title: Some observations on the population dynamics of the Australian soldier fly Inopus Rubriceps Macquart (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

authors: Wilcocks, Colin Richard

abstract: Inopus rubriceps (Macquart) is an indigenous Australian stratiomyid, whose subterranean larval stage has been recorded as a pest of sugar cane and pastures in Queensland for some time (Saunders 1963 and Hitchcock 1970).
I. rubriceps has been known in New Zealand since the early 1940’s (Muggeridge 1944), but it was not until the late 1960’s that the N.Z. Department of Agriculture, under considerable pressure from the farming community, finally decided to initiate research work on this insect. The present writer was employed by the Department to commence work on the development of a pest management programme to be used in a pasture agro-ecosystem.
At that time, there was an almost complete lack of knowledge about any aspect of the insect’s biology and ecology under N.Z. pasture conditions. The above, together with the failure to find a suitable chemical control from several insecticidal screening trials (Hewitt 1964) precluded, at least initially, any worthwhile work on direct control methods. Clark et al (1967) have argued that in those cases where no prior hypotheses can be made about an insect, the development of life tables provides much of the background biological and ecological information needed to put the development of control measures on a rational basis.
Thus, the main aim of this work was to test the feasibility of developing life tables for the Australian soldier fly, under pasture conditions.

text: Some observations on the population dynamics of the Australian soldier fly Inopus Rubriceps Macquart (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Inopus rubriceps (Macquart) is an indigenous Australian stratiomyid, whose subterranean larval stage has been recorded as a pest of sugar cane and pastures in Queensland for some time (Saunders 1963 and Hitchcock 1970).
I. rubriceps has been known in New Zealand since the early 1940’s (Muggeridge 1944), but it was not until the late 1960’s that the N.Z. Department of Agriculture, under considerable pressure from the farming community, finally decided to initiate research work on this insect. The present writer was employed by the Department to commence work on the development of a pest management programme to be used in a pasture agro-ecosystem.
At that time, there was an almost complete lack of knowledge about any aspect of the insect’s biology and ecology under N.Z. pasture conditions. The above, together with the failure to find a suitable chemical control from several insecticidal screening trials (Hewitt 1964) precluded, at least initially, any worthwhile work on direct control methods. Clark et al (1967) have argued that in those cases where no prior hypotheses can be made about an insect, the development of life tables provides much of the background biological and ecological information needed to put the development of control measures on a rational basis.
Thus, the main aim of this work was to test the feasibility of developing life tables for the Australian soldier fly, under pasture conditions.

year: 1973

title: Developments and future insights of using nanofluids for heat transfer enhancements in thermal systems: a review of recent literature

authors: Kaggwa, Abdul

abstract: The twenty-first century is experiencing a wave of technologies and innovations making use of unique features of nanofluids, in applications such as industrial and process heating, air conditioning and refrigeration systems, heat pipes, solar energy, thermal storage systems, electronic cooling systems and others. Recent literature indicates that suspending solid nanoparticles in traditional working fluids can enhance heat transfer rates by increasing thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficients. However, there is a wide variation in the extent of heat transfer enhancements reported in the literature. In this review, which mainly focuses on the research published within the last 5 years, experimental investigations from recent developments of nanofluids usage and performance in various heat transfer systems are summarised. In addition, heat transfer mechanisms in nanofluids, the challenges and future direction of nanofluids regarding heat transfer enhancement are discussed. Popular preparation methods of nanofluids and the models of thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity and viscosity have been reviewed.

text: Developments and future insights of using nanofluids for heat transfer enhancements in thermal systems: a review of recent literature The twenty-first century is experiencing a wave of technologies and innovations making use of unique features of nanofluids, in applications such as industrial and process heating, air conditioning and refrigeration systems, heat pipes, solar energy, thermal storage systems, electronic cooling systems and others. Recent literature indicates that suspending solid nanoparticles in traditional working fluids can enhance heat transfer rates by increasing thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficients. However, there is a wide variation in the extent of heat transfer enhancements reported in the literature. In this review, which mainly focuses on the research published within the last 5 years, experimental investigations from recent developments of nanofluids usage and performance in various heat transfer systems are summarised. In addition, heat transfer mechanisms in nanofluids, the challenges and future direction of nanofluids regarding heat transfer enhancement are discussed. Popular preparation methods of nanofluids and the models of thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity and viscosity have been reviewed.

year: 2019

title: Kūkupa, koro, and kai: The use of Māori vocabulary items in New Zealand English children's picture books

authors: Daly, Nicola

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: When a linguistic form from one language is used in another language, such words are known as borrowings or loan words (Crystal 2003: 56). The English language is renowned for its large capacity for borrowing and it has been suggested that the growth in internationalism in recent times has led to people seeking new words to indicate their local identity (Crystal 1995; Crystal 2003). Certainly this is the case of New Zealand English, the most distinctive aspect of which is borrowings from te reo Maori (Deverson 1991). In 1984 Deverson estimated that most New Zealanders have a passive knowledge of at least 40-50 borrowed Maori loan words (Deverson 1984). This figure has been recently revised by Macalister to 70-80 such words (20,-,63.). A study of the frequency of Maori loan words in New Zealand English in New Zealand School Journals of the 1960s and 1990s showed an incidence of around 6 words per 1,000 (Macalister 1999). Kennedy and Yamazaki (1999) also found borrowed Maori words at a rate of 6 per thousand words. Macalister (2006b) has examined the use of Maori loan words in New Zealand English across a 150 year period from 1850-2000. He examined a corpus of a little under five and a half million words from three sources: Newspapers, parliamentary debates and School Journals. Across the three sources there was an increase from 3.29 words per 1,000 in 1850 to 8.8 per thousand in 2000. Macalister lists the reasons for this change as including urbanisation of the Maori population between 1945 and 1975, which created more contact; the changing status of the Maori language with the kOhanga reo movement; the establishment of the Maori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori) and legislation of Maori as an official language of New Zealand in 1987.

text: Kūkupa, koro, and kai: The use of Māori vocabulary items in New Zealand English children's picture books When a linguistic form from one language is used in another language, such words are known as borrowings or loan words (Crystal 2003: 56). The English language is renowned for its large capacity for borrowing and it has been suggested that the growth in internationalism in recent times has led to people seeking new words to indicate their local identity (Crystal 1995; Crystal 2003). Certainly this is the case of New Zealand English, the most distinctive aspect of which is borrowings from te reo Maori (Deverson 1991). In 1984 Deverson estimated that most New Zealanders have a passive knowledge of at least 40-50 borrowed Maori loan words (Deverson 1984). This figure has been recently revised by Macalister to 70-80 such words (20,-,63.). A study of the frequency of Maori loan words in New Zealand English in New Zealand School Journals of the 1960s and 1990s showed an incidence of around 6 words per 1,000 (Macalister 1999). Kennedy and Yamazaki (1999) also found borrowed Maori words at a rate of 6 per thousand words. Macalister (2006b) has examined the use of Maori loan words in New Zealand English across a 150 year period from 1850-2000. He examined a corpus of a little under five and a half million words from three sources: Newspapers, parliamentary debates and School Journals. Across the three sources there was an increase from 3.29 words per 1,000 in 1850 to 8.8 per thousand in 2000. Macalister lists the reasons for this change as including urbanisation of the Maori population between 1945 and 1975, which created more contact; the changing status of the Maori language with the kOhanga reo movement; the establishment of the Maori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori) and legislation of Maori as an official language of New Zealand in 1987.

year: 2007