title: Seismically-induced down-sagging structures in tephra layers (tephra-seismites) preserved in lakes since 17.5 cal ka, Hamilton lowlands, New Zealand

authors: Kluger, Max O.

abstract: We analysed numerous soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDSs) identified in seven unconsolidated, up to 8-cmthick, siliceous tephra layers that had been deposited in ~35 riverine-phytogenic lakeswithin the Hamilton lowlands, northern North Island, New Zealand, since 17.5 calendar (cal) ka BP. Based on sediment/tephra descriptions and X-ray computed tomography scanning of cores taken from ten lakes, we classified these SSDSs into elongated load structures (i.e., down-sagging structures) of different dimensions, ranging from millimetre- to decimetre-scale and centimetre-long dykes. Down-sagging structures were commonly manifested as intrusions of internal tephra beds of very fine to medium sand into underlying organic lake sediments.
The tephra layers commonly exhibited an upper silt bed, which was not directly affected by deformation. Dry bulk density and grain size distribution analyses of both the organic lake sediment and the internal tephra beds provided evidence for the deformation mechanism of down-sagging structures and their driving force:
the organic lake sediment and the upper silt bed are less liquefiable, whereas the very fine to medium sand internal tephra beds are liquefiable. The tephra layers and encapsulating organic lake sediments formed three layer (a–b–a) density systems, where ‘a’ denotes the sediment unit of lower density. We infer that downward directed deformation was favoured by the a–b–a density system with the upper, less-liquefiable, silt bed within the tephra layer preventing upward intrusion during the liquefaction process. The spatial distribution and ages of SSDSs within the lakes provided some evidence that liquefaction of the older tephra layers, i.e., Rerewhakaaitu, Rotorua, and Waiohau tephras, deposited 17.5, 15.6, and 14 cal ka BP, respectively, was triggered by a seismic source to the northeast of the Hamilton lowlands (i.e., Kerepehi and/or Te Puninga faults). In contrast, the liquefaction of the younger tephra layers, i.e., Opepe, Mamaku, and Tuhua tephras, deposited 10.0, 8.0, and 7.6 cal ka BP, respectively, may have been triggered by movement on local faults within the Hamilton lowlands, namely the Hamilton Basin faults, or by distant faulting at the Hikurangi subduction margin east of North Island.

text: Seismically-induced down-sagging structures in tephra layers (tephra-seismites) preserved in lakes since 17.5 cal ka, Hamilton lowlands, New Zealand We analysed numerous soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDSs) identified in seven unconsolidated, up to 8-cmthick, siliceous tephra layers that had been deposited in ~35 riverine-phytogenic lakeswithin the Hamilton lowlands, northern North Island, New Zealand, since 17.5 calendar (cal) ka BP. Based on sediment/tephra descriptions and X-ray computed tomography scanning of cores taken from ten lakes, we classified these SSDSs into elongated load structures (i.e., down-sagging structures) of different dimensions, ranging from millimetre- to decimetre-scale and centimetre-long dykes. Down-sagging structures were commonly manifested as intrusions of internal tephra beds of very fine to medium sand into underlying organic lake sediments.
The tephra layers commonly exhibited an upper silt bed, which was not directly affected by deformation. Dry bulk density and grain size distribution analyses of both the organic lake sediment and the internal tephra beds provided evidence for the deformation mechanism of down-sagging structures and their driving force:
the organic lake sediment and the upper silt bed are less liquefiable, whereas the very fine to medium sand internal tephra beds are liquefiable. The tephra layers and encapsulating organic lake sediments formed three layer (a–b–a) density systems, where ‘a’ denotes the sediment unit of lower density. We infer that downward directed deformation was favoured by the a–b–a density system with the upper, less-liquefiable, silt bed within the tephra layer preventing upward intrusion during the liquefaction process. The spatial distribution and ages of SSDSs within the lakes provided some evidence that liquefaction of the older tephra layers, i.e., Rerewhakaaitu, Rotorua, and Waiohau tephras, deposited 17.5, 15.6, and 14 cal ka BP, respectively, was triggered by a seismic source to the northeast of the Hamilton lowlands (i.e., Kerepehi and/or Te Puninga faults). In contrast, the liquefaction of the younger tephra layers, i.e., Opepe, Mamaku, and Tuhua tephras, deposited 10.0, 8.0, and 7.6 cal ka BP, respectively, may have been triggered by movement on local faults within the Hamilton lowlands, namely the Hamilton Basin faults, or by distant faulting at the Hikurangi subduction margin east of North Island.

year: 2023-03

title: Judging What They Do:  Formal, Informal, and Self Appraisal of  New Zealand (Rural) Primary School Principals

authors: Earl Rinehart, (Suzanne) Kerry

subjects: Principal appraisal,

abstract: As in other western market economies, New Zealand government education policy reflects neoliberal economic thinking, neo-conservative ideals and practices of an audit culture. New Zealand’s self-managing schools’ policy, introduced in 1989, changed significantly the complexity of school principals’ work. Leadership frameworks and professional standards have ‘captured’ this complexity and support appraisal of principals. 
Neoliberal/neoconservative thinking has also influenced educational leadership research by focusing on individual leader characteristics and specific cases of ‘successful’ school principalship. Instead in this study formative assessment research provides the lens to (re)consider appraisal experience of six school principals in small rural primary schools. Using a contemporary-pragmatist approach, interviews, abductive processes of analysis and literary forms of representation were chosen as appropriate research design elements. The research concern was: to what extent does principal appraisal recognise the nature and complexity of expectations of principal work in specific school settings and consider the human being undertaking this work?  
Insights from this study come under the umbrella phrase it is people that matter. Thus, appraisal in this study reflects the nature of principals’ work—in the significance of interaction, management and professional judgement—more than aspects of administration or assessment. Recommendations include: future appraisal policy values principal-appraiser interaction; principal preparation and professional development programmes advocate for the importance of self-care and management in principalship; and research further explores the nature and influence of school communities on principals’ decision-making and the judgement of principals’ work.

text: Judging What They Do:  Formal, Informal, and Self Appraisal of  New Zealand (Rural) Primary School Principals As in other western market economies, New Zealand government education policy reflects neoliberal economic thinking, neo-conservative ideals and practices of an audit culture. New Zealand’s self-managing schools’ policy, introduced in 1989, changed significantly the complexity of school principals’ work. Leadership frameworks and professional standards have ‘captured’ this complexity and support appraisal of principals. 
Neoliberal/neoconservative thinking has also influenced educational leadership research by focusing on individual leader characteristics and specific cases of ‘successful’ school principalship. Instead in this study formative assessment research provides the lens to (re)consider appraisal experience of six school principals in small rural primary schools. Using a contemporary-pragmatist approach, interviews, abductive processes of analysis and literary forms of representation were chosen as appropriate research design elements. The research concern was: to what extent does principal appraisal recognise the nature and complexity of expectations of principal work in specific school settings and consider the human being undertaking this work?  
Insights from this study come under the umbrella phrase it is people that matter. Thus, appraisal in this study reflects the nature of principals’ work—in the significance of interaction, management and professional judgement—more than aspects of administration or assessment. Recommendations include: future appraisal policy values principal-appraiser interaction; principal preparation and professional development programmes advocate for the importance of self-care and management in principalship; and research further explores the nature and influence of school communities on principals’ decision-making and the judgement of principals’ work.

year: 2017

title: 'Te Kawau Mārō' The Role of Media in Revitalising Te Reo Māori

authors: Hill, Jessie Lee Anahira

subjects: Media

abstract: The intent of this thesis is to investigate the role media plays in relation to the revitalisation of te reo Māori in Aotearoa/New Zealand society. This is essential as the media's latent potential is often underestimated and therefore underutilised. 

For Māori and inevitably te reo Māori, media has been a topic of heated contestation for over a century. It is postulated that throughout this troubled history, media's influence has contributed to an erosion of te reo Māori and then conversely, since the late 20th century, its attempted revival. The journey of te reo Māori from past to present may be likened to a voyage of a traditional 'waka hourua' (voyaging or double hulled canoe). 'Nga ngaru e toru' ('three waves') illustrates the three stages that I have defined as catalysts significantly impacting te reo Māori. 

Grounded firmly in a Kaupapa Māori methodological and theoretical framework based on careful research and intimate cultural knowledge, my innovative approaches to language revitalisation entitled the Tapatoru (triangle) Model 1 and Tapatoru Model 2 will be introduced and explained. These distinct language revitalisation paradigms illustrate the core ingredients needed in effective language revival and illustrate the positioning and function of the media within these strategic models.

text: 'Te Kawau Mārō' The Role of Media in Revitalising Te Reo Māori The intent of this thesis is to investigate the role media plays in relation to the revitalisation of te reo Māori in Aotearoa/New Zealand society. This is essential as the media's latent potential is often underestimated and therefore underutilised. 

For Māori and inevitably te reo Māori, media has been a topic of heated contestation for over a century. It is postulated that throughout this troubled history, media's influence has contributed to an erosion of te reo Māori and then conversely, since the late 20th century, its attempted revival. The journey of te reo Māori from past to present may be likened to a voyage of a traditional 'waka hourua' (voyaging or double hulled canoe). 'Nga ngaru e toru' ('three waves') illustrates the three stages that I have defined as catalysts significantly impacting te reo Māori. 

Grounded firmly in a Kaupapa Māori methodological and theoretical framework based on careful research and intimate cultural knowledge, my innovative approaches to language revitalisation entitled the Tapatoru (triangle) Model 1 and Tapatoru Model 2 will be introduced and explained. These distinct language revitalisation paradigms illustrate the core ingredients needed in effective language revival and illustrate the positioning and function of the media within these strategic models.

year: 2010