title: Electric Vehicles in New Zealand - Policy, Regulation and Technical Standards for Emerging Vehicle Technology

authors: Schafer, Mark Gerald

subjects: Electric

abstract: The need for a technical standard for the conversion of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles to electric drive has been identified by government regulators in New Zealand (NZ). The aim of this project was to review the technical and inspection requirements that would allow Electric Vehicle (EV) conversions of passenger vehicles of gross weight < 3500 kg (Class MA), to be safely designed, built, sold, and operated in NZ. A detailed description of the spectrum of EV technology is given. A literature review of NZ and international transport regulations and technical standards has shown many requirements affecting EVs. A risk analysis showed that most EV technological risks related to electrical, battery and braking safety are controlled by implementing a reduction in risk event likelihood, rather than a reduction in risk event severity. This indicates that risk controls need to be reliable in order to be effective. A detailed review of EV electrical systems, Lithium Ion (Li-ion) battery systems and regenerative braking technology is also carried out. With the use of battery chemistries and designs which minimise the risk of failures, coupled with adequate safeguards in the form of redundant protection and well designed component management systems, EV converters can achieve safe and high performance conversions.

text: Electric Vehicles in New Zealand - Policy, Regulation and Technical Standards for Emerging Vehicle Technology The need for a technical standard for the conversion of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles to electric drive has been identified by government regulators in New Zealand (NZ). The aim of this project was to review the technical and inspection requirements that would allow Electric Vehicle (EV) conversions of passenger vehicles of gross weight < 3500 kg (Class MA), to be safely designed, built, sold, and operated in NZ. A detailed description of the spectrum of EV technology is given. A literature review of NZ and international transport regulations and technical standards has shown many requirements affecting EVs. A risk analysis showed that most EV technological risks related to electrical, battery and braking safety are controlled by implementing a reduction in risk event likelihood, rather than a reduction in risk event severity. This indicates that risk controls need to be reliable in order to be effective. A detailed review of EV electrical systems, Lithium Ion (Li-ion) battery systems and regenerative braking technology is also carried out. With the use of battery chemistries and designs which minimise the risk of failures, coupled with adequate safeguards in the form of redundant protection and well designed component management systems, EV converters can achieve safe and high performance conversions.

year: 2011

title: Long-term hip function in slipped capital femoral epiphysis treated with in situ pinning.

authors: Bond, Elizabeth C.

subjects: hip

abstract: BACKGROUND:: In recent years, there has been a trend toward more aggressive management of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) with acute anatomical realignment; however, the literature is unclear with regard to the indications for this. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES:: To collect long-term patient-reported outcome scores on a group of SCFE patients using modern hip scores. The second aim was to determine whether there is a threshold level of deformity beyond which patients have predictably poor outcomes following in situ pinning. PATIENTS AND METHODS:: Patients presenting with SCFE between 2000 and 2009 completed a survey consisting of three modern hip scores and were classified into poor, intermediate, and good outcome groups. The posterior slope angle (PSA) was used to measure slip deformity. We examined the relationship between patient characteristics and functional outcomes. The relationship between PSA score and overall outcome was examined using receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis. RESULTS:: The total study population was 63; 14% patients had poor, 29% had intermediate, and 57% had good functional outcomes. The mean Non-Arthritic Hip Scores (NAHSs) for those with poor outcomes was 51, 76 in the intermediate group, and 95 in the good group ( p <0.001). PSA was significantly lower in those with good functional outcomes. ROC analysis demonstrated that a higher PSA was moderately predictive of a poor clinical outcome (area under the curve of 0.668). In both the poor and intermediate outcome groups, 50% of patients had a PSA of 40° or greater, whereas only 31% of those with good clinical outcomes had PSA of 40° or greater. CONCLUSIONS:: A significant proportion of post-SCFE patients have ongoing suboptimal hip function after pinning in situ. Those with a PSA more than 40° have a higher chance of a poor outcome.

text: Long-term hip function in slipped capital femoral epiphysis treated with in situ pinning. BACKGROUND:: In recent years, there has been a trend toward more aggressive management of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) with acute anatomical realignment; however, the literature is unclear with regard to the indications for this. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES:: To collect long-term patient-reported outcome scores on a group of SCFE patients using modern hip scores. The second aim was to determine whether there is a threshold level of deformity beyond which patients have predictably poor outcomes following in situ pinning. PATIENTS AND METHODS:: Patients presenting with SCFE between 2000 and 2009 completed a survey consisting of three modern hip scores and were classified into poor, intermediate, and good outcome groups. The posterior slope angle (PSA) was used to measure slip deformity. We examined the relationship between patient characteristics and functional outcomes. The relationship between PSA score and overall outcome was examined using receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis. RESULTS:: The total study population was 63; 14% patients had poor, 29% had intermediate, and 57% had good functional outcomes. The mean Non-Arthritic Hip Scores (NAHSs) for those with poor outcomes was 51, 76 in the intermediate group, and 95 in the good group ( p <0.001). PSA was significantly lower in those with good functional outcomes. ROC analysis demonstrated that a higher PSA was moderately predictive of a poor clinical outcome (area under the curve of 0.668). In both the poor and intermediate outcome groups, 50% of patients had a PSA of 40° or greater, whereas only 31% of those with good clinical outcomes had PSA of 40° or greater. CONCLUSIONS:: A significant proportion of post-SCFE patients have ongoing suboptimal hip function after pinning in situ. Those with a PSA more than 40° have a higher chance of a poor outcome.

year: 2019

title: Waikato shallow lakes modelling

authors: Lehmann, Moritz K.

subjects: Lakes

abstract: The principal aim of this study is to apply a modelling approach to identify, evaluate and prioritise specific in-lake and catchment restoration options which could be applied to improve the water quality and ecological health of peat and riverine lake types across the Waikato Region. Four representative lakes have been selected as case studies for this work based on their social, cultural and ecological significance, as well as the availability of historical monitoring data and the potential transferability of the study findings to similar lake systems. The lakes include Rotomānuka, Ngāroto, Waahi and Waikare.

text: Waikato shallow lakes modelling The principal aim of this study is to apply a modelling approach to identify, evaluate and prioritise specific in-lake and catchment restoration options which could be applied to improve the water quality and ecological health of peat and riverine lake types across the Waikato Region. Four representative lakes have been selected as case studies for this work based on their social, cultural and ecological significance, as well as the availability of historical monitoring data and the potential transferability of the study findings to similar lake systems. The lakes include Rotomānuka, Ngāroto, Waahi and Waikare.

year: 2017