title: Is there market discipline for New Zealand non-bank financial institutions?

authors: Huss, Kurt

subjects: banking

abstract: This paper studies effects of market discipline on the pricing of term deposit type investment products issued by New Zealand Non-Bank Financial Institutions (NBFIs) and how risk disclosure by NBFIs affects this relationship. While we find that more risky NBFIs indeed have to offer higher interest premiums, it is remarkable that investors do not appear to reward NBFIs for disclosure by accepting lower interest rates for better transparency. We attribute this unexpected result to possible limitations of a purely prospectus based disclosure quality index developed for this study or the inherent opaqueness of financial firms which cannot be overcome by even the best of disclosure [as argued by Morgan D.P., 2002. Rating banks: risk and uncertainty in an opaque industry. The American Economic Review 92 (4), 874–888].

text: Is there market discipline for New Zealand non-bank financial institutions? This paper studies effects of market discipline on the pricing of term deposit type investment products issued by New Zealand Non-Bank Financial Institutions (NBFIs) and how risk disclosure by NBFIs affects this relationship. While we find that more risky NBFIs indeed have to offer higher interest premiums, it is remarkable that investors do not appear to reward NBFIs for disclosure by accepting lower interest rates for better transparency. We attribute this unexpected result to possible limitations of a purely prospectus based disclosure quality index developed for this study or the inherent opaqueness of financial firms which cannot be overcome by even the best of disclosure [as argued by Morgan D.P., 2002. Rating banks: risk and uncertainty in an opaque industry. The American Economic Review 92 (4), 874–888].

year: 2007

title: Propensity for conscious control of movement is unrelated to asymptomatic hypermobility or injury-risk scores

authors: Hanzlíková, Ivana

abstract: The Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS) measures the propensity for conscious monitoring and control of movement, which can inhibit automated movement processes, potentially causing movement disruption or injury. High injury risk individuals are more likely to make movement errors during jump-landing tasks, and hypermobile individuals present with poor movement control. The link between MSRS and these characteristics remains largely unexplored. Consequently, we examined propensity for movement specific reinvestment in high injury risk and asymptomatic hypermobile participants. Sixty volunteers (35 males, 25 females) were tested using the MSRS, Landing Error Scoring System (LESS), and Beighton hypermobility scale. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were computed between MSRS, LESS, and Beighton scores. Furthermore, MSRS scores were compared between low (LESS < 5 errors) and high (LESS ≥ 5 errors) injury risk, as well as non-hypermobile and hypermobile participants. MSRS scores were not significantly related to LESS (ρ = 0.06, p = 0.625) or Beighton (ρ = 0.09, p = 0.481) scores. MSRS scores of low and high injury risk (37.8 ± 7.8 vs 38.0 ± 8.6, p = 0.933), and non-hypermobile and hypermobile (37.5 ± 8.9 vs 39.0 ± 7.0, p = 0.524) participants were comparable. Based on our results, there is no evidence that movement specific reinvestment contributes to injury risk assessed by LESS, which might be due to the phylogenetic nature of the LESS jump-landing task and/or the low psychological pressure environment of laboratory testing. The propensity for movement specific reinvestment did not vary in asymptomatic hypermobile individuals compared to non-hypermobile individuals; however, examination of the MSRS in symptomatic hypermobile individuals and individuals with well-defined syndromes is needed to fully elucidate whether or not conscious monitoring and control of movement plays a role in injury risk or movement control across the hypermobility spectrum.

text: Propensity for conscious control of movement is unrelated to asymptomatic hypermobility or injury-risk scores The Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS) measures the propensity for conscious monitoring and control of movement, which can inhibit automated movement processes, potentially causing movement disruption or injury. High injury risk individuals are more likely to make movement errors during jump-landing tasks, and hypermobile individuals present with poor movement control. The link between MSRS and these characteristics remains largely unexplored. Consequently, we examined propensity for movement specific reinvestment in high injury risk and asymptomatic hypermobile participants. Sixty volunteers (35 males, 25 females) were tested using the MSRS, Landing Error Scoring System (LESS), and Beighton hypermobility scale. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were computed between MSRS, LESS, and Beighton scores. Furthermore, MSRS scores were compared between low (LESS < 5 errors) and high (LESS ≥ 5 errors) injury risk, as well as non-hypermobile and hypermobile participants. MSRS scores were not significantly related to LESS (ρ = 0.06, p = 0.625) or Beighton (ρ = 0.09, p = 0.481) scores. MSRS scores of low and high injury risk (37.8 ± 7.8 vs 38.0 ± 8.6, p = 0.933), and non-hypermobile and hypermobile (37.5 ± 8.9 vs 39.0 ± 7.0, p = 0.524) participants were comparable. Based on our results, there is no evidence that movement specific reinvestment contributes to injury risk assessed by LESS, which might be due to the phylogenetic nature of the LESS jump-landing task and/or the low psychological pressure environment of laboratory testing. The propensity for movement specific reinvestment did not vary in asymptomatic hypermobile individuals compared to non-hypermobile individuals; however, examination of the MSRS in symptomatic hypermobile individuals and individuals with well-defined syndromes is needed to fully elucidate whether or not conscious monitoring and control of movement plays a role in injury risk or movement control across the hypermobility spectrum.

year: 2021

title: Te Whatu Kakahu: Assessment in Kaupapa Maori Early Childhood Practice

authors: Rameka, Lesley Kay

subjects: Kaupapa Maori

abstract: Through the exploration of Kaupapa Māori assessment approaches, I examine the reclaiming and reframing of Māori ways of knowing and being within early childhood practice. Assessment is the vehicle for reclaiming and reframing while Kaupapa Māori theory is the fuel that ignites and drives the vehicle.

The effects of successive education policies remain today with Māori children, and their families continuing to disengage from education and consistently receiving disproportionately lower outcomes, opportunities and benefits. Reclaiming and reframing Māori ways of knowing and being within early childhood assessment thinking and practice is a means of addressing the cultural and educational disparities faced by Māori children within an education system that upholds western cultural and educational superiority, privilege and truths.  Key questions in this process of reclaiming and reframing are: Who has the power to define?  Whose truths are being reflected and how are these truths constructed? 

The metaphor of whatu kākahu or weaving of clothing has been used to frame this thesis. The process has involved weaving the Kaupapa Māori theory elements of conscientisation, resistance, transformative praxis and Māori ways of knowing and being, across and within historical, cultural and educational paradigms and understandings, to fashion assessment kākahu that afford comfort, warmth and flexibility in a contemporary early childhood context. This research case studies the progress of three Māori early childhood services and kōhanga reo towards the development of Kaupapa Māori early childhood assessment understandings and framings (kākahu), that reflect their particular ways of knowing and being, context and aspirations for children. This thesis has been about their assessment journeys. These journeys are a work in progress and that work continues.

A qualitative, Kaupapa Māori research methodology was used to gather, collate and analyse data in this research.  In accordance with Kaupapa Māori research aspirations and expectations, this research focuses on areas of importance and concern for Māori, and involved retrieving space for Māori voices to be heard. This research can be seen as a means of privileging Māori approaches, perspectives and ways of knowing and being in early childhood assessment practice.

Kaupapa Māori assessment is an important agenda for early childhood.   It builds upon Māori philosophical and epistemological understandings that express Māori ways of knowing and being. Kaupapa Māori assessment is able to contribute significantly to children’s learning and potential growth and is an important tool in constructing educational outcomes for Māori children. It is therefore an important agenda for early childhood.

text: Te Whatu Kakahu: Assessment in Kaupapa Maori Early Childhood Practice Through the exploration of Kaupapa Māori assessment approaches, I examine the reclaiming and reframing of Māori ways of knowing and being within early childhood practice. Assessment is the vehicle for reclaiming and reframing while Kaupapa Māori theory is the fuel that ignites and drives the vehicle.

The effects of successive education policies remain today with Māori children, and their families continuing to disengage from education and consistently receiving disproportionately lower outcomes, opportunities and benefits. Reclaiming and reframing Māori ways of knowing and being within early childhood assessment thinking and practice is a means of addressing the cultural and educational disparities faced by Māori children within an education system that upholds western cultural and educational superiority, privilege and truths.  Key questions in this process of reclaiming and reframing are: Who has the power to define?  Whose truths are being reflected and how are these truths constructed? 

The metaphor of whatu kākahu or weaving of clothing has been used to frame this thesis. The process has involved weaving the Kaupapa Māori theory elements of conscientisation, resistance, transformative praxis and Māori ways of knowing and being, across and within historical, cultural and educational paradigms and understandings, to fashion assessment kākahu that afford comfort, warmth and flexibility in a contemporary early childhood context. This research case studies the progress of three Māori early childhood services and kōhanga reo towards the development of Kaupapa Māori early childhood assessment understandings and framings (kākahu), that reflect their particular ways of knowing and being, context and aspirations for children. This thesis has been about their assessment journeys. These journeys are a work in progress and that work continues.

A qualitative, Kaupapa Māori research methodology was used to gather, collate and analyse data in this research.  In accordance with Kaupapa Māori research aspirations and expectations, this research focuses on areas of importance and concern for Māori, and involved retrieving space for Māori voices to be heard. This research can be seen as a means of privileging Māori approaches, perspectives and ways of knowing and being in early childhood assessment practice.

Kaupapa Māori assessment is an important agenda for early childhood.   It builds upon Māori philosophical and epistemological understandings that express Māori ways of knowing and being. Kaupapa Māori assessment is able to contribute significantly to children’s learning and potential growth and is an important tool in constructing educational outcomes for Māori children. It is therefore an important agenda for early childhood.

year: 2012