title: Place attachment of Ngāi Te Ahi to Hairini Marae

authors: Teddy, Lani

subjects: Hairini

abstract: Twelve members of Ngāi Te Ahi, a hapū from Tauranga, were interviewed to explore how they talk about their place attachment to Hairini Marae.  This was organized around five key dimensions of place attachment taken from the literature—continuity, distinctiveness, symbolism, attachment and familiarity.  We found that in discussing all dimensions, place attachment was equally about social and cultural relationships, history, and socialization.  Place attachment for groups such as Māori is complex because it encompasses all social relationships past and present.  The implication for those working with Māori is to take seriously the wider connotations of place when talking to Māori about marae, traditional homelands, and their land.

text: Place attachment of Ngāi Te Ahi to Hairini Marae Twelve members of Ngāi Te Ahi, a hapū from Tauranga, were interviewed to explore how they talk about their place attachment to Hairini Marae.  This was organized around five key dimensions of place attachment taken from the literature—continuity, distinctiveness, symbolism, attachment and familiarity.  We found that in discussing all dimensions, place attachment was equally about social and cultural relationships, history, and socialization.  Place attachment for groups such as Māori is complex because it encompasses all social relationships past and present.  The implication for those working with Māori is to take seriously the wider connotations of place when talking to Māori about marae, traditional homelands, and their land.

year: 2008

title: The Treaty of Waitangi and Asian Immigrants in Aotearoa: A Reflective Journey

authors: Omura, Saburo

subjects: Te Tiriti o Waitangi

abstract: The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 between the British Crown and Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand being represented at the signing by chiefs from various tribes. The Treaty promised to ensure legitimate control on European settlers, while guaranteeing Māori their sovereignty, undisturbed possession of natural and cultural resources, and citizenship. However, these commitments were reneged upon and were largely discarded over the next century, including devastating confiscations of land and other natural resources, undignified treatment of Māori culture and language, and the loss of indigenous sovereignty following large-scale European migration to Aotearoa/New Zealand in the late 19th century. 
The New Zealand government maintained a ‘white’ New Zealand immigration policy until the late 1980s. An orientation towards white British in New Zealand was so deeply entrenched that the idea of monocultural assimilation remained the norm and went unchallenged until the 1960s. A reflection of this is in the fact that even today the Treaty of Waitangi is not formally recognised in the country’s immigration policies. 
Since the 1990s, there has been a major upsurge in the number of Asian migrants arriving in Aotearoa/New Zealand, so that today people of Chinese, Indian, and similar origin constitute about 11% of the national total population. 
However, settlement support programmes and academic research relating to them have focused on superficial coping and adaptation issues. Integration of these migrants has been frequently discussed but without specific cultural references. Māori culture and the Treaty have never been an integral part of the research scope in the study of acculturation of such migrants in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Government. Politicians, and academics have consequently isolated migrants from indigenous issues, because indigenous people were regarded as irrelevant in this field. 
Nevertheless, some ethnic community groups and individuals have taken initiatives to learn about the Treaty in recent times. I interviewed 17 key informants and conducted six focus groups, with seven people on average participating in each session. Employing a free-association approach in these interviews enabled me to explore significant psychological changes after my informants had learned about the Treaty. 
As a result, many of the participants went through a process of redefining their identity in a new country, rather than just adjusting to or coping with a different environment. Essentially, learning about the Treaty facilitated psychological integration after migrating to New Zealand. 
The future implications of such findings, especially the significant effect of repositioning Māori culture and history in cross-cultural research in New Zealand, is also discussed in this thesis.

text: The Treaty of Waitangi and Asian Immigrants in Aotearoa: A Reflective Journey The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 between the British Crown and Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand being represented at the signing by chiefs from various tribes. The Treaty promised to ensure legitimate control on European settlers, while guaranteeing Māori their sovereignty, undisturbed possession of natural and cultural resources, and citizenship. However, these commitments were reneged upon and were largely discarded over the next century, including devastating confiscations of land and other natural resources, undignified treatment of Māori culture and language, and the loss of indigenous sovereignty following large-scale European migration to Aotearoa/New Zealand in the late 19th century. 
The New Zealand government maintained a ‘white’ New Zealand immigration policy until the late 1980s. An orientation towards white British in New Zealand was so deeply entrenched that the idea of monocultural assimilation remained the norm and went unchallenged until the 1960s. A reflection of this is in the fact that even today the Treaty of Waitangi is not formally recognised in the country’s immigration policies. 
Since the 1990s, there has been a major upsurge in the number of Asian migrants arriving in Aotearoa/New Zealand, so that today people of Chinese, Indian, and similar origin constitute about 11% of the national total population. 
However, settlement support programmes and academic research relating to them have focused on superficial coping and adaptation issues. Integration of these migrants has been frequently discussed but without specific cultural references. Māori culture and the Treaty have never been an integral part of the research scope in the study of acculturation of such migrants in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Government. Politicians, and academics have consequently isolated migrants from indigenous issues, because indigenous people were regarded as irrelevant in this field. 
Nevertheless, some ethnic community groups and individuals have taken initiatives to learn about the Treaty in recent times. I interviewed 17 key informants and conducted six focus groups, with seven people on average participating in each session. Employing a free-association approach in these interviews enabled me to explore significant psychological changes after my informants had learned about the Treaty. 
As a result, many of the participants went through a process of redefining their identity in a new country, rather than just adjusting to or coping with a different environment. Essentially, learning about the Treaty facilitated psychological integration after migrating to New Zealand. 
The future implications of such findings, especially the significant effect of repositioning Māori culture and history in cross-cultural research in New Zealand, is also discussed in this thesis.

year: 2014

title: The quantum theory of optical bistability in nonlinear systems

authors: Steyn-Ross, Moira L.

abstract: This thesis is concerned with the investigation of the behaviour of various nonlinear systems when excited by a coherent light-field. 

Of particular interest to us is the possibility of observing optical bistability in these systems.

In Chapter One we introduce the general theoretical methods we employ to perform all investigations.

In Chapters Two and Three we develop a quantum theory of the interaction of light with a variety of different systems, i.e. Raman active media, the parametric oscillator, the two-photon absorber and a system of three-level atoms.

In each case, a master equation, containing all statistical information about the system, is derived. This enables the systematic inclusion of a damping mechanism into each model.

Discussion is limited to the steady state behaviour of the systems, and in general we assume the deterministic limit in which we ignore quantum fluctuations in the field variables. It is then possible to factorise the steady state expectation values of these variables. 

Steady state calculations indicate that each system may exhibit optical bistability in output field/intensity dependent on input field/intensity.

To determine whether a system will display optical bistability, it is necessary to perform a stability analysis. Where possible, such analytical calculations are performed. However, in certain cases the complexity of the highly nonlinear systems results in these calculations becoming extremely difficult. In such cases, conclusions relating to the stability of the system are drawn from graphical plots of its steady state behaviour.

Chapters Four to Eight are devoted to a study of the intracavity interaction of coherent radiation with semiconductors.

As explained in Chapter Four (of an introductory nature), this work was prompted by two recent experiments which indicated the existence of optical bistability in semiconductors. Although both experiments used semiconductors as the nonlinear material, the mechanism proposed to produce the observed bistability in each case was vastly different.

In Chapter Eight we discuss one of these mechanisms – interband excitation. We present a very simple theory of this effect and show that in essence it is equivalent to the theory of optical bistability in two-level systems. However, we stress that our theory is only approximate and relies on the validity of several simplifying assumptions.

Chapters Five and Six concern the other form of semiconductor optical bistability - arising from the interaction between a light field and excitons comprising the semiconductor.

In order to develop a quantum theory of this system using master equation techniques, it is necessary to transform the fermion system to a boson system. Bosonisation transformations required to effect this are developed in Chapter Five. 

In Chapter Six we present a fully quantum mechanical theory of optical bistability in excitonic systems. Two types of bistability are found: bistability in output intensity and also exciton number, dependent on input intensity.

In Chapter Seven we investigate the effects of quantum fluctuations in a low density exciton system, by considering its Fokker-Planck equation. We discuss in detail the adiabatic elimination of stochastic variables with regard to the system’s Fokker-Planck equation.

text: The quantum theory of optical bistability in nonlinear systems This thesis is concerned with the investigation of the behaviour of various nonlinear systems when excited by a coherent light-field. 

Of particular interest to us is the possibility of observing optical bistability in these systems.

In Chapter One we introduce the general theoretical methods we employ to perform all investigations.

In Chapters Two and Three we develop a quantum theory of the interaction of light with a variety of different systems, i.e. Raman active media, the parametric oscillator, the two-photon absorber and a system of three-level atoms.

In each case, a master equation, containing all statistical information about the system, is derived. This enables the systematic inclusion of a damping mechanism into each model.

Discussion is limited to the steady state behaviour of the systems, and in general we assume the deterministic limit in which we ignore quantum fluctuations in the field variables. It is then possible to factorise the steady state expectation values of these variables. 

Steady state calculations indicate that each system may exhibit optical bistability in output field/intensity dependent on input field/intensity.

To determine whether a system will display optical bistability, it is necessary to perform a stability analysis. Where possible, such analytical calculations are performed. However, in certain cases the complexity of the highly nonlinear systems results in these calculations becoming extremely difficult. In such cases, conclusions relating to the stability of the system are drawn from graphical plots of its steady state behaviour.

Chapters Four to Eight are devoted to a study of the intracavity interaction of coherent radiation with semiconductors.

As explained in Chapter Four (of an introductory nature), this work was prompted by two recent experiments which indicated the existence of optical bistability in semiconductors. Although both experiments used semiconductors as the nonlinear material, the mechanism proposed to produce the observed bistability in each case was vastly different.

In Chapter Eight we discuss one of these mechanisms – interband excitation. We present a very simple theory of this effect and show that in essence it is equivalent to the theory of optical bistability in two-level systems. However, we stress that our theory is only approximate and relies on the validity of several simplifying assumptions.

Chapters Five and Six concern the other form of semiconductor optical bistability - arising from the interaction between a light field and excitons comprising the semiconductor.

In order to develop a quantum theory of this system using master equation techniques, it is necessary to transform the fermion system to a boson system. Bosonisation transformations required to effect this are developed in Chapter Five. 

In Chapter Six we present a fully quantum mechanical theory of optical bistability in excitonic systems. Two types of bistability are found: bistability in output intensity and also exciton number, dependent on input intensity.

In Chapter Seven we investigate the effects of quantum fluctuations in a low density exciton system, by considering its Fokker-Planck equation. We discuss in detail the adiabatic elimination of stochastic variables with regard to the system’s Fokker-Planck equation.

year: 1981