title: The diverse aims of second language teaching: Implications for New Zealand primary schools

authors: Barnard, Roger

subjects: Second language teaching

abstract: This paper discusses complex issues surrounding second language teaching and learning and relates them to the introduction of second language teaching in New Zealand primary schools.  After considering the recent trend in many countries to introduce second languages in increasingly younger learners, a review is made of dominant paradigms of second language teaching: grammar-translation, the direct method, audiolingualism, the natural approach and communicative language teaching.  Each of these provides valuable insights for teaching aims and methodology, but no one approach or method by itself can meet the perceived needs of all language learners.  A range of possible goals is suggested in terms of various competencies: linguistic, communicative and intercultural.  Factors constraining the effective introduction of second language teaching in New Zealand primary schools are briefly outlined and explained.  The paper concludes with the need to decide appropriate educational goals at a local level, according to the selection of target language/s and in the light of the opportunities and constraints of each specific context of learning.

text: The diverse aims of second language teaching: Implications for New Zealand primary schools This paper discusses complex issues surrounding second language teaching and learning and relates them to the introduction of second language teaching in New Zealand primary schools.  After considering the recent trend in many countries to introduce second languages in increasingly younger learners, a review is made of dominant paradigms of second language teaching: grammar-translation, the direct method, audiolingualism, the natural approach and communicative language teaching.  Each of these provides valuable insights for teaching aims and methodology, but no one approach or method by itself can meet the perceived needs of all language learners.  A range of possible goals is suggested in terms of various competencies: linguistic, communicative and intercultural.  Factors constraining the effective introduction of second language teaching in New Zealand primary schools are briefly outlined and explained.  The paper concludes with the need to decide appropriate educational goals at a local level, according to the selection of target language/s and in the light of the opportunities and constraints of each specific context of learning.

year: 2004-09-01

title: Development of an HPLC method to analyze four veterinary antibiotics in soils and aqueous media and validation through fate studies

authors: Srinivasan, Prakash

subjects: HPLC

abstract: A simple, yet robust analytical method was developed to detect and quantify three sulfonamides (SA), namely sulfamethoxazole (SMO), sulfachloropyridazine (SCP), and sulfamethazine (SM), and a macrolide tylosin (TT) in aqueous (calcium chloride and leachate solutions) and solid (agricultural soils) matrices using high performance liquid chromatography and ultra violet detection at 290 nm (TT) and 275 nm (SA) respectively. Chromatography was performed using a Phenomenex Onyx Monolithic C-18 column for TT and a C-18 Luna column for sulfonamides as single analytes eluted isocratically with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: trifluoroacetic acid: tetrahydrofuran in the ratio 22.5:68:9.5 for TT, 40:55:5 for SMO, 32:63:5 for SCP and 31:64:5 for SM (v/v) at 1.0 mL min(-1) and an injection volume of 20 mu L. A gradient method to detect all three sulfonamides in a single run was also developed. The soil residue analysis consisted of extraction with dichloromethane and pre-concentration steps as the aqueous phase was measured directly. The limits of detection at an S/N (signal: noise) ratio of 3 were 20.0 mu g L-1 and 50 mu g L-1 for all sulfonamides and tylosin respectively. The average recoveries for all sulfonamides and tylosin in aqueous matrices ranged from 95 to 105% across the six concentrations investigated. Recoveries from the soils were slightly lower for sulfonamides and tylosin. The isocratic method was used to determine the sorption and degradation of sulfonamides in soils, while the gradient method was used to determine degradation kinetics and leachate concentrations in soils and aqueous systems.

text: Development of an HPLC method to analyze four veterinary antibiotics in soils and aqueous media and validation through fate studies A simple, yet robust analytical method was developed to detect and quantify three sulfonamides (SA), namely sulfamethoxazole (SMO), sulfachloropyridazine (SCP), and sulfamethazine (SM), and a macrolide tylosin (TT) in aqueous (calcium chloride and leachate solutions) and solid (agricultural soils) matrices using high performance liquid chromatography and ultra violet detection at 290 nm (TT) and 275 nm (SA) respectively. Chromatography was performed using a Phenomenex Onyx Monolithic C-18 column for TT and a C-18 Luna column for sulfonamides as single analytes eluted isocratically with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: trifluoroacetic acid: tetrahydrofuran in the ratio 22.5:68:9.5 for TT, 40:55:5 for SMO, 32:63:5 for SCP and 31:64:5 for SM (v/v) at 1.0 mL min(-1) and an injection volume of 20 mu L. A gradient method to detect all three sulfonamides in a single run was also developed. The soil residue analysis consisted of extraction with dichloromethane and pre-concentration steps as the aqueous phase was measured directly. The limits of detection at an S/N (signal: noise) ratio of 3 were 20.0 mu g L-1 and 50 mu g L-1 for all sulfonamides and tylosin respectively. The average recoveries for all sulfonamides and tylosin in aqueous matrices ranged from 95 to 105% across the six concentrations investigated. Recoveries from the soils were slightly lower for sulfonamides and tylosin. The isocratic method was used to determine the sorption and degradation of sulfonamides in soils, while the gradient method was used to determine degradation kinetics and leachate concentrations in soils and aqueous systems.

year: 2012

title: Death and homelessness on the streets of Aotearoa New Zealand: Sustaining life

authors: Charvin-Fabre, Sandrine

abstract: In high-income countries, homeless people die 20 to 35 years earlier than domiciled populations. Despite this enduring reality, the issue of death inequality remains underexplored, especially in indigenous homeless contexts, facing the ongoing effects of colonisation. This study centres on the perspectives and aspirations of a Māori street homeless community, known as the “Peeps”. Its objective is twofold: to spotlight to unjust, untimely, and avoidable mortality impacting homeless communities in Aotearoa New Zealand, and to understand how life can be sustained against the adversity of street life. The thesis diverges from conventional public health approaches, which often dichotomise early deaths prevention through improved healthcare access during homelessness, and palliative care provision at the end of life of homeless people. This thesis explores “the temporal space of life prior to death”. Within that temporal realm, the omnipresent “risk of dying” that infiltrates the lives of homeless people, disrupting the linear progression toward death observed in domiciled populations, is recognised. This temporal space is understood as a zone of uncertainty and potentiality, wherein complex life-death dynamics operate, revealing broader political, societal and cultural tensions. This study encountered significant challenges, including the dearth of prior death-related research in Māori homeless contexts, and my non-Māori identity. In response, an indeterminate approach, rooted in relational ethics and complexity and systems thinking — aligned with Māori worldviews — was adopted.  

Part I of the thesis is conceptual and contextual. Part II invites the readers into the fragile “temporal space of life prior to death” and the cyclical research process. Cycle 1 focuses on understanding the local context of death inequality, through relational fieldwork and statistical analysis of coroners’ reports. This analysis uncovers a 30-year life expectancy disparity with domiciled populations, exacerbated by three-quarters of avoidable mortality, mainly due to chronic conditions and suicide. Subsequent cycles sustain relational fieldwork, using collaborative and critical performance ethnography. Cycle 2 reveals the Peeps’ resistance to access healthcare, rooted in experiences of transgenerational trauma and marginalisation of Māori beliefs and values in relation to death and dying within mainstream healthcare institutions. Collaboration with the Peeps leads to the co-creation of a drama, intended to initiate conversations with health professionals from the Peeps’ perspectives and aspirations, to improve the quality of care. This cycle also highlights the impact of disconnection processes with whānau (family, extended family) experienced by the Peeps. Progressing further, cycle 3 illuminates healing processes with whānau using Advance Care Planning, envisioned as a relational space, providing the Peeps with a sense of belonging, and spiritual continuity in the perspective of death and dying. 
 
In addition to shedding light on the profound death inequality that affect Māori homeless people, this thesis argues for homelessness to be recognised as “complex life-threatening conditions associated with serious-related health suffering”. Accordingly, the thesis advocates the shift toward comprehensive care, inclusive of a concurrent prevention and palliation approach over the course of homelessness, to mitigate its impact on the lives of Māori homeless people and enhance holistic wellbeing.

text: Death and homelessness on the streets of Aotearoa New Zealand: Sustaining life In high-income countries, homeless people die 20 to 35 years earlier than domiciled populations. Despite this enduring reality, the issue of death inequality remains underexplored, especially in indigenous homeless contexts, facing the ongoing effects of colonisation. This study centres on the perspectives and aspirations of a Māori street homeless community, known as the “Peeps”. Its objective is twofold: to spotlight to unjust, untimely, and avoidable mortality impacting homeless communities in Aotearoa New Zealand, and to understand how life can be sustained against the adversity of street life. The thesis diverges from conventional public health approaches, which often dichotomise early deaths prevention through improved healthcare access during homelessness, and palliative care provision at the end of life of homeless people. This thesis explores “the temporal space of life prior to death”. Within that temporal realm, the omnipresent “risk of dying” that infiltrates the lives of homeless people, disrupting the linear progression toward death observed in domiciled populations, is recognised. This temporal space is understood as a zone of uncertainty and potentiality, wherein complex life-death dynamics operate, revealing broader political, societal and cultural tensions. This study encountered significant challenges, including the dearth of prior death-related research in Māori homeless contexts, and my non-Māori identity. In response, an indeterminate approach, rooted in relational ethics and complexity and systems thinking — aligned with Māori worldviews — was adopted.  

Part I of the thesis is conceptual and contextual. Part II invites the readers into the fragile “temporal space of life prior to death” and the cyclical research process. Cycle 1 focuses on understanding the local context of death inequality, through relational fieldwork and statistical analysis of coroners’ reports. This analysis uncovers a 30-year life expectancy disparity with domiciled populations, exacerbated by three-quarters of avoidable mortality, mainly due to chronic conditions and suicide. Subsequent cycles sustain relational fieldwork, using collaborative and critical performance ethnography. Cycle 2 reveals the Peeps’ resistance to access healthcare, rooted in experiences of transgenerational trauma and marginalisation of Māori beliefs and values in relation to death and dying within mainstream healthcare institutions. Collaboration with the Peeps leads to the co-creation of a drama, intended to initiate conversations with health professionals from the Peeps’ perspectives and aspirations, to improve the quality of care. This cycle also highlights the impact of disconnection processes with whānau (family, extended family) experienced by the Peeps. Progressing further, cycle 3 illuminates healing processes with whānau using Advance Care Planning, envisioned as a relational space, providing the Peeps with a sense of belonging, and spiritual continuity in the perspective of death and dying. 
 
In addition to shedding light on the profound death inequality that affect Māori homeless people, this thesis argues for homelessness to be recognised as “complex life-threatening conditions associated with serious-related health suffering”. Accordingly, the thesis advocates the shift toward comprehensive care, inclusive of a concurrent prevention and palliation approach over the course of homelessness, to mitigate its impact on the lives of Māori homeless people and enhance holistic wellbeing.

year: 2024