title: Minimizing side reactions in chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution: organometallic and material strategies

authors: Pollock, Ciara L.

abstract: Chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of rac-1-phenyl ethanol into R-1-phenylethanol acetate was investigated with emphasis on the minimization of side reactions. The organometallic hydrogen transfer (racemization) catalyst was varied, and this was observed to alter the rate and extent of oxidation of the alcohol to form ketone side products. The performance of highly active catalyst [(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)IrCl₂(1-benzyl,3-methyl-imidazol-2-ylidene)] was found to depend on the batch of lipase B used. The interaction between the bio- and chemo-catalysts was reduced by employing physical entrapment of the enzyme in silica using a sol–gel process. The nature of the gelation method was found to be important, with an alkaline method preferred, as an acidic method was found to initiate a further side reaction, the acid catalyzed dehydration of the secondary alcohol. The acidic gel was found to be a heterogeneous solid acid.

text: Minimizing side reactions in chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution: organometallic and material strategies Chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of rac-1-phenyl ethanol into R-1-phenylethanol acetate was investigated with emphasis on the minimization of side reactions. The organometallic hydrogen transfer (racemization) catalyst was varied, and this was observed to alter the rate and extent of oxidation of the alcohol to form ketone side products. The performance of highly active catalyst [(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)IrCl₂(1-benzyl,3-methyl-imidazol-2-ylidene)] was found to depend on the batch of lipase B used. The interaction between the bio- and chemo-catalysts was reduced by employing physical entrapment of the enzyme in silica using a sol–gel process. The nature of the gelation method was found to be important, with an alkaline method preferred, as an acidic method was found to initiate a further side reaction, the acid catalyzed dehydration of the secondary alcohol. The acidic gel was found to be a heterogeneous solid acid.

year: 2012

title: Boat electrofishing survey of the lower Waikato River and its tributaries

authors: Hicks, Brendan J.

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: We conducted the first electrofishing boat survey of the lower Waikato River and its tributaries between 8 and 15 February 2005. We caught 2,915 fish comprising seven introduced and six native fish species in 5.63 km of fished length from a total of 27 sites. Assuming that the bow-mounted anodes caught fish within a 1 m radius, the width fished was 4 m, and the total area fished was 22,520 m² or 2.252 ha.
Common smelt were the most numerous species caught (mean density 9.3 fish 100 m⁻²), followed by koi carp (mean density 1.7 fish 100 m⁻²) and goldfish (mean density 1.4 fish 100 m⁻²). Relatively few longfin eels, trout, bullies, and torrentfish were caught. In addition, three koi carp-goldfish hybrids were caught.

Koi carp comprised 285 kg, or 69% (range 0-97% per site) of the 410 kg of fish caught. The majority of koi carp were caught in Zones 2-4, where they occurred in all habitats except mid-channel sand bars. Koi carp biomasses up to 124 g m⁻² were associated with willow fringed and macrophyte beds. Biomass is more accurate reflection of the potential ecological impact of koi carp than their density. 

Adult trout were found only in the confluence habitats of Zone 1; all were brown trout except for one rainbow trout caught at LW007. Grey mullet comprised the greatest biomass of any native fish species, and shortfin eels, through widespread, did not comprise a high biomass. Only one torrentfish was found; this small juvenile (36 mm TL) was caught on a mid-channel bar at Mercer (site LW035).

Koi carp size increased with distance downstream, suggesting that the upper zones were more important for rearing than the lower river. The mean biomass for koi carp for all sites was 16 g m⁻², but previous results suggest that 21-73% of the total population estimate is caught on the first removal, depending on water visibility. As we fished over the area at each site only once, the estimates in this survey represent a minimum abundance, and true population sizes are likely to be 1.4-4.8 times greater. Of ecological concern for the Waikato region is the dominance of the fish biomass by introduced koi carp, which have a deleterious impace on aquatic habitats.

The fish data have been entered into NIWA’s New Zealand Freshwater Fish Database as card numbers 25,836 to 25,862.

text: Boat electrofishing survey of the lower Waikato River and its tributaries We conducted the first electrofishing boat survey of the lower Waikato River and its tributaries between 8 and 15 February 2005. We caught 2,915 fish comprising seven introduced and six native fish species in 5.63 km of fished length from a total of 27 sites. Assuming that the bow-mounted anodes caught fish within a 1 m radius, the width fished was 4 m, and the total area fished was 22,520 m² or 2.252 ha.
Common smelt were the most numerous species caught (mean density 9.3 fish 100 m⁻²), followed by koi carp (mean density 1.7 fish 100 m⁻²) and goldfish (mean density 1.4 fish 100 m⁻²). Relatively few longfin eels, trout, bullies, and torrentfish were caught. In addition, three koi carp-goldfish hybrids were caught.

Koi carp comprised 285 kg, or 69% (range 0-97% per site) of the 410 kg of fish caught. The majority of koi carp were caught in Zones 2-4, where they occurred in all habitats except mid-channel sand bars. Koi carp biomasses up to 124 g m⁻² were associated with willow fringed and macrophyte beds. Biomass is more accurate reflection of the potential ecological impact of koi carp than their density. 

Adult trout were found only in the confluence habitats of Zone 1; all were brown trout except for one rainbow trout caught at LW007. Grey mullet comprised the greatest biomass of any native fish species, and shortfin eels, through widespread, did not comprise a high biomass. Only one torrentfish was found; this small juvenile (36 mm TL) was caught on a mid-channel bar at Mercer (site LW035).

Koi carp size increased with distance downstream, suggesting that the upper zones were more important for rearing than the lower river. The mean biomass for koi carp for all sites was 16 g m⁻², but previous results suggest that 21-73% of the total population estimate is caught on the first removal, depending on water visibility. As we fished over the area at each site only once, the estimates in this survey represent a minimum abundance, and true population sizes are likely to be 1.4-4.8 times greater. Of ecological concern for the Waikato region is the dominance of the fish biomass by introduced koi carp, which have a deleterious impace on aquatic habitats.

The fish data have been entered into NIWA’s New Zealand Freshwater Fish Database as card numbers 25,836 to 25,862.

year: 2005

title: Māori women’s perspectives of leadership and wellbeing

authors: Ruru, Stacey Mariu

subjects: Māori leadership

abstract: Within Aotearoa, New Zealand, Māori women are engaged in leadership roles in community and professional workplace settings, however little is known about how they maintain their wellbeing. This research sought to unravel how Māori women leaders maintain their wellbeing, while occupied in complex leadership roles. We report on the findings from semi-structured interviews, acknowledging kaupapa Māori theory and principles, with five Māori women leaders. Thematic analysis was used, and these themes related to five whakataukī (proverb) that provided overarching themes and directions relating to Māori women’s leadership and wellbeing. Each whakataukī describe unique aspects of leadership and wellbeing from a Māori worldview. Themes include humility, collectiveness, courage, future orientations and positivity. While the themes are housed in whakataukī, central to the success of these Māori women leaders was being connected to whānau (family) and friends, and being influenced by tamariki (children), tauira (students) and employees. These social connections made Māori women leaders strong and resilient to change and challenges.

text: Māori women’s perspectives of leadership and wellbeing Within Aotearoa, New Zealand, Māori women are engaged in leadership roles in community and professional workplace settings, however little is known about how they maintain their wellbeing. This research sought to unravel how Māori women leaders maintain their wellbeing, while occupied in complex leadership roles. We report on the findings from semi-structured interviews, acknowledging kaupapa Māori theory and principles, with five Māori women leaders. Thematic analysis was used, and these themes related to five whakataukī (proverb) that provided overarching themes and directions relating to Māori women’s leadership and wellbeing. Each whakataukī describe unique aspects of leadership and wellbeing from a Māori worldview. Themes include humility, collectiveness, courage, future orientations and positivity. While the themes are housed in whakataukī, central to the success of these Māori women leaders was being connected to whānau (family) and friends, and being influenced by tamariki (children), tauira (students) and employees. These social connections made Māori women leaders strong and resilient to change and challenges.

year: 2017