title: Carbon capture and storage: Designing the legal and regulatory framework for New Zealand

authors: Barton, Barry

subjects: carbon capture and storage

abstract: The purpose of this Report is to identify the best possible legal framework for carbon capture and storage (CCS) in New Zealand. The Report is of a study funded by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment under research contract UOWX1204.
The aim of the research was to provide a comprehensive framework for the development of law and policy to govern CCS in New Zealand. The methodology involved an analysis of the existing law and policy as it applies to CCS, assessment of any barriers, and a comparison with law in selected other jurisdictions. That analysis was followed by discussion of different policy options and evaluation of the possibility of addressing CCS in the existing legal framework. Recommendations were made for law reform on each aspect of the subject. 
The Report is concerned with the legal framework for geological storage or sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO₂). It does not address biosequestration, where CO₂ is accumulated, temporarily or permanently, in forests or other vegetation. Nor is it concerned with the sequestration of CO₂ in oceans, or with climate engineering.

text: Carbon capture and storage: Designing the legal and regulatory framework for New Zealand The purpose of this Report is to identify the best possible legal framework for carbon capture and storage (CCS) in New Zealand. The Report is of a study funded by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment under research contract UOWX1204.
The aim of the research was to provide a comprehensive framework for the development of law and policy to govern CCS in New Zealand. The methodology involved an analysis of the existing law and policy as it applies to CCS, assessment of any barriers, and a comparison with law in selected other jurisdictions. That analysis was followed by discussion of different policy options and evaluation of the possibility of addressing CCS in the existing legal framework. Recommendations were made for law reform on each aspect of the subject. 
The Report is concerned with the legal framework for geological storage or sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO₂). It does not address biosequestration, where CO₂ is accumulated, temporarily or permanently, in forests or other vegetation. Nor is it concerned with the sequestration of CO₂ in oceans, or with climate engineering.

year: 2013-09

title: The impact of the Papua New Guinea Free Education Policy on the School Executive's Decision Making in the management of Class SIze

authors: Abady, Roddy

abstract: The Papua New Guinea National Government’s directives on educational policies are expected to be implemented effectively throughout the country, in educational institutions that are solely or partly funded by the government. The Free Education Policy (FEP), also known as Tuition Fee Free Policy (TFFP) is a governmental directive that is implemented in elementary, primary and secondary schools. The implementation of FEP is perceived as a device for fulfilling the National Government’s Universal Basic Education (UBE) Plan (Guy, 2009; Swan & Walton, 2014) that aims to provide formal education for children between the ages of six and eighteen. The 2012 implementation of FEP in secondary schools, created a significant increase in student population thus (Marshall, 2002) creating class sizes to exceed forty-eight students. 
This study was conducted to explore how classroom teachers are assisted by school leaders in the management of large class sizes as influenced by FEP. Participants included ten school leaders from two separate secondary schools which are currently implementing FEP in the National Capital District of Papua New Guinea. 
A qualitative research methodology was used, based on the interpretivist paradigm. Guided questions were deliberated and utilised in collecting data through semi-structured and focus group interviews. The data was collated then analysed thematically. The findings indicate that school leaders are very much challenged in assisting classroom teachers manage large class sizes. The main factors that appear to undermine the success of effectively assisting classroom teachers are inadequate facilities, insufficient resource materials and the shortage of teachers. The amount of time classroom teachers have for classroom preparations and presentations are also encumbered by the number of classes with large class sizes.
It was apparent that while the National Government’s directive of FEP gives an opportunity for all school aged children to receive formal education, there are setbacks that impede effective implementation of this policy specifically in secondary schools. The implications suggest that as specialised teachers, classroom teachers need to be assisted in managing classes in overcrowded classrooms.

text: The impact of the Papua New Guinea Free Education Policy on the School Executive's Decision Making in the management of Class SIze The Papua New Guinea National Government’s directives on educational policies are expected to be implemented effectively throughout the country, in educational institutions that are solely or partly funded by the government. The Free Education Policy (FEP), also known as Tuition Fee Free Policy (TFFP) is a governmental directive that is implemented in elementary, primary and secondary schools. The implementation of FEP is perceived as a device for fulfilling the National Government’s Universal Basic Education (UBE) Plan (Guy, 2009; Swan & Walton, 2014) that aims to provide formal education for children between the ages of six and eighteen. The 2012 implementation of FEP in secondary schools, created a significant increase in student population thus (Marshall, 2002) creating class sizes to exceed forty-eight students. 
This study was conducted to explore how classroom teachers are assisted by school leaders in the management of large class sizes as influenced by FEP. Participants included ten school leaders from two separate secondary schools which are currently implementing FEP in the National Capital District of Papua New Guinea. 
A qualitative research methodology was used, based on the interpretivist paradigm. Guided questions were deliberated and utilised in collecting data through semi-structured and focus group interviews. The data was collated then analysed thematically. The findings indicate that school leaders are very much challenged in assisting classroom teachers manage large class sizes. The main factors that appear to undermine the success of effectively assisting classroom teachers are inadequate facilities, insufficient resource materials and the shortage of teachers. The amount of time classroom teachers have for classroom preparations and presentations are also encumbered by the number of classes with large class sizes.
It was apparent that while the National Government’s directive of FEP gives an opportunity for all school aged children to receive formal education, there are setbacks that impede effective implementation of this policy specifically in secondary schools. The implications suggest that as specialised teachers, classroom teachers need to be assisted in managing classes in overcrowded classrooms.

year: 2015

title: The coastal habitats of Tairawhiti: A review of the scientific, local, and customary knowledge

authors: Ross, Philip M.

abstract: In Aotearoa/New Zealand, regional councils and unitary authorities have a range of responsibilities for decision making in the coastal and marine area (CMA). The New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010), in policy 11, sets out requirements for avoiding significant adverse effects on species, habitats and ecosystems, and section 67 of the Resource Management Act (1991) indicates that regional plans must give effect to the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement. For regional councils to be able to successfully manage indigenous marine biodiversity (composed of species, habitats and ecosystems) they must have some understanding of the types of biodiversity present within a region’s CMA, and knowledge of the spatial distribution of that biodiversity. For regions such as Auckland and Northland biodiversity in the CMA has been relatively well described. For example, the Department of Conservation has compiled a marine habitat map for the Northland section of the Northeast Marine Bioregion, which covers an area of 1.34 million hectares of coastal habitat from Ahipara to Mangawhai (https://www.nrc.govt.nz/resource-library-summary/research-and-reports/coastal/).
This knowledge makes it much easier for councils to develop coastal plans that provide appropriate protections and management outcomes. In other regions, less information is available which can make it difficult to put in place appropriate environmental management.
The Gisborne Region (Tairawhiti) is a region for which there is comparatively little information available regarding marine biodiversity and the distribution of coastal habitats. The region has been under-represented in coastal research to date, which is largely a consequence of its remoteness to institutions conducting research in the CMA (Universities, CRIs and other research providers). Consequently the Gisborne District Council (GDC), the unitary authority responsible for Tairawhiti, does not have readily available and robust information about the marine and coastal environments of the region. This lack of knowledge spans the range of coastal habitats which GDC has the task of managing under the Resource Management Act (1991).
As a first step towards gathering the information required to better manage the Tairawhiti CMA, this report collates and summarises the available scientific, local and customary knowledge on the extent, location and state of marine and estuarine habitats within the Tairawhiti region. In addition to the collation of this information, additional objectives for this report include: identifying gaps in the information base; recording information that might explain how pressures and activities within the region may have altered coastal habitats; providing advice on priorities for additional work required to fill knowledge gaps; and where possible, include mātauranga Māori in accordance with tikanga. With this knowledge, GDC will be in a better position to facilitate the development of a Regional Plan for Tairāwhiti to set the strategic direction for growth, development and resource management over the next 30 years.

text: The coastal habitats of Tairawhiti: A review of the scientific, local, and customary knowledge In Aotearoa/New Zealand, regional councils and unitary authorities have a range of responsibilities for decision making in the coastal and marine area (CMA). The New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010), in policy 11, sets out requirements for avoiding significant adverse effects on species, habitats and ecosystems, and section 67 of the Resource Management Act (1991) indicates that regional plans must give effect to the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement. For regional councils to be able to successfully manage indigenous marine biodiversity (composed of species, habitats and ecosystems) they must have some understanding of the types of biodiversity present within a region’s CMA, and knowledge of the spatial distribution of that biodiversity. For regions such as Auckland and Northland biodiversity in the CMA has been relatively well described. For example, the Department of Conservation has compiled a marine habitat map for the Northland section of the Northeast Marine Bioregion, which covers an area of 1.34 million hectares of coastal habitat from Ahipara to Mangawhai (https://www.nrc.govt.nz/resource-library-summary/research-and-reports/coastal/).
This knowledge makes it much easier for councils to develop coastal plans that provide appropriate protections and management outcomes. In other regions, less information is available which can make it difficult to put in place appropriate environmental management.
The Gisborne Region (Tairawhiti) is a region for which there is comparatively little information available regarding marine biodiversity and the distribution of coastal habitats. The region has been under-represented in coastal research to date, which is largely a consequence of its remoteness to institutions conducting research in the CMA (Universities, CRIs and other research providers). Consequently the Gisborne District Council (GDC), the unitary authority responsible for Tairawhiti, does not have readily available and robust information about the marine and coastal environments of the region. This lack of knowledge spans the range of coastal habitats which GDC has the task of managing under the Resource Management Act (1991).
As a first step towards gathering the information required to better manage the Tairawhiti CMA, this report collates and summarises the available scientific, local and customary knowledge on the extent, location and state of marine and estuarine habitats within the Tairawhiti region. In addition to the collation of this information, additional objectives for this report include: identifying gaps in the information base; recording information that might explain how pressures and activities within the region may have altered coastal habitats; providing advice on priorities for additional work required to fill knowledge gaps; and where possible, include mātauranga Māori in accordance with tikanga. With this knowledge, GDC will be in a better position to facilitate the development of a Regional Plan for Tairāwhiti to set the strategic direction for growth, development and resource management over the next 30 years.

year: 2021