title: The international law gaze: Lilly v Canada

authors: Alvarez-Jimenez, Alberto

abstract: New Zealand is party to several free trade agreements (FTAs), such as those with China, Malaysia, and  Korea, that include investment chapters aimed at protecting foreign investors. These chapters also contemplate investor/State arbitration to settle disputes. It is, then, important to keep an eye on recent decisions regarding other FTAs, in order to identify how similar potential disputes involving the government or New Zealand investors abroad are likely be framed. A recent award by an international tribunal in Eli Lilly and Company v Government of Canada applying the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is one that deserves close evaluation. (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Eli Lilly and Company v Government of Canada. Case No. UNCT/142. 16 March 2017. [Lilly v Canada]).

Although the award has a strong intellectual property component, this article deals with a different dimension: how far can a foreign investor dissatisfied with a final court’s new interpretation of national law go in challenging this interpretation before an investor/State tribunal? 

Not that far. This is the general answer to this question offered by the Lilly tribunal. … but

text: The international law gaze: Lilly v Canada New Zealand is party to several free trade agreements (FTAs), such as those with China, Malaysia, and  Korea, that include investment chapters aimed at protecting foreign investors. These chapters also contemplate investor/State arbitration to settle disputes. It is, then, important to keep an eye on recent decisions regarding other FTAs, in order to identify how similar potential disputes involving the government or New Zealand investors abroad are likely be framed. A recent award by an international tribunal in Eli Lilly and Company v Government of Canada applying the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is one that deserves close evaluation. (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Eli Lilly and Company v Government of Canada. Case No. UNCT/142. 16 March 2017. [Lilly v Canada]).

Although the award has a strong intellectual property component, this article deals with a different dimension: how far can a foreign investor dissatisfied with a final court’s new interpretation of national law go in challenging this interpretation before an investor/State tribunal? 

Not that far. This is the general answer to this question offered by the Lilly tribunal. … but

year: 2017

title: Primary care access and foregone care: A survey of transgender adolescents and young adults

authors: Clark, Drew B. A.

subjects: Science & technology

abstract: Objective. To examine the issues of primary care access and foregone health care among transgender adolescents and young adults. 
Methods. This cross-sectional analysis of data from the Canadian Trans Youth Health Survey was conducted online during 2013–2014. Participants included 923 youth aged 14–25 (323 adolescents aged 14–18 and 600 young adults aged 19–25). Main outcome measures were self-reported general and mental health status, comfort discussing transgender identity and health care needs with general practitioners, and types of and reasons for self-identified foregone health care. 
Results. Most youth reported poor/fair general and mental health status. Comfort with a family doctor was positively correlated with both general health (r(528) = 21, P < 0.001) and mental health (r(450) = 26, P < 0.001) status, as was having a doctor who was aware of one’s transgender status. 47.2% (n = 219) of young adults reported foregoing needed health care. Among adolescents, levels of comfort with family doctor were negatively correlated with foregone mental health care in the previous 12 months (F₃,₁₆₆ = 3.829, P = 0.011), but not correlated with foregone physical health care (F₃,₁₆₅ = 0.506, P = 0.679). Reasons for missing needed care spanned the dimensions of health care access, ranging from cost barriers to previous negative experiences with health care providers, and concerns that a doctor would be uneducated about transgender people. Conclusion. General practitioners can play a key role in improving the health of transgender youth by demonstrating understanding of the health care needs of transgender youth and competence in gender-affirming care, and by ensuring that their practices are accessible to all transgender youth in need of care.

text: Primary care access and foregone care: A survey of transgender adolescents and young adults Objective. To examine the issues of primary care access and foregone health care among transgender adolescents and young adults. 
Methods. This cross-sectional analysis of data from the Canadian Trans Youth Health Survey was conducted online during 2013–2014. Participants included 923 youth aged 14–25 (323 adolescents aged 14–18 and 600 young adults aged 19–25). Main outcome measures were self-reported general and mental health status, comfort discussing transgender identity and health care needs with general practitioners, and types of and reasons for self-identified foregone health care. 
Results. Most youth reported poor/fair general and mental health status. Comfort with a family doctor was positively correlated with both general health (r(528) = 21, P < 0.001) and mental health (r(450) = 26, P < 0.001) status, as was having a doctor who was aware of one’s transgender status. 47.2% (n = 219) of young adults reported foregoing needed health care. Among adolescents, levels of comfort with family doctor were negatively correlated with foregone mental health care in the previous 12 months (F₃,₁₆₆ = 3.829, P = 0.011), but not correlated with foregone physical health care (F₃,₁₆₅ = 0.506, P = 0.679). Reasons for missing needed care spanned the dimensions of health care access, ranging from cost barriers to previous negative experiences with health care providers, and concerns that a doctor would be uneducated about transgender people. Conclusion. General practitioners can play a key role in improving the health of transgender youth by demonstrating understanding of the health care needs of transgender youth and competence in gender-affirming care, and by ensuring that their practices are accessible to all transgender youth in need of care.

year: 2018

title: Te Ahurei a Rangatahi sexual health programme: An evaluation

authors: Nikora, Linda Waimarie

subjects: youth

abstract: The Maori and Psychology Research Unit was engaged in August 2001 to evaluate a
sexual health programme delivered by Te Ahurei a Rangatahi. Established in 1997,
Te Ahurei a Rangatahi is a community based charitable trust that delivers a variety of
programmes to Rangatahi.

text: Te Ahurei a Rangatahi sexual health programme: An evaluation The Maori and Psychology Research Unit was engaged in August 2001 to evaluate a
sexual health programme delivered by Te Ahurei a Rangatahi. Established in 1997,
Te Ahurei a Rangatahi is a community based charitable trust that delivers a variety of
programmes to Rangatahi.

year: 2001-12-01