title: Industrial heat pump integration in non-continuous processes using thermal energy storages as utility - An NLP enhancement of the graphical approach

authors: Stampfli, Jan A.

abstract: The aim of this paper is to enhance the results of the graphical approach for Heat Pump (HP) integration in noncontinuous processes. A nonlinear programming (NLP) formulation is developed which optimizes temperature levels of condensation, evaporation, and storage temperature layers in order to further reduce total annual cost (TAC) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition, the NLP formulation requires low computation time given the practical approach. By its application on an AMMIX butter production of a large dairy factory, it is shown, that the temperature differences in the condenser and evaporator are reduced sharply which improves the COP of the HP from 2.2 to 3.4. As a result, the TAC can be reduced by an additional 16,721 NZD/y and the GHG emissions by an additional 29 tCO2/y in comparison to the graphical approach.

text: Industrial heat pump integration in non-continuous processes using thermal energy storages as utility - An NLP enhancement of the graphical approach The aim of this paper is to enhance the results of the graphical approach for Heat Pump (HP) integration in noncontinuous processes. A nonlinear programming (NLP) formulation is developed which optimizes temperature levels of condensation, evaporation, and storage temperature layers in order to further reduce total annual cost (TAC) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition, the NLP formulation requires low computation time given the practical approach. By its application on an AMMIX butter production of a large dairy factory, it is shown, that the temperature differences in the condenser and evaporator are reduced sharply which improves the COP of the HP from 2.2 to 3.4. As a result, the TAC can be reduced by an additional 16,721 NZD/y and the GHG emissions by an additional 29 tCO2/y in comparison to the graphical approach.

year: 2018

title: A century of the evolution of the urban system in Brazil

authors: Matlaba, Valente José

subjects: Economics Departments

abstract: In this paper, we study the hitherto unexplored evolution of the size distribution of 185 urban areas in Brazil between 1907 and 2008. We find that the power law parameter of the size distribution of the 100 largest urban areas increases from 0.63 in 1907 to 0.89 in 2008, which confirms an agglomeration process in which the size distribution has become more unequal. A panel fixed effects model pooling the same range of urban size distributions provides a power law parameter equal to 0.53, smaller than those from cross-sectional estimation. Clearly, Zipf’s Law is rejected. The lognormal distribution fits the city size distribution quite well until the 1940s, but since then applies to small and medium size cities only. These results are consistent with our understanding of historical-political and socio-economic processes that have shaped the development of Brazilian cities.

text: A century of the evolution of the urban system in Brazil In this paper, we study the hitherto unexplored evolution of the size distribution of 185 urban areas in Brazil between 1907 and 2008. We find that the power law parameter of the size distribution of the 100 largest urban areas increases from 0.63 in 1907 to 0.89 in 2008, which confirms an agglomeration process in which the size distribution has become more unequal. A panel fixed effects model pooling the same range of urban size distributions provides a power law parameter equal to 0.53, smaller than those from cross-sectional estimation. Clearly, Zipf’s Law is rejected. The lognormal distribution fits the city size distribution quite well until the 1940s, but since then applies to small and medium size cities only. These results are consistent with our understanding of historical-political and socio-economic processes that have shaped the development of Brazilian cities.

year: 2011-06

title: Planning and governance under the LGA: Lessons from the RMA experience.

authors: Borrie, Nancy

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: The purpose of this report is to identify ways in which experiences gained from the
RMA as a devolved and co-operative planning mandate can enable local and central
government and other stakeholders to more effectively implement the LGA. The
report is based on findings from the FRST-funded research programme on Planning
under Co-operative Mandates (PUCM). We argue in this report that the experiences gained from the RMA can inform
effective implementation of the LGA in three important respects: Preparation and implementation of LTCCPs; The community consultation process for formulating community outcomes;
and Māori participation in planning and governance.

text: Planning and governance under the LGA: Lessons from the RMA experience. The purpose of this report is to identify ways in which experiences gained from the
RMA as a devolved and co-operative planning mandate can enable local and central
government and other stakeholders to more effectively implement the LGA. The
report is based on findings from the FRST-funded research programme on Planning
under Co-operative Mandates (PUCM). We argue in this report that the experiences gained from the RMA can inform
effective implementation of the LGA in three important respects: Preparation and implementation of LTCCPs; The community consultation process for formulating community outcomes;
and Māori participation in planning and governance.

year: 2004-06-01