title: Understanding of marine environments and sustainability by primary school children in lombok, indonesia

authors: Nusantari, Hani

subjects: Primary school

abstract: ABSTRACT

Seagrass beds, mangrove forests and coral reefs as a part of marine environments play an important role in the coastal regions. These environments support the coastal communities by providing resources such as food and income. For many years, marine environments have been facing destruction the majority of which is caused by human impact. The lack of knowledge of how to use and manage the marine resources wisely and sustainably is one reason why marine environments are still facing degradation. 
 
Primary school children who live in two coastal villages in Lombok Island, Indonesia were questioned about their conceptual understanding of their local marine environments and their ideas about sustainability in these environments. Using an interpretive methodology framework, children and their teachers from Grades 5 and 6 in two primary schools in coastal villages, and elders in the villages were studied and. The data gathered from the children through questionnaires and interviews, and from teachers and elders through interviews. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was used to analyse this data. 

The children's experiences in their marine environment appear to have strong connection with their knowledge. Their knowledge also developed by interaction with the people in the communities. Children value their local marine environment as a place that provides food for them and their parents teach them to respect it. Long traditions such as dumping waste in the beach or sea has an impact on children from fishing families and creates a contradiction between the positive values they have and negative attitudes they act on. The children are not taught environmental education in the schools since it is not a compulsory subject and teachers lack knowledge about the marine environment. 

Teachers and elders feel the importance of teaching about the marine environment to their children to give them the knowledge and ability to use the marine resources in sustainable way. For children who are a part of coastal communities, learning about their local marine environment should be made a priority to so they have basic knowledge and understanding in using the marine environment in sustainable ways. Marine environmental education should not only educate children in formal school but also educate people in the communities. The coastal communities as a whole should be working together to achieve the aims of education and conservation. Additionally, the school as a whole needs to support the implementation of marine environmental education.

text: Understanding of marine environments and sustainability by primary school children in lombok, indonesia ABSTRACT

Seagrass beds, mangrove forests and coral reefs as a part of marine environments play an important role in the coastal regions. These environments support the coastal communities by providing resources such as food and income. For many years, marine environments have been facing destruction the majority of which is caused by human impact. The lack of knowledge of how to use and manage the marine resources wisely and sustainably is one reason why marine environments are still facing degradation. 
 
Primary school children who live in two coastal villages in Lombok Island, Indonesia were questioned about their conceptual understanding of their local marine environments and their ideas about sustainability in these environments. Using an interpretive methodology framework, children and their teachers from Grades 5 and 6 in two primary schools in coastal villages, and elders in the villages were studied and. The data gathered from the children through questionnaires and interviews, and from teachers and elders through interviews. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was used to analyse this data. 

The children's experiences in their marine environment appear to have strong connection with their knowledge. Their knowledge also developed by interaction with the people in the communities. Children value their local marine environment as a place that provides food for them and their parents teach them to respect it. Long traditions such as dumping waste in the beach or sea has an impact on children from fishing families and creates a contradiction between the positive values they have and negative attitudes they act on. The children are not taught environmental education in the schools since it is not a compulsory subject and teachers lack knowledge about the marine environment. 

Teachers and elders feel the importance of teaching about the marine environment to their children to give them the knowledge and ability to use the marine resources in sustainable way. For children who are a part of coastal communities, learning about their local marine environment should be made a priority to so they have basic knowledge and understanding in using the marine environment in sustainable ways. Marine environmental education should not only educate children in formal school but also educate people in the communities. The coastal communities as a whole should be working together to achieve the aims of education and conservation. Additionally, the school as a whole needs to support the implementation of marine environmental education.

year: 2008

title: Novel New Zealand marine bioactive natural products for the control of Psa biovar 3

authors: Browne, Ashleigh Joan

abstract: Natural products (secondary metabolites), produced by living organisms to confer selective advantages via chemical-ecological interactions, have had extensive use in biodiscovery programmes and commercial applications. Such compounds are a unique source of chemical and structural novelty and thus provide relevant modes of biological activity unsurpassed by synthetic compounds. The marine environment has become recognised as an important natural product resource in recent years. Increasing interest is attributed to its high biodiversity, which is complemented by an elaborate chemical diversity in marine organisms. Of particular interest are those sessile and colonial marine organisms which utilise secondary metabolites for chemical defence. 

Marine natural products represent unexplored potential for control of the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit, Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) biovar 3. Very few options are available to control the highly virulent pathogen, hence there is an urgent need to find alternative products which kill or inhibit Psa. Previous natural product discovery programmes informed the chance of discovering ‘hit’ activity is low. To increase the chance of success, this study focused on previous biomedicinal work examining related organisms with known activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and bacterial quorum sensing processes (known as ecologically guided discovery).  

The study sought to identify bioactive compounds from marine organisms with biological activity against P. syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3. Nineteen New Zealand macroalgae specimens collected in summer and winter were screened for preliminary biological activity against Psa biovar 3. Five candidates (26 percent) were identified with ‘hit’ activity; of which 16 percent was attributed to those targeted for screening and 10 percent is attributed to those selected at random. The secondary screening phase identified the presence of four brominated ions in Vidalia colensoi, m/z 278.8, 308.8, 421.8, and 311.9, as likely to represent biologically active compounds of interest against Psa. There is currently no evidence to suggest these ions represent previously isolated compounds. Hence, Vidalia colensoi is the species of highest priority to further explore chemically. The elicitor screening phase informed that further considerations are to be made for an effective higher order screening method to examine the macroalgae for elicitor activity against Psa biovar 3. 

In summary, the findings of this study suggest than ecologically guided discovery approach effectively directed the selection of species with ‘hit’ activity against Psa biovar 3 and thus fast tracked the initial discovery phase. Secondly, the discovery of four previously unidentified brominated ions with potential biological activity against Psa suggests they may represent structurally novel compounds with commercial patentability and marketability. Lastly, the elicitor screening findings provided important preliminary information for optimisation of higher level screening process to explore elicitor activity as a mode of action against Psa biovar 3.

text: Novel New Zealand marine bioactive natural products for the control of Psa biovar 3 Natural products (secondary metabolites), produced by living organisms to confer selective advantages via chemical-ecological interactions, have had extensive use in biodiscovery programmes and commercial applications. Such compounds are a unique source of chemical and structural novelty and thus provide relevant modes of biological activity unsurpassed by synthetic compounds. The marine environment has become recognised as an important natural product resource in recent years. Increasing interest is attributed to its high biodiversity, which is complemented by an elaborate chemical diversity in marine organisms. Of particular interest are those sessile and colonial marine organisms which utilise secondary metabolites for chemical defence. 

Marine natural products represent unexplored potential for control of the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit, Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) biovar 3. Very few options are available to control the highly virulent pathogen, hence there is an urgent need to find alternative products which kill or inhibit Psa. Previous natural product discovery programmes informed the chance of discovering ‘hit’ activity is low. To increase the chance of success, this study focused on previous biomedicinal work examining related organisms with known activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and bacterial quorum sensing processes (known as ecologically guided discovery).  

The study sought to identify bioactive compounds from marine organisms with biological activity against P. syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3. Nineteen New Zealand macroalgae specimens collected in summer and winter were screened for preliminary biological activity against Psa biovar 3. Five candidates (26 percent) were identified with ‘hit’ activity; of which 16 percent was attributed to those targeted for screening and 10 percent is attributed to those selected at random. The secondary screening phase identified the presence of four brominated ions in Vidalia colensoi, m/z 278.8, 308.8, 421.8, and 311.9, as likely to represent biologically active compounds of interest against Psa. There is currently no evidence to suggest these ions represent previously isolated compounds. Hence, Vidalia colensoi is the species of highest priority to further explore chemically. The elicitor screening phase informed that further considerations are to be made for an effective higher order screening method to examine the macroalgae for elicitor activity against Psa biovar 3. 

In summary, the findings of this study suggest than ecologically guided discovery approach effectively directed the selection of species with ‘hit’ activity against Psa biovar 3 and thus fast tracked the initial discovery phase. Secondly, the discovery of four previously unidentified brominated ions with potential biological activity against Psa suggests they may represent structurally novel compounds with commercial patentability and marketability. Lastly, the elicitor screening findings provided important preliminary information for optimisation of higher level screening process to explore elicitor activity as a mode of action against Psa biovar 3.

year: 2016

title: Indigenous Language Usage in a Digital Library: He Hautoa Kia Ora Tonu Ai.

authors: Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory

subjects: indigenous language

abstract: The research described in this thesis examines indigenous language usage in a digital library environment that has been accessed via the Internet.

By examining discretionary use of the Māori Niupepa and Hawaiian Nūpepa digital libraries this research investigates how indigenous languages were used in these electronic environments in 2005. The results provide encouragement and optimism to people who are striving to retain, revitalise and develop the use of indigenous languages in information technologies. The Transaction Log Analysis (TLA) methods used in this research serve as an example of how web logs can be used to provide significant information about language usage in a bilingual online information system. Combining the TLA with user feedback has provided insights into how and why clients use indigenous languages in their information retrieval activities. These insights in turn, show good practice that is relevant not only to those working with indigenous languages, indigenous peoples or multilingual environments, but to all information technology designers who strive for universal usability.
This thesis begins by describing the importance of using indigenous languages in electronic environments and suggests that digital libraries can provide an environment to support and encourage the use of such languages. TLA is explained in the context of this study and is then used to analyse aspects of te reo Māori usage in the Niupepa digital library environment in 2005. TLA also indicates that te reo Māori was used by international clients and this usage differed to te reo Māori usage by national (Aotearoa) clients. Findings further reveal that the default language setting of the Niupepa digital library had a considerable impact on te reo Māori usage. When the default language was set to te reo Māori not only were there more requests in te reo Māori but there was also a higher usage of te reo Māori in the information retrieval activities. TLA of the Hawaiian Nūpepa digital library indicated that the Hawaiian language was also used in a digital library. These results confirm that indigenous languages were used in digital library environments. 
Feedback from clients suggests reasons why indigenous languages were used in this environment. These reasons include the indigenous language content of the digital library, the indigenous language default language setting of the digital library and a stated desire by the clients to use the indigenous language. The key findings raise some interface design issues and support the claim that digital libraries can provide an environment to support the use of indigenous languages.

text: Indigenous Language Usage in a Digital Library: He Hautoa Kia Ora Tonu Ai. The research described in this thesis examines indigenous language usage in a digital library environment that has been accessed via the Internet.

By examining discretionary use of the Māori Niupepa and Hawaiian Nūpepa digital libraries this research investigates how indigenous languages were used in these electronic environments in 2005. The results provide encouragement and optimism to people who are striving to retain, revitalise and develop the use of indigenous languages in information technologies. The Transaction Log Analysis (TLA) methods used in this research serve as an example of how web logs can be used to provide significant information about language usage in a bilingual online information system. Combining the TLA with user feedback has provided insights into how and why clients use indigenous languages in their information retrieval activities. These insights in turn, show good practice that is relevant not only to those working with indigenous languages, indigenous peoples or multilingual environments, but to all information technology designers who strive for universal usability.
This thesis begins by describing the importance of using indigenous languages in electronic environments and suggests that digital libraries can provide an environment to support and encourage the use of such languages. TLA is explained in the context of this study and is then used to analyse aspects of te reo Māori usage in the Niupepa digital library environment in 2005. TLA also indicates that te reo Māori was used by international clients and this usage differed to te reo Māori usage by national (Aotearoa) clients. Findings further reveal that the default language setting of the Niupepa digital library had a considerable impact on te reo Māori usage. When the default language was set to te reo Māori not only were there more requests in te reo Māori but there was also a higher usage of te reo Māori in the information retrieval activities. TLA of the Hawaiian Nūpepa digital library indicated that the Hawaiian language was also used in a digital library. These results confirm that indigenous languages were used in digital library environments. 
Feedback from clients suggests reasons why indigenous languages were used in this environment. These reasons include the indigenous language content of the digital library, the indigenous language default language setting of the digital library and a stated desire by the clients to use the indigenous language. The key findings raise some interface design issues and support the claim that digital libraries can provide an environment to support the use of indigenous languages.

year: 2007