title: Internal Migration in Tonga, 2001 - 2011: A review of Migrant Flows and Characteristics

authors: Lolohea, Sione Foiakau

subjects: Internal Migration

abstract: This thesis examines Tonga’s internal migration between 2001 and 2011. Firstly, it provides an analysis of Tonga’s internal migration during that period and secondly it establishes whether the ‘drift south’ of Tonga’s population that was found in the 1970s is still the dominant flow.
 The Tonga Censuses of Population and Housing in 2006 and 2011 are the sources of data for the study. The analysis is presented in two parts: the spatial characteristics of Tonga’s internal migration between 2001 and 2006 and between 2006 and 2011, and the demographic characteristics of migrants during the same two periods. The spatial analysis explores four patterns of migration with reference to the major administrative divisions in Tonga:  within and between districts, within and between divisions, rural-urban migration, and migration between the Northern islands and Tongatapu to the south (the ‘drift south’).  Five demographic characteristics: - age and sex, marital status, education and qualifications, and occupation - are examined for migrants and non-migrants.
The analysis of internal migration in this thesis is the first substantive assessment of internal migration in Tonga for many years.  There has been a much stronger focus on international migration than internal migration in the Pacific region over the past two decades.  The findings from the study are important in the context of an on-going debate about the scale and pace of urbanisation in Pacific countries.  The research finds that there has been considerable stability in the patterns of population movement between the different administrative units in Tonga and that while urbanisation of the population continues, some of the major demographic changes linked with internal migration are occurring in rural Tongatapu.

text: Internal Migration in Tonga, 2001 - 2011: A review of Migrant Flows and Characteristics This thesis examines Tonga’s internal migration between 2001 and 2011. Firstly, it provides an analysis of Tonga’s internal migration during that period and secondly it establishes whether the ‘drift south’ of Tonga’s population that was found in the 1970s is still the dominant flow.
 The Tonga Censuses of Population and Housing in 2006 and 2011 are the sources of data for the study. The analysis is presented in two parts: the spatial characteristics of Tonga’s internal migration between 2001 and 2006 and between 2006 and 2011, and the demographic characteristics of migrants during the same two periods. The spatial analysis explores four patterns of migration with reference to the major administrative divisions in Tonga:  within and between districts, within and between divisions, rural-urban migration, and migration between the Northern islands and Tongatapu to the south (the ‘drift south’).  Five demographic characteristics: - age and sex, marital status, education and qualifications, and occupation - are examined for migrants and non-migrants.
The analysis of internal migration in this thesis is the first substantive assessment of internal migration in Tonga for many years.  There has been a much stronger focus on international migration than internal migration in the Pacific region over the past two decades.  The findings from the study are important in the context of an on-going debate about the scale and pace of urbanisation in Pacific countries.  The research finds that there has been considerable stability in the patterns of population movement between the different administrative units in Tonga and that while urbanisation of the population continues, some of the major demographic changes linked with internal migration are occurring in rural Tongatapu.

year: 2016

title: Internet/e-mail usage and well-being among 65-84 year olds in New Zealand: policy implications

authors: Koopman-Boyden, Peggy G.

subjects: Internet usage

abstract: Research indicates that significant groups of older people are using Internet/e-mail technology. Using data from a 2007 random sample of 1,680 New Zealanders aged 65-84, predictors of Internet/e-mail usage and the impact of usage on well-being were investigated. Gender, age, education, household composition, income, and work were significant predictors of Internet/e-mail usage. Significant positive relationships were also found between Internet/e-mail usage, self-rated health, leisure/recreation participation and leadership, and well-being. These research findings suggest that public policies should encourage older people to adopt Internet/e-mail technology to ensure continued participation, learning, and well-being throughout later years.

text: Internet/e-mail usage and well-being among 65-84 year olds in New Zealand: policy implications Research indicates that significant groups of older people are using Internet/e-mail technology. Using data from a 2007 random sample of 1,680 New Zealanders aged 65-84, predictors of Internet/e-mail usage and the impact of usage on well-being were investigated. Gender, age, education, household composition, income, and work were significant predictors of Internet/e-mail usage. Significant positive relationships were also found between Internet/e-mail usage, self-rated health, leisure/recreation participation and leadership, and well-being. These research findings suggest that public policies should encourage older people to adopt Internet/e-mail technology to ensure continued participation, learning, and well-being throughout later years.

year: 2009

title: E tama Hikairo

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

subjects: Oriori

abstract: He oriori tēnei mō Hikairo, te mokopuna tuatahi a Kīngi Tūheitia. He oriori tēnei e whakanui ana i a Hikairo, tōna whakapapa, tōna tūranga i te ao Māori me te ao Kīngitanga. He mokopuna Ringatū anō a Hikairo, nā Kīngi Tūheitia i tuku mai a Hikairo kia tūātia e Te Hāhi Ringatū ki te Poukai o Wāhi Pā i te tuawaru o Whiringa-ā-Nuku 2014. Ka whakaaturia tōna whakapono Hāhi Ringatū ki roto i te oriori nei e kupu whakaaritia ana. I tohua hoki e Kīngi Tūheitia a Te Kāhautu hai pou whakaruruhau1 mō Hikairo koinei ia i titoa ai tēnei oriori mō tana tamaiti mokopuna, mō Hikairo. He aroha nui nō te matua mō wai oti, mō Hikairo.

I titoa tēnei oriori hai waiatatanga mā te kapa haka o Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti. I waiatatia e Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti tēnei ki Te Matatini i tū ki Ōtautahi te tau rua mano tekau mā rima. He huarahi anō tēnei mā Te Kāhautu ki te whakamānawa i tana mokopuna i a Hikairo, nara nā te kapa haka a Te Kāhautu i waiata, i whakanui a Hikairo ki te maraenui o te iwi Māori, ko Te Matatini. Ana i tuatahi a Hikairo i te wehenga o Te Waiata Tira. “E Tama Hikairo, haere mai rā.”

text: E tama Hikairo He oriori tēnei mō Hikairo, te mokopuna tuatahi a Kīngi Tūheitia. He oriori tēnei e whakanui ana i a Hikairo, tōna whakapapa, tōna tūranga i te ao Māori me te ao Kīngitanga. He mokopuna Ringatū anō a Hikairo, nā Kīngi Tūheitia i tuku mai a Hikairo kia tūātia e Te Hāhi Ringatū ki te Poukai o Wāhi Pā i te tuawaru o Whiringa-ā-Nuku 2014. Ka whakaaturia tōna whakapono Hāhi Ringatū ki roto i te oriori nei e kupu whakaaritia ana. I tohua hoki e Kīngi Tūheitia a Te Kāhautu hai pou whakaruruhau1 mō Hikairo koinei ia i titoa ai tēnei oriori mō tana tamaiti mokopuna, mō Hikairo. He aroha nui nō te matua mō wai oti, mō Hikairo.

I titoa tēnei oriori hai waiatatanga mā te kapa haka o Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti. I waiatatia e Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti tēnei ki Te Matatini i tū ki Ōtautahi te tau rua mano tekau mā rima. He huarahi anō tēnei mā Te Kāhautu ki te whakamānawa i tana mokopuna i a Hikairo, nara nā te kapa haka a Te Kāhautu i waiata, i whakanui a Hikairo ki te maraenui o te iwi Māori, ko Te Matatini. Ana i tuatahi a Hikairo i te wehenga o Te Waiata Tira. “E Tama Hikairo, haere mai rā.”

year: 2016