title: Water Quality Modelling of Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere

authors: Hamilton, David P.

abstract: As a component of work to contribute towards the management of water quality of Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere, the University of Waikato was subcontracted by University of Otago to apply a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model to the lake. The primary funder for this work was Environment Canterbury (ECAN), Whakaora Te Waihora and the Central Government Freshwater Cleanup Fund. The main modelling tool used in the study to simulate the dynamics of Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere was the one‐dimensional (1‐D) hydrodynamic-water quality model DYRESM-CAEDYM. The model was used to reproduce observed water column data for a mid-lake station over the period 2011 to 2015. Once a satisfactory level of reproduction of these data had been achieved, an assessment was carried out with the model to examine the impact of various management scenarios on lake water quality. These scenarios involved: (i) projected changes to external nutrient loads to the lake that could be associated with future land management in the catchment and (ii) different lake water level management regimes based around opening of the barrier separating the lake from the ocean. The scenarios are intended here to be a catalyst for further hui and consultations that may adapt and refine additional scenarios, some of which may involve testing of multiple management options. The quantitative output from the model provides a component of the input required to inform strategies for lake management, alongside historical and expert knowledge, as well as analysis of measured data.

text: Water Quality Modelling of Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere As a component of work to contribute towards the management of water quality of Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere, the University of Waikato was subcontracted by University of Otago to apply a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model to the lake. The primary funder for this work was Environment Canterbury (ECAN), Whakaora Te Waihora and the Central Government Freshwater Cleanup Fund. The main modelling tool used in the study to simulate the dynamics of Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere was the one‐dimensional (1‐D) hydrodynamic-water quality model DYRESM-CAEDYM. The model was used to reproduce observed water column data for a mid-lake station over the period 2011 to 2015. Once a satisfactory level of reproduction of these data had been achieved, an assessment was carried out with the model to examine the impact of various management scenarios on lake water quality. These scenarios involved: (i) projected changes to external nutrient loads to the lake that could be associated with future land management in the catchment and (ii) different lake water level management regimes based around opening of the barrier separating the lake from the ocean. The scenarios are intended here to be a catalyst for further hui and consultations that may adapt and refine additional scenarios, some of which may involve testing of multiple management options. The quantitative output from the model provides a component of the input required to inform strategies for lake management, alongside historical and expert knowledge, as well as analysis of measured data.

year: 2017

title: Ohaaki: A power station on Maori land

authors: Stokes, Evelyn

subjects: Ohaaki Geothermal Power Station

abstract: This paper is about a geothermal power station called Ohaaki, constructed over the period 1982-1989 on Maori land close by Te Ohaaki Marae and the ancestral papakainga of Ngati Tahu. This is a personal account of the impact of this project on Ngati Tahu rather than a history of the construction of the power station.

text: Ohaaki: A power station on Maori land This paper is about a geothermal power station called Ohaaki, constructed over the period 1982-1989 on Maori land close by Te Ohaaki Marae and the ancestral papakainga of Ngati Tahu. This is a personal account of the impact of this project on Ngati Tahu rather than a history of the construction of the power station.

year: 2003

title: The reproductive organs, sexual behaviour, and pheromone glands of Costelytra zealandica (White) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), and Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidotera: Gelechiidae)

authors: Stringer, Ian Alexander Noel

abstract: Separate studies concerning reproduction were made of Costelytra zealandica (White) (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae), and of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelechiidae: Gnorimoschemini). 
In C. zealandica sexual dimorphism was described; the male and female external genitalia were described in more detail than previously; an account was given of the muscles of the external genitalia and of the mechanics of copulation; and the first description was provided of the morphology and histology of the internal reproductive organs. The latter were shown to differ from these of other Scarabaeidae in only a few minor respects. In addition the accessory glands of the female were described and a preliminary identification of the contained bacteria was carried out.
The first account of the sexual behaviour of C. zealandica was given and the influences of environmental factors on both this and flight were noted. In addition, sexual attraction was investigated in the field: extracts of females were found to be attractive to males and confirmation was obtained that phenol attracts males. The sex attractant was demonstrated to be most effective when located near the edges of tall edible plants where the beetles swarm.
In P. operculella, sexual dimorphism, and the morphology and histology of the internal reproductive organs were described for the first time. The latter were found to show close similarities with these of various other Lepidoptera. In addition, the male and female external genitalia were described in more detail than previously.
The sexual behaviour of P. operculella was described for the first time and the time of day when this moth is sexually active was investigated both in the field and laboratory. It was shown that the time when mating occurs is determined by the female releasing her sex pheromone whereas the male will respond at any time although this is maximal when the female is attractive.
An objective and quantitative laboratory bioassay was developed for the female sex pheromone of P. operculella and this was used to conclusively demonstrate the presence of a female sex pheromone and to show that it is produced in the middle third of the ovipositor. A histological examination confirmed that the pheromone gland is a dorsal sac-like region of the intersegmental membrane between the 9th and 10th abdominal segments on the ovipositor. The male pheromone glands were shown by histological methods to be located on the hindwings, and an indication was obtained that their scent subdues the escape reactions of females prior to copulation. Finally, the morphology, histology, and ultrastructure of male and female pheromone glands were described and compared with these of other Lepidoptera.

text: The reproductive organs, sexual behaviour, and pheromone glands of Costelytra zealandica (White) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), and Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidotera: Gelechiidae) Separate studies concerning reproduction were made of Costelytra zealandica (White) (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae), and of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelechiidae: Gnorimoschemini). 
In C. zealandica sexual dimorphism was described; the male and female external genitalia were described in more detail than previously; an account was given of the muscles of the external genitalia and of the mechanics of copulation; and the first description was provided of the morphology and histology of the internal reproductive organs. The latter were shown to differ from these of other Scarabaeidae in only a few minor respects. In addition the accessory glands of the female were described and a preliminary identification of the contained bacteria was carried out.
The first account of the sexual behaviour of C. zealandica was given and the influences of environmental factors on both this and flight were noted. In addition, sexual attraction was investigated in the field: extracts of females were found to be attractive to males and confirmation was obtained that phenol attracts males. The sex attractant was demonstrated to be most effective when located near the edges of tall edible plants where the beetles swarm.
In P. operculella, sexual dimorphism, and the morphology and histology of the internal reproductive organs were described for the first time. The latter were found to show close similarities with these of various other Lepidoptera. In addition, the male and female external genitalia were described in more detail than previously.
The sexual behaviour of P. operculella was described for the first time and the time of day when this moth is sexually active was investigated both in the field and laboratory. It was shown that the time when mating occurs is determined by the female releasing her sex pheromone whereas the male will respond at any time although this is maximal when the female is attractive.
An objective and quantitative laboratory bioassay was developed for the female sex pheromone of P. operculella and this was used to conclusively demonstrate the presence of a female sex pheromone and to show that it is produced in the middle third of the ovipositor. A histological examination confirmed that the pheromone gland is a dorsal sac-like region of the intersegmental membrane between the 9th and 10th abdominal segments on the ovipositor. The male pheromone glands were shown by histological methods to be located on the hindwings, and an indication was obtained that their scent subdues the escape reactions of females prior to copulation. Finally, the morphology, histology, and ultrastructure of male and female pheromone glands were described and compared with these of other Lepidoptera.

year: 1977