title: Constraints on the thermal and tectonic evolution of Greymouth coalfield

authors: Kamp, Peter J.J.

subjects: Greymouth Coalfield

abstract: The southern end of the Paparoa Range in Westland, South Island, New Zealand, comprises an asymmetrical, southward plunging, faulted (Brunner-Mt Davy) anticline, the eastern limb of which is common with the western limb of an asymmetrical (Grey Valley) syncline forming a Neogene foreland basin (Grey Valley Trough). The faulted anticline is a classic inversion structure: compression during the Neogene, associated with the development of the modern Australia-Pacific plate boundary, caused a pre-existing normal fault zone, about which a late Cretaceous-Oligocene extensional half graben had formed (Paparoa Trough), to change its sense of displacement. The resulting basement loading formed the foreland basin, containing up to 3 km of mainly marine sedimentary section. 
Fission track results for apatite concentrates from 41 shallow drillhole and outcrop samples from the Greymouth Coalfield part of the Brunner-Mt Davy Anticline are reported and interpreted, to better establish the timing and amount of inversion, and hence the mechanism of inversion. The fission track results integrated with modelling of vitrinite reflectance data, show that the maximum paleotemperatures experienced during burial of the Late Cretaceous and mid-Eocene coal-bearing succession everywhere exceeded 85deg.C, and reached a peak of 180deg.C along the axis of the former basin. Cooling from maximum temperatures occurred during three discrete phases: 20-15 Ma, 12-7 Ma, and c. 2 Ma to the present. The amount of denudation has been variable across the inverted basin, decreasing westward from a maximum of c. 2.5 km during the first deformation phase, c. 1.2 km during the second phase, and 1.4 km during the third phase. It appears that exhumation over the coalfield continued for about 2 m.y. beyond the biostratigraphically determined time ranges of each of two synorogenic unconformities along the western limb of the Grey Valley Syncline. Stick-slip behaviour on the range front fault that localised the inversion is inferred. The tectonic evolution of the anticline-syncline pair at the southern end of the Paparoa Range, is therefore identical in style, and similar in timing, to the development of the Papahaua Range-Westport Trough across the Kongahu Fault Zone, in the vicinity of Buller Coalfield.

text: Constraints on the thermal and tectonic evolution of Greymouth coalfield The southern end of the Paparoa Range in Westland, South Island, New Zealand, comprises an asymmetrical, southward plunging, faulted (Brunner-Mt Davy) anticline, the eastern limb of which is common with the western limb of an asymmetrical (Grey Valley) syncline forming a Neogene foreland basin (Grey Valley Trough). The faulted anticline is a classic inversion structure: compression during the Neogene, associated with the development of the modern Australia-Pacific plate boundary, caused a pre-existing normal fault zone, about which a late Cretaceous-Oligocene extensional half graben had formed (Paparoa Trough), to change its sense of displacement. The resulting basement loading formed the foreland basin, containing up to 3 km of mainly marine sedimentary section. 
Fission track results for apatite concentrates from 41 shallow drillhole and outcrop samples from the Greymouth Coalfield part of the Brunner-Mt Davy Anticline are reported and interpreted, to better establish the timing and amount of inversion, and hence the mechanism of inversion. The fission track results integrated with modelling of vitrinite reflectance data, show that the maximum paleotemperatures experienced during burial of the Late Cretaceous and mid-Eocene coal-bearing succession everywhere exceeded 85deg.C, and reached a peak of 180deg.C along the axis of the former basin. Cooling from maximum temperatures occurred during three discrete phases: 20-15 Ma, 12-7 Ma, and c. 2 Ma to the present. The amount of denudation has been variable across the inverted basin, decreasing westward from a maximum of c. 2.5 km during the first deformation phase, c. 1.2 km during the second phase, and 1.4 km during the third phase. It appears that exhumation over the coalfield continued for about 2 m.y. beyond the biostratigraphically determined time ranges of each of two synorogenic unconformities along the western limb of the Grey Valley Syncline. Stick-slip behaviour on the range front fault that localised the inversion is inferred. The tectonic evolution of the anticline-syncline pair at the southern end of the Paparoa Range, is therefore identical in style, and similar in timing, to the development of the Papahaua Range-Westport Trough across the Kongahu Fault Zone, in the vicinity of Buller Coalfield.

year: 1999

title: The carbon-based environmental impact of learning at the University of Waikato

authors: Harlow, Stephen

abstract: In a world where man-made carbon emissions are exacerbating the natural warming of the earth, with serious consequences, it is beholden on universities to show leadership by accounting for, and mitigating, their carbon emissions. This research accounts for the carbon-based environmental impact of the face-to-face and online delivery of higher education at the University of Waikato. Drawing on an existing environmental assessment methodology, data was gathered by web-based survey on the key sources of carbon emissions associated with a student’s university study, namely: travel, place of residence, and use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and paper. As part of updating and localising the methodology, new calculations were made for internet, textbook, residential and campus site energies and an improved method for computing the impact of printing was developed. The data were analysed, allowing for comparisons to be made between online and face-to-face students’ carbon emissions, and with some care the limited previous research. The main sources of carbon-based environmental impact were travel, campus and residential energy. Online students’ emissions were, on average, one-third of those of their on-campus peers.

text: The carbon-based environmental impact of learning at the University of Waikato In a world where man-made carbon emissions are exacerbating the natural warming of the earth, with serious consequences, it is beholden on universities to show leadership by accounting for, and mitigating, their carbon emissions. This research accounts for the carbon-based environmental impact of the face-to-face and online delivery of higher education at the University of Waikato. Drawing on an existing environmental assessment methodology, data was gathered by web-based survey on the key sources of carbon emissions associated with a student’s university study, namely: travel, place of residence, and use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and paper. As part of updating and localising the methodology, new calculations were made for internet, textbook, residential and campus site energies and an improved method for computing the impact of printing was developed. The data were analysed, allowing for comparisons to be made between online and face-to-face students’ carbon emissions, and with some care the limited previous research. The main sources of carbon-based environmental impact were travel, campus and residential energy. Online students’ emissions were, on average, one-third of those of their on-campus peers.

year: 2016

title: Student belonging: critical relationships and responsibilities

authors: Berryman, Mere

subjects: Belonging

abstract: In this paper, we consider New Zealand’s education system to understand what can happen when we focus only on excellence and students reaching their potential, without simultaneously investing in their sense of belonging and wellbeing. National statistics suggest we are alienating and shortchanging an increasing number of students and, for disproportionate numbers of Indigenous students, these statistics are part of a world trend. The literature, and the students themselves, highlight the need to overturn the underlying racism that persistently disadvantages clearly identifiable groups of students over others. Until we do, using equity and excellence as the most powerful drivers for reform, will continue to promote conditions where our students’ sense of belonging and wellbeing are undermined throughout their education and we will risk, failing to address the ensuing negative statistics. We conclude with a response that we have learned from working with these same students.

text: Student belonging: critical relationships and responsibilities In this paper, we consider New Zealand’s education system to understand what can happen when we focus only on excellence and students reaching their potential, without simultaneously investing in their sense of belonging and wellbeing. National statistics suggest we are alienating and shortchanging an increasing number of students and, for disproportionate numbers of Indigenous students, these statistics are part of a world trend. The literature, and the students themselves, highlight the need to overturn the underlying racism that persistently disadvantages clearly identifiable groups of students over others. Until we do, using equity and excellence as the most powerful drivers for reform, will continue to promote conditions where our students’ sense of belonging and wellbeing are undermined throughout their education and we will risk, failing to address the ensuing negative statistics. We conclude with a response that we have learned from working with these same students.

year: 2019