title: Developments and future insights of using nanofluids for heat transfer enhancements in thermal systems: a review of recent literature

authors: Kaggwa, Abdul

abstract: The twenty-first century is experiencing a wave of technologies and innovations making use of unique features of nanofluids, in applications such as industrial and process heating, air conditioning and refrigeration systems, heat pipes, solar energy, thermal storage systems, electronic cooling systems and others. Recent literature indicates that suspending solid nanoparticles in traditional working fluids can enhance heat transfer rates by increasing thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficients. However, there is a wide variation in the extent of heat transfer enhancements reported in the literature. In this review, which mainly focuses on the research published within the last 5 years, experimental investigations from recent developments of nanofluids usage and performance in various heat transfer systems are summarised. In addition, heat transfer mechanisms in nanofluids, the challenges and future direction of nanofluids regarding heat transfer enhancement are discussed. Popular preparation methods of nanofluids and the models of thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity and viscosity have been reviewed.

text: Developments and future insights of using nanofluids for heat transfer enhancements in thermal systems: a review of recent literature The twenty-first century is experiencing a wave of technologies and innovations making use of unique features of nanofluids, in applications such as industrial and process heating, air conditioning and refrigeration systems, heat pipes, solar energy, thermal storage systems, electronic cooling systems and others. Recent literature indicates that suspending solid nanoparticles in traditional working fluids can enhance heat transfer rates by increasing thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficients. However, there is a wide variation in the extent of heat transfer enhancements reported in the literature. In this review, which mainly focuses on the research published within the last 5 years, experimental investigations from recent developments of nanofluids usage and performance in various heat transfer systems are summarised. In addition, heat transfer mechanisms in nanofluids, the challenges and future direction of nanofluids regarding heat transfer enhancement are discussed. Popular preparation methods of nanofluids and the models of thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity and viscosity have been reviewed.

year: 2019

title: Rising regional inequality in China: Fact or artifact?

authors: Li, Chao

subjects: inequality

abstract: China’s local populations can be counted in two ways: people with hukou household registration from each place, and people actually residing in each place. For most of the first three decades of the reform era the hukou count denominated per capita GDP figures. Output and living standards were overstated in coastal provinces and understated in the interior. The distortion grew bigger as the non-hukou migrants increased to over 100 million. Much of the apparent increase in inter-provincial inequality is a statistical artifact caused by this distortion. The recent switch to using the resident count to denominate GDP introduced new distortions.

text: Rising regional inequality in China: Fact or artifact? China’s local populations can be counted in two ways: people with hukou household registration from each place, and people actually residing in each place. For most of the first three decades of the reform era the hukou count denominated per capita GDP figures. Output and living standards were overstated in coastal provinces and understated in the interior. The distortion grew bigger as the non-hukou migrants increased to over 100 million. Much of the apparent increase in inter-provincial inequality is a statistical artifact caused by this distortion. The recent switch to using the resident count to denominate GDP introduced new distortions.

year: 2013

title: Lake weed and the Rotorua Te Arawa Lakes then and now

authors: Burton, Tracy

abstract: This afternoon we will be looking beneath the surface of the Rotorua
Te Arawa lakes at the submerged aquatic plants that grow within them – the good the bad and the ugly. We will have a look at the special native aquatic plants that occur naturally in the lakes, familiarise ourselves with the weed species that have invaded them and look at how these weeds have (and are) changed the natural condition of the lakes. We will also look at how submerged plants are being used to report on the condition of our lakes and what these plant communities can tell us about the state of the lakes yesterday and today.

text: Lake weed and the Rotorua Te Arawa Lakes then and now This afternoon we will be looking beneath the surface of the Rotorua
Te Arawa lakes at the submerged aquatic plants that grow within them – the good the bad and the ugly. We will have a look at the special native aquatic plants that occur naturally in the lakes, familiarise ourselves with the weed species that have invaded them and look at how these weeds have (and are) changed the natural condition of the lakes. We will also look at how submerged plants are being used to report on the condition of our lakes and what these plant communities can tell us about the state of the lakes yesterday and today.

year: 2017