title: Identifying the Processes of Value Co-Creation

authors: Rashid, Yasir

subjects: Value Co-Creation

abstract: This study aimed to address the issues pertaining practicalities of value co-creation from the perspective of Service-Dominant Logic (S-D) of Marketing. Using an interpretive strategy and case study method, this study responds to the call for empirical treatment of Service-Dominant Logic conceptualization. This is done by answering the question “how does integrating resources co-create value?”. A multiple-actor framework of value co-creation is derived from empirical material interpretation incorporating the nature of value realized by actors, resources and actor classifications, nature of interactions, and stages in value co-creation. 

The outcome of this study suggests that value co-creation is a system where actors engage in dialogues with the aim of improving ‘personal situations’. This system is comprised of various processes at four stages. For instance, resources integration among actors happens at a collaboration stage that co-creates consequences. These consequences are experiences, service offerings, relationships and fluctuations in resources and skills. Resources integration is done through reciprocal co-operative dialogue among actors. These dialogues have four types: initiating, building, sharing and critiquing (IBSC). In the next stage, value is realized in the form of inter-related facets: knowledge, monetary, relationship, functional and experience value. All these value facets together increase or decrease the experience value. Once value is realized, the next stage is the appraisal of the overall experience in the form of positive word of mouth, willingness to participate in the future, innovation, and premium valuation of the service offerings. Positive appraisal results in the improved situations of actors. Improved situations are: increase in resources, actors satisfaction, long-term and sustainable partnerships, and successful service delivery. A negative appraisal recognizes in the co-destruction of value. 

This framework is significant because in addition to providing implications for marketing theory and future research, 4E’s of value co-creation matrix (Engage, Event Space, Evaluation , Encourage) which are focused on resource integrations and actors, are recommended for value co-creation practices. 4E’s of value co-creation also question the efficacy of marketing mix in framing managerial decisions. 4E’s of value co-creation presents a service dominant perspective on developing marketing strategies.

text: Identifying the Processes of Value Co-Creation This study aimed to address the issues pertaining practicalities of value co-creation from the perspective of Service-Dominant Logic (S-D) of Marketing. Using an interpretive strategy and case study method, this study responds to the call for empirical treatment of Service-Dominant Logic conceptualization. This is done by answering the question “how does integrating resources co-create value?”. A multiple-actor framework of value co-creation is derived from empirical material interpretation incorporating the nature of value realized by actors, resources and actor classifications, nature of interactions, and stages in value co-creation. 

The outcome of this study suggests that value co-creation is a system where actors engage in dialogues with the aim of improving ‘personal situations’. This system is comprised of various processes at four stages. For instance, resources integration among actors happens at a collaboration stage that co-creates consequences. These consequences are experiences, service offerings, relationships and fluctuations in resources and skills. Resources integration is done through reciprocal co-operative dialogue among actors. These dialogues have four types: initiating, building, sharing and critiquing (IBSC). In the next stage, value is realized in the form of inter-related facets: knowledge, monetary, relationship, functional and experience value. All these value facets together increase or decrease the experience value. Once value is realized, the next stage is the appraisal of the overall experience in the form of positive word of mouth, willingness to participate in the future, innovation, and premium valuation of the service offerings. Positive appraisal results in the improved situations of actors. Improved situations are: increase in resources, actors satisfaction, long-term and sustainable partnerships, and successful service delivery. A negative appraisal recognizes in the co-destruction of value. 

This framework is significant because in addition to providing implications for marketing theory and future research, 4E’s of value co-creation matrix (Engage, Event Space, Evaluation , Encourage) which are focused on resource integrations and actors, are recommended for value co-creation practices. 4E’s of value co-creation also question the efficacy of marketing mix in framing managerial decisions. 4E’s of value co-creation presents a service dominant perspective on developing marketing strategies.

year: 2015

title: Calcium-mediated thermostability in the subtilisin superfamily: the crystal structure of Bacillus Ak.1 protease at 1.8 å resolution

authors: Smith, Clyde A.

subjects: calcium binding

abstract: Proteins of the subtilisin superfamily (subtilases) are widely distributed through many living species, where they perform a variety of processing functions. They are also used extensively in industry. In many of these enzymes, bound calcium ions play a key role in protecting against autolysis and thermal denaturation. We have determined the crystal structure of a highly thermostable protease from Bacillus sp. Ak.1 that is strongly stabilized by calcium. The crystal structure, determined at 1.8 Å resolution (R=0.182, Rfree=0.247), reveals the presence of four bound cations, three Ca2+ and one Na+. Two of the Ca2+ binding sites, Ca-1 and Ca-2, correspond to sites also found in thermitase and the mesophilic subtilisins. The third calcium ion, however, is at a novel site that is created by two key amino acid substitutions near Ca-1, and has not been observed in any other subtilase. This site, acting cooperatively with Ca-1, appears to give substantially enhanced thermostability, compared with thermitase. Comparisons with the mesophilic subtilisins also point to the importance of aromatic clusters, reduced hydrophobic surface and constrained N and C termini in enhancing the thermostability of thermitase and Ak.1 protease. The Ak.1 protease also contains an unusual Cys-X-Cys disulfide bridge that modifies the active site cleft geometry.

text: Calcium-mediated thermostability in the subtilisin superfamily: the crystal structure of Bacillus Ak.1 protease at 1.8 å resolution Proteins of the subtilisin superfamily (subtilases) are widely distributed through many living species, where they perform a variety of processing functions. They are also used extensively in industry. In many of these enzymes, bound calcium ions play a key role in protecting against autolysis and thermal denaturation. We have determined the crystal structure of a highly thermostable protease from Bacillus sp. Ak.1 that is strongly stabilized by calcium. The crystal structure, determined at 1.8 Å resolution (R=0.182, Rfree=0.247), reveals the presence of four bound cations, three Ca2+ and one Na+. Two of the Ca2+ binding sites, Ca-1 and Ca-2, correspond to sites also found in thermitase and the mesophilic subtilisins. The third calcium ion, however, is at a novel site that is created by two key amino acid substitutions near Ca-1, and has not been observed in any other subtilase. This site, acting cooperatively with Ca-1, appears to give substantially enhanced thermostability, compared with thermitase. Comparisons with the mesophilic subtilisins also point to the importance of aromatic clusters, reduced hydrophobic surface and constrained N and C termini in enhancing the thermostability of thermitase and Ak.1 protease. The Ak.1 protease also contains an unusual Cys-X-Cys disulfide bridge that modifies the active site cleft geometry.

year: 1999

title: An evaluation of the Raukawa Health Services Kaumatua Mirimiri Programme

authors: Gregg, Lisa

subjects: Maori

abstract: The Kaumatua Mirimiri Programme was funded as a Service to Improve Access project under a contract which ran from 1st September 2004 to 30th June 2005. Its aim was to provide a “culturally based treatment and recovery programme to restore the health and independence” of people aged 40 years and over (Pinnacle Group Ltd, 2004a, p.1). However, as the service specification in the contract made clear, the programme was not designed be exclusive: it has attracted younger as well as older people, non-Māori as well as Māori, and people seeking help for a wide range of ailments and pain.

text: An evaluation of the Raukawa Health Services Kaumatua Mirimiri Programme The Kaumatua Mirimiri Programme was funded as a Service to Improve Access project under a contract which ran from 1st September 2004 to 30th June 2005. Its aim was to provide a “culturally based treatment and recovery programme to restore the health and independence” of people aged 40 years and over (Pinnacle Group Ltd, 2004a, p.1). However, as the service specification in the contract made clear, the programme was not designed be exclusive: it has attracted younger as well as older people, non-Māori as well as Māori, and people seeking help for a wide range of ailments and pain.

year: 2006-03