title: The multiple roles of participative budgeting on job performance

authors: Chong, Vincent

subjects: job performance

abstract: This paper examines the multiple roles (i.e., cognitive, motivational and value attainment) of participative budgeting and the combined effects of these three roles on subordinates’ job performance. Specifically, this paper proposes that participative budgeting affects job performance via three intervening variables, namely role ambiguity, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The responses of 74 senior-level managers, drawn from a cross-section of the Australian financial services sector, to a questionnaire survey were analyzed by using a path analytic technique. The results support the multiple roles of participative budgeting and the indirect effect of participative budgeting on subordinates’ job performance through role ambiguity, organizational commitment and job satisfaction.

text: The multiple roles of participative budgeting on job performance This paper examines the multiple roles (i.e., cognitive, motivational and value attainment) of participative budgeting and the combined effects of these three roles on subordinates’ job performance. Specifically, this paper proposes that participative budgeting affects job performance via three intervening variables, namely role ambiguity, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The responses of 74 senior-level managers, drawn from a cross-section of the Australian financial services sector, to a questionnaire survey were analyzed by using a path analytic technique. The results support the multiple roles of participative budgeting and the indirect effect of participative budgeting on subordinates’ job performance through role ambiguity, organizational commitment and job satisfaction.

year: 2006

title: Water relations and CO₂ exchange of the terrestrial lichen Teloschistes capensis in the Namib fog desert: Measurements during two seasons in the field and under controlled conditions

authors: Lange, Otto L.

subjects: lichen

abstract: Although the coastal zone of the Central Namib Desert (Namibia) has negligible rainfall, frequent fog, dew and high air humidity support a luxurious lichen flora. Large areas of soil crust communities are dominated by the multibranched, fruticose Teloschistes capensis interspersed by a (still indeterminable) Ramalina species. In earlier communications, based on field measurements in autumn, we began the analysis of functional mechanisms that allow these lichens to exist under the special conditions of a fog desert. We have extended this work by monitoring lichen CO₂ exchange and water relations in spring and by experiments under controlled conditions.


In both seasons, nocturnal hydration, by fog and/or dew, activated dark respiration of the lichens which was followed, after sunrise, by a short period of positive net photosynthesis (NP) that continued until metabolic inactivation occurred from desiccation. Dry thalli of T. capensis were able to reactivate NP through water vapour uptake alone, beginning at an air relative humidity of 82%, i.e. at a water potential of −26.3 MPa; the moisture compensation point during desiccation was at 13% thallus water content (WC, dry weight related). Optimal WC for photosynthesis was around 100%, and both species showed a large and extended suprasaturation depression of CO₂ assimilation. Light response showed “sun-plant” characteristics with saturation >1000 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD). However, due to rapid desiccation, the combination of light saturation with optimal WC very rarely occurred under field conditions. Light compensation point after sunrise was highly dependent on actual WC: at low hydration, it amounted to only ca. 10 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD so that even the smallest levels of hydration could be used for carbon gain before desiccation took place again. This phenomenon was probably due to a hydration gradient in the thallus branches during transient moistening so that the outer photobiont layer was favoured in contrast to the internal mycobiont which remained dry longer and did not contribute respiratory CO₂ loss. Fully hydrated thalli had light compensation points around 50 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD. Extended desiccation of 1–3 days had no impact on the magnitude and recovery of photosynthesis but, imposed desiccation of 10 days reduced NP in lab and field experiments and caused an extended period of recovery. “Resaturation respiration” was not detected in the field data, although it was present after experimental moistening of dry thalli.
In spring, the higher fog frequency and intensity increased maximal nocturnal WC, maximal attained NP as well as integrated daily carbon income (ΣNP) compared to the autumn measurements. NPmax and ΣNP depended on maximal nocturnal WC with a saturation-type response. In terms of carbon gain both species seem to be optimally adapted to nocturnal moistening up to 160% WC and were not able to make use of higher degrees of hydration, a feature that might well influence their habitat selection.

Maximal daily carbon-related ΣNP for T. capensis was 4.6 mgC (gC)⁻¹ day⁻¹. A rough estimate of the annual (projected) area-related carbon balance (photosynthetic income minus respiratory losses) based on published fog and dew frequencies and personal observations was 15–34 mgC m⁻² yr⁻¹.

text: Water relations and CO₂ exchange of the terrestrial lichen Teloschistes capensis in the Namib fog desert: Measurements during two seasons in the field and under controlled conditions Although the coastal zone of the Central Namib Desert (Namibia) has negligible rainfall, frequent fog, dew and high air humidity support a luxurious lichen flora. Large areas of soil crust communities are dominated by the multibranched, fruticose Teloschistes capensis interspersed by a (still indeterminable) Ramalina species. In earlier communications, based on field measurements in autumn, we began the analysis of functional mechanisms that allow these lichens to exist under the special conditions of a fog desert. We have extended this work by monitoring lichen CO₂ exchange and water relations in spring and by experiments under controlled conditions.


In both seasons, nocturnal hydration, by fog and/or dew, activated dark respiration of the lichens which was followed, after sunrise, by a short period of positive net photosynthesis (NP) that continued until metabolic inactivation occurred from desiccation. Dry thalli of T. capensis were able to reactivate NP through water vapour uptake alone, beginning at an air relative humidity of 82%, i.e. at a water potential of −26.3 MPa; the moisture compensation point during desiccation was at 13% thallus water content (WC, dry weight related). Optimal WC for photosynthesis was around 100%, and both species showed a large and extended suprasaturation depression of CO₂ assimilation. Light response showed “sun-plant” characteristics with saturation >1000 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD). However, due to rapid desiccation, the combination of light saturation with optimal WC very rarely occurred under field conditions. Light compensation point after sunrise was highly dependent on actual WC: at low hydration, it amounted to only ca. 10 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD so that even the smallest levels of hydration could be used for carbon gain before desiccation took place again. This phenomenon was probably due to a hydration gradient in the thallus branches during transient moistening so that the outer photobiont layer was favoured in contrast to the internal mycobiont which remained dry longer and did not contribute respiratory CO₂ loss. Fully hydrated thalli had light compensation points around 50 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD. Extended desiccation of 1–3 days had no impact on the magnitude and recovery of photosynthesis but, imposed desiccation of 10 days reduced NP in lab and field experiments and caused an extended period of recovery. “Resaturation respiration” was not detected in the field data, although it was present after experimental moistening of dry thalli.
In spring, the higher fog frequency and intensity increased maximal nocturnal WC, maximal attained NP as well as integrated daily carbon income (ΣNP) compared to the autumn measurements. NPmax and ΣNP depended on maximal nocturnal WC with a saturation-type response. In terms of carbon gain both species seem to be optimally adapted to nocturnal moistening up to 160% WC and were not able to make use of higher degrees of hydration, a feature that might well influence their habitat selection.

Maximal daily carbon-related ΣNP for T. capensis was 4.6 mgC (gC)⁻¹ day⁻¹. A rough estimate of the annual (projected) area-related carbon balance (photosynthetic income minus respiratory losses) based on published fog and dew frequencies and personal observations was 15–34 mgC m⁻² yr⁻¹.

year: 2006

title: Stemming the colonial environmental tide - Shared Māori governance jurisdiction and ecosystem-based management over the marine and coastal seascape in Aotearoa New Zealand – Possible ways forward

authors: Joseph, Robert

subjects: ecosystem-based management, Maori co-governance, Treaty of Waitangi, Ocean governance

abstract: Ecosystem-based management (EBM) has become an appropriate international response for addressing the alarming global environmental degradation. EBM is designed and executed as an adaptive, learning-based process that applies the following common international principles:

•	the connections and relationships within an ecosystem;
•	the cumulative impacts that affect marine welfare; 
•	focus on maintaining the natural structure and function of ecosystems and their productivity;
•	incorporate human use and values of ecosystems in managing the resources;
•	recognise that ecosystems are dynamic and constantly changing;
•	are based on a shared vision of all key participants; and
•	are based on scientific knowledge, adopted by continual learning and monitoring.

The New Zealand Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge agrees with the above EBM principles and has adopted them but has also adapted them to an Aotearoa New Zealand context that fundamentally acknowledges mātauranga and tikanga Māori law and shared co-governance and concurrent jurisdiction hence the following Aotearoa New Zealand EBM principles:
•	a co-governance and co-design structure that recognises the Māori constitutional relationship and mana whenua at all levels (whānau, hapū, iwi), together with the guiding principles of mauri, whakapapa, kaitiakitanga, mātauranga-a-iwi and mātauranga-a-hapū;
•	is place and time-specific, recognising/understanding the ecosystem as a whole in all its ecological complexities and connectedness and addressing cumulative and multiple stressors;
•	acknowledges humans as ecosystem components with multiple values;
•	views long-term sustainability as a fundamental value, in particular maintaining values and uses for future generations;
•	includes collaborative and participatory management throughout the whole process, considering all values and involving all interested parties from agencies and iwi to industries, whānau, hapū and local communities;
•	has clear goals and objectives based on knowledge; and
•	includes adaptive management, appropriate monitoring and acknowledgement of uncertainty.

This report focuses on analysing EBM through the incorporation of mātauranga and tikanga Māori and shared concurrent jurisdiction through Treaty of Waitangi partnerships over the marine and coastal environment.

text: Stemming the colonial environmental tide - Shared Māori governance jurisdiction and ecosystem-based management over the marine and coastal seascape in Aotearoa New Zealand – Possible ways forward Ecosystem-based management (EBM) has become an appropriate international response for addressing the alarming global environmental degradation. EBM is designed and executed as an adaptive, learning-based process that applies the following common international principles:

•	the connections and relationships within an ecosystem;
•	the cumulative impacts that affect marine welfare; 
•	focus on maintaining the natural structure and function of ecosystems and their productivity;
•	incorporate human use and values of ecosystems in managing the resources;
•	recognise that ecosystems are dynamic and constantly changing;
•	are based on a shared vision of all key participants; and
•	are based on scientific knowledge, adopted by continual learning and monitoring.

The New Zealand Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge agrees with the above EBM principles and has adopted them but has also adapted them to an Aotearoa New Zealand context that fundamentally acknowledges mātauranga and tikanga Māori law and shared co-governance and concurrent jurisdiction hence the following Aotearoa New Zealand EBM principles:
•	a co-governance and co-design structure that recognises the Māori constitutional relationship and mana whenua at all levels (whānau, hapū, iwi), together with the guiding principles of mauri, whakapapa, kaitiakitanga, mātauranga-a-iwi and mātauranga-a-hapū;
•	is place and time-specific, recognising/understanding the ecosystem as a whole in all its ecological complexities and connectedness and addressing cumulative and multiple stressors;
•	acknowledges humans as ecosystem components with multiple values;
•	views long-term sustainability as a fundamental value, in particular maintaining values and uses for future generations;
•	includes collaborative and participatory management throughout the whole process, considering all values and involving all interested parties from agencies and iwi to industries, whānau, hapū and local communities;
•	has clear goals and objectives based on knowledge; and
•	includes adaptive management, appropriate monitoring and acknowledgement of uncertainty.

This report focuses on analysing EBM through the incorporation of mātauranga and tikanga Māori and shared concurrent jurisdiction through Treaty of Waitangi partnerships over the marine and coastal environment.

year: 2020-06-09