title: In your face: wearing Moko - Maori facial marking in today's world

authors: Nikora, Linda Waimarie

subjects: Moko

abstract: The early voyagers, missionaries, settlers all reacted to the pukanohi, to the marked
faces of the Maori people during the period of first contact, and the century following
it. Their accounts are vivid, judgemental, revealing, telling us as much about them, as
it does about the people they described. Curiosity and horror are mixed with a
genuine fascination; where sternly evangelizing words failed, armed confrontation
occurred; and we now live with the results, te ao hou, a new world.
In this world, today, wahine mau kauae, tangata mau moko, pukanohi - wearers - are
speaking for themselves, about themselves, and commenting on how others view
them. Unanimously, they insist the decision to take the marking is about continuity,
affirmation, identity, and commitment. It is also about wearing those ancestors,
carrying them into the future; as their moko become a companion, a salient being with
its own life force, its own integrity and power, beyond the face.

text: In your face: wearing Moko - Maori facial marking in today's world The early voyagers, missionaries, settlers all reacted to the pukanohi, to the marked
faces of the Maori people during the period of first contact, and the century following
it. Their accounts are vivid, judgemental, revealing, telling us as much about them, as
it does about the people they described. Curiosity and horror are mixed with a
genuine fascination; where sternly evangelizing words failed, armed confrontation
occurred; and we now live with the results, te ao hou, a new world.
In this world, today, wahine mau kauae, tangata mau moko, pukanohi - wearers - are
speaking for themselves, about themselves, and commenting on how others view
them. Unanimously, they insist the decision to take the marking is about continuity,
affirmation, identity, and commitment. It is also about wearing those ancestors,
carrying them into the future; as their moko become a companion, a salient being with
its own life force, its own integrity and power, beyond the face.

year: 2003-08-01

title: Evaluating the effects of invasive brown bullhead catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus) on kōura (freshwater crayfish, Paranephrops planifrons) in Lake Rotoiti

authors: Francis, Laura Beverley

subjects: catfish

abstract: Brown bullhead catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus) are opportunistic carnivores native to North America and were first detected in Te Weta Bay, Lake Rotoiti, in March 2016. A cordon was placed across the bay to try and contain catfish, but they had already established populations elsewhere. Spread of catfish in the lake raised concern for resident populations of freshwater crayfish or kōura (Paranephrops planifrons), which are of ecological and cultural significance to Māori. Given the limited knowledge of the potential impacts of catfish on native biota, this thesis aims to evaluate the effects of catfish on kōura in Lake Rotoiti. To do this, Bay of Plenty Regional Council (BOPRC) routine fyke netting data was used to explore species trends and relationships. A habitat survey was also conducted using whakaweku (bracken fern bundles) and fyke nets, to generate data on species’ habitat preferences and kōura metrics (e.g., sizes and sex ratios). In addition to fishing, kōura and catfish stomachs were dissected to determine diet. Potential food items of catfish were also collected for stable isotope analysis to estimate dietary overlap between catfish and kōura, and long-term resource acquisition. 

Routine BOPRC fyke netting results indicated that kōura catch per unit effort (CPUE) has declined in Lake Rotoiti, with mean catch rates dropping from 10.6 kōura net-1 night-1 in 2016 to 4.2 kōura net-1 night-1 in 2018. Over the same period, catfish CPUE has increased in the lake, with the highest catch rates in Te Weta Bay, where mean catch rates have increased from 1.1 catfish net-1 night-1 in 2016 to 63.7 catfish net-1 night-1 in 2018. Catfish catch rates were negatively associated with catch rates of kōura (r = −0.180). Mean catfish density also had a significant effect on kōura catch rates, with significantly more kōura being caught at sites without catfish. The negative association between catfish and kōura could be due to catfish eating or competing with kōura, or their differing habitat preferences. Catfish were positively associated with sites that are weedy or muddy and kōura were negatively associated with muddy habitats and were positively associated with rocky habitats. Whakaweku set at shallow depths <1 m in the lake littoral zone were ineffective at catching kōura during the habitat survey. 

Catfish diet consisted largely of chironomid larvae (Chironomidae), detritus, common bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidianus), and to a lesser extent kōura. Kōura were found in 12% of large catfish (>200 mm fork length; FL) stomachs analysed and contributed 5% volumetrically to large catfish diet. Unfortunately, the contribution of kōura to catfish diet could not be established using stable isotopes because isotopic signatures of kōura and bullies were too close to differentiate. Kōura diet consisted primarily of animal remains (common bullies and invertebrates) and detritus. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen revealed that diets of kōura and catfish overlapped, with kōura sharing more of their diet with catfish than vice versa, likely reflecting catfish’s broad diet. This study suggests that catfish are responsible for the recent decline in kōura CPUE in Lake Rotoiti and that catfish are directly and indirectly affecting kōura through predation and competition for shared food resources.

text: Evaluating the effects of invasive brown bullhead catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus) on kōura (freshwater crayfish, Paranephrops planifrons) in Lake Rotoiti Brown bullhead catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus) are opportunistic carnivores native to North America and were first detected in Te Weta Bay, Lake Rotoiti, in March 2016. A cordon was placed across the bay to try and contain catfish, but they had already established populations elsewhere. Spread of catfish in the lake raised concern for resident populations of freshwater crayfish or kōura (Paranephrops planifrons), which are of ecological and cultural significance to Māori. Given the limited knowledge of the potential impacts of catfish on native biota, this thesis aims to evaluate the effects of catfish on kōura in Lake Rotoiti. To do this, Bay of Plenty Regional Council (BOPRC) routine fyke netting data was used to explore species trends and relationships. A habitat survey was also conducted using whakaweku (bracken fern bundles) and fyke nets, to generate data on species’ habitat preferences and kōura metrics (e.g., sizes and sex ratios). In addition to fishing, kōura and catfish stomachs were dissected to determine diet. Potential food items of catfish were also collected for stable isotope analysis to estimate dietary overlap between catfish and kōura, and long-term resource acquisition. 

Routine BOPRC fyke netting results indicated that kōura catch per unit effort (CPUE) has declined in Lake Rotoiti, with mean catch rates dropping from 10.6 kōura net-1 night-1 in 2016 to 4.2 kōura net-1 night-1 in 2018. Over the same period, catfish CPUE has increased in the lake, with the highest catch rates in Te Weta Bay, where mean catch rates have increased from 1.1 catfish net-1 night-1 in 2016 to 63.7 catfish net-1 night-1 in 2018. Catfish catch rates were negatively associated with catch rates of kōura (r = −0.180). Mean catfish density also had a significant effect on kōura catch rates, with significantly more kōura being caught at sites without catfish. The negative association between catfish and kōura could be due to catfish eating or competing with kōura, or their differing habitat preferences. Catfish were positively associated with sites that are weedy or muddy and kōura were negatively associated with muddy habitats and were positively associated with rocky habitats. Whakaweku set at shallow depths <1 m in the lake littoral zone were ineffective at catching kōura during the habitat survey. 

Catfish diet consisted largely of chironomid larvae (Chironomidae), detritus, common bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidianus), and to a lesser extent kōura. Kōura were found in 12% of large catfish (>200 mm fork length; FL) stomachs analysed and contributed 5% volumetrically to large catfish diet. Unfortunately, the contribution of kōura to catfish diet could not be established using stable isotopes because isotopic signatures of kōura and bullies were too close to differentiate. Kōura diet consisted primarily of animal remains (common bullies and invertebrates) and detritus. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen revealed that diets of kōura and catfish overlapped, with kōura sharing more of their diet with catfish than vice versa, likely reflecting catfish’s broad diet. This study suggests that catfish are responsible for the recent decline in kōura CPUE in Lake Rotoiti and that catfish are directly and indirectly affecting kōura through predation and competition for shared food resources.

year: 2019

title: In search of well-being in the workplace: Exploring the emancipatory potential of participatory action research

authors: Twiname, Linda J.

abstract: The co-optation of employee empowerment discourses by organisations seeking to maximise performance have been argued to contribute to the intensification of control rather than enhancing real employee participation in employment decisions. I challenge the inevitability of such co-option and set out to achieve genuine participation and empowerment. 
Through a participatory action research (PAR) programme in a medium-sized, internationally-owned manufacturing firm located in New Zealand, employees and I sought to transform aspects of their workplace lives that they believed would enhance their well-being. The participants and I generated PAR processes that attempted to reflect a Habermasian notion of communicative action. In communicative action Habermas calls for commitment to trustworthy engagement in the achievement of a just society by striving towards ideal speech acts. An uncritical approach to these purportedly empowering processes might contribute to the exacerbation of exploitative processes, the value of participant 'doubt' in analytic processes is consequently discussed. I assess PAR' s potential to assist participants to identify and address management attempts to control through instrumental action and its ability to assist participants to engage in emancipatory actions toward communicative action. 
In keeping with the emancipatory aspirations of critical theorists, I committed to an 'affirmative agenda' through which we sought to transform the firm's processes toward more employee inclusiveness in decision making. This transformation required a challenge to the embedded and obfuscating discourses of unitarism that deflect attention from the unequal power relations endemic in contemporary capitalism and the strengthening of processes that respect and reconcile fairly the pluralist interests that are the focus of critical theory. The various projects in the programme were intended as a forum through which different groups within the firm might transform the hegemonic forces acting upon them in order to contribute more equally to decisions that influenced their lives. 
Through the projects we were able to achieve some specific changes participants believed would improve their workplace well-being. The research process proved to be a useful method of enquiry and change. The processes we experienced did shine light on hegemony for some of the participants and for myself. We did not, however, arrive at the level of mutual trust, sincerity and legitimacy that I had hoped for. Habermas speaks of movement towards the ideal. In this thesis I offer hope for such movement towards workplace practices that enhance employee well-being and through which the wealth creation potential of enterprise may serve all humanity well.

text: In search of well-being in the workplace: Exploring the emancipatory potential of participatory action research The co-optation of employee empowerment discourses by organisations seeking to maximise performance have been argued to contribute to the intensification of control rather than enhancing real employee participation in employment decisions. I challenge the inevitability of such co-option and set out to achieve genuine participation and empowerment. 
Through a participatory action research (PAR) programme in a medium-sized, internationally-owned manufacturing firm located in New Zealand, employees and I sought to transform aspects of their workplace lives that they believed would enhance their well-being. The participants and I generated PAR processes that attempted to reflect a Habermasian notion of communicative action. In communicative action Habermas calls for commitment to trustworthy engagement in the achievement of a just society by striving towards ideal speech acts. An uncritical approach to these purportedly empowering processes might contribute to the exacerbation of exploitative processes, the value of participant 'doubt' in analytic processes is consequently discussed. I assess PAR' s potential to assist participants to identify and address management attempts to control through instrumental action and its ability to assist participants to engage in emancipatory actions toward communicative action. 
In keeping with the emancipatory aspirations of critical theorists, I committed to an 'affirmative agenda' through which we sought to transform the firm's processes toward more employee inclusiveness in decision making. This transformation required a challenge to the embedded and obfuscating discourses of unitarism that deflect attention from the unequal power relations endemic in contemporary capitalism and the strengthening of processes that respect and reconcile fairly the pluralist interests that are the focus of critical theory. The various projects in the programme were intended as a forum through which different groups within the firm might transform the hegemonic forces acting upon them in order to contribute more equally to decisions that influenced their lives. 
Through the projects we were able to achieve some specific changes participants believed would improve their workplace well-being. The research process proved to be a useful method of enquiry and change. The processes we experienced did shine light on hegemony for some of the participants and for myself. We did not, however, arrive at the level of mutual trust, sincerity and legitimacy that I had hoped for. Habermas speaks of movement towards the ideal. In this thesis I offer hope for such movement towards workplace practices that enhance employee well-being and through which the wealth creation potential of enterprise may serve all humanity well.

year: 2005