title: Nutrient removal by algal polyculture in dairy farm effluent

authors: Ishan, Ilisa

abstract: Nutrient pollution from dairy farm effluent, particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), significantly contributes to environmental degradation and eutrophication, necessitating effective bioremediation strategies. This study explores the efficacy of algae polyculture E3 in remediating dairy farm wastewater, focusing on nutrient removal and algal growth. Conducted over a 28-day period, the research compares the bioremediation capabilities of algae polyculture in autoclaved and non-autoclaved effluent samples. Findings reveal that algae polyculture demonstrates superior bioremediation performance in non-autoclaved conditions, with growth rates ranging from 8.07 to 10.13 mg L-1 d-1. The algal polyculture achieved significant nutrient removal, eliminating 90.9% of ammonium (NH₄⁺) and 99.1% of phosphate (PO₄³⁻), highlighting its potential in mitigating nutrient pollution. The study underscores the importance of operational conditions, as non-autoclaved environments fostered more robust algal growth and nutrient uptake. Further, the research involved the optimisation of the model data, leading to improved accuracy in simulating the biological removal processes. The optimised model better reflects real-world bioremediation dynamics, facilitating more reliable predictions of algal performance and nutrient cycling. Additionally, the study identifies a 10-day hydraulic retention time (HRT) as optimal for balancing algal biomass growth with nutrient removal, addressing common challenges such as algal washout and inefficiency in nutrient uptake. In conclusion, the findings advocate for the application of algae polyculture E3 in the bioremediation of dairy farm effluent, proposing a sustainable approach to addressing the critical issue of nutrient pollution. By optimizing conditions for algal growth and nutrient removal, this research contributes to the development of more effective environmental management practices.

text: Nutrient removal by algal polyculture in dairy farm effluent Nutrient pollution from dairy farm effluent, particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), significantly contributes to environmental degradation and eutrophication, necessitating effective bioremediation strategies. This study explores the efficacy of algae polyculture E3 in remediating dairy farm wastewater, focusing on nutrient removal and algal growth. Conducted over a 28-day period, the research compares the bioremediation capabilities of algae polyculture in autoclaved and non-autoclaved effluent samples. Findings reveal that algae polyculture demonstrates superior bioremediation performance in non-autoclaved conditions, with growth rates ranging from 8.07 to 10.13 mg L-1 d-1. The algal polyculture achieved significant nutrient removal, eliminating 90.9% of ammonium (NH₄⁺) and 99.1% of phosphate (PO₄³⁻), highlighting its potential in mitigating nutrient pollution. The study underscores the importance of operational conditions, as non-autoclaved environments fostered more robust algal growth and nutrient uptake. Further, the research involved the optimisation of the model data, leading to improved accuracy in simulating the biological removal processes. The optimised model better reflects real-world bioremediation dynamics, facilitating more reliable predictions of algal performance and nutrient cycling. Additionally, the study identifies a 10-day hydraulic retention time (HRT) as optimal for balancing algal biomass growth with nutrient removal, addressing common challenges such as algal washout and inefficiency in nutrient uptake. In conclusion, the findings advocate for the application of algae polyculture E3 in the bioremediation of dairy farm effluent, proposing a sustainable approach to addressing the critical issue of nutrient pollution. By optimizing conditions for algal growth and nutrient removal, this research contributes to the development of more effective environmental management practices.

year: 2024

title: Anaerobic growth and denitrification by Rhizobium japonicum and other rhizobia

authors: Daniel, Roy M.

subjects: Rhizobium japonicum

abstract: The product of nitrate respiration in Rhizobium japonicum and a number of other rhizobia capable of anaerobic growth utilizing nitrate was N2O. No N2 or ammonia was formed. Nitrate reduction was linked to ATP formation during anaerobic but not during aerobic growth. Free-living rhizobia may remove fixed nitrogen from the soil by denitrification.

text: Anaerobic growth and denitrification by Rhizobium japonicum and other rhizobia The product of nitrate respiration in Rhizobium japonicum and a number of other rhizobia capable of anaerobic growth utilizing nitrate was N2O. No N2 or ammonia was formed. Nitrate reduction was linked to ATP formation during anaerobic but not during aerobic growth. Free-living rhizobia may remove fixed nitrogen from the soil by denitrification.

year: 1980

title: Te manemanerau a te kāwanatanga: A history of the confiscation of Tūhoe lands in the Bay of Plenty

authors: Melbourne, Sydney

subjects: Ngāi Tūhoe

abstract: This thesis endeavours to show that Tūhoe lands should never have been confiscated and that Tūhoe efforts to gain compensation have been totally unsuccessful to date. When certain lands within the confiscated district of the Bay of Plenty were returned to the tribes there, Tūhoe were not granted any. Furthermore, lands which actually belonged to Tūhoe were granted to other tribes.
Although the major focus is on issues specific to Tūhoe, these are viewed within the wider context of nineteenth century land acquisition in New Zealand. This study looks at Tūhoe historical claims to disputed lands included in the confiscation district of the Bay of Plenty. Chapter One traces the extent of Tūhoe territories within the confiscation district and describes how Tūhoe came to occupy them and the duration of their occupation. Information about these claims came from tribal oral sources and original manuscripts, as well as from more generally accessible sources.
The development of colonial expansion patterns is discussed in Chapter Two. The contention is that they were based on materialistic considerations and legal pretexts to justify the acquisition of Māori lands. Hostilities between Māori and Government in the Bay of Plenty are dealt with in Chapter Three. Particular attention is paid to the causes of the hostilities and the complex racial and political misunderstandings which contributed to the inevitability of war. As a result of these encounters, the New Zealand Settlements Act was imposed.
Chapter Four covers the implementation of its provisions through the Compensation Court. The failings of this Court and its commissioners and field officials are exposed.
Chapter Five examines the settlement of Tūhoe lands in Ōpouriao and Waimana, as well as the changing fortunes of some of the settlers who took advantage of the settlement scheme. After placing the experiences of Tūhoe people within the wider context of what had taken place in New Zealand, Chapter Six focuses on Tūhoe attempts to bring the wrongs they had suffered to the attention of Government. In retrospect these early Tūhoe attempts at redress show that much has to be learnt about presenting substantial submissions. It was obvious that much of what was known by the elders then, though recorded, was never used in evidence to support their petitions. Nonetheless, without the existence of these manuscripts, present attempts would not be possible.
Chapter Seven gives a basis for a proposed just settlement for the confiscation of Tūhoe lands. In order to provide a guide for monetary compensation, details of values of Tūhoe confiscated land have been sought from official records. Compensation for the denial of justice, the loss of human life, land and property, remain open for negotiation.
Finally, while certain conclusions can be and are drawn from these investigations, the end of the story remains unwritten. It will depend on the outcome of new Tūhoe attempts to gain redress from the appropriate statutory body.

text: Te manemanerau a te kāwanatanga: A history of the confiscation of Tūhoe lands in the Bay of Plenty This thesis endeavours to show that Tūhoe lands should never have been confiscated and that Tūhoe efforts to gain compensation have been totally unsuccessful to date. When certain lands within the confiscated district of the Bay of Plenty were returned to the tribes there, Tūhoe were not granted any. Furthermore, lands which actually belonged to Tūhoe were granted to other tribes.
Although the major focus is on issues specific to Tūhoe, these are viewed within the wider context of nineteenth century land acquisition in New Zealand. This study looks at Tūhoe historical claims to disputed lands included in the confiscation district of the Bay of Plenty. Chapter One traces the extent of Tūhoe territories within the confiscation district and describes how Tūhoe came to occupy them and the duration of their occupation. Information about these claims came from tribal oral sources and original manuscripts, as well as from more generally accessible sources.
The development of colonial expansion patterns is discussed in Chapter Two. The contention is that they were based on materialistic considerations and legal pretexts to justify the acquisition of Māori lands. Hostilities between Māori and Government in the Bay of Plenty are dealt with in Chapter Three. Particular attention is paid to the causes of the hostilities and the complex racial and political misunderstandings which contributed to the inevitability of war. As a result of these encounters, the New Zealand Settlements Act was imposed.
Chapter Four covers the implementation of its provisions through the Compensation Court. The failings of this Court and its commissioners and field officials are exposed.
Chapter Five examines the settlement of Tūhoe lands in Ōpouriao and Waimana, as well as the changing fortunes of some of the settlers who took advantage of the settlement scheme. After placing the experiences of Tūhoe people within the wider context of what had taken place in New Zealand, Chapter Six focuses on Tūhoe attempts to bring the wrongs they had suffered to the attention of Government. In retrospect these early Tūhoe attempts at redress show that much has to be learnt about presenting substantial submissions. It was obvious that much of what was known by the elders then, though recorded, was never used in evidence to support their petitions. Nonetheless, without the existence of these manuscripts, present attempts would not be possible.
Chapter Seven gives a basis for a proposed just settlement for the confiscation of Tūhoe lands. In order to provide a guide for monetary compensation, details of values of Tūhoe confiscated land have been sought from official records. Compensation for the denial of justice, the loss of human life, land and property, remain open for negotiation.
Finally, while certain conclusions can be and are drawn from these investigations, the end of the story remains unwritten. It will depend on the outcome of new Tūhoe attempts to gain redress from the appropriate statutory body.

year: 1987