title: Identifying transition temperatures in bloodmeal-based thermoplastics using material pocket DMTA

authors: Bier, James Michael

subjects: Bioplastics

abstract: Bloodmeal can be used to manufacture thermoplastics, but requires water, urea, sodium sulphite, and sodium dodecyl sulphate to modify chain mobility. Transition temperatures of bloodmeal, modified bloodmeal, and processed bloodmeal-based thermoplastics were compared using material pocket dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The glass transition temperature (T ɡ) of bloodmeal dropped from 493 to 263 K using only water as a plasticizer but was restored when freeze dried. Modifying bloodmeal lowered T ɡ to 193 K. This was raised by drying, but not to that of unmodified bloodmeal indicating a permanent change. Three additional transitions were identified above T ɡ, for modified bloodmeal between 300 and 480 K. These were thought to be transitions of dehydrated bulk amorphous regions, amorphous regions between crystallites and chains segments in crystallites and were also seen at lower temperatures when replacing some water with tri-ethylene glycol (TEG). Material pockets increased resolution in processed samples. One broad T ɡ was observed in consolidated bars, at 335 or 350 K with or without TEG. In material pockets, these resolved into three transitions, similar to those observed before processing. Changes in relative magnitudes suggested some chain rearrangement leading to more bulk amorphous regions. Differences were detected between onset of drop in storage modulus and peaks in loss modulus and tan δ in pockets or bars, but generally led to the same conclusions. For bar samples, it was helpful to compare natural and log modulus scales. Good practice would use all these techniques in parallel to correctly identify relaxation temperatures.

text: Identifying transition temperatures in bloodmeal-based thermoplastics using material pocket DMTA Bloodmeal can be used to manufacture thermoplastics, but requires water, urea, sodium sulphite, and sodium dodecyl sulphate to modify chain mobility. Transition temperatures of bloodmeal, modified bloodmeal, and processed bloodmeal-based thermoplastics were compared using material pocket dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The glass transition temperature (T ɡ) of bloodmeal dropped from 493 to 263 K using only water as a plasticizer but was restored when freeze dried. Modifying bloodmeal lowered T ɡ to 193 K. This was raised by drying, but not to that of unmodified bloodmeal indicating a permanent change. Three additional transitions were identified above T ɡ, for modified bloodmeal between 300 and 480 K. These were thought to be transitions of dehydrated bulk amorphous regions, amorphous regions between crystallites and chains segments in crystallites and were also seen at lower temperatures when replacing some water with tri-ethylene glycol (TEG). Material pockets increased resolution in processed samples. One broad T ɡ was observed in consolidated bars, at 335 or 350 K with or without TEG. In material pockets, these resolved into three transitions, similar to those observed before processing. Changes in relative magnitudes suggested some chain rearrangement leading to more bulk amorphous regions. Differences were detected between onset of drop in storage modulus and peaks in loss modulus and tan δ in pockets or bars, but generally led to the same conclusions. For bar samples, it was helpful to compare natural and log modulus scales. Good practice would use all these techniques in parallel to correctly identify relaxation temperatures.

year: 2012

title: Seed rain and soil seed banks limit native regeneration within urban forest restoration plantings in Hamilton City, New Zealand

authors: Overdyck, Elizabeth

subjects: ecological restoration

abstract: Restoration of native forest vegetation in urban environments may be limited due to isolation from native seed sources and to the prevalence of exotic plant species. To investigate urban seed availability we recorded the composition of seed rain, soil seed banks and vegetation at native forest restoration plantings up to 36 years old in Hamilton City and compared these with naturally regenerating forest within the city and in a nearby rural native forest remnant. Seed rain, soil seed banks (fern spores inclusive) and understorey vegetation in urban forest were found to have higher exotic species richness and lower native species density and richness than rural forest. Both understorey vegetation and soil seed banks of urban sites >20 years old had lower exotic species richness than younger (10–20 years) sites, indicating a developmental threshold that provided some resistance to exotic species establishment. However, the prevalence of exotic species in urban seed rain will allow reinvasion through edge habitat and following disturbance to canopy vegetation. Persistent soil seed banks from both urban and rural sites were dominated by exotic herbaceous species and native fern species, while few other native forest species were found to persist for >1 year in the seed bank. Enrichment planting will be required for those native species with limited dispersal or short-lived seeds, thus improving native seed availability in urban forests as more planted species mature reproductively. Further research into species seed  traits and seedling establishment is needed to refine effective management strategies for successful restoration  of urban native forests.

text: Seed rain and soil seed banks limit native regeneration within urban forest restoration plantings in Hamilton City, New Zealand Restoration of native forest vegetation in urban environments may be limited due to isolation from native seed sources and to the prevalence of exotic plant species. To investigate urban seed availability we recorded the composition of seed rain, soil seed banks and vegetation at native forest restoration plantings up to 36 years old in Hamilton City and compared these with naturally regenerating forest within the city and in a nearby rural native forest remnant. Seed rain, soil seed banks (fern spores inclusive) and understorey vegetation in urban forest were found to have higher exotic species richness and lower native species density and richness than rural forest. Both understorey vegetation and soil seed banks of urban sites >20 years old had lower exotic species richness than younger (10–20 years) sites, indicating a developmental threshold that provided some resistance to exotic species establishment. However, the prevalence of exotic species in urban seed rain will allow reinvasion through edge habitat and following disturbance to canopy vegetation. Persistent soil seed banks from both urban and rural sites were dominated by exotic herbaceous species and native fern species, while few other native forest species were found to persist for >1 year in the seed bank. Enrichment planting will be required for those native species with limited dispersal or short-lived seeds, thus improving native seed availability in urban forests as more planted species mature reproductively. Further research into species seed  traits and seedling establishment is needed to refine effective management strategies for successful restoration  of urban native forests.

year: 2012

title: Te Mata Ono. E tipu atu te kūmara, e ohu mai te anuhe

authors: Pēwhairangi, Te Aorere Tūwhakairiora

subjects: Māori television

abstract: Mai anō, mai anō kua whakapaoho te iwi Māori, tīmata mai ai i te mahi whaikōrero, i te mahi karanga, i te mahi taonga puoro, i te mahi toi, me te mahi waiata. Ko ngā mahi nei he huarahi tuku karere i tētahi takitahi, takitini rānei ki tētahi takitahi, takitini rānei. Mā ēnei mahi e whakawhitiwhiti mōhiohio ai te tangata. Nō te taitanga mai a te Pākehā kua whai huarahi whakapaoho atu anō te iwi Māori i ō rātau mōhiohio, tīmata ana mai i ngā niu pepa, eke ana rā ki ngā reo irirangi, tae noa mai ki te pouaka whakaata me te ipurangi. Ko te rangahautanga nei ka titiro ki tētahi o ngā huarahi mātāmuri e whakapaohotia ai ngā mōhiohio a te Māori, arā te pouaka whakaata. Ka arotaketia ngā mahi tuari mōhiohio a te whare waihanga hōtaka pouaka whakaata nei a Whakaata Māori mā tētahi anga tātai e kīia nei ko Te Mata Ono.

I ngā tau 15 kua pahure ake nei ehara i te mea kua tū a Whakaata Māori hai kaitohatoha mōhiohio Māori, engari hai kaiwhakarauora hoki i te reo Māori me ngā tikanga Māori. I te tuhinga roa nei ka tirohia ngā huarahi taketake me ngā huarahi hōu o te whakapaoho i ngā mōhiohio o te tangata mā roto i a Whakaata Māori. Mā te whakauruuru i ngā huarahi e rua nei e whakahōuhia ai te ara, e whakapaoho Māoritia ai hoki ngā hōtaka o te wā. 

E ono katoa ngā āhuatanga o te anga e kōrerotia nei. Ko te tuhinga roa nei he haurua o te anga. Nā ngā ture ā-kupu o te tohu paerua nei, ka rangahaua rētōtia e a au ngā wāhanga e toru o te ono e kīia nei ko Te Mata Ako, Te Mata Tikanga, Te Mata Iwi anō hoki. E tuhia ana hoki tētahi atu tuhinga roa i te wā nei e Kimiora Kaire-Melbourne. Kai te titiro ia ki ērā atu wāhanga e toru o te anga, Te Mata Māori, Te Mata Pākehā me Te Mata ō-Tua. Hai te mutunga o ngā tuhinga roa e rua nei, ka whakapiria ai ngā āhuatanga e ono kia waihanga pūmautia ai te anga tātari o Te Mata Ono. Ka piri ana te anga tātari ko te whāinga kia whakahāngaitia ai ki a Whakaata Māori hai tautoko, hai hāpai, hai ārahi hoki i te teihanga ki ngā rā kai te heke mai.

text: Te Mata Ono. E tipu atu te kūmara, e ohu mai te anuhe Mai anō, mai anō kua whakapaoho te iwi Māori, tīmata mai ai i te mahi whaikōrero, i te mahi karanga, i te mahi taonga puoro, i te mahi toi, me te mahi waiata. Ko ngā mahi nei he huarahi tuku karere i tētahi takitahi, takitini rānei ki tētahi takitahi, takitini rānei. Mā ēnei mahi e whakawhitiwhiti mōhiohio ai te tangata. Nō te taitanga mai a te Pākehā kua whai huarahi whakapaoho atu anō te iwi Māori i ō rātau mōhiohio, tīmata ana mai i ngā niu pepa, eke ana rā ki ngā reo irirangi, tae noa mai ki te pouaka whakaata me te ipurangi. Ko te rangahautanga nei ka titiro ki tētahi o ngā huarahi mātāmuri e whakapaohotia ai ngā mōhiohio a te Māori, arā te pouaka whakaata. Ka arotaketia ngā mahi tuari mōhiohio a te whare waihanga hōtaka pouaka whakaata nei a Whakaata Māori mā tētahi anga tātai e kīia nei ko Te Mata Ono.

I ngā tau 15 kua pahure ake nei ehara i te mea kua tū a Whakaata Māori hai kaitohatoha mōhiohio Māori, engari hai kaiwhakarauora hoki i te reo Māori me ngā tikanga Māori. I te tuhinga roa nei ka tirohia ngā huarahi taketake me ngā huarahi hōu o te whakapaoho i ngā mōhiohio o te tangata mā roto i a Whakaata Māori. Mā te whakauruuru i ngā huarahi e rua nei e whakahōuhia ai te ara, e whakapaoho Māoritia ai hoki ngā hōtaka o te wā. 

E ono katoa ngā āhuatanga o te anga e kōrerotia nei. Ko te tuhinga roa nei he haurua o te anga. Nā ngā ture ā-kupu o te tohu paerua nei, ka rangahaua rētōtia e a au ngā wāhanga e toru o te ono e kīia nei ko Te Mata Ako, Te Mata Tikanga, Te Mata Iwi anō hoki. E tuhia ana hoki tētahi atu tuhinga roa i te wā nei e Kimiora Kaire-Melbourne. Kai te titiro ia ki ērā atu wāhanga e toru o te anga, Te Mata Māori, Te Mata Pākehā me Te Mata ō-Tua. Hai te mutunga o ngā tuhinga roa e rua nei, ka whakapiria ai ngā āhuatanga e ono kia waihanga pūmautia ai te anga tātari o Te Mata Ono. Ka piri ana te anga tātari ko te whāinga kia whakahāngaitia ai ki a Whakaata Māori hai tautoko, hai hāpai, hai ārahi hoki i te teihanga ki ngā rā kai te heke mai.

year: 2019