title: Costs and effectiveness of different methods for capturing invasive fish

authors: Hicks, Brendan J.

abstract: Comparisons of the effectiveness of different fishing techniques in non-wadeable habitats give insights into the relative abundance of invasive fish and native fish, which is important to provide evidence for changes in fish abundance over time. Such comparisons can also be used to determine the most effective methods to remove invasive fish. The objective of this section is to examine methods that yield the most fish for the least cost (i.e. maximise the catch per unit effort). Because comparisons are most effective when applied in a single habitat, they are best considered as case histories at one location. All costs of removal in this chapter are in $NZ. Rotenone has been applied successfully in New Zealand in small waterbodies (e.g. the 0.7 ha Lake Parkinson near Auckland—Tanner et al. 1990; Rowe & Champion 1994) and routinely by the Department of Conservation; use of rotenone to control invasive fish is not considered in this section because it is dealt with in Section 4.1. 
Boat electrofishing is a technique that has been applied widely in the North Island of New Zealand since 2003 (e.g. Hicks & Bell 2003; Hicks & Tempero 2013; Section 4.4), and provides a useful basis for comparing other methods as it is highly effective at capturing some fish species in non-wadeable habitats. For instance, while boat electrofishing 700 m2 of the Lake Whangape littoral margin (0.4–0.7 m deep) during the spawning season in September 2003, 24 koi carp were caught in 11 minutes, weighing 87.4 kg, with a mean fish mass of 3.64 kg and a catch rate of 349 fish/person-day or 1,271 kg/personday. The calculated population estimate of 68 carp from the single removal (24 carp), applying Equation 1 in Section 4.4, implies a biomass of 3,541 kg/ha. The electrofishing boat normally has a crew of three, so assuming a cost of $480/person-day and a time of 0.07 person-day, the capture cost was $0.38/kg. The average catch rate for koi carp across our entire data set for locations with koi carp (205 capture occasions) by boat electrofishing is 62 fish/person-day and 99 kg/person-day, suggesting an average capture cost of $4.85/kg for labour for fishing time. These costs do not take into account consumables, travel, capital costs, depreciation or maintenance.

text: Costs and effectiveness of different methods for capturing invasive fish Comparisons of the effectiveness of different fishing techniques in non-wadeable habitats give insights into the relative abundance of invasive fish and native fish, which is important to provide evidence for changes in fish abundance over time. Such comparisons can also be used to determine the most effective methods to remove invasive fish. The objective of this section is to examine methods that yield the most fish for the least cost (i.e. maximise the catch per unit effort). Because comparisons are most effective when applied in a single habitat, they are best considered as case histories at one location. All costs of removal in this chapter are in $NZ. Rotenone has been applied successfully in New Zealand in small waterbodies (e.g. the 0.7 ha Lake Parkinson near Auckland—Tanner et al. 1990; Rowe & Champion 1994) and routinely by the Department of Conservation; use of rotenone to control invasive fish is not considered in this section because it is dealt with in Section 4.1. 
Boat electrofishing is a technique that has been applied widely in the North Island of New Zealand since 2003 (e.g. Hicks & Bell 2003; Hicks & Tempero 2013; Section 4.4), and provides a useful basis for comparing other methods as it is highly effective at capturing some fish species in non-wadeable habitats. For instance, while boat electrofishing 700 m2 of the Lake Whangape littoral margin (0.4–0.7 m deep) during the spawning season in September 2003, 24 koi carp were caught in 11 minutes, weighing 87.4 kg, with a mean fish mass of 3.64 kg and a catch rate of 349 fish/person-day or 1,271 kg/personday. The calculated population estimate of 68 carp from the single removal (24 carp), applying Equation 1 in Section 4.4, implies a biomass of 3,541 kg/ha. The electrofishing boat normally has a crew of three, so assuming a cost of $480/person-day and a time of 0.07 person-day, the capture cost was $0.38/kg. The average catch rate for koi carp across our entire data set for locations with koi carp (205 capture occasions) by boat electrofishing is 62 fish/person-day and 99 kg/person-day, suggesting an average capture cost of $4.85/kg for labour for fishing time. These costs do not take into account consumables, travel, capital costs, depreciation or maintenance.

year: 2015

title: Bioactive Chemicals of Importance in Endophyte-Infected Grasses

authors: Babu, Jacob

subjects: indole-diterpenoids

abstract: Janthitrems are believed to be involved in the observed sporadic cases of AR37-
infected perennial ryegrass staggers. Investigations into the role of janthitrems in
perennial ryegrass staggers are difficult as isolation of the compounds from the
ryegrass is hindered by the inherent instability of these compounds. Therefore
attempts were made to isolate janthitrems from an alternative source, allowing
these janthitrem analogues to be used as surrogates for endophyte produced
janthitrems.
Analysis of a series of Penicillium janthinellum cultures revealed the presence of
janthitrems in a number of strains, including janthitrem B, janthitrem C and two
novel janthitrem compounds. Detailed one- and two-dimensional NMR and mass
spectral techniques identified the two novel compounds as 11,12-
epoxyjanthitrems B and C, which were subsequently given the trivial names
janthitrems A and D, respectively. Janthitrems B and C were isolated and
identified by NMR and revisions of some previously reported chemical shift
assignments were proposed. In addition to the janthitrems, penitrems were also
identified in two strains of P. janthinellum.
The isolated janthitrem B was utilised for the development of efficient extraction
procedures, and for the determination of ideal storage conditions for janthitrem
compounds. A method for the extraction and isolation of janthitrem B from a P.
janthinellum culture was developed and optimised to yield 6 mg of janthitrem B
from 900 mL of fungal culture in two days. Stability studies of janthitrem B
indicated the ideal storage condition which minimised degradation was dry at
−80 C where only 7% sample loss was observed over 300 days.
Bioactivity studies of janthitrems A and B found these compounds to be
tremorgenic to mice, with janthitrem A (an epoxyjanthitrem) inducing more
severe tremors than janthitrem B. Insect testing also showed that both janthitrems
A and B displayed anti-insect activity to porina larvae. Since the
epoxyjanthitrems, which are associated with AR37 endophyte-infected ryegrass,
were also shown to be tremorgenic and to display anti-insect activity, the insect
resistance and the sporadic cases of ryegrass staggers displayed by AR37 may be
related to the presence of epoxyjanthitrem compounds.
LC-UV-MS analysis of janthitrems A-D, penitrems A-F, lolitrem B, paspalinine,
paxilline and terpendole C found these indole-diterpenoids to be more sensitive
by analysis using an APCI source as opposed to an ESI source. APCI negative
ion LC-UV-MS required source induced dissociation in combination with
increased collision energy to suppress an acetate adduct peak, sourced from the
acetic acid buffer. Negative ion MS2 and MS3 data produced more informative
fragments compared to the conventional positive ion MS2 and MS3 data. The
availability of both positive and negative ion LC-UV-MS methodologies will
allow future endophyte products to be more thoroughly screened for different
classes of secondary metabolites.
Extracts of mouldy walnuts were analysed for the presence of tremorgenic
mycotoxins after a dog was found to exhibit symptoms characteristic of
tremorgenic mycotoxicosis. LC-UV-MS analysis of the mouldy walnuts
identified the tremorgenic mycotoxins penitrems A-F, thus confirming the
veterinarian's tentative diagnosis of canine tremorgenic mycotoxicosis   the first
reported case in New Zealand.

text: Bioactive Chemicals of Importance in Endophyte-Infected Grasses Janthitrems are believed to be involved in the observed sporadic cases of AR37-
infected perennial ryegrass staggers. Investigations into the role of janthitrems in
perennial ryegrass staggers are difficult as isolation of the compounds from the
ryegrass is hindered by the inherent instability of these compounds. Therefore
attempts were made to isolate janthitrems from an alternative source, allowing
these janthitrem analogues to be used as surrogates for endophyte produced
janthitrems.
Analysis of a series of Penicillium janthinellum cultures revealed the presence of
janthitrems in a number of strains, including janthitrem B, janthitrem C and two
novel janthitrem compounds. Detailed one- and two-dimensional NMR and mass
spectral techniques identified the two novel compounds as 11,12-
epoxyjanthitrems B and C, which were subsequently given the trivial names
janthitrems A and D, respectively. Janthitrems B and C were isolated and
identified by NMR and revisions of some previously reported chemical shift
assignments were proposed. In addition to the janthitrems, penitrems were also
identified in two strains of P. janthinellum.
The isolated janthitrem B was utilised for the development of efficient extraction
procedures, and for the determination of ideal storage conditions for janthitrem
compounds. A method for the extraction and isolation of janthitrem B from a P.
janthinellum culture was developed and optimised to yield 6 mg of janthitrem B
from 900 mL of fungal culture in two days. Stability studies of janthitrem B
indicated the ideal storage condition which minimised degradation was dry at
−80 C where only 7% sample loss was observed over 300 days.
Bioactivity studies of janthitrems A and B found these compounds to be
tremorgenic to mice, with janthitrem A (an epoxyjanthitrem) inducing more
severe tremors than janthitrem B. Insect testing also showed that both janthitrems
A and B displayed anti-insect activity to porina larvae. Since the
epoxyjanthitrems, which are associated with AR37 endophyte-infected ryegrass,
were also shown to be tremorgenic and to display anti-insect activity, the insect
resistance and the sporadic cases of ryegrass staggers displayed by AR37 may be
related to the presence of epoxyjanthitrem compounds.
LC-UV-MS analysis of janthitrems A-D, penitrems A-F, lolitrem B, paspalinine,
paxilline and terpendole C found these indole-diterpenoids to be more sensitive
by analysis using an APCI source as opposed to an ESI source. APCI negative
ion LC-UV-MS required source induced dissociation in combination with
increased collision energy to suppress an acetate adduct peak, sourced from the
acetic acid buffer. Negative ion MS2 and MS3 data produced more informative
fragments compared to the conventional positive ion MS2 and MS3 data. The
availability of both positive and negative ion LC-UV-MS methodologies will
allow future endophyte products to be more thoroughly screened for different
classes of secondary metabolites.
Extracts of mouldy walnuts were analysed for the presence of tremorgenic
mycotoxins after a dog was found to exhibit symptoms characteristic of
tremorgenic mycotoxicosis. LC-UV-MS analysis of the mouldy walnuts
identified the tremorgenic mycotoxins penitrems A-F, thus confirming the
veterinarian's tentative diagnosis of canine tremorgenic mycotoxicosis   the first
reported case in New Zealand.

year: 2009

title: What is Māori typography?

authors: Kennedy, Nikki Eileen

subjects: Māori Design

abstract: Te Reo Māori was traditionally an oral language similar to many indigenous cultures. Writing systems were not familiar to Māori until 1769 where Māori were introduced to the written language by Pākehā. Early Māori writing can be found printed, carved and painted in a number of different parts of Māori society. These myriad texts were strongly influenced and inspired by Pākehā biblical texts and newspapers. The influence of Pākehā texts meant that overtime the written language of Te Reo Māori had a Pākehā visual identity.

To date, there is minimal research about the history and visual identity of Māori typography. The lack of research and resources about Māori typography confirms how underdeveloped Māori typography is and highlights the potential for research and development in this space.

This thesis aims to explore Māori typography. In particular, this thesis will provide an understanding of how Māori typography has evolved, addressing the perceptions of Māori text features and advice on design guidance of Māori typography.

Two studies within this thesis involved analysing the text-based features in 21 Māori newspapers dated from 1842-1935. Māori newspapers are a valuable resource that captured moments in history and also early displays of Māori text. The second study involved interviews with 50 participants — Māori and non-Māori, from a range of different backgrounds — who provided their understandings and perceptions surrounding the features of Māori text.

The results from these studies have shown that the serif typeface classification was commonly used in early print such as Māori newspapers. Serif lettering also reminded participants in our studies of early Māori texts such as old text books and newspapers. This appears to be the reason as to why, a strong theme of serifs and the style of Didone typefaces have been used throughout Māori typography and by default are recognised features of Māori typefaces today.

Having analysed Māori newspapers, an unexpected finding appeared in the 1908 Te Pipiwharauroa newspaper. Two unique letter characters were found that was revolution for Te Reo Māori text of the time. This oddity combined the ‘ng’ letters into one letter character and the ‘wh’ letters into one letter character also. The aim in combining the two letters together was to emphasise the one sound that the ‘ng’ and the ‘wh’ make to avoid confusion in the pronunciation of Māori words. The results showed that these two letter characters appeared from 1908 through to 1912. There is no evidence of these characters appearing after 1912 and also appearing in other newspapers. The two characters were a rare appearance of its time.

As a result of this research it is clear that the visual identity of Te Reo Māori remains unclear and was highly influenced by serif lettering. This thesis highlights the need for more research about Māori typography and design guidance for developing appropriate Māori typefaces that are influenced and inspired by Maori culture.

text: What is Māori typography? Te Reo Māori was traditionally an oral language similar to many indigenous cultures. Writing systems were not familiar to Māori until 1769 where Māori were introduced to the written language by Pākehā. Early Māori writing can be found printed, carved and painted in a number of different parts of Māori society. These myriad texts were strongly influenced and inspired by Pākehā biblical texts and newspapers. The influence of Pākehā texts meant that overtime the written language of Te Reo Māori had a Pākehā visual identity.

To date, there is minimal research about the history and visual identity of Māori typography. The lack of research and resources about Māori typography confirms how underdeveloped Māori typography is and highlights the potential for research and development in this space.

This thesis aims to explore Māori typography. In particular, this thesis will provide an understanding of how Māori typography has evolved, addressing the perceptions of Māori text features and advice on design guidance of Māori typography.

Two studies within this thesis involved analysing the text-based features in 21 Māori newspapers dated from 1842-1935. Māori newspapers are a valuable resource that captured moments in history and also early displays of Māori text. The second study involved interviews with 50 participants — Māori and non-Māori, from a range of different backgrounds — who provided their understandings and perceptions surrounding the features of Māori text.

The results from these studies have shown that the serif typeface classification was commonly used in early print such as Māori newspapers. Serif lettering also reminded participants in our studies of early Māori texts such as old text books and newspapers. This appears to be the reason as to why, a strong theme of serifs and the style of Didone typefaces have been used throughout Māori typography and by default are recognised features of Māori typefaces today.

Having analysed Māori newspapers, an unexpected finding appeared in the 1908 Te Pipiwharauroa newspaper. Two unique letter characters were found that was revolution for Te Reo Māori text of the time. This oddity combined the ‘ng’ letters into one letter character and the ‘wh’ letters into one letter character also. The aim in combining the two letters together was to emphasise the one sound that the ‘ng’ and the ‘wh’ make to avoid confusion in the pronunciation of Māori words. The results showed that these two letter characters appeared from 1908 through to 1912. There is no evidence of these characters appearing after 1912 and also appearing in other newspapers. The two characters were a rare appearance of its time.

As a result of this research it is clear that the visual identity of Te Reo Māori remains unclear and was highly influenced by serif lettering. This thesis highlights the need for more research about Māori typography and design guidance for developing appropriate Māori typefaces that are influenced and inspired by Maori culture.

year: 2020