title: Sovereignty and nation-building: The development challenge in Indian country today

authors: Crombie, Winifred

subjects: Native American economic development

abstract: In Sovereignty and Nation-Building: The Development Challenge in Indian Country Today, Cornell and Kalt (1998) argue that economic success, and the reduction of unemployment and welfare dependency, is more likely in the case of American Indian tribes if governance is characterised by five principles. In a number of articles and talks on Maori nation building projects in Aotearoa/New Zealand, reference has recently been made to Cornell and Kalt and to one or more of these five principles. Thus, for example, Dodd, in an article published in the Journal of Maori and Pacific Development in 2000, argues that Iwi governance structures should involve a separation of governance and management and should be consistent with indigenous ideas about the location and exercise of authority (2000, p.7). She refers, in this context, to the work of Cornell and Kalt, and quotes Eade who observes that “it is doubtful that an organisation that itself maintains oppressive social structures can be a reliable vehicle for transforming these in a liberating way, whatever the rhetoric” (Eade 1997, p. 26). More recently in this Journal, Tiakiwai and Bishop (2002, p. 36), note that Cornell and Kalt (1998, p.2) found a “positive correlation between self-determination and successful development as defined by the tribe”, and observe that what they refer to as the ‘decade of Maori development’ provides concrete Maori examples of development theorizing in line with Eade (1997) and the assertions of Cornell and Kalt (1998). The article by Cornell and Kalt which appears to be most often quoted in the context of Maori nation building projects first appeared in 1998. The extent of its current influence in Aotearoa/New Zealand suggests that a careful re-examination of it at this point could prove useful.

text: Sovereignty and nation-building: The development challenge in Indian country today In Sovereignty and Nation-Building: The Development Challenge in Indian Country Today, Cornell and Kalt (1998) argue that economic success, and the reduction of unemployment and welfare dependency, is more likely in the case of American Indian tribes if governance is characterised by five principles. In a number of articles and talks on Maori nation building projects in Aotearoa/New Zealand, reference has recently been made to Cornell and Kalt and to one or more of these five principles. Thus, for example, Dodd, in an article published in the Journal of Maori and Pacific Development in 2000, argues that Iwi governance structures should involve a separation of governance and management and should be consistent with indigenous ideas about the location and exercise of authority (2000, p.7). She refers, in this context, to the work of Cornell and Kalt, and quotes Eade who observes that “it is doubtful that an organisation that itself maintains oppressive social structures can be a reliable vehicle for transforming these in a liberating way, whatever the rhetoric” (Eade 1997, p. 26). More recently in this Journal, Tiakiwai and Bishop (2002, p. 36), note that Cornell and Kalt (1998, p.2) found a “positive correlation between self-determination and successful development as defined by the tribe”, and observe that what they refer to as the ‘decade of Maori development’ provides concrete Maori examples of development theorizing in line with Eade (1997) and the assertions of Cornell and Kalt (1998). The article by Cornell and Kalt which appears to be most often quoted in the context of Maori nation building projects first appeared in 1998. The extent of its current influence in Aotearoa/New Zealand suggests that a careful re-examination of it at this point could prove useful.

year: 2003-02

title: River Co-management and Planning in the Waikato: An Analysis of Regional and District Plans and Regional Policy Statement Compliance, and a New Approach to Plan Preparation

authors: den Ouden, Hester

subjects: co-management

abstract: The Waikato River is one of New Zealand most significant rivers.  It is an ancestor to one Iwi, significant to four other Iwi generates most of the country’s hydroelectricity and provides large amount of potable water to municipalities.
In 2010 and 2012 three Acts of parliament established the framework for the restoration and protection of the Waikato River Catchment.  It did so in three ways.  The River Co-Management Legislation (RCML) has significantly added to the policy framework under the Resource Management Act 1991 for the Waikato Regional and six Districts.  It introduced the requirement for co-management of decision-making at policy and regulatory approvals, and established the Waikato River Authority which manages a $270 million Clean-Up fund.
This research outlines the provisions of the three statutes that comprise the RCML, how legislation changed the hierarchy of the planning framework, and identifies areas where improvements could be made.  
The RCML introduces a ‘Vision and Strategy’ as a National Policy Statement for the area of the region within the Waikato River Catchment.  The ‘Vision and Strategy’ comprises 13 statements that are the Vision and 12 statements that are the strategy, collectively referred to as stratagems.  The research assesses each plan and policy statement within the Waikato River catchment to determine the nature and level of incorporation of the 25 stratagems of ‘Vision and Strategy’.
A new approach in planning is the requirement for the use of Maatauranga Maaori along with western science, the Māori and western science worldviews.  These worldviews are discussed.  Three Models that use Maatauranga Maaori principles are described.  The purpose of this has been to begin a discussion on the basis of another perspective in future plan and policy making that included better provisions based on the Maatauranga Maaori worldview.
The Planning Under a Co-operative Mandate (PUCM) project assisted in identify criteria against which to assess the regional and district plans and regional policy statement, their quality, comprehensiveness of inclusion of the ‘Vision and Strategy’ stratagems, and the required cascading nature of Objective policies and methods that are contain in the plans and regional policy statement.   
Key findings were that the provisions or inclusion of the ‘Vision and Strategy’ Stratagems was mixed, high in the case of scientifically quantifiable matters and poor and non-existent where matters to be included were less able to be quantified and qualified in a western science worldview.  The strengths and weakness of including the ‘Vision and Strategy’ Stratagems varied and the strength of that inclusion was identified.
A consequential finding was the overall quality of the plans themselves.  The first PUCM report to government in 2001 on plan quality, scored all six districts and regional plans below 50%.  Using PUCM project criteria to assess the degree to which the Stratagems were included in the plans in 2016 showed a similar result.  The consequential findings also found confusion over the nature of good objective, policy and method drafting.  It also found significant lack of cascading from objectives through policies to methods.

text: River Co-management and Planning in the Waikato: An Analysis of Regional and District Plans and Regional Policy Statement Compliance, and a New Approach to Plan Preparation The Waikato River is one of New Zealand most significant rivers.  It is an ancestor to one Iwi, significant to four other Iwi generates most of the country’s hydroelectricity and provides large amount of potable water to municipalities.
In 2010 and 2012 three Acts of parliament established the framework for the restoration and protection of the Waikato River Catchment.  It did so in three ways.  The River Co-Management Legislation (RCML) has significantly added to the policy framework under the Resource Management Act 1991 for the Waikato Regional and six Districts.  It introduced the requirement for co-management of decision-making at policy and regulatory approvals, and established the Waikato River Authority which manages a $270 million Clean-Up fund.
This research outlines the provisions of the three statutes that comprise the RCML, how legislation changed the hierarchy of the planning framework, and identifies areas where improvements could be made.  
The RCML introduces a ‘Vision and Strategy’ as a National Policy Statement for the area of the region within the Waikato River Catchment.  The ‘Vision and Strategy’ comprises 13 statements that are the Vision and 12 statements that are the strategy, collectively referred to as stratagems.  The research assesses each plan and policy statement within the Waikato River catchment to determine the nature and level of incorporation of the 25 stratagems of ‘Vision and Strategy’.
A new approach in planning is the requirement for the use of Maatauranga Maaori along with western science, the Māori and western science worldviews.  These worldviews are discussed.  Three Models that use Maatauranga Maaori principles are described.  The purpose of this has been to begin a discussion on the basis of another perspective in future plan and policy making that included better provisions based on the Maatauranga Maaori worldview.
The Planning Under a Co-operative Mandate (PUCM) project assisted in identify criteria against which to assess the regional and district plans and regional policy statement, their quality, comprehensiveness of inclusion of the ‘Vision and Strategy’ stratagems, and the required cascading nature of Objective policies and methods that are contain in the plans and regional policy statement.   
Key findings were that the provisions or inclusion of the ‘Vision and Strategy’ Stratagems was mixed, high in the case of scientifically quantifiable matters and poor and non-existent where matters to be included were less able to be quantified and qualified in a western science worldview.  The strengths and weakness of including the ‘Vision and Strategy’ Stratagems varied and the strength of that inclusion was identified.
A consequential finding was the overall quality of the plans themselves.  The first PUCM report to government in 2001 on plan quality, scored all six districts and regional plans below 50%.  Using PUCM project criteria to assess the degree to which the Stratagems were included in the plans in 2016 showed a similar result.  The consequential findings also found confusion over the nature of good objective, policy and method drafting.  It also found significant lack of cascading from objectives through policies to methods.

year: 2017

title: In search of unity: Learning from headstones

authors: Mullan, Fintan

subjects: Irish history

abstract: This paper explores a small anomaly of Irish history. Despite the large-scale re-organisation of the state at the beginning of the 18th century in Ireland, and the divided society created by the civil authorities, the old parish cemetery escaped this segregation and continued to be used by all members of the community, irrespective of Christian denomination. This came to be regarded as a right which, if not actually protected by law, was at least protected by custom. For this reason, researchers and local communities have a rich resource from which they can learn about the past and draw lessons for the future.

text: In search of unity: Learning from headstones This paper explores a small anomaly of Irish history. Despite the large-scale re-organisation of the state at the beginning of the 18th century in Ireland, and the divided society created by the civil authorities, the old parish cemetery escaped this segregation and continued to be used by all members of the community, irrespective of Christian denomination. This came to be regarded as a right which, if not actually protected by law, was at least protected by custom. For this reason, researchers and local communities have a rich resource from which they can learn about the past and draw lessons for the future.

year: 2003-02