title: Relationship between science and technology in the New Zealand curriculum

authors: Jones, Alister

abstract: New Zealand underwent major curriculum reforms in the early1990s. These reforms were determined by the New Zealand Curriculum Framework (Ministry of Education 1993), which provides an overarching framework for the development of curricula in New Zealand and which defines seven broad essential learning areas. The seven essential learning areas that describe in broad terms the knowledge and understanding that all students need to acquire, are health and well-being, the arts, social sciences, technology, science, mathematics,and language and languages. For example, the essential learning area of science includes the subjects of science, biology, chemistry, physics, earth sciences, agriculture, horticulture, and geography, as well as aspects of home economics and environmental studies.

text: Relationship between science and technology in the New Zealand curriculum New Zealand underwent major curriculum reforms in the early1990s. These reforms were determined by the New Zealand Curriculum Framework (Ministry of Education 1993), which provides an overarching framework for the development of curricula in New Zealand and which defines seven broad essential learning areas. The seven essential learning areas that describe in broad terms the knowledge and understanding that all students need to acquire, are health and well-being, the arts, social sciences, technology, science, mathematics,and language and languages. For example, the essential learning area of science includes the subjects of science, biology, chemistry, physics, earth sciences, agriculture, horticulture, and geography, as well as aspects of home economics and environmental studies.

year: 1997

title: Gaseous emissions (NH₃, N₂O and CH₄) following manure or urea application to soil as influenced by amendments

authors: Sonthi, Ramana Kumar

subjects: gaseous emissions

abstract: Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may contribute to global warming. The three most important greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (mainly from burning fossil fuels and deforestation), methane (mainly from ruminant animals and waste management) and nitrous oxide (mainly from dung, urine, and nitrogenous fertilisers). Dairy farms contribute to greenhouse gas emissions because of nitrous oxide and methane emissions (Whitehead et al., 2009). 
Herd-homes or stand-off pads are increasingly used on dairy farms to minimise soil pugging and compaction. The manure collected from herd-home bunkers or stand-off pads, may be a source of gaseous emissions (NH₃, N₂O and CH₄). Addition of soil or sawdust to manure prior to land application of manure is a potential best farm management practice to minimise gaseous losses.

The specific objectives of the study were to:
1. Determine the optimum flow rate for measurement of ammonia emissions from manure or urea application to soil using a chamber method.
2. Quantify gaseous (NH₃, N₂O and CH₄) emissions from manure or urea after application to soil.
3. Determine the effects of addition of soil or sawdust to manure prior to land application of manure on subsequent gaseous emissions.
4. Determine the effects of surface or incorporated land application of manure or urea on gaseous emissions.

A preliminary experiment was undertaken to determine the optimum flow rate to measure ammonia emissions, from manure or urea after application to soil, using a chamber method. The flow rate experiment was set up in the glasshouse with 3 replications of 9 flow rate treatments. A flow rate of 5 L min-¹ (1 exchange volume min-¹) was determined as the optimum air flow rate to use in the chamber method to measure ammonia volatilisation.
An experiment was undertaken, with 27 pots and 3 replications of 9 treatments, to investigate the effect of soil or sawdust addition to manure on gaseous emissions (NH₃, N₂O and CH₄), when applied on the land surface or incorporated. The physical and chemical properties of the soil, urine, dung, and sawdust were determined in the laboratory. 
Addition of sawdust was more effective in reducing ammonia emissions, than addition of soil, to manure prior to land application. The incorporated application of all manure treatments resulted in less NH₃ volatilisation compared to surface application. Total ammonia losses were 51% of the applied N from the surface application and 2% of the applied N from incorporated application of urine and dung with soil, and 15% of the applied N from the surface application and 4% of the applied N from incorporated application of urine and dung with sawdust. Ammonia emissions followed a general pattern of rapid emission on day 2 after the application of the urine and dung to soil followed by a progressive decline over time for both the surface and incorporated application for all the manure treatments applied.
Total N₂O loss of 14% of applied N was observed with incorporated application of manure with sawdust. Most treatments had no net methane emission. Addition of soil and sawdust to manure, prior to application to soil, reduced ammonia emissions and increased nitrous oxide emissions.

text: Gaseous emissions (NH₃, N₂O and CH₄) following manure or urea application to soil as influenced by amendments Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may contribute to global warming. The three most important greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (mainly from burning fossil fuels and deforestation), methane (mainly from ruminant animals and waste management) and nitrous oxide (mainly from dung, urine, and nitrogenous fertilisers). Dairy farms contribute to greenhouse gas emissions because of nitrous oxide and methane emissions (Whitehead et al., 2009). 
Herd-homes or stand-off pads are increasingly used on dairy farms to minimise soil pugging and compaction. The manure collected from herd-home bunkers or stand-off pads, may be a source of gaseous emissions (NH₃, N₂O and CH₄). Addition of soil or sawdust to manure prior to land application of manure is a potential best farm management practice to minimise gaseous losses.

The specific objectives of the study were to:
1. Determine the optimum flow rate for measurement of ammonia emissions from manure or urea application to soil using a chamber method.
2. Quantify gaseous (NH₃, N₂O and CH₄) emissions from manure or urea after application to soil.
3. Determine the effects of addition of soil or sawdust to manure prior to land application of manure on subsequent gaseous emissions.
4. Determine the effects of surface or incorporated land application of manure or urea on gaseous emissions.

A preliminary experiment was undertaken to determine the optimum flow rate to measure ammonia emissions, from manure or urea after application to soil, using a chamber method. The flow rate experiment was set up in the glasshouse with 3 replications of 9 flow rate treatments. A flow rate of 5 L min-¹ (1 exchange volume min-¹) was determined as the optimum air flow rate to use in the chamber method to measure ammonia volatilisation.
An experiment was undertaken, with 27 pots and 3 replications of 9 treatments, to investigate the effect of soil or sawdust addition to manure on gaseous emissions (NH₃, N₂O and CH₄), when applied on the land surface or incorporated. The physical and chemical properties of the soil, urine, dung, and sawdust were determined in the laboratory. 
Addition of sawdust was more effective in reducing ammonia emissions, than addition of soil, to manure prior to land application. The incorporated application of all manure treatments resulted in less NH₃ volatilisation compared to surface application. Total ammonia losses were 51% of the applied N from the surface application and 2% of the applied N from incorporated application of urine and dung with soil, and 15% of the applied N from the surface application and 4% of the applied N from incorporated application of urine and dung with sawdust. Ammonia emissions followed a general pattern of rapid emission on day 2 after the application of the urine and dung to soil followed by a progressive decline over time for both the surface and incorporated application for all the manure treatments applied.
Total N₂O loss of 14% of applied N was observed with incorporated application of manure with sawdust. Most treatments had no net methane emission. Addition of soil and sawdust to manure, prior to application to soil, reduced ammonia emissions and increased nitrous oxide emissions.

year: 2010

title: The development of guidelines for indigenous research ethics in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

authors: Hudson, Maui

abstract: The development of Indigenous frameworks for research ethics has been a key component of progressing Indigenous aspirations for research around the world. They have provided a focal point for challenging approaches to research that prioritise non-Indigenous methods and values, and allow non-Indigenous researchers to claim expert status over Indigenous peoples, places and knowledges. The theme of self-determination underpins contemporary approaches to Indigenous development and the repositioning of state-Indigenous nation relationships. This paper describes the background, development, and implementation by Māori communities and researchers of an Indigenous ethical framework in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

text: The development of guidelines for indigenous research ethics in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The development of Indigenous frameworks for research ethics has been a key component of progressing Indigenous aspirations for research around the world. They have provided a focal point for challenging approaches to research that prioritise non-Indigenous methods and values, and allow non-Indigenous researchers to claim expert status over Indigenous peoples, places and knowledges. The theme of self-determination underpins contemporary approaches to Indigenous development and the repositioning of state-Indigenous nation relationships. This paper describes the background, development, and implementation by Māori communities and researchers of an Indigenous ethical framework in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

year: 2016