title: Bottom sediments of lake rotoma

authors: Nelson, Campbell S.

subjects: Lake Rotoma

abstract: Lake Rotoma is a deep (70–80 m), oligotrophic, warm monomictic lake of volcanic origin with insignificant stream inflow and no clearly defined outflow. For at least 60 years up to 1972 the lake level fluctuated markedly about an overall rising trend of some 6–10 m. Nearshore profiles are related to the prevailing wave climate superimposed upon the overall rising lake level, shelves being wider, less steep, and deeper about the more exposed eastern and southern shorelines. The outer portions of shelves extending well below modern storm wave base into waters as deep as 15–25 m are relict features from lower lake level stands. Sediments fine from sand‐gravel mixtures nearshore to silts in basinal areas. Their composition reflects a composite provenance involving the lavas and tephras about the lake, as well as intralake diatom frustules and organic matter. The distribution pattern of surficial bottom sediments is an interplay between grains of both biological and terrigenous origin, supplied presently and in the past by a variety of processes, that have been dispersed either by the modern hydrodynamic regime or by former ones associated with lower lake levels. These interrelationships are structured by erecting 5 process‐age sediment classes in the lake, namely neoteric, amphoteric, proteric, palimpsest, and relict sediments, analogous to categories postulated for sediments on oceanic continental shelves. Short‐core stratigraphy includes the Kaharoa (A.D. ∼ 1020) and Tarawera (A.D. 1886) tephras. The rates of sedimentation of diatomaceous silts in basinal areas have more than doubled since the Tarawera eruption, indicating an overall increase in the fertility level of lake waters associated, perhaps, with recent farm development in the catchment. © 1983 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

text: Bottom sediments of lake rotoma Lake Rotoma is a deep (70–80 m), oligotrophic, warm monomictic lake of volcanic origin with insignificant stream inflow and no clearly defined outflow. For at least 60 years up to 1972 the lake level fluctuated markedly about an overall rising trend of some 6–10 m. Nearshore profiles are related to the prevailing wave climate superimposed upon the overall rising lake level, shelves being wider, less steep, and deeper about the more exposed eastern and southern shorelines. The outer portions of shelves extending well below modern storm wave base into waters as deep as 15–25 m are relict features from lower lake level stands. Sediments fine from sand‐gravel mixtures nearshore to silts in basinal areas. Their composition reflects a composite provenance involving the lavas and tephras about the lake, as well as intralake diatom frustules and organic matter. The distribution pattern of surficial bottom sediments is an interplay between grains of both biological and terrigenous origin, supplied presently and in the past by a variety of processes, that have been dispersed either by the modern hydrodynamic regime or by former ones associated with lower lake levels. These interrelationships are structured by erecting 5 process‐age sediment classes in the lake, namely neoteric, amphoteric, proteric, palimpsest, and relict sediments, analogous to categories postulated for sediments on oceanic continental shelves. Short‐core stratigraphy includes the Kaharoa (A.D. ∼ 1020) and Tarawera (A.D. 1886) tephras. The rates of sedimentation of diatomaceous silts in basinal areas have more than doubled since the Tarawera eruption, indicating an overall increase in the fertility level of lake waters associated, perhaps, with recent farm development in the catchment. © 1983 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

year: 1983-06-01

title: New Zealand's defence policy: From realism to idealism?

authors: McCraw, David

subjects: defence policy

abstract: New Zealand’s defence policy over the last 25 years has changed dramatically, going
from being anchored in a Realist view of the world to being one influenced more by a
Liberal Internationalist view of international relations. This has meant that defence
policy has gone from one reliant on a balanced military force and collective security
with allies to one that is attuned primarily to peace-keeping and determinedly independent
of allies. The change is mainly the result of the increasing influence of the Labour
party’s ideology on defence policy.

text: New Zealand's defence policy: From realism to idealism? New Zealand’s defence policy over the last 25 years has changed dramatically, going
from being anchored in a Realist view of the world to being one influenced more by a
Liberal Internationalist view of international relations. This has meant that defence
policy has gone from one reliant on a balanced military force and collective security
with allies to one that is attuned primarily to peace-keeping and determinedly independent
of allies. The change is mainly the result of the increasing influence of the Labour
party’s ideology on defence policy.

year: 2008

title: A hybrid architecture for labelling bilingual Māori-English tweets

authors: Trye, David

subjects: borrowing

abstract: Most large-scale language detection tools perform poorly at identifying Māori text. Moreover, rule-based and machine learning-based techniques devised specifically for the Māori-English language pair struggle with interlingual homographs. We develop a hybrid architecture that couples Māori-language orthography with machine learning models in order to annotate mixed Māori-English text. This architecture is used to label a new bilingual Twitter corpus at both the token (word) and tweet (sentence) levels. We use the collected tweets to show that the hybrid approach outperforms existing systems with respect to language detection of interlingual homographs and overall accuracy. We also evaluate its performance on out-of-domain data. Two interactive visualisations are provided for exploring the Twitter corpus and comparing errors across the new and existing techniques. The architecture code and visualisations are available online, and the corpus is available on request.

text: A hybrid architecture for labelling bilingual Māori-English tweets Most large-scale language detection tools perform poorly at identifying Māori text. Moreover, rule-based and machine learning-based techniques devised specifically for the Māori-English language pair struggle with interlingual homographs. We develop a hybrid architecture that couples Māori-language orthography with machine learning models in order to annotate mixed Māori-English text. This architecture is used to label a new bilingual Twitter corpus at both the token (word) and tweet (sentence) levels. We use the collected tweets to show that the hybrid approach outperforms existing systems with respect to language detection of interlingual homographs and overall accuracy. We also evaluate its performance on out-of-domain data. Two interactive visualisations are provided for exploring the Twitter corpus and comparing errors across the new and existing techniques. The architecture code and visualisations are available online, and the corpus is available on request.

year: 2022