title: Matters of trust, privacy and security: An examination of the technical, legal and social principles and values of encryption

authors: Dizon, Michael

abstract: Encryption is a complex, multifaceted and enigmatic technology. From a technical standpoint, encryption underpins the confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of computer data and information systems. At the same time, from the perspective of law and society, its use can hinder the ability of governments to investigate and prosecute crimes and protect national security and public safety. The conflict between information security and privacy on one side and national security and law enforcement on the other has been debated since the so-called Crypto Wars in the United States in the 1990s and the issues seem intractable. Is there a way to balance or reconcile these competing principles and values?

In this workshop (which will be given at the IEEE TrustCom 2019 in Rotorua, New Zealand, from 5-8 August 2019), we will present the results of our research on the principles and values of encryption in New Zealand. In our presentation, we will summarise the key technical principles and rules that underlie encryption. We will then relate this to the legal rules that apply to encryption. There is a common belief that, aside from export control rules, encryption is not subject to regulation. Based on our research, we found that encryption is in fact already regulated by various laws. We will discuss what these laws are and how they impact the development, implementation and use of encryption. Finally, we will discuss how people in New Zealand prioritise and understand the fundamental principles and values of encryption (most especially trust) and how these can be reflected in any proposed encryption laws and policies.

text: Matters of trust, privacy and security: An examination of the technical, legal and social principles and values of encryption Encryption is a complex, multifaceted and enigmatic technology. From a technical standpoint, encryption underpins the confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of computer data and information systems. At the same time, from the perspective of law and society, its use can hinder the ability of governments to investigate and prosecute crimes and protect national security and public safety. The conflict between information security and privacy on one side and national security and law enforcement on the other has been debated since the so-called Crypto Wars in the United States in the 1990s and the issues seem intractable. Is there a way to balance or reconcile these competing principles and values?

In this workshop (which will be given at the IEEE TrustCom 2019 in Rotorua, New Zealand, from 5-8 August 2019), we will present the results of our research on the principles and values of encryption in New Zealand. In our presentation, we will summarise the key technical principles and rules that underlie encryption. We will then relate this to the legal rules that apply to encryption. There is a common belief that, aside from export control rules, encryption is not subject to regulation. Based on our research, we found that encryption is in fact already regulated by various laws. We will discuss what these laws are and how they impact the development, implementation and use of encryption. Finally, we will discuss how people in New Zealand prioritise and understand the fundamental principles and values of encryption (most especially trust) and how these can be reflected in any proposed encryption laws and policies.

year: 2019

title: Risk transfer and uncertainty in privatisation: Cases from air transport

authors: Francis, Graham

subjects: risk

abstract: This paper seeks to challenge  the notion of risk transference via examples of PPP and privatisation of state owned assets. The paper draws on case studies in air transport operations, in which the private sector has been encouraged to take full / part responsibility for previously state-controlled operations. Cases have been drawn from the UK and New Zealand since these countries have been at the forefront of air transport privatisation, and provide examples of a variety of public/private arrangements and their outcomes. The state cannot avoid uncertainty through such contractual arrangements. The quantified approach to risk sharing has grave limitations under conditions of uncertainty. So, contrary to governments’ espoused expectations, although ownership and some benefits have been transferred, some risk elements have ultimately not been transferred. This is in part due to uncertainties surroundings the future prospects of the privatised entities / PPP’s. Indeed, the loss of control may result in greater risk, as private sector investors can reap the rewards of financial returns if the market remains buoyant, but at the same time they are protected to some extent by the state from the financial risk of losing their investments.

text: Risk transfer and uncertainty in privatisation: Cases from air transport This paper seeks to challenge  the notion of risk transference via examples of PPP and privatisation of state owned assets. The paper draws on case studies in air transport operations, in which the private sector has been encouraged to take full / part responsibility for previously state-controlled operations. Cases have been drawn from the UK and New Zealand since these countries have been at the forefront of air transport privatisation, and provide examples of a variety of public/private arrangements and their outcomes. The state cannot avoid uncertainty through such contractual arrangements. The quantified approach to risk sharing has grave limitations under conditions of uncertainty. So, contrary to governments’ espoused expectations, although ownership and some benefits have been transferred, some risk elements have ultimately not been transferred. This is in part due to uncertainties surroundings the future prospects of the privatised entities / PPP’s. Indeed, the loss of control may result in greater risk, as private sector investors can reap the rewards of financial returns if the market remains buoyant, but at the same time they are protected to some extent by the state from the financial risk of losing their investments.

year: 2006-10

title: Te pā tūwatawata: Te reo i te kāinga

authors: Bailey, Iraia Thompson

subjects: te reo Māori

abstract: He tuhinga tēnei e whakaatu atu ana i ngā whakakitenga i puta mai ai i ngā rangahau mō te reo Māori i te kāinga ki ngā whānau o Tūwharetoa.  He toronga anō hoki ki tētahi huarahi hei whakatō iho anō i te reo Māori ki roto i ngā pātū o te kāinga, arā, ki roto i te whānau.

text: Te pā tūwatawata: Te reo i te kāinga He tuhinga tēnei e whakaatu atu ana i ngā whakakitenga i puta mai ai i ngā rangahau mō te reo Māori i te kāinga ki ngā whānau o Tūwharetoa.  He toronga anō hoki ki tētahi huarahi hei whakatō iho anō i te reo Māori ki roto i ngā pātū o te kāinga, arā, ki roto i te whānau.

year: 2019