title: Synthesis and structure of a dimeric, anionic thioglycolate derivative of manganese carbonyl

authors: Dai, Yuan

subjects: dimeric complexes

abstract: The thioglycolate anion reacts with BrMn(CO)5 to form a dimeric complex with bridging sulfur atoms of formula [Mn ₂(thioglycolate) ₂ (CO) ₆] ²⁻. This was isolated as the Et ₃NH ⁺ salt and fully characterized for comparison with the previously reported thiosalicylate analogue.

text: Synthesis and structure of a dimeric, anionic thioglycolate derivative of manganese carbonyl The thioglycolate anion reacts with BrMn(CO)5 to form a dimeric complex with bridging sulfur atoms of formula [Mn ₂(thioglycolate) ₂ (CO) ₆] ²⁻. This was isolated as the Et ₃NH ⁺ salt and fully characterized for comparison with the previously reported thiosalicylate analogue.

year: 2012

title: Integrating occupancy density into the environmental assessment of residential buildings: Towards embodied impact reduction at both building and urban level

authors: Christoforatos, Gerasimos

subjects: LCA

abstract: Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of buildings typically use gross floor area (GFA)-centric functional units, while urban-scale assessments use occupancy-centric ones. This mismatch reflects the dual functions of buildings (providing space and shelter) and can lead to conflicting strategies, where reducing impacts per GFA at the building level may increase impacts per occupant at the urban level. This study compares these assessment approaches and introduces a dual-functional unit approach that evaluates buildings across both functions. Eight detached houses are assessed using LCA across four impact categories and ranked using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method for each approach. Results show significant variation in rankings among the established approaches, with several buildings having completely opposite outcomes (e.g., ranked 1st in the GFA-centric assessment but 6th in the occupancy-centric assessment), while the proposed approach produces more consistent rankings, representing both functions. Moreover, a scenario-based analysis compares the three assessments to a control (no-assessment) scenario, considering all detached houses built in Aotearoa New Zealand over the past 5 years. The GFA-centric assessment resulted in increased total impacts (mean difference +0.20% across the four impact categories) by promoting larger and less dense buildings (+0.70 m² per occupant), while the occupancy-centric assessment led to mean impact reductions of -1.98%, while significantly reducing the space per occupant by 0.98m². The proposed approach achieved even greater impact reductions (-2.22%) while reducing space by only 0.31m² per occupant. Finally, a correlation with national climate goals was made, showing the approach could achieve 71.65% of the national carbon reduction target.

text: Integrating occupancy density into the environmental assessment of residential buildings: Towards embodied impact reduction at both building and urban level Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of buildings typically use gross floor area (GFA)-centric functional units, while urban-scale assessments use occupancy-centric ones. This mismatch reflects the dual functions of buildings (providing space and shelter) and can lead to conflicting strategies, where reducing impacts per GFA at the building level may increase impacts per occupant at the urban level. This study compares these assessment approaches and introduces a dual-functional unit approach that evaluates buildings across both functions. Eight detached houses are assessed using LCA across four impact categories and ranked using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method for each approach. Results show significant variation in rankings among the established approaches, with several buildings having completely opposite outcomes (e.g., ranked 1st in the GFA-centric assessment but 6th in the occupancy-centric assessment), while the proposed approach produces more consistent rankings, representing both functions. Moreover, a scenario-based analysis compares the three assessments to a control (no-assessment) scenario, considering all detached houses built in Aotearoa New Zealand over the past 5 years. The GFA-centric assessment resulted in increased total impacts (mean difference +0.20% across the four impact categories) by promoting larger and less dense buildings (+0.70 m² per occupant), while the occupancy-centric assessment led to mean impact reductions of -1.98%, while significantly reducing the space per occupant by 0.98m². The proposed approach achieved even greater impact reductions (-2.22%) while reducing space by only 0.31m² per occupant. Finally, a correlation with national climate goals was made, showing the approach could achieve 71.65% of the national carbon reduction target.

year: 2025

title: Visitors' satisfaction with heritage sites in New Zealand: Causes and complexities, clusters and causes

authors: Trinh, Thi Thu

subjects: Heritage Tourism

abstract: The thesis presents findings from a survey of over 1,000 visitors at three New Zealand heritage sites. These sites were Te Puia, the Rotorua Bathhouse Museum and the Rangiriri Battlefield Interpretation Centre. All three represent a key period in New Zealand’s history from the period of approximately 1840 to 1900, but in the case of Te Puia there is also a continuing contemporary cultural importance. This last site, located in Rotorua, was founded as the Maori Arts and Crafts Institute and was established to perpetuate Maori tradition skills in areas such as carving and weaving. Its location was in part determined by the volcanic nature of the valley, long inhabited by members of Te Arawa tribal people. The site has a strong connection with tourism as Te Arawa have entertained tourists from the mid-nineteenth century in the volcanic area. The site therefore represents a tourism site from the perspective of history, culture and natural heritage. The Bathhouse Museum represents a period of late colonial architecture while the third site, the Rangiriri Battlefield is based on the remnants of the Pa (Maori fortifications) that was the site of a battle between the colonial government forces and the Maori Kingi movement on November 23rd 1840.

The motive for the research was to provide a profile of visitors for the respective sites and their management, and then to assess to what degree socio-demographics might be explanatory variables in determining future visitation. The core theories being employed revolved around concepts of levels of interest in heritage and historic sites, the intellectual search for knowledge, and the degree to which people became involved in the activity of heritage site visitation. The work was driven by the finding that only about 11 per cent of visits to cultural tourism sites were ‘purposeful’ tourists as defined by McKercher and Du Cros (2002). Being purposeful implies having specific degrees of interest, of becoming involved and possibly seeking meanings that implied senses of identity. That is, self-awareness accrued from having a better understanding of the past as a means of knowing about the present. This conceptualisation implies use of the theories of involvement, benefits and self-awareness, and the managerial aspects of interpretation.  Normally such an approach has been seen by many researchers as a determinant of satisfaction, but in this thesis satisfaction is not seen as simply an end to a process. Rather, this thesis argues that to be satisfied entails not only cognitive and affective components, but also the conative. That conative component can include making recommendations to others, making visits to other heritage sites, or joining organisations associated with heritage sites such as the New Zealand Historic Place Trust. These form key themes in the literature review.

Unfortunately, while these premises emerged from the literature review and informed the hypotheses that are later described in the thesis, they were not wholly supported by the data. It is suggested that one reason for this, from a statistical perspective, was that measures used were subject to multi-collinearity and auto-correlation – put simply, many of the variables are not independent from each other. For example, it is suggested that satisfaction is actually enhanced by subsequently being able to make recommendations to friends and others; that the act of making a recommendation enhances one’s own self in both the eyes of that friend or through an enhanced self- perception of being helpful, and thus auto-correlation may exist between these variables.

This realisation thus leads, in the conclusions of Chapter Eight, to new suggestions for potential future researchers concerning ways of looking at the nature of involvement that draw on distinctions between situational and enduring involvement. Finally, it also needs to be noted that tourists are not lay historians, but are the makers of their holidays, and hence the debate is contextualised within the act of being on holiday, which itself is a period of escape and relaxation for many. Hence the relationships being examined in this thesis are complex, interactive and yet rewarding to untangle.

text: Visitors' satisfaction with heritage sites in New Zealand: Causes and complexities, clusters and causes The thesis presents findings from a survey of over 1,000 visitors at three New Zealand heritage sites. These sites were Te Puia, the Rotorua Bathhouse Museum and the Rangiriri Battlefield Interpretation Centre. All three represent a key period in New Zealand’s history from the period of approximately 1840 to 1900, but in the case of Te Puia there is also a continuing contemporary cultural importance. This last site, located in Rotorua, was founded as the Maori Arts and Crafts Institute and was established to perpetuate Maori tradition skills in areas such as carving and weaving. Its location was in part determined by the volcanic nature of the valley, long inhabited by members of Te Arawa tribal people. The site has a strong connection with tourism as Te Arawa have entertained tourists from the mid-nineteenth century in the volcanic area. The site therefore represents a tourism site from the perspective of history, culture and natural heritage. The Bathhouse Museum represents a period of late colonial architecture while the third site, the Rangiriri Battlefield is based on the remnants of the Pa (Maori fortifications) that was the site of a battle between the colonial government forces and the Maori Kingi movement on November 23rd 1840.

The motive for the research was to provide a profile of visitors for the respective sites and their management, and then to assess to what degree socio-demographics might be explanatory variables in determining future visitation. The core theories being employed revolved around concepts of levels of interest in heritage and historic sites, the intellectual search for knowledge, and the degree to which people became involved in the activity of heritage site visitation. The work was driven by the finding that only about 11 per cent of visits to cultural tourism sites were ‘purposeful’ tourists as defined by McKercher and Du Cros (2002). Being purposeful implies having specific degrees of interest, of becoming involved and possibly seeking meanings that implied senses of identity. That is, self-awareness accrued from having a better understanding of the past as a means of knowing about the present. This conceptualisation implies use of the theories of involvement, benefits and self-awareness, and the managerial aspects of interpretation.  Normally such an approach has been seen by many researchers as a determinant of satisfaction, but in this thesis satisfaction is not seen as simply an end to a process. Rather, this thesis argues that to be satisfied entails not only cognitive and affective components, but also the conative. That conative component can include making recommendations to others, making visits to other heritage sites, or joining organisations associated with heritage sites such as the New Zealand Historic Place Trust. These form key themes in the literature review.

Unfortunately, while these premises emerged from the literature review and informed the hypotheses that are later described in the thesis, they were not wholly supported by the data. It is suggested that one reason for this, from a statistical perspective, was that measures used were subject to multi-collinearity and auto-correlation – put simply, many of the variables are not independent from each other. For example, it is suggested that satisfaction is actually enhanced by subsequently being able to make recommendations to friends and others; that the act of making a recommendation enhances one’s own self in both the eyes of that friend or through an enhanced self- perception of being helpful, and thus auto-correlation may exist between these variables.

This realisation thus leads, in the conclusions of Chapter Eight, to new suggestions for potential future researchers concerning ways of looking at the nature of involvement that draw on distinctions between situational and enduring involvement. Finally, it also needs to be noted that tourists are not lay historians, but are the makers of their holidays, and hence the debate is contextualised within the act of being on holiday, which itself is a period of escape and relaxation for many. Hence the relationships being examined in this thesis are complex, interactive and yet rewarding to untangle.

year: 2013