title: Keeping pace with technology: drones, disturbance and policy deficiency

authors: Wallace, Philippa Jane

subjects: UAV

abstract: This paper analyses regulatory responses to rapid intensiﬁcation of the use of drones/remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) in the context of wildlife protection. Beneﬁts and disadvantages of the technology to wildlife are examined, before three key limitations in policy and law are identiﬁed: failure to address wildlife disturbance in RPA regulation; reliance upon insufﬁciently comprehensive existing wildlife protection legislation to manage disturbance effects; and limited species-speciﬁc research on disturbance. A New Zealand case study further reveals an inconsistent regulatory approach struggling to keep pace with innovation, inadequate regulatory capture of environmental effects due to exemption as “aircraft”, and no recognition that speciﬁc geographical locations, such as coastal areas, distinguished by recreational pressures and high numbers of threatened species require special consideration. Recommendations include acknowledging the impact on wildlife in policy, gap analysis of legal arrangements for protection from disturbance (including airspace), and adoption of minimum approach distances to threatened species.

text: Keeping pace with technology: drones, disturbance and policy deficiency This paper analyses regulatory responses to rapid intensiﬁcation of the use of drones/remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) in the context of wildlife protection. Beneﬁts and disadvantages of the technology to wildlife are examined, before three key limitations in policy and law are identiﬁed: failure to address wildlife disturbance in RPA regulation; reliance upon insufﬁciently comprehensive existing wildlife protection legislation to manage disturbance effects; and limited species-speciﬁc research on disturbance. A New Zealand case study further reveals an inconsistent regulatory approach struggling to keep pace with innovation, inadequate regulatory capture of environmental effects due to exemption as “aircraft”, and no recognition that speciﬁc geographical locations, such as coastal areas, distinguished by recreational pressures and high numbers of threatened species require special consideration. Recommendations include acknowledging the impact on wildlife in policy, gap analysis of legal arrangements for protection from disturbance (including airspace), and adoption of minimum approach distances to threatened species.

year: 2017

title: Secondary Blooming and Mottling in an Intravaginal Drug Release Product

authors: Waugh, Brendan Arthur

subjects: progesterone

abstract: This study was undertaken to determine the root cause of secondary blooming (surface progesterone) and mottling (translucent regions) in the CIDR insert.

A stability study on CIDR inserts found that the alternative supplier silicone (Dow Corning silicone is used in normal manufacture) did not exhibit either secondary blooming or mottling, in agreement with previous work. There was no difference in ‘in vitro’ drug release rate between CIDR inserts made from the two silicone feedstocks. This silicone was found to have a higher ratio of low molecular weight cyclic silicone compounds to straight chain silicone compounds (Measured through detected ion ratios in the leachate by ESMS). The exact relationship between blooming and secondary mottling and this discovery remains unknown.

Results from this research found that part B of the Dow Corning silicone was not responsible for causing secondary blooming and mottling in contrast to previous research. ESMS and GCMS results found that the Dow Corning part B had a more complex composition than of the samples from Dow Corning part A and alternative supplier silicone part A and part B.

It was found that addition of a silicone crosslinker into the Dow Corning silicone, increased mottling, but not secondary blooming. Increasing the mixing of progesterone and liquid silicone decreased mottling (via a static mixer), but did not increase surface progesterone.

The results from two studies into the packing of CIDR inserts immediately after manufacture were contradictory as one found a decrease in mottling from packing in line, while the other found no change in mottling. However there was no difference observed in surface progesterone levels between the packing conditions. Studies on the length of cure were also found to have no predictable effect on mottling.

Studies on arresting the cooling cured silicone above, between and below the melting points of the α and β progesterone polymorphs found that pausing cooling after cure at ~135 °C resulted in decreased secondary blooming and mottling, and that pausing after cure at ~125 °C exhibited less secondary blooming. Neither DSC nor XRD was able to determine a polymorphic bias in progesterone cooled by this cooling process (β progesterone polymorph was in all but one case (that had an added reduction in normal cooling rate)). Studies (XRD and DSC) on the cooling rate of progesterone found that only with very slow cooling rates was the α progesterone polymorph formed. XRD studies also revealed that the mottled regions of CIDR inserts exhibit the β progesterone polymorph, whereas the α progesterone polymorph was detected in non-mottled regions. The mottled regions were found to continue to exhibit the same polymorph after removal of surface progesterone, whereas the non-mottled regions gave no detectable XRD peak intensity.

The study found useful information to assist in the determination of the root cause of secondary blooming and mottling in CIDR inserts. However the root cause remains unknown.

text: Secondary Blooming and Mottling in an Intravaginal Drug Release Product This study was undertaken to determine the root cause of secondary blooming (surface progesterone) and mottling (translucent regions) in the CIDR insert.

A stability study on CIDR inserts found that the alternative supplier silicone (Dow Corning silicone is used in normal manufacture) did not exhibit either secondary blooming or mottling, in agreement with previous work. There was no difference in ‘in vitro’ drug release rate between CIDR inserts made from the two silicone feedstocks. This silicone was found to have a higher ratio of low molecular weight cyclic silicone compounds to straight chain silicone compounds (Measured through detected ion ratios in the leachate by ESMS). The exact relationship between blooming and secondary mottling and this discovery remains unknown.

Results from this research found that part B of the Dow Corning silicone was not responsible for causing secondary blooming and mottling in contrast to previous research. ESMS and GCMS results found that the Dow Corning part B had a more complex composition than of the samples from Dow Corning part A and alternative supplier silicone part A and part B.

It was found that addition of a silicone crosslinker into the Dow Corning silicone, increased mottling, but not secondary blooming. Increasing the mixing of progesterone and liquid silicone decreased mottling (via a static mixer), but did not increase surface progesterone.

The results from two studies into the packing of CIDR inserts immediately after manufacture were contradictory as one found a decrease in mottling from packing in line, while the other found no change in mottling. However there was no difference observed in surface progesterone levels between the packing conditions. Studies on the length of cure were also found to have no predictable effect on mottling.

Studies on arresting the cooling cured silicone above, between and below the melting points of the α and β progesterone polymorphs found that pausing cooling after cure at ~135 °C resulted in decreased secondary blooming and mottling, and that pausing after cure at ~125 °C exhibited less secondary blooming. Neither DSC nor XRD was able to determine a polymorphic bias in progesterone cooled by this cooling process (β progesterone polymorph was in all but one case (that had an added reduction in normal cooling rate)). Studies (XRD and DSC) on the cooling rate of progesterone found that only with very slow cooling rates was the α progesterone polymorph formed. XRD studies also revealed that the mottled regions of CIDR inserts exhibit the β progesterone polymorph, whereas the α progesterone polymorph was detected in non-mottled regions. The mottled regions were found to continue to exhibit the same polymorph after removal of surface progesterone, whereas the non-mottled regions gave no detectable XRD peak intensity.

The study found useful information to assist in the determination of the root cause of secondary blooming and mottling in CIDR inserts. However the root cause remains unknown.

year: 2006

title: Hoea te waka reo e 'Āti Rangi ē! He Kohinga Kōrero

authors: Fairhall, Tīahomarama Te Haana

subjects: Māori

abstract: He taonga tuku iho Te Reo Māori nō tāukiuki, nō tuawhakarere, nō onamata rānō, he kākano i ruia mai i Rangiātea. He taonga Te Reo Māori i raro i ngā tikanga o Te Tiriti o Waitangi, ā, nō te tau 1987 ka whakamanahia hai reo tūturu o Aotearoa. Ahakoa he reo tuku iho ki tērā whakatupuranga, ki tērā whakatupuranga, kai te tāmate te reo. He huhua noa ngā rautaki e whakarauora ai i te reo i roto i ngā kura, i ngā whānau, i ngā hapū, i ngā iwi anō hoki. 

Ko te tino o te tuhinga roa nei he āta titiro ki ngā momo rautaki a ngā uri e whakarauora nei i tō tātou reo ki roto o Ngāti Rangiwewehi kia kore ai ā mātou tamariki, ā mātou mokopuna e haere reo kore. Nō roto mai i te tuhinga nei ka āta whakatewhatewha te iwi o Ngāti Rangiwewehi o mua, kia mārama ai ki ōna āhua, ki ōna whenua, ki āna kōrero, ki ōna tāngata, ki ōna pūkōrero, ki tōna ahurei. Ka mutu, ka āta titiro, ka āta tātari, ka āta wetewete i ngā raraunga kōrero i kapo mai i ngā uiuinga, i kapo mai i ngā pātaitai, i kapo mai i ngā pukapuka kōrero ngā momo rautaki e whakarauora ai te reo o ngā uri o Ngāti Rangiwewehi. Hai āpitihanga, ka āta whakatakoto hoki i ngā piki me ngā heke o te reo ā tatauranga nei, ka kitea te ahunga mai i te wā i a koroua mā, i a kuia mā, ā, moroki noa nei.

Kai roto i ngā upoko o te tuhingaroa nei te tino ia o ngā kōrero, ā, e ono ngā upoko e whakatinana ai tēnei rangahau. Kai te upoko tuatahi e tino kōrerohia ana te iwi o Ngāti Rangiwewehi. Kātahi rā ka uru atu ki ngā whakamahukitanga o ngā mātāpono rangahau kai te upoko tuarua. Ka whakaara mai te upoko tuarua i ngā kaponga ariā me ngā rautaki reo hai tuarā mō te tuhingaroa nei. Kai te upoko tuawhā me te tuarima ngā pitopito kōrero, ngā putanga o te pākiki me ngā uiuinga. Ka mutu mai ki te upoko tuaono, ki te kupu whakamutunga o te tuhingaroa.

The Māori language is a taonga protected under the terms of Te Tiriti o Waitangi. An official language of New Zealand, since 1987. However, although a language passed down from generation to generation, the future of the language is not secure. Efforts are endless in providing many strategies of revitalization and ensuring that Te Reo Māori survives within kura, whare wānanga, whānau, hapū and iwi. The purpose of this research is to gather information pertaining to the tribe of Ngāti Rangiwewehi. This study will explore Ngāti Rangiwewehi in a traditional context, their traditional qualities and will also examine the contributions of the descendants in preserving Te Reo Māori. Furthermore, this study will also examine the ups and downs of the language and how Ngāti Rangiwewehi rates statisticaly in the national census under Te Reo Māori. This information will be gathered to examine strategy examples of Te reo that could benefit both present and future generations. As part of my research I will be interviewing key informants and conducting a survey. There are six chapters to this thesis. Chapter one is based on Ngāti Rangiwewehi as a iwi, past and present. Chapter two is based on the research methodology. Chapter three is the literature review, while Chapter four is the questionnaire. Chapter five are the interviews and lastly Chapter 6, the conclusion.

text: Hoea te waka reo e 'Āti Rangi ē! He Kohinga Kōrero He taonga tuku iho Te Reo Māori nō tāukiuki, nō tuawhakarere, nō onamata rānō, he kākano i ruia mai i Rangiātea. He taonga Te Reo Māori i raro i ngā tikanga o Te Tiriti o Waitangi, ā, nō te tau 1987 ka whakamanahia hai reo tūturu o Aotearoa. Ahakoa he reo tuku iho ki tērā whakatupuranga, ki tērā whakatupuranga, kai te tāmate te reo. He huhua noa ngā rautaki e whakarauora ai i te reo i roto i ngā kura, i ngā whānau, i ngā hapū, i ngā iwi anō hoki. 

Ko te tino o te tuhinga roa nei he āta titiro ki ngā momo rautaki a ngā uri e whakarauora nei i tō tātou reo ki roto o Ngāti Rangiwewehi kia kore ai ā mātou tamariki, ā mātou mokopuna e haere reo kore. Nō roto mai i te tuhinga nei ka āta whakatewhatewha te iwi o Ngāti Rangiwewehi o mua, kia mārama ai ki ōna āhua, ki ōna whenua, ki āna kōrero, ki ōna tāngata, ki ōna pūkōrero, ki tōna ahurei. Ka mutu, ka āta titiro, ka āta tātari, ka āta wetewete i ngā raraunga kōrero i kapo mai i ngā uiuinga, i kapo mai i ngā pātaitai, i kapo mai i ngā pukapuka kōrero ngā momo rautaki e whakarauora ai te reo o ngā uri o Ngāti Rangiwewehi. Hai āpitihanga, ka āta whakatakoto hoki i ngā piki me ngā heke o te reo ā tatauranga nei, ka kitea te ahunga mai i te wā i a koroua mā, i a kuia mā, ā, moroki noa nei.

Kai roto i ngā upoko o te tuhingaroa nei te tino ia o ngā kōrero, ā, e ono ngā upoko e whakatinana ai tēnei rangahau. Kai te upoko tuatahi e tino kōrerohia ana te iwi o Ngāti Rangiwewehi. Kātahi rā ka uru atu ki ngā whakamahukitanga o ngā mātāpono rangahau kai te upoko tuarua. Ka whakaara mai te upoko tuarua i ngā kaponga ariā me ngā rautaki reo hai tuarā mō te tuhingaroa nei. Kai te upoko tuawhā me te tuarima ngā pitopito kōrero, ngā putanga o te pākiki me ngā uiuinga. Ka mutu mai ki te upoko tuaono, ki te kupu whakamutunga o te tuhingaroa.

The Māori language is a taonga protected under the terms of Te Tiriti o Waitangi. An official language of New Zealand, since 1987. However, although a language passed down from generation to generation, the future of the language is not secure. Efforts are endless in providing many strategies of revitalization and ensuring that Te Reo Māori survives within kura, whare wānanga, whānau, hapū and iwi. The purpose of this research is to gather information pertaining to the tribe of Ngāti Rangiwewehi. This study will explore Ngāti Rangiwewehi in a traditional context, their traditional qualities and will also examine the contributions of the descendants in preserving Te Reo Māori. Furthermore, this study will also examine the ups and downs of the language and how Ngāti Rangiwewehi rates statisticaly in the national census under Te Reo Māori. This information will be gathered to examine strategy examples of Te reo that could benefit both present and future generations. As part of my research I will be interviewing key informants and conducting a survey. There are six chapters to this thesis. Chapter one is based on Ngāti Rangiwewehi as a iwi, past and present. Chapter two is based on the research methodology. Chapter three is the literature review, while Chapter four is the questionnaire. Chapter five are the interviews and lastly Chapter 6, the conclusion.

year: 2015