title: The Law of End-Use Energy Efficiency

authors: Eusterfeldhaus, Marcel

subjects: End-Use Energy Efficiency

abstract: This thesis investigates options for reforming New Zealand’s law, regulation and policy concerning energy efficiency. The external drivers in law, regulation and policy that affect household energy use for space heating, hot water heating and household appliances will be examined. Comparative studies with Germany and California will be conducted to make a systematic appraisal of existing policy instruments with the intention of seeing which of these instruments could be applicable in a New Zealand context. The role of the state and the implementation of regulation will be addressed as well as the effectiveness of different energy efficiency measures to change consumer behaviour to adopt energy efficiency in their household. One can conveniently divide the different energy efficiency measures into conventional regulation, decentred regulation, market mechanisms and fiscal measures; unregulated market forces can also be considered. Governments do not develop market mechanisms for domestic end-use energy efficiency. The advantage of conventional regulation (such as energy performance standards) is that it is not as dependent on market and consumer behaviour as decentred regulation (such as energy information measures and voluntary agreements) or situations with no regulation (where market pressure may still be present). The advantage of decentred regulation is that it is more flexible than conventional regulation and can therefore provide a quicker response to the contemporary challenges of evolving markets. Fiscal measures such as subsidies and funding are considered a good approach as a support of conventional regulation. Forceful direction by the legislature is needed to improve the energy efficiency measures. There should be a mixture of conventional regulation, decentred regulation and fiscal measures. The aim is to make the industry manufacture and distribute energy efficient products and convince the consumer to buy these products.

text: The Law of End-Use Energy Efficiency This thesis investigates options for reforming New Zealand’s law, regulation and policy concerning energy efficiency. The external drivers in law, regulation and policy that affect household energy use for space heating, hot water heating and household appliances will be examined. Comparative studies with Germany and California will be conducted to make a systematic appraisal of existing policy instruments with the intention of seeing which of these instruments could be applicable in a New Zealand context. The role of the state and the implementation of regulation will be addressed as well as the effectiveness of different energy efficiency measures to change consumer behaviour to adopt energy efficiency in their household. One can conveniently divide the different energy efficiency measures into conventional regulation, decentred regulation, market mechanisms and fiscal measures; unregulated market forces can also be considered. Governments do not develop market mechanisms for domestic end-use energy efficiency. The advantage of conventional regulation (such as energy performance standards) is that it is not as dependent on market and consumer behaviour as decentred regulation (such as energy information measures and voluntary agreements) or situations with no regulation (where market pressure may still be present). The advantage of decentred regulation is that it is more flexible than conventional regulation and can therefore provide a quicker response to the contemporary challenges of evolving markets. Fiscal measures such as subsidies and funding are considered a good approach as a support of conventional regulation. Forceful direction by the legislature is needed to improve the energy efficiency measures. There should be a mixture of conventional regulation, decentred regulation and fiscal measures. The aim is to make the industry manufacture and distribute energy efficient products and convince the consumer to buy these products.

year: 2010

title: Ultradian, circadian and seasonal rhythms in cortisol secretion and adrenal responsiveness to ACTH and yarding in unrestrained red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags

authors: Ingram, J.R.

abstract: Seasonal changes in the activity and responsiveness of the adrenal gland in red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags were quantified by measuring 24 h endogenous cortisol secretory profiles and plasma cortisol responses to either administration of exogenous ACTH or a standardised stressor during November (period of velvet growth), February (pre-rut), April (mid-rut) and July (post-rut) (southern hemisphere) using a remote blood sampling device (DracPac). Ultradian rhythms in the concentration of plasma cortisol were observed resulting from the episodic secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex at a mean rate of 0.8 pulses/h. Circadian rhythms in plasma cortisol concentrations were also found in 11 out of the 20 complete 24 h profiles (mean amplitude, 3.8+/-1.4 ng/ml). Seasonal rhythms in mean 24 h plasma cortisol concentrations and cortisol pulse parameters were also observed. Mean 24 h plasma cortisol concentrations were higher in November (12.5+/-1.0 ng/ml) than in February (6.3+/-1.0 ng/ml), April (4.0+/-1.0 ng/ml) or July (4.2+/-1. 0 ng/ml). Cortisol pulse height, nadir and amplitude were all significantly higher in November than at other times of the year (P<0.01). Peak cortisol concentrations following infusion of ACTH(1-24) (0.04 IU kg(-1)) were higher (P<0.05) in November (55.8+/-2.7 ng/ml) and lower (P<0.001) in April (33.7+/-1.8 ng/ml) than those in February and July (48.7+/-2.0 ng/ml and 45.4+/-2.0 ng/ml respectively). The area under the cortisol response curve was significantly smaller (P<0.05) in April (266.6+/-15.3 ng/ml/190 min) than at other times of the year (February, 366.1+/-15.3 ng/ml/190 min; July, 340.7+/-15.3 ng/ml/190 min and November, 387.8+/-21.2 ng/ml/190 min). These data demonstrate that the adrenal gland of the red deer stag exhibits ultradian, circadian and seasonal rhythms in activity, and that its responsiveness to ACTH varies with season. November, a period of reproductive quiescence in the southern hemisphere, with new antler growth and rapid weight gain, is associated with higher mean plasma cortisol concentrations and a greater responsiveness to exogenous ACTH. In contrast, the breeding season is associated with lower adrenal activity and responsiveness.

text: Ultradian, circadian and seasonal rhythms in cortisol secretion and adrenal responsiveness to ACTH and yarding in unrestrained red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags Seasonal changes in the activity and responsiveness of the adrenal gland in red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags were quantified by measuring 24 h endogenous cortisol secretory profiles and plasma cortisol responses to either administration of exogenous ACTH or a standardised stressor during November (period of velvet growth), February (pre-rut), April (mid-rut) and July (post-rut) (southern hemisphere) using a remote blood sampling device (DracPac). Ultradian rhythms in the concentration of plasma cortisol were observed resulting from the episodic secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex at a mean rate of 0.8 pulses/h. Circadian rhythms in plasma cortisol concentrations were also found in 11 out of the 20 complete 24 h profiles (mean amplitude, 3.8+/-1.4 ng/ml). Seasonal rhythms in mean 24 h plasma cortisol concentrations and cortisol pulse parameters were also observed. Mean 24 h plasma cortisol concentrations were higher in November (12.5+/-1.0 ng/ml) than in February (6.3+/-1.0 ng/ml), April (4.0+/-1.0 ng/ml) or July (4.2+/-1. 0 ng/ml). Cortisol pulse height, nadir and amplitude were all significantly higher in November than at other times of the year (P<0.01). Peak cortisol concentrations following infusion of ACTH(1-24) (0.04 IU kg(-1)) were higher (P<0.05) in November (55.8+/-2.7 ng/ml) and lower (P<0.001) in April (33.7+/-1.8 ng/ml) than those in February and July (48.7+/-2.0 ng/ml and 45.4+/-2.0 ng/ml respectively). The area under the cortisol response curve was significantly smaller (P<0.05) in April (266.6+/-15.3 ng/ml/190 min) than at other times of the year (February, 366.1+/-15.3 ng/ml/190 min; July, 340.7+/-15.3 ng/ml/190 min and November, 387.8+/-21.2 ng/ml/190 min). These data demonstrate that the adrenal gland of the red deer stag exhibits ultradian, circadian and seasonal rhythms in activity, and that its responsiveness to ACTH varies with season. November, a period of reproductive quiescence in the southern hemisphere, with new antler growth and rapid weight gain, is associated with higher mean plasma cortisol concentrations and a greater responsiveness to exogenous ACTH. In contrast, the breeding season is associated with lower adrenal activity and responsiveness.

year: 1999

title: Cooperation in Maori and European children

authors: Vercoe, Glynis Price

subjects: Maori children

abstract: The object of this study is to compare the cooperative behaviour of Maori and European children and to investigate and compare the effects, upon the performance of the two ethnic groups, of working under cooperative conditions and under competitive conditions. Certain differences are expected to exist between the two ethnic groups as a result of the different child rearing practices employed by the Maoris and by the Europeans.

text: Cooperation in Maori and European children The object of this study is to compare the cooperative behaviour of Maori and European children and to investigate and compare the effects, upon the performance of the two ethnic groups, of working under cooperative conditions and under competitive conditions. Certain differences are expected to exist between the two ethnic groups as a result of the different child rearing practices employed by the Maoris and by the Europeans.

year: 1971