title: A very long engagement: Visualising research methodologies from data collection to reporting

authors: Bliss, Elaine

subjects: audio visual data

abstract: In the present article, we develop arguments to show that audio visual data encourages varying levels of engagement (from micro to macro levels) of varying actors in the research process. First, gathering of visual material allows participants to play a more active part in the self-collection of data about themselves. Secondly, the process of data analysis can also involve participants by encouraging them to share their insights and further develop them to a deeper level of analysis. Hence at the level of data collection and analysis, visual research methods foster participants’ engagement in the inquiry process. Engagement is present again at the third level of data reporting, with visual reporting fostering this time the potential for stakeholders’ engagement with visual reporting disseminated via the Internet or screened in the community.

text: A very long engagement: Visualising research methodologies from data collection to reporting In the present article, we develop arguments to show that audio visual data encourages varying levels of engagement (from micro to macro levels) of varying actors in the research process. First, gathering of visual material allows participants to play a more active part in the self-collection of data about themselves. Secondly, the process of data analysis can also involve participants by encouraging them to share their insights and further develop them to a deeper level of analysis. Hence at the level of data collection and analysis, visual research methods foster participants’ engagement in the inquiry process. Engagement is present again at the third level of data reporting, with visual reporting fostering this time the potential for stakeholders’ engagement with visual reporting disseminated via the Internet or screened in the community.

year: 2007

title: Using a tephrostratigraphic framework to determine the past 40,000 yrs of fault rupture and paleohydrothermal activity on the east strand of the Whirinaki Fault, Ngakuru Graben, central Taupo Volcanic Zone

authors: Loame, Remedy Charlotte

subjects: seismology

abstract: The Ngakuru Graben in the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand, is largely thermally inactive, but several fossil geothermal systems have been mapped throughout the area parallel to the Whirinaki Fault (WF). A fossil geothermal system was identified on the northeast section of the east strand of the WF at a location on Hossack Road hereafter referred to as the Meade-Hossack site. The aim of this study was to establish a history of fault rupture and sinter development at the Meade-Hossack site, and to relate the observed faulting and paleogeothermal activity to that at other locations on the WF. The objectives were to (i) describe the stratigraphy exposed in a trench and outcrop, (ii) identify (correlate) tephras using stratigraphic principles, ferromagnesian mineralogical assemblages, and electron microprobe-determined major-element compositions of glass shards, and (iii) restore tectonic deformation at the site using tephrochronology to date the timing of fault movement and the development of sinter formation.

A paleoseismic trench was excavated across the northeast section of the east strand of the WF. The stratigraphy and deformation in the trench were logged. Samples of tephras were taken for mineral and glass shard analysis by microscope petrography and electron microprobe analysis, respectively. Eight tephras were identified, namely the Kaharoa (AD 1314 ± 12 or 636 ± 12 cal. yr. BP) (95% probability age range), Taupo (AD 232 ± 10 or 1718 ± 10 cal. yr. BP), Rotoma (9423 ± 120 cal. yr. BP), Rotorua (15635 ± 412 cal. yr. BP), Okareka (21858 ± 290 cal. yr. BP), Kawakawa (25358 ± 162 cal. yr. BP), Poihipi (28446 ± 670 cal. yr. BP), and Tahuna (c. 40 ka), as well as the Ohakuri Ignimbrite (c. 240 ka).

Five fault rupture events were identified in the trench (MH1–5). The trench logs were used to reconstruct earlier stages of the stratigraphic succession at the site prior to deformation by each rupture events. The tephra ages were used to constrain the timing of fault movement. The slip rates and the vertical displacement measurements were also calculated using tephrochronology, and correlated with trends (fast-slow-fast) for events of similar ages observed in other trenches on the WF.

Rupture event MH1 occurred between the Taupo and Kaharoa eruption episodes at a slip rate of 0.87 ± 0.37 mm/yr, MH2 between the Rotoma and Taupo eruptions at a rate of 0.11 ± 0.20 mm/yr, MH3 between the Rotorua and Rotoma eruptions at a rate of 0.20 ± 0.22 mm/yr, MH4 between the Okareka and Rotorua eruptions at a rate of 0.13 ± 0.27 mm/yr, and MH5 between the Ohakuri and Okareka eruptions at a rate of 0.53 ± 0.24 mm/yr. The recurrence interval during the last 21.8 kyrs was calculated to be 1.8–5.4 kyrs, which fits within recurrence intervals calculated for other trenches on the WF.

The rupture events at the Meade-Hossack site show evidence of stress transfer from the southeast section of the east strand as well as the northwest section of the west strand of the WF, indicating that the strands are connected at depth. Sinter deposition mirrors that on the west strand from ~40–10 ka, indicating that the paleogeothermal fields were fed by the same source at depth.Sinter deposition mirrors that on the west strand from ~40–10 ka, indicating that the paleogeothermal fields were fed by the same source at depth. Fault rupture MH3 at the Meade-Hossack site altered the local fluid flow regime, leading to the cessation of sinter development on the east strand by 9423 ± 120 cal. yr. BP.

text: Using a tephrostratigraphic framework to determine the past 40,000 yrs of fault rupture and paleohydrothermal activity on the east strand of the Whirinaki Fault, Ngakuru Graben, central Taupo Volcanic Zone The Ngakuru Graben in the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand, is largely thermally inactive, but several fossil geothermal systems have been mapped throughout the area parallel to the Whirinaki Fault (WF). A fossil geothermal system was identified on the northeast section of the east strand of the WF at a location on Hossack Road hereafter referred to as the Meade-Hossack site. The aim of this study was to establish a history of fault rupture and sinter development at the Meade-Hossack site, and to relate the observed faulting and paleogeothermal activity to that at other locations on the WF. The objectives were to (i) describe the stratigraphy exposed in a trench and outcrop, (ii) identify (correlate) tephras using stratigraphic principles, ferromagnesian mineralogical assemblages, and electron microprobe-determined major-element compositions of glass shards, and (iii) restore tectonic deformation at the site using tephrochronology to date the timing of fault movement and the development of sinter formation.

A paleoseismic trench was excavated across the northeast section of the east strand of the WF. The stratigraphy and deformation in the trench were logged. Samples of tephras were taken for mineral and glass shard analysis by microscope petrography and electron microprobe analysis, respectively. Eight tephras were identified, namely the Kaharoa (AD 1314 ± 12 or 636 ± 12 cal. yr. BP) (95% probability age range), Taupo (AD 232 ± 10 or 1718 ± 10 cal. yr. BP), Rotoma (9423 ± 120 cal. yr. BP), Rotorua (15635 ± 412 cal. yr. BP), Okareka (21858 ± 290 cal. yr. BP), Kawakawa (25358 ± 162 cal. yr. BP), Poihipi (28446 ± 670 cal. yr. BP), and Tahuna (c. 40 ka), as well as the Ohakuri Ignimbrite (c. 240 ka).

Five fault rupture events were identified in the trench (MH1–5). The trench logs were used to reconstruct earlier stages of the stratigraphic succession at the site prior to deformation by each rupture events. The tephra ages were used to constrain the timing of fault movement. The slip rates and the vertical displacement measurements were also calculated using tephrochronology, and correlated with trends (fast-slow-fast) for events of similar ages observed in other trenches on the WF.

Rupture event MH1 occurred between the Taupo and Kaharoa eruption episodes at a slip rate of 0.87 ± 0.37 mm/yr, MH2 between the Rotoma and Taupo eruptions at a rate of 0.11 ± 0.20 mm/yr, MH3 between the Rotorua and Rotoma eruptions at a rate of 0.20 ± 0.22 mm/yr, MH4 between the Okareka and Rotorua eruptions at a rate of 0.13 ± 0.27 mm/yr, and MH5 between the Ohakuri and Okareka eruptions at a rate of 0.53 ± 0.24 mm/yr. The recurrence interval during the last 21.8 kyrs was calculated to be 1.8–5.4 kyrs, which fits within recurrence intervals calculated for other trenches on the WF.

The rupture events at the Meade-Hossack site show evidence of stress transfer from the southeast section of the east strand as well as the northwest section of the west strand of the WF, indicating that the strands are connected at depth. Sinter deposition mirrors that on the west strand from ~40–10 ka, indicating that the paleogeothermal fields were fed by the same source at depth.Sinter deposition mirrors that on the west strand from ~40–10 ka, indicating that the paleogeothermal fields were fed by the same source at depth. Fault rupture MH3 at the Meade-Hossack site altered the local fluid flow regime, leading to the cessation of sinter development on the east strand by 9423 ± 120 cal. yr. BP.

year: 2016

title: Ngā tohu o te taiao: Observing signs of the natural world to identify seastar over-abundance as a detriment to shellfish survival in Ōhiwa Harbour, Aotearoa New Zealand

authors: Paul-Burke, Kura

subjects: Tohu

abstract: Māori understandings and experiences of the natural world encompass not only what is known but how it is known, and the intergenerational connectedness of that knowledge with the environments from which it is derived. Ngā tohu o te taiao (hereafter ‘tohu’), or the cultural and environmental signs and indicators of the natural world, are widely used by kaitiaki or local practitioners to identify trends or changes in the state or health of marine taonga (culturally important) species and their associated environments (Paul-Burke, 2017). Māori worldviews position humans within nature and focus on ways in which cultural understandings and intergenerational connections between people and their bio-physical contexts assist in the retention and protection of biodiversity and ecologically sustainable ecosystems (Lyver et al., 2016). Tohu are a fundamental expression of kaitiakitanga or active guardianship and are based on the primal instinct of survival and recognising that in order to survive one must pay attention to the natural signs and signals thoughtfully, so as to manage our mahinga kai (food harvesting area) and ourselves into the future (Paul-Burke et al., 2020). This article considers the example of the over-abundant eleven-armed seastar (pātangaroa, Coscinasterias muricata; hereafter ‘seastar’) predating on culturally and ecologically important shellfish populations in a traditional mahinga kai of Ōhiwa Harbour in the Bay of Plenty region of Aotearoa/New Zealand. The over-abundance of seastars was considered a contemporary tohu of a degrading harbour. It was deemed imperative by iwi (tribe) members that a trial using quantitative methods to investigate predation pressure of seastars on the green-lipped mussel (kuku or kūtai, Perna canaliculus) population be conducted in the harbour. Between September 2018 and February 2019 field trials were undertaken that prioritised mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) alongside marine science to assist with a better understanding of the degrading harbour. It was hoped that the research would help and promote recovery, in particular but not limited to, the once abundant but now severely reduced mussel reefs in the soft-mud-bottomed harbour.

text: Ngā tohu o te taiao: Observing signs of the natural world to identify seastar over-abundance as a detriment to shellfish survival in Ōhiwa Harbour, Aotearoa New Zealand Māori understandings and experiences of the natural world encompass not only what is known but how it is known, and the intergenerational connectedness of that knowledge with the environments from which it is derived. Ngā tohu o te taiao (hereafter ‘tohu’), or the cultural and environmental signs and indicators of the natural world, are widely used by kaitiaki or local practitioners to identify trends or changes in the state or health of marine taonga (culturally important) species and their associated environments (Paul-Burke, 2017). Māori worldviews position humans within nature and focus on ways in which cultural understandings and intergenerational connections between people and their bio-physical contexts assist in the retention and protection of biodiversity and ecologically sustainable ecosystems (Lyver et al., 2016). Tohu are a fundamental expression of kaitiakitanga or active guardianship and are based on the primal instinct of survival and recognising that in order to survive one must pay attention to the natural signs and signals thoughtfully, so as to manage our mahinga kai (food harvesting area) and ourselves into the future (Paul-Burke et al., 2020). This article considers the example of the over-abundant eleven-armed seastar (pātangaroa, Coscinasterias muricata; hereafter ‘seastar’) predating on culturally and ecologically important shellfish populations in a traditional mahinga kai of Ōhiwa Harbour in the Bay of Plenty region of Aotearoa/New Zealand. The over-abundance of seastars was considered a contemporary tohu of a degrading harbour. It was deemed imperative by iwi (tribe) members that a trial using quantitative methods to investigate predation pressure of seastars on the green-lipped mussel (kuku or kūtai, Perna canaliculus) population be conducted in the harbour. Between September 2018 and February 2019 field trials were undertaken that prioritised mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) alongside marine science to assist with a better understanding of the degrading harbour. It was hoped that the research would help and promote recovery, in particular but not limited to, the once abundant but now severely reduced mussel reefs in the soft-mud-bottomed harbour.

year: 2022-03-28