title: Sharing, privacy and trust issues for photo collections

authors: Adams, Anne

subjects: Image collections

abstract: Digital libraries are quickly being adopted by the masses. Technological developments now allow community groups, clubs, and even ordinary individuals to create their own, publicly accessible collections. However, users may not be fully aware of the potential privacy implications of submitting their documents to a digital library, and may hold misconceptions of the technological support for preserving their privacy.
 We present results from 18 autoethnographic investigations and 19 observations / interviews into privacy issues that arise when people make their personal photo collections available online. The Adams' privacy model is used to discuss the findings according to information receiver, information sensitivity, and information usage. Further issues of trust and ad hoc poorly supported protection strategies are presented. Ultimately while photographic data is potentially highly sensitive, the privacy risks are often hidden and the protection mechanisms are limited.

text: Sharing, privacy and trust issues for photo collections Digital libraries are quickly being adopted by the masses. Technological developments now allow community groups, clubs, and even ordinary individuals to create their own, publicly accessible collections. However, users may not be fully aware of the potential privacy implications of submitting their documents to a digital library, and may hold misconceptions of the technological support for preserving their privacy.
 We present results from 18 autoethnographic investigations and 19 observations / interviews into privacy issues that arise when people make their personal photo collections available online. The Adams' privacy model is used to discuss the findings according to information receiver, information sensitivity, and information usage. Further issues of trust and ad hoc poorly supported protection strategies are presented. Ultimately while photographic data is potentially highly sensitive, the privacy risks are often hidden and the protection mechanisms are limited.

year: 2007-02-01

title: The Environmental and Economic Impacts for Producing the Port Jackson from Novatein®

authors: van der Merwe, De Wet

subjects: LCA

abstract: Preserving meat quality is paramount during meat processing. Contamination is reduced by preventing contact between faecal matter and the carcass. Rectal plugs are used for this purpose during slaughtering, and the animal’s intestines can be removed and entered directly into the rendering process. Polypropylene plugs contaminate rendered products, while Novatein® plugs (the Port Jackson) will break down during the rendering process. 

A life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to determine and compare the environmental impacts of plugs made from either polypropylene or Novatein®. Two scenarios were considered, in which the production of the plugs could be contracted out, or manufactured in-house. On an environmental basis, the difference was negligible. Resin production accounted for 73% of the total non-renewable primary energy (NRPE) use and global warming potential (GWP), with the balance shared between plug production, use, and disposal. 

Injection moulding and packaging each contributed 31% to GWP, as well as 25.8% and 40% of the NRPE use respectively during plug production and disposal, dominating impacts during plug production. In contrast, operations with the lowest impacts were conditioning and transport, collectively contributing to less than 4% of the entire LCA impacts. 

The life cycle impacts were particularly sensitive to packaging, the allocation method used for farming impacts on bloodmeal production, and the ratio of the electricity grid mix. By eliminating cardboard boxes reduced GWP and NRPE use by 6.1% and 6.9%. Allocating impacts from farming to bloodmeal production could increase the GWP by up to 193%, and NRPE by 14%. Allocation is not under the control of the manufacturer, and is a limitation of the assumptions made in this study. By using coal-based electricity, the GWP can increase by 66%, and NRPE by 20%. Impacts from electricity use could change noticeably if the plugs were manufactured overseas. 

The net present value (NPV) of capturing 10% of the market, and selling the plugs at $0.15 NZD, at a 35% discount rate was $143,629 when contracting out plug production. Under all costing assumptions, contracting out provided a higher NPV than manufacturing in-house. This is primarily due to the large capital costs when producing in-house. 

The critical factor that will cause manufacturing in-house to be more financially viable is the capital cost. The difference between the NPV of the two scenarios is $240,442, and the estimated total cost of buying, shipping, and installing the injection moulder is $355,153. If this can be reduced to $114,711, the two scenarios become equal. Because manufacturing in-house has a higher ongoing cash inflow per year, this scenario will also benefit more from scaling up volume above the 10% market share threshold. 

When comparing the Port Jackson with the polypropylene plug, the Novatein® plug has a higher GWP (0.0166 kg CO₂eq per plug) than the PP plug (0.0126 kg CO₂eq per plug), however, it requires less NRPE (0.302 MJ per plug and 0.430 MJ per plug respectively), and if contracted out, can be sold competitively at a matching market value of $0.15 or $0.16 per plug. The price may be lowered even further to $0.12, and still have a positive NPV. These factors are slightly in favour of producing Novatein plugs, but the Port Jackson’s advantage over PP is the fact that it not only breaks down during rendering, but it is also non-toxic, so simply becomes part of part of meat and bone meal.

text: The Environmental and Economic Impacts for Producing the Port Jackson from Novatein® Preserving meat quality is paramount during meat processing. Contamination is reduced by preventing contact between faecal matter and the carcass. Rectal plugs are used for this purpose during slaughtering, and the animal’s intestines can be removed and entered directly into the rendering process. Polypropylene plugs contaminate rendered products, while Novatein® plugs (the Port Jackson) will break down during the rendering process. 

A life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to determine and compare the environmental impacts of plugs made from either polypropylene or Novatein®. Two scenarios were considered, in which the production of the plugs could be contracted out, or manufactured in-house. On an environmental basis, the difference was negligible. Resin production accounted for 73% of the total non-renewable primary energy (NRPE) use and global warming potential (GWP), with the balance shared between plug production, use, and disposal. 

Injection moulding and packaging each contributed 31% to GWP, as well as 25.8% and 40% of the NRPE use respectively during plug production and disposal, dominating impacts during plug production. In contrast, operations with the lowest impacts were conditioning and transport, collectively contributing to less than 4% of the entire LCA impacts. 

The life cycle impacts were particularly sensitive to packaging, the allocation method used for farming impacts on bloodmeal production, and the ratio of the electricity grid mix. By eliminating cardboard boxes reduced GWP and NRPE use by 6.1% and 6.9%. Allocating impacts from farming to bloodmeal production could increase the GWP by up to 193%, and NRPE by 14%. Allocation is not under the control of the manufacturer, and is a limitation of the assumptions made in this study. By using coal-based electricity, the GWP can increase by 66%, and NRPE by 20%. Impacts from electricity use could change noticeably if the plugs were manufactured overseas. 

The net present value (NPV) of capturing 10% of the market, and selling the plugs at $0.15 NZD, at a 35% discount rate was $143,629 when contracting out plug production. Under all costing assumptions, contracting out provided a higher NPV than manufacturing in-house. This is primarily due to the large capital costs when producing in-house. 

The critical factor that will cause manufacturing in-house to be more financially viable is the capital cost. The difference between the NPV of the two scenarios is $240,442, and the estimated total cost of buying, shipping, and installing the injection moulder is $355,153. If this can be reduced to $114,711, the two scenarios become equal. Because manufacturing in-house has a higher ongoing cash inflow per year, this scenario will also benefit more from scaling up volume above the 10% market share threshold. 

When comparing the Port Jackson with the polypropylene plug, the Novatein® plug has a higher GWP (0.0166 kg CO₂eq per plug) than the PP plug (0.0126 kg CO₂eq per plug), however, it requires less NRPE (0.302 MJ per plug and 0.430 MJ per plug respectively), and if contracted out, can be sold competitively at a matching market value of $0.15 or $0.16 per plug. The price may be lowered even further to $0.12, and still have a positive NPV. These factors are slightly in favour of producing Novatein plugs, but the Port Jackson’s advantage over PP is the fact that it not only breaks down during rendering, but it is also non-toxic, so simply becomes part of part of meat and bone meal.

year: 2014

title: Biculturalism in practice, ‘Te Pounamu’: Integration of a Māori model with traditional clinical assessment processes

authors: Manna, Leona

subjects: Maori

abstract: Traditional clinical psychological assessment follows a western paradigm of interaction, which relies heavily on verbalisations of internal and external symptoms. This process relies upon the assumption of and acceptance that tangata whaiora (consumer/s) are able to do this. Training encourages a clinical psychologist to take into account differences which may or may not be obvious, e.g., differences in religious beliefs, gender, hearing, or sight. However, as clinicians we often neglect to assess tangata whaiora abilities to verbalise such information. Te Pounamu, as a Māori model demonstrates the underlying principles of Te Tiriti O Waitangi. Providing the best treatment outcomes is about acknowledging all aspects of one’s wellbeing: physical, mental, spiritual, and whānau. Te Pounamu provides a process that acknowledges such aspects in a way of knowing that is healing. From clinical experience, the interactive mode that Te Pounamu utilises has been found efficacious in assisting tangata whaiora to understand how such factors contribute to poor mental health.

text: Biculturalism in practice, ‘Te Pounamu’: Integration of a Māori model with traditional clinical assessment processes Traditional clinical psychological assessment follows a western paradigm of interaction, which relies heavily on verbalisations of internal and external symptoms. This process relies upon the assumption of and acceptance that tangata whaiora (consumer/s) are able to do this. Training encourages a clinical psychologist to take into account differences which may or may not be obvious, e.g., differences in religious beliefs, gender, hearing, or sight. However, as clinicians we often neglect to assess tangata whaiora abilities to verbalise such information. Te Pounamu, as a Māori model demonstrates the underlying principles of Te Tiriti O Waitangi. Providing the best treatment outcomes is about acknowledging all aspects of one’s wellbeing: physical, mental, spiritual, and whānau. Te Pounamu provides a process that acknowledges such aspects in a way of knowing that is healing. From clinical experience, the interactive mode that Te Pounamu utilises has been found efficacious in assisting tangata whaiora to understand how such factors contribute to poor mental health.

year: 2003