title: Connexin 36 as a Regulator of Consummatory Behaviour

authors: Christian, David

subjects: reward

abstract: Gap junctions enable metabolic and electrical coupling of adjacent cells. Connexin 36 (Cx36) is a gap junction protein found predominantly in mammalian neurons. Because Cx36 is expressed in many areas involved in the regulation of food intake, its role in this was explored. I therefore investigated whether genetic knockout (KO) of Cx36 affects the intake of various sweet tastants during long-term concurrent feeding with bland chow, and affects intake of sweet tastants alone during short-term feeding. In addition, I investigated whether a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) would be altered by KO of Cx36. LiCl was injected intraperitoneally (IP) following exposure to a sweet novel tastant. 48 hours later mice were given a two-bottle preference test of tastant vs. water to determine aversive response. Cx36 KO animals consumed less sweet palatable tastants and consumed more bland chow during long-term intake. Sweet tastant consumption was similarly increased during short-term intake. This is suggestive of Cx36 being implicated in both reward mediated and homeostatic regulation. A CTA was enhanced by the KO of Cx36, potentially due to its role in the reward system, and/or an effect of hypothalamic endocrine nuclei implicated in the acquisition of a CTA. In summary, Cx36 may be involved in reward system response to sweet palatable food consumption, and the magnitude of aversive response. Cx36 may also be implicated in post-ingestive endocrine food intake and aversion regulation.

text: Connexin 36 as a Regulator of Consummatory Behaviour Gap junctions enable metabolic and electrical coupling of adjacent cells. Connexin 36 (Cx36) is a gap junction protein found predominantly in mammalian neurons. Because Cx36 is expressed in many areas involved in the regulation of food intake, its role in this was explored. I therefore investigated whether genetic knockout (KO) of Cx36 affects the intake of various sweet tastants during long-term concurrent feeding with bland chow, and affects intake of sweet tastants alone during short-term feeding. In addition, I investigated whether a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) would be altered by KO of Cx36. LiCl was injected intraperitoneally (IP) following exposure to a sweet novel tastant. 48 hours later mice were given a two-bottle preference test of tastant vs. water to determine aversive response. Cx36 KO animals consumed less sweet palatable tastants and consumed more bland chow during long-term intake. Sweet tastant consumption was similarly increased during short-term intake. This is suggestive of Cx36 being implicated in both reward mediated and homeostatic regulation. A CTA was enhanced by the KO of Cx36, potentially due to its role in the reward system, and/or an effect of hypothalamic endocrine nuclei implicated in the acquisition of a CTA. In summary, Cx36 may be involved in reward system response to sweet palatable food consumption, and the magnitude of aversive response. Cx36 may also be implicated in post-ingestive endocrine food intake and aversion regulation.

year: 2014

title: Synthesis and structure of the amidate-bridged platinum-uranium bimetallic complex [Pt{NC(O)CH₂CH₂}₂(PPh₃)₂].UO₂(NO₃)₂

authors: Henderson, William

subjects: crystal structures

abstract: The reaction of the β-propiolactam-derived platinum(II) amidate complex [Pt{NC(O)CH₂CH₂}₂(PPh₃)₂]with uranyl nitrate gives the coordination complex [Pt{NC(O)CH₂CH₂}₂(PPh₃)₂].UO₂(NO₃)₂, which was characterised by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The lactam carbonyl groups are coordinated to the linear uranyl group, forming an eight-membered ring, with the uranium also having two bidentate nitrates, completing a hexagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry. The platinum and uranium coordination planes are almost perpendicular, at an angle of 85.4(1)°.

text: Synthesis and structure of the amidate-bridged platinum-uranium bimetallic complex [Pt{NC(O)CH₂CH₂}₂(PPh₃)₂].UO₂(NO₃)₂ The reaction of the β-propiolactam-derived platinum(II) amidate complex [Pt{NC(O)CH₂CH₂}₂(PPh₃)₂]with uranyl nitrate gives the coordination complex [Pt{NC(O)CH₂CH₂}₂(PPh₃)₂].UO₂(NO₃)₂, which was characterised by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The lactam carbonyl groups are coordinated to the linear uranyl group, forming an eight-membered ring, with the uranium also having two bidentate nitrates, completing a hexagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry. The platinum and uranium coordination planes are almost perpendicular, at an angle of 85.4(1)°.

year: 2000

title: The Te Aroha hot springs (mainly in the nineteenth century)

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Unique amongst New Zealand mining districts, the hot springs sited at the base of the mountain were popular with miners, residents, and an increasing number of visitors. Highly valued by Maori for their medicinal qualities, Pakeha visited them well before gold was discovered. Acquired by the Crown as part of the purchase of the Aroha Block, contention arose over whether the springs had been gifted to the Crown and whether Maori should be charged for using them. The provision of a small but free bath to Ngati Rahiri did not satisfy them.
 After Pakeha settled, the springs were developed and the surrounding domain was landscaped. Analysis of the water by experts produced claims about its curative qualities and many miracle cures were claimed, and the water was bottled until more recent analyses traced the existence of arsenic. Men reputedly skilled in hydropathy and similar ‘sciences’ were appointed to assist those suffering from rheumatism and the like. A local board beautified the area until the domain was taken over by the Tourist Department. Many tourists from throughout New Zealand and abroad were attracted by the facilities, which included a library, but some noticed a lack of cleanliness and were annoyed by larrikins. Despite such problems, as mining faded Te Aroha profited from becoming a tourist destination and sanatorium.

text: The Te Aroha hot springs (mainly in the nineteenth century) Unique amongst New Zealand mining districts, the hot springs sited at the base of the mountain were popular with miners, residents, and an increasing number of visitors. Highly valued by Maori for their medicinal qualities, Pakeha visited them well before gold was discovered. Acquired by the Crown as part of the purchase of the Aroha Block, contention arose over whether the springs had been gifted to the Crown and whether Maori should be charged for using them. The provision of a small but free bath to Ngati Rahiri did not satisfy them.
 After Pakeha settled, the springs were developed and the surrounding domain was landscaped. Analysis of the water by experts produced claims about its curative qualities and many miracle cures were claimed, and the water was bottled until more recent analyses traced the existence of arsenic. Men reputedly skilled in hydropathy and similar ‘sciences’ were appointed to assist those suffering from rheumatism and the like. A local board beautified the area until the domain was taken over by the Tourist Department. Many tourists from throughout New Zealand and abroad were attracted by the facilities, which included a library, but some noticed a lack of cleanliness and were annoyed by larrikins. Despite such problems, as mining faded Te Aroha profited from becoming a tourist destination and sanatorium.

year: 2016