title: Competing discourses of conservation and sustainability in state-sponsored tourism development: A critical analysis of the Lake Toba case in Indonesia

authors: Mujib, Taufiqul

subjects: Critical discourse analysis

abstract: The Indonesian government has an ambitious project to develop the tourism sector and to increase the state's foreign exchange: the National Tourism Strategic Area (KSPN).
The project has been prioritised in ten regions, one of which is Lake Toba in the province of North Sumatera. In promoting this project, the government has claimed that the Lake Toba tourism development programme will conserve nature and contribute positively to the economic development of the local community of North Sumatera province. The project has, however, faced resistance from the locals, and in particular the community of Sigapiton village in the Tobasa regency, because the land claimed by the Lake Toba Tourism Authority or Badan Otorita Pariwisata Danau Toba (BOPDT) is customary land belonging to local clans. In examining this conflict, this study investigates how the discourses of conservation and sustainability have been deployed by the government and challenged by the local community in the struggle for control over natural resources in the Lake Toba region.

This study uses the critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach to uncover and analyse the discourses used by the government to control natural resources in the context of
ecotourism in Lake Toba. Specifically, the study adopts Fairclough's (2012) notion of three domains that must be analysed, namely text (speech, writing, visual images, or a combination of all three); discursive practices that include the production and consumption of texts; and
social practices.

The analysis demonstrates that the government not only uses the discourses of sustainability and conservation to govern the natural resources at Lake Toba but also
optimises policy setting and development incentives to implement an institutional arrangement through the establishment of the forestry estate as a process of
"territorialisation" of land claimed as state forest. The arrangement requires the existence of binding agreements and regulations to determine who has the right to and control over natural resources, as well as formulate their conditions to access it. 

Furthermore, the government uses two issues to promote the Lake Toba tourism project, namely environment (nature conservation) and social-economic welfare. The
government argues that the project aims to conserve nature and improve the local economy.The government also claims that the project can stimulate local awareness of the need for nature conservation. Civil society has countered government arguments by advancing the concept of “green grabbing”. They believe that in fact Lake Toba represents a new model of community exclusion, where communities are excluded from their traditional lands and living space on the grounds of ecotourism.

text: Competing discourses of conservation and sustainability in state-sponsored tourism development: A critical analysis of the Lake Toba case in Indonesia The Indonesian government has an ambitious project to develop the tourism sector and to increase the state's foreign exchange: the National Tourism Strategic Area (KSPN).
The project has been prioritised in ten regions, one of which is Lake Toba in the province of North Sumatera. In promoting this project, the government has claimed that the Lake Toba tourism development programme will conserve nature and contribute positively to the economic development of the local community of North Sumatera province. The project has, however, faced resistance from the locals, and in particular the community of Sigapiton village in the Tobasa regency, because the land claimed by the Lake Toba Tourism Authority or Badan Otorita Pariwisata Danau Toba (BOPDT) is customary land belonging to local clans. In examining this conflict, this study investigates how the discourses of conservation and sustainability have been deployed by the government and challenged by the local community in the struggle for control over natural resources in the Lake Toba region.

This study uses the critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach to uncover and analyse the discourses used by the government to control natural resources in the context of
ecotourism in Lake Toba. Specifically, the study adopts Fairclough's (2012) notion of three domains that must be analysed, namely text (speech, writing, visual images, or a combination of all three); discursive practices that include the production and consumption of texts; and
social practices.

The analysis demonstrates that the government not only uses the discourses of sustainability and conservation to govern the natural resources at Lake Toba but also
optimises policy setting and development incentives to implement an institutional arrangement through the establishment of the forestry estate as a process of
"territorialisation" of land claimed as state forest. The arrangement requires the existence of binding agreements and regulations to determine who has the right to and control over natural resources, as well as formulate their conditions to access it. 

Furthermore, the government uses two issues to promote the Lake Toba tourism project, namely environment (nature conservation) and social-economic welfare. The
government argues that the project aims to conserve nature and improve the local economy.The government also claims that the project can stimulate local awareness of the need for nature conservation. Civil society has countered government arguments by advancing the concept of “green grabbing”. They believe that in fact Lake Toba represents a new model of community exclusion, where communities are excluded from their traditional lands and living space on the grounds of ecotourism.

year: 2020

title: Entrepreneurial Dynamics of Internationalising Ventures: The Opportunity-Value Creation Nexus

authors: Peiris, Indujeeva Keerthilal

subjects: International Entrepreneurship

abstract: International Entrepreneurship (IE) theory has developed extensively over the last two decades by drawing on various theoretical perspectives. While this growing body of knowledge has provided rich insights into the internationalisation behaviour of firms from multiple theoretical perspectives, it has also rendered IE theory fragmented and devoid of a unifying theoretical direction.
Using a qualitative approach, this study intends to address the gap identified above by developing a framework for the entrepreneurial internationalisation process. As such, the study focuses on the entrepreneurial aspects of “opportunity identification and exploitation”: an area to which IE researchers have paid little attention. It is argued that this focus is appropriate as it can extend the scope of international business and IE research by strengthening the foundations of the entrepreneurial theory of internationalisation. 
The study findings extend key insights into the internationalisation process of entrepreneurial firms. The research context provided unique perspectives of how firms in the agriculture-base primary industry in a developing country internationalise. The case findings identified prior knowledge, creativity, selfefficacy, perseverance, and passion as drivers of the opportunity development process. Also, the study supported the idea that both access to resources and entrepreneurs’ social capital have significant influence on how opportunities are developed. 
The results elucidated a new concept – “entrepreneurial insight” − to explain how thinking, knowledge, and dynamic capabilities integrate to act as the core processes of opportunity development. These three factors can be identified as idiosyncratic entrepreneurial resources in the process of opportunity development and exploitation. The exploitation of opportunities thus leads to new strategic and operational paths and positions, which then affect the firm’s performance in terms of degree of internationalisation, growth, survival, and profitability. 
The findings provide a better understanding of internationalisation using three defining elements in the internationalisation process: entrepreneurial intention, opportunity development, and value innovation. These factors provide an insightful explanation of different international trajectories that firms take, and how these trajectories sustain their international activities over time.
Finally, the study provides managerial and theoretical implications that can guide practitioners towards an appreciation of the dynamics of individual capacities, the value of networks, and the resources that need to be harnessed by learning, adapting, and taking timely decisions to generate value-creating opportunities in international markets.

text: Entrepreneurial Dynamics of Internationalising Ventures: The Opportunity-Value Creation Nexus International Entrepreneurship (IE) theory has developed extensively over the last two decades by drawing on various theoretical perspectives. While this growing body of knowledge has provided rich insights into the internationalisation behaviour of firms from multiple theoretical perspectives, it has also rendered IE theory fragmented and devoid of a unifying theoretical direction.
Using a qualitative approach, this study intends to address the gap identified above by developing a framework for the entrepreneurial internationalisation process. As such, the study focuses on the entrepreneurial aspects of “opportunity identification and exploitation”: an area to which IE researchers have paid little attention. It is argued that this focus is appropriate as it can extend the scope of international business and IE research by strengthening the foundations of the entrepreneurial theory of internationalisation. 
The study findings extend key insights into the internationalisation process of entrepreneurial firms. The research context provided unique perspectives of how firms in the agriculture-base primary industry in a developing country internationalise. The case findings identified prior knowledge, creativity, selfefficacy, perseverance, and passion as drivers of the opportunity development process. Also, the study supported the idea that both access to resources and entrepreneurs’ social capital have significant influence on how opportunities are developed. 
The results elucidated a new concept – “entrepreneurial insight” − to explain how thinking, knowledge, and dynamic capabilities integrate to act as the core processes of opportunity development. These three factors can be identified as idiosyncratic entrepreneurial resources in the process of opportunity development and exploitation. The exploitation of opportunities thus leads to new strategic and operational paths and positions, which then affect the firm’s performance in terms of degree of internationalisation, growth, survival, and profitability. 
The findings provide a better understanding of internationalisation using three defining elements in the internationalisation process: entrepreneurial intention, opportunity development, and value innovation. These factors provide an insightful explanation of different international trajectories that firms take, and how these trajectories sustain their international activities over time.
Finally, the study provides managerial and theoretical implications that can guide practitioners towards an appreciation of the dynamics of individual capacities, the value of networks, and the resources that need to be harnessed by learning, adapting, and taking timely decisions to generate value-creating opportunities in international markets.

year: 2014

title: Ka Māpuna: Towards a rangatiratanga framework for the governance of waterways

authors: Martin, Betsan

abstract: Rangatiratanga is thenavigational courseforthis research, the aspiration that guides a frameworkfor thegovernance which, in respect ofwaterways and Te Taiao secures mauri, ecosystem health, and water for domestic and commercial use. Rangatiratanga encompasses mana whakahaeredecision-making throughout all relevantgovernance systems. In respect of resource governance, this needs to be achieved through mana whenua authorities and co-governance institutions and procedures.

text: Ka Māpuna: Towards a rangatiratanga framework for the governance of waterways Rangatiratanga is thenavigational courseforthis research, the aspiration that guides a frameworkfor thegovernance which, in respect ofwaterways and Te Taiao secures mauri, ecosystem health, and water for domestic and commercial use. Rangatiratanga encompasses mana whakahaeredecision-making throughout all relevantgovernance systems. In respect of resource governance, this needs to be achieved through mana whenua authorities and co-governance institutions and procedures.

year: 2021