title: A comparison of demand for two different feeds with horses (Equus callabus)

authors: Armistead, Mary Jennie

subjects: operant

abstract: There are few studies with horses that examine either their food preferences or the use of increasing work requirements to assess their demand for food. The first experiment used Multiple-Stimulus-Without-Replacement procedure to measure six horses' preferences for four different feeds. From these, a high- (Yearling mix) and a low- (Rice) preference feed were selected. The horses were then exposed to two series of increasing fixed ratio (FR) schedules with each of two feeds, in fixed-length sessions. The overall response rates were bitonic, running response rates decreased and average post-reinforcement pauses increased with increases in fixed-ratio value, typical of previous research. Yearling mix maintained faster responding to higher fixed-ratio values for most horses than did Rice. The demand functions (i.e., the numbers of reinforcers obtained in a session as functions of the ratio size on double logarithmic coordinates) showed mixed elasticity for both Yearling mix and Rice (where there were enough data that a function could be sensibly fitted). There were lower levels of demand (i.e., number of reinforcers obtained) for Rice than Yearling mix at small fixed ratio values, the reverse of the findings reported previously for reinforcer size and preference value. It is suggested that this difference could have been the result of the open economic conditions of this study. However, the equation suggested by Hursh and Silberberg (2008) provided a good description of the data in this study, with Rice having a lower essential value that Yearling mix.

text: A comparison of demand for two different feeds with horses (Equus callabus) There are few studies with horses that examine either their food preferences or the use of increasing work requirements to assess their demand for food. The first experiment used Multiple-Stimulus-Without-Replacement procedure to measure six horses' preferences for four different feeds. From these, a high- (Yearling mix) and a low- (Rice) preference feed were selected. The horses were then exposed to two series of increasing fixed ratio (FR) schedules with each of two feeds, in fixed-length sessions. The overall response rates were bitonic, running response rates decreased and average post-reinforcement pauses increased with increases in fixed-ratio value, typical of previous research. Yearling mix maintained faster responding to higher fixed-ratio values for most horses than did Rice. The demand functions (i.e., the numbers of reinforcers obtained in a session as functions of the ratio size on double logarithmic coordinates) showed mixed elasticity for both Yearling mix and Rice (where there were enough data that a function could be sensibly fitted). There were lower levels of demand (i.e., number of reinforcers obtained) for Rice than Yearling mix at small fixed ratio values, the reverse of the findings reported previously for reinforcer size and preference value. It is suggested that this difference could have been the result of the open economic conditions of this study. However, the equation suggested by Hursh and Silberberg (2008) provided a good description of the data in this study, with Rice having a lower essential value that Yearling mix.

year: 2009

title: Health and wellbeing among lesbians, bisexual, and sexually diverse women in Aotearoa New Zealand: An exploratory study

authors: Ellis, Sonja J.

subjects: Lesbian

abstract: Introduction
Compared to other western, English-speaking, nations there is limited research on health outcomes in LGBTQ + people in New Zealand; particularly among women. This study set out to explore health and wellbeing in sexual minority women with particular reference to differences between subgroups (i.e., lesbians; bisexual women; sexually diverse women).

Methods
This study utilizes data from an online survey of participants recruited in NZ in 2022 as part of the Global Pride Project. The analysis reported here is based on the responses of 67 sexual minority women on measures of health and wellbeing (e.g., general health, depressive symptomatology, quality of life, social support, community engagement).

Results
A primary finding of the study was that while sexual identity was a significant predictor of general health it was not a predictor of other study outcomes. Community engagement and social support were found to be significant associations of depressive symptomatology. Social support was also found to be a significant predictor of quality of life. Age was also a predictor of quality of life, with younger sexual minority women reporting lower quality of life.

Conclusion
The findings suggest that community engagement and social support play an important role in wellbeing; especially for specific subgroups of sexual minority women, which may be potential targets to improve sexual minority women’s health and well-being. Additional research with larger sample sizes is needed.

Social policy implications
The findings of this study underscore the need for sexual minority women to be specifically included in research, interventions and social policy aimed at ensuring health equity.

text: Health and wellbeing among lesbians, bisexual, and sexually diverse women in Aotearoa New Zealand: An exploratory study Introduction
Compared to other western, English-speaking, nations there is limited research on health outcomes in LGBTQ + people in New Zealand; particularly among women. This study set out to explore health and wellbeing in sexual minority women with particular reference to differences between subgroups (i.e., lesbians; bisexual women; sexually diverse women).

Methods
This study utilizes data from an online survey of participants recruited in NZ in 2022 as part of the Global Pride Project. The analysis reported here is based on the responses of 67 sexual minority women on measures of health and wellbeing (e.g., general health, depressive symptomatology, quality of life, social support, community engagement).

Results
A primary finding of the study was that while sexual identity was a significant predictor of general health it was not a predictor of other study outcomes. Community engagement and social support were found to be significant associations of depressive symptomatology. Social support was also found to be a significant predictor of quality of life. Age was also a predictor of quality of life, with younger sexual minority women reporting lower quality of life.

Conclusion
The findings suggest that community engagement and social support play an important role in wellbeing; especially for specific subgroups of sexual minority women, which may be potential targets to improve sexual minority women’s health and well-being. Additional research with larger sample sizes is needed.

Social policy implications
The findings of this study underscore the need for sexual minority women to be specifically included in research, interventions and social policy aimed at ensuring health equity.

year: 2026

title: Māori leaders wellbeing: A self-determination perspective

authors: Roche, Maree A.

subjects: Positive psychology

abstract: This research draws on interviews with 18 Māori leaders from various leadership positions within business, community, political and marae organisations, to garner an understanding of how their leadership roles interact with their own well-being. Analysis of interviews revealed that crosscultural developments in self-determination theory could be gained by incorporating Māori tikanga and values into a model of well-being for Māori leaders. Largely, the principles of tino rangatiratanga (autonomy and self-determination), mana (respect and influence), whānau (extended family), whakapapa (shared history) and whanaungatanga (kin relations, consultation and engagement), were united into a model of leader well-being. This ensured that mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) informed our model of Māori leader well-being, while also drawing on the burgeoning Western research in the area of well-being, specifically self-determination theory. Overall, we find that similarities exist with self-determination theory and Māori tikanga and values. However, in contrast to self-determination theory, autonomy and competence are developed within relationships, which means that ‘others’ underpin Māori leaders’ well-being. From this perspective, we present a view of the psychological and well-being resources that Māori leaders draw on to guide them through complex times.

text: Māori leaders wellbeing: A self-determination perspective This research draws on interviews with 18 Māori leaders from various leadership positions within business, community, political and marae organisations, to garner an understanding of how their leadership roles interact with their own well-being. Analysis of interviews revealed that crosscultural developments in self-determination theory could be gained by incorporating Māori tikanga and values into a model of well-being for Māori leaders. Largely, the principles of tino rangatiratanga (autonomy and self-determination), mana (respect and influence), whānau (extended family), whakapapa (shared history) and whanaungatanga (kin relations, consultation and engagement), were united into a model of leader well-being. This ensured that mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) informed our model of Māori leader well-being, while also drawing on the burgeoning Western research in the area of well-being, specifically self-determination theory. Overall, we find that similarities exist with self-determination theory and Māori tikanga and values. However, in contrast to self-determination theory, autonomy and competence are developed within relationships, which means that ‘others’ underpin Māori leaders’ well-being. From this perspective, we present a view of the psychological and well-being resources that Māori leaders draw on to guide them through complex times.

year: 2015