title: The Antarctic Treaty System: Legitimacy and environmental protection

authors: Bingham, Gail Lesley

abstract: The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the Antarctic Treaty System has the level of legitimacy necessary to ensure adequate protection for and conservation of the fragile Antarctic environment. This work will provide considerable new information in the field of legitimacy as it relates to the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) as to my knowledge it is the first time an in-depth analysis of the subject has been made using materials from within the ATS. 
To answer this question this thesis will begin with an investigation of the principle of legitimacy within international law. An overview of Antarctic exploration and exploitation, territorial sovereignty and the development of the ATS will follow this. This section will also contain a discussion on the issue of natural resource sovereignty, as it is this issue that is likely to develop as the major source of Antarctic conflict in the future. This introduction to Antarctic politics is intended to give the reader a complete picture of the political situation that currently exists in the region. 
The final eight chapters will contain the substantive arguments of this paper. They consist of the application of legitimacy theory to varies situations that exist within the ATS in order to establish whether these events have any adverse effects on the overall legitimacy of the ATS and therefore its ability to adequately protect and conserve the Antarctic environment. The majority of the information for these chapters has resulted from in-depth research or the meeting reports of the Antarctic Treaty Party Consultative and Special Consultative Meetings. Chapter Seven looks at the continued criticism that the ATS represents a ‘closed and exclusive club of rich and powerful states. Chapter Eight investigates whether the apparent conflict between Article IX(2) or the Antarctic Treaty conflicts with the ATS's environmental protection role. Chapter Nine looks at the circumstances surrounding the establishment or the permanent secretarial. Chapter Ten investigates whether the inability of the Parties to establish a liability annex to the Madrid Protocol has effected the legitimacy of the Protocol and by association the ATS. Chapter Eleven is an analysis of the effects that China's non-compliance with the provision of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources has on the legitimacy of the ATS. Chapter Twelve investigates whether the lack of jurisdiction over tourism in the Antarctic region has had any adverse effects on the legitimacy of the ATS. Chapter Thirteen is an overview of the status of recognition of the ATS within the United Nations. 
At the conclusion of the analysis of international law and the meeting reports of the ATS contained in this thesis it became clear that despite the current problems that the ATS is experiencing the organisation does have the level of legitimacy necessary to protect the Antarctic environment. The Parties must be aware however that this legitimacy may not continue if they do not address these problem areas in a timely manner.

text: The Antarctic Treaty System: Legitimacy and environmental protection The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the Antarctic Treaty System has the level of legitimacy necessary to ensure adequate protection for and conservation of the fragile Antarctic environment. This work will provide considerable new information in the field of legitimacy as it relates to the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) as to my knowledge it is the first time an in-depth analysis of the subject has been made using materials from within the ATS. 
To answer this question this thesis will begin with an investigation of the principle of legitimacy within international law. An overview of Antarctic exploration and exploitation, territorial sovereignty and the development of the ATS will follow this. This section will also contain a discussion on the issue of natural resource sovereignty, as it is this issue that is likely to develop as the major source of Antarctic conflict in the future. This introduction to Antarctic politics is intended to give the reader a complete picture of the political situation that currently exists in the region. 
The final eight chapters will contain the substantive arguments of this paper. They consist of the application of legitimacy theory to varies situations that exist within the ATS in order to establish whether these events have any adverse effects on the overall legitimacy of the ATS and therefore its ability to adequately protect and conserve the Antarctic environment. The majority of the information for these chapters has resulted from in-depth research or the meeting reports of the Antarctic Treaty Party Consultative and Special Consultative Meetings. Chapter Seven looks at the continued criticism that the ATS represents a ‘closed and exclusive club of rich and powerful states. Chapter Eight investigates whether the apparent conflict between Article IX(2) or the Antarctic Treaty conflicts with the ATS's environmental protection role. Chapter Nine looks at the circumstances surrounding the establishment or the permanent secretarial. Chapter Ten investigates whether the inability of the Parties to establish a liability annex to the Madrid Protocol has effected the legitimacy of the Protocol and by association the ATS. Chapter Eleven is an analysis of the effects that China's non-compliance with the provision of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources has on the legitimacy of the ATS. Chapter Twelve investigates whether the lack of jurisdiction over tourism in the Antarctic region has had any adverse effects on the legitimacy of the ATS. Chapter Thirteen is an overview of the status of recognition of the ATS within the United Nations. 
At the conclusion of the analysis of international law and the meeting reports of the ATS contained in this thesis it became clear that despite the current problems that the ATS is experiencing the organisation does have the level of legitimacy necessary to protect the Antarctic environment. The Parties must be aware however that this legitimacy may not continue if they do not address these problem areas in a timely manner.

year: 2002

title: Lithofacies, paleoenvironments and sequence stratigraphy of the Late Oligocene Aotea Formation (Te Kuiti Group), central-western North Island, New Zealand

authors: Kamp, Peter J.J.

abstract: This report presents a comprehensive facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Late Oligocene Aotea Formation within the Late Eocene – Earliest Miocene Te Kuiti Group in the Waikato-King Country Basin in central-western North Island, New Zealand. The Aotea Formation is a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic succession with four facies associations: limestone (Waimai Limestone Member), calcareous sandstone (Hauturu Sandstone Member, Kihi Sandstone Member), calcareous siltstone (Patikirau Siltstone Member) and chemogenic facies (upper parts of Kihi Sandstone Member, Patikirau Siltstone Member and Waimai Limestone Member). Theses facies are established from field descriptions supplemented by laboratory textural and petrographic data and are inferred to have accumulated in different sectors of a shelf environment. The Aotea Formation comprises one sequence for which key surfaces and systems tracts are described and interpreted. The lower sequence boundary is a wave-planed surface. It, together with the subsequent onlap deposits represent a marked basinward shift in the position of coastal onlap arising from basin inversion focussed along the western margin of the basin, followed by marked subsidence in the northern part of the basin.

text: Lithofacies, paleoenvironments and sequence stratigraphy of the Late Oligocene Aotea Formation (Te Kuiti Group), central-western North Island, New Zealand This report presents a comprehensive facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Late Oligocene Aotea Formation within the Late Eocene – Earliest Miocene Te Kuiti Group in the Waikato-King Country Basin in central-western North Island, New Zealand. The Aotea Formation is a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic succession with four facies associations: limestone (Waimai Limestone Member), calcareous sandstone (Hauturu Sandstone Member, Kihi Sandstone Member), calcareous siltstone (Patikirau Siltstone Member) and chemogenic facies (upper parts of Kihi Sandstone Member, Patikirau Siltstone Member and Waimai Limestone Member). Theses facies are established from field descriptions supplemented by laboratory textural and petrographic data and are inferred to have accumulated in different sectors of a shelf environment. The Aotea Formation comprises one sequence for which key surfaces and systems tracts are described and interpreted. The lower sequence boundary is a wave-planed surface. It, together with the subsequent onlap deposits represent a marked basinward shift in the position of coastal onlap arising from basin inversion focussed along the western margin of the basin, followed by marked subsidence in the northern part of the basin.

year: 2014

title: Te Kuranui

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: Ko te tūāpapa o tēnei kōrero Te Kuranui he titiro ki te tūāpapa o Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti kapa haka. He aha te take i whakatūngia ai tēnei Kuranui e karangatia ana ko Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti? Hai tāhūhū mō tēnei tuhinga raurūtia tēnei kupu whakaari a Te Kōoti Arikirangi; “He Kura hoki ahau”, me tēnei wehenga o te mōteatea nāna; Te Pono ki runga rā, te ara mai o te tika. Tukua mai ki raro nā te maungarongo; te whana i tū ai nā te kotahitanga; te aroha i mau ai. Ana ko te Kupu Whakaari nei; He Kura hoki ahau he wewete i tēnei Kupu Whakaari kia kite i te hōhonu o te tikanga ōna hai whakatamārama i tō Te Kōoti wawata hai kura i tana iwi Ringatū me tā te kaituhi whakaraupapa i ēnei kura ki roto i te whakairotanga i te Kuranui nei.
Ka rua kua tātaritia tēnei wehenga o te mōteatea nei kia rima ōna wāhanga hai taki i tēnei tuhinga epā ana ki te Kuranui nei a Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti. Tuatahi Te Pono ki runga rā, ka titiro ki te kaituhi nei me tōna whakatipuranga i ōna kaumātua me ō rātou kuranga i a ia kia tohenihorau ki tōna ao Māori. He kuranga ēnei hai maungāngākau, maungāhinengaro ki te whakaturuki i te Kuranui a Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti. Te ara mai o te tika, ko te whakatūtanga o te kapa haka nei a Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti te Kuranui,arā te whakapaparanga mai i te kapa i tōna tīmatatanga ki te wā tonu nei. Tukua mai ki raro nā te maungarongo; ko te whakapono tēnei wāhanga, ko te ū o Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti ki tēnei kura a Te Kooti Arikirangi. Te whana i tū ai nā te kotahitanga;ko te titiro ki te pouārahi me te whakapau kaha ki te tuitui i ngā whakaaro o te katoa, ko te ranga i te iwi, ko te pupuri i te iwi, i te kapa haka ki tōna, rautaki, whāinga ko te whakakotahitanga i te iwi i raro i te kaupapa o Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti. Te aroha i mau ai, ko te aroha ki te iwi, ko te aroha ki te kaupapa, ko te whakaū, whakapūmau i te moemoeā kia whakahokia mai te toheariki ki te iwi kia tū toherauariki a Te Whakatōhea i raro i te korowai o Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti.

text: Te Kuranui Ko te tūāpapa o tēnei kōrero Te Kuranui he titiro ki te tūāpapa o Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti kapa haka. He aha te take i whakatūngia ai tēnei Kuranui e karangatia ana ko Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti? Hai tāhūhū mō tēnei tuhinga raurūtia tēnei kupu whakaari a Te Kōoti Arikirangi; “He Kura hoki ahau”, me tēnei wehenga o te mōteatea nāna; Te Pono ki runga rā, te ara mai o te tika. Tukua mai ki raro nā te maungarongo; te whana i tū ai nā te kotahitanga; te aroha i mau ai. Ana ko te Kupu Whakaari nei; He Kura hoki ahau he wewete i tēnei Kupu Whakaari kia kite i te hōhonu o te tikanga ōna hai whakatamārama i tō Te Kōoti wawata hai kura i tana iwi Ringatū me tā te kaituhi whakaraupapa i ēnei kura ki roto i te whakairotanga i te Kuranui nei.
Ka rua kua tātaritia tēnei wehenga o te mōteatea nei kia rima ōna wāhanga hai taki i tēnei tuhinga epā ana ki te Kuranui nei a Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti. Tuatahi Te Pono ki runga rā, ka titiro ki te kaituhi nei me tōna whakatipuranga i ōna kaumātua me ō rātou kuranga i a ia kia tohenihorau ki tōna ao Māori. He kuranga ēnei hai maungāngākau, maungāhinengaro ki te whakaturuki i te Kuranui a Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti. Te ara mai o te tika, ko te whakatūtanga o te kapa haka nei a Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti te Kuranui,arā te whakapaparanga mai i te kapa i tōna tīmatatanga ki te wā tonu nei. Tukua mai ki raro nā te maungarongo; ko te whakapono tēnei wāhanga, ko te ū o Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti ki tēnei kura a Te Kooti Arikirangi. Te whana i tū ai nā te kotahitanga;ko te titiro ki te pouārahi me te whakapau kaha ki te tuitui i ngā whakaaro o te katoa, ko te ranga i te iwi, ko te pupuri i te iwi, i te kapa haka ki tōna, rautaki, whāinga ko te whakakotahitanga i te iwi i raro i te kaupapa o Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti. Te aroha i mau ai, ko te aroha ki te iwi, ko te aroha ki te kaupapa, ko te whakaū, whakapūmau i te moemoeā kia whakahokia mai te toheariki ki te iwi kia tū toherauariki a Te Whakatōhea i raro i te korowai o Ōpōtiki Mai Tawhiti.

year: 2014-09-27