title: The use of a multidimensional support model to examine policies and practices for immigrant students across Canada.

authors: Volante, Louis

subjects: immigrant children

abstract: In the larger context of migration, the education and integration of immigrant children within Canadian school systems has become a pressing concern for education policy makers. Through a systematic content analysis, this study developed a Multidimensional Support Model to examine education policies and support measures that have been articulated by Ministries and Departments of Education across Canada to facilitate the integration and success of immigrant students in K–12 public education systems. The discussion underscores the timeliness and rationale for Ministries and Departments of Education to develop a stand-alone policy document to address all of the unique needs of immigrant students comprehensively and devote greater attention to the socio-economic challenges immigrant students disproportionately face. Developing this document would also address the importance of greater policy coherence and collaboration among ministry sectors. The utility of the proposed support model, which drew on the existing literature, is also discussed in relation to future research studies.

text: The use of a multidimensional support model to examine policies and practices for immigrant students across Canada. In the larger context of migration, the education and integration of immigrant children within Canadian school systems has become a pressing concern for education policy makers. Through a systematic content analysis, this study developed a Multidimensional Support Model to examine education policies and support measures that have been articulated by Ministries and Departments of Education across Canada to facilitate the integration and success of immigrant students in K–12 public education systems. The discussion underscores the timeliness and rationale for Ministries and Departments of Education to develop a stand-alone policy document to address all of the unique needs of immigrant students comprehensively and devote greater attention to the socio-economic challenges immigrant students disproportionately face. Developing this document would also address the importance of greater policy coherence and collaboration among ministry sectors. The utility of the proposed support model, which drew on the existing literature, is also discussed in relation to future research studies.

year: 2020

title: Rheology and Flow Emplacement Processes of the 1954 Lavas, Mount Ngauruhoe

authors: Sanders, Fiona

subjects: Ngauruhoe

abstract: The rheology and emplacement dynamics of basaltic and rhyolitic lava flows have been studied extensively, leading to the development of numerous rheological and flow behaviour models; however, the flow dynamics of more intermediate composition lavas, particularly those emplaced on relatively steep slopes, is less well-constrained. The 1954-55 eruption of Mount Ngauruhoe, a young, composite cone of the Tongariro Volcanic Centre, generated at least 11, well-preserved, spatter-fed, basaltic andesite a'a lavas on the steep, north-west flanks of the cone. The rheological properties and flow dynamics of these lavas are quantified by incorporating morphological, petrographic and geochemical data collected from these flow deposits into a range of existing numerical models, and the results compared with documented eye-witness accounts. 

The lava flow deposits are typically long, narrow, discrete units characterised by comparable morphological traits on the steep slopes of the cone and varying in dimension, morphology and flow surface features on the shallower slopes. Flow surfaces are typically autobrecciated and display a large-scale, lateral trend in clast size and morphology across flow widths. The 1954 lavas are petrographically and geochemically homogenous with no apparent trends associated with successively emplaced lava flows. The rheological properties of the lavas at the time of initial flow advance are therefore assumed to be comparable for each flow. Lava viscosity was estimated at 102 to 104 Pa s for the temperature range 1150 to 950 C. Yield strength was difficult to quantify but is assumed in this study to be relatively low (~ 25 Pa). Calculated flow velocity, effusion rate and emplacement duration are not well-constrained against documented eye-witness accounts. Mean flow velocity (0.03 to 0.04 m/s) was estimated from eye-witness reports, and used to determine flow emplacement durations between ~ 2 to 48 hours, comparable with documented duration times. Effusion rates could not be definitively quantified but flow deposit morphology and documented accounts indicate that intermittent episodes of high effusion rates over a short duration were associated with the emplacement of the 1954 lavas. 

Three major controls on the emplacement of the 1954 lava flows have been identified. Effusion rate and duration was the primary control on the development of single unit lava flows, flow channel drainage on steep slopes and in limiting run-out distances from the vent. Low initial viscosity and yield strength promoted high flow velocities on steep slopes and low surface cooling rates. Relatively short flow emplacement duration times precluded significant downflow viscosity and yield strength increases. Slope gradient and topographic obstacles were major controls on flow emplacement processes. Slope gradient was the dominant control on flow velocity, flow width and depth and surface autobrecciation, while morphology, flow path direction and surface folding were constrained by local slope gradient variations and/or topographic obstacles.

text: Rheology and Flow Emplacement Processes of the 1954 Lavas, Mount Ngauruhoe The rheology and emplacement dynamics of basaltic and rhyolitic lava flows have been studied extensively, leading to the development of numerous rheological and flow behaviour models; however, the flow dynamics of more intermediate composition lavas, particularly those emplaced on relatively steep slopes, is less well-constrained. The 1954-55 eruption of Mount Ngauruhoe, a young, composite cone of the Tongariro Volcanic Centre, generated at least 11, well-preserved, spatter-fed, basaltic andesite a'a lavas on the steep, north-west flanks of the cone. The rheological properties and flow dynamics of these lavas are quantified by incorporating morphological, petrographic and geochemical data collected from these flow deposits into a range of existing numerical models, and the results compared with documented eye-witness accounts. 

The lava flow deposits are typically long, narrow, discrete units characterised by comparable morphological traits on the steep slopes of the cone and varying in dimension, morphology and flow surface features on the shallower slopes. Flow surfaces are typically autobrecciated and display a large-scale, lateral trend in clast size and morphology across flow widths. The 1954 lavas are petrographically and geochemically homogenous with no apparent trends associated with successively emplaced lava flows. The rheological properties of the lavas at the time of initial flow advance are therefore assumed to be comparable for each flow. Lava viscosity was estimated at 102 to 104 Pa s for the temperature range 1150 to 950 C. Yield strength was difficult to quantify but is assumed in this study to be relatively low (~ 25 Pa). Calculated flow velocity, effusion rate and emplacement duration are not well-constrained against documented eye-witness accounts. Mean flow velocity (0.03 to 0.04 m/s) was estimated from eye-witness reports, and used to determine flow emplacement durations between ~ 2 to 48 hours, comparable with documented duration times. Effusion rates could not be definitively quantified but flow deposit morphology and documented accounts indicate that intermittent episodes of high effusion rates over a short duration were associated with the emplacement of the 1954 lavas. 

Three major controls on the emplacement of the 1954 lava flows have been identified. Effusion rate and duration was the primary control on the development of single unit lava flows, flow channel drainage on steep slopes and in limiting run-out distances from the vent. Low initial viscosity and yield strength promoted high flow velocities on steep slopes and low surface cooling rates. Relatively short flow emplacement duration times precluded significant downflow viscosity and yield strength increases. Slope gradient and topographic obstacles were major controls on flow emplacement processes. Slope gradient was the dominant control on flow velocity, flow width and depth and surface autobrecciation, while morphology, flow path direction and surface folding were constrained by local slope gradient variations and/or topographic obstacles.

year: 2010

title: Challenges Faced – Implications for Policy: The Everyday Lives of Eastern European Women in New Zealand

authors: Ember, Adrienna

subjects: everyday life

abstract: This study explored the everyday lives, aspirations, and coping strategies of seven Eastern European immigrant women in New Zealand who came from Bulgaria, the former Eastern Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, and Slovakia. The answers to the research questions aimed to contribute to the deconstruction of the invisibility and marginalisation of these women in New Zealand.
Guided by the philosophies of Kaupapa Māori Research; the theory of Human Wellbeing; and the theory of Positive Psychology, and using the methods of narrative inquiry, three interviews were conducted with each participant. The focus of the first interviews was to learn about the everyday lives of research participants in their countries of origin. The second interview explored the reasons of relocation to New Zealand, the settlement process, and how women re-established their lives in their new locations. In the final interviews women talked about their current everyday lives and their plans for the future.
Interviews were recorded and summarised in interview summary reports which research participants modified in collaboration with the researcher until a final version was achieved. In addition, women participated in two focus group sessions. The first session was devoted to establish connections among the participants and allow themes to emerge from their conversations. The second group session aimed to explore areas women struggled with in their lives the most: relationships and employment opportunities.
The study yielded contributions to the research topic, to the acculturation literature, and to the design of research with migrants. Firstly, it revealed both negative and positive aspects of the participants’ everyday lives and highlighted some under-researched cultural differences from the mainstream population.
Women highlighted as an important cultural difference their strong preference for straightforward communication which was often experienced as offensive and blatant by local New Zealanders. Research participants critiqued the necessity of networking to obtain jobs in New Zealand which is a clear obstacle for a newly arrived migrant.
This study also highlighted how the acculturation process is more individual and complex than conventional models have sought to explain. While traditional acculturation literature suggests that migrants go through some common patterns during their settlement that ideally leads to their assimilation to the host culture, in this research not all migrant women intended to assimilate. Indeed, those with a stronger wish to become part of the host culture reported more disappointments than those who embraced their cultural otherness as a positive aspect and did not mind reminding different from the dominant Pakeha culture.
Finally, for migrant studies a less common research design was applied by using the Kaupapa Māori framework. This philosophy proposes a research process that empowers immigrants to voice their needs and strengthen them as agents of their lives beyond the research process. While two strength based theories were used for data interpretation (the 3-D model of the Human Wellbeing Theory and the PERMA model of Positive Psychology), the data analysis revealed that both models showed some limitations by failing to incorporate the dimension of spiritual and physical wellbeing within their domains.

text: Challenges Faced – Implications for Policy: The Everyday Lives of Eastern European Women in New Zealand This study explored the everyday lives, aspirations, and coping strategies of seven Eastern European immigrant women in New Zealand who came from Bulgaria, the former Eastern Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, and Slovakia. The answers to the research questions aimed to contribute to the deconstruction of the invisibility and marginalisation of these women in New Zealand.
Guided by the philosophies of Kaupapa Māori Research; the theory of Human Wellbeing; and the theory of Positive Psychology, and using the methods of narrative inquiry, three interviews were conducted with each participant. The focus of the first interviews was to learn about the everyday lives of research participants in their countries of origin. The second interview explored the reasons of relocation to New Zealand, the settlement process, and how women re-established their lives in their new locations. In the final interviews women talked about their current everyday lives and their plans for the future.
Interviews were recorded and summarised in interview summary reports which research participants modified in collaboration with the researcher until a final version was achieved. In addition, women participated in two focus group sessions. The first session was devoted to establish connections among the participants and allow themes to emerge from their conversations. The second group session aimed to explore areas women struggled with in their lives the most: relationships and employment opportunities.
The study yielded contributions to the research topic, to the acculturation literature, and to the design of research with migrants. Firstly, it revealed both negative and positive aspects of the participants’ everyday lives and highlighted some under-researched cultural differences from the mainstream population.
Women highlighted as an important cultural difference their strong preference for straightforward communication which was often experienced as offensive and blatant by local New Zealanders. Research participants critiqued the necessity of networking to obtain jobs in New Zealand which is a clear obstacle for a newly arrived migrant.
This study also highlighted how the acculturation process is more individual and complex than conventional models have sought to explain. While traditional acculturation literature suggests that migrants go through some common patterns during their settlement that ideally leads to their assimilation to the host culture, in this research not all migrant women intended to assimilate. Indeed, those with a stronger wish to become part of the host culture reported more disappointments than those who embraced their cultural otherness as a positive aspect and did not mind reminding different from the dominant Pakeha culture.
Finally, for migrant studies a less common research design was applied by using the Kaupapa Māori framework. This philosophy proposes a research process that empowers immigrants to voice their needs and strengthen them as agents of their lives beyond the research process. While two strength based theories were used for data interpretation (the 3-D model of the Human Wellbeing Theory and the PERMA model of Positive Psychology), the data analysis revealed that both models showed some limitations by failing to incorporate the dimension of spiritual and physical wellbeing within their domains.

year: 2016