title: Archetypes and the unthought: The projection of the King’s Court in New Zealand television media

authors: Mataira, Kelvin

abstract: This thesis explores archetypal projections of conflict in Television New Zealand’s news and current affairs as an unthought. The television news and current affairs programmes identified in the thesis relate to issues of conflict between the Maori people of New Zealand, and the Government and Crown agencies of New Zealand. The unresolved issues of conflict are manifest in what has become popularly known as the Treaty of Waitangi settlement process.

The thesis is informed by Foucault’s conviction that the unthought is the power that is linked to every mode of knowledge. The thesis argues that knowledge in relation to thought is limited because the knowledge is surrounded by an immense region of shadow. In an ontology based on thought only it is shown how the Shadow and the King’s Court archetypes conceal and prevent human beings from comprehending other discourses.

It is argued that Foucault’s concern with the unthought is reflected in Carl Gustav Jung’s convictions about the collective unconscious. Jung’s theory of the quarternio: thinking, sensing, intuition and feeling that describe the four functions of the mind, inform the theory and the methodology for the thesis. It is proposed that the discursive activities of television media can be understood in relation to Hermes the Greek God of magic, lies and illusion. It is further proposed that the images that are projected from television media can be informed by mythical accounts of Hermes’ behaviour and activity in relation to Zeus, Apollo, Dionysus, and Ares.

In the thesis, the quarternio and the Greek Gods are represented by the archetypes of the King’s Court. The Ruler archetype represents Zeus and Apollo as the thinking function of the mind. The Sage archetype is shown to be located in close proximity to the Ruler. The Warrior archetype represents Dionysus as the sensing function of the mind. The Magician archetype represents Hermes as the intuitive function of the mind. The Fool archetype represents Ares as the feeling function of the mind. The Destroyer archetype as the inferior and rejected contents of the collective unconscious represents the archetypal Shadow that undermines the activities of the King’s Court. 

It is maintained in the thesis that television media projections of the King’s Court are a metaphor of the mind, and in particular of the contents of the collective unconscious. The King’s Court as a mythical and archetypal metaphor invites an inspection of the unthought through the epistemology of image. The thesis furnishes a methodology based on the epistemology of television. Through an analysis of popular contemporary films such as the Star Wars Trilogy that are shown to be heavily invested with archetypal motif, discourses for each of the King’s Court archetypes are presented. Foucault’s notion of the rituals and gestures that constitute the true discourse in a regime of truth informs the definition of discourse in the thesis. Discourse in the thesis is to be understood as verbal and non-verbal modes of communication.

Foucault’s notion of disciplinary power provides a method for analysing television news and current affairs programmes as an order of discourse. Disciplinary power enables an understanding of the power relations in television media as the power that circulates in an inquisition between the examiner and the confessor. The archetypes of the King’s Court are projected through the rituals of inquisition in television media.

In the analysis all of the archetypes of the King’s Court are seen except for the Magician. Television it is argued represents the Magician. The Destroyer, the Ruler the Sage, the Warrior and the Fool on television media are controlled by the Magician. The Magician shows that the Ruler’s discourse reflected through the King’s Court represents the regime of truth. The competing discourse of the Destroyer as archetypal foe is located outside of the King’s Court and in opposition to the Ruler’s discourse. The Ruler’s discourse is Apollonine. The Ruler projects the image of control, peace, reconciliation, rationality, serenity, authority, and wealth. The Sage as the intellectual and the Fool as the archetypal Trickster are shown to actively facilitate the power of the Ruler. The Warrior who is projected as a powerful leader may be alienated from the King’s Court.

text: Archetypes and the unthought: The projection of the King’s Court in New Zealand television media This thesis explores archetypal projections of conflict in Television New Zealand’s news and current affairs as an unthought. The television news and current affairs programmes identified in the thesis relate to issues of conflict between the Maori people of New Zealand, and the Government and Crown agencies of New Zealand. The unresolved issues of conflict are manifest in what has become popularly known as the Treaty of Waitangi settlement process.

The thesis is informed by Foucault’s conviction that the unthought is the power that is linked to every mode of knowledge. The thesis argues that knowledge in relation to thought is limited because the knowledge is surrounded by an immense region of shadow. In an ontology based on thought only it is shown how the Shadow and the King’s Court archetypes conceal and prevent human beings from comprehending other discourses.

It is argued that Foucault’s concern with the unthought is reflected in Carl Gustav Jung’s convictions about the collective unconscious. Jung’s theory of the quarternio: thinking, sensing, intuition and feeling that describe the four functions of the mind, inform the theory and the methodology for the thesis. It is proposed that the discursive activities of television media can be understood in relation to Hermes the Greek God of magic, lies and illusion. It is further proposed that the images that are projected from television media can be informed by mythical accounts of Hermes’ behaviour and activity in relation to Zeus, Apollo, Dionysus, and Ares.

In the thesis, the quarternio and the Greek Gods are represented by the archetypes of the King’s Court. The Ruler archetype represents Zeus and Apollo as the thinking function of the mind. The Sage archetype is shown to be located in close proximity to the Ruler. The Warrior archetype represents Dionysus as the sensing function of the mind. The Magician archetype represents Hermes as the intuitive function of the mind. The Fool archetype represents Ares as the feeling function of the mind. The Destroyer archetype as the inferior and rejected contents of the collective unconscious represents the archetypal Shadow that undermines the activities of the King’s Court. 

It is maintained in the thesis that television media projections of the King’s Court are a metaphor of the mind, and in particular of the contents of the collective unconscious. The King’s Court as a mythical and archetypal metaphor invites an inspection of the unthought through the epistemology of image. The thesis furnishes a methodology based on the epistemology of television. Through an analysis of popular contemporary films such as the Star Wars Trilogy that are shown to be heavily invested with archetypal motif, discourses for each of the King’s Court archetypes are presented. Foucault’s notion of the rituals and gestures that constitute the true discourse in a regime of truth informs the definition of discourse in the thesis. Discourse in the thesis is to be understood as verbal and non-verbal modes of communication.

Foucault’s notion of disciplinary power provides a method for analysing television news and current affairs programmes as an order of discourse. Disciplinary power enables an understanding of the power relations in television media as the power that circulates in an inquisition between the examiner and the confessor. The archetypes of the King’s Court are projected through the rituals of inquisition in television media.

In the analysis all of the archetypes of the King’s Court are seen except for the Magician. Television it is argued represents the Magician. The Destroyer, the Ruler the Sage, the Warrior and the Fool on television media are controlled by the Magician. The Magician shows that the Ruler’s discourse reflected through the King’s Court represents the regime of truth. The competing discourse of the Destroyer as archetypal foe is located outside of the King’s Court and in opposition to the Ruler’s discourse. The Ruler’s discourse is Apollonine. The Ruler projects the image of control, peace, reconciliation, rationality, serenity, authority, and wealth. The Sage as the intellectual and the Fool as the archetypal Trickster are shown to actively facilitate the power of the Ruler. The Warrior who is projected as a powerful leader may be alienated from the King’s Court.

year: 2000

title: New Zealand regions, 1986 – 2001: Hospitalisation and some related health facts

authors: Pool, Ian

subjects: health

abstract: Once age and gender composition is controlled for, regional health differentials are a function of problems of health service delivery, of socio-economic variance, and overall Māori Pakeha health differences. They indicate relative levels of exclusion and of inequality. This paper shows that these differentials follow in general the patterns seen in other papers in this series.

text: New Zealand regions, 1986 – 2001: Hospitalisation and some related health facts Once age and gender composition is controlled for, regional health differentials are a function of problems of health service delivery, of socio-economic variance, and overall Māori Pakeha health differences. They indicate relative levels of exclusion and of inequality. This paper shows that these differentials follow in general the patterns seen in other papers in this series.

year: 2006-03

title: Nearshore sediment dynamics in a mixed sand/mud environment

authors: Beamsley, Brett James

abstract: Poverty Bay, on the New Zealand's northeast coastline, is a high-energy coastal embayment that receives significant quantities of fine, fluvial sediment from two river systems. Examining seabed geomechanical characteristics, sediment fluxes and morphological features in northern Poverty Bay provided the opportunity to study interactive processes, including sediment entrainment rates over the cohesively bound mixed sand/mud seabeds, and the dispersion of a turbid river plume. Three field experiments and an extensive seabed-sampling programme were undertaken, and a 2-cell numerical model was developed and validated against infilling rates of the port of Gisborne navigation channel. The implications for existing and future operations at the port of Gisborne, including the suitability of capital and maintenance dredged material for use in reclamation, have been evaluated. 

Within the study site, near-bed wave orbital velocities and fluvial inputs control the spatial variability in the seabed sediment textural characteristics, with the seabed grain size decreasing with depth and distance from the mouth of the Turanganui River. A hand-held shear vane was used to quantify the in-situ shear strength of the cohesively bonded mud/sand surficial sediment, and the in-situ shear strength has been correlated (R² = 0.83) with the cumulative effect of several of the sediment textural and environmental parameters. 

Near-bed sediment diffusion and entrainment was examined using an array of micro-scale inline pumps. The effect that cohesive bonding of the mixed sand/mud seabed has on retarding the entrainment rate was examined by considering both the textural and geomechanical characteristics of the seabed. No correlation was found between the ratios of estimated to predicted near bed reference concentration (ζ) and either the median grain size (d₅₀) or the ratio of percent sand to mud of the seabed. However, a good correlation was found between ζ and the normalised in-situ shear strength (𝑥) of the seabed (adjusted R² = 0.99), with the relationship of the form, 

𝑙n(ζ) = -0.51-1.30 𝑥³ 

The conversion of the downward flux from sediment traps to a time-averaged suspended sediment concentration (SSC), and near bed reference concentration (C₀) was found to be critically dependant on the fall velocity statistic (w∫) of the grain size distribution. Due to flocculation of the near-bed suspended sediment, the dispersed equivalent w∫ distribution and median w∫ of the distribution resulted in poor predictions of C₀. Instead, an in-situ ‘effective’ w∫ distribution of the suspended sediment was developed using the measured 𝑙ₛ from individual dispersed grain size bins within the SSC profile and the predicted sediment diffusivity (εₛ). C₀ predicted using the effective w∫ distribution agreed with pumped samples and theory predicted C₀, and provided a robust method of determining the time-averaged SSC of mixed sand/mud sediment using sediment traps. 

The diffusion of sediment within the near-bed SSC profile varied as a function of w∫, with relatively finer sediment exhibiting less diffusion. The mixing length (𝑙ₛ) profile was well approximated by a linear profile, with 𝑙ₛ varying as a function of elevation (z) and the von Karman constant (κ), i.e. 𝑙ₛ = κ𝚣. Within 4-8 cm of the bed 𝑙ₛ is constant and equal to 0.06 m.

β is defined as the ratio of sediment diffusivity (εₛ) to eddy viscosity (ε∫), and is commonly used as a correction factor for predictive SSC profile equations. By examining the diffusion of sediment within the near-bed SSC profile a new equation for β was obtained,

 	𝑙n( β ) = -0. 95 - 0.4ψ / 𝑙n(ψ) 

The horizontal diffusion of sediment within the Turanganui River plume was found to be a function of the distance (x) from the mouth of the Turanganui River and a decay rate factor (Dₓ), where

 	Cₓ = Cₒbe ⁽⁻ ͯ/ᴰͯ ⁾

The form of the equation is similar to the Nielsen time-averaged gradient diffusion equation. Dₓ was correlated (R² = 0.92) with river discharge (φᵣᵢᵥₑᵣ), and found to exponentially decrease with increasing φᵣᵢᵥₑᵣ, where 

	Dₓ = 591+2850 exp(⁻ᵠʳⁱᵛᵉʳ/2.1)

The relationship suggests that the effective w∫ of the suspended sediment within the plume increases with increasing SSC, presumably due to increased flocculated particle size. Based on the developed empirical formulae the Turanganui River is predicted to discharge 7.6x10⁷ kg of fluvial derived sediment into Poverty Bay on an annual basis. 

The developed relationships and formulae that describe the hydrodynamical processes within northern Poverty Bay have been implemented in a 2-cell numerical model that considers both downward and horizontal sediment fluxes. The port of Gisborne shipping channel infilling rate, as determined from hydrographic surveys and dredging records, was used to validate the model. The 2-cell numerical model accurately predicts channel infilling rates, and provides an insight into the governing hydrodynamical processes in northern Poverty Bay. The developed model represents an alternative to the implementation of a full 3-dimensional hydrodynamic model. 

Hydrographic surveys and dredging records show the channel area passes through the beach nearshore zone, and during the monitoring period maintenance dredging only maintained the channel design depth along the channel leads, while significant infilling occurred near the channel edges (Δh = -1 m). Extrapolation of the results suggests an annual channel infilling rate of 171,400 m³ per year, corresponding to a maintenance dredging cost of approximately $857,000 to $1,200,000 per annum. Wave and river discharge conditions during the monitoring period were smaller than average, and more infilling is expected during stormy years. 

Relocating the channel and port entrance to a site in deeper water, further from the mouth of the Turanganui River, with relatively strong seabed in-situ shear strength is identified as a means of reducing dredging costs. The material dredged from the shipping channel is suitable for use in land-based reclamation, particularly if the soil structure is improved by addition of a coarser material such as of the underlying mudstone unit. The bearing capacity of the reclamation can be improved by mixing the mud/sand with concrete to create mudcrete.

text: Nearshore sediment dynamics in a mixed sand/mud environment Poverty Bay, on the New Zealand's northeast coastline, is a high-energy coastal embayment that receives significant quantities of fine, fluvial sediment from two river systems. Examining seabed geomechanical characteristics, sediment fluxes and morphological features in northern Poverty Bay provided the opportunity to study interactive processes, including sediment entrainment rates over the cohesively bound mixed sand/mud seabeds, and the dispersion of a turbid river plume. Three field experiments and an extensive seabed-sampling programme were undertaken, and a 2-cell numerical model was developed and validated against infilling rates of the port of Gisborne navigation channel. The implications for existing and future operations at the port of Gisborne, including the suitability of capital and maintenance dredged material for use in reclamation, have been evaluated. 

Within the study site, near-bed wave orbital velocities and fluvial inputs control the spatial variability in the seabed sediment textural characteristics, with the seabed grain size decreasing with depth and distance from the mouth of the Turanganui River. A hand-held shear vane was used to quantify the in-situ shear strength of the cohesively bonded mud/sand surficial sediment, and the in-situ shear strength has been correlated (R² = 0.83) with the cumulative effect of several of the sediment textural and environmental parameters. 

Near-bed sediment diffusion and entrainment was examined using an array of micro-scale inline pumps. The effect that cohesive bonding of the mixed sand/mud seabed has on retarding the entrainment rate was examined by considering both the textural and geomechanical characteristics of the seabed. No correlation was found between the ratios of estimated to predicted near bed reference concentration (ζ) and either the median grain size (d₅₀) or the ratio of percent sand to mud of the seabed. However, a good correlation was found between ζ and the normalised in-situ shear strength (𝑥) of the seabed (adjusted R² = 0.99), with the relationship of the form, 

𝑙n(ζ) = -0.51-1.30 𝑥³ 

The conversion of the downward flux from sediment traps to a time-averaged suspended sediment concentration (SSC), and near bed reference concentration (C₀) was found to be critically dependant on the fall velocity statistic (w∫) of the grain size distribution. Due to flocculation of the near-bed suspended sediment, the dispersed equivalent w∫ distribution and median w∫ of the distribution resulted in poor predictions of C₀. Instead, an in-situ ‘effective’ w∫ distribution of the suspended sediment was developed using the measured 𝑙ₛ from individual dispersed grain size bins within the SSC profile and the predicted sediment diffusivity (εₛ). C₀ predicted using the effective w∫ distribution agreed with pumped samples and theory predicted C₀, and provided a robust method of determining the time-averaged SSC of mixed sand/mud sediment using sediment traps. 

The diffusion of sediment within the near-bed SSC profile varied as a function of w∫, with relatively finer sediment exhibiting less diffusion. The mixing length (𝑙ₛ) profile was well approximated by a linear profile, with 𝑙ₛ varying as a function of elevation (z) and the von Karman constant (κ), i.e. 𝑙ₛ = κ𝚣. Within 4-8 cm of the bed 𝑙ₛ is constant and equal to 0.06 m.

β is defined as the ratio of sediment diffusivity (εₛ) to eddy viscosity (ε∫), and is commonly used as a correction factor for predictive SSC profile equations. By examining the diffusion of sediment within the near-bed SSC profile a new equation for β was obtained,

 	𝑙n( β ) = -0. 95 - 0.4ψ / 𝑙n(ψ) 

The horizontal diffusion of sediment within the Turanganui River plume was found to be a function of the distance (x) from the mouth of the Turanganui River and a decay rate factor (Dₓ), where

 	Cₓ = Cₒbe ⁽⁻ ͯ/ᴰͯ ⁾

The form of the equation is similar to the Nielsen time-averaged gradient diffusion equation. Dₓ was correlated (R² = 0.92) with river discharge (φᵣᵢᵥₑᵣ), and found to exponentially decrease with increasing φᵣᵢᵥₑᵣ, where 

	Dₓ = 591+2850 exp(⁻ᵠʳⁱᵛᵉʳ/2.1)

The relationship suggests that the effective w∫ of the suspended sediment within the plume increases with increasing SSC, presumably due to increased flocculated particle size. Based on the developed empirical formulae the Turanganui River is predicted to discharge 7.6x10⁷ kg of fluvial derived sediment into Poverty Bay on an annual basis. 

The developed relationships and formulae that describe the hydrodynamical processes within northern Poverty Bay have been implemented in a 2-cell numerical model that considers both downward and horizontal sediment fluxes. The port of Gisborne shipping channel infilling rate, as determined from hydrographic surveys and dredging records, was used to validate the model. The 2-cell numerical model accurately predicts channel infilling rates, and provides an insight into the governing hydrodynamical processes in northern Poverty Bay. The developed model represents an alternative to the implementation of a full 3-dimensional hydrodynamic model. 

Hydrographic surveys and dredging records show the channel area passes through the beach nearshore zone, and during the monitoring period maintenance dredging only maintained the channel design depth along the channel leads, while significant infilling occurred near the channel edges (Δh = -1 m). Extrapolation of the results suggests an annual channel infilling rate of 171,400 m³ per year, corresponding to a maintenance dredging cost of approximately $857,000 to $1,200,000 per annum. Wave and river discharge conditions during the monitoring period were smaller than average, and more infilling is expected during stormy years. 

Relocating the channel and port entrance to a site in deeper water, further from the mouth of the Turanganui River, with relatively strong seabed in-situ shear strength is identified as a means of reducing dredging costs. The material dredged from the shipping channel is suitable for use in land-based reclamation, particularly if the soil structure is improved by addition of a coarser material such as of the underlying mudstone unit. The bearing capacity of the reclamation can be improved by mixing the mud/sand with concrete to create mudcrete.

year: 2003