title: Prospectors’ working lives in general and at Te Aroha in particular

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: The lure of gold attracted some men to suffer hardship in the hope of making their fortune by discovering a rich deposit. Prospecting was a skilled occupation, requiring an understanding of geology that many hopefuls lacked, and as the easy discoveries had been made by the twentieth century required increasingly systematic and scientific work. Although many who believed in the romance of gold hunting argued that prospectors were born not made, the amateurs often failed to understand what they discovered. Many examples can be given of enthusiastic but incompetent prospectors, who hastily marked out ground but equally hastily abandoned it once tests had proved any ore found was unpayable. 
Some men preferred the life of the prospector to that of the miner, feeling themselves free to come and go and always seeking a new find; it has been argued that for some the search was more important than the financial reward. The search involved very hard work tracing outcrops and reefs through burning the heavy bush or following streams or even probing for the lode with gum spears. When old workings existed, these would be checked as well. Samples had to be taken for later testing. Working far away from families and supplies was difficult and dangerous, requiring carrying heavy packs in usually rugged areas with few tracks and working in any weather. As an example of prospecting, a detailed case study is given of enthusiastic amateurs exploring Waiorongomai in the 1960s. 
Those who worked for themselves could spend years in isolation, sometimes with some success. By the twentieth century few young people wanted to follow their example, commonly seeing them as ‘hatters’ willing to live a hard life in hope of making their fortune; William Tregoweth was an example of one such ‘sanguine’ man. But they were genuine in their efforts to find gold, unlike many subsidized prospecting parties. When good finds were made, prospectors made little profit when they sold their discovery to investors, and overall they felt themselves to be badly treated despite their crucial role in developing new fields.

text: Prospectors’ working lives in general and at Te Aroha in particular The lure of gold attracted some men to suffer hardship in the hope of making their fortune by discovering a rich deposit. Prospecting was a skilled occupation, requiring an understanding of geology that many hopefuls lacked, and as the easy discoveries had been made by the twentieth century required increasingly systematic and scientific work. Although many who believed in the romance of gold hunting argued that prospectors were born not made, the amateurs often failed to understand what they discovered. Many examples can be given of enthusiastic but incompetent prospectors, who hastily marked out ground but equally hastily abandoned it once tests had proved any ore found was unpayable. 
Some men preferred the life of the prospector to that of the miner, feeling themselves free to come and go and always seeking a new find; it has been argued that for some the search was more important than the financial reward. The search involved very hard work tracing outcrops and reefs through burning the heavy bush or following streams or even probing for the lode with gum spears. When old workings existed, these would be checked as well. Samples had to be taken for later testing. Working far away from families and supplies was difficult and dangerous, requiring carrying heavy packs in usually rugged areas with few tracks and working in any weather. As an example of prospecting, a detailed case study is given of enthusiastic amateurs exploring Waiorongomai in the 1960s. 
Those who worked for themselves could spend years in isolation, sometimes with some success. By the twentieth century few young people wanted to follow their example, commonly seeing them as ‘hatters’ willing to live a hard life in hope of making their fortune; William Tregoweth was an example of one such ‘sanguine’ man. But they were genuine in their efforts to find gold, unlike many subsidized prospecting parties. When good finds were made, prospectors made little profit when they sold their discovery to investors, and overall they felt themselves to be badly treated despite their crucial role in developing new fields.

year: 2016

title: Moment capacity of cold-formed channel beams with edge-stiffened web holes, un-stiffened web holes and plain webs

authors: Sivaji, Vivekanandan

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Cold-formed steel (CFS) channel beams are an increasingly popular choice as load-carrying members in building structures. Such channel beams often include web holes for installation of services. Traditional web holes are normally punched and are un-stiffened. This can restrict the size and spacing of web holes. Recently, a new generation of CFS channel beams with edge-stiffened web holes has been developed and used widely in New Zealand. However, no experimental investigation has been reported in the literature for such channel beams under bending. In this paper, a total of 215 results comprising 16 four-point bending tests and 199 finite element analysis (FEA) are reported on the moment capacity of CFS channel beams with both edge-stiffened and un-stiffened web holes. For comparison, channel beams without web holes were also tested. For all specimens, initial imperfections were measured using a laser scanner. A nonlinear elasto-plastic finite element (FE) model was also developed, and the results showed good agreement with the test results. A parametric study was conducted using the validated FE model to investigate the effects of beam length, hole diameter, stiffener length and fillet radius on the moment capacity of CFS channel beams. It is shown that for the case of a channel beam with five edge-stiffened web holes, the moment capacity increased by as much as 14.5%, compared to that of a plain channel beam. For comparison, the same section with un-stiffened web holes had a 13.6% reduction in moment capacity, compared to that of a plain channel beam. Furthermore, the accuracy of current design guidelines in accordance with the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and Australia/New Zealand (AS/NZ) standards were verified by comparing the tests and FEA results against the design strengths for moment capacity of CFS channel beams without web holes. On the other hand, for CFS channel beams with web holes, the moment capacity obtained from tests and FEA were compared against the moment capacity calculated from the design equations of Moen and Schafer. Upon comparison, it was found that the AISI and AS/NZS can closely predict the moment capacity of CFS channel beams without web holes. The Moen and Schafer design equations were found to be over-conservative by around 11% and 28% for moment capacity of CFS channel beams with un-stiffened and edge-stiffened web holes, respectively.

text: Moment capacity of cold-formed channel beams with edge-stiffened web holes, un-stiffened web holes and plain webs Cold-formed steel (CFS) channel beams are an increasingly popular choice as load-carrying members in building structures. Such channel beams often include web holes for installation of services. Traditional web holes are normally punched and are un-stiffened. This can restrict the size and spacing of web holes. Recently, a new generation of CFS channel beams with edge-stiffened web holes has been developed and used widely in New Zealand. However, no experimental investigation has been reported in the literature for such channel beams under bending. In this paper, a total of 215 results comprising 16 four-point bending tests and 199 finite element analysis (FEA) are reported on the moment capacity of CFS channel beams with both edge-stiffened and un-stiffened web holes. For comparison, channel beams without web holes were also tested. For all specimens, initial imperfections were measured using a laser scanner. A nonlinear elasto-plastic finite element (FE) model was also developed, and the results showed good agreement with the test results. A parametric study was conducted using the validated FE model to investigate the effects of beam length, hole diameter, stiffener length and fillet radius on the moment capacity of CFS channel beams. It is shown that for the case of a channel beam with five edge-stiffened web holes, the moment capacity increased by as much as 14.5%, compared to that of a plain channel beam. For comparison, the same section with un-stiffened web holes had a 13.6% reduction in moment capacity, compared to that of a plain channel beam. Furthermore, the accuracy of current design guidelines in accordance with the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and Australia/New Zealand (AS/NZ) standards were verified by comparing the tests and FEA results against the design strengths for moment capacity of CFS channel beams without web holes. On the other hand, for CFS channel beams with web holes, the moment capacity obtained from tests and FEA were compared against the moment capacity calculated from the design equations of Moen and Schafer. Upon comparison, it was found that the AISI and AS/NZS can closely predict the moment capacity of CFS channel beams without web holes. The Moen and Schafer design equations were found to be over-conservative by around 11% and 28% for moment capacity of CFS channel beams with un-stiffened and edge-stiffened web holes, respectively.

year: 2020-12-01

title: Mouri matters Contextualizing mouri in Māori health discourse

authors: Penehira, Mera

abstract: The vision statement of Te Reo o Taranaki, “Tuku reo, tuku mouri: language, culture, crossing generations”, embodies the essence of an understanding of mouri which goes beyond the simple dictionary translations of “life force” or “life essence”. Indeed, there are numerous oral narratives—whakataukī (proverbs), waiata (songs), haka (dance), karanga (ceremonial call), whaikōrero (formal speech), karakia (prayers and incantations)—from the present day to our earliest records of Māori history that engage the notion of mouri. The purpose of this paper is to examine current understandings of mouri and, by linking the concept with linguistic, cultural and intergenerational terms—as in the Taranaki example—it will be argued that mouri is something of significance to our “being” and to our wellbeing.

text: Mouri matters Contextualizing mouri in Māori health discourse The vision statement of Te Reo o Taranaki, “Tuku reo, tuku mouri: language, culture, crossing generations”, embodies the essence of an understanding of mouri which goes beyond the simple dictionary translations of “life force” or “life essence”. Indeed, there are numerous oral narratives—whakataukī (proverbs), waiata (songs), haka (dance), karanga (ceremonial call), whaikōrero (formal speech), karakia (prayers and incantations)—from the present day to our earliest records of Māori history that engage the notion of mouri. The purpose of this paper is to examine current understandings of mouri and, by linking the concept with linguistic, cultural and intergenerational terms—as in the Taranaki example—it will be argued that mouri is something of significance to our “being” and to our wellbeing.

year: 2011