title: William Buchanan Maxwell: a veteran who became ‘Te Aroha’s pet adornment’

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Famous in Te Aroha as a veteran soldier, Maxwell had fought in the Crimea, China, and India before fighting against Maori in New Zealand. Proud of his four wounds, he would lead a detachment of volunteers marching off to war in 1915. In his personal life, despite his involvement in the New Zealand land wars he would marry a Maori. After the fighting ceased, he had a variety of low-skilled jobs in Rotorua, Tauranga, and Ohinemuri before settling in Te Aroha, where he was a fireman. At Te Aroha he did a little prospecting, but did not really deserve the title ‘miner’. His jovial personality made him one of Te Aroha’s most popular residents.

text: William Buchanan Maxwell: a veteran who became ‘Te Aroha’s pet adornment’ Famous in Te Aroha as a veteran soldier, Maxwell had fought in the Crimea, China, and India before fighting against Maori in New Zealand. Proud of his four wounds, he would lead a detachment of volunteers marching off to war in 1915. In his personal life, despite his involvement in the New Zealand land wars he would marry a Maori. After the fighting ceased, he had a variety of low-skilled jobs in Rotorua, Tauranga, and Ohinemuri before settling in Te Aroha, where he was a fireman. At Te Aroha he did a little prospecting, but did not really deserve the title ‘miner’. His jovial personality made him one of Te Aroha’s most popular residents.

year: 2016

title: A Geological Map of Te Kuiti Sheet BF33 at 1:50 000 scale, King Country Basin, New Zealand

authors: Whiteman, Benjamin David

subjects: Te Kuiti Group

abstract: The principal research objective of this thesis has been to produce a new 1:50 000 scale geological map of topographic map BF33 (Te Kuiti Sheet), one of the new Topo 50 topographic map sheets covering New Zealand. The geological map was produced through a conventional field mapping approach coupled with structure contouring using ArcGIS software. Hence the physical map printed at a 1:50 000 scale is backed-up by a database in ArcGIS, which is scaleless. The map illustrates the distribution and extent of Cenozoic stratigraphic units (Te Kuiti Group, Mahoenui Group, Mokau Group, Otunui Formation and Pakaumanu Group ignimbrites) and Jurassic basement in the field area. The map represents significant revision of the distribution of units and occurrence of faults compared with previous geological maps of the area, including the 1:50 000 field sheet prepared for the production of the new 1:250 000 Waikato QMAP sheet (Edbrooke, 2005). Several new normal faults east of Te Kuiti have been identified and mapped, as well as minor changes in the location of Waipa Fault. A west-east trending syncline has also been identified and mapped in the southern part of the field area. 
Stratigraphic columns through Te Kuiti, Mahoenui and Mokau groups, and Otunui Formation, have been drawn for numerous sites, appealing in some cases to previously produced columns. Facies descriptions of these successions have also been made and environments of deposition interpreted from them. The Oligocene to Earliest Miocene (Whaingaroan-Waitakian stages) Te Kuiti Group is comprised of basal coal measures, calcareous sandstone, calcareous siltstone and limestone facies, which accumulated in fluvial environments (coal measures) and mainly in shelf environments. The Early Miocene (Otaian Stage) Mahoenui Group is comprised mainly of mudstone facies (Taumatamaire Formation) with some interbedded occurrences of turbidites. Limestone facies (Cherry Tree Limestone Member), occurs near the base of Taumatamaire Formation in the close vicinity of Te Kuiti, comprising redeposited beds. The Mahoenui succession accumulated in upper bathyal environments as the basin rapidly subsided. Bexley Sandstone (Mokau Group) comprises mainly sandstone facies with interbedded mudstonesandstone within Mangarino Member, which occurs in the lower part of the formation north of Te Kuiti. Bexley Sandstone accumulated in shallow marine and marginal marine (Mangarino Member) environments within a transgressive systems tract. Otunui Formation comprises mainly silty sandstone facies. A shellbed at the base of the formation, known as Mangarara Formation, accumulated as a transgressive shoreface to innermost shelf deposit; it is conformably overlain by thick bioturbated silty fine sandstone facies that accumulated in shelf and upper bathyal environments. From its degree of induration, a 2 km thick succession accumulated above Otunui Formation (e.g. Mt Messenger Formation to Matemateaonga Formation), but it was eroded prior to emplacement of Early Pleistocene Pakaumanu Group ignimbrites sourced from Taupo Volcanic Zone. Individual ignimbrite eruptives have not been differentiated on the geological map. A landscape with considerable relief has developed upon the ignimbrite units and Holocene alluvium has accumulated in valley floors.

text: A Geological Map of Te Kuiti Sheet BF33 at 1:50 000 scale, King Country Basin, New Zealand The principal research objective of this thesis has been to produce a new 1:50 000 scale geological map of topographic map BF33 (Te Kuiti Sheet), one of the new Topo 50 topographic map sheets covering New Zealand. The geological map was produced through a conventional field mapping approach coupled with structure contouring using ArcGIS software. Hence the physical map printed at a 1:50 000 scale is backed-up by a database in ArcGIS, which is scaleless. The map illustrates the distribution and extent of Cenozoic stratigraphic units (Te Kuiti Group, Mahoenui Group, Mokau Group, Otunui Formation and Pakaumanu Group ignimbrites) and Jurassic basement in the field area. The map represents significant revision of the distribution of units and occurrence of faults compared with previous geological maps of the area, including the 1:50 000 field sheet prepared for the production of the new 1:250 000 Waikato QMAP sheet (Edbrooke, 2005). Several new normal faults east of Te Kuiti have been identified and mapped, as well as minor changes in the location of Waipa Fault. A west-east trending syncline has also been identified and mapped in the southern part of the field area. 
Stratigraphic columns through Te Kuiti, Mahoenui and Mokau groups, and Otunui Formation, have been drawn for numerous sites, appealing in some cases to previously produced columns. Facies descriptions of these successions have also been made and environments of deposition interpreted from them. The Oligocene to Earliest Miocene (Whaingaroan-Waitakian stages) Te Kuiti Group is comprised of basal coal measures, calcareous sandstone, calcareous siltstone and limestone facies, which accumulated in fluvial environments (coal measures) and mainly in shelf environments. The Early Miocene (Otaian Stage) Mahoenui Group is comprised mainly of mudstone facies (Taumatamaire Formation) with some interbedded occurrences of turbidites. Limestone facies (Cherry Tree Limestone Member), occurs near the base of Taumatamaire Formation in the close vicinity of Te Kuiti, comprising redeposited beds. The Mahoenui succession accumulated in upper bathyal environments as the basin rapidly subsided. Bexley Sandstone (Mokau Group) comprises mainly sandstone facies with interbedded mudstonesandstone within Mangarino Member, which occurs in the lower part of the formation north of Te Kuiti. Bexley Sandstone accumulated in shallow marine and marginal marine (Mangarino Member) environments within a transgressive systems tract. Otunui Formation comprises mainly silty sandstone facies. A shellbed at the base of the formation, known as Mangarara Formation, accumulated as a transgressive shoreface to innermost shelf deposit; it is conformably overlain by thick bioturbated silty fine sandstone facies that accumulated in shelf and upper bathyal environments. From its degree of induration, a 2 km thick succession accumulated above Otunui Formation (e.g. Mt Messenger Formation to Matemateaonga Formation), but it was eroded prior to emplacement of Early Pleistocene Pakaumanu Group ignimbrites sourced from Taupo Volcanic Zone. Individual ignimbrite eruptives have not been differentiated on the geological map. A landscape with considerable relief has developed upon the ignimbrite units and Holocene alluvium has accumulated in valley floors.

year: 2017

title: Volunteering at the edge of chaos: A case study on the self-organising of younger volunteers during the Rena oil spill crisis

authors: Lockwood, Sarah Jane

subjects: volunteer

abstract: This thesis investigates the self-organising of younger volunteers during the 2011 Rena oil spill crisis in Aotearoa/New Zealand. It builds on emerging research that considers the relationships between volunteering and activism and focuses on the ways in which younger volunteers carved out a ‘volunteer-activist’ space for themselves on the edge of the formal crisis responses.  
The research adopts a case study approach and uses an interpretive lens to investigate three research questions: (1) How was volunteering conceptualised by younger volunteers involved in the Rena crisis?; (2) How did the generational dynamics of younger volunteers affect the various organising responses to the Rena event?; and, (3) How was self-organising conceptualised by younger volunteers involved in the Rena crisis?
The data comprised interviews with 53 participants, 38 of whom were classified as younger volunteers (16-29 years of age) and 15 who held positions of authority in the Rena crisis response and who had high levels of engagement with the younger volunteers. By examining the intersections and overlaps of self-organising, younger generations of volunteers, and crisis events through a social constructionist methodology combined with an interpretive lens and reflexive position, the thesis makes several theoretical and practical contributions.
At a theoretical level, the thesis challenges traditional crisis management approaches dominated by command and control, formal, or top down organisational structures and arrangements. The thesis demonstrates how, as active members of society, younger volunteers developed alternate forms of participation to strengthen crisis response. 
Power tensions between younger volunteers and crisis officials were grounded in a deep sense of frustration resulting from negative societal views toward younger generational cohorts and the structural workings of a risk society. By reconciling social and institutional grievances through self-organising, younger volunteers could take advantage of their marginalised position and enact self-reflexive responses in ways that were not readily available to them in everyday life. This sense of empowerment helped younger volunteers navigate the structural uncertainties they faced as they transitioned towards a competitive labour market and also to take greater control of their lives during a crisis.
From an Aotearoa/New Zealand, perspective, the thesis also provides insights into how younger Māori participants made sense of and enacted their ‘volunteer’ experience and how this experience was influenced by culturally embedded principles. Importantly, there appeared to be no generational differences between how younger and older Māori participants made sense of their ‘volunteer’ experience. Both groups were driven by collectivist orientations, which highlights the importance of contextualising culture in volunteer sector research. 
The social constructedness of the media technologies used by participants exposed broader power structures that existed within their generation-specific social worlds. To this end, media multiplexity showed how use of different communication technologies (1) supported the maintenance of relationships between participants and (2) was fundamental to the meaning participants attached to the different forms of technologies. These findings indicate the need to move away from the current literature’s focus on the tools of communication technologies used by younger people during crisis events, towards the meanings that exist behind the use of such technologies as well as the digital relationships fostered among volunteers. 
This thesis contributes to the scholarship on volunteering and activism by showing how self-organising emerged as an alternative form of activist—or activator—approach to volunteer participation within a crisis response. This approach enabled young volunteer-activators to move beyond their perceived sense of marginalisation and avoid those formal organisational forces that limit their sense of freedom and personal development. The result was an alternative crisis response of self-organised volunteering on the edge of chaos.

text: Volunteering at the edge of chaos: A case study on the self-organising of younger volunteers during the Rena oil spill crisis This thesis investigates the self-organising of younger volunteers during the 2011 Rena oil spill crisis in Aotearoa/New Zealand. It builds on emerging research that considers the relationships between volunteering and activism and focuses on the ways in which younger volunteers carved out a ‘volunteer-activist’ space for themselves on the edge of the formal crisis responses.  
The research adopts a case study approach and uses an interpretive lens to investigate three research questions: (1) How was volunteering conceptualised by younger volunteers involved in the Rena crisis?; (2) How did the generational dynamics of younger volunteers affect the various organising responses to the Rena event?; and, (3) How was self-organising conceptualised by younger volunteers involved in the Rena crisis?
The data comprised interviews with 53 participants, 38 of whom were classified as younger volunteers (16-29 years of age) and 15 who held positions of authority in the Rena crisis response and who had high levels of engagement with the younger volunteers. By examining the intersections and overlaps of self-organising, younger generations of volunteers, and crisis events through a social constructionist methodology combined with an interpretive lens and reflexive position, the thesis makes several theoretical and practical contributions.
At a theoretical level, the thesis challenges traditional crisis management approaches dominated by command and control, formal, or top down organisational structures and arrangements. The thesis demonstrates how, as active members of society, younger volunteers developed alternate forms of participation to strengthen crisis response. 
Power tensions between younger volunteers and crisis officials were grounded in a deep sense of frustration resulting from negative societal views toward younger generational cohorts and the structural workings of a risk society. By reconciling social and institutional grievances through self-organising, younger volunteers could take advantage of their marginalised position and enact self-reflexive responses in ways that were not readily available to them in everyday life. This sense of empowerment helped younger volunteers navigate the structural uncertainties they faced as they transitioned towards a competitive labour market and also to take greater control of their lives during a crisis.
From an Aotearoa/New Zealand, perspective, the thesis also provides insights into how younger Māori participants made sense of and enacted their ‘volunteer’ experience and how this experience was influenced by culturally embedded principles. Importantly, there appeared to be no generational differences between how younger and older Māori participants made sense of their ‘volunteer’ experience. Both groups were driven by collectivist orientations, which highlights the importance of contextualising culture in volunteer sector research. 
The social constructedness of the media technologies used by participants exposed broader power structures that existed within their generation-specific social worlds. To this end, media multiplexity showed how use of different communication technologies (1) supported the maintenance of relationships between participants and (2) was fundamental to the meaning participants attached to the different forms of technologies. These findings indicate the need to move away from the current literature’s focus on the tools of communication technologies used by younger people during crisis events, towards the meanings that exist behind the use of such technologies as well as the digital relationships fostered among volunteers. 
This thesis contributes to the scholarship on volunteering and activism by showing how self-organising emerged as an alternative form of activist—or activator—approach to volunteer participation within a crisis response. This approach enabled young volunteer-activators to move beyond their perceived sense of marginalisation and avoid those formal organisational forces that limit their sense of freedom and personal development. The result was an alternative crisis response of self-organised volunteering on the edge of chaos.

year: 2019