title: Cyber security vulnerabilities in Tonga

authors: Laulaupea'alu, Siuta

subjects: computer science

abstract: A research project undertaken in Tonga in 2016 showed that Tonga's computer systems are susceptible and can be easily exploited by cybercriminals. This paper builds on that research by identifying areas of vulnerability and then recommending how these vulnerabilities can be addressed. Areas discussed include penetration testing, a data recovery plan, budget considerations, cyber insurance, the employment of cyber security experts, information security policies, data encryption, the backing up of data, two factor authentication, the integrity of passwords, and database considerations. By detailing and discussing these issues it is hoped that an awareness can be raised by organisations and government departments of Tonga and that the people of Tonga can best prepare themselves for the increase in cybercrime and cyberattacks that is likely to occur in the Pacific.

text: Cyber security vulnerabilities in Tonga A research project undertaken in Tonga in 2016 showed that Tonga's computer systems are susceptible and can be easily exploited by cybercriminals. This paper builds on that research by identifying areas of vulnerability and then recommending how these vulnerabilities can be addressed. Areas discussed include penetration testing, a data recovery plan, budget considerations, cyber insurance, the employment of cyber security experts, information security policies, data encryption, the backing up of data, two factor authentication, the integrity of passwords, and database considerations. By detailing and discussing these issues it is hoped that an awareness can be raised by organisations and government departments of Tonga and that the people of Tonga can best prepare themselves for the increase in cybercrime and cyberattacks that is likely to occur in the Pacific.

year: 2019

title: Group-delay measurement of frequency-converting devices using a comb generator

authors: Scott, Jonathan B.

subjects: microwave measurements

abstract: We propose a new method for the measurement of (group) delay from the radio-frequency (RF) input to the intermediate-frequency (IF) output of a mixer or a receiver. The method is particularly convenient for measuring the change in group delay with the local-oscillator (LO) tuning frequency of the receiver since the method does not require access to, or even knowledge of, the LO signal. The method employs a calibrated comb (impulse) generator. Other required equipment is limited to a reference signal generator and a digitizer of modest bandwidth, allowing the measurement to rely on a low-frequency generator and an oscilloscope. Simulated and measured data are presented to verify the approach.

text: Group-delay measurement of frequency-converting devices using a comb generator We propose a new method for the measurement of (group) delay from the radio-frequency (RF) input to the intermediate-frequency (IF) output of a mixer or a receiver. The method is particularly convenient for measuring the change in group delay with the local-oscillator (LO) tuning frequency of the receiver since the method does not require access to, or even knowledge of, the LO signal. The method employs a calibrated comb (impulse) generator. Other required equipment is limited to a reference signal generator and a digitizer of modest bandwidth, allowing the measurement to rely on a low-frequency generator and an oscilloscope. Simulated and measured data are presented to verify the approach.

year: 2010

title: Heritage-making in Aotearoa planning: Unsettling norms in contested urban space

authors: Hill, Carolyn Joy

subjects: Authorised heritage discourse

abstract: Heritage is currently a high-profile and often contentious topic in urban environments. As cities face growing challenges of climate change, intensification needs and cultural contestation, state-mandated heritage continues to have a significant influence on how cities are perceived, whose pasts are remembered, and what future change can be. However, this is being increasingly tested as urban pressures bring questions of who has a right to the city to the fore. 
Situated within the field of critical heritage studies, this thesis critically examines how heritage is officially “made” in the cities of Aotearoa New Zealand, and how emerging views and values may reshape these established norms for more spatially and culturally just futures. Focused on urban locations within the so-called “CANZUS” states (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America (USA)), the thesis centres on statutory heritage – the objects and places that are identified and managed within state-mandated planning systems that create dominant assumptions about what is worthy of protection. As such, its contribution is at the intersection of heritage and planning as it critically queries heritage’s future legacy claims and considers what other legacies may be imagined. 
The thesis includes four key enquiries. First, it explores the history of state-led heritage-making in Aotearoa, focusing on the city of Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland. It examines the tension between contemporary urban intensification priorities and heritage / special character regulation, critiquing the narrative of heritage as a “public good” given its entanglement with spatial and cultural inequity. Second, it studies three cases of urban heritage protest across Australia, Aotearoa and the USA. These cases expose the continued inadequacy of statutory heritage-making for Indigenous and emerging aspirations, as normative approaches are embedded not only by the heritage sector itself but by the planning and legislation systems that structure its mandate. 
Third, the thesis explores the current thinking of those shaping and working within heritage’s statutory framing across Aotearoa. It finds that heritage policy leaders are cognisant of, and concerned to change, heritage’s entrenched Eurocentricity, expert dominance and material orientation, but that shifting established practice remains a multi-dimensional challenge. Finally, it investigates the perspectives of young emerging planners in the city of Kirikiriroa / Hamilton, which again foregrounds the obstacles to displacing systemic norms but also highlights planning policy’s significant potential to shape different heritage futures. 
This thesis has important implications both for Aotearoa’s urban environments and for CANZUS cities more broadly. Grounded in contemporary real-world examples, it not only exposes heritage’s imbrication with issues of urban inequity but its deeper role in maintaining settler state security, making “home” on Indigenous land. It finds that unpicking this legacy will involve more than adding the heritages of “others” into the existing canon. Rather, deeper reconsideration of heritage’s societal purpose as part of Indigenous, multi-storied and dynamic cities is required. Finally, it highlights the central role for planning in transforming the heritage field, both through statutory policy reform and through integration with broader urban objectives. However, planners will need to be better equipped for critical engagement with heritage if they are to creatively support more inclusive, democratic and malleable alternatives.

text: Heritage-making in Aotearoa planning: Unsettling norms in contested urban space Heritage is currently a high-profile and often contentious topic in urban environments. As cities face growing challenges of climate change, intensification needs and cultural contestation, state-mandated heritage continues to have a significant influence on how cities are perceived, whose pasts are remembered, and what future change can be. However, this is being increasingly tested as urban pressures bring questions of who has a right to the city to the fore. 
Situated within the field of critical heritage studies, this thesis critically examines how heritage is officially “made” in the cities of Aotearoa New Zealand, and how emerging views and values may reshape these established norms for more spatially and culturally just futures. Focused on urban locations within the so-called “CANZUS” states (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America (USA)), the thesis centres on statutory heritage – the objects and places that are identified and managed within state-mandated planning systems that create dominant assumptions about what is worthy of protection. As such, its contribution is at the intersection of heritage and planning as it critically queries heritage’s future legacy claims and considers what other legacies may be imagined. 
The thesis includes four key enquiries. First, it explores the history of state-led heritage-making in Aotearoa, focusing on the city of Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland. It examines the tension between contemporary urban intensification priorities and heritage / special character regulation, critiquing the narrative of heritage as a “public good” given its entanglement with spatial and cultural inequity. Second, it studies three cases of urban heritage protest across Australia, Aotearoa and the USA. These cases expose the continued inadequacy of statutory heritage-making for Indigenous and emerging aspirations, as normative approaches are embedded not only by the heritage sector itself but by the planning and legislation systems that structure its mandate. 
Third, the thesis explores the current thinking of those shaping and working within heritage’s statutory framing across Aotearoa. It finds that heritage policy leaders are cognisant of, and concerned to change, heritage’s entrenched Eurocentricity, expert dominance and material orientation, but that shifting established practice remains a multi-dimensional challenge. Finally, it investigates the perspectives of young emerging planners in the city of Kirikiriroa / Hamilton, which again foregrounds the obstacles to displacing systemic norms but also highlights planning policy’s significant potential to shape different heritage futures. 
This thesis has important implications both for Aotearoa’s urban environments and for CANZUS cities more broadly. Grounded in contemporary real-world examples, it not only exposes heritage’s imbrication with issues of urban inequity but its deeper role in maintaining settler state security, making “home” on Indigenous land. It finds that unpicking this legacy will involve more than adding the heritages of “others” into the existing canon. Rather, deeper reconsideration of heritage’s societal purpose as part of Indigenous, multi-storied and dynamic cities is required. Finally, it highlights the central role for planning in transforming the heritage field, both through statutory policy reform and through integration with broader urban objectives. However, planners will need to be better equipped for critical engagement with heritage if they are to creatively support more inclusive, democratic and malleable alternatives.

year: 2024-12-16