title: Competitive interactions in a dairy pasture containing paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir,) following the introduction of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

authors: Thom, Errol

abstract: A series of trials investigated the contribution of introduced grasses (Lolium perenne and Bromus catharticus) to seasonal production of a high yielding dairy sward containing paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum). The persistence of the introduced species was also determined.
Autumn overdrilling improved (<500 kg DM/ha) herbage production in the following winter/spring and autumn, but thereafter differences between drilled and undrilled swards disappeared. The monitoring of individual plants showed that there were high summer losses of introduced plants; up to 56% were lost by one year after drilling. The contribution of Bromus catharticus to herbage mass was less than that for Lolium perenne, as summer losses of the former plants were higher than for the latter because of increased susceptibility to direct ‘animal effects’ (eg. ‘pulling’). Bromus catharticus was therefore excluded from subsequent experiments. Summer growth of introduced plants was more restricted when they were closely associated with established paspalum than with other resident species, and large plants had better summer persistence than small plants. 
Manipulation of the light environment of the introduced ryegrass plants by regular clipping (10 mm stubble) of surrounding resident herbage markedly improved their ability to survive summer management and environmental stresses. The introduced plants were able to attain a large average size (20 to 50 tillers per plant) before the onset of summer.
Summer losses of introduced plants were higher when grazed at a short (2-3 week) rather than a long (3-4 week) interval and if paspalum was a close neighbour. About 20% of total losses were related to direct cow damage, namely, severe grazing, ‘pulling’, dung and urine deposition, and trampling. The latter effects may be important where stocking densities are high. Other treatments such as late-winter/early-spring application of nitrogen fertiliser and irrigation during summer/autumn, failed to improve persistence of introduced ryegrass.
One of the various ecological strategies that gives paspalum a competitive advantage over ryegrass is its ability to accumulate large reserves of carbohydrate. Measurement of nonstructural carbohydrate accumulated in above-and below-ground organs indicated that these reached a maximum for both species towards the end of the period of their most active growth. At this time the nonstructural carbohydrate level for paspalum at 1050 kg/ha, was four times greater than that for ryegrass. 
Possible practical methods for improving the persistence of ryegrass introduced into established swards are discussed.

text: Competitive interactions in a dairy pasture containing paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir,) following the introduction of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) A series of trials investigated the contribution of introduced grasses (Lolium perenne and Bromus catharticus) to seasonal production of a high yielding dairy sward containing paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum). The persistence of the introduced species was also determined.
Autumn overdrilling improved (<500 kg DM/ha) herbage production in the following winter/spring and autumn, but thereafter differences between drilled and undrilled swards disappeared. The monitoring of individual plants showed that there were high summer losses of introduced plants; up to 56% were lost by one year after drilling. The contribution of Bromus catharticus to herbage mass was less than that for Lolium perenne, as summer losses of the former plants were higher than for the latter because of increased susceptibility to direct ‘animal effects’ (eg. ‘pulling’). Bromus catharticus was therefore excluded from subsequent experiments. Summer growth of introduced plants was more restricted when they were closely associated with established paspalum than with other resident species, and large plants had better summer persistence than small plants. 
Manipulation of the light environment of the introduced ryegrass plants by regular clipping (10 mm stubble) of surrounding resident herbage markedly improved their ability to survive summer management and environmental stresses. The introduced plants were able to attain a large average size (20 to 50 tillers per plant) before the onset of summer.
Summer losses of introduced plants were higher when grazed at a short (2-3 week) rather than a long (3-4 week) interval and if paspalum was a close neighbour. About 20% of total losses were related to direct cow damage, namely, severe grazing, ‘pulling’, dung and urine deposition, and trampling. The latter effects may be important where stocking densities are high. Other treatments such as late-winter/early-spring application of nitrogen fertiliser and irrigation during summer/autumn, failed to improve persistence of introduced ryegrass.
One of the various ecological strategies that gives paspalum a competitive advantage over ryegrass is its ability to accumulate large reserves of carbohydrate. Measurement of nonstructural carbohydrate accumulated in above-and below-ground organs indicated that these reached a maximum for both species towards the end of the period of their most active growth. At this time the nonstructural carbohydrate level for paspalum at 1050 kg/ha, was four times greater than that for ryegrass. 
Possible practical methods for improving the persistence of ryegrass introduced into established swards are discussed.

year: 1984

title: Extended kinship among urban Samoan migrants: Towards an explanation of its persistence in urban New Zealand

authors: Macpherson, C.

abstract: This thesis examines the structure and composition of extended kin groups among Western Samoan migrants in New Zealand, and comments on their role and significance in migrant social organisation.

Certain factors which could explain the continued significance of these groupings are identified and examined. The factors identified suggest that individuals continue to accept the rights and obligations associated with membership of an extended kin group partly because they believe that it is in their interests to do so and partly because they have little option.

The material is placed within the context of the current debate on the relationship between economic organisation and associated kinship structures. The thesis concludes that Western Samoan migrants have retained an extended kin group which closely resembles the modified extended family reported in the family literature, and that under certain conditions extended kin groups may emerge, or persist, in urban industrial societies.

text: Extended kinship among urban Samoan migrants: Towards an explanation of its persistence in urban New Zealand This thesis examines the structure and composition of extended kin groups among Western Samoan migrants in New Zealand, and comments on their role and significance in migrant social organisation.

Certain factors which could explain the continued significance of these groupings are identified and examined. The factors identified suggest that individuals continue to accept the rights and obligations associated with membership of an extended kin group partly because they believe that it is in their interests to do so and partly because they have little option.

The material is placed within the context of the current debate on the relationship between economic organisation and associated kinship structures. The thesis concludes that Western Samoan migrants have retained an extended kin group which closely resembles the modified extended family reported in the family literature, and that under certain conditions extended kin groups may emerge, or persist, in urban industrial societies.

year: 1975

title: Addressing the context and complexity of indigenous language revitalization

authors: May, Stephen

subjects: revitilization

abstract: This response discusses six key themes that emerge, either explicitly or implicitly, from Nancy Hornberger's exemplary analysis of the challenges facing indigenous language revitalization initiatives, particularly as they are currently expressed and implemented in three key indigenous language education contexts--Quechua in the South American Andes; Guarani in Paraguay and Maori in Aotearoa/New Zealand. These themes include, first, the importance of recognizing the wider social and political contexts within which indigenous revitalization initiatives are invariably situated. Second, it requires a related recognition of the internationalism of these initiatives. Third, any academic analysis of indigenous language revitalization requires, or at least must benefit from, an interdisciplinary approach, as exemplified by Hornberger's own analysis. Fourth, Hornberger's continua of biliteracy provides a sufficiently robust framework to explore the complexities and interrelationships inevitably involved in the articulation of language revitalization efforts, as well as how individuals and groups are situated in relation to those efforts. Fifth, the ongoing challenges and tensions inherent in indigenous language revitalization efforts need to continue to be discussed candidly, in order for them to be seriously addressed and, where possible, resolved. And finally, the importance of recognizing and including the voices of those centrally involved in these initiatives, as Hornberger again does, is a crucial feature, as well as a reflection of the inclusive, emancipatory aims of indigenous language revitalization itself.

text: Addressing the context and complexity of indigenous language revitalization This response discusses six key themes that emerge, either explicitly or implicitly, from Nancy Hornberger's exemplary analysis of the challenges facing indigenous language revitalization initiatives, particularly as they are currently expressed and implemented in three key indigenous language education contexts--Quechua in the South American Andes; Guarani in Paraguay and Maori in Aotearoa/New Zealand. These themes include, first, the importance of recognizing the wider social and political contexts within which indigenous revitalization initiatives are invariably situated. Second, it requires a related recognition of the internationalism of these initiatives. Third, any academic analysis of indigenous language revitalization requires, or at least must benefit from, an interdisciplinary approach, as exemplified by Hornberger's own analysis. Fourth, Hornberger's continua of biliteracy provides a sufficiently robust framework to explore the complexities and interrelationships inevitably involved in the articulation of language revitalization efforts, as well as how individuals and groups are situated in relation to those efforts. Fifth, the ongoing challenges and tensions inherent in indigenous language revitalization efforts need to continue to be discussed candidly, in order for them to be seriously addressed and, where possible, resolved. And finally, the importance of recognizing and including the voices of those centrally involved in these initiatives, as Hornberger again does, is a crucial feature, as well as a reflection of the inclusive, emancipatory aims of indigenous language revitalization itself.

year: 2006-01-01