title: The Relationship Among Social Support, Domains of Parental Self-Efficacy and Distress in Parents of Young Children

authors: Mabbett-Sowerby, Sarsha

subjects: postpartum distress

abstract: The present cross-sectional study investigated the relationships amongst social support, parental self-efficacy and postpartum distress. Parents of children under two (N = 327) were recruited via social media and poster advertisements. They were asked to complete three questionnaires regarding social support (Family Support Scale; FSS), parental self-efficacy (Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale; KPCS) and emotional distress (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; DASS).The participants from this study who had high levels of self-efficacy were found to be more likely to have high levels of social support; however, this correlation was not as strong as anticipated. Furthermore, the participants from this study who had high levels of selfefficacy were less likely to be experiencing distress symptoms; the strength of this correlation was moderate and similar to prior findings. To further explore the relationships among these constructs, a post-hoc exploratory factor analysis of the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (KPCS) was conducted; yielding two factors: parenting role confidence (PRC) and baby care confidence (BCC). These two factors of the KPCS were found to be correlated with depression, anxiety and stress; parenting role confidence had a stronger relationship with these variables. Additionally, it was found that a combination of parenting role confidence and baby care confidence had substantial power to predict depression, anxiety and stress; social support added a small but significant additional predictive value. These findings suggest that postpartum distress might be mitigated by providing interventions that would improve levels  of social support and parenting self-efficacy.

text: The Relationship Among Social Support, Domains of Parental Self-Efficacy and Distress in Parents of Young Children The present cross-sectional study investigated the relationships amongst social support, parental self-efficacy and postpartum distress. Parents of children under two (N = 327) were recruited via social media and poster advertisements. They were asked to complete three questionnaires regarding social support (Family Support Scale; FSS), parental self-efficacy (Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale; KPCS) and emotional distress (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; DASS).The participants from this study who had high levels of self-efficacy were found to be more likely to have high levels of social support; however, this correlation was not as strong as anticipated. Furthermore, the participants from this study who had high levels of selfefficacy were less likely to be experiencing distress symptoms; the strength of this correlation was moderate and similar to prior findings. To further explore the relationships among these constructs, a post-hoc exploratory factor analysis of the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (KPCS) was conducted; yielding two factors: parenting role confidence (PRC) and baby care confidence (BCC). These two factors of the KPCS were found to be correlated with depression, anxiety and stress; parenting role confidence had a stronger relationship with these variables. Additionally, it was found that a combination of parenting role confidence and baby care confidence had substantial power to predict depression, anxiety and stress; social support added a small but significant additional predictive value. These findings suggest that postpartum distress might be mitigated by providing interventions that would improve levels  of social support and parenting self-efficacy.

year: 2023

title: Predictive modelling of thermal properties of foods

authors: Carson, James K.

subjects: food

abstract: Thermal properties of foods are vital inputs for many food process models. With the recent advances in mathematical modelling and significant reduction in the cost of computational power, uncertainties in model inputs are more and more becoming the limiting factor in model accuracy rather than the model formulation or solution process. In this chapter methods and models are presented for predicting thermal properties based solely on data for the composition of the food in terms of its basic components (liquid water, ice, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash and air). This type of model provides genuine predictions of thermal properties since no thermal property measurements are required, as is necessary with some effective property models that may be found in the literature. Foods are divided into different classes, depending on the difficulties they pose for thermal properties prediction. Simple guidelines for thermal property prediction are presented along with worked examples to serve as illustrations.

text: Predictive modelling of thermal properties of foods Thermal properties of foods are vital inputs for many food process models. With the recent advances in mathematical modelling and significant reduction in the cost of computational power, uncertainties in model inputs are more and more becoming the limiting factor in model accuracy rather than the model formulation or solution process. In this chapter methods and models are presented for predicting thermal properties based solely on data for the composition of the food in terms of its basic components (liquid water, ice, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash and air). This type of model provides genuine predictions of thermal properties since no thermal property measurements are required, as is necessary with some effective property models that may be found in the literature. Foods are divided into different classes, depending on the difficulties they pose for thermal properties prediction. Simple guidelines for thermal property prediction are presented along with worked examples to serve as illustrations.

year: 2011

title: A study of iwi communication between Te Tau Ihu iwi and intergenerational diasporic whānau

authors: Wright, Karamea Moana

subjects: diaspora

abstract: This study looks at the online communication methods used between Te Tau Ihu iwi and intergenerational uri who live in the diaspora. Preferences and perceptions of methods of communication utilized by both iwi, and tāngata who live in the overseas diaspora were explored. Most important are the implications for uri living away from Aotearoa, and their desire to remain connected to iwi in New Zealand. This is a mixed methods study, comprising of a survey of fifty-eight emigrant respondents living abroad, and interviews with one member of the first, second, and third generations of emigrants to the United States, with affiliation to at least one of the eight tribes who claim tāngata whenua status of Te Tau Ihu.

The implications of the findings from the study provide both iwi and tāngata the opportunity to create a synergistic relationship of communicating. Assisting iwi to develop and implement a strategy for relevant communication, and iwi members engaging in a dialogue with iwi about relevance of communication is critical in strengthening ties between iwi and future generations regardless of location. “He aha te mea nui, he tangata, he tangata.”

text: A study of iwi communication between Te Tau Ihu iwi and intergenerational diasporic whānau This study looks at the online communication methods used between Te Tau Ihu iwi and intergenerational uri who live in the diaspora. Preferences and perceptions of methods of communication utilized by both iwi, and tāngata who live in the overseas diaspora were explored. Most important are the implications for uri living away from Aotearoa, and their desire to remain connected to iwi in New Zealand. This is a mixed methods study, comprising of a survey of fifty-eight emigrant respondents living abroad, and interviews with one member of the first, second, and third generations of emigrants to the United States, with affiliation to at least one of the eight tribes who claim tāngata whenua status of Te Tau Ihu.

The implications of the findings from the study provide both iwi and tāngata the opportunity to create a synergistic relationship of communicating. Assisting iwi to develop and implement a strategy for relevant communication, and iwi members engaging in a dialogue with iwi about relevance of communication is critical in strengthening ties between iwi and future generations regardless of location. “He aha te mea nui, he tangata, he tangata.”

year: 2019