title: The Firth and Clark Battery at Waiorongomai

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: A Thames battery was reconditioned at greater cost than anticipated because of adding the latest improvements. To power it, two water races were constructed through difficult country, and because so much gold was lost in the process then used, a tailings plant was soon added. Throughout the 1880s more improvements were made, but the fineness of the gold and the presence of base metals required a better process. After making a brief inspection of the latest American techniques, the first reverberatory furnace to be used in New Zealand was installed. 
For battery hands, the work could be dangerous, but the only fatality was not inside the building and nor was it the fault of the employers.

text: The Firth and Clark Battery at Waiorongomai A Thames battery was reconditioned at greater cost than anticipated because of adding the latest improvements. To power it, two water races were constructed through difficult country, and because so much gold was lost in the process then used, a tailings plant was soon added. Throughout the 1880s more improvements were made, but the fineness of the gold and the presence of base metals required a better process. After making a brief inspection of the latest American techniques, the first reverberatory furnace to be used in New Zealand was installed. 
For battery hands, the work could be dangerous, but the only fatality was not inside the building and nor was it the fault of the employers.

year: 2016

title: Improving water allocation law and policy in New Zealand: Lessons from Australia

authors: Singh-Ladhar, Jagdeepkaur

subjects: Water

abstract: The main research question in this thesis is what lessons can New Zealand learn from the Australian experience in water allocation? In order to answer this question the thesis first examines the current water allocation law and policy problems in New Zealand. New Zealand has problems with over allocation and a lack of mechanisms to transfer water. There are also more complex issues relating to the lack of systematic planning for water allocation across New Zealand catchments and the consequences of the “first come, first served” method of water allocation that applies under the administrative provisions of the Resource Management Act 1991.
Much of the water allocation literature has an economic or scientific perspective. For that reason the thesis also examines key terms such as “scarcity” in order to fully understand its various dimensions within the literature. The thesis also makes it clear that legal problems relating to how to regulate water allocation require legal analysis. Hence the economic and scientific literature inform the analysis but do not form the primary basis for the analysis. The method of analysis is conventional legal analysis between New Zealand and Australia.
The thesis continues by examining the key characteristics of the recent Australian water law reforms of the last 20 years. The analysis shows that implementing law reform for water allocation has been fraught with constitutional barriers as it tried to work across political state boundaries within the Murray Darling Basin. The Australian approach of co-operative federalism has played a key role in supporting the implementation of the reforms in the National Water Initiative 2004 and Water Act 2007 (Cth). The implementation of the reforms are also examined at the state level.
The analysis of the Australian water law reform provides a rich source of lessons for New Zealand. The analysis shows that Australian reform was based on firm legal foundations. There was independent oversight of the reform implementation by the National Water Commission. Water allocation information was recorded on a water register which could include information relating to water securities. The actual water allocation was aided by the creation of many water products. Water allocations could be distinguished on the basis of a right to receive water at a site, a delivery right to use water infrastructure, temporary allocations and allocation based on a percentage of the total amount of water available in a catchment. These innovative features of water law and policy ought to be considered as possible features to introduce in New Zealand water law.
There are also cautionary lessons from Australia. More recent reviews of the changes to water law reform, including the disestablishment of the National Water Commission, are critical of the Australian government in undermining the progress that has been made. Allegations of water theft and a lack of compliance monitoring are so serious that there has been a Royal Commission by the South Australian government. There is the potential that the reforms could be undermined significantly if state support falls. The lesson from New Zealand from these points is equally if not more important. It shows that regardless of how much is invested in water law reform, compliance and monitoring of water allocation need to be addressed urgently whenever the issue arises. New Zealand also has allegations of water theft and a lack of compliance with the water metering regulations. A strong compliance culture for measuring water takes is essential to the long-term success of water allocation law reform.

text: Improving water allocation law and policy in New Zealand: Lessons from Australia The main research question in this thesis is what lessons can New Zealand learn from the Australian experience in water allocation? In order to answer this question the thesis first examines the current water allocation law and policy problems in New Zealand. New Zealand has problems with over allocation and a lack of mechanisms to transfer water. There are also more complex issues relating to the lack of systematic planning for water allocation across New Zealand catchments and the consequences of the “first come, first served” method of water allocation that applies under the administrative provisions of the Resource Management Act 1991.
Much of the water allocation literature has an economic or scientific perspective. For that reason the thesis also examines key terms such as “scarcity” in order to fully understand its various dimensions within the literature. The thesis also makes it clear that legal problems relating to how to regulate water allocation require legal analysis. Hence the economic and scientific literature inform the analysis but do not form the primary basis for the analysis. The method of analysis is conventional legal analysis between New Zealand and Australia.
The thesis continues by examining the key characteristics of the recent Australian water law reforms of the last 20 years. The analysis shows that implementing law reform for water allocation has been fraught with constitutional barriers as it tried to work across political state boundaries within the Murray Darling Basin. The Australian approach of co-operative federalism has played a key role in supporting the implementation of the reforms in the National Water Initiative 2004 and Water Act 2007 (Cth). The implementation of the reforms are also examined at the state level.
The analysis of the Australian water law reform provides a rich source of lessons for New Zealand. The analysis shows that Australian reform was based on firm legal foundations. There was independent oversight of the reform implementation by the National Water Commission. Water allocation information was recorded on a water register which could include information relating to water securities. The actual water allocation was aided by the creation of many water products. Water allocations could be distinguished on the basis of a right to receive water at a site, a delivery right to use water infrastructure, temporary allocations and allocation based on a percentage of the total amount of water available in a catchment. These innovative features of water law and policy ought to be considered as possible features to introduce in New Zealand water law.
There are also cautionary lessons from Australia. More recent reviews of the changes to water law reform, including the disestablishment of the National Water Commission, are critical of the Australian government in undermining the progress that has been made. Allegations of water theft and a lack of compliance monitoring are so serious that there has been a Royal Commission by the South Australian government. There is the potential that the reforms could be undermined significantly if state support falls. The lesson from New Zealand from these points is equally if not more important. It shows that regardless of how much is invested in water law reform, compliance and monitoring of water allocation need to be addressed urgently whenever the issue arises. New Zealand also has allegations of water theft and a lack of compliance with the water metering regulations. A strong compliance culture for measuring water takes is essential to the long-term success of water allocation law reform.

year: 2019

title: “On and On It Goes”: Representations of the New Zealand Wars in novels, film, and theatre

authors: Sheridan, Brendan Daniel

subjects: History

abstract: This thesis considers fictional representations of the New Zealand Wars. Through the media of novels, feature films, and drama with links to Shakespeare, it explores common features between representations. It examines how these representations change in tone or style over time and how different representations negotiate the complex issues of race, gender, and colonialism.
	I examine key representations ranging from 1861 to 2017 in terms of genre. I begin with the nineteenth-century novel as many of the key tropes used in representations of the New Zealand Wars emerge in this period. I then look at the twentieth-century novel, before concentrating specifically on Maurice Shadbolt and Witi Ihimaera. My discussion then turns to the genres of film and theatre. In all of these diverse representations there are recurring tropes and motifs. Many of the fictions feature stock characters such as the European traveller, the imperial official, and the Māori maiden and bear the imprint of historical romance conventions, popularised by Sir Walter Scott’s Waverly and James Fenimore Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans. The vast majority of stories take place in the North Island between 1860 and 1870. Variations in the depiction of historical events are shaped by the historical scholarship and dominant ideologies of the time, such as the post-colonial tonal shift that emerges following the publication of work by James Belich and Ranginui Walker. I contextualise representations with their point in history, and how they treat the New Zealand Wars in terms of events, characters, and historical figures. 
	Through this approach, my thesis argues that representations of the New Zealand Wars do not form themselves in isolation and do not occur in isolated clusters. This thesis seeks to demonstrate that representations of the New Zealand Wars occur on a steady continuum. Representations of the conflict exist in parallel to one another (intentional or not) and are affected by the social climate, dominant ideologies, and published histories available to the author at the time of writing. The variety of representations—novel, feature film, stage play—share many core tropes. Even so, chronologically this continuum also features shifts in tone, ideologies, and sympathies. A novel of the 1980s has a very different perspective regarding settlers compared to a novel from the 1860s. In the same manner, a play staged in the 2000s shows a different attitude towards the conflict compared to a film from the 1940s. This thesis demonstrates that while representations of the New Zealand Wars share a common subject, how they approach the material is constantly evolving.

text: “On and On It Goes”: Representations of the New Zealand Wars in novels, film, and theatre This thesis considers fictional representations of the New Zealand Wars. Through the media of novels, feature films, and drama with links to Shakespeare, it explores common features between representations. It examines how these representations change in tone or style over time and how different representations negotiate the complex issues of race, gender, and colonialism.
	I examine key representations ranging from 1861 to 2017 in terms of genre. I begin with the nineteenth-century novel as many of the key tropes used in representations of the New Zealand Wars emerge in this period. I then look at the twentieth-century novel, before concentrating specifically on Maurice Shadbolt and Witi Ihimaera. My discussion then turns to the genres of film and theatre. In all of these diverse representations there are recurring tropes and motifs. Many of the fictions feature stock characters such as the European traveller, the imperial official, and the Māori maiden and bear the imprint of historical romance conventions, popularised by Sir Walter Scott’s Waverly and James Fenimore Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans. The vast majority of stories take place in the North Island between 1860 and 1870. Variations in the depiction of historical events are shaped by the historical scholarship and dominant ideologies of the time, such as the post-colonial tonal shift that emerges following the publication of work by James Belich and Ranginui Walker. I contextualise representations with their point in history, and how they treat the New Zealand Wars in terms of events, characters, and historical figures. 
	Through this approach, my thesis argues that representations of the New Zealand Wars do not form themselves in isolation and do not occur in isolated clusters. This thesis seeks to demonstrate that representations of the New Zealand Wars occur on a steady continuum. Representations of the conflict exist in parallel to one another (intentional or not) and are affected by the social climate, dominant ideologies, and published histories available to the author at the time of writing. The variety of representations—novel, feature film, stage play—share many core tropes. Even so, chronologically this continuum also features shifts in tone, ideologies, and sympathies. A novel of the 1980s has a very different perspective regarding settlers compared to a novel from the 1860s. In the same manner, a play staged in the 2000s shows a different attitude towards the conflict compared to a film from the 1940s. This thesis demonstrates that while representations of the New Zealand Wars share a common subject, how they approach the material is constantly evolving.

year: 2019