title: The Law of End-Use Energy Efficiency

authors: Eusterfeldhaus, Marcel

subjects: End-Use Energy Efficiency

abstract: This thesis investigates options for reforming New Zealand’s law, regulation and policy concerning energy efficiency. The external drivers in law, regulation and policy that affect household energy use for space heating, hot water heating and household appliances will be examined. Comparative studies with Germany and California will be conducted to make a systematic appraisal of existing policy instruments with the intention of seeing which of these instruments could be applicable in a New Zealand context. The role of the state and the implementation of regulation will be addressed as well as the effectiveness of different energy efficiency measures to change consumer behaviour to adopt energy efficiency in their household. One can conveniently divide the different energy efficiency measures into conventional regulation, decentred regulation, market mechanisms and fiscal measures; unregulated market forces can also be considered. Governments do not develop market mechanisms for domestic end-use energy efficiency. The advantage of conventional regulation (such as energy performance standards) is that it is not as dependent on market and consumer behaviour as decentred regulation (such as energy information measures and voluntary agreements) or situations with no regulation (where market pressure may still be present). The advantage of decentred regulation is that it is more flexible than conventional regulation and can therefore provide a quicker response to the contemporary challenges of evolving markets. Fiscal measures such as subsidies and funding are considered a good approach as a support of conventional regulation. Forceful direction by the legislature is needed to improve the energy efficiency measures. There should be a mixture of conventional regulation, decentred regulation and fiscal measures. The aim is to make the industry manufacture and distribute energy efficient products and convince the consumer to buy these products.

text: The Law of End-Use Energy Efficiency This thesis investigates options for reforming New Zealand’s law, regulation and policy concerning energy efficiency. The external drivers in law, regulation and policy that affect household energy use for space heating, hot water heating and household appliances will be examined. Comparative studies with Germany and California will be conducted to make a systematic appraisal of existing policy instruments with the intention of seeing which of these instruments could be applicable in a New Zealand context. The role of the state and the implementation of regulation will be addressed as well as the effectiveness of different energy efficiency measures to change consumer behaviour to adopt energy efficiency in their household. One can conveniently divide the different energy efficiency measures into conventional regulation, decentred regulation, market mechanisms and fiscal measures; unregulated market forces can also be considered. Governments do not develop market mechanisms for domestic end-use energy efficiency. The advantage of conventional regulation (such as energy performance standards) is that it is not as dependent on market and consumer behaviour as decentred regulation (such as energy information measures and voluntary agreements) or situations with no regulation (where market pressure may still be present). The advantage of decentred regulation is that it is more flexible than conventional regulation and can therefore provide a quicker response to the contemporary challenges of evolving markets. Fiscal measures such as subsidies and funding are considered a good approach as a support of conventional regulation. Forceful direction by the legislature is needed to improve the energy efficiency measures. There should be a mixture of conventional regulation, decentred regulation and fiscal measures. The aim is to make the industry manufacture and distribute energy efficient products and convince the consumer to buy these products.

year: 2010

title: The role of tourism promoting community participation in the development of Jiwaka Province in Papua New Guinea

authors: Kau, Theresia Wome

subjects: Tourism development

abstract: This master’s thesis explored whether or not tourism can facilitate community development in the Jiwaka Province in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG). The people of Jiwaka Province, a newly created province, could benefit from tourism if a national tourism policy is implemented at the provincial level. The literature review examined the role of tourism development in less developed countries, indigenous tourism development, tourism policy, indigenous tourism, tourism advocacy and community development. Action research was used to identify the role of tourism in development of the new province to identify the role, if any, that community participation can have in tourism development. It identified the extent of tourism demand for the Jiwaka Province, some obstacles to tourism development in the province, and how people and smaller communities can become involved in tourism development in Jiwaka Province. The research process led to tourism advocacy, where the researcher helped to educate local people in awareness of the potential they possess and the opportunities available for their community to participate in and to promote development through tourism. The qualitative techniques adopted as part of action research to collect data were interviews and participatory observation. Individual and focus group interviews were used, involving 271 participants, including tourism policy officials in Port Moresby, political leaders of Jiwaka Province, Local leaders and community representatives. 
The results indicate that the top down approach of the current tourism policy is not effective for tourism development and does not facilitate community participation at the grass roots level. Most local people in Jiwaka Province are very ignorant of the potential and benefits of tourism. There is potential for tourism development, but there are obstacles at all levels of government. Currently, development for all sectors of Jiwaka Province is at an embryonic stage. Therefore, growth in tourism and the Jiwaka community can become a reality over time alongside infrastructural development and other economic advancements. 
The key issues preventing community participation in tourism are corruption in the government, limited government funding, security and law and order problems, and issues related to tourism marketing and policy implementation at the national, provincial and district levels. Other issues involve funding from the office of the governor in Jiwaka, delays in establishing the provincial government apparatus in the province due to inefficient government human resource processes in Port Moresby, no tourism office space in the province, infrastructural development, and ignorance of tourism. 
The thesis concluded that community tourism development is the only way for tourism development in Jiwaka because of customary land ownership; a bottom-up approach will deliver more benefits to the community than the current top down approach; a government policy/funding vacuum to support community development leading the communities to turn to corporate and NGO support is deeded, as is the need for tourism advocacy. Recommendations are made to the Jiwaka Provincial Government to prioritise tourism, as a key development agent for communities in Jiwaka Province, using a bottom-up approach, which empowers local people and encourages community participation.

text: The role of tourism promoting community participation in the development of Jiwaka Province in Papua New Guinea This master’s thesis explored whether or not tourism can facilitate community development in the Jiwaka Province in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG). The people of Jiwaka Province, a newly created province, could benefit from tourism if a national tourism policy is implemented at the provincial level. The literature review examined the role of tourism development in less developed countries, indigenous tourism development, tourism policy, indigenous tourism, tourism advocacy and community development. Action research was used to identify the role of tourism in development of the new province to identify the role, if any, that community participation can have in tourism development. It identified the extent of tourism demand for the Jiwaka Province, some obstacles to tourism development in the province, and how people and smaller communities can become involved in tourism development in Jiwaka Province. The research process led to tourism advocacy, where the researcher helped to educate local people in awareness of the potential they possess and the opportunities available for their community to participate in and to promote development through tourism. The qualitative techniques adopted as part of action research to collect data were interviews and participatory observation. Individual and focus group interviews were used, involving 271 participants, including tourism policy officials in Port Moresby, political leaders of Jiwaka Province, Local leaders and community representatives. 
The results indicate that the top down approach of the current tourism policy is not effective for tourism development and does not facilitate community participation at the grass roots level. Most local people in Jiwaka Province are very ignorant of the potential and benefits of tourism. There is potential for tourism development, but there are obstacles at all levels of government. Currently, development for all sectors of Jiwaka Province is at an embryonic stage. Therefore, growth in tourism and the Jiwaka community can become a reality over time alongside infrastructural development and other economic advancements. 
The key issues preventing community participation in tourism are corruption in the government, limited government funding, security and law and order problems, and issues related to tourism marketing and policy implementation at the national, provincial and district levels. Other issues involve funding from the office of the governor in Jiwaka, delays in establishing the provincial government apparatus in the province due to inefficient government human resource processes in Port Moresby, no tourism office space in the province, infrastructural development, and ignorance of tourism. 
The thesis concluded that community tourism development is the only way for tourism development in Jiwaka because of customary land ownership; a bottom-up approach will deliver more benefits to the community than the current top down approach; a government policy/funding vacuum to support community development leading the communities to turn to corporate and NGO support is deeded, as is the need for tourism advocacy. Recommendations are made to the Jiwaka Provincial Government to prioritise tourism, as a key development agent for communities in Jiwaka Province, using a bottom-up approach, which empowers local people and encourages community participation.

year: 2014

title: Evidence of swarm intelligence in collective cultures: Identifying the use of the swarm goal directive of productivity in Pacific organisation systems as well as getween genders

authors: Arun, Natalie M.

subjects: Maori

abstract: Intrigued by the existence of societies outside that of the human population, scientists have ventured to study social aggregations within insects to seek insights on effective colonizing. The most popular of these social aggregations are colonies of ants and bees. In studying these groups of social insects researchers have developed algorithms loosely termed swarm intelligence that increase work efficiency within businesses and other social organizations (Bonabeau & Meyer, 2001). A subsequent proliferation of research in surrounding fields has allowed for investigation of key variables that improve work on a global scale (Bonabeau & Meyer, 2001). James Kennedy (1999), an initiator of swarm research, has suggested that there is a high correlation between systems that rely on each other for information and greater task accomplishment.

text: Evidence of swarm intelligence in collective cultures: Identifying the use of the swarm goal directive of productivity in Pacific organisation systems as well as getween genders Intrigued by the existence of societies outside that of the human population, scientists have ventured to study social aggregations within insects to seek insights on effective colonizing. The most popular of these social aggregations are colonies of ants and bees. In studying these groups of social insects researchers have developed algorithms loosely termed swarm intelligence that increase work efficiency within businesses and other social organizations (Bonabeau & Meyer, 2001). A subsequent proliferation of research in surrounding fields has allowed for investigation of key variables that improve work on a global scale (Bonabeau & Meyer, 2001). James Kennedy (1999), an initiator of swarm research, has suggested that there is a high correlation between systems that rely on each other for information and greater task accomplishment.

year: 2008