title: Um Olhar Estrangeiro sobre Segurança e Securitização na Amazônia (A foreigner’s reflections on securitization and security projects in Amazonia)

authors: Zirker, Daniel

abstract: A "securitização" brasileira da sua região amazônica é desconcertante, por vezes, para observadores estrangeiros. Relaciona-se com o surgimento de uma variada gama de possíveis ameaças à segurança no novo contexto global, com as enormes e em grande parte desprotegidas fronteiras brasileiras, e com a necessidade de uma ampla e agressiva expansão das políticas governamentais de múltiplos níveis no âmbito tecnológico e geopolítico para proteger a Amazônia, que devem ser coordenadas por um crescentemente vigilante establishment militar. Tentativas históricas de alienar vastas porções da Amazônia, incluindo Fordlândia, a vasta propriedade do americano Daniel Ludwig, e Estados falidos nas fronteiras amazônicas brasileiras, têm enfatizado as vulnerabilidades deste patrimônio do Brasil, tradicionalmente despovoada. As definições de "segurança" têm ampliado cada vez mais o conceito, e dadas às condições únicas da Amazônia, o Exército brasileiro passou se defrontar com a necessidade de apoiar a migração para esta região. Este estudo examina esas necessidades de segurança no contexto dos projetos militares brasileiros, incluindo Calha Norte, SIVAM / SIPAM, SISFRON e "Amazônia Verde", SisGAAz e "Amazônia Azul", e as respostas militares brasileiras para possíveis ameaças à sua soberania nacional na região por via da implementação de programas em seus vizinhos tais como o "Plano Colômbia".

text: Um Olhar Estrangeiro sobre Segurança e Securitização na Amazônia (A foreigner’s reflections on securitization and security projects in Amazonia) A "securitização" brasileira da sua região amazônica é desconcertante, por vezes, para observadores estrangeiros. Relaciona-se com o surgimento de uma variada gama de possíveis ameaças à segurança no novo contexto global, com as enormes e em grande parte desprotegidas fronteiras brasileiras, e com a necessidade de uma ampla e agressiva expansão das políticas governamentais de múltiplos níveis no âmbito tecnológico e geopolítico para proteger a Amazônia, que devem ser coordenadas por um crescentemente vigilante establishment militar. Tentativas históricas de alienar vastas porções da Amazônia, incluindo Fordlândia, a vasta propriedade do americano Daniel Ludwig, e Estados falidos nas fronteiras amazônicas brasileiras, têm enfatizado as vulnerabilidades deste patrimônio do Brasil, tradicionalmente despovoada. As definições de "segurança" têm ampliado cada vez mais o conceito, e dadas às condições únicas da Amazônia, o Exército brasileiro passou se defrontar com a necessidade de apoiar a migração para esta região. Este estudo examina esas necessidades de segurança no contexto dos projetos militares brasileiros, incluindo Calha Norte, SIVAM / SIPAM, SISFRON e "Amazônia Verde", SisGAAz e "Amazônia Azul", e as respostas militares brasileiras para possíveis ameaças à sua soberania nacional na região por via da implementação de programas em seus vizinhos tais como o "Plano Colômbia".

year: 2015

title: Compression by induction of hierarchical grammars

authors: Nevill-Manning, Craig G.

subjects: Machine learning

abstract: This paper describes a technique that develops models of symbol sequences in the form of small, human-readable, hierarchical grammars. The grammars are both semantically plausible and compact. The technique can induce structure from a variety of different kinds of sequence, and examples are given of models derived from English text, C source code and a file of numeric data. This paper explains the grammatical induction technique, demonstrates its application to three very different sequences, evaluates its compression performance, and concludes by briefly discussing its use as method of knowledge acquisition.

text: Compression by induction of hierarchical grammars This paper describes a technique that develops models of symbol sequences in the form of small, human-readable, hierarchical grammars. The grammars are both semantically plausible and compact. The technique can induce structure from a variety of different kinds of sequence, and examples are given of models derived from English text, C source code and a file of numeric data. This paper explains the grammatical induction technique, demonstrates its application to three very different sequences, evaluates its compression performance, and concludes by briefly discussing its use as method of knowledge acquisition.

year: 1993

title: The "false generosity" of treaty settlements: innovation and contortion

authors: Te Aho, Linda

abstract: In Aotearoa New Zealand the ways in which indigenous claims to lands and waters are addressed are often looked to as good, or even best, practice by indigenous peoples around the world. While things are far from perfect, in recent decades Maori have succeeded in changing perceptions about the Treaty of Waitangi as the foundation of the nation, and work steadily continues on settling outstanding Treaty claims. The resulting Treaty of Waitangi settlements are negotiated arrangements which aim to remove a sense of historical grievance and achieve significant rebuilding of the Maori economy. They are seen by some as dynamic and powerful steps towards economic independence, as a means of recognising special relationships to lands and waters, and a necessary prerequisite to improved relationships between the state and the indigenous Maori in the future. ¹ Critics see the settlements and the processes followed to reach them as too heavily weighted in the government's favour. ² They argue that the settlements do not sufficiently compensate for actual losses. They are said to pit Maori against Maori. Diverse claimant groups are effectively forced to negotiate within standardised and fixed parameters. For these and other reasons, the settlement agreements, policies and processes have been labelled as divisive and compromising self-determination. ³

text: The "false generosity" of treaty settlements: innovation and contortion In Aotearoa New Zealand the ways in which indigenous claims to lands and waters are addressed are often looked to as good, or even best, practice by indigenous peoples around the world. While things are far from perfect, in recent decades Maori have succeeded in changing perceptions about the Treaty of Waitangi as the foundation of the nation, and work steadily continues on settling outstanding Treaty claims. The resulting Treaty of Waitangi settlements are negotiated arrangements which aim to remove a sense of historical grievance and achieve significant rebuilding of the Maori economy. They are seen by some as dynamic and powerful steps towards economic independence, as a means of recognising special relationships to lands and waters, and a necessary prerequisite to improved relationships between the state and the indigenous Maori in the future. ¹ Critics see the settlements and the processes followed to reach them as too heavily weighted in the government's favour. ² They argue that the settlements do not sufficiently compensate for actual losses. They are said to pit Maori against Maori. Diverse claimant groups are effectively forced to negotiate within standardised and fixed parameters. For these and other reasons, the settlement agreements, policies and processes have been labelled as divisive and compromising self-determination. ³

year: 2017