title: Diversity of Methylobacterium species associated with New Zealand native plants.

authors: Jahan, Rowshan

subjects: Methylobacterium

abstract: Methylobacterium species are abundant colonizers of the phyllosphere due to the availability of methanol, a waste product of pectin metabolism during plant cell division. The phyllosphere is an extreme environment, with a landscape that is heterogeneous and continuously changing as the plant grows and is exposed to high levels of ultraviolet irradiation. Geographically, New Zealand (NZ) has been isolated for over a million years, has a biologically diverse flora, and is considered a biodiversity hotspot, with most native plants being endemic. We therefore hypothesize that the phyllosphere of NZ native plants harbor diverse groups of Methylobacterium species. Leaf imprinting using methanol-supplemented agar medium was used to isolate bacteria, and diversity was determined using ARDRA and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Methylobacterium species were successfully isolated from the phyllosphere of 18 of the 20 native NZ plant species in this study, and six different species were identified: M. marchantiae, M. mesophilicum, M. adhaesivum, M. komagatae, M. extorquens, and M. phyllosphaerae. Other α, β, and γ-Proteobacteria, Actinomycetes, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were also isolated, highlighting the presence of other potentially novel methanol utilizers within this ecosystem. This study identified that Methylobacterium are abundant members of the NZ phyllosphere, with species diversity and composition dependent on plant species.

text: Diversity of Methylobacterium species associated with New Zealand native plants. Methylobacterium species are abundant colonizers of the phyllosphere due to the availability of methanol, a waste product of pectin metabolism during plant cell division. The phyllosphere is an extreme environment, with a landscape that is heterogeneous and continuously changing as the plant grows and is exposed to high levels of ultraviolet irradiation. Geographically, New Zealand (NZ) has been isolated for over a million years, has a biologically diverse flora, and is considered a biodiversity hotspot, with most native plants being endemic. We therefore hypothesize that the phyllosphere of NZ native plants harbor diverse groups of Methylobacterium species. Leaf imprinting using methanol-supplemented agar medium was used to isolate bacteria, and diversity was determined using ARDRA and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Methylobacterium species were successfully isolated from the phyllosphere of 18 of the 20 native NZ plant species in this study, and six different species were identified: M. marchantiae, M. mesophilicum, M. adhaesivum, M. komagatae, M. extorquens, and M. phyllosphaerae. Other α, β, and γ-Proteobacteria, Actinomycetes, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were also isolated, highlighting the presence of other potentially novel methanol utilizers within this ecosystem. This study identified that Methylobacterium are abundant members of the NZ phyllosphere, with species diversity and composition dependent on plant species.

year: 2023-01-17

title: Small-scale spatial patterns of Austrovenus stutchburyi in natural and translocated beds

authors: Ross, Frank

subjects: Ecosystem functioning

abstract: Ecosystems are patterned and patchy as a result of spatial and temporal variation in the abundance and distribution of essential resources, as well as due to geological and ecological processes. Large-scale patterns are usually formed by abiotic stressors while small-scale patterns are a result of biotic factors such as inter- and intra-specific interactions. Many suspension feeding bivalves have been reported to form both small and large-scale spatial patterns in soft-sediment environments, in a response to boost resilience from environmental stressors and increase facilitation. However, small-scale spatial patterns of infaunal suspension feeding bivalves are currently not as well studiedfor, despite playing important roles in ecosystem functioning e.g. eutrophication control, resuspend buried nutrients and modify habitats through increased bed roughness. This thesis set out to recognize small-scale spatial patterns of Austrovenus stutchburyi and whether patterns differed with density or environmental properties in Tauranga Harbour. A field survey was used to distinguish small-scale spatial patterns of 
Austrovenus stutchburyi in nine established Austrovenus stutchburyi beds. At each site 
a 4 m² plot was established in a ‘low’, ‘medium’ and ‘high’ density section of Austrovenus stutchburyi aggregates, with core samples taken at 0.5 m intervals within the plots. Austrovenus stutchburyi were then transplanted at low, medium and high densities in 4 m² plots into an area of low ambient densities to observe any spatial pattern formation and environmental effects with density. Austrovenus stutchburyi did not exhibit spatial patterns no different from random in natural beds and was not dependent on density or environmental variables. This was indicated by most of the plots accepting the null hypothesis of Moran’s I which indicates a random distribution. Following the same sampling design as the field survey a translocation experiment was performed to distinguish any small-scale spatial patterns of Austrovenus stutchburyi in a low ambient density environment. Transplanted Austrovenus stutchburyi beds exhibited clustering in high density treatments, indicated by a positive Moran’s I value in all three high density plots (0.335 – 0.420). Both low and medium plots exhibited random patterns, accepting the null hypothesis of Moran’s I. Transplanted Austrovenus stutchburyi beds significantly improved chlorophyll a content with increasing density treatments as chlorophyll a increased by almost a factor of two between ambient and high plots from 11.3 µg g⁻¹ dw to 20.4 µg g⁻¹ dw. However, only a small increase in organic matter content was observed and no modifications were seen towards sediment grain size properties. The results from this study can enrich the knowledge of the currently understudied small-scale patterns of infaunal suspension feeding bivalves including acting as a baseline for future hypotheses and sampling schemes. There is also potential for the high-density translocated plots to act as nursery grounds for reseeded juvenile Austrovenus stutchburyi due to the modified environment becoming nutrient-rich further improving conservation and restoration of estuarine habitats.

text: Small-scale spatial patterns of Austrovenus stutchburyi in natural and translocated beds Ecosystems are patterned and patchy as a result of spatial and temporal variation in the abundance and distribution of essential resources, as well as due to geological and ecological processes. Large-scale patterns are usually formed by abiotic stressors while small-scale patterns are a result of biotic factors such as inter- and intra-specific interactions. Many suspension feeding bivalves have been reported to form both small and large-scale spatial patterns in soft-sediment environments, in a response to boost resilience from environmental stressors and increase facilitation. However, small-scale spatial patterns of infaunal suspension feeding bivalves are currently not as well studiedfor, despite playing important roles in ecosystem functioning e.g. eutrophication control, resuspend buried nutrients and modify habitats through increased bed roughness. This thesis set out to recognize small-scale spatial patterns of Austrovenus stutchburyi and whether patterns differed with density or environmental properties in Tauranga Harbour. A field survey was used to distinguish small-scale spatial patterns of 
Austrovenus stutchburyi in nine established Austrovenus stutchburyi beds. At each site 
a 4 m² plot was established in a ‘low’, ‘medium’ and ‘high’ density section of Austrovenus stutchburyi aggregates, with core samples taken at 0.5 m intervals within the plots. Austrovenus stutchburyi were then transplanted at low, medium and high densities in 4 m² plots into an area of low ambient densities to observe any spatial pattern formation and environmental effects with density. Austrovenus stutchburyi did not exhibit spatial patterns no different from random in natural beds and was not dependent on density or environmental variables. This was indicated by most of the plots accepting the null hypothesis of Moran’s I which indicates a random distribution. Following the same sampling design as the field survey a translocation experiment was performed to distinguish any small-scale spatial patterns of Austrovenus stutchburyi in a low ambient density environment. Transplanted Austrovenus stutchburyi beds exhibited clustering in high density treatments, indicated by a positive Moran’s I value in all three high density plots (0.335 – 0.420). Both low and medium plots exhibited random patterns, accepting the null hypothesis of Moran’s I. Transplanted Austrovenus stutchburyi beds significantly improved chlorophyll a content with increasing density treatments as chlorophyll a increased by almost a factor of two between ambient and high plots from 11.3 µg g⁻¹ dw to 20.4 µg g⁻¹ dw. However, only a small increase in organic matter content was observed and no modifications were seen towards sediment grain size properties. The results from this study can enrich the knowledge of the currently understudied small-scale patterns of infaunal suspension feeding bivalves including acting as a baseline for future hypotheses and sampling schemes. There is also potential for the high-density translocated plots to act as nursery grounds for reseeded juvenile Austrovenus stutchburyi due to the modified environment becoming nutrient-rich further improving conservation and restoration of estuarine habitats.

year: 2020

title: Ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa ki Rotorua

authors: Morrison, Scott Jeffrey Tipene

subjects: Te reo Māori

abstract: Ko te reo Māori he reo tuauriuri whāioio, ā, he reo i kōhure ake i te whenua e kīa nei ko Aotearoa. Heoi anō, ka tae mai te Pākehā ki konei noho ai, ā, ka whārikihia ko ā rātou ture hei tauira tikanga mō ngā tāngata ki Aotearoa, ā, ko tō rātou reo hei reo whakaata whakaaro hei reo hoko parāoa hoki. I roto i ngā tau maha kua pahemo i raro i ēnei whakarite hou, kua memeha noa te reo Māori. Te mutu, i roto i ngā whakaakoranga hou i mahue ngā ahureitanga ake o te reo hei kawenga i te hihiri o te hinengaro Māori. Koinei ka tahuri ake au ki te whai i tētahi o ngā āhuatanga whakahirahira o te reo e mahue ana i roto i ngā akoranga i te reo hei reo tuarua.
Ko ngā kīrehu tētahi pekanga o te reo Māori kei te kaha te ngaro i te nuinga o ngā kaikōrero o te reo Māori o ēnei rā. Ki te waiho ērā momo kōrero kia moe, e kore e whakaara ake, ā, ko tōna mutunga, kua ngaro mō ake tonu atu. Kātahi tātou te ao Māori ka tangi mō tēnei āhuatanga nui o te reo ka ngaro i a tātou, ā, ko te rere a te ua koia anō kei te wai e riringi tonu nei te utu. Heoi anō, ki te mataara tātou, ki te whakaara ake i ēnei momo kōrero, ka whai kupu te reo Māori, ā, ka hoki mai te reo tuauriuri whāioio ki a tātou o tēnei reanga. Kei roto i ngā kīrehu e pupuri ana te wairua me te hinengaro Māori o ngā tūpuna o mua, arā, ka kite i te āhua o te whakaaro i roto i a rātou.
Ka tahuri ake au ki te whai i tēnei kaupapa kia whakaara ake anō ngā kīrehu kua roa e moe ana, ā, ki te kimi whakautu mō ētahi pātai i toko ake i te wā e whakaarohia ana te kaupapa nei. Tuatahi, i whakawhāiti taku titiro ki ngā kīrehu ake o Te Arawa waka e noho ana ki te rohe o Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe. I pērā ai te whānui o taku titiro kia kore ai au e pokea e te kaupapa nei ka tahi, kia whakaara ake anō ai ngā kīrehu tūturu o tērā rohe kua tino roa nei e ngaro ana ka rua, ā, kia whakahoki mai ai ko aua kīrehu hei mahi mā tēnei reanga kōrero Māori kia ea ai te kōrero, "Ko Te Arawa māngai nui" ka toru. Tuarua, i whakawhānui ake taku titiro ki ngā kīrehu kei te mōhiotia e te motu.
Hei whakatutuki i taku kaupapa ka tirohia, ka wānangahia te kaupapa i raro i ngā upoko e whai ake nei. Kei te upoko tuatahi he whakamārama he aha au i whai ai i taku kaupapa mō ngā kīrehu. Kei te upoko tuarua he āta whakamārama i te kīrehu me ōna tikanga katoa, me ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i te kīrehu me ana hoa me te kīwaha, te huahuatau, te kupu whakarite, me te whakataukī. Ka titiro hoki ki ngā wāhi ka rangona, ka whakamahia rānei te kīrehu. Kei te upoko tuatoru ka tirohia ngā kīrehu kua kitea. E rua ngā wāhanga o tēnei upoko. Kei te wāhanga tuatahi ko ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa ki Rotorua me ā rātou whakamārama, kei te wāhanga tuarua ko ngā kīrehu o te motu whānui kua whakaraupapahia i raro anō i ngā upoko e whakaatu ana i te tikanga o ia kīrehu, me ā rātou whakamārama. Kei te whakamutunga ko te whakarārangi me te tūhonohono ake i ngā kitenga katoa i roto i aku rangahau, i aku wherawheratanga i te kaupapa nei me ngā hua ka puta ki te whāia ngā kīrehu i roto i ngā akoranga ki te hunga kātahi anō ka tahuri mai ki te whai i te reo Māori hei reo tuarua.
Kei konei ka whai wāhi ki te whakamārama i te huarahi i whāia e tutuki ai te kaupapa o tēnei mahi rangahau. I te wā e whakaarohia ana te kaupapa nei ka puta te whakaaro ki roto i a au kia kōrero tahi me ngā koroheke nō roto o Te Arawa waka, kia pātaihia rātou ki ō rātou mōhiotanga e pā ana ki tēnei kaupapa, me ngā kīrehu e mōhio ana rātou, kei te whakamahia rānei e rātou. Ka mutu, kia kōrero hoki ki ngā tāngata wetewete reo, ki ngā tāngata matatau, ki te rangatahi, me ngā koroheke o ngā iwi i waho atu o Te Arawa. Ehara i te mea he aha, heoi anō ki a au kāore kē he huarahi i tua atu i te kōrerorero-ā-tangata hei awhi i te rangahau o tēnei kaupapa. I pēnā ai te whakaaro nā te mea, ki a au ko te kīrehu he mea ka rangona i roto i ngā kōrerorero a te tangata, ā, he mea kāore e tino tuhituhi ana. Nā reira, i āta whakaaro au ko ngā wāhi kōrerorero noa a te tangata pea, ngā wāhi pai kia rapu mai i ēnei tūmomo kōrero. Nā, i whāia tēnei huarahi e au, ā, i tino whai hua tēnei o ngā huarahi. I kitea, i rangona ētahi kōrero whakamārama me ētahi o ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa i konei. Tāpiri atu ki tēnā, i rangona ngā whakaaro me ngā kōrero a ngā momo tāngata katoa, rangatahi mai, koroheke mai.
I tua atu i te kōrero tahi, arā anō ngā huarahi i whāia. I pūhia au e ngā hau kōhengihengi a Tāwhirimātea kia tae atu ki ngā tōpito katoa o Te Ika Roa a Māui; ki ngā whare pukapuka i Tāmaki, i Te Whanganui a Tara, i Kirikiriroa, i Pāmutana, i Rotorua. Hei aha? Hei āta rangahau i ngā kōrero e pā ana ki tēnei kaupapa. I reira i kitea ngā rīpoata tawhito me ngā rīpoata hou, ngā kohinga kōrero o namata, o nāianei hoki, me ngā reta i tuhia e ngā rangatira i tērā rautau, me ngā rārangi pukapuka e pupuri ana ngā kōrero o mua. I haere au ki Te Kōti Whenua Māori i Rotorua ki te pānui ngā kōrero e whakaatu ana i te noho a te Māori i ngā rā o nehe, me ngā kōrero i whakatakotohia e rātou ki mua i te aroaro o te kōti. I roto i ēnei tuhinga e mau ana ētahi kīrehu i whakahua ake i te wā i hui ai ngā tūpuna mō te whenua te kaupapa. Kei aua wāhi nui anō, arā, kei Tāmaki me Te Whanga Nui a Tara, e puritia ana ētahi tēpa kei runga nei ngā kōrero a ngā rangatira kua whetūrangitia. I tonoa kia whakarongo pīkari aku taringa ki ēnei tēpa, ā, i puta mai ētahi kīrehu i aua tēpa rā.
Nā ēnei momo huarahi i taea ai te whakaemi me te whakakao i ngā whakaaro me ngā kōrero katoa o tēnei tuhinga, ā, te putanga atu, kua whakarārangihia ngā kōrero, ngā whakaaro me ngā kīrehu i kitea mai, i rangona mai, i puta mai. 
Heoi anō, kāore te wai i marino i ngā wā katoa. I ētahi wā ka tae mai he raruraru, he uauatanga hei whakapakeke i te ara, he ngārara rānei hei whakapae i te huarahi. Ka pōuri te manawa nā te mea kāore au i whai wāhi ki te kōrero ki a Irirangi Tiakiawa rāua ko Tāmati Wharehuia i mua i tō rāua wehenga. I te whakatikatika au i a au anō ki te kōrero ki a Irirangi kātahi ia ka mate. Ka whakatika anō au ki te kōrero ki a Tāmati, ā, ka mate hoki tērā. Kāore e kore he kōrero, he mōhiotanga ā rāua hei whakamōmona i te tuhinga nei, engari e taea te pēhea? Ko tēnei mea te mate e kore e taea te karo, engari, i runga i tēnā āhua, kei te tangi tonu te mapu, kei te pōuri tonu te manawa.
I tua atu i tēnā, ka raruraru au i te korenga ōku e tino kite ngā kīrehu i roto i ngā tuhinga a te tangata. E tika ana te whakaaro, kāore ngā kīrehu e tino tuhituhi ana. I kitea ētahi i roto i ngā tuhinga, engari me uaua ka kitea mai ērā. E hia kē ngā hāora i whakapaua e au kia rapua mai ngā kīrehu e huna ana i roto i ngā pukapuka, i ngā reta, otirā i ngā momo tuhinga katoa a te tangata.
Ahakoa ēnei, he nui ngā painga i puta mai ki a au i roto i tēnei mahi rangahau. Ka mīharo katoa te kōrero tahi me ngā koroheke, i reira i āta rangona te reo o ngā mata o te ao kōhatu, me kī, te reo tuauriuri whāioio. I puta mai i a rātou ngā whakaaro tūturu o te hinengaro Māori tūturu hei awhi i te hanga o tēnei mahi rangahau. I pai anō rā taku haere ki te Whare Pukapuka o Turnbull i reira e pupuri ana ngā kōrero me ngā whakaahua a tua whakarere. I ētahi wā, nā te nui o ngā momo tuhinga Māori ātaahua i roto i taua whare pukapuka, ka titi taku haere ki kaupapa kē. Ahakoa i reira au mō te wiki kotahi, kāore rawa i oti i a au ngā tuhinga i hiahia au ki te pānui. Ko tētahi atu mea pai i puta mai ki a au i roto i tēnei mahi rangahau, ko te akoako i ētahi kīrehu, i ētahi kīwaha me ētahi whakataukī hou hei whakamahi māku i ngā wā e kōrero Māori ana au, me te whēkite o ētahi tuhinga Māori kāore anō au kia kite noa.
Heoi anō hei whakakapi i tēnei wāhanga, i hangaia mai tēnei pūtoi kīrehu hei whakaara ake i ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa ki Rotorua ka tahi, hei hua mā te hunga e ako ana i te reo Māori hei reo tuarua kia whai kupu tō rātou reo ka rua, hei whakahoki i ngā pātai i toko ake ai i te wā e whakaaroarohia ana tēnei kaupapa ka toru. Ināianei ka riro mā ngā kōrero, mā ngā tuhinga me ngā whakaaro kei te whai mai e whakatinana te kaupapa o tēnei mahi rangahau.

text: Ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa ki Rotorua Ko te reo Māori he reo tuauriuri whāioio, ā, he reo i kōhure ake i te whenua e kīa nei ko Aotearoa. Heoi anō, ka tae mai te Pākehā ki konei noho ai, ā, ka whārikihia ko ā rātou ture hei tauira tikanga mō ngā tāngata ki Aotearoa, ā, ko tō rātou reo hei reo whakaata whakaaro hei reo hoko parāoa hoki. I roto i ngā tau maha kua pahemo i raro i ēnei whakarite hou, kua memeha noa te reo Māori. Te mutu, i roto i ngā whakaakoranga hou i mahue ngā ahureitanga ake o te reo hei kawenga i te hihiri o te hinengaro Māori. Koinei ka tahuri ake au ki te whai i tētahi o ngā āhuatanga whakahirahira o te reo e mahue ana i roto i ngā akoranga i te reo hei reo tuarua.
Ko ngā kīrehu tētahi pekanga o te reo Māori kei te kaha te ngaro i te nuinga o ngā kaikōrero o te reo Māori o ēnei rā. Ki te waiho ērā momo kōrero kia moe, e kore e whakaara ake, ā, ko tōna mutunga, kua ngaro mō ake tonu atu. Kātahi tātou te ao Māori ka tangi mō tēnei āhuatanga nui o te reo ka ngaro i a tātou, ā, ko te rere a te ua koia anō kei te wai e riringi tonu nei te utu. Heoi anō, ki te mataara tātou, ki te whakaara ake i ēnei momo kōrero, ka whai kupu te reo Māori, ā, ka hoki mai te reo tuauriuri whāioio ki a tātou o tēnei reanga. Kei roto i ngā kīrehu e pupuri ana te wairua me te hinengaro Māori o ngā tūpuna o mua, arā, ka kite i te āhua o te whakaaro i roto i a rātou.
Ka tahuri ake au ki te whai i tēnei kaupapa kia whakaara ake anō ngā kīrehu kua roa e moe ana, ā, ki te kimi whakautu mō ētahi pātai i toko ake i te wā e whakaarohia ana te kaupapa nei. Tuatahi, i whakawhāiti taku titiro ki ngā kīrehu ake o Te Arawa waka e noho ana ki te rohe o Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe. I pērā ai te whānui o taku titiro kia kore ai au e pokea e te kaupapa nei ka tahi, kia whakaara ake anō ai ngā kīrehu tūturu o tērā rohe kua tino roa nei e ngaro ana ka rua, ā, kia whakahoki mai ai ko aua kīrehu hei mahi mā tēnei reanga kōrero Māori kia ea ai te kōrero, "Ko Te Arawa māngai nui" ka toru. Tuarua, i whakawhānui ake taku titiro ki ngā kīrehu kei te mōhiotia e te motu.
Hei whakatutuki i taku kaupapa ka tirohia, ka wānangahia te kaupapa i raro i ngā upoko e whai ake nei. Kei te upoko tuatahi he whakamārama he aha au i whai ai i taku kaupapa mō ngā kīrehu. Kei te upoko tuarua he āta whakamārama i te kīrehu me ōna tikanga katoa, me ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i te kīrehu me ana hoa me te kīwaha, te huahuatau, te kupu whakarite, me te whakataukī. Ka titiro hoki ki ngā wāhi ka rangona, ka whakamahia rānei te kīrehu. Kei te upoko tuatoru ka tirohia ngā kīrehu kua kitea. E rua ngā wāhanga o tēnei upoko. Kei te wāhanga tuatahi ko ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa ki Rotorua me ā rātou whakamārama, kei te wāhanga tuarua ko ngā kīrehu o te motu whānui kua whakaraupapahia i raro anō i ngā upoko e whakaatu ana i te tikanga o ia kīrehu, me ā rātou whakamārama. Kei te whakamutunga ko te whakarārangi me te tūhonohono ake i ngā kitenga katoa i roto i aku rangahau, i aku wherawheratanga i te kaupapa nei me ngā hua ka puta ki te whāia ngā kīrehu i roto i ngā akoranga ki te hunga kātahi anō ka tahuri mai ki te whai i te reo Māori hei reo tuarua.
Kei konei ka whai wāhi ki te whakamārama i te huarahi i whāia e tutuki ai te kaupapa o tēnei mahi rangahau. I te wā e whakaarohia ana te kaupapa nei ka puta te whakaaro ki roto i a au kia kōrero tahi me ngā koroheke nō roto o Te Arawa waka, kia pātaihia rātou ki ō rātou mōhiotanga e pā ana ki tēnei kaupapa, me ngā kīrehu e mōhio ana rātou, kei te whakamahia rānei e rātou. Ka mutu, kia kōrero hoki ki ngā tāngata wetewete reo, ki ngā tāngata matatau, ki te rangatahi, me ngā koroheke o ngā iwi i waho atu o Te Arawa. Ehara i te mea he aha, heoi anō ki a au kāore kē he huarahi i tua atu i te kōrerorero-ā-tangata hei awhi i te rangahau o tēnei kaupapa. I pēnā ai te whakaaro nā te mea, ki a au ko te kīrehu he mea ka rangona i roto i ngā kōrerorero a te tangata, ā, he mea kāore e tino tuhituhi ana. Nā reira, i āta whakaaro au ko ngā wāhi kōrerorero noa a te tangata pea, ngā wāhi pai kia rapu mai i ēnei tūmomo kōrero. Nā, i whāia tēnei huarahi e au, ā, i tino whai hua tēnei o ngā huarahi. I kitea, i rangona ētahi kōrero whakamārama me ētahi o ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa i konei. Tāpiri atu ki tēnā, i rangona ngā whakaaro me ngā kōrero a ngā momo tāngata katoa, rangatahi mai, koroheke mai.
I tua atu i te kōrero tahi, arā anō ngā huarahi i whāia. I pūhia au e ngā hau kōhengihengi a Tāwhirimātea kia tae atu ki ngā tōpito katoa o Te Ika Roa a Māui; ki ngā whare pukapuka i Tāmaki, i Te Whanganui a Tara, i Kirikiriroa, i Pāmutana, i Rotorua. Hei aha? Hei āta rangahau i ngā kōrero e pā ana ki tēnei kaupapa. I reira i kitea ngā rīpoata tawhito me ngā rīpoata hou, ngā kohinga kōrero o namata, o nāianei hoki, me ngā reta i tuhia e ngā rangatira i tērā rautau, me ngā rārangi pukapuka e pupuri ana ngā kōrero o mua. I haere au ki Te Kōti Whenua Māori i Rotorua ki te pānui ngā kōrero e whakaatu ana i te noho a te Māori i ngā rā o nehe, me ngā kōrero i whakatakotohia e rātou ki mua i te aroaro o te kōti. I roto i ēnei tuhinga e mau ana ētahi kīrehu i whakahua ake i te wā i hui ai ngā tūpuna mō te whenua te kaupapa. Kei aua wāhi nui anō, arā, kei Tāmaki me Te Whanga Nui a Tara, e puritia ana ētahi tēpa kei runga nei ngā kōrero a ngā rangatira kua whetūrangitia. I tonoa kia whakarongo pīkari aku taringa ki ēnei tēpa, ā, i puta mai ētahi kīrehu i aua tēpa rā.
Nā ēnei momo huarahi i taea ai te whakaemi me te whakakao i ngā whakaaro me ngā kōrero katoa o tēnei tuhinga, ā, te putanga atu, kua whakarārangihia ngā kōrero, ngā whakaaro me ngā kīrehu i kitea mai, i rangona mai, i puta mai. 
Heoi anō, kāore te wai i marino i ngā wā katoa. I ētahi wā ka tae mai he raruraru, he uauatanga hei whakapakeke i te ara, he ngārara rānei hei whakapae i te huarahi. Ka pōuri te manawa nā te mea kāore au i whai wāhi ki te kōrero ki a Irirangi Tiakiawa rāua ko Tāmati Wharehuia i mua i tō rāua wehenga. I te whakatikatika au i a au anō ki te kōrero ki a Irirangi kātahi ia ka mate. Ka whakatika anō au ki te kōrero ki a Tāmati, ā, ka mate hoki tērā. Kāore e kore he kōrero, he mōhiotanga ā rāua hei whakamōmona i te tuhinga nei, engari e taea te pēhea? Ko tēnei mea te mate e kore e taea te karo, engari, i runga i tēnā āhua, kei te tangi tonu te mapu, kei te pōuri tonu te manawa.
I tua atu i tēnā, ka raruraru au i te korenga ōku e tino kite ngā kīrehu i roto i ngā tuhinga a te tangata. E tika ana te whakaaro, kāore ngā kīrehu e tino tuhituhi ana. I kitea ētahi i roto i ngā tuhinga, engari me uaua ka kitea mai ērā. E hia kē ngā hāora i whakapaua e au kia rapua mai ngā kīrehu e huna ana i roto i ngā pukapuka, i ngā reta, otirā i ngā momo tuhinga katoa a te tangata.
Ahakoa ēnei, he nui ngā painga i puta mai ki a au i roto i tēnei mahi rangahau. Ka mīharo katoa te kōrero tahi me ngā koroheke, i reira i āta rangona te reo o ngā mata o te ao kōhatu, me kī, te reo tuauriuri whāioio. I puta mai i a rātou ngā whakaaro tūturu o te hinengaro Māori tūturu hei awhi i te hanga o tēnei mahi rangahau. I pai anō rā taku haere ki te Whare Pukapuka o Turnbull i reira e pupuri ana ngā kōrero me ngā whakaahua a tua whakarere. I ētahi wā, nā te nui o ngā momo tuhinga Māori ātaahua i roto i taua whare pukapuka, ka titi taku haere ki kaupapa kē. Ahakoa i reira au mō te wiki kotahi, kāore rawa i oti i a au ngā tuhinga i hiahia au ki te pānui. Ko tētahi atu mea pai i puta mai ki a au i roto i tēnei mahi rangahau, ko te akoako i ētahi kīrehu, i ētahi kīwaha me ētahi whakataukī hou hei whakamahi māku i ngā wā e kōrero Māori ana au, me te whēkite o ētahi tuhinga Māori kāore anō au kia kite noa.
Heoi anō hei whakakapi i tēnei wāhanga, i hangaia mai tēnei pūtoi kīrehu hei whakaara ake i ngā kīrehu o Te Arawa ki Rotorua ka tahi, hei hua mā te hunga e ako ana i te reo Māori hei reo tuarua kia whai kupu tō rātou reo ka rua, hei whakahoki i ngā pātai i toko ake ai i te wā e whakaaroarohia ana tēnei kaupapa ka toru. Ināianei ka riro mā ngā kōrero, mā ngā tuhinga me ngā whakaaro kei te whai mai e whakatinana te kaupapa o tēnei mahi rangahau.

year: 1999