title: Lost points of intervention in pathways to single adult homelessness in Hamilton, New Zealand

authors: McMinn, Carole Ann

subjects: Homeless

abstract: Homelessness is a serious problem in New Zealand, with many social, health, human rights, and economic ramifications. Despite a broad consensus in international literature about contributing factors which raise the risk of homelessness, many misconceptions still remain about which specific factors contribute to homelessness in New Zealand. This is in part because of limited research in this context. Many policy responses to homelessness in New Zealand focus on a person’s need for adequate housing as this is the prime presenting issue.  However, people often have complex existing background issues that also contributed, and these are equally important targets for policy responses to homelessness. 

Those who are single adults, without dependent children and homeless are often those found living in the most precarious circumstances. This cohort were the focus of this research. The objectives of this research were to determine pathways to single adult homelessness in Hamilton, New Zealand and to consider what other contributing factors and trigger events raised the risk of single adult homelessness. Robust objective quantitative and qualitative research into these contributors and triggers of homelessness is necessary to improve homelessness intervention. Further, recommendations about points of intervention were sought from those with the most knowledge about homelessness, those with lived experience. 

This research included structured questionnaires completed with 100 participants who were program participants engaged with a homeless service in Hamilton, New Zealand. Additional detailed qualitative narrative was collected by semi-structured interviews with 11 participants. One-on-one feedback interviews were conducted with six participants. A mixed method approach netted a rich and diverse body of data about single adult homelessness in Hamilton and provided for the collection of robust evidence about important points and means of intervention and prevention. 

Although everyone’s circumstances were unique, results revealed a series of commonly occurring disruptive events throughout participants’ lifetimes. A very high prevalence of adverse childhood events had resulted in an early exit from home for most participants, and time spent in state care. Instability in childhood had led to disruption, or exclusion, from schooling. Early disruption of social networks resulted in participants being isolated from natural familial and kinship support at critical points. Problematic substance use and mental health issues were common, often resulting in early institutionalization. These health and wellbeing issues had lifelong effects. 

Structural issues exacerbated circumstances for people. Participants lacked access to safe, affordable single-person private rental and public housing. Additionally, people experienced discrimination in their efforts to find housing. Participants had constrained incomes, most receiving welfare support, which further limited housing options in times of crisis. Many had high debt, particularly owed to government departments. Participants who sustained active relationships with government agencies and other organizations did not find these relationships to be a protective factor against homelessness. People sought the help of a homeless service because they felt they had nowhere else to turn. 

Participants’ recommendations provided important implications for policy responses to homelessness. A targeted reduction in family violence was advocated as a prevention opportunity.  Detecting, and supporting, those who have survived adverse childhood events was also seen as a critical point of intervention. Trauma-informed approaches to social sector support would help reduce negative assumptions and victim blaming. Social sectors were also described as needing to be supported to eliminate discrimination. 

Additional measures were advocated to prevent formerly homeless individuals returning to homelessness.  This included support to facilitate access to a home (not a room), with comprehensive support to help people maintain this tenancy. Support to attend to background issues was also advocated. Facilitated access to work (where desired) was recommended as one mechanism to help reduce high levels of debt, particularly institutional debt. The absence of important familial and kinship networks to help provide support to access housing and other resources at critical points was a key factor participants identified as raising the risk of them becoming homeless. Therefore, alternative support mechanisms, such as homeless services like The People’s Project, were advocated.

text: Lost points of intervention in pathways to single adult homelessness in Hamilton, New Zealand Homelessness is a serious problem in New Zealand, with many social, health, human rights, and economic ramifications. Despite a broad consensus in international literature about contributing factors which raise the risk of homelessness, many misconceptions still remain about which specific factors contribute to homelessness in New Zealand. This is in part because of limited research in this context. Many policy responses to homelessness in New Zealand focus on a person’s need for adequate housing as this is the prime presenting issue.  However, people often have complex existing background issues that also contributed, and these are equally important targets for policy responses to homelessness. 

Those who are single adults, without dependent children and homeless are often those found living in the most precarious circumstances. This cohort were the focus of this research. The objectives of this research were to determine pathways to single adult homelessness in Hamilton, New Zealand and to consider what other contributing factors and trigger events raised the risk of single adult homelessness. Robust objective quantitative and qualitative research into these contributors and triggers of homelessness is necessary to improve homelessness intervention. Further, recommendations about points of intervention were sought from those with the most knowledge about homelessness, those with lived experience. 

This research included structured questionnaires completed with 100 participants who were program participants engaged with a homeless service in Hamilton, New Zealand. Additional detailed qualitative narrative was collected by semi-structured interviews with 11 participants. One-on-one feedback interviews were conducted with six participants. A mixed method approach netted a rich and diverse body of data about single adult homelessness in Hamilton and provided for the collection of robust evidence about important points and means of intervention and prevention. 

Although everyone’s circumstances were unique, results revealed a series of commonly occurring disruptive events throughout participants’ lifetimes. A very high prevalence of adverse childhood events had resulted in an early exit from home for most participants, and time spent in state care. Instability in childhood had led to disruption, or exclusion, from schooling. Early disruption of social networks resulted in participants being isolated from natural familial and kinship support at critical points. Problematic substance use and mental health issues were common, often resulting in early institutionalization. These health and wellbeing issues had lifelong effects. 

Structural issues exacerbated circumstances for people. Participants lacked access to safe, affordable single-person private rental and public housing. Additionally, people experienced discrimination in their efforts to find housing. Participants had constrained incomes, most receiving welfare support, which further limited housing options in times of crisis. Many had high debt, particularly owed to government departments. Participants who sustained active relationships with government agencies and other organizations did not find these relationships to be a protective factor against homelessness. People sought the help of a homeless service because they felt they had nowhere else to turn. 

Participants’ recommendations provided important implications for policy responses to homelessness. A targeted reduction in family violence was advocated as a prevention opportunity.  Detecting, and supporting, those who have survived adverse childhood events was also seen as a critical point of intervention. Trauma-informed approaches to social sector support would help reduce negative assumptions and victim blaming. Social sectors were also described as needing to be supported to eliminate discrimination. 

Additional measures were advocated to prevent formerly homeless individuals returning to homelessness.  This included support to facilitate access to a home (not a room), with comprehensive support to help people maintain this tenancy. Support to attend to background issues was also advocated. Facilitated access to work (where desired) was recommended as one mechanism to help reduce high levels of debt, particularly institutional debt. The absence of important familial and kinship networks to help provide support to access housing and other resources at critical points was a key factor participants identified as raising the risk of them becoming homeless. Therefore, alternative support mechanisms, such as homeless services like The People’s Project, were advocated.

year: 2021

title: Police education and democratic policing in Taiwan: a longitudinal quasi-experimental study of the effects of selection and police socialisation on human rights, moral reasoning and prejudice

authors: Lin, Keng‑hui

abstract: Objectives: To investigate the effects of selection and group socialisation on support of human rights, moral reasoning and prejudice in police officers in Taiwan. Methods: We used a longitudinal quasi-experimental design to track three cohorts of police officers (n = 585) and a comparison group of criminology undergraduates (n = 43). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in measures of human rights, moral reasoning and prejudice between new police recruits and the control group. However, time in police education was associated with a statistically significant reduction in police officer support of human rights, moral reasoning and an increase in prejudice. In the control group, the reverse was true. Conclusions: Exposure to police education in Taiwan resulted in police officers being significantly more prejudiced and significantly less adherent to the principles of human rights and moral reasoning. These results appear to be attributable to police socialisation rather than selection effects.

text: Police education and democratic policing in Taiwan: a longitudinal quasi-experimental study of the effects of selection and police socialisation on human rights, moral reasoning and prejudice Objectives: To investigate the effects of selection and group socialisation on support of human rights, moral reasoning and prejudice in police officers in Taiwan. Methods: We used a longitudinal quasi-experimental design to track three cohorts of police officers (n = 585) and a comparison group of criminology undergraduates (n = 43). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in measures of human rights, moral reasoning and prejudice between new police recruits and the control group. However, time in police education was associated with a statistically significant reduction in police officer support of human rights, moral reasoning and an increase in prejudice. In the control group, the reverse was true. Conclusions: Exposure to police education in Taiwan resulted in police officers being significantly more prejudiced and significantly less adherent to the principles of human rights and moral reasoning. These results appear to be attributable to police socialisation rather than selection effects.

year: 2023

title: Portfolio of Compositions: Systematic composition of cross-genre hybrid music

authors: Mayall, Jeremy Mark

subjects: cross-genre hybrid music

abstract: The research focus of this PhD thesis is the development of a new technique for composing original musical compositions in which elements from different musical genres are hybridised. The innovative aspect of achieving balanced hybridity is the development of a systematic approach to selecting and synthesising or hybridising key musical elements across a range of different genres. The major component of this submission is a portfolio of nine original works with attached CD/DVD recordings. 

1. Tracking Forward for viola, backing track and video 
2. The Long White Cloud for chamber band and electronics 
3. ‘Colorless green ideas sleep furiously’ for orchestra 
4. Push for Miles for electric bass and backing track 
5. Norse Suite for viola and cello 
6. The Foggy Field a studio construction 
7. Into the Nocturnal Sunshine for flute, viola, cello, drums and electronics 
8. One Night, New Breath for taonga puoro, viola, drums and electronics 
9. Sketches of an Intergalactic Earworm for piano trio and boombox

The accompanying documentation clarifies, and contextualises the creation and presentation of these works; and illuminates the aesthetic underpinnings and compositional techniques developed and utilised as a part of this hybrid-genre compositional approach. The structure of the supporting exegesis is in two parts: the methodology of practice-based research, and reflective investigation. Part One (Chapters 1 and 2) is an introductory overview; an observation of the existing literature and related work, relevant creative practice in the composer’s previous work; and the compositional methodology – including an explanation of the genre matrix. Part Two (Chapters 3 to 12) analyses the use of genre, the balance of hybridity, and relevant compositional techniques utilised in the development of each individual piece.

text: Portfolio of Compositions: Systematic composition of cross-genre hybrid music The research focus of this PhD thesis is the development of a new technique for composing original musical compositions in which elements from different musical genres are hybridised. The innovative aspect of achieving balanced hybridity is the development of a systematic approach to selecting and synthesising or hybridising key musical elements across a range of different genres. The major component of this submission is a portfolio of nine original works with attached CD/DVD recordings. 

1. Tracking Forward for viola, backing track and video 
2. The Long White Cloud for chamber band and electronics 
3. ‘Colorless green ideas sleep furiously’ for orchestra 
4. Push for Miles for electric bass and backing track 
5. Norse Suite for viola and cello 
6. The Foggy Field a studio construction 
7. Into the Nocturnal Sunshine for flute, viola, cello, drums and electronics 
8. One Night, New Breath for taonga puoro, viola, drums and electronics 
9. Sketches of an Intergalactic Earworm for piano trio and boombox

The accompanying documentation clarifies, and contextualises the creation and presentation of these works; and illuminates the aesthetic underpinnings and compositional techniques developed and utilised as a part of this hybrid-genre compositional approach. The structure of the supporting exegesis is in two parts: the methodology of practice-based research, and reflective investigation. Part One (Chapters 1 and 2) is an introductory overview; an observation of the existing literature and related work, relevant creative practice in the composer’s previous work; and the compositional methodology – including an explanation of the genre matrix. Part Two (Chapters 3 to 12) analyses the use of genre, the balance of hybridity, and relevant compositional techniques utilised in the development of each individual piece.

year: 2015