title: Are the citizens of a democracy a just target for terrorists?

authors: McKeogh, Colm

subjects: civilian

abstract: This article investigates how issues of political responsibility connect to the combatant/civilian distinction in armed conflict. It does so by looking at an attempted moral justification of terrorism in a democracy by a just war theorist. The attempt was by Igor Primoratz, who claims that civilians who actively support injustice do not merit immunity from targeting. Primoratz suggests amending the principle of civilian immunity to permit targeting of civilians who are culpable for an unjust war. This article argues that culpability plays no role in the justification of targeting combatants and cannot be used to justify the targeting of civilians. Combatants may be targeted in war because of a convention-dependent permission that they may be treated as instruments. Civilians may not be targeted in war because no such convention-dependent permission exists (and there are no benefits to creating such a convention). Nor can the justification of self-defence be used to justify the targeting of civilians in armed conflict because there is a threshold of culpability to be met before self-defence is permitted, and the citizens of a democracy do not meet that minimum standard.

text: Are the citizens of a democracy a just target for terrorists? This article investigates how issues of political responsibility connect to the combatant/civilian distinction in armed conflict. It does so by looking at an attempted moral justification of terrorism in a democracy by a just war theorist. The attempt was by Igor Primoratz, who claims that civilians who actively support injustice do not merit immunity from targeting. Primoratz suggests amending the principle of civilian immunity to permit targeting of civilians who are culpable for an unjust war. This article argues that culpability plays no role in the justification of targeting combatants and cannot be used to justify the targeting of civilians. Combatants may be targeted in war because of a convention-dependent permission that they may be treated as instruments. Civilians may not be targeted in war because no such convention-dependent permission exists (and there are no benefits to creating such a convention). Nor can the justification of self-defence be used to justify the targeting of civilians in armed conflict because there is a threshold of culpability to be met before self-defence is permitted, and the citizens of a democracy do not meet that minimum standard.

year: 2011

title: Assessing hydrogen intergration in steam boilers: A comparative analysis of different energy sources for decarbonisation

authors: Weicong, Chen

subjects: Hydrogen

abstract: New Zealand has a goal to achieve carbon zero emissions by year 2050. Fossil fuels are still the main energy sources for steam boilers which are important elements in the process heat sector. Therefore, it is quite important to decarbonise the process heat sector by using low carbon energy sources, such as green hydrogen, grid sourced hydrogen, blue hydrogen, hydrogen blend, wood pellets and electricity. In this research, a comparative analysis of these energy sources is conducted to find out the difference between fuel options in terms of carbon emission reduction, conversion efficiency and the levelised cost of energy. The outcome is that wood pellet boiler system has the best performance with the lowest carbon emission factor from energy delivered to plant, high overall energy conversion efficiency, and low levelised cost of energy. Further analysis was conducted to find out how the real-time prices of grid electricity impact the levelised cost carbon emissions of energy for grid sourced hydrogen systems. It found that levelised cost of energy of grid sourced hydrogen is less than the one of natural gas boiler system, when spot electricity prices are less than 37.98 NZD/MWh with carbon price at 70 NZD/tCO2-e. Also, grid sourced hydrogen brings more carbon emissions if it is generated by using the real-time grid electricity with higher prices. The real-time carbon emissions factor and annual carbon emission factor affect the annual amount of carbon emissions and carbon costs when applied to real world case studies of steam boiler systems. The total annual amount of carbon emissions calculated using the average annual carbon emissions factor from the official source was less than that calculated by real-time carbon emission factor for the case studies considered. That would have implications for the carbon costs paid for by companies. Correlations among the electricity spot price, active lake storage and real-time carbon emissions factor of grid electricity was also found. Low carbon emissions factor of grid electricity occurred most often when the electricity spot price was low and high active lake storage level were available.

text: Assessing hydrogen intergration in steam boilers: A comparative analysis of different energy sources for decarbonisation New Zealand has a goal to achieve carbon zero emissions by year 2050. Fossil fuels are still the main energy sources for steam boilers which are important elements in the process heat sector. Therefore, it is quite important to decarbonise the process heat sector by using low carbon energy sources, such as green hydrogen, grid sourced hydrogen, blue hydrogen, hydrogen blend, wood pellets and electricity. In this research, a comparative analysis of these energy sources is conducted to find out the difference between fuel options in terms of carbon emission reduction, conversion efficiency and the levelised cost of energy. The outcome is that wood pellet boiler system has the best performance with the lowest carbon emission factor from energy delivered to plant, high overall energy conversion efficiency, and low levelised cost of energy. Further analysis was conducted to find out how the real-time prices of grid electricity impact the levelised cost carbon emissions of energy for grid sourced hydrogen systems. It found that levelised cost of energy of grid sourced hydrogen is less than the one of natural gas boiler system, when spot electricity prices are less than 37.98 NZD/MWh with carbon price at 70 NZD/tCO2-e. Also, grid sourced hydrogen brings more carbon emissions if it is generated by using the real-time grid electricity with higher prices. The real-time carbon emissions factor and annual carbon emission factor affect the annual amount of carbon emissions and carbon costs when applied to real world case studies of steam boiler systems. The total annual amount of carbon emissions calculated using the average annual carbon emissions factor from the official source was less than that calculated by real-time carbon emission factor for the case studies considered. That would have implications for the carbon costs paid for by companies. Correlations among the electricity spot price, active lake storage and real-time carbon emissions factor of grid electricity was also found. Low carbon emissions factor of grid electricity occurred most often when the electricity spot price was low and high active lake storage level were available.

year: 2024

title: Are You Listening? The Voice of Waitaha, A Forgotten People.

authors: Reese, Alistair William

subjects: maori

abstract: This thesis is a study of Waitaha, a Bay of Plenty iwi that has been marginalized through
the loss of most of its land, much of its language, tikanga, and mana. The purpose of the
work is to communicate, through the 'voice' and the history of the people, a chronicle, of
their alienation to a Pākehā audience that remains in large part ignorant and distant from
their plight.
The thesis is motivated by an academic responsibility to the Treaty of Waitangi and the
lack of understanding to the present needs of Māori as evidenced for example, by the
support for the January 2004 Orewa speech, by the leader of the National Party, Don
Brash. It is predicated upon the understanding that this response, which minimalises the
impact of colonization upon Māori, is constructed by many, through a convenience of
distance. It is motivated also on the understanding that most Pākehā who now inhabit the rohe of Waitaha, are completely ignorant of the identity of tangata whenua. It is hoped
that the presentation of the Waitaha story, will provoke a greater empathy from Pākehā,
and thereby facilitate an environment, whereby grievances can be addressed in an
environment of greater understanding.
The thesis is a qualitative based research exercise, carried out in consultation with
kaumātua and other Waitaha members, and attempts to acknowledge and integrate current kaupapa Māori epistemologies with traditional Western academic methodology.
The study uses interviews, Waitangi Tribunal evidence, and other historical references to
construct a narrative that conveys something of the 'voice' of Waitaha. Specifically, it
outlines a chronology of Waitaha settlement, followed by a description of their encounter
with Pākehā, the consequent alienation of the majority of their lands by the Crown, and
concludes, with a glimpse into the current circumstance of Manoeka, the papakainga of
Waitaha.

text: Are You Listening? The Voice of Waitaha, A Forgotten People. This thesis is a study of Waitaha, a Bay of Plenty iwi that has been marginalized through
the loss of most of its land, much of its language, tikanga, and mana. The purpose of the
work is to communicate, through the 'voice' and the history of the people, a chronicle, of
their alienation to a Pākehā audience that remains in large part ignorant and distant from
their plight.
The thesis is motivated by an academic responsibility to the Treaty of Waitangi and the
lack of understanding to the present needs of Māori as evidenced for example, by the
support for the January 2004 Orewa speech, by the leader of the National Party, Don
Brash. It is predicated upon the understanding that this response, which minimalises the
impact of colonization upon Māori, is constructed by many, through a convenience of
distance. It is motivated also on the understanding that most Pākehā who now inhabit the rohe of Waitaha, are completely ignorant of the identity of tangata whenua. It is hoped
that the presentation of the Waitaha story, will provoke a greater empathy from Pākehā,
and thereby facilitate an environment, whereby grievances can be addressed in an
environment of greater understanding.
The thesis is a qualitative based research exercise, carried out in consultation with
kaumātua and other Waitaha members, and attempts to acknowledge and integrate current kaupapa Māori epistemologies with traditional Western academic methodology.
The study uses interviews, Waitangi Tribunal evidence, and other historical references to
construct a narrative that conveys something of the 'voice' of Waitaha. Specifically, it
outlines a chronology of Waitaha settlement, followed by a description of their encounter
with Pākehā, the consequent alienation of the majority of their lands by the Crown, and
concludes, with a glimpse into the current circumstance of Manoeka, the papakainga of
Waitaha.

year: 2006