title: Initial sedimentation processes and the  early geological evolution of three maar craters,  Hindon Maar Complex, Otago

authors: Murphy, Caitlin Emily Joy

subjects: sedimentation,

abstract: The Hindon Maar Complex, located near Hindon, 25 km NW of Dunedin, consists of four volcanic craters infilled by lake sediments and mass flow deposits. The maars form part of the Waipiata volcanic group, which was active from 25–9 Ma. Drilling of Maar 1, Maar 3 and a sediment-filled depression between the inferred locations of Maar 2 and Maar 3 revealed up to 10 m of laminated biogenic lake sediments underlain by siliciclastic mass flow deposits. This project describes the siliciclastic deposits from these drill-cores and from limited outcrops of Maar 2. Physical properties, stratigraphic logs, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Also XRD, SEM and optical petrography are used to create a facies analysis and infer the processes of initial sedimentation into the maar craters following the maar-forming eruptions. 
A total of 10 facies are identified within the Hindon Maar complex. Facies 1–6 show the progression of crater wall stabilisation from rockfalls which occurred weeks to years after the initial eruption to the formation of organic rich lake-sediment units which would have been deposited hundreds of years post eruption. Facies 1–6 have a high proportion of mica, quartz and schist grains, indicating extensive incorporation of the country rock. Nonconsolidated mottles are found throughout facies 2–5 and are interpreted as the remnants of weathered pyroclastic materials which were sourced from failures in the upper crater walls or tephra ring. 
Facies 1 is a laminated carbonaceous lake sediment consisting almost entirely of organic matter. Facies 2 is a nonconsolidated laminated silty clay formed by debris flows. Facies 3 is a consolidated silty fine sand with discrete gravel lenses and 5% mottles formed as a result of mass flows. Facies 4 is a fine gravel breccia comprising up to 35% mottles, which is formed by mass flows originating in the upper crater or tephra ring. Facies 5 is a poorly consolidated fine gravel breccia which formed as a result of turbidity currents. Facies 6 is loose schist and quartz grains of fine gravel to medium pebble size, formed by rockfalls into the early lake. 
Facies 7 is a silty clay which is geochemically and mineralogically different to all other facies. Facies 7 exhibits convoluted bedding and is an example of a slump deposit occurring locally in Maar 3. Due to its significant differences to all other facies, it is assumed to have had a different parent material.
Facies 8–10 are found in the area of a major gravity anomaly associated with Maar 3. These deposits are composed of silt and clay sized particles and have elevated Fe. They have high magnetic susceptibility and density and are interpreted as weathered pyroclastic material of the tephra ring.
The infilling of Maar 1 occurred initially as a series of coarse-grained mass flows into the crater (Facies 6 and Facies 5). Once the crater wall began to stabilise and the occurrence of rockfalls decreased, Facies 4 was deposited, resulting from high crater wall collapse. This was followed by furthered, small cater wall collapse of Facies 3. Facies 2 was later deposited once crater wall failures halted, and resulted from the erosion, rather than the collapse, of the crater wall. Once the crater wall was fully vegetated, Facies 1 began to accumulate, forming thick organic rich deposits, indicating the maar lake was stratified and had an anoxic bottom layer.
The infilling of Maar 3 followed the same pattern. However, there is a significant lateral offset between some units of the same facies, which may indicate more complex processes, such as faulting. The exact history of Maar 3 cannot be determined with the information acquired.

text: Initial sedimentation processes and the  early geological evolution of three maar craters,  Hindon Maar Complex, Otago The Hindon Maar Complex, located near Hindon, 25 km NW of Dunedin, consists of four volcanic craters infilled by lake sediments and mass flow deposits. The maars form part of the Waipiata volcanic group, which was active from 25–9 Ma. Drilling of Maar 1, Maar 3 and a sediment-filled depression between the inferred locations of Maar 2 and Maar 3 revealed up to 10 m of laminated biogenic lake sediments underlain by siliciclastic mass flow deposits. This project describes the siliciclastic deposits from these drill-cores and from limited outcrops of Maar 2. Physical properties, stratigraphic logs, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Also XRD, SEM and optical petrography are used to create a facies analysis and infer the processes of initial sedimentation into the maar craters following the maar-forming eruptions. 
A total of 10 facies are identified within the Hindon Maar complex. Facies 1–6 show the progression of crater wall stabilisation from rockfalls which occurred weeks to years after the initial eruption to the formation of organic rich lake-sediment units which would have been deposited hundreds of years post eruption. Facies 1–6 have a high proportion of mica, quartz and schist grains, indicating extensive incorporation of the country rock. Nonconsolidated mottles are found throughout facies 2–5 and are interpreted as the remnants of weathered pyroclastic materials which were sourced from failures in the upper crater walls or tephra ring. 
Facies 1 is a laminated carbonaceous lake sediment consisting almost entirely of organic matter. Facies 2 is a nonconsolidated laminated silty clay formed by debris flows. Facies 3 is a consolidated silty fine sand with discrete gravel lenses and 5% mottles formed as a result of mass flows. Facies 4 is a fine gravel breccia comprising up to 35% mottles, which is formed by mass flows originating in the upper crater or tephra ring. Facies 5 is a poorly consolidated fine gravel breccia which formed as a result of turbidity currents. Facies 6 is loose schist and quartz grains of fine gravel to medium pebble size, formed by rockfalls into the early lake. 
Facies 7 is a silty clay which is geochemically and mineralogically different to all other facies. Facies 7 exhibits convoluted bedding and is an example of a slump deposit occurring locally in Maar 3. Due to its significant differences to all other facies, it is assumed to have had a different parent material.
Facies 8–10 are found in the area of a major gravity anomaly associated with Maar 3. These deposits are composed of silt and clay sized particles and have elevated Fe. They have high magnetic susceptibility and density and are interpreted as weathered pyroclastic material of the tephra ring.
The infilling of Maar 1 occurred initially as a series of coarse-grained mass flows into the crater (Facies 6 and Facies 5). Once the crater wall began to stabilise and the occurrence of rockfalls decreased, Facies 4 was deposited, resulting from high crater wall collapse. This was followed by furthered, small cater wall collapse of Facies 3. Facies 2 was later deposited once crater wall failures halted, and resulted from the erosion, rather than the collapse, of the crater wall. Once the crater wall was fully vegetated, Facies 1 began to accumulate, forming thick organic rich deposits, indicating the maar lake was stratified and had an anoxic bottom layer.
The infilling of Maar 3 followed the same pattern. However, there is a significant lateral offset between some units of the same facies, which may indicate more complex processes, such as faulting. The exact history of Maar 3 cannot be determined with the information acquired.

year: 2018

title: Value propositions as communication practice: Taking a wider view

authors: Ballantyne, David

subjects: reciprocal value proposition

abstract: The aim of this article is to examine the concept and functioning of value propositions, seen through a service-dominant logic (S-D) lens. The variety of perspectives used to understand value propositions are examined, from unidirectional communication of value to reciprocal promises of value. The concept of reciprocal value propositions is examined in the light of S-D logic's fundamental premises. Examples are included to show how reciprocal value propositions can be used to initiate and guide resource integration activities between initiators and participants across a range of stakeholders of the firm. Some ‘taken for granted’ assumptions about market exchange are examined which act as a constraint on innovation in developing reciprocal value propositions, and more generally, stand in the way of innovative marketing practice. We also argue that reciprocal value propositions reveal opportunities for focal firm engagement with suppliers, customers, and other beneficiaries beyond sale/purchase transactions, as part of a platform for communicative interaction. In summary, we position reciprocal value propositions as a communication practice that brings exchange activities, relationship development, and knowledge renewal closer together.

text: Value propositions as communication practice: Taking a wider view The aim of this article is to examine the concept and functioning of value propositions, seen through a service-dominant logic (S-D) lens. The variety of perspectives used to understand value propositions are examined, from unidirectional communication of value to reciprocal promises of value. The concept of reciprocal value propositions is examined in the light of S-D logic's fundamental premises. Examples are included to show how reciprocal value propositions can be used to initiate and guide resource integration activities between initiators and participants across a range of stakeholders of the firm. Some ‘taken for granted’ assumptions about market exchange are examined which act as a constraint on innovation in developing reciprocal value propositions, and more generally, stand in the way of innovative marketing practice. We also argue that reciprocal value propositions reveal opportunities for focal firm engagement with suppliers, customers, and other beneficiaries beyond sale/purchase transactions, as part of a platform for communicative interaction. In summary, we position reciprocal value propositions as a communication practice that brings exchange activities, relationship development, and knowledge renewal closer together.

year: 2010

title: Kia matatau ki te reo: Factors influencing the development of proficiency in te reo Māori with adult learners

authors: Rātima, Matiu Tai

subjects: te reo Māori

abstract: This thesis sought to answer the question: what factors help or hinder adult Māori second language learners to become proficient speakers of te reo Māori? I ask this question at a moment in history when te reo, like other indigenous languages, sits on the edge of a precipice in terms of its survival as a living language. Ambivalence and inaction will almost certainly constitute a push towards oblivion. Nothing less than concerted effort can pull te reo back from the brink. But what kind of concerted effort is needed and how can individual learners optimise their efforts to learn te reo?
Te reo must survive because, as Sir James Henare put it, ‘ko te reo te hā o te Māoritanga’, meaning ‘the language is the essence of Māori culture.’ Without te reo the very survival of Māori people as Māori is in doubt. My questions and the thesis occupy a multidisciplinary space, drawing on research from adult second language acquisition, teaching pedagogy and language revitalisation. The thesis makes an original contribution to all three bodies of literature by examining data from a previously untapped source; successful adult Māori language learners. 
I interviewed 17 participants. All highly proficient second language speakers of te reo. All learned te reo as adults.  Adult second language learning of endangered languages is broadly acknowledged in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) as essential to re-establishing Intergenerational Transmission of Language (ITL) in the home to ensure an endangered language is passed on to future generations.
The interview questionnaire was based loosely on 10 help/hinder factors I identified through a review of the literature from the three research fields (adult second language acquisition, teaching pedagogy and language revitalisation). The ten factors identified in the review were; language aptitude, age, learner attitudes and motivation, learning strategies, instruction, agency and anxiety, wairua (the spiritual dimension), demography, language status, and language planning.

text: Kia matatau ki te reo: Factors influencing the development of proficiency in te reo Māori with adult learners This thesis sought to answer the question: what factors help or hinder adult Māori second language learners to become proficient speakers of te reo Māori? I ask this question at a moment in history when te reo, like other indigenous languages, sits on the edge of a precipice in terms of its survival as a living language. Ambivalence and inaction will almost certainly constitute a push towards oblivion. Nothing less than concerted effort can pull te reo back from the brink. But what kind of concerted effort is needed and how can individual learners optimise their efforts to learn te reo?
Te reo must survive because, as Sir James Henare put it, ‘ko te reo te hā o te Māoritanga’, meaning ‘the language is the essence of Māori culture.’ Without te reo the very survival of Māori people as Māori is in doubt. My questions and the thesis occupy a multidisciplinary space, drawing on research from adult second language acquisition, teaching pedagogy and language revitalisation. The thesis makes an original contribution to all three bodies of literature by examining data from a previously untapped source; successful adult Māori language learners. 
I interviewed 17 participants. All highly proficient second language speakers of te reo. All learned te reo as adults.  Adult second language learning of endangered languages is broadly acknowledged in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) as essential to re-establishing Intergenerational Transmission of Language (ITL) in the home to ensure an endangered language is passed on to future generations.
The interview questionnaire was based loosely on 10 help/hinder factors I identified through a review of the literature from the three research fields (adult second language acquisition, teaching pedagogy and language revitalisation). The ten factors identified in the review were; language aptitude, age, learner attitudes and motivation, learning strategies, instruction, agency and anxiety, wairua (the spiritual dimension), demography, language status, and language planning.

year: 2013