title: Passive, fractional, battery equivalent-circuit model in time and frequency domains part 1: Linear model

authors: Farrow, Vance

abstract: Existing time-domain fractional model simulations of batteries are either limited to short time sequences, frequently less than 100 s, if truly fractional or use low order RC-ladder fractional approximations to reduce computational burden. Here we present an entirely-passive, truly fractional, equivalent-circuit model of a battery. We rely on a Reimann-Louiville fractional order differintegral to account for long time-scales out to 12 days. An analytical solution is provided for the differintegral, subject to the constraint of piecewise constant current. We validate our model fitting against a multi-day sequence of measured time domain data and EIS measured to 10 μ Hz. The spectral content of the current waveform is identified as a crucial factor. The full evaluation of fractional elements leads to residual error of voltage waveforms that is amongst the best in the literature despite the model having only five parameters. In the time-domain, a root-mean-square error (RMSE) as low as 2.8 mV is achieved while maintaining a frequency-domain RMSE of 14 % from measured impedance values over a span of 6 decades. The use of time-weighted regression is shown to be important to the time-domain fit.

text: Passive, fractional, battery equivalent-circuit model in time and frequency domains part 1: Linear model Existing time-domain fractional model simulations of batteries are either limited to short time sequences, frequently less than 100 s, if truly fractional or use low order RC-ladder fractional approximations to reduce computational burden. Here we present an entirely-passive, truly fractional, equivalent-circuit model of a battery. We rely on a Reimann-Louiville fractional order differintegral to account for long time-scales out to 12 days. An analytical solution is provided for the differintegral, subject to the constraint of piecewise constant current. We validate our model fitting against a multi-day sequence of measured time domain data and EIS measured to 10 μ Hz. The spectral content of the current waveform is identified as a crucial factor. The full evaluation of fractional elements leads to residual error of voltage waveforms that is amongst the best in the literature despite the model having only five parameters. In the time-domain, a root-mean-square error (RMSE) as low as 2.8 mV is achieved while maintaining a frequency-domain RMSE of 14 % from measured impedance values over a span of 6 decades. The use of time-weighted regression is shown to be important to the time-domain fit.

year: 2024

title: Late Miocene – Early Pleistocene paleogeography of the onshore central Hawke’s Bay sector of the forearc basin, eastern North Island, New Zealand, and some implications for hydrocarbon prospectivity

authors: Bland, Kyle J.

subjects: paleogeography

abstract: The timing of trap formation in relation to the timing of source rock burial and maturation are important considerations in evaluating the hydrocarbon prospectivity of onshore parts of the forearc basin in central Hawke’s Bay.  We describe here aspects of the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene paleogeography for the area based on detailed field mapping and lithofacies analysis, to help constrain petroleum systems evaluations.  Key conclusions are: 
•	Most deformation of the forearc basin fill appears to be relatively young (i.e. post-2 Ma).  This deformation has occurred after a major phase of Late Miocene to Pliocene sediment accumulation, and is particularly significant along the northwestern and southeastern margins of the basin.
•	The axis of the forearc basin in central Hawke’s Bay appears to have undergone little structural deformation.  Gentle force and reverse faults in the subsurface may be suitable traps.
•	The most widespread potential reservoir beds are Miocene sandstone beds.
•	Potential hydrocarbon source rocks are mostly absent from western parts of the basin due to significant Neogene uplift and erosion.  They are, however, probably still widely preserved beneath central parts of the basin where uplift and erosion have been much less pronounced.
•	Miocene structures within the axis of the basin, buried by the Late Miocene to Pleistocene siliciclastic succession, are likely exploration targets.

The forearc basin has been substantially inverted along its western side since the latest Pliocene, resulting in erosion of older sediments, including potential source rocks, down to basement in ranges flanking its western side.  The stratigraphy along the eastern margin of the forearc basin, and particularly the outcrop pattern of westward-younging Plio-Pleistocene limestones, records the development of faulting and folding associated with the elevation and growth of the inboard part of the accretionary wedge.  Parts of the forearc basin succession have become involved in the accretionary wedge, which has migrated westward through time.  
Uplift of the inboard margin of the accretionary wedge since the latest Miocene helped to cause an interior seaway to develop to the west during the Pliocene.  Distinctive coarse-grained bioclastic carbonate sediments of the Te Aute lithofacies were deposited along both margins of the seaway, which was most extensive during the Late Pliocene (Mangapanian).  Although significant volumes of siliciclastic sediment were supplied to the basin during the Pliocene, strong tidal currents periodically swept much of these sediments northeastward.  Tidal connections existed during the Pliocene into Wanganui Basin in the vicinity of Kuripapango and Manawatu Gorge.  By the latest Pliocene (lower Nukumaruan), the interior seaway became closed in the south with uplift of the Mount Bruce block in northern Wairarapa.
Potential reservoirs within the map area include both shelf and redeposited sandstone beds in the Miocene to Early Pliocene Tolaga Group.  Thick, coarse-grained, variably cemented Plio-Pleistocene limestone lithofacies in the Mangaheia Group are widespread along the margins of the basin, and have been the targets for several past exploration programmes.  However, drilling has shown that the attractiveness of the Pliocene limestone facies as reservoir beds is limited because they quickly pass laterally into siliciclastic mudstone away from the margins of the basin.

text: Late Miocene – Early Pleistocene paleogeography of the onshore central Hawke’s Bay sector of the forearc basin, eastern North Island, New Zealand, and some implications for hydrocarbon prospectivity The timing of trap formation in relation to the timing of source rock burial and maturation are important considerations in evaluating the hydrocarbon prospectivity of onshore parts of the forearc basin in central Hawke’s Bay.  We describe here aspects of the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene paleogeography for the area based on detailed field mapping and lithofacies analysis, to help constrain petroleum systems evaluations.  Key conclusions are: 
•	Most deformation of the forearc basin fill appears to be relatively young (i.e. post-2 Ma).  This deformation has occurred after a major phase of Late Miocene to Pliocene sediment accumulation, and is particularly significant along the northwestern and southeastern margins of the basin.
•	The axis of the forearc basin in central Hawke’s Bay appears to have undergone little structural deformation.  Gentle force and reverse faults in the subsurface may be suitable traps.
•	The most widespread potential reservoir beds are Miocene sandstone beds.
•	Potential hydrocarbon source rocks are mostly absent from western parts of the basin due to significant Neogene uplift and erosion.  They are, however, probably still widely preserved beneath central parts of the basin where uplift and erosion have been much less pronounced.
•	Miocene structures within the axis of the basin, buried by the Late Miocene to Pleistocene siliciclastic succession, are likely exploration targets.

The forearc basin has been substantially inverted along its western side since the latest Pliocene, resulting in erosion of older sediments, including potential source rocks, down to basement in ranges flanking its western side.  The stratigraphy along the eastern margin of the forearc basin, and particularly the outcrop pattern of westward-younging Plio-Pleistocene limestones, records the development of faulting and folding associated with the elevation and growth of the inboard part of the accretionary wedge.  Parts of the forearc basin succession have become involved in the accretionary wedge, which has migrated westward through time.  
Uplift of the inboard margin of the accretionary wedge since the latest Miocene helped to cause an interior seaway to develop to the west during the Pliocene.  Distinctive coarse-grained bioclastic carbonate sediments of the Te Aute lithofacies were deposited along both margins of the seaway, which was most extensive during the Late Pliocene (Mangapanian).  Although significant volumes of siliciclastic sediment were supplied to the basin during the Pliocene, strong tidal currents periodically swept much of these sediments northeastward.  Tidal connections existed during the Pliocene into Wanganui Basin in the vicinity of Kuripapango and Manawatu Gorge.  By the latest Pliocene (lower Nukumaruan), the interior seaway became closed in the south with uplift of the Mount Bruce block in northern Wairarapa.
Potential reservoirs within the map area include both shelf and redeposited sandstone beds in the Miocene to Early Pliocene Tolaga Group.  Thick, coarse-grained, variably cemented Plio-Pleistocene limestone lithofacies in the Mangaheia Group are widespread along the margins of the basin, and have been the targets for several past exploration programmes.  However, drilling has shown that the attractiveness of the Pliocene limestone facies as reservoir beds is limited because they quickly pass laterally into siliciclastic mudstone away from the margins of the basin.

year: 2008

title: The relationship between on-water performance and physical characteristics in elite and sub-elite outrigger canoe paddlers

authors: King, Tupuria

abstract: Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare and investigate the relationship between 500 m on-water performance and physical characteristics in elite and sub-elite outrigger canoe paddlers. Methods: A total of 16 males participated in the study including eight elite paddlers (age: 24.8 ± 10.5 yrs., total paddling experience: 12.5 ± 5.2 yrs.) and eight sub-elite paddlers (age: 34.4 ± 15.4 yrs., total paddling experience: 6.8 ± 5.2 yrs.). Body mass, height, sitting height, arm span, arm length, body fat percentage, 50 kg muscular endurance (bench press and bench pull), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and Wingate performance (30 sec maximal effort) were assessed and subsequently correlated with 500 m outrigger canoeing performance at a national championship’s regatta. Results: When group data were combined, moderate to strong correlations were found between 500 m outrigger canoeing performance and absolute VO2peak (r = -0.61), upper limb length (r = -0.60) 50 kg bench press (r = -0.56), total paddling experience (r = -0.53), body mass (r = -0.51), sitting height (r = -0.51), singles paddling experience (r = -0.49), height (r = -0.48) and Wingate distance (r = -0.42). When groups were compared, elite paddlers showed significantly greater Wingate mean power and distance, paddling experience and 500 m on-water performance times than sub-elite paddlers (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in anthropometrical measures, muscular endurance and VO2peak between the two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: VO2peak and upper limb length were the best predictors of performance over the 500 m sprint distance across the entire group. Thirty-second Wingate mean power and distance, years of paddling experience and subsequent 500 m on-water performance differentiated elite from sub-elite paddlers.

text: The relationship between on-water performance and physical characteristics in elite and sub-elite outrigger canoe paddlers Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare and investigate the relationship between 500 m on-water performance and physical characteristics in elite and sub-elite outrigger canoe paddlers. Methods: A total of 16 males participated in the study including eight elite paddlers (age: 24.8 ± 10.5 yrs., total paddling experience: 12.5 ± 5.2 yrs.) and eight sub-elite paddlers (age: 34.4 ± 15.4 yrs., total paddling experience: 6.8 ± 5.2 yrs.). Body mass, height, sitting height, arm span, arm length, body fat percentage, 50 kg muscular endurance (bench press and bench pull), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and Wingate performance (30 sec maximal effort) were assessed and subsequently correlated with 500 m outrigger canoeing performance at a national championship’s regatta. Results: When group data were combined, moderate to strong correlations were found between 500 m outrigger canoeing performance and absolute VO2peak (r = -0.61), upper limb length (r = -0.60) 50 kg bench press (r = -0.56), total paddling experience (r = -0.53), body mass (r = -0.51), sitting height (r = -0.51), singles paddling experience (r = -0.49), height (r = -0.48) and Wingate distance (r = -0.42). When groups were compared, elite paddlers showed significantly greater Wingate mean power and distance, paddling experience and 500 m on-water performance times than sub-elite paddlers (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in anthropometrical measures, muscular endurance and VO2peak between the two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: VO2peak and upper limb length were the best predictors of performance over the 500 m sprint distance across the entire group. Thirty-second Wingate mean power and distance, years of paddling experience and subsequent 500 m on-water performance differentiated elite from sub-elite paddlers.

year: 2019