title: Cadmium accumulation in three contrasting New Zealand soils with the same phosphate fertilizer history

authors: Salmanzadeh, Mahdiyeh

subjects: cadmium accumulation

abstract: Cadmium (Cd) concentration in New Zealand (NZ) agricultural soils has increased due to phosphate fertilizer application, but it is not clear whether soils with different properties accumulate Cd at similar rates for given P loadings. Here, the distribution of Cd was measured in three soils: the well-drained Horotiu series (Orthic Allophanic Soil in NZ soil classification, Typic Hapludand in US soil taxonomy), poorly-drained Te Kowhai series (Orthic Gley Soil in NZ classification, Typic Humaquept in US soil taxonomy) and an intergrade between them, Bruntwood series (Impeded Allophanic Soil in NZ soil classification, Aquic Hapludand in US soil taxonomy). All three soils often occur in the same paddock with the same fertilizer history, but have differing drainage and mineralogical characteristics, permitting an assessment of the potential for varying accumulation/translocation of Cd in contrasting soil conditions. Thirty soil profiles from ten paddocks on a dairy farm near Hamilton, NZ, with a uniform fertilizer history were sampled to depth of 60 cm. The Cd concentration in topsoil (0–7.5 cm) samples (mean of 0.79 mg kg−1 ) was about 7–8 times greater than in deeper horizons (P b 0.001). No significant differences in Cd concentration or fractionation among the soil series were detected. Cluster analysis showed that Cd, phosphorus (P) and uranium (U) were highly correlated, consistent with a common source, most likely phosphate fertilizer. The absence of a difference in the Cd depth profiles in the three soils indicates that Cd was preferentially adsorbed to the topsoil and was not significantly mobilized by drainage in the soils. The lack of difference in Cd distribution between contrasting soil series supports the use of one Cd management system tool for all of these soils.

text: Cadmium accumulation in three contrasting New Zealand soils with the same phosphate fertilizer history Cadmium (Cd) concentration in New Zealand (NZ) agricultural soils has increased due to phosphate fertilizer application, but it is not clear whether soils with different properties accumulate Cd at similar rates for given P loadings. Here, the distribution of Cd was measured in three soils: the well-drained Horotiu series (Orthic Allophanic Soil in NZ soil classification, Typic Hapludand in US soil taxonomy), poorly-drained Te Kowhai series (Orthic Gley Soil in NZ classification, Typic Humaquept in US soil taxonomy) and an intergrade between them, Bruntwood series (Impeded Allophanic Soil in NZ soil classification, Aquic Hapludand in US soil taxonomy). All three soils often occur in the same paddock with the same fertilizer history, but have differing drainage and mineralogical characteristics, permitting an assessment of the potential for varying accumulation/translocation of Cd in contrasting soil conditions. Thirty soil profiles from ten paddocks on a dairy farm near Hamilton, NZ, with a uniform fertilizer history were sampled to depth of 60 cm. The Cd concentration in topsoil (0–7.5 cm) samples (mean of 0.79 mg kg−1 ) was about 7–8 times greater than in deeper horizons (P b 0.001). No significant differences in Cd concentration or fractionation among the soil series were detected. Cluster analysis showed that Cd, phosphorus (P) and uranium (U) were highly correlated, consistent with a common source, most likely phosphate fertilizer. The absence of a difference in the Cd depth profiles in the three soils indicates that Cd was preferentially adsorbed to the topsoil and was not significantly mobilized by drainage in the soils. The lack of difference in Cd distribution between contrasting soil series supports the use of one Cd management system tool for all of these soils.

year: 2016

title: An exploratory faunal survey of New Zealand temperate rainforest epiphytes

authors: Kirby, Catherine Louise

abstract: Epiphyte communities and their corresponding faunal assemblages were quantified on the canopy trees Agathis australis and Metrosideros robusta. A diverse community of native fauna that included invertebrates, reptiles and birds was associated with the nest epiphytes Collospermum hastatum and Astelia solandri as well as mats of small, mantling epiphytic plants. The first record of the copepod Attheyella lewisae in epiphyte phytotelmata is reported as well as the second New Zealand report of geckos in epiphytes. Alongside 1,003 video sightings and 794 collected specimens from only four host trees, these records signal the significant potential of canopy studies to reveal unknown communities and relationships in New Zealand’s forest canopies. The study of epiphyte-fauna associations in New Zealand and elsewhere is constrained by complications inherent with accessing forest canopies. Canopy video cameras and substrate sampling were successfully employed in the first all-taxa exploratory survey of epiphyte communities in a temperate rainforest in northern New Zealand. An evaluation of different research methods indicates that a range of surveying techniques should be employed to sample diversity and abundance of different microhabitats. Key words: epiphyte; fauna; invertebrate; reptile; canopy; habitat

text: An exploratory faunal survey of New Zealand temperate rainforest epiphytes Epiphyte communities and their corresponding faunal assemblages were quantified on the canopy trees Agathis australis and Metrosideros robusta. A diverse community of native fauna that included invertebrates, reptiles and birds was associated with the nest epiphytes Collospermum hastatum and Astelia solandri as well as mats of small, mantling epiphytic plants. The first record of the copepod Attheyella lewisae in epiphyte phytotelmata is reported as well as the second New Zealand report of geckos in epiphytes. Alongside 1,003 video sightings and 794 collected specimens from only four host trees, these records signal the significant potential of canopy studies to reveal unknown communities and relationships in New Zealand’s forest canopies. The study of epiphyte-fauna associations in New Zealand and elsewhere is constrained by complications inherent with accessing forest canopies. Canopy video cameras and substrate sampling were successfully employed in the first all-taxa exploratory survey of epiphyte communities in a temperate rainforest in northern New Zealand. An evaluation of different research methods indicates that a range of surveying techniques should be employed to sample diversity and abundance of different microhabitats. Key words: epiphyte; fauna; invertebrate; reptile; canopy; habitat

year: 2014-06-01

title: He maimoa i ngā whakatupuranga anamata: Ko te mātauranga taketake o ngā tūpuna me te whakarea tamariki

authors: Greensill, Hineitimoana

subjects: Poipoi tamariki

abstract: Kua āraua ki roto i te reo me ngā pūnaha mātauranga o ngā iwi taketake, ko ngā uara, ko ngā whakapono me ngā rapunga whakaaro e toko ake nei i tērā iwi. Kia whakahoropakitia tēnei ki roto o Aotearoa me Hawai‘i, i te whakaekenga o ō tātou kāinga tupu e ngā taua a te Pākehā me ngā tāmi o ngā tikanga whakawhenumi a te Kāwanantanga o muri, i tauwhatia ai te tuku o te reo Māori me te ‘ōlelo (reo) o Hawai‘i i waenga i ngā whakatupuranga, waihoki ko ngā māramatanga pūmau o roto i ngā reo i tauwhatia ai (Walker, 2004; Blaisdell & Mokuau, 1991). Ahakoa ēnei tauwhatinga, ka pupuri tonu tātou ki ngā karere i mau rā i te reo i roto i ngā ngā pātaka mātauranga a te Māori me nā kānaka (ngā tāngata) o Hawai‘i. Ko te mātauranga taketake, ngā kōrero o nehe me ngā ariā e āraua nei ki ngā tuhituhinga-ā-waha huhua, tae atu ki ngā whakataukī, ngā ‘ōlelo no‘eau, me ngā kīanga rongonui i tāngia hoki ki te pepa (Pukui, 1983). Ko te ia o ēnei momo kōrero tuku-iho taketake nei kei te kōrerotia i roto i ngā whakataukī me ngā ‘ōlelo no‘eau, he mea whakaara anō tēnei mātauranga ki ngā kaupapa whakaora reo ki Aotearoa me Hawai‘i. He momo mātauranga ēnei hei whakaara i a tātou kia mārama rawa ki ngā kano tirohanga o ō tātou tūpuna ki tō rātou ao, waihoki ko ngā hononga maha e paihere nei i a tātou ki ō tātou whanaunga.

Hei whāinga matua e āta arohaehae ana tēnei pepa i ngā momo tuhituhinga-ā-waha nei, arā ko te ‘ōlelo no‘eau me te whakataukī, kia tīroua ake ngā karere e hāngai ana ki ngā tamariki a te Māori rātou ko ngā kānaka o Hawai‘i me ngā pānga ki ngā mahi whakatupu tamariki o mua. Ka toro tēnei tuhinga ki te whakataukī me te ‘ōlelo no‘eau ki te whakapuaki i te mātauranga i mahue mai i ngā tūpuna hei rei arataki mā tātou ngā iwi taketake me ō tātou wheako tonu o nāianei.

text: He maimoa i ngā whakatupuranga anamata: Ko te mātauranga taketake o ngā tūpuna me te whakarea tamariki Kua āraua ki roto i te reo me ngā pūnaha mātauranga o ngā iwi taketake, ko ngā uara, ko ngā whakapono me ngā rapunga whakaaro e toko ake nei i tērā iwi. Kia whakahoropakitia tēnei ki roto o Aotearoa me Hawai‘i, i te whakaekenga o ō tātou kāinga tupu e ngā taua a te Pākehā me ngā tāmi o ngā tikanga whakawhenumi a te Kāwanantanga o muri, i tauwhatia ai te tuku o te reo Māori me te ‘ōlelo (reo) o Hawai‘i i waenga i ngā whakatupuranga, waihoki ko ngā māramatanga pūmau o roto i ngā reo i tauwhatia ai (Walker, 2004; Blaisdell & Mokuau, 1991). Ahakoa ēnei tauwhatinga, ka pupuri tonu tātou ki ngā karere i mau rā i te reo i roto i ngā ngā pātaka mātauranga a te Māori me nā kānaka (ngā tāngata) o Hawai‘i. Ko te mātauranga taketake, ngā kōrero o nehe me ngā ariā e āraua nei ki ngā tuhituhinga-ā-waha huhua, tae atu ki ngā whakataukī, ngā ‘ōlelo no‘eau, me ngā kīanga rongonui i tāngia hoki ki te pepa (Pukui, 1983). Ko te ia o ēnei momo kōrero tuku-iho taketake nei kei te kōrerotia i roto i ngā whakataukī me ngā ‘ōlelo no‘eau, he mea whakaara anō tēnei mātauranga ki ngā kaupapa whakaora reo ki Aotearoa me Hawai‘i. He momo mātauranga ēnei hei whakaara i a tātou kia mārama rawa ki ngā kano tirohanga o ō tātou tūpuna ki tō rātou ao, waihoki ko ngā hononga maha e paihere nei i a tātou ki ō tātou whanaunga.

Hei whāinga matua e āta arohaehae ana tēnei pepa i ngā momo tuhituhinga-ā-waha nei, arā ko te ‘ōlelo no‘eau me te whakataukī, kia tīroua ake ngā karere e hāngai ana ki ngā tamariki a te Māori rātou ko ngā kānaka o Hawai‘i me ngā pānga ki ngā mahi whakatupu tamariki o mua. Ka toro tēnei tuhinga ki te whakataukī me te ‘ōlelo no‘eau ki te whakapuaki i te mātauranga i mahue mai i ngā tūpuna hei rei arataki mā tātou ngā iwi taketake me ō tātou wheako tonu o nāianei.

year: 2017