title: Analysis of skim milk powder deposition on stainless steel tubes in cross-flow

authors: Walmsley, Timothy Gordon

subjects: heat exchanger

abstract: Particulate fouling on the gas side of heat recovery equipment is a common industrial problem. The aim of this study is to characterize the deposition of skim milk powder on a single bare tube in cross-flow. A custom built rig is applied to simulate exhaust air conditions that is experienced in an exhaust exchanger. For a constant airflow rate, increasing particle stickiness resulted in greater deposition coverage around the front of the round and elliptical tubes peaking in the middle, whereas the turned square tube tended to be either clear or covered. Results show that the skim milk powder particle impact angle on the tube, as opposed to the wall shear stress, is an important determinant for deposition. During each test and at the conclusion of each test, which was when fouling reached an asymptote, the amount of deposition coverage and build-up on the tube varied depending on the tube shape, particle stickiness, and air velocity.

text: Analysis of skim milk powder deposition on stainless steel tubes in cross-flow Particulate fouling on the gas side of heat recovery equipment is a common industrial problem. The aim of this study is to characterize the deposition of skim milk powder on a single bare tube in cross-flow. A custom built rig is applied to simulate exhaust air conditions that is experienced in an exhaust exchanger. For a constant airflow rate, increasing particle stickiness resulted in greater deposition coverage around the front of the round and elliptical tubes peaking in the middle, whereas the turned square tube tended to be either clear or covered. Results show that the skim milk powder particle impact angle on the tube, as opposed to the wall shear stress, is an important determinant for deposition. During each test and at the conclusion of each test, which was when fouling reached an asymptote, the amount of deposition coverage and build-up on the tube varied depending on the tube shape, particle stickiness, and air velocity.

year: 2015

title: Emotional labour and well-being for early childhood teachers: The role of psychological capital and perceived organisational support

authors: Carey, Samantha

subjects: early childhood

abstract: Early childhood teachers play an integral role in the development of children enrolled in early childhood services, yet teachers often face stressful and challenging conditions that impact their well-being and consequently the quality of care and education they provide. Emotional labour, the requirement to suppress and express emotions as determined by the organisation, is considered a prominent component of early childhood teachers’ roles. Emotional labour is comprised of two display-rule strategies: Surface Acting where employees suppress their feelings and feign their emotions, and Deep Acting where feelings are modified to create a genuine performance of emotion. Both negatively relate to employee well-being, but we don’t know what personal or organisational resources might help protect early childhood teachers’ well-being. The present study sought to explore this, examining if Psychological Capital (PsyCap: hope, optimism, efficacy, resilience) and perceived organisational support could mitigate any negative consequences of emotional labour. The cross-sectional, non-experimental design surveyed 320 early childhood teachers currently working in New Zealand who completed measures assessing emotional labour, well-being, PsyCap, and perceived organisational support. Structural Equation Modeling examined the relationships between the constructs under investigation. The findings indicated that early childhood teachers who engaged in surface acting, but not deep acting, were likely to experience a decrease in well-being. The PsyCap resources of hope and optimism, but not efficacy and resilience, were found to be viable avenues to increase or protect early childhood teachers’ well-being, as was perceived organisational support. These results present a valuable contribution to our understanding of early childhood teachers’ well-being and highlight the importance of personal and organisational resources in supporting teachers.

text: Emotional labour and well-being for early childhood teachers: The role of psychological capital and perceived organisational support Early childhood teachers play an integral role in the development of children enrolled in early childhood services, yet teachers often face stressful and challenging conditions that impact their well-being and consequently the quality of care and education they provide. Emotional labour, the requirement to suppress and express emotions as determined by the organisation, is considered a prominent component of early childhood teachers’ roles. Emotional labour is comprised of two display-rule strategies: Surface Acting where employees suppress their feelings and feign their emotions, and Deep Acting where feelings are modified to create a genuine performance of emotion. Both negatively relate to employee well-being, but we don’t know what personal or organisational resources might help protect early childhood teachers’ well-being. The present study sought to explore this, examining if Psychological Capital (PsyCap: hope, optimism, efficacy, resilience) and perceived organisational support could mitigate any negative consequences of emotional labour. The cross-sectional, non-experimental design surveyed 320 early childhood teachers currently working in New Zealand who completed measures assessing emotional labour, well-being, PsyCap, and perceived organisational support. Structural Equation Modeling examined the relationships between the constructs under investigation. The findings indicated that early childhood teachers who engaged in surface acting, but not deep acting, were likely to experience a decrease in well-being. The PsyCap resources of hope and optimism, but not efficacy and resilience, were found to be viable avenues to increase or protect early childhood teachers’ well-being, as was perceived organisational support. These results present a valuable contribution to our understanding of early childhood teachers’ well-being and highlight the importance of personal and organisational resources in supporting teachers.

year: 2023

title: A socio-demographic profile of Māori living in Australia

authors: Kukutai, Tahu

subjects: demography

abstract: This report provides a comprehensive demographic and socio-economic profile of the Māori population in Australia using data from the 2011 Australia Census of Population and Housing. The purpose is to provide an evidence base with which to inform future policy approaches with respect to Māori in Australia. It focuses on five key areas: 

Population size and composition; 
Identity and culture; 
Year of arrival and citizenship; 
Education and work; 
Lone parenting and unpaid childcare. 

Comparisons are undertaken with Māori in the 2006 Australia Census, as well as with two reference groups: the total Australia population and migrant non-Māori New Zealanders. Where appropriate, we also distinguish Māori migrants born in New Zealand and Māori born in Australia. This captures important differences within the Māori population in Australia that have been under-examined in previous studies.

text: A socio-demographic profile of Māori living in Australia This report provides a comprehensive demographic and socio-economic profile of the Māori population in Australia using data from the 2011 Australia Census of Population and Housing. The purpose is to provide an evidence base with which to inform future policy approaches with respect to Māori in Australia. It focuses on five key areas: 

Population size and composition; 
Identity and culture; 
Year of arrival and citizenship; 
Education and work; 
Lone parenting and unpaid childcare. 

Comparisons are undertaken with Māori in the 2006 Australia Census, as well as with two reference groups: the total Australia population and migrant non-Māori New Zealanders. Where appropriate, we also distinguish Māori migrants born in New Zealand and Māori born in Australia. This captures important differences within the Māori population in Australia that have been under-examined in previous studies.

year: 2013-06