title: Enacting Kaitiakitanga Challenges and Complexities in the Governance and Ownership of Rongoā Research Information.

authors: Boulton, Amohia

subjects: Indigenous

abstract: This article explores the tensions one research team has faced in securing appropriate governance or stewardship (which we refer to as kaitiakitanga) of research data. Whilst ethical and regulatory frameworks exist which provide a minimum standard for researchers to meet when working with Māori, what our experience has highlighted is there is currently a “governance” gap in terms of who should hold stewardship of research data collected from Māori individuals or collectives. In the case of a project undertaken in the traditional healing space, the organisation best placed to fulfil this governance role receives no funding or support to take on such a responsibility; consequently by default, this role is being borne by the research team until such time as capacity can be built and adequate resourcing secured. In addition, we have realised that the tensions played out in this research project have implications for the broader issue of how we protect traditional knowledge in a modern intellectual property law context, and once again how we adequately support those, often community-based organisations, who work at the interface between Indigenous knowledge and the Western world.

text: Enacting Kaitiakitanga Challenges and Complexities in the Governance and Ownership of Rongoā Research Information. This article explores the tensions one research team has faced in securing appropriate governance or stewardship (which we refer to as kaitiakitanga) of research data. Whilst ethical and regulatory frameworks exist which provide a minimum standard for researchers to meet when working with Māori, what our experience has highlighted is there is currently a “governance” gap in terms of who should hold stewardship of research data collected from Māori individuals or collectives. In the case of a project undertaken in the traditional healing space, the organisation best placed to fulfil this governance role receives no funding or support to take on such a responsibility; consequently by default, this role is being borne by the research team until such time as capacity can be built and adequate resourcing secured. In addition, we have realised that the tensions played out in this research project have implications for the broader issue of how we protect traditional knowledge in a modern intellectual property law context, and once again how we adequately support those, often community-based organisations, who work at the interface between Indigenous knowledge and the Western world.

year: 2014

title: Cultural tattoos: meanings, descriptors, and attributions

authors: Nikora, Linda Waimarie

subjects: Maori

abstract: Body piercing and tattoo/ta moko were initially seen to be practiced by sailors,
criminals, specific cultural groups (e.g., Māori), or sub-cultural groups (e.g., bikers,
gang members, adolescents). In recent times, these practices have become part of
mainstream popular culture, and are enjoyed by a wide range of people. In this
study, we set out to explore patterns of body modifying behaviour engaged in, or
commented on, by a sample of university students. We invited undergraduate
psychology students from two courses to complete an ‘online’ questionnaire.
Students logged on to a web site, were presented with an information sheet, and
invited to respond. In this paper, we present the reasons why people in this sample
decided to obtain a tattoo and the meanings they ascribe to their modifications. We
will also consider the observations that people make of those who have culturally
inspired tattoos.

text: Cultural tattoos: meanings, descriptors, and attributions Body piercing and tattoo/ta moko were initially seen to be practiced by sailors,
criminals, specific cultural groups (e.g., Māori), or sub-cultural groups (e.g., bikers,
gang members, adolescents). In recent times, these practices have become part of
mainstream popular culture, and are enjoyed by a wide range of people. In this
study, we set out to explore patterns of body modifying behaviour engaged in, or
commented on, by a sample of university students. We invited undergraduate
psychology students from two courses to complete an ‘online’ questionnaire.
Students logged on to a web site, were presented with an information sheet, and
invited to respond. In this paper, we present the reasons why people in this sample
decided to obtain a tattoo and the meanings they ascribe to their modifications. We
will also consider the observations that people make of those who have culturally
inspired tattoos.

year: 2003

title: Soil recovery on landslides in hill country at Whatawhata Research Station, western Waikato, New Zealand

authors: Noyes, Adrea Morgan

subjects: Landslides

abstract: My thesis investigates soil recovery following landsliding in steepland and hill country on part of the Whatawhata Research Station, 25 km west of Hamilton, North Island, New Zealand.  Underlain mainly by Mesozoic greywacke, six landslides were studied, ranging in activation time from pre-1953 to 2014.  On the basis of geomorphological analysis the landslides were divided into five zones: shear zones (mean of 25 % of landslide area), intact accumulation zones (20 %), transition zones (40 %), and re-deposition zones (15 %), plus an adjacent control zone.  Soil physical and chemical properties including: solum depth, A horizon depth, particle size, and soil dry bulk density, along with, soil C, N, P, and pH were determined for each zone of each landslide.  
Soils were well-developed in the control and intact accumulation zones and least recovered in the shear and re-deposition zones.  Mean A horizon depths ranged from 2 cm in the shear and re-deposition zones to 7 cm in the transition zones, 17 cm in the intact accumulation zones, and 20 cm in the control.  Mean solum depths ranged from 24 cm in the shear zones, 91 cm in the intact accumulation zones, 72 cm in the transition zones, 90 cm in the re-deposition zones and >100 cm in the control zones.
The differences between zones within the landslides were greater than the differences between landslides.  The controls had higher (P<0.05) C contents than any of the zones within the landslides, and the intact accumulation zones had higher (P<0.05) C contents than the shear, transition or re-deposition zones.  Mean soil C contents ranged from 8.2 % in the controls through 5.4 % (intact accumulation zones), 4.2 % (transition zones), 3.2 % (re-deposition zones) to 2.6 % in the shear zones.
Similarly to C, the total N was higher in the controls than the other zones (P<0.05).  Mean N content ranged from 0.2 % in the shear zones, 0.3 % in the transition and re-deposition zones, 0.5 % in the intact accumulation zones to 0.7 % in the control zones.
The C:N ratio was consistent across all zones in all six landslides and controls, ranging from 11 to 16.  There were no significant differences in the C:N ratio between zones of the landslides or with landslide age.
Soil Olsen P was lower (P<0.05) in the shear and re-deposition zones than the control, intact accumulation, and transition zones.  There were no significant differences in Olsen P between the intact accumulation, transition, and control zones.  Soil pH was generally low (4.8 to 5.6) across all zones in all six landslides and soil dry bulk density was variable.  Thus soil pH, dry bulk density, and Olsen P were not correlated with soil recovery and development.
Overall the shear zone occupied <25 % of the landslide area, was the slowest zone to recover, and was the least productive.  The intact accumulation, transition, and re-deposition zones generally consisted of about 75 % of the landslide area, and once stabilised were expected to be relatively productive.

text: Soil recovery on landslides in hill country at Whatawhata Research Station, western Waikato, New Zealand My thesis investigates soil recovery following landsliding in steepland and hill country on part of the Whatawhata Research Station, 25 km west of Hamilton, North Island, New Zealand.  Underlain mainly by Mesozoic greywacke, six landslides were studied, ranging in activation time from pre-1953 to 2014.  On the basis of geomorphological analysis the landslides were divided into five zones: shear zones (mean of 25 % of landslide area), intact accumulation zones (20 %), transition zones (40 %), and re-deposition zones (15 %), plus an adjacent control zone.  Soil physical and chemical properties including: solum depth, A horizon depth, particle size, and soil dry bulk density, along with, soil C, N, P, and pH were determined for each zone of each landslide.  
Soils were well-developed in the control and intact accumulation zones and least recovered in the shear and re-deposition zones.  Mean A horizon depths ranged from 2 cm in the shear and re-deposition zones to 7 cm in the transition zones, 17 cm in the intact accumulation zones, and 20 cm in the control.  Mean solum depths ranged from 24 cm in the shear zones, 91 cm in the intact accumulation zones, 72 cm in the transition zones, 90 cm in the re-deposition zones and >100 cm in the control zones.
The differences between zones within the landslides were greater than the differences between landslides.  The controls had higher (P<0.05) C contents than any of the zones within the landslides, and the intact accumulation zones had higher (P<0.05) C contents than the shear, transition or re-deposition zones.  Mean soil C contents ranged from 8.2 % in the controls through 5.4 % (intact accumulation zones), 4.2 % (transition zones), 3.2 % (re-deposition zones) to 2.6 % in the shear zones.
Similarly to C, the total N was higher in the controls than the other zones (P<0.05).  Mean N content ranged from 0.2 % in the shear zones, 0.3 % in the transition and re-deposition zones, 0.5 % in the intact accumulation zones to 0.7 % in the control zones.
The C:N ratio was consistent across all zones in all six landslides and controls, ranging from 11 to 16.  There were no significant differences in the C:N ratio between zones of the landslides or with landslide age.
Soil Olsen P was lower (P<0.05) in the shear and re-deposition zones than the control, intact accumulation, and transition zones.  There were no significant differences in Olsen P between the intact accumulation, transition, and control zones.  Soil pH was generally low (4.8 to 5.6) across all zones in all six landslides and soil dry bulk density was variable.  Thus soil pH, dry bulk density, and Olsen P were not correlated with soil recovery and development.
Overall the shear zone occupied <25 % of the landslide area, was the slowest zone to recover, and was the least productive.  The intact accumulation, transition, and re-deposition zones generally consisted of about 75 % of the landslide area, and once stabilised were expected to be relatively productive.

year: 2016