title: Experiences of Tongan Women Migrants at Paid Work in New Zealand

authors: Fa'anunu, Sinama Tupou

subjects: Tongan women

abstract: The employment experiences of Tongan women migrants have received little attention in the literature.  This study therefore, sought to shed light on the dynamics of their social and economic experiences at paid work in New Zealand.  It was guided by the theories of population geographies, feminist geography and postcolonialism.  The inter-relationships of these theories provided insights into the influence of migration on these women's identities, ethnicity and gender relations and also how these influence these women's experiences at paid work in New Zealand.  The data were drawn from two major sources: i) the New Zealand 2006 population census and ii) in-depth interviews held in Tonga and New Zealand, with greater focus on the interviews.

This study revealed that the Tongan women's decisions for migrating to New Zealand were influenced by social rather than economic incentives.  Migration has challenged these women's traditional roles and reconstructed their gender relations.  Many are breadwinners yet Tongan born men in New Zealand still predominantly engage in the labour force and have higher personal income.  Their experiences at paid work also differ from the New Zealand born Tongan women in New Zealand.  These differences reflect the availability of their social networks and their familiarity with the socio-economic systems in New Zealand.  They experienced successes and failures at paid work on their way to improving their lives in New Zealand.

text: Experiences of Tongan Women Migrants at Paid Work in New Zealand The employment experiences of Tongan women migrants have received little attention in the literature.  This study therefore, sought to shed light on the dynamics of their social and economic experiences at paid work in New Zealand.  It was guided by the theories of population geographies, feminist geography and postcolonialism.  The inter-relationships of these theories provided insights into the influence of migration on these women's identities, ethnicity and gender relations and also how these influence these women's experiences at paid work in New Zealand.  The data were drawn from two major sources: i) the New Zealand 2006 population census and ii) in-depth interviews held in Tonga and New Zealand, with greater focus on the interviews.

This study revealed that the Tongan women's decisions for migrating to New Zealand were influenced by social rather than economic incentives.  Migration has challenged these women's traditional roles and reconstructed their gender relations.  Many are breadwinners yet Tongan born men in New Zealand still predominantly engage in the labour force and have higher personal income.  Their experiences at paid work also differ from the New Zealand born Tongan women in New Zealand.  These differences reflect the availability of their social networks and their familiarity with the socio-economic systems in New Zealand.  They experienced successes and failures at paid work on their way to improving their lives in New Zealand.

year: 2007

title: Revitalising local democracy: A social capital analysis in the context of a New Zealand local authority

authors: Nyamori, Robert Ochoki

subjects: new public management

abstract: Using an exploratory case study, we assess whether markets and strategic performance management systems (SPMS) enhanced social capital of a local authority in New Zealand and its capacity to foster democracy. We found that SPMS enhanced the interaction among managers and between managers and residents and provided residents with opportunities to participate in local authority decision-making. Market forms of management however, promoted individualism and the pursuit of narrow departmental goals. There was increased control by managers and greater reliance on experts which diminished local people's participation (and the role of councillors) in local affairs. The pairing of contradictory discourses based on efficiency, markets and participatory democracy promoted an overly rational form of democracy inimical to a deliberative democracy. The relations between staff were in a state of continuous tension. The paper contributes to an understanding on how the interaction between the state and local authorities affects local authority social capital and the potential effects on community social capital and local democracy. This paper demonstrates a need for greater attention to the contest between different discourses in the construction and sustenance of social capital and the pursuit of democracy.

text: Revitalising local democracy: A social capital analysis in the context of a New Zealand local authority Using an exploratory case study, we assess whether markets and strategic performance management systems (SPMS) enhanced social capital of a local authority in New Zealand and its capacity to foster democracy. We found that SPMS enhanced the interaction among managers and between managers and residents and provided residents with opportunities to participate in local authority decision-making. Market forms of management however, promoted individualism and the pursuit of narrow departmental goals. There was increased control by managers and greater reliance on experts which diminished local people's participation (and the role of councillors) in local affairs. The pairing of contradictory discourses based on efficiency, markets and participatory democracy promoted an overly rational form of democracy inimical to a deliberative democracy. The relations between staff were in a state of continuous tension. The paper contributes to an understanding on how the interaction between the state and local authorities affects local authority social capital and the potential effects on community social capital and local democracy. This paper demonstrates a need for greater attention to the contest between different discourses in the construction and sustenance of social capital and the pursuit of democracy.

year: 2012-05

title: Te Kōpura

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: He Hōnore, he korōria, he maungārongo ki runga ki te whenua, he whakaaro pai ki ngā tānagata katoa.


Ko te tāhu o tēnei tuhituhinga he titiro ki Te Hāhi Ringatū i runga o Whitianga marae. E rua noa iho ngā Rā Ringatū ka tū ki runga i tēnei marae, arā, ko Te Huamata, hei te tahi o Hune tēnā me Te Pure, hei te tahi o Nōema tēnā. I roto i te tuhituhingaroa nei ka titiro he aha I tae atu ai wēnei tikanga ki tēnei o ngā marae. Ka whakatakoto haere, i pēhea hoki ngā whakahaeretanga i te wā o ngā pakeke. Kātahi ka titiro ki ngā whakarerekētanga ki ngā tikanga i roto i te wā, ā, he aha i pērā ai. 
Kua tata ki te toru tekau tau mai i te whakakoretanga o Te Māratapu a Te Ringatū i roto i wāna whakahaerenga i Te Huamata me Te Pure. Ko tērā tūāhuatanga o Te Ringatū e kore nei e kitea e tēnei reanga tangata.
Tokoiti noa nei, me kī, ngā mōrehu o tērā whakatipuranga pakeke i kitea wērā tūāhuatanga e ora tonu ana. Nō reira i toko ake te whakaaro ki te rangahau, ki te kohikohi hoki i ngā kōrero i te hunga i rongo, i kite, i tipu ake hoki i roto i tērā Ao. He pekanga nui o te tuhinga nei kua titiro ki Te Huamata me Te Pure me wōna tapu, me wōna whakahaerenga ki runga o te marae o Whitianga.
Ki te whakawhāriki i ngā kōrero nei mō Te Ringatū ki runga o Whitianga kua tātaritia kia waru ngā pekanga o te tuhinga kia mārama ai ki te karu pānui i ngā kōrero; i pēhea tae atu ai Te Ringatū ki runga o Whitianga, i pēhea tāna kawe i ngā tikanga, ā, he aha i whakarerekēngia ai tāna kawe i Te Huamata me Te Pure i roto I te wā.

Tuatahi: Ki te kōrero mō Te Ringatū me hoki ki te tīmata maitanga o Te Ringatū. Ka tirohia, nā wai i tīmata, ā, he aha i tīmataria ai, me te whakaatu i wētahi āhuatanga i pā ki tōna Poropiti me wāna pononga i te tīmatatanga rā anō o Te Ringatū.

Tuarua: Ko te whai haere tēnei i ngā takahanga waewae o ngā tīpuna o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, ki te whai i Te Ringatū. Ka titiro he aha te take i huri ai a Te Whānau-a-Apanui ki ngā tikanga o Te Ringatū. Ka titiro anō hoki ki te taenga atu o Te Kooti me tana iwi Ringatū ki roto o Te Whānau-a-Apanui me wāna mahi ki a rātou i reira.

Tuatoru: Ka whakaatu i konei, he aha te take ko wātahi marae tokoiti noa iho o Te Whānau-a-Apanui ka noho hei marae Ringatū, mai i te taenga atu o Te Ringatū, aā, tae noa ki tēnei rā.
Tuawhā: I konei ka tae ki te pūtake o te tuhinga. Ka titiro i konei ki te taenga o ngā whakahaere Ringatū, arā, Te Huamata me Te Pure ki runga i te marae o Whitianga. Ka whakaatu i konei, he aha i tae atu ai wēnei tikanga ki tērā marae. Ka kite anē hoki he aha i karangatia ko Whitianga te marae pou mō Te Ringatū ki roto o Te Whānau-a-Apanui.
Tuarima: Ka tiro haeretia i konei ngā tikanga e pā ana ki Te Huamata me wōna whakahaere I ngā. tapu katoa e pā ana ki Te Huamata. Ka whakarārangitia ko ngā karakia me wōna kaupapa katoa kia kite ai te kaipānui i te hōhonutanga o tēnei tikanga a Te Ringatū. I konei ka kite anō hoki te kaipānui i ngā kōrero a ngā pakeke, nāna nei i kite, i tipu ake i roto i tērā tikanga.
Tuaono: Ka titiro i konei ko ngā whakahaere a Te Ringatū i tēnei tikanga, arā, Te Pure. Pērā anō ki te tipuranga tuarima, ka whakarārangitia ai ko ngā karakia me wōna kaupapa katoa kia kite ai te kaipānui i te tikanga o Te Pure, ā, he aha i pērā rawa ai te kaha whakapono o ngā pakeke ki tēnei tūāhuatanga, ko Te Pure.
Tuawhitu: I konei ka titiro ki a Paora Delamere me te take i whakarerekēngia ai e ia ngā tikanga tapu o Te Huamata me Te Pure. Ka titiro anō hoki ki wētahi āhuatanga hou i tīmataria ai e ia i waenganui i Te Ringatū whanui huri i Aotearoa.
Tuawaru: Ka tuituia ngā pekanga katoa ki te whakamārama i ngā kōrero kia eke katoa ki runga i te tāhūhū o te kōrero. Ka kitea te take i tīmataria ai Te Ringatu, arā ngā kairiri a Māori ki a tauiwi. Ā, pērā anō te take i huri ai a Te Whānau-a-Apanui ki ngā tikanga a Te Ringatū. Koira i hanake hoki ai ngā pakeke ki Ōtewa ki te pōhiri i a Te Kooti ki te rohe o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, nā te rauwhaitanga o te patu i ngā papatipu. Ko te hokitanga ki te haumoana o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, ko te hokinga anō hoki o Te Māratapu o Te Huamata, o Te Pure ki reira toka atu ai. Ka haere te wā, ā, nāwai rā ka poua wēnei tikanga a Te Ringatū ki Te Māratapu ki runga o Whitianga, ana, i tipu ake he tipu hou, he oranga hou, ā, he tikanga hou i te huringa o te wā.
Katoa wēnei kōrero hei whakaatu i te āhua o te taenga o Te Huamata me Te Pure ki runga o Whitianga marae, mai i te kunenga ake o te whakaaro ki te whai I wēnei tikanga, ā, tae noa ki te whakatinanatanga e haere ake nei, e haere ake. He rautau kua taha, he raurau tau e haere mai nei.

text: Te Kōpura He Hōnore, he korōria, he maungārongo ki runga ki te whenua, he whakaaro pai ki ngā tānagata katoa.


Ko te tāhu o tēnei tuhituhinga he titiro ki Te Hāhi Ringatū i runga o Whitianga marae. E rua noa iho ngā Rā Ringatū ka tū ki runga i tēnei marae, arā, ko Te Huamata, hei te tahi o Hune tēnā me Te Pure, hei te tahi o Nōema tēnā. I roto i te tuhituhingaroa nei ka titiro he aha I tae atu ai wēnei tikanga ki tēnei o ngā marae. Ka whakatakoto haere, i pēhea hoki ngā whakahaeretanga i te wā o ngā pakeke. Kātahi ka titiro ki ngā whakarerekētanga ki ngā tikanga i roto i te wā, ā, he aha i pērā ai. 
Kua tata ki te toru tekau tau mai i te whakakoretanga o Te Māratapu a Te Ringatū i roto i wāna whakahaerenga i Te Huamata me Te Pure. Ko tērā tūāhuatanga o Te Ringatū e kore nei e kitea e tēnei reanga tangata.
Tokoiti noa nei, me kī, ngā mōrehu o tērā whakatipuranga pakeke i kitea wērā tūāhuatanga e ora tonu ana. Nō reira i toko ake te whakaaro ki te rangahau, ki te kohikohi hoki i ngā kōrero i te hunga i rongo, i kite, i tipu ake hoki i roto i tērā Ao. He pekanga nui o te tuhinga nei kua titiro ki Te Huamata me Te Pure me wōna tapu, me wōna whakahaerenga ki runga o te marae o Whitianga.
Ki te whakawhāriki i ngā kōrero nei mō Te Ringatū ki runga o Whitianga kua tātaritia kia waru ngā pekanga o te tuhinga kia mārama ai ki te karu pānui i ngā kōrero; i pēhea tae atu ai Te Ringatū ki runga o Whitianga, i pēhea tāna kawe i ngā tikanga, ā, he aha i whakarerekēngia ai tāna kawe i Te Huamata me Te Pure i roto I te wā.

Tuatahi: Ki te kōrero mō Te Ringatū me hoki ki te tīmata maitanga o Te Ringatū. Ka tirohia, nā wai i tīmata, ā, he aha i tīmataria ai, me te whakaatu i wētahi āhuatanga i pā ki tōna Poropiti me wāna pononga i te tīmatatanga rā anō o Te Ringatū.

Tuarua: Ko te whai haere tēnei i ngā takahanga waewae o ngā tīpuna o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, ki te whai i Te Ringatū. Ka titiro he aha te take i huri ai a Te Whānau-a-Apanui ki ngā tikanga o Te Ringatū. Ka titiro anō hoki ki te taenga atu o Te Kooti me tana iwi Ringatū ki roto o Te Whānau-a-Apanui me wāna mahi ki a rātou i reira.

Tuatoru: Ka whakaatu i konei, he aha te take ko wātahi marae tokoiti noa iho o Te Whānau-a-Apanui ka noho hei marae Ringatū, mai i te taenga atu o Te Ringatū, aā, tae noa ki tēnei rā.
Tuawhā: I konei ka tae ki te pūtake o te tuhinga. Ka titiro i konei ki te taenga o ngā whakahaere Ringatū, arā, Te Huamata me Te Pure ki runga i te marae o Whitianga. Ka whakaatu i konei, he aha i tae atu ai wēnei tikanga ki tērā marae. Ka kite anē hoki he aha i karangatia ko Whitianga te marae pou mō Te Ringatū ki roto o Te Whānau-a-Apanui.
Tuarima: Ka tiro haeretia i konei ngā tikanga e pā ana ki Te Huamata me wōna whakahaere I ngā. tapu katoa e pā ana ki Te Huamata. Ka whakarārangitia ko ngā karakia me wōna kaupapa katoa kia kite ai te kaipānui i te hōhonutanga o tēnei tikanga a Te Ringatū. I konei ka kite anō hoki te kaipānui i ngā kōrero a ngā pakeke, nāna nei i kite, i tipu ake i roto i tērā tikanga.
Tuaono: Ka titiro i konei ko ngā whakahaere a Te Ringatū i tēnei tikanga, arā, Te Pure. Pērā anō ki te tipuranga tuarima, ka whakarārangitia ai ko ngā karakia me wōna kaupapa katoa kia kite ai te kaipānui i te tikanga o Te Pure, ā, he aha i pērā rawa ai te kaha whakapono o ngā pakeke ki tēnei tūāhuatanga, ko Te Pure.
Tuawhitu: I konei ka titiro ki a Paora Delamere me te take i whakarerekēngia ai e ia ngā tikanga tapu o Te Huamata me Te Pure. Ka titiro anō hoki ki wētahi āhuatanga hou i tīmataria ai e ia i waenganui i Te Ringatū whanui huri i Aotearoa.
Tuawaru: Ka tuituia ngā pekanga katoa ki te whakamārama i ngā kōrero kia eke katoa ki runga i te tāhūhū o te kōrero. Ka kitea te take i tīmataria ai Te Ringatu, arā ngā kairiri a Māori ki a tauiwi. Ā, pērā anō te take i huri ai a Te Whānau-a-Apanui ki ngā tikanga a Te Ringatū. Koira i hanake hoki ai ngā pakeke ki Ōtewa ki te pōhiri i a Te Kooti ki te rohe o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, nā te rauwhaitanga o te patu i ngā papatipu. Ko te hokitanga ki te haumoana o Te Whānau-a-Apanui, ko te hokinga anō hoki o Te Māratapu o Te Huamata, o Te Pure ki reira toka atu ai. Ka haere te wā, ā, nāwai rā ka poua wēnei tikanga a Te Ringatū ki Te Māratapu ki runga o Whitianga, ana, i tipu ake he tipu hou, he oranga hou, ā, he tikanga hou i te huringa o te wā.
Katoa wēnei kōrero hei whakaatu i te āhua o te taenga o Te Huamata me Te Pure ki runga o Whitianga marae, mai i te kunenga ake o te whakaaro ki te whai I wēnei tikanga, ā, tae noa ki te whakatinanatanga e haere ake nei, e haere ake. He rautau kua taha, he raurau tau e haere mai nei.

year: 1998