title: Strontium isotope dating of the New Zealand Oligocene

authors: Nelson, Campbell S.

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: One of the least well resolved portions of the New Zealand Cenozoic time-scale is that centred on and about the Oligocene Epoch, internationally regarded as spanning c. 10 m.y. from 33.7 to 23.8 Ma. We have determined the 87Sr/86Sr ratios and derived absolute ages for 77 macrofossil samples collected from several biostratigraphically dated mid-Tertiary sections in the South Auckland (North Island) and North Otago/South Canterbury (South Island) regions. While the site-specific stratigraphic significance of our ages remains to be assessed, we present them here to foster wider consideration and discussion in relation to evolving absolute age schemes for the New Zealand Oligocene biostratigraphic stages. Initial results suggest: (1) The approximate boundary ages for the mid-Tertiary Stages are: Runangan/Whaingaroan, 34.8 Ma; early Whaingaroan/late Whaingaroan, 31.0 Ma; Whaingaroan/Duntroonian, 28.5 Ma; Duntroonian/Waitakian, 25.5 Ma; Waitakian/Otaian, 22.2 Ma. These values are mainly older than ages assigned over the past decade.(2) The early Whaingaroan Stage, traditionally held to be entirely within the Oligocene, and to define its base, extends back across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary at 33.7 Ma into the late Eocene by up to 1.1 m.y., as previously suspected by Morgans et al. (1996) on biostratigraphic grounds.(3) There has been considerable uncertainty about placement of the Waitakian Stage over the past two decades, whether entirely in the Miocene, entirely in the Oligocene, or straddling both epochs. Our Sr dating shows that the Oligocene/Miocene boundary (23.8 Ma) lies about midway through the Waitakian Stage, in agreement with Graham et al. (2000).(4) The Whaingaroan/Duntroonian boundary approximates the international early-late Oligocene one (28.5 Ma).Comparisons with recently published Oligocene stable oxygen isotope records suggest that ?18O maxima and attendant sea-level lowering, with possibly significant unconformity development, may be anticipated on three occasions in the early Whaingaroan, two or three in the late Whaingaroan, two in the Duntroonian, and at least two in the Waitakian. The unconformities bounding formations and members in the Oligocene successions may relate to these sea-level changes, and so be regionally correlatable, including the well publicised Marshall Paraconformity of latest Whaingaroan (c. 29 Ma) age.

text: Strontium isotope dating of the New Zealand Oligocene One of the least well resolved portions of the New Zealand Cenozoic time-scale is that centred on and about the Oligocene Epoch, internationally regarded as spanning c. 10 m.y. from 33.7 to 23.8 Ma. We have determined the 87Sr/86Sr ratios and derived absolute ages for 77 macrofossil samples collected from several biostratigraphically dated mid-Tertiary sections in the South Auckland (North Island) and North Otago/South Canterbury (South Island) regions. While the site-specific stratigraphic significance of our ages remains to be assessed, we present them here to foster wider consideration and discussion in relation to evolving absolute age schemes for the New Zealand Oligocene biostratigraphic stages. Initial results suggest: (1) The approximate boundary ages for the mid-Tertiary Stages are: Runangan/Whaingaroan, 34.8 Ma; early Whaingaroan/late Whaingaroan, 31.0 Ma; Whaingaroan/Duntroonian, 28.5 Ma; Duntroonian/Waitakian, 25.5 Ma; Waitakian/Otaian, 22.2 Ma. These values are mainly older than ages assigned over the past decade.(2) The early Whaingaroan Stage, traditionally held to be entirely within the Oligocene, and to define its base, extends back across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary at 33.7 Ma into the late Eocene by up to 1.1 m.y., as previously suspected by Morgans et al. (1996) on biostratigraphic grounds.(3) There has been considerable uncertainty about placement of the Waitakian Stage over the past two decades, whether entirely in the Miocene, entirely in the Oligocene, or straddling both epochs. Our Sr dating shows that the Oligocene/Miocene boundary (23.8 Ma) lies about midway through the Waitakian Stage, in agreement with Graham et al. (2000).(4) The Whaingaroan/Duntroonian boundary approximates the international early-late Oligocene one (28.5 Ma).Comparisons with recently published Oligocene stable oxygen isotope records suggest that ?18O maxima and attendant sea-level lowering, with possibly significant unconformity development, may be anticipated on three occasions in the early Whaingaroan, two or three in the late Whaingaroan, two in the Duntroonian, and at least two in the Waitakian. The unconformities bounding formations and members in the Oligocene successions may relate to these sea-level changes, and so be regionally correlatable, including the well publicised Marshall Paraconformity of latest Whaingaroan (c. 29 Ma) age.

year: 2004-12-01

title: Retirement provision for New Zealand women: The relative role of demographic influence

authors: Marsault, Anyes

subjects: population

abstract: This research contributes to our knowledge of retirement provision by clarifying the obstacles that women face in relation to old age provision. By using multivariate analysis and therefore by controlling for confounding effects, this study has isolated the particular influence of important socio-economic factors. Through continued participation in the labour market, despite their childbearing roles, and the goal of enhancing the quality of their employment, women have an opportunity to strengthen their ability to provide sufficiently themselves for their own old age but this is still even today not a certainty or a source of unlimited support.

text: Retirement provision for New Zealand women: The relative role of demographic influence This research contributes to our knowledge of retirement provision by clarifying the obstacles that women face in relation to old age provision. By using multivariate analysis and therefore by controlling for confounding effects, this study has isolated the particular influence of important socio-economic factors. Through continued participation in the labour market, despite their childbearing roles, and the goal of enhancing the quality of their employment, women have an opportunity to strengthen their ability to provide sufficiently themselves for their own old age but this is still even today not a certainty or a source of unlimited support.

year: 1999-08

title: Mana Takatāpui: Self-determination for queer rangatahi Māori

authors: Doyle, Benjamin Kauri

subjects: Takatāpui

abstract: Here is a Master’s thesis crafted with, by, and for Rangatahi Takatāpui. It represents a labour of love for the community to which I belong, and seeks to generate understanding about the factors that enable LGBTQI+ Māori youth to embody and enact Tino Rangatiratanga. Principles of Kaupapa Māori Theory provide a paradigm through which this research is conducted, with particular attention paid to the Indigenous Research Agenda. Importantly, this rangahau seeks to offer an alternative to the conventions of hegemonic empirical academia by centering the voices and lived experiences of those who have historically been subjected to the dehumanising objectification of western research practices.

Through the methodological approach of wānanga, and within a Tikanga Māori framework of Āta, or cultural safety, twelve Rangatahi Takatāpui participated in a two day workshop at Te Kohinga Mārama Marae. Over the course of both days, co-researchers shared personal testimonies about their experiences navigating the world as Queer Indigenous peoples, as well as the dreams and aspirations they have for collective self-determination. These accounts ultimately inform the narrative storying employed to convey the key findings of this research, which are described as Mana Tuakiri (identity), Mana Hapori (belonging), Mana Moemoeā (vision), and Mana Wero (challenges).

To make sense of the findings presented in this rangahau, a model is developed which takes inspiration from Te Takarangi, the double spiral motif common in both Toi Māori and Te Tai Ao. Utilising the cyclical and intersecting patterns of Te Takarangi, the four main themes of this research are explored through a progressive layering of personal, interpersonal, and societal relationships in order to provide insight into how best Rangatahi Takatāpui can be supported to enact Tino Rangatiratanga. Ultimately, this research present nine key factors to be addressed and implemented in order to achieve this aspiration, including a call for conscientisation (both the self and the collective), resourcing and support, the removal of barriers to access, community intersectional reflexivity, space for collective Indigenous dreaming, and an ongoing commitment to Te Tiriti justice.

text: Mana Takatāpui: Self-determination for queer rangatahi Māori Here is a Master’s thesis crafted with, by, and for Rangatahi Takatāpui. It represents a labour of love for the community to which I belong, and seeks to generate understanding about the factors that enable LGBTQI+ Māori youth to embody and enact Tino Rangatiratanga. Principles of Kaupapa Māori Theory provide a paradigm through which this research is conducted, with particular attention paid to the Indigenous Research Agenda. Importantly, this rangahau seeks to offer an alternative to the conventions of hegemonic empirical academia by centering the voices and lived experiences of those who have historically been subjected to the dehumanising objectification of western research practices.

Through the methodological approach of wānanga, and within a Tikanga Māori framework of Āta, or cultural safety, twelve Rangatahi Takatāpui participated in a two day workshop at Te Kohinga Mārama Marae. Over the course of both days, co-researchers shared personal testimonies about their experiences navigating the world as Queer Indigenous peoples, as well as the dreams and aspirations they have for collective self-determination. These accounts ultimately inform the narrative storying employed to convey the key findings of this research, which are described as Mana Tuakiri (identity), Mana Hapori (belonging), Mana Moemoeā (vision), and Mana Wero (challenges).

To make sense of the findings presented in this rangahau, a model is developed which takes inspiration from Te Takarangi, the double spiral motif common in both Toi Māori and Te Tai Ao. Utilising the cyclical and intersecting patterns of Te Takarangi, the four main themes of this research are explored through a progressive layering of personal, interpersonal, and societal relationships in order to provide insight into how best Rangatahi Takatāpui can be supported to enact Tino Rangatiratanga. Ultimately, this research present nine key factors to be addressed and implemented in order to achieve this aspiration, including a call for conscientisation (both the self and the collective), resourcing and support, the removal of barriers to access, community intersectional reflexivity, space for collective Indigenous dreaming, and an ongoing commitment to Te Tiriti justice.

year: 2023