title: Postcards from the outside: European-contact rock art imagery and occupation on the southern Arnhem Land plateau, Jawoyn lands

authors: Gunn, Robert

abstract: The northwestern region of the Arnhem Land plateau has long been relatively well-documented and is renowned worldwide for its wealth of rock art, including numerous paintings referencing items of material culture, people and events of contact between local Aboriginal peoples, Macassans, Chinese and Europeans (e.g. Chaloupka 1993:190–206; Edwards 1979:32; May et al. 2010, 2013; Mountford 1956:162, 179; Wesley 2013). Many of these contact motifs depict Macassan and 19th- to early 20th-century European ships (Chaloupka 1993:190–205; Taçon et al. 2010); some are of newly acquired artefacts, such as rifles, knives and Macassan kris, and horses (May et al. 2013; Wesley 2013); others depict events from the 1880 gold rush in Pine Creek to the west of the plateau (Chinese miners; e.g. Edwards 1979); still others show themes relating to the Second World War (aeroplanes, Darwin wharf; Chaloupka 1993).

text: Postcards from the outside: European-contact rock art imagery and occupation on the southern Arnhem Land plateau, Jawoyn lands The northwestern region of the Arnhem Land plateau has long been relatively well-documented and is renowned worldwide for its wealth of rock art, including numerous paintings referencing items of material culture, people and events of contact between local Aboriginal peoples, Macassans, Chinese and Europeans (e.g. Chaloupka 1993:190–206; Edwards 1979:32; May et al. 2010, 2013; Mountford 1956:162, 179; Wesley 2013). Many of these contact motifs depict Macassan and 19th- to early 20th-century European ships (Chaloupka 1993:190–205; Taçon et al. 2010); some are of newly acquired artefacts, such as rifles, knives and Macassan kris, and horses (May et al. 2013; Wesley 2013); others depict events from the 1880 gold rush in Pine Creek to the west of the plateau (Chinese miners; e.g. Edwards 1979); still others show themes relating to the Second World War (aeroplanes, Darwin wharf; Chaloupka 1993).

year: 2017

title: Women’s lives in the Te Aroha district

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Pioneer women were praised for their hard work, and this paper deals with all aspects of their lives in this district in the late nineteenth and, occasionally, the early twentieth century. Details are provided of all the women who held shares in local mines, not all of whom lived in the district and some of whom were probably dummies for their husbands. Some women had paid work, sometimes out of necessity rather than a desire to be independent, and they struggled to become financially secure on low wages. Servants were not always well treated by the women who employed them.
Women’s lot included a variety of unpaid work and endless domestic duties. Some were fortunate enough to have money of their own, and sometimes held their husbands’ property in their own name, usually to protect it against his creditors. Land was also held in women’s names, usually to enable the family to hold more sections than the law permitted. Because of poverty, some women were forced to seek charitable aid.
Many women were active in community life in a variety of ways, notably their churches, charity, nursing, and temperance. Younger ones enjoyed the outdoors and sports. Competition for popularity (and for a mate) meant a considerable amount of time was spent in trying to look their best and in displaying their finery at the many socials held in the district. 
Some women got into trouble for improper behaviour, notably drunkenness and even violence, but most of the female crime recorded was minor. Sexual misbehaviour included illegitimate children (some of whom had a short life) and abortion. Some wives were deserted, but some women were able to remarry. At the end of this paper, there are accounts of several women’s lives, some of them unhappy– unhappiness being more easily uncovered because of the sources available for historians.

text: Women’s lives in the Te Aroha district Pioneer women were praised for their hard work, and this paper deals with all aspects of their lives in this district in the late nineteenth and, occasionally, the early twentieth century. Details are provided of all the women who held shares in local mines, not all of whom lived in the district and some of whom were probably dummies for their husbands. Some women had paid work, sometimes out of necessity rather than a desire to be independent, and they struggled to become financially secure on low wages. Servants were not always well treated by the women who employed them.
Women’s lot included a variety of unpaid work and endless domestic duties. Some were fortunate enough to have money of their own, and sometimes held their husbands’ property in their own name, usually to protect it against his creditors. Land was also held in women’s names, usually to enable the family to hold more sections than the law permitted. Because of poverty, some women were forced to seek charitable aid.
Many women were active in community life in a variety of ways, notably their churches, charity, nursing, and temperance. Younger ones enjoyed the outdoors and sports. Competition for popularity (and for a mate) meant a considerable amount of time was spent in trying to look their best and in displaying their finery at the many socials held in the district. 
Some women got into trouble for improper behaviour, notably drunkenness and even violence, but most of the female crime recorded was minor. Sexual misbehaviour included illegitimate children (some of whom had a short life) and abortion. Some wives were deserted, but some women were able to remarry. At the end of this paper, there are accounts of several women’s lives, some of them unhappy– unhappiness being more easily uncovered because of the sources available for historians.

year: 2016

title: He hekenga toto, he hekenga tōtā, he hekenga roimata.

authors: Mikaere, Te Maharanui Jacob

abstract: Ariā
Ko tā te tuhinga nei he whakakite i ngā āwangawanga o te kaituhi mō te maha o te hunga taiohi kua tipu mai i raro i te ātaarangi o te Kōhanga Reo, o te Kura Kaupapa Māori, o te wharekura hoki, kua noho ko te reo Māori hei reo tuatahi, engari mō te aronui ki te reo me tōna katoa kore kore rawa atu. Kei te kōrerohia ōna hītori me tōna whakapapa. I ahu mai tō tāua reo i hea? I pēhea tō tāua reo i ngā wā o mua? I pēhea tō tāua reo i te taetanga mai o tauiwi i te takiwā o te 1800? I ahatia tō tāua reo e tauiwi i tērā rautau i kīa ake he reo koretake noa te reo Māori? Nā wai tō tāua reo i ruke ki rāhaki i ngā tau 1900? Ka mutu, nā wai tō tāua reo i whakahoki mai ki te kōpū o tēnei whakatipuranga? Nā ēnei tūmomo urupounamu au i karanga ki te ihi o tōku whare kōrero. 
Ko te ngako o ngā kōrero o roto i te tuhinga nei he whakatewhatewha, he matapaki i te kūare o te hunga taiohi ki te whakapapa, ki te hītori o te reo Māori. Koia ko ōna piki me ōna heke, ngā whakapātaritari i ngana ki te whakapoko i te ahi o te reo Māori i te tata whāngaromanga ōna. Ko te nuinga o ngā kōrero he mea rangahau mai i ngā pukapuka me te whakatakoto i ngā kitenga hei pānuitanga mā te hunga e tāpara ana ki ngā kai o roto. Me whakanui ka tika ngā pēhitanga o te hunga i takatakahi i te ara papatoiake hei whaitanga mā tātau ka tahi, ka rua me kōkuhu ēnei tūmomo mātauranga ki ngā marau whakaako tamariki me kore noa e tahuri mai te hunga taiohi ki tōna reo me tōna katoa. E ora ai te whakapapa o te reo me ōna hītori me whakakōpā e tātau  tōna whakapapa, me ōna kōrero ki ngā tamariki kōhanga mai, kura kaupapa mai, wharekura mai, ā huri atu ki ngā pia whare wānanga hoki. Mā te whakaako i te hītori ki a ngāi taiohi ākene pea ka tipu te kauanuanu ki tōna reo. Kia kekeno atu au ki tōku reanga kei te kitea he momo whakahīhī kua puea ake ai ki roto tonu i a tātau. Ko te momo o tēnei whakahīhī he mea tūkino i te hunga kore reo, he mea whakaiti i ngā tāngata kua noho rehurehu ki ngā kawenga a tāua te Māori. E whakapono ana au mā te kauanuanu o tōku reanga ki tōna reo ka tipu hoki te kauanuanu ki te hunga kāore pea i rongo i ngā hua o te reo, rātau te hunga kua noho pōhara, kua noho manene nā ngā rā pōkākā o te whakapākehātanga. Atu i te whakahīhī o te ngākau kua puea hoki tētahi momo e patu nei i te kōrerotanga o tō tātau reo, arā ake ko te ngākau māngere. I te korenga o te aronui o tōku reanga ki te reo kua tipu ake ētahi, ahakoa i pakeke mai i roto i te Kōhanga Reo mō te kōrero Māori atu kia pakeke ana rātau he aha te aha. Mā te ako i ngā hītori o tō tātau reo e titi ai ki te whatu manawa te hiranga o tō tātau reo, mā tērā e kore rawa te tangata e noho hāneanea me te pōhēhē ka pai noa te reo Māori, ka mutu kāore he tino take kia kaha kōrerotia. 
Ko te tino whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he ngana ki te whakarārangi mai ko hea te huarahi e tuwhera ai ngā kuaha o te ao Māori ki te katoa e tū rangatira ai tātau. Ahakoa pakeke mai taiohi mai rānei, ahakoa matatau ki te reo tauhou ki te reo rānei ko te mea nui kia tū whakahīhī, kia tū māia te iwi Māori ki raurangi.

text: He hekenga toto, he hekenga tōtā, he hekenga roimata. Ariā
Ko tā te tuhinga nei he whakakite i ngā āwangawanga o te kaituhi mō te maha o te hunga taiohi kua tipu mai i raro i te ātaarangi o te Kōhanga Reo, o te Kura Kaupapa Māori, o te wharekura hoki, kua noho ko te reo Māori hei reo tuatahi, engari mō te aronui ki te reo me tōna katoa kore kore rawa atu. Kei te kōrerohia ōna hītori me tōna whakapapa. I ahu mai tō tāua reo i hea? I pēhea tō tāua reo i ngā wā o mua? I pēhea tō tāua reo i te taetanga mai o tauiwi i te takiwā o te 1800? I ahatia tō tāua reo e tauiwi i tērā rautau i kīa ake he reo koretake noa te reo Māori? Nā wai tō tāua reo i ruke ki rāhaki i ngā tau 1900? Ka mutu, nā wai tō tāua reo i whakahoki mai ki te kōpū o tēnei whakatipuranga? Nā ēnei tūmomo urupounamu au i karanga ki te ihi o tōku whare kōrero. 
Ko te ngako o ngā kōrero o roto i te tuhinga nei he whakatewhatewha, he matapaki i te kūare o te hunga taiohi ki te whakapapa, ki te hītori o te reo Māori. Koia ko ōna piki me ōna heke, ngā whakapātaritari i ngana ki te whakapoko i te ahi o te reo Māori i te tata whāngaromanga ōna. Ko te nuinga o ngā kōrero he mea rangahau mai i ngā pukapuka me te whakatakoto i ngā kitenga hei pānuitanga mā te hunga e tāpara ana ki ngā kai o roto. Me whakanui ka tika ngā pēhitanga o te hunga i takatakahi i te ara papatoiake hei whaitanga mā tātau ka tahi, ka rua me kōkuhu ēnei tūmomo mātauranga ki ngā marau whakaako tamariki me kore noa e tahuri mai te hunga taiohi ki tōna reo me tōna katoa. E ora ai te whakapapa o te reo me ōna hītori me whakakōpā e tātau  tōna whakapapa, me ōna kōrero ki ngā tamariki kōhanga mai, kura kaupapa mai, wharekura mai, ā huri atu ki ngā pia whare wānanga hoki. Mā te whakaako i te hītori ki a ngāi taiohi ākene pea ka tipu te kauanuanu ki tōna reo. Kia kekeno atu au ki tōku reanga kei te kitea he momo whakahīhī kua puea ake ai ki roto tonu i a tātau. Ko te momo o tēnei whakahīhī he mea tūkino i te hunga kore reo, he mea whakaiti i ngā tāngata kua noho rehurehu ki ngā kawenga a tāua te Māori. E whakapono ana au mā te kauanuanu o tōku reanga ki tōna reo ka tipu hoki te kauanuanu ki te hunga kāore pea i rongo i ngā hua o te reo, rātau te hunga kua noho pōhara, kua noho manene nā ngā rā pōkākā o te whakapākehātanga. Atu i te whakahīhī o te ngākau kua puea hoki tētahi momo e patu nei i te kōrerotanga o tō tātau reo, arā ake ko te ngākau māngere. I te korenga o te aronui o tōku reanga ki te reo kua tipu ake ētahi, ahakoa i pakeke mai i roto i te Kōhanga Reo mō te kōrero Māori atu kia pakeke ana rātau he aha te aha. Mā te ako i ngā hītori o tō tātau reo e titi ai ki te whatu manawa te hiranga o tō tātau reo, mā tērā e kore rawa te tangata e noho hāneanea me te pōhēhē ka pai noa te reo Māori, ka mutu kāore he tino take kia kaha kōrerotia. 
Ko te tino whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he ngana ki te whakarārangi mai ko hea te huarahi e tuwhera ai ngā kuaha o te ao Māori ki te katoa e tū rangatira ai tātau. Ahakoa pakeke mai taiohi mai rānei, ahakoa matatau ki te reo tauhou ki te reo rānei ko te mea nui kia tū whakahīhī, kia tū māia te iwi Māori ki raurangi.

year: 2016