title: Estimating the abundance of banded kokopu (galaxias fasciatus gray) in small streams by nocturnal counts under spotlight illumination

authors: Hicks, Brendan J.

subjects: biology

abstract: The abundance of banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus Gray) in small streams has usually been determined by the labour intensive and invasive method of electric fishing. Recently, nocturnal counts under spotlight illumination have been used to determine presence or absence and relative abundance of banded kokopu, but the proportion of the population seen was unknown. We compared 20 spotlight counts of banded kokopu in approximately 20 m reaches in streams in the North Island, New Zealand, to population estimates determined by removal electric
fishing in the same reaches. Spotlight counts were related to population estimates
over a range of densities, and on average, spotlight counts were 64% of the population estimates. Though we tried to separate age-0 fish from older fish visually in the spotlight counts, the size frequency distribution of the fish caught by electric fishing showed that the visual separation was not reliable. In addition, visual counts were generally inefficient for age-0 fish (40-70 mm total length), as only about 40% were observed. Banded kokopu were also recorded in streams using time-lapse video recordings with a camera sensitive to low light levels. Diel activity showed two major peaks, one in the early morning from 0400 h to 0900 h, and the other in the afternoon
and evening from 1300 h to 1900 h. Fish were less disturbed by the observer.s approach after dark than during the day, so we suggest that from dusk to about 2200 h is the best time for visual counts of banded kokopu by spotlight in summer months.

text: Estimating the abundance of banded kokopu (galaxias fasciatus gray) in small streams by nocturnal counts under spotlight illumination The abundance of banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus Gray) in small streams has usually been determined by the labour intensive and invasive method of electric fishing. Recently, nocturnal counts under spotlight illumination have been used to determine presence or absence and relative abundance of banded kokopu, but the proportion of the population seen was unknown. We compared 20 spotlight counts of banded kokopu in approximately 20 m reaches in streams in the North Island, New Zealand, to population estimates determined by removal electric
fishing in the same reaches. Spotlight counts were related to population estimates
over a range of densities, and on average, spotlight counts were 64% of the population estimates. Though we tried to separate age-0 fish from older fish visually in the spotlight counts, the size frequency distribution of the fish caught by electric fishing showed that the visual separation was not reliable. In addition, visual counts were generally inefficient for age-0 fish (40-70 mm total length), as only about 40% were observed. Banded kokopu were also recorded in streams using time-lapse video recordings with a camera sensitive to low light levels. Diel activity showed two major peaks, one in the early morning from 0400 h to 0900 h, and the other in the afternoon
and evening from 1300 h to 1900 h. Fish were less disturbed by the observer.s approach after dark than during the day, so we suggest that from dusk to about 2200 h is the best time for visual counts of banded kokopu by spotlight in summer months.

year: 2002

title: Sonochemical preparation of single-dispersion metal nanoparticles from metal salts

authors: Fujimoto, Toshiyuki

subjects: metal nanoparticles

abstract: Novel metal nanoparticles of Pd and Pt were prepared by sonochemical reduction of solutions containing H₂PtCl₆ or K₂PdCl₄. The effect of atmospheric gas on the particle size distribution was investigated. Average diameters and standard deviations of the Pd particles prepared under Ar (Pd/Ar) and N2 (Pd/N₂) were found to be 3.6 ± 0.7 nm (Pd/Ar) and 2.0 ± 0.3 nm (Pd/N₂). Smaller and sharper distribution of the particle size was observed for the Pd particles formed under a N₂ atmosphere. In the case of Pt, a smaller and sharper distribution of the particle size was observed for the particles prepared under a Xe atmosphere. These relations can be explained in terms of a hot-spot temperature created by acoustic cavitation.

text: Sonochemical preparation of single-dispersion metal nanoparticles from metal salts Novel metal nanoparticles of Pd and Pt were prepared by sonochemical reduction of solutions containing H₂PtCl₆ or K₂PdCl₄. The effect of atmospheric gas on the particle size distribution was investigated. Average diameters and standard deviations of the Pd particles prepared under Ar (Pd/Ar) and N2 (Pd/N₂) were found to be 3.6 ± 0.7 nm (Pd/Ar) and 2.0 ± 0.3 nm (Pd/N₂). Smaller and sharper distribution of the particle size was observed for the Pd particles formed under a N₂ atmosphere. In the case of Pt, a smaller and sharper distribution of the particle size was observed for the particles prepared under a Xe atmosphere. These relations can be explained in terms of a hot-spot temperature created by acoustic cavitation.

year: 2001

title: A life-history analysis of achievement of Māori and Pacific Island students at the Church College of New Zealand

authors: Solomon, Tereapii Elinora

subjects: Church College

abstract: The Church College of New Zealand is a private co-educational secondary school located near Hamilton, New Zealand and is sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.  Since its opening in 1958, it has hosted a large population of Polynesian students, in particular Māori.  The questions that this thesis addresses centre on the nature, history and reasons for what seems to be a disproportionately higher level of achievement amongst Māori and Pacific Island students at Church College than in New Zealand more broadly.  Through a life-history approach to research, this thesis provides an overview of the rich history behind the building of the Church College, and highlights the experiences of successful graduates over three particular timeframes - 1951-1969, 1970-1989 and the 1990s.  

A major contributing factor to the success of the students at Church College is an environment where both religious and cultural values of students are reaffirmed and considered normal.  For some students, Church College provided an environment that validated what students were being taught in their own homes.  For others, it provided a refuge from a conflicted home.  With the growing pressures of social problems within the wider community for many Māori and Pacific Island families, the school environment of  the Church College was a key factor in providing stability  and security for some students at the College.

On June 29 2006, an announcement was made by leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints of the phased out closure of Church College beginning in the year 2007 and eventually closing at the end of the year 2009. With Māori and Pacific Island students so under-represented in achievement and participation in education settings in New Zealand, the announcement of the closure provided an opportunity to highlight some of the successes experienced at the Church College of New Zealand.

text: A life-history analysis of achievement of Māori and Pacific Island students at the Church College of New Zealand The Church College of New Zealand is a private co-educational secondary school located near Hamilton, New Zealand and is sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.  Since its opening in 1958, it has hosted a large population of Polynesian students, in particular Māori.  The questions that this thesis addresses centre on the nature, history and reasons for what seems to be a disproportionately higher level of achievement amongst Māori and Pacific Island students at Church College than in New Zealand more broadly.  Through a life-history approach to research, this thesis provides an overview of the rich history behind the building of the Church College, and highlights the experiences of successful graduates over three particular timeframes - 1951-1969, 1970-1989 and the 1990s.  

A major contributing factor to the success of the students at Church College is an environment where both religious and cultural values of students are reaffirmed and considered normal.  For some students, Church College provided an environment that validated what students were being taught in their own homes.  For others, it provided a refuge from a conflicted home.  With the growing pressures of social problems within the wider community for many Māori and Pacific Island families, the school environment of  the Church College was a key factor in providing stability  and security for some students at the College.

On June 29 2006, an announcement was made by leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints of the phased out closure of Church College beginning in the year 2007 and eventually closing at the end of the year 2009. With Māori and Pacific Island students so under-represented in achievement and participation in education settings in New Zealand, the announcement of the closure provided an opportunity to highlight some of the successes experienced at the Church College of New Zealand.

year: 2008