title: Violation of te whare tangata - the maternal body: Young women's journeys through pregnancy and partner terrorism

authors: Marsh, Tuihana M.

subjects: Partner Terrorism

abstract: Partner terrorism is a leading social issue in Aotearoa. It occurs with such frequency and ferocity that it is often considered an epidemic. This has placed us in the shameful position of being the highest ranked nation in the western world for the prevalence of intimate partner violence. This research explored young women’s experiences of intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Eleven women aged 14 - 17 years when pregnant were interviewed. A mana wāhine theoretical perspective was employed, guided by a kaupapa Māori research methodology. Pūrākau was used as a method to present and validate the women’s voices.
The key findings identified that these relationships began with the potential of any other relationship. However, they typically followed a pattern of co-habituation and entrapment through pregnancy and financial dependence. It was evident the partner terrorism was brought into these relationships by the terrorist partners, and was the first experience of this violence for many of the women. The terrorism continued to escalate. Separating from their terrorist partners did not result in the women being any safer, with some continuing to experience life-threatening acts of terrorism post separation. Pregnancy did not serve as a protective factor: the violation of te whare tangata generally occurred before, during and after pregnancy. Often, the acts of terrorism escalated following the birth of their pēpī, with their partner’s terrorism being a direct assault on ūkaipō, disrupting bonding and mothering practices. Many of the women were able to recognise the terrorism to which they were subjected only in hindsight. Despite this, they showed ingenuity and resilience in the ways they resisted the terrorism in efforts to keep themselves and their pēpī safe. Breaking free of these relationships demanded intervention and support from outsiders. The women remain strongly committed to the welfare of their pēpī.

text: Violation of te whare tangata - the maternal body: Young women's journeys through pregnancy and partner terrorism Partner terrorism is a leading social issue in Aotearoa. It occurs with such frequency and ferocity that it is often considered an epidemic. This has placed us in the shameful position of being the highest ranked nation in the western world for the prevalence of intimate partner violence. This research explored young women’s experiences of intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Eleven women aged 14 - 17 years when pregnant were interviewed. A mana wāhine theoretical perspective was employed, guided by a kaupapa Māori research methodology. Pūrākau was used as a method to present and validate the women’s voices.
The key findings identified that these relationships began with the potential of any other relationship. However, they typically followed a pattern of co-habituation and entrapment through pregnancy and financial dependence. It was evident the partner terrorism was brought into these relationships by the terrorist partners, and was the first experience of this violence for many of the women. The terrorism continued to escalate. Separating from their terrorist partners did not result in the women being any safer, with some continuing to experience life-threatening acts of terrorism post separation. Pregnancy did not serve as a protective factor: the violation of te whare tangata generally occurred before, during and after pregnancy. Often, the acts of terrorism escalated following the birth of their pēpī, with their partner’s terrorism being a direct assault on ūkaipō, disrupting bonding and mothering practices. Many of the women were able to recognise the terrorism to which they were subjected only in hindsight. Despite this, they showed ingenuity and resilience in the ways they resisted the terrorism in efforts to keep themselves and their pēpī safe. Breaking free of these relationships demanded intervention and support from outsiders. The women remain strongly committed to the welfare of their pēpī.

year: 2019

title: Understanding the use of Māori and English in dual language picturebooks through a sociolinguistic lens

authors: Daly, Nicola

abstract: In this presentation I will explore the use of te reo Māori in English text in dual language picturebooks published in Aotearoa/New Zealand. A series of studies examining the frequency of Māori loanwords in children’s picturebooks (Daly 2007; Daly 2008; Macdonald & Daly, 2013) are presented showing that when books came out of a publishing company with a commitment to publishing Māori and Pasifika stories, the frequency of loanwords was much higher than in other contexts; but even when a survey of all picturebooks published in New Zealand between 1995 and 2005 was conducted, the frequency of loanwords was much higher than in previous studies of comparable literature, such as the New Zealand school journal (Macalister, 1999). Very few dual language picturebooks featuring Māori and English are produced in New Zealand (Daly 2016a; Daly 2016b). The synchronous or sequential format of having separate books for each language seems to be favoured. But it is in the parallel dual language format (where both languages are present in a single book) that the relative status of the two languages is evident. In the second part of the presentation the layout and comparative presentation of the two languages are explored in terms of size of font and order of languages, using a Linguistic Landscape framework (Landry & Bourhis, 1997). These uses of two languages within New Zealand children’s literature (both interlingual and dual language) are examined and considered in terms of Bell’s (1984) theory of Audience Design, considering whether writers and publishers of such literature are now catering for a wider and more bilingual audience and whether publishing such linguistically diverse material such linguistically diverse picturebooks may be contributing to the creation of a more bilingual society.

text: Understanding the use of Māori and English in dual language picturebooks through a sociolinguistic lens In this presentation I will explore the use of te reo Māori in English text in dual language picturebooks published in Aotearoa/New Zealand. A series of studies examining the frequency of Māori loanwords in children’s picturebooks (Daly 2007; Daly 2008; Macdonald & Daly, 2013) are presented showing that when books came out of a publishing company with a commitment to publishing Māori and Pasifika stories, the frequency of loanwords was much higher than in other contexts; but even when a survey of all picturebooks published in New Zealand between 1995 and 2005 was conducted, the frequency of loanwords was much higher than in previous studies of comparable literature, such as the New Zealand school journal (Macalister, 1999). Very few dual language picturebooks featuring Māori and English are produced in New Zealand (Daly 2016a; Daly 2016b). The synchronous or sequential format of having separate books for each language seems to be favoured. But it is in the parallel dual language format (where both languages are present in a single book) that the relative status of the two languages is evident. In the second part of the presentation the layout and comparative presentation of the two languages are explored in terms of size of font and order of languages, using a Linguistic Landscape framework (Landry & Bourhis, 1997). These uses of two languages within New Zealand children’s literature (both interlingual and dual language) are examined and considered in terms of Bell’s (1984) theory of Audience Design, considering whether writers and publishers of such literature are now catering for a wider and more bilingual audience and whether publishing such linguistically diverse material such linguistically diverse picturebooks may be contributing to the creation of a more bilingual society.

year: 2018

title: Behavioural antecedents of altruism: a comparative analysis

authors: Wood, Mark Thornton

abstract: Altruism has two main aspects; the one philosophical and the other scientific. After a discussion of the main issues raised by the concept, two definitions having similar criteria were developed. Flight calls in male pheasants were then studied in order to place them either in one of the two altruistic categories or to relegate them to the egoistic category.

The establishment and maintenance of altruism in animal populations was examined in light of the dilemma presented by the classical genetic model for natural selection. A formula which will assist in the separation and delineation of the concept altruism from reciprocity and egoism was developed. The meaning of “others” was considered with respect to genetic coefficients of relationship. Modifications of a model for altruism were made which incorporated a factor covering the potential genetic contribution to future offspring by the altruist over that by the recipient(s). A further factor gave indications of possible values for the cost facet of altruism. These modifications help explain the preponderance of parental care in the animal world as opposed to geriatric care and suggest that older parents may be more altruistically disposed toward offspring than younger parents.

Based on a theory for the establishment and increase of altruistic genes in animal populations, a relationship was hypothesized to exist in the avian order Passeriformes between clutch averages (which were considered to be an index of “genetic investment”) and prosocial behaviour. The positive correlations found supported this hypothesis.

Social grooming in dairy cows were then investigated. The reduced stimulus world of the domestic cow decreases the number of modalities by which rewards may be returned to benefactors and the formula developed to delineate altruism from reciprocity and egoism could thus be more accurately applied. As little is known about social grooming in cows, herd parameters were recorded and several variables were correlated with the giving and/or receiving of grooming actions. Use of an identical twin herd furthered investigation into the meaning of “others” and it was found that grooming preferences fell into a five-point ordinal scale: self, twin, own age group, next nearest age group, and furthest away age group. Age proved to be the most pervasive variable correlated with non-twin social grooming, whereas within twin pairs grooming was consistently correlated with milking order. The altruism found was also shown to be twin-linked (i.e. if one member of a twin pair was altruistic, its twin tended to be altruistic also).

Altruism is here considered almost coeval with egoism, that is almost as old as life itself. It is therefore reasonable to think of altruism as either a primary reinforcer of as being intrinsically motivating.

text: Behavioural antecedents of altruism: a comparative analysis Altruism has two main aspects; the one philosophical and the other scientific. After a discussion of the main issues raised by the concept, two definitions having similar criteria were developed. Flight calls in male pheasants were then studied in order to place them either in one of the two altruistic categories or to relegate them to the egoistic category.

The establishment and maintenance of altruism in animal populations was examined in light of the dilemma presented by the classical genetic model for natural selection. A formula which will assist in the separation and delineation of the concept altruism from reciprocity and egoism was developed. The meaning of “others” was considered with respect to genetic coefficients of relationship. Modifications of a model for altruism were made which incorporated a factor covering the potential genetic contribution to future offspring by the altruist over that by the recipient(s). A further factor gave indications of possible values for the cost facet of altruism. These modifications help explain the preponderance of parental care in the animal world as opposed to geriatric care and suggest that older parents may be more altruistically disposed toward offspring than younger parents.

Based on a theory for the establishment and increase of altruistic genes in animal populations, a relationship was hypothesized to exist in the avian order Passeriformes between clutch averages (which were considered to be an index of “genetic investment”) and prosocial behaviour. The positive correlations found supported this hypothesis.

Social grooming in dairy cows were then investigated. The reduced stimulus world of the domestic cow decreases the number of modalities by which rewards may be returned to benefactors and the formula developed to delineate altruism from reciprocity and egoism could thus be more accurately applied. As little is known about social grooming in cows, herd parameters were recorded and several variables were correlated with the giving and/or receiving of grooming actions. Use of an identical twin herd furthered investigation into the meaning of “others” and it was found that grooming preferences fell into a five-point ordinal scale: self, twin, own age group, next nearest age group, and furthest away age group. Age proved to be the most pervasive variable correlated with non-twin social grooming, whereas within twin pairs grooming was consistently correlated with milking order. The altruism found was also shown to be twin-linked (i.e. if one member of a twin pair was altruistic, its twin tended to be altruistic also).

Altruism is here considered almost coeval with egoism, that is almost as old as life itself. It is therefore reasonable to think of altruism as either a primary reinforcer of as being intrinsically motivating.

year: 1975