title: Establishing a conceptual model for residential development in New Zealand

authors: Bishop, Joel

subjects: environmental planning

abstract: There is growing concern among planners, policymakers, regulators, urban economists, and the general public that the contemporary housing market is failing to either provide an adequate supply of affordable housing. Mainstream thought attributes the ‘housing crisis’ primarily to the restriction of new housing supply by the planning system, creating an impetus to deregulate and liberalise urban land use through programmes of mass upzoning like the Auckland Unitary Plan. However, current models of urban land use change often ignore the way that diversity in developer behaviour and decision-making may affect development and land use outcomes.  Significant features of this developer diversity in a New Zealand context include the strong and growing role of Māori in development and the importance of small homeowners and investors. 

There is also growing concern that contemporary housing development does not  adequately account for natural hazard risk and the future impacts of climate change. There is a lack of research investigating how developers react to natural hazard risks, mapping, and policy settings.  

To remedy this weakness in the literature, this research identified and analysed diversity in the behaviour and decision-making of housing developers in New Zealand when deciding whether to purchase, develop, and/or sell sites. Special attention was given to sites subject to significant natural hazard risk(s) and the impact of policy interventions intended to control or manage development in at-risk areas. This was achieved through a review of the existing conceptual models of development and typologies of developers in the literature and a series of surveys and interviews with diverse developers throughout New Zealand. It outlines key conceptual features of the housing sector in New Zealand and proposes a new typology of housing developers that is specific to this context. 

Key findings include the significant diversity that exists between developer types in the prioritisation of key variables and values that determine whether they choose to invest in an at-risk site; diversity of reactions to natural hazard risks and disparities in the efficacy of common risk communication tools between regions; and the vital role of the insurance sector in determining future land use change patterns and natural hazard risk exposure. 

This research reveals the importance of a detailed and nuanced understanding of diverse developer behaviour and decision-making for future policymaking land use change modelling. It also highlights regional and local disparities in developer responses to current natural hazard mapping projects and the vital role of the insurance sector in determining future land use change patterns and natural hazard risk exposure by influencing in the site selection and development behaviour of housing developers.

text: Establishing a conceptual model for residential development in New Zealand There is growing concern among planners, policymakers, regulators, urban economists, and the general public that the contemporary housing market is failing to either provide an adequate supply of affordable housing. Mainstream thought attributes the ‘housing crisis’ primarily to the restriction of new housing supply by the planning system, creating an impetus to deregulate and liberalise urban land use through programmes of mass upzoning like the Auckland Unitary Plan. However, current models of urban land use change often ignore the way that diversity in developer behaviour and decision-making may affect development and land use outcomes.  Significant features of this developer diversity in a New Zealand context include the strong and growing role of Māori in development and the importance of small homeowners and investors. 

There is also growing concern that contemporary housing development does not  adequately account for natural hazard risk and the future impacts of climate change. There is a lack of research investigating how developers react to natural hazard risks, mapping, and policy settings.  

To remedy this weakness in the literature, this research identified and analysed diversity in the behaviour and decision-making of housing developers in New Zealand when deciding whether to purchase, develop, and/or sell sites. Special attention was given to sites subject to significant natural hazard risk(s) and the impact of policy interventions intended to control or manage development in at-risk areas. This was achieved through a review of the existing conceptual models of development and typologies of developers in the literature and a series of surveys and interviews with diverse developers throughout New Zealand. It outlines key conceptual features of the housing sector in New Zealand and proposes a new typology of housing developers that is specific to this context. 

Key findings include the significant diversity that exists between developer types in the prioritisation of key variables and values that determine whether they choose to invest in an at-risk site; diversity of reactions to natural hazard risks and disparities in the efficacy of common risk communication tools between regions; and the vital role of the insurance sector in determining future land use change patterns and natural hazard risk exposure. 

This research reveals the importance of a detailed and nuanced understanding of diverse developer behaviour and decision-making for future policymaking land use change modelling. It also highlights regional and local disparities in developer responses to current natural hazard mapping projects and the vital role of the insurance sector in determining future land use change patterns and natural hazard risk exposure by influencing in the site selection and development behaviour of housing developers.

year: 2025

title: The effects of menstrual cycle phase on physical performance in female rugby athletes: A case-study

authors: Sella, Francesco Stefano

abstract: Limited research exists on the effects of menstrual phase on athletic performance in team sport athletes. In this case-study we investigated the potential effect of menstrual cycle phase on several physical qualities in rugby athletes. Four eumenorrhoeic female rugby athletes completed a battery of physical tests weekly for 5-9 weeks, including 10-m sprint, countermovement (CMJ) and drop (DJ) jumps, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), and Bronco. Concurrently, athletes tracked their menstrual cycle with a smartphone application (FitrWomanTM). To investigate differences in physical performance between phases, data were allocated into four different menstrual phases at the date of each weekly test. A mixed linear model was created for each physical quality of interest. Mean changes between phases were estimated using magnitude-based inferences with 90% confidence intervals. Individual differences between the average score for each menstrual phase with the value predicted by the trend of the other three phases were also assessed. At a group-level, possible greater performances were observed in the CMJ during the late luteal phase compared with menstruation, in the DJ during late luteal compared with luteal, and in the IMTP during late luteal compared with follicular to ovulation (Δ% = 4.9-7.0%). A variety of responses were observed between individuals for all the tests conducted. Understanding and accounting for individual responses during the menstrual cycle will likely be beneficial to training prescription and interpreting performance monitoring results.

text: The effects of menstrual cycle phase on physical performance in female rugby athletes: A case-study Limited research exists on the effects of menstrual phase on athletic performance in team sport athletes. In this case-study we investigated the potential effect of menstrual cycle phase on several physical qualities in rugby athletes. Four eumenorrhoeic female rugby athletes completed a battery of physical tests weekly for 5-9 weeks, including 10-m sprint, countermovement (CMJ) and drop (DJ) jumps, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), and Bronco. Concurrently, athletes tracked their menstrual cycle with a smartphone application (FitrWomanTM). To investigate differences in physical performance between phases, data were allocated into four different menstrual phases at the date of each weekly test. A mixed linear model was created for each physical quality of interest. Mean changes between phases were estimated using magnitude-based inferences with 90% confidence intervals. Individual differences between the average score for each menstrual phase with the value predicted by the trend of the other three phases were also assessed. At a group-level, possible greater performances were observed in the CMJ during the late luteal phase compared with menstruation, in the DJ during late luteal compared with luteal, and in the IMTP during late luteal compared with follicular to ovulation (Δ% = 4.9-7.0%). A variety of responses were observed between individuals for all the tests conducted. Understanding and accounting for individual responses during the menstrual cycle will likely be beneficial to training prescription and interpreting performance monitoring results.

year: 2021

title: The first accurate and precise calendar dating of New Zealand Māori Pā, using Otāhau Pā as a case study.

authors: Hogg, Alan G.

subjects: Māori pā

abstract: This research investigates the potential of radiocarbon wiggle-match dating of palisade posts to provide precise and accurate calendar ages for Māori pā (forts), using Otāhau Pā in the inland Waikato region, New Zealand, as a case study. Even though pā are a dominant element of the pre-European North Island archaeological landscape, they are poorly understood archaeologically, with systematic investigations hampered by the relative lack of precision in radiocarbon dating within the context of New Zealand’s comparatively short prehistory. Using the Southern Hemisphere calibration curve SHCal13, we determine wiggle-match calibrated ages for three palisade posts, using different sampling resolutions to determine the cost- effectiveness of the method. We also test the accuracy of the wiggle-match by obtaining new Southern Hemisphere calibration data from known calendar-age kauri.

text: The first accurate and precise calendar dating of New Zealand Māori Pā, using Otāhau Pā as a case study. This research investigates the potential of radiocarbon wiggle-match dating of palisade posts to provide precise and accurate calendar ages for Māori pā (forts), using Otāhau Pā in the inland Waikato region, New Zealand, as a case study. Even though pā are a dominant element of the pre-European North Island archaeological landscape, they are poorly understood archaeologically, with systematic investigations hampered by the relative lack of precision in radiocarbon dating within the context of New Zealand’s comparatively short prehistory. Using the Southern Hemisphere calibration curve SHCal13, we determine wiggle-match calibrated ages for three palisade posts, using different sampling resolutions to determine the cost- effectiveness of the method. We also test the accuracy of the wiggle-match by obtaining new Southern Hemisphere calibration data from known calendar-age kauri.

year: 2017