title: Geomorphic development of White Island Volcano based on slope stability modelling

authors: Moon, Vicki G.

subjects: White Island

abstract: White Island shows many geomorphic features associated with stratovolcanoes that have undergone major sector collapse, most notably the flat-floored amphitheatre comprising the present crater. ArcGIS is used to develop a reconstructed pre-failure cone and 2D limiting-equilibrium stability analysis is undertaken of the reconstructed cone. Water table ranges from 0% (dry) to 100% (saturated) are assumed and earthquake accelerations of 0–0.5 g bracket the likely range of accelerations expected in a volcanic setting; geotechnical data from Moon et al. [Moon, V., Bradshaw, J., Smith, R. and de Lange, W., 2005. Geotechnical characterization of stratocone crater wall sequences, White Island Volcano, New Zealand. Engineering Geology, 81: 146–178] are used. The models suggest that flank failure is a feasible explanation for the present-day geomorphology, and indicate that there were at least two retrogressive failures. The best model sees a core of hydrothermally altered material overlying relatively unaltered andesite lavas and breccias, where accelerations of 0.17 g (saturated slope) to 0.45 g (dry slope) are required to initiate failure (F = 1.0). The failure modelled was relatively small (volume of 0.21 km3), and would have mostly involved hydrothermally altered materials with some fresh rock mass. Two toreva blocks are recognised occupying the seaward margin of the amphitheatre, with a lobe of debris offshore suggested as the debris avalanche deposits. Modification of both the outer slopes of the island and the inner crater walls has occurred since the failure event, especially on the southwestern margin of the crater. Modelling suggests that further failure of the inner walls is likely and poses a significant hazard to tourists visiting the island; further outer slope failures are unlikely.

text: Geomorphic development of White Island Volcano based on slope stability modelling White Island shows many geomorphic features associated with stratovolcanoes that have undergone major sector collapse, most notably the flat-floored amphitheatre comprising the present crater. ArcGIS is used to develop a reconstructed pre-failure cone and 2D limiting-equilibrium stability analysis is undertaken of the reconstructed cone. Water table ranges from 0% (dry) to 100% (saturated) are assumed and earthquake accelerations of 0–0.5 g bracket the likely range of accelerations expected in a volcanic setting; geotechnical data from Moon et al. [Moon, V., Bradshaw, J., Smith, R. and de Lange, W., 2005. Geotechnical characterization of stratocone crater wall sequences, White Island Volcano, New Zealand. Engineering Geology, 81: 146–178] are used. The models suggest that flank failure is a feasible explanation for the present-day geomorphology, and indicate that there were at least two retrogressive failures. The best model sees a core of hydrothermally altered material overlying relatively unaltered andesite lavas and breccias, where accelerations of 0.17 g (saturated slope) to 0.45 g (dry slope) are required to initiate failure (F = 1.0). The failure modelled was relatively small (volume of 0.21 km3), and would have mostly involved hydrothermally altered materials with some fresh rock mass. Two toreva blocks are recognised occupying the seaward margin of the amphitheatre, with a lobe of debris offshore suggested as the debris avalanche deposits. Modification of both the outer slopes of the island and the inner crater walls has occurred since the failure event, especially on the southwestern margin of the crater. Modelling suggests that further failure of the inner walls is likely and poses a significant hazard to tourists visiting the island; further outer slope failures are unlikely.

year: 2009

title: Metabolic and performance responses of male runners wearing 3 types of footwear: Nike Vaporfly 4%, Saucony Endorphin racing flats, and their own shoes

authors: Hébert-Losier, Kim

subjects: Social Sciences

abstract: Purpose
We compared running economy (RE) and 3-km time-trial (TT) variables of runners wearing Nike Vaporfly 4% (VP4), Saucony Endorphin lightweight racing flats (FLAT), and their habitual running (OWN) footwear.

Methods
Eighteen male recreational runners (age = 33.5 ± 11.9 year (mean ± SD), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) = 55.8 ± 4.4 mL/kg·min) attended 4 sessions approximately 7 days apart. The first session consisted of a VO2peak test to inform subsequent RE speeds set at 60%, 70%, and 80% of the speed eliciting VO2peak. In subsequent sessions, treadmill RE and 3-km TTs were assessed in the 3 footwear conditions in a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design.

Results
Oxygen consumption (mL/kg·min) was less in VP4 (from 4.3% to 4.4%, p ≤ 0.002) and FLAT (from 2.7% to 3.4%, p ≤ 0.092) vs. OWN across intensities, with a non-significant difference between VP4 and FLAT (1.0%–1.7%, p ≥ 0.292). Findings related to energy cost (W/kg) and energetics cost of transport (J/kg·m) were comparable. VP4 3-km TT performance (11:07.6 ± 0:56.6 mm:ss) was enhanced vs. OWN by 16.6 s (2.4%, p = 0.005) and vs. FLAT by 13.0 s (1.8%, p = 0.032). The 3-km times between OWN and FLAT (0.5%, p = 0.747) were similar. Most runners (n = 11, 61%) ran their fastest TT in VP4.

Conclusion
Overall, VP4 improved laboratory-based RE measures in male recreational runners at relative speeds compared to OWN, but the RE improvements in VP4 were not significant vs. FLAT. More runners exhibited better treadmill TT performances in VP4 (61%) vs. FLAT (22%) and OWN (17%). The variability in RE (–10.3% to 13.3%) and TT (–4.7% to 9.3%) improvements suggests that responses to different types of shoes are individualized and warrant further investigation.

text: Metabolic and performance responses of male runners wearing 3 types of footwear: Nike Vaporfly 4%, Saucony Endorphin racing flats, and their own shoes Purpose
We compared running economy (RE) and 3-km time-trial (TT) variables of runners wearing Nike Vaporfly 4% (VP4), Saucony Endorphin lightweight racing flats (FLAT), and their habitual running (OWN) footwear.

Methods
Eighteen male recreational runners (age = 33.5 ± 11.9 year (mean ± SD), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) = 55.8 ± 4.4 mL/kg·min) attended 4 sessions approximately 7 days apart. The first session consisted of a VO2peak test to inform subsequent RE speeds set at 60%, 70%, and 80% of the speed eliciting VO2peak. In subsequent sessions, treadmill RE and 3-km TTs were assessed in the 3 footwear conditions in a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design.

Results
Oxygen consumption (mL/kg·min) was less in VP4 (from 4.3% to 4.4%, p ≤ 0.002) and FLAT (from 2.7% to 3.4%, p ≤ 0.092) vs. OWN across intensities, with a non-significant difference between VP4 and FLAT (1.0%–1.7%, p ≥ 0.292). Findings related to energy cost (W/kg) and energetics cost of transport (J/kg·m) were comparable. VP4 3-km TT performance (11:07.6 ± 0:56.6 mm:ss) was enhanced vs. OWN by 16.6 s (2.4%, p = 0.005) and vs. FLAT by 13.0 s (1.8%, p = 0.032). The 3-km times between OWN and FLAT (0.5%, p = 0.747) were similar. Most runners (n = 11, 61%) ran their fastest TT in VP4.

Conclusion
Overall, VP4 improved laboratory-based RE measures in male recreational runners at relative speeds compared to OWN, but the RE improvements in VP4 were not significant vs. FLAT. More runners exhibited better treadmill TT performances in VP4 (61%) vs. FLAT (22%) and OWN (17%). The variability in RE (–10.3% to 13.3%) and TT (–4.7% to 9.3%) improvements suggests that responses to different types of shoes are individualized and warrant further investigation.

year: 2022

title: Cultural justice, ethics and teaching

authors: Nairn, Ray

subjects: Maori

abstract: Te Tiriti o Waitangi provides both a basis for cultural justice in this society and an explication of the term; each of the articles identifying a significant aspect of cultural justice. First, there is the guarantee to the Maori signatories that the Crown would protect their independence - tino rangatiratanga, (also read as authority, autonomy or self-determination) [Article II]. In Article III Maori are promised that they will also have the “Rights and Privileges of British subjects”. Finally, in Article I, Maori cede to the Crown the right to govern, to make laws to protect all peoples from the evil consequences of lawlessness. The 1835 Declaration of Independence located legislative authority in the Wakaminenga (the gathered rangatira meeting in Congress); and in 1840, in the context of the Crown promises, Maori authorised the Crown to exercise that authority. For Maori Te Tiriti specifies cultural justice for interactions between Maori and settlers in the new society. Maori are guaranteed the right to self-determination (and the economic and social resources to make that practical) in their relations with New Zealand society. They are also entitled to the same opportunities as other citizens. The latter rights, embodied in local legislation and international covenants to which we are signatory, are not alternatives to the prior right of Maori people to their (cultural) autonomy. The exercise of legislative and organisational authority must be exercised in a manner consistent with the promises which clearly requires consultation and negotiation with Maori.

text: Cultural justice, ethics and teaching Te Tiriti o Waitangi provides both a basis for cultural justice in this society and an explication of the term; each of the articles identifying a significant aspect of cultural justice. First, there is the guarantee to the Maori signatories that the Crown would protect their independence - tino rangatiratanga, (also read as authority, autonomy or self-determination) [Article II]. In Article III Maori are promised that they will also have the “Rights and Privileges of British subjects”. Finally, in Article I, Maori cede to the Crown the right to govern, to make laws to protect all peoples from the evil consequences of lawlessness. The 1835 Declaration of Independence located legislative authority in the Wakaminenga (the gathered rangatira meeting in Congress); and in 1840, in the context of the Crown promises, Maori authorised the Crown to exercise that authority. For Maori Te Tiriti specifies cultural justice for interactions between Maori and settlers in the new society. Maori are guaranteed the right to self-determination (and the economic and social resources to make that practical) in their relations with New Zealand society. They are also entitled to the same opportunities as other citizens. The latter rights, embodied in local legislation and international covenants to which we are signatory, are not alternatives to the prior right of Maori people to their (cultural) autonomy. The exercise of legislative and organisational authority must be exercised in a manner consistent with the promises which clearly requires consultation and negotiation with Maori.

year: 1993