle-aged group), tested relationships among pre-visit, on-site, and post-visit perceptions, as well as the effects of time variables on MTEs and QoL. The unique mixed methods design effectively addressed the research questions and offers new directions for future tourism studies. 
This study also makes multiple contributions in terms of theoretical extension and application. First, it provides a generationally informed account of why, how, and for what purposes younger and older Chinese heritage tourists visit Kulangsu, showing the profound influence of generational background and presenting a coherent narrative of the two cohorts’ heritage visitations. Second, it offers an in-depth discussion of MTEs and QoL in the heritage tourism context, which were linked with pre-and during visit perception variables, confirming that heritage experiences must first be memorable in order to affect QoL. Third, it demonstrates that the time interval after a visit directly leads to a decline in the memorability of heritage experiences, which in turn results in a reduction of QoL improvements gained from the trip. This finding helps explain the decline in tourists’ temporal wellbeing improvement reported in previous studies. 
In addition, the results also have practical implications for heritage site management, particularly for Kulangsu, and highlight the need for other heritage destinations to tailor services to generational characteristics, especially for the emerging younger market, while focusing on visitor-cantered outcomes such as memorable experiences that can enhance people’s quality of life, even if for only a short period of time. The temporal elements of such enhancements of life quality are also discussed in the thesis.

text: The charm of time: Generational comparison, memorable tourism experiences, and quality of life in visits to a world heritage site, Kulangsu In recent years, heritage tourism has seen a shift toward younger visitors, challenging the earlier view that it attracts primarily older visitors. How this emerging group of younger tourists differ from older tourists, and the reasons for such differences from a Chinese generational perspective, remain unclear. Whilst a significant literature exists on differences of personal histories the speed of technological change in China has been so rapid that many older people now use their smartphones for making payments, keeping in touch with extended family and for leisure pursuits, and one wonders if even recent past research has kept up with these changes of senior behaviour. Moreover, previous heritage research has focused mainly on pre-visit and on-site perceptions, with limited attention to post-visit outcomes, such as memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) and quality of life (QoL), and little consideration of the temporal changes in these variables. MTEs look at tourists’ experiences that could be recalled or remembered after tourism activities occurred (Kim et al., 2012). Subjective QoL refers to how individuals perceive or evaluate their own lives (Woo et al., 2016). Therefore, this study aims to examine generational differences in heritage tourism experiences and outcomes among Chinese tourists, with particular attention to the temporal dynamics of MTEs and QoL.
To address these gaps, this study adopted a mixed-methods approach. In the qualitative phase, three rounds of interviews with 65 participants compared pre-visit, on-site, and post-visit perceptions between Chinese Generation Zs and the Lost Generation regarding visits to Kulangsu, a World Heritage Site. Interview data suggested that both MTEs and QoL improvements changed within seven to fifteen days after the visit. In the quantitative phase, a closed-ended questionnaire validated generational differences identified qualitatively. In brief, the three-stage interview approach not only minimized post hoc rationalization but also facilitated the exploration of time intervals’ influence on MTEs and QoL. The Jaccard index was further applied to support a reasonable transition from qualitative findings and the correlation hypotheses development to the quantitative significance test. This design enabled the study to capture temporal dynamics of tourism experiences that are often overlooked in cross-sectional tourism research.
The quantitative phase then within a broader and more representative sample (889 respondents, including a middle-aged group), tested relationships among pre-visit, on-site, and post-visit perceptions, as well as the effects of time variables on MTEs and QoL. The unique mixed methods design effectively addressed the research questions and offers new directions for future tourism studies. 
This study also makes multiple contributions in terms of theoretical extension and application. First, it provides a generationally informed account of why, how, and for what purposes younger and older Chinese heritage tourists visit Kulangsu, showing the profound influence of generational background and presenting a coherent narrative of the two cohorts’ heritage visitations. Second, it offers an in-depth discussion of MTEs and QoL in the heritage tourism context, which were linked with pre-and during visit perception variables, confirming that heritage experiences must first be memorable in order to affect QoL. Third, it demonstrates that the time interval after a visit directly leads to a decline in the memorability of heritage experiences, which in turn results in a reduction of QoL improvements gained from the trip. This finding helps explain the decline in tourists’ temporal wellbeing improvement reported in previous studies. 
In addition, the results also have practical implications for heritage site management, particularly for Kulangsu, and highlight the need for other heritage destinations to tailor services to generational characteristics, especially for the emerging younger market, while focusing on visitor-cantered outcomes such as memorable experiences that can enhance people’s quality of life, even if for only a short period of time. The temporal elements of such enhancements of life quality are also discussed in the thesis.

year: 2025

title: An exploration of the pedagogies employed to integrate knowledge in work-integrated learning

authors: Coll, Richard K.

subjects: postsecondary

abstract: This article describes a three‐sector, national research project that investigated the integration aspect of work‐integrated learning (WIL). The context for this study is three sectors of New Zealand higher education: business and management, sport, and science and engineering, and a cohort of higher educational institutions that offer WIL/cooperative education in variety of ways. The aims of this study were to investigate the pedagogical approaches in WIL programs that are currently used by WIL practitioners in terms of learning, and the integration of academic‐workplace learning. The research constituted a series of collective case studies, and there were two main data sources — interviews with three stakeholder groups (namely employers, students, and co‐op practitioners), and analyses of relevant documentation (e.g., course/paper outlines, assignments on reflective practice, portfolio of learning, etc.). The research findings suggest that there is no consistent mechanism by which placement coordinators, off‐campus supervisors, or mentors seek to employ or develop pedagogies to foster learning and the integration of knowledge. Learning, it seems, occurs by means of legitimate peripheral participation with off‐campus learning occurring as a result of students working alongside professionals in their area via an apprenticeship model of learning. There is no evidence of explicit attempts to integrate on‐ and off‐campus learning, although all parties felt this would and should occur. However, integration is implicitly or indirectly fostered by a variety of means such as the use of reflective journals.

text: An exploration of the pedagogies employed to integrate knowledge in work-integrated learning This article describes a three‐sector, national research project that investigated the integration aspect of work‐integrated learning (WIL). The context for this study is three sectors of New Zealand higher education: business and management, sport, and science and engineering, and a cohort of higher educational institutions that offer WIL/cooperative education in variety of ways. The aims of this study were to investigate the pedagogical approaches in WIL programs that are currently used by WIL practitioners in terms of learning, and the integration of academic‐workplace learning. The research constituted a series of collective case studies, and there were two main data sources — interviews with three stakeholder groups (namely employers, students, and co‐op practitioners), and analyses of relevant documentation (e.g., course/paper outlines, assignments on reflective practice, portfolio of learning, etc.). The research findings suggest that there is no consistent mechanism by which placement coordinators, off‐campus supervisors, or mentors seek to employ or develop pedagogies to foster learning and the integration of knowledge. Learning, it seems, occurs by means of legitimate peripheral participation with off‐campus learning occurring as a result of students working alongside professionals in their area via an apprenticeship model of learning. There is no evidence of explicit attempts to integrate on‐ and off‐campus learning, although all parties felt this would and should occur. However, integration is implicitly or indirectly fostered by a variety of means such as the use of reflective journals.

year: 2011

title: Patient-reported diagnostic intervals to colorectal cancer diagnosis in the Midland region of New Zealand: a prospective cohort study

authors: Blackmore, Tania Louise

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Background and objectives
New Zealand (NZ) has high rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) but low rates of early detection. The majority of CRC is diagnosed through general practice, where lengthy diagnostic intervals are common. We investigated factors contributing to diagnostic delay in a cohort of patients newly diagnosed with CRC.

Methods
Patients were recruited from the Midland region and interviewed about their diagnostic experience using a questionnaire based on a modified Model of Pathways to Treatment framework and SYMPTOM questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the population characteristics. Chi-square analysis and logistic regression were used to analyse factors influencing diagnostic intervals.

Results
Data from 176 patients were analysed, of which 65 (36.9%) experienced a general practitioner (GP) diagnostic interval of >120 days and 96 (54.5%) experienced a total diagnostic interval (TDI) > 120 days. Patients reporting rectal bleeding were less likely to experience a long TDI (odds ratio [OR] 0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14–0.78) and appraisal/help-seeking interval (OR, 0.19, 95% CI: 0.06–0.59). Patients <60 were more likely to report a longer appraisal/help-seeking interval (OR, 3.32, 95% CI: 1.17–9.46). Female (OR, 2.19, 95% CI: 1.08–4.44) and Māori patients (OR, 3.18, 95% CI: 1.04–9.78) were more likely to experience a long GP diagnostic interval.

Conclusion
NZ patients with CRC can experience long diagnostic intervals, attributed to patient and health system factors. Young patients, Māori, females, and patients experiencing change of bowel habit may be at particular risk. We need to increase symptom awareness of CRC for patients and GPs. Concentrated efforts are needed to ensure equity for Māori in access to screening, diagnostics, and treatment.

text: Patient-reported diagnostic intervals to colorectal cancer diagnosis in the Midland region of New Zealand: a prospective cohort study Background and objectives
New Zealand (NZ) has high rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) but low rates of early detection. The majority of CRC is diagnosed through general practice, where lengthy diagnostic intervals are common. We investigated factors contributing to diagnostic delay in a cohort of patients newly diagnosed with CRC.

Methods
Patients were recruited from the Midland region and interviewed about their diagnostic experience using a questionnaire based on a modified Model of Pathways to Treatment framework and SYMPTOM questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the population characteristics. Chi-square analysis and logistic regression were used to analyse factors influencing diagnostic intervals.

Results
Data from 176 patients were analysed, of which 65 (36.9%) experienced a general practitioner (GP) diagnostic interval of >120 days and 96 (54.5%) experienced a total diagnostic interval (TDI) > 120 days. Patients reporting rectal bleeding were less likely to experience a long TDI (odds ratio [OR] 0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14–0.78) and appraisal/help-seeking interval (OR, 0.19, 95% CI: 0.06–0.59). Patients <60 were more likely to report a longer appraisal/help-seeking interval (OR, 3.32, 95% CI: 1.17–9.46). Female (OR, 2.19, 95% CI: 1.08–4.44) and Māori patients (OR, 3.18, 95% CI: 1.04–9.78) were more likely to experience a long GP diagnostic interval.

Conclusion
NZ patients with CRC can experience long diagnostic intervals, attributed to patient and health system factors. Young patients, Māori, females, and patients experiencing change of bowel habit may be at particular risk. We need to increase symptom awareness of CRC for patients and GPs. Concentrated efforts are needed to ensure equity for Māori in access to screening, diagnostics, and treatment.

year: 2021