title: Applicability of ensemble pattern scaling method on precipitation intensity indices at regional scale

authors: Li, Y.

subjects: biology

abstract: Pattern scaling constructs future climate change scenarios using the normalized change patterns of GCMs, offers the possibility of representing the whole range of uncertainties involved in future climate change projection. This paper investigates the applicability and uncertainty associated with the pattern scaling method in constructing the changes of future precipitation intensity indices at regional scale, using a two-step ensemble approach. In the first step, the linearity accuracy and GCM internal variability were examined explicitly. The inter-model variability of the GCMs and associated confidence intervals were produced in the second step ensemble. Australia and its 7 administrative regions was selected as the study area and three precipitation intensity indices, including two precipitation extreme indices, were used for the examination: i.e., the 99th percentile daily precipitation intensity (P₉₉), the 20-yr-return extreme precipitation intensity (RP₂₀), and the mean precipitation intensity (precipitation amount per wet day) (RPD). A total of 12 IPCC AR4 GCMs with 6 simulation samples were used for the ensemble. For the 3 precipitation intensity indices, good linear relationships between precipitation intensity indices change and global mean temperature change at the national level were found for most GCMs, however, the linear relationship weakened when the analysis was applied to the administrative regions. In addition, the GCM internal signal-to-noise ratios for each GCM tended to decrease at the regional and grid cell levels, along with the reduction in spatial scale. Both GCM-internal and inter-model variability was significant, and the inter-model variability was larger than GCM-internal variability. The final result of the inter-model ensemble median results show that for Australia, in general, all three indices will increase under global warming, with the change rates being 3.56, 7.62 and 2.26 % K⁻¹ for P₉₉, RP₂₀ and RPD respectively at the national level.

text: Applicability of ensemble pattern scaling method on precipitation intensity indices at regional scale Pattern scaling constructs future climate change scenarios using the normalized change patterns of GCMs, offers the possibility of representing the whole range of uncertainties involved in future climate change projection. This paper investigates the applicability and uncertainty associated with the pattern scaling method in constructing the changes of future precipitation intensity indices at regional scale, using a two-step ensemble approach. In the first step, the linearity accuracy and GCM internal variability were examined explicitly. The inter-model variability of the GCMs and associated confidence intervals were produced in the second step ensemble. Australia and its 7 administrative regions was selected as the study area and three precipitation intensity indices, including two precipitation extreme indices, were used for the examination: i.e., the 99th percentile daily precipitation intensity (P₉₉), the 20-yr-return extreme precipitation intensity (RP₂₀), and the mean precipitation intensity (precipitation amount per wet day) (RPD). A total of 12 IPCC AR4 GCMs with 6 simulation samples were used for the ensemble. For the 3 precipitation intensity indices, good linear relationships between precipitation intensity indices change and global mean temperature change at the national level were found for most GCMs, however, the linear relationship weakened when the analysis was applied to the administrative regions. In addition, the GCM internal signal-to-noise ratios for each GCM tended to decrease at the regional and grid cell levels, along with the reduction in spatial scale. Both GCM-internal and inter-model variability was significant, and the inter-model variability was larger than GCM-internal variability. The final result of the inter-model ensemble median results show that for Australia, in general, all three indices will increase under global warming, with the change rates being 3.56, 7.62 and 2.26 % K⁻¹ for P₉₉, RP₂₀ and RPD respectively at the national level.

year: 2011

title: Virtual spaces and networks in Geographical Education and research

authors: Chalmers, Lex

subjects: multicast

abstract: This paper relates developments in the use of Internet-based communication technologies to contemporary exchanges of geographical ideas and content. A brief history of the Internet provides the basis for a review of uses of broadband Internet in contemporary Geography. Two themes are explored: the first is the concept of virtual communities of practice, and the second describes the nature and use of virtual research networks, with a focus on Access Grid. The key argument is that the enhanced Internet capabilities facilitate virtual communities in Geographical Education. The paper is based on five years of experience in developing in-service support at the University of Waikato and the in-class use of tutorial software over the Internet.

text: Virtual spaces and networks in Geographical Education and research This paper relates developments in the use of Internet-based communication technologies to contemporary exchanges of geographical ideas and content. A brief history of the Internet provides the basis for a review of uses of broadband Internet in contemporary Geography. Two themes are explored: the first is the concept of virtual communities of practice, and the second describes the nature and use of virtual research networks, with a focus on Access Grid. The key argument is that the enhanced Internet capabilities facilitate virtual communities in Geographical Education. The paper is based on five years of experience in developing in-service support at the University of Waikato and the in-class use of tutorial software over the Internet.

year: 2009

title: Integrating Maori perspectives into community resilience frameworks for the built environment

authors: Boston, Megan

abstract: Many governments and organisations have attempted to construct frameworks for improving community resilience, particularly as related to the built environment. Many frameworks, globally and locally, take a large overview of society and miss the potential to incorporate cultural, social, and engineering practices followed by indigenous people. However, there is much to learn from the traditional practices of Maori that could directly improve community resilience after a disaster. To date, little research has worked on integrating Maori cultural views into resilience frameworks. Using survey and interview data investigating Maori cultural views on resilience and aspects of the built environment, five Maori values were identified to strengthen resilience. These values are matauranga (knowledge), kotahitanga (unity), kaitiakitanga (guardianship), whakawhanaungatanga (relationships), and manakitanga (extending love). Further, communities can increase community cohesion and unity through adapting building and community layouts learned from observing traditional Maori practices, such as a central marae.

text: Integrating Maori perspectives into community resilience frameworks for the built environment Many governments and organisations have attempted to construct frameworks for improving community resilience, particularly as related to the built environment. Many frameworks, globally and locally, take a large overview of society and miss the potential to incorporate cultural, social, and engineering practices followed by indigenous people. However, there is much to learn from the traditional practices of Maori that could directly improve community resilience after a disaster. To date, little research has worked on integrating Maori cultural views into resilience frameworks. Using survey and interview data investigating Maori cultural views on resilience and aspects of the built environment, five Maori values were identified to strengthen resilience. These values are matauranga (knowledge), kotahitanga (unity), kaitiakitanga (guardianship), whakawhanaungatanga (relationships), and manakitanga (extending love). Further, communities can increase community cohesion and unity through adapting building and community layouts learned from observing traditional Maori practices, such as a central marae.

year: 2022