title: Household energy demand and the equity and efficiency aspects of subsidy reform in Indonesia

authors: Olivia, Susan

subjects: household energy demand

abstract: The proper design of price interventions in energy markets requires consideration of equity and efficiency effects. In this paper, budget survey data from 29,000 Indonesian households are used to estimate a demand system for five energy sources, which is identified by the spatial variation in unit values(expenditures divided by quantities). We correct for the various quality and measurement error biases that result when unit values are used as proxies for market prices. The price elasticities are combined with tax and subsidy rates to calculate the marginal social cost of price changes for each item. The results suggest than even with high levels of inequality aversion there is a case for reducing the large subsides on kerosene in Indonesia, supporting the reforms that have been announced recently.

text: Household energy demand and the equity and efficiency aspects of subsidy reform in Indonesia The proper design of price interventions in energy markets requires consideration of equity and efficiency effects. In this paper, budget survey data from 29,000 Indonesian households are used to estimate a demand system for five energy sources, which is identified by the spatial variation in unit values(expenditures divided by quantities). We correct for the various quality and measurement error biases that result when unit values are used as proxies for market prices. The price elasticities are combined with tax and subsidy rates to calculate the marginal social cost of price changes for each item. The results suggest than even with high levels of inequality aversion there is a case for reducing the large subsides on kerosene in Indonesia, supporting the reforms that have been announced recently.

year: 2008

title: How can fathers breastfeed? Asking Ayah in Jakarta, Indonesia

authors: Rahadian, Angga Sisca

subjects: exclusive breastfeeding

abstract: Many studies have acknowledged that exclusive breastfeeding has a significant positive influence not only on babies but also on mothers, families, environments, and even nations. However, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the world has been low and this is also the case in Indonesia. Most studies in relation to breastfeeding focus on mothers as the influential factor for successful exclusive breastfeeding, and the variable of fathers tends to be neglected. In Indonesia, there is a fathers’ breastfeeding support community which was founded to raise breastfeeding awareness and highlight the importance of fathers’ values on breastfeeding practices. 
This qualitative study was undertaken in Jakarta and aimed to gain a better understanding of Indonesian fathers’ involvement during exclusive breastfeeding. Five main questions were addressed. Firstly, why and how fathers were involved during the exclusive breastfeeding period? Mothers’ perspective and experiences about fathers’ involvement were then explored. Then, whether fathers’ involvement in breastfeeding in Indonesia is seen as a non-traditional value and if so, how families managed it. Lastly, how the online advocacy group (Ayah ASI) for fathers could support exclusive breastfeeding.
In-depth interviews were conducted to obtain data associated with the research questions. Since fathers’ involvement, explanations and experiences were the focus of this study, the main of source of information was Indonesian fathers. Additionally, mothers’ experiences and views, particularly the perspective of the wives of the fathers who were interviewed, were also considered to gain a comprehensive understanding of the involvement of their husbands. Information was also gained from the founders of AyahASI, the breastfeeding supporting community for fathers.
Several insights were obtained by interviewing couples in Jakarta. The couples believe that exclusive breastfeeding has positive impacts on babies’ health and strengthens their bond with their mothers. In addition, religious factors encouraged fathers to support their wives to fulfill exclusive breastfeeding. The most significant findings were that fathers’ attributes influenced the success of exclusive breastfeeding and that psychological support by fathers of mothers is the most important factor in achieving exclusive breastfeeding. 

This research has revealed some important messages that should be addressed to increase exclusive breastfeeding rates in Indonesia. Even though the Government of Indonesia has released a policy to increase the exclusive breastfeeding rates, the implementation of this policy warrants further attention, for example providing more nursing rooms in public places. In addition, paternity leave should be considered as according to current regulations, the only leave available to fathers is two days. The fathers and mothers who participated in this research stressed that paternity leave was crucial in the early days after a baby’s birth to support mothers facing all the challenges in first months of their babies’ live. These recommendation are important means to enable fathers to become more involved with the care of their child. The more the fathers are involved, the more successful exclusive breastfeeding will be.

text: How can fathers breastfeed? Asking Ayah in Jakarta, Indonesia Many studies have acknowledged that exclusive breastfeeding has a significant positive influence not only on babies but also on mothers, families, environments, and even nations. However, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the world has been low and this is also the case in Indonesia. Most studies in relation to breastfeeding focus on mothers as the influential factor for successful exclusive breastfeeding, and the variable of fathers tends to be neglected. In Indonesia, there is a fathers’ breastfeeding support community which was founded to raise breastfeeding awareness and highlight the importance of fathers’ values on breastfeeding practices. 
This qualitative study was undertaken in Jakarta and aimed to gain a better understanding of Indonesian fathers’ involvement during exclusive breastfeeding. Five main questions were addressed. Firstly, why and how fathers were involved during the exclusive breastfeeding period? Mothers’ perspective and experiences about fathers’ involvement were then explored. Then, whether fathers’ involvement in breastfeeding in Indonesia is seen as a non-traditional value and if so, how families managed it. Lastly, how the online advocacy group (Ayah ASI) for fathers could support exclusive breastfeeding.
In-depth interviews were conducted to obtain data associated with the research questions. Since fathers’ involvement, explanations and experiences were the focus of this study, the main of source of information was Indonesian fathers. Additionally, mothers’ experiences and views, particularly the perspective of the wives of the fathers who were interviewed, were also considered to gain a comprehensive understanding of the involvement of their husbands. Information was also gained from the founders of AyahASI, the breastfeeding supporting community for fathers.
Several insights were obtained by interviewing couples in Jakarta. The couples believe that exclusive breastfeeding has positive impacts on babies’ health and strengthens their bond with their mothers. In addition, religious factors encouraged fathers to support their wives to fulfill exclusive breastfeeding. The most significant findings were that fathers’ attributes influenced the success of exclusive breastfeeding and that psychological support by fathers of mothers is the most important factor in achieving exclusive breastfeeding. 

This research has revealed some important messages that should be addressed to increase exclusive breastfeeding rates in Indonesia. Even though the Government of Indonesia has released a policy to increase the exclusive breastfeeding rates, the implementation of this policy warrants further attention, for example providing more nursing rooms in public places. In addition, paternity leave should be considered as according to current regulations, the only leave available to fathers is two days. The fathers and mothers who participated in this research stressed that paternity leave was crucial in the early days after a baby’s birth to support mothers facing all the challenges in first months of their babies’ live. These recommendation are important means to enable fathers to become more involved with the care of their child. The more the fathers are involved, the more successful exclusive breastfeeding will be.

year: 2019

title: Rebel discourses: Colonial violence, Pai Marire resistance and land allocation at Tauranga

authors: Kahotea, Des Tatana

abstract: This thesis is a study of resistance and power in a colonial situation, based on the ethnography of a confiscated-land claim of three hapu who had been Kingitanga supporters and Pai Marire adherents in the 19th century. It draws on archival material and insider ethnography and is arranged into four parts. The first part looks at the relationship between anthropology and colonialism, particularly the role of Sir George Grey, a Governor who used anthropological knowledge to facilitate colonial domination of Maori. Grey instigated the establishment of learned societies which introduced the use of ethnology and anthropology to study Maori. This led to the development of colonial anthropology and its emphasis on salvage anthropology in the late nineteenth century, which in turn gave rise to an intellectual tradition of Maori anthropology. The first proponents of Maori anthropology, Te Rangihiroa and Apirana Ngata, emphasised the role of anthropology for cultural recovery and 'insider' ethnographer. The second part examines the Kingitanga and Pai Marire political and religious expressions of resistance. Political resistance to colonialism was met by legislation by the settler colonial government to punish 'rebellion', a system of collaboration or cultivation of 'loyalty' amongst 'friendly' Maori, and other policies directed at suppressing indigenous expressions of rebel consciousness. This programme had a major bearing on the ongoing existence of these hapu into the twentieth century. Pai Marire was a rebel religious phenomenon that became the object of a campaign of coercion, surveillance, and violence by the settler colonial government. The adherents were subject to policies of exclusion from the redistribution and allocation of confiscated land by local government officials and civil commissioners. The government supported, instead, the land claims of 'friendly' and 'surrendered rebel' chiefs. The third part is hapu ethnography. Key transformations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries related to changing political and kin alliances for one hapu, Ngati Kahu, while another hapu, Ngati Pango which was involved with Pai Marire, suffered from claims on their traditional lands leading to the undermining of its identity and existence as a socially operating hapu. The fourth part uses historical and ethnographic fragments to consider what Pai Marire meant to its adherents. The colonial construct of Pai Marire and Hauhau was forms of savagery and a mix of Christian syncretism, an image that has little changed from the nineteenth century.

text: Rebel discourses: Colonial violence, Pai Marire resistance and land allocation at Tauranga This thesis is a study of resistance and power in a colonial situation, based on the ethnography of a confiscated-land claim of three hapu who had been Kingitanga supporters and Pai Marire adherents in the 19th century. It draws on archival material and insider ethnography and is arranged into four parts. The first part looks at the relationship between anthropology and colonialism, particularly the role of Sir George Grey, a Governor who used anthropological knowledge to facilitate colonial domination of Maori. Grey instigated the establishment of learned societies which introduced the use of ethnology and anthropology to study Maori. This led to the development of colonial anthropology and its emphasis on salvage anthropology in the late nineteenth century, which in turn gave rise to an intellectual tradition of Maori anthropology. The first proponents of Maori anthropology, Te Rangihiroa and Apirana Ngata, emphasised the role of anthropology for cultural recovery and 'insider' ethnographer. The second part examines the Kingitanga and Pai Marire political and religious expressions of resistance. Political resistance to colonialism was met by legislation by the settler colonial government to punish 'rebellion', a system of collaboration or cultivation of 'loyalty' amongst 'friendly' Maori, and other policies directed at suppressing indigenous expressions of rebel consciousness. This programme had a major bearing on the ongoing existence of these hapu into the twentieth century. Pai Marire was a rebel religious phenomenon that became the object of a campaign of coercion, surveillance, and violence by the settler colonial government. The adherents were subject to policies of exclusion from the redistribution and allocation of confiscated land by local government officials and civil commissioners. The government supported, instead, the land claims of 'friendly' and 'surrendered rebel' chiefs. The third part is hapu ethnography. Key transformations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries related to changing political and kin alliances for one hapu, Ngati Kahu, while another hapu, Ngati Pango which was involved with Pai Marire, suffered from claims on their traditional lands leading to the undermining of its identity and existence as a socially operating hapu. The fourth part uses historical and ethnographic fragments to consider what Pai Marire meant to its adherents. The colonial construct of Pai Marire and Hauhau was forms of savagery and a mix of Christian syncretism, an image that has little changed from the nineteenth century.

year: 2005