title: Online legacy preservation for humanities researchers

authors: Cunningham, Sally Jo

abstract: As researchers retire or pass away, the online record of their work and their research careers begins to fragment and fade away. We begin with case studies of four New Zealand Humanities researchers, nearing or at the ends of their active careers. What materials currently exist that they believe are essential to detail the results of their research, and that convey the ‘story’ of their work?

text: Online legacy preservation for humanities researchers As researchers retire or pass away, the online record of their work and their research careers begins to fragment and fade away. We begin with case studies of four New Zealand Humanities researchers, nearing or at the ends of their active careers. What materials currently exist that they believe are essential to detail the results of their research, and that convey the ‘story’ of their work?

year: 2014

title: Capabilities and considerations for the implementation of a phycocyanin sensor to enhance cyanobacteria monitoring in lakes

authors: Cotterill, Vanessa

subjects: Phycocyanin quota

abstract: Bloom-forming cyanobacteria are problematic in recreational waters as humans may be exposed to their toxins via primary contact or ingestion. Cyanobacteria can be monitored using microscopy but this is time consuming, costly and requires taxonomic expertise. Phycocyanin (an accessory pigment specific to cyanobacteria) can be used as a proxy for cyanobacteria biomass. Phycocyanin sensors are thus increasingly being used to monitor cyanobacteria, even though many limitations to their use still exist. This research investigated the opportunities and challenges of use a phycocyanin sensor for cyanobacteria monitoring. It tested three hypotheses that: 1) there would be a strong relationship between phycocyanin and biovolumes in samples collected from the Te Arawa/Rotorua Lakes, North Island, New Zealand, 2) colony morphology and cell size affect phycocyanin readings, and 3) nutrient and light exposure would affect phycocyanin quotas independently of growth in Microcystis aeruginosa.

The relationship between phycocyanin and biovolume was investigated using data collected in the field from over two summers (2016 and 2017). A phycocyanin sensor was used to measure phycocyanin in situ, and biovolume was enumerated by microscopy. Eutrophic lakes with high biovolumes (>1.8 Mm³ L⁻¹) and single species dominance had stronger relationships between phycocyanin. Phycocyanin concentration >40 µg L⁻¹ derived from the sensor approximated a biovolume of 1.8 Mm³ L⁻¹, which is the health warning level for potentially toxic cyanobacteria species under the New Zealand guidelines for recreational monitoring of cyanobacteria in fresh waters.

The effect of colony morphology and cell size on phycocyanin detection was tested with serial dilutions of cultures of four cyanobacterial species. Large colonial Microcystis wesenbergii had the highest variability in phycocyanin readings from the sensor. Non-linear relationships in all four species resulted in low confidence for predicting low biovolumes <1.8 Mm³ L⁻¹ from phycocyanin.

The effects of nutrients and light intensity on growth and phycocyanin quota in M. aeruginosa were assessed by a laboratory experiment using a Central Composite design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). RSM models tested for significant interactions and effects of 20 different combinations of nitrogen (26-84 mgL⁻¹), phosphorus (0.05-5.47 mg L⁻¹) and light intensity (10-300 µmol M⁻² s⁻¹) on the growth and phycocyanin quota. Phycocyanin from the sensor and cell concentrations from microscopy were measured over 26 days at five-day intervals. Phycocyanin quota was significantly (P<0.05) higher in four of the 20 treatments at day 18 compared to the day 22. RSM demonstrated that light and nutrient concentrations affected both growth rate and phycocyanin quota differently. Importantly phycocyanin quotas at day 18 and 22 were affected differently by light and nutrients. This experiment suggests phycocyanin quota changes in cyanobacteria, and this may result in over or underestimates of biomass by a sensor. Regardless of the challenges of using phycocyanin sensors with changing species compositions, morphology, density and with the effects of nutrients and light on phycocyanin and growth. Phycocyanin sensors offer an opportunity to increase current sampling capability and the prioritisation of high-risk samples for counting which may lead to improved protection of human health from the toxicity associated with cyanobacteria blooms.

text: Capabilities and considerations for the implementation of a phycocyanin sensor to enhance cyanobacteria monitoring in lakes Bloom-forming cyanobacteria are problematic in recreational waters as humans may be exposed to their toxins via primary contact or ingestion. Cyanobacteria can be monitored using microscopy but this is time consuming, costly and requires taxonomic expertise. Phycocyanin (an accessory pigment specific to cyanobacteria) can be used as a proxy for cyanobacteria biomass. Phycocyanin sensors are thus increasingly being used to monitor cyanobacteria, even though many limitations to their use still exist. This research investigated the opportunities and challenges of use a phycocyanin sensor for cyanobacteria monitoring. It tested three hypotheses that: 1) there would be a strong relationship between phycocyanin and biovolumes in samples collected from the Te Arawa/Rotorua Lakes, North Island, New Zealand, 2) colony morphology and cell size affect phycocyanin readings, and 3) nutrient and light exposure would affect phycocyanin quotas independently of growth in Microcystis aeruginosa.

The relationship between phycocyanin and biovolume was investigated using data collected in the field from over two summers (2016 and 2017). A phycocyanin sensor was used to measure phycocyanin in situ, and biovolume was enumerated by microscopy. Eutrophic lakes with high biovolumes (>1.8 Mm³ L⁻¹) and single species dominance had stronger relationships between phycocyanin. Phycocyanin concentration >40 µg L⁻¹ derived from the sensor approximated a biovolume of 1.8 Mm³ L⁻¹, which is the health warning level for potentially toxic cyanobacteria species under the New Zealand guidelines for recreational monitoring of cyanobacteria in fresh waters.

The effect of colony morphology and cell size on phycocyanin detection was tested with serial dilutions of cultures of four cyanobacterial species. Large colonial Microcystis wesenbergii had the highest variability in phycocyanin readings from the sensor. Non-linear relationships in all four species resulted in low confidence for predicting low biovolumes <1.8 Mm³ L⁻¹ from phycocyanin.

The effects of nutrients and light intensity on growth and phycocyanin quota in M. aeruginosa were assessed by a laboratory experiment using a Central Composite design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). RSM models tested for significant interactions and effects of 20 different combinations of nitrogen (26-84 mgL⁻¹), phosphorus (0.05-5.47 mg L⁻¹) and light intensity (10-300 µmol M⁻² s⁻¹) on the growth and phycocyanin quota. Phycocyanin from the sensor and cell concentrations from microscopy were measured over 26 days at five-day intervals. Phycocyanin quota was significantly (P<0.05) higher in four of the 20 treatments at day 18 compared to the day 22. RSM demonstrated that light and nutrient concentrations affected both growth rate and phycocyanin quota differently. Importantly phycocyanin quotas at day 18 and 22 were affected differently by light and nutrients. This experiment suggests phycocyanin quota changes in cyanobacteria, and this may result in over or underestimates of biomass by a sensor. Regardless of the challenges of using phycocyanin sensors with changing species compositions, morphology, density and with the effects of nutrients and light on phycocyanin and growth. Phycocyanin sensors offer an opportunity to increase current sampling capability and the prioritisation of high-risk samples for counting which may lead to improved protection of human health from the toxicity associated with cyanobacteria blooms.

year: 2017

title: Na Tarimo i whakaari... Ko Rangiwewehi te iwi

authors: Flavell, James William Ben

abstract: Ko ngā kōrero e whai ake nei, he mea kohikohi, he mea tuku mai ki ahau mō te iwi e kiia nei, ko Ngāti Rangiwewehi. Ko te rohe ki te taha raki o te Rotorua-nui-ā-kahumatamomoe to tūrangawaewae, otirā the rohe takahi o te iwi nei, i ngā rā o mua, nā, ahakoa he nui te whenua kua ngaro atu, kei konei tonu te papa kāinga mō tēnei karangatanga o Te Arawa waka, kei konei hoki tōna mauri, tōna mana, tōna wehi.
Ko Ngāti Rangiwehei i ēnei rā, e rite tonu ana ki te tōtara nui. I tipu ake tēnei tōtara i te kākano i ruia i Rangiātea arā, i Hawaiki, i mānu mai ki Aotearoa nei, i puāwai mai, ā, kei te tipu tonu, kei te tuipu tonu.
Nā, kei roto i tēnei rākau, ko ngā kōrero katoa mō te iwi nei, arā ko ngā whakapapa, ko ngā waiata ko ngā karakia, ko ngā pakiwaitara otirā ko ngā āhuatanga katoa e pā ana ki te iwi. Kei konei hoki ko te ira o te tangata e mau nei i ēnei āhuatanga nei.
Ka tae ki te ngahuru, ka heke iho ngā rau rākau ka pirau, ka ngaro. Pēnei i te rākau nei, te hinga te tangata, ka kapohia e te ringa o Aituā, ā, ka ngaro. Ēhara i te mea ko te mauri o te tangata anake te mea e ngaro nei, ēngari, ko ōna mātauranga katoa hoki.
Nā, matemate noa atu ngā koroua me ngākuia e mōhio tūturu ana ki ngā kōrero hōhonu tuku iho a Ngāti Rangiwewehi. Nō reira, ko tāku mahi, he kohi i ēnei kōrero, i mua i te ngaronga tonutanga o ngā kaumātua e ora ana, nei ngaro.
Kua kohia nei e au ngā kōrero katoa ahakoa Māori ahakoa Pākehā, kia kitea ai, kia mārama ake ai ngā momo āhuatanga o tōku iwi.
Ēhara tēnei i te me ngāwari, nō te mea, ko tēnei mea te mātaranga ahakoa he whakapapa rānei, he pakiwaitara rānei, he mea tino tapu ki te Māori, i te ao tawhito, ā, kei te pērā anō hoki i ēnei rā. Kua oti te tārai te tāhū o tēnei tuhituhinga e kore a taea te whakatārewa tēnei tāhū mehemea kāore, ōna pou kāore ōna here e tika ana. Otirā e kore e tū te whare kōreo, te tāhū whakaringa kōereo, mehemea kāore ōna kaupapa whenua, tangata, tae atu ki a Papatūānuku. Nō reira, koia tēnei ka tātaihia ake ngā kupu kōreroa muri ake nei, kia tutuki ai ngā tūmanako ngā wawata, a ngā whakatipuranga, mai, mai, mai i te pō ki ngā kaikōrero me te kaituhi.
E ai ki te iwi, ko Rangiwewehi te tipuna o tēnei iwi te tamaiti a Tawakeheimoa rāua ko Te Aongahoro.
Nā te mea, he karangatanga a Ngāti Rangiwewehi nō Te Arawa waka i hoki atu ai au ki ngā kōrero mō tēnei waka tapu. Tae rawa mai tēnei waka ki tēnei whenua, ka horapa hāere ngā tāngata i te mata o te whenua. I tōna wā, i tae atu ngā tīpuna ke Te Awahou awa, otirā ki te taha raki o Rotorua moana. Mai i taua wā, ka tīmata ngā āhuatanga katoa e pā ana ki tēnei iwi.
Nā, ēhara tēnei tuhinga i te pukapuka hei whakaatu i te tūturutanga o ngā kōrero katoa o Ngāti Rangiwewehi, mā Ngāti Rangiwewehi hei whai atu, ēngari he kōrero kua kohia nei e au i ngā rangatira, i ngā tohunga, i ngā tāngata mōhio, i ngā whāea, i ngā kaumātua me ngā pukapuka a ngā Māori me ngā Pākehā.
He pūtake kōrero noa iho tēnei mō Ngāti Rangiwewehi he tohu whakamaharatanga hoki ki ngā tīpuna, ki ngā mātua kua wehe atu nei ki te pō.

text: Na Tarimo i whakaari... Ko Rangiwewehi te iwi Ko ngā kōrero e whai ake nei, he mea kohikohi, he mea tuku mai ki ahau mō te iwi e kiia nei, ko Ngāti Rangiwewehi. Ko te rohe ki te taha raki o te Rotorua-nui-ā-kahumatamomoe to tūrangawaewae, otirā the rohe takahi o te iwi nei, i ngā rā o mua, nā, ahakoa he nui te whenua kua ngaro atu, kei konei tonu te papa kāinga mō tēnei karangatanga o Te Arawa waka, kei konei hoki tōna mauri, tōna mana, tōna wehi.
Ko Ngāti Rangiwehei i ēnei rā, e rite tonu ana ki te tōtara nui. I tipu ake tēnei tōtara i te kākano i ruia i Rangiātea arā, i Hawaiki, i mānu mai ki Aotearoa nei, i puāwai mai, ā, kei te tipu tonu, kei te tuipu tonu.
Nā, kei roto i tēnei rākau, ko ngā kōrero katoa mō te iwi nei, arā ko ngā whakapapa, ko ngā waiata ko ngā karakia, ko ngā pakiwaitara otirā ko ngā āhuatanga katoa e pā ana ki te iwi. Kei konei hoki ko te ira o te tangata e mau nei i ēnei āhuatanga nei.
Ka tae ki te ngahuru, ka heke iho ngā rau rākau ka pirau, ka ngaro. Pēnei i te rākau nei, te hinga te tangata, ka kapohia e te ringa o Aituā, ā, ka ngaro. Ēhara i te mea ko te mauri o te tangata anake te mea e ngaro nei, ēngari, ko ōna mātauranga katoa hoki.
Nā, matemate noa atu ngā koroua me ngākuia e mōhio tūturu ana ki ngā kōrero hōhonu tuku iho a Ngāti Rangiwewehi. Nō reira, ko tāku mahi, he kohi i ēnei kōrero, i mua i te ngaronga tonutanga o ngā kaumātua e ora ana, nei ngaro.
Kua kohia nei e au ngā kōrero katoa ahakoa Māori ahakoa Pākehā, kia kitea ai, kia mārama ake ai ngā momo āhuatanga o tōku iwi.
Ēhara tēnei i te me ngāwari, nō te mea, ko tēnei mea te mātaranga ahakoa he whakapapa rānei, he pakiwaitara rānei, he mea tino tapu ki te Māori, i te ao tawhito, ā, kei te pērā anō hoki i ēnei rā. Kua oti te tārai te tāhū o tēnei tuhituhinga e kore a taea te whakatārewa tēnei tāhū mehemea kāore, ōna pou kāore ōna here e tika ana. Otirā e kore e tū te whare kōreo, te tāhū whakaringa kōereo, mehemea kāore ōna kaupapa whenua, tangata, tae atu ki a Papatūānuku. Nō reira, koia tēnei ka tātaihia ake ngā kupu kōreroa muri ake nei, kia tutuki ai ngā tūmanako ngā wawata, a ngā whakatipuranga, mai, mai, mai i te pō ki ngā kaikōrero me te kaituhi.
E ai ki te iwi, ko Rangiwewehi te tipuna o tēnei iwi te tamaiti a Tawakeheimoa rāua ko Te Aongahoro.
Nā te mea, he karangatanga a Ngāti Rangiwewehi nō Te Arawa waka i hoki atu ai au ki ngā kōrero mō tēnei waka tapu. Tae rawa mai tēnei waka ki tēnei whenua, ka horapa hāere ngā tāngata i te mata o te whenua. I tōna wā, i tae atu ngā tīpuna ke Te Awahou awa, otirā ki te taha raki o Rotorua moana. Mai i taua wā, ka tīmata ngā āhuatanga katoa e pā ana ki tēnei iwi.
Nā, ēhara tēnei tuhinga i te pukapuka hei whakaatu i te tūturutanga o ngā kōrero katoa o Ngāti Rangiwewehi, mā Ngāti Rangiwewehi hei whai atu, ēngari he kōrero kua kohia nei e au i ngā rangatira, i ngā tohunga, i ngā tāngata mōhio, i ngā whāea, i ngā kaumātua me ngā pukapuka a ngā Māori me ngā Pākehā.
He pūtake kōrero noa iho tēnei mō Ngāti Rangiwewehi he tohu whakamaharatanga hoki ki ngā tīpuna, ki ngā mātua kua wehe atu nei ki te pō.

year: 1986