title: An enzymatic/acid-catalyzed hybrid process for biodiesel production from soybean oil

authors: Ting, Wei-Jia

subjects: acid catalyst

abstract: The present study is aimed at developing an enzymatic/acid-catalyzed hybrid process for biodiesel production using soybean oil as feedstock. In the enzymatic hydrolysis, 88% of the oil taken initially was hydrolyzed by binary immobilized lipase after 5 h under optimal conditions. The hydrolysate was further used in acid-catalyzed esterification for biodiesel production and the effects of temperature, catalyst concentration, feedstock to methanol molar ratio, and reaction time on biodiesel conversion were investigated. By using a feedstock to methanol molar ratio of 1:15 and a sulfuric acid concentration of 2.5%, a biodiesel conversion of 99% was obtained after 12 h of reaction at 50 °C. The biodiesel produced by this process met the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. This hybrid process may open a way for biodiesel production using unrefined and used oil as feedstock.

text: An enzymatic/acid-catalyzed hybrid process for biodiesel production from soybean oil The present study is aimed at developing an enzymatic/acid-catalyzed hybrid process for biodiesel production using soybean oil as feedstock. In the enzymatic hydrolysis, 88% of the oil taken initially was hydrolyzed by binary immobilized lipase after 5 h under optimal conditions. The hydrolysate was further used in acid-catalyzed esterification for biodiesel production and the effects of temperature, catalyst concentration, feedstock to methanol molar ratio, and reaction time on biodiesel conversion were investigated. By using a feedstock to methanol molar ratio of 1:15 and a sulfuric acid concentration of 2.5%, a biodiesel conversion of 99% was obtained after 12 h of reaction at 50 °C. The biodiesel produced by this process met the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. This hybrid process may open a way for biodiesel production using unrefined and used oil as feedstock.

year: 2008

title: Type brighter

authors: Soo, Chin-En Keith

subjects: colour

abstract: Type Brighter is intended as a new way of reading the alphabet. Shape, colour and pattern create memorable sequences based on characteristics of the letterform. By utilizing colour and repetition, readability is promoted. Each letter of the English alphabet is assigned a colour and positions, resulting in a full set of unique patterns. The user types using the keyboard, and the corresponding lights are shown on the light board. The simplicity of colour makes Type Brighter an alternative to more complicated communications such as mores code, and the use of pattern creates memorable sequences of colour. User can also experience the change of ambience, while the moving colour type projects an abstract story using light.

Type Brighter aims to create a new visual language through light. Colour, shape and pattern are strong visual elements, and when combined create a memorable experience. Colour serves an important part of our everyday lives and is easily distinguishable in all situations, making Type Brighter effective in a range of applications.

text: Type brighter Type Brighter is intended as a new way of reading the alphabet. Shape, colour and pattern create memorable sequences based on characteristics of the letterform. By utilizing colour and repetition, readability is promoted. Each letter of the English alphabet is assigned a colour and positions, resulting in a full set of unique patterns. The user types using the keyboard, and the corresponding lights are shown on the light board. The simplicity of colour makes Type Brighter an alternative to more complicated communications such as mores code, and the use of pattern creates memorable sequences of colour. User can also experience the change of ambience, while the moving colour type projects an abstract story using light.

Type Brighter aims to create a new visual language through light. Colour, shape and pattern are strong visual elements, and when combined create a memorable experience. Colour serves an important part of our everyday lives and is easily distinguishable in all situations, making Type Brighter effective in a range of applications.

year: 2013

title: Review of Mareikura-Messengers of Io

authors: Crawford, Terri Ripeka

subjects: Mareikura-Messengers of Io

abstract: Review of Tru Paraha's "Mareikura - Messages of Io", Soundings Theatre, Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, 6 June 2008.

text: Review of Mareikura-Messengers of Io Review of Tru Paraha's "Mareikura - Messages of Io", Soundings Theatre, Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, 6 June 2008.

year: 2009