title: The investigation of multi-storied Japanese timber pagodas during earthquake events and the application of non-linear joints within virtual models

authors: Roux, Philippus Jacobus

subjects: Timber

abstract: This paper investigates the structural mechanisms contributing to the excellent performance of Japanese pagodas during earthquake events and applies them to modern multi-storeyed timber structure models. Horyu-ji Pagoda was used as a basis for the modelling of the pagoda structure. 

It was discovered that there were six major mechanisms, these were; base isolation joints, sliding friction joints, rocking column joints, nuki joints, a balancing toy effect and the presence of a central pillar (shin-bashira). The first four unique joints were chosen to investigate further for practicality reasons, and they were added to a generic three-storied timber model. These models had different earthquake time histories applied to them and output data was collected using non-linear time history (NLTH) analysis. They key output data that was analysed was the acceleration, displacement and storey drift at each level of the different models. The energy dissipation within the models were also investigated. It was found that each of the unique joints had a certain strength and weakness in decreasing the effects of the earthquake on the structure, however when all of them were used together the best results were seen.

The combined mechanisms model had an average decrease of 43% in peak acceleration, 50% in average acceleration, 31% in peak displacement, 37% in peak storey drift, 65% in maximum internal energy and 81% in residual energy. The model had a 13% increase in peak displacement when considering horizontal loading due to wind. These differences were observed when comparing the combined mechanisms model to a generic timber model with joints that were all linear and moment resisting.

text: The investigation of multi-storied Japanese timber pagodas during earthquake events and the application of non-linear joints within virtual models This paper investigates the structural mechanisms contributing to the excellent performance of Japanese pagodas during earthquake events and applies them to modern multi-storeyed timber structure models. Horyu-ji Pagoda was used as a basis for the modelling of the pagoda structure. 

It was discovered that there were six major mechanisms, these were; base isolation joints, sliding friction joints, rocking column joints, nuki joints, a balancing toy effect and the presence of a central pillar (shin-bashira). The first four unique joints were chosen to investigate further for practicality reasons, and they were added to a generic three-storied timber model. These models had different earthquake time histories applied to them and output data was collected using non-linear time history (NLTH) analysis. They key output data that was analysed was the acceleration, displacement and storey drift at each level of the different models. The energy dissipation within the models were also investigated. It was found that each of the unique joints had a certain strength and weakness in decreasing the effects of the earthquake on the structure, however when all of them were used together the best results were seen.

The combined mechanisms model had an average decrease of 43% in peak acceleration, 50% in average acceleration, 31% in peak displacement, 37% in peak storey drift, 65% in maximum internal energy and 81% in residual energy. The model had a 13% increase in peak displacement when considering horizontal loading due to wind. These differences were observed when comparing the combined mechanisms model to a generic timber model with joints that were all linear and moment resisting.

year: 2022

title: Women’s lives in the Te Aroha district

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Pioneer women were praised for their hard work, and this paper deals with all aspects of their lives in this district in the late nineteenth and, occasionally, the early twentieth century. Details are provided of all the women who held shares in local mines, not all of whom lived in the district and some of whom were probably dummies for their husbands. Some women had paid work, sometimes out of necessity rather than a desire to be independent, and they struggled to become financially secure on low wages. Servants were not always well treated by the women who employed them.
Women’s lot included a variety of unpaid work and endless domestic duties. Some were fortunate enough to have money of their own, and sometimes held their husbands’ property in their own name, usually to protect it against his creditors. Land was also held in women’s names, usually to enable the family to hold more sections than the law permitted. Because of poverty, some women were forced to seek charitable aid.
Many women were active in community life in a variety of ways, notably their churches, charity, nursing, and temperance. Younger ones enjoyed the outdoors and sports. Competition for popularity (and for a mate) meant a considerable amount of time was spent in trying to look their best and in displaying their finery at the many socials held in the district. 
Some women got into trouble for improper behaviour, notably drunkenness and even violence, but most of the female crime recorded was minor. Sexual misbehaviour included illegitimate children (some of whom had a short life) and abortion. Some wives were deserted, but some women were able to remarry. At the end of this paper, there are accounts of several women’s lives, some of them unhappy– unhappiness being more easily uncovered because of the sources available for historians.

text: Women’s lives in the Te Aroha district Pioneer women were praised for their hard work, and this paper deals with all aspects of their lives in this district in the late nineteenth and, occasionally, the early twentieth century. Details are provided of all the women who held shares in local mines, not all of whom lived in the district and some of whom were probably dummies for their husbands. Some women had paid work, sometimes out of necessity rather than a desire to be independent, and they struggled to become financially secure on low wages. Servants were not always well treated by the women who employed them.
Women’s lot included a variety of unpaid work and endless domestic duties. Some were fortunate enough to have money of their own, and sometimes held their husbands’ property in their own name, usually to protect it against his creditors. Land was also held in women’s names, usually to enable the family to hold more sections than the law permitted. Because of poverty, some women were forced to seek charitable aid.
Many women were active in community life in a variety of ways, notably their churches, charity, nursing, and temperance. Younger ones enjoyed the outdoors and sports. Competition for popularity (and for a mate) meant a considerable amount of time was spent in trying to look their best and in displaying their finery at the many socials held in the district. 
Some women got into trouble for improper behaviour, notably drunkenness and even violence, but most of the female crime recorded was minor. Sexual misbehaviour included illegitimate children (some of whom had a short life) and abortion. Some wives were deserted, but some women were able to remarry. At the end of this paper, there are accounts of several women’s lives, some of them unhappy– unhappiness being more easily uncovered because of the sources available for historians.

year: 2016

title: Initial report of the 2018 Census external data quality panel

authors: Bedford, Richard

abstract: One in six New Zealand residents did not complete a questionnaire for the 2018 New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings. This was largely due to operational failures that made it difficult for a significant number of individuals and households to access census questionnaires, and to fulfill their statutory duty to participate.

text: Initial report of the 2018 Census external data quality panel One in six New Zealand residents did not complete a questionnaire for the 2018 New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings. This was largely due to operational failures that made it difficult for a significant number of individuals and households to access census questionnaires, and to fulfill their statutory duty to participate.

year: 2019