title: The development of an indigenous knowledge program in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion school

authors: Harrison, Barbara

subjects: knowledge

abstract: In 1985, Te Wharekura o Rakaumangamanga initiated a Maori-language immersion program for children ages 5 through 18. In recent years, a program based on Waikato-Tainui tribal epistemology has been incorporated into the language immersion program. This article describes the community context and the language immersion and tribal knowledge programs. We consider the relationship of these programs to individual and tribal self-determination and to theories of minority achievement, particularly the work of John Ogbu.

text: The development of an indigenous knowledge program in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion school In 1985, Te Wharekura o Rakaumangamanga initiated a Maori-language immersion program for children ages 5 through 18. In recent years, a program based on Waikato-Tainui tribal epistemology has been incorporated into the language immersion program. This article describes the community context and the language immersion and tribal knowledge programs. We consider the relationship of these programs to individual and tribal self-determination and to theories of minority achievement, particularly the work of John Ogbu.

year: 2005-03

title: Secondary school subject choice: an ethnographic study

authors: Darnell, Doreen Anne

abstract: This study of subject choice followed two groups of pupils through the decision-making process at two state, co-educational high schools in the North Island of New Zealand. The high schools were similar in size, location, ethnic composition and range of home background of pupils, but had differing option systems. 
At the end of their form two year, 53 children (27 boys, 26 girls) were interviewed at their respective primary or intermediate schools while they were considering the options offered to them in form three at one of the two high schools. The children were re-interviewed the following year at their respective high schools. A further 37 pupils (17 boys, 20 girls) were interviewed in form four at their respective high schools while they were choosing fifth form subjects and were re-interviewed the following year after they had experienced the subjects they had chosen. All children in the study were chosen by their teachers as being representative of the range of pupils at their schools, in terms of ability, ethnic origin and home background. 
In addition, parents of eight of the younger children were interviewed in their homes and 31 teachers, representing all the subjects offered to the children at the two high schools, were interviewed at their respective schools. 
Analysis of interview transcripts showed that pupils’ decisions were influenced by the structure of the option systems, the attitudes of parents and peers and by the overt and covert actions of teachers. Access to information was found to be a key component of decision making. Children’s and parents’ views about the school subjects showed a strong measure of agreement, but there was less agreement between children’ views and teachers’ views. 
A model of decision making was elicited from the data and case studies illustrated the range of pupils’ individual experience, in particular, the experience of Maori pupils identified as ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ in the school system.

text: Secondary school subject choice: an ethnographic study This study of subject choice followed two groups of pupils through the decision-making process at two state, co-educational high schools in the North Island of New Zealand. The high schools were similar in size, location, ethnic composition and range of home background of pupils, but had differing option systems. 
At the end of their form two year, 53 children (27 boys, 26 girls) were interviewed at their respective primary or intermediate schools while they were considering the options offered to them in form three at one of the two high schools. The children were re-interviewed the following year at their respective high schools. A further 37 pupils (17 boys, 20 girls) were interviewed in form four at their respective high schools while they were choosing fifth form subjects and were re-interviewed the following year after they had experienced the subjects they had chosen. All children in the study were chosen by their teachers as being representative of the range of pupils at their schools, in terms of ability, ethnic origin and home background. 
In addition, parents of eight of the younger children were interviewed in their homes and 31 teachers, representing all the subjects offered to the children at the two high schools, were interviewed at their respective schools. 
Analysis of interview transcripts showed that pupils’ decisions were influenced by the structure of the option systems, the attitudes of parents and peers and by the overt and covert actions of teachers. Access to information was found to be a key component of decision making. Children’s and parents’ views about the school subjects showed a strong measure of agreement, but there was less agreement between children’ views and teachers’ views. 
A model of decision making was elicited from the data and case studies illustrated the range of pupils’ individual experience, in particular, the experience of Maori pupils identified as ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ in the school system.

year: 1985

title: Hydrolysed protein as a renewable plasticiser for renewable materials

authors: Suratkar, Tanvi

subjects: renewable

abstract: Novatein Thermoplastic (NTP) is a bloodmeal based plastic developed by the University of Waikato by mixing bloodmeal (by-product of slaughterhouses) with water, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium sulfite and urea, and plasticiser so it can be extruded and injection moulded. The aim of this research was to produce a low molecular weight bloodmeal with low salt content to replace tri-ethylene glycol as a plasticiser for NTP.

Bloodmeal was hydrolysed using alcalase, enzyme mixture of chymotrypsin and trypsin, and papain which was later ultrafiltered to obtain low molecular weight peptides of 5 -12 kDa. All the three enzymes provided low degree of hydrolysis while chymotrypsin/trypsin provided high yield of 65% followed by alcalase with 45% yield and papain with 23% yield. The amount of enzyme, bloodmeal concentration and pH governed the rate of hydrolysis. By ultrafiltering the hydrolysate, a low salt content was achieved.

Large scale hydrolysis was carried out to produce hydrolysate for addition in NTP as a substitute for triethylene glycol. The hydrolysate was ultrafiltered to produce peptides of low molecular weight (less than 10 kDa) in permeate and retentate. Extrusion of mixtures with hydrolysate produced extrudates with lower specific mechanical energy than standard NTP, and the extrudate had a good appearance visually.  Tensile strength, impact strength, secant modulus, energy at break, and glass transition temperature, and thermal stability generally decreased with increasing the amount of hydrolysate added. A similar trend was observed for its impact strength but overall, the impact strength improved.

text: Hydrolysed protein as a renewable plasticiser for renewable materials Novatein Thermoplastic (NTP) is a bloodmeal based plastic developed by the University of Waikato by mixing bloodmeal (by-product of slaughterhouses) with water, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium sulfite and urea, and plasticiser so it can be extruded and injection moulded. The aim of this research was to produce a low molecular weight bloodmeal with low salt content to replace tri-ethylene glycol as a plasticiser for NTP.

Bloodmeal was hydrolysed using alcalase, enzyme mixture of chymotrypsin and trypsin, and papain which was later ultrafiltered to obtain low molecular weight peptides of 5 -12 kDa. All the three enzymes provided low degree of hydrolysis while chymotrypsin/trypsin provided high yield of 65% followed by alcalase with 45% yield and papain with 23% yield. The amount of enzyme, bloodmeal concentration and pH governed the rate of hydrolysis. By ultrafiltering the hydrolysate, a low salt content was achieved.

Large scale hydrolysis was carried out to produce hydrolysate for addition in NTP as a substitute for triethylene glycol. The hydrolysate was ultrafiltered to produce peptides of low molecular weight (less than 10 kDa) in permeate and retentate. Extrusion of mixtures with hydrolysate produced extrudates with lower specific mechanical energy than standard NTP, and the extrudate had a good appearance visually.  Tensile strength, impact strength, secant modulus, energy at break, and glass transition temperature, and thermal stability generally decreased with increasing the amount of hydrolysate added. A similar trend was observed for its impact strength but overall, the impact strength improved.

year: 2016