title: The role of colour when perceiving goalkeeper size

authors: Thakur, Vikas

abstract: This research examines the effect of the color of a goalkeeper's uniform on perceived size and performance in sports. The main purpose was to determine the impact of particular colors, namely red, yellow, blue, green, and black on the psychological attitudes of goalkeepers during competition. The quantitative approach was used in the study since the participants were asked to guess the size of goalkeepers wearing uniforms of various colors. The results revealed a significant main effect of uniform color on perceived size, with male goalkeepers in red and yellow uniforms estimated to be larger than those in blue (p = 0.008) and green (p = 0.061). In a follow-up experiment, it was found that male goalkeepers were perceived to be 16.8% larger than their actual size (F(1, 85) = 263.748, p < 0.001), while female goalkeepers were perceived as 6.3% larger (mean difference of 10.480, SE = 0.645, p < 0.001).  The results show that there is a significant gender stereotype, where male goalkeepers are perceived as larger than female goalkeepers irrespective of the color of the uniform they wear. These results indicate that uniform color can be used as a psychological weapon in sports and that the opponents may be conditioned by the color of the uniforms worn by the athletes. The findings of the study have relevance to the management of sports teams and the design of kits where the use of appropriate colors may be a nonverbal communication edge. However, the generalization of the results as well as the reliability of the results may be limited due to the small number and young age of the participants, restricted color options during the design of the uniform, and other features that may limit the applicability of the research in different sports and cultures.

text: The role of colour when perceiving goalkeeper size This research examines the effect of the color of a goalkeeper's uniform on perceived size and performance in sports. The main purpose was to determine the impact of particular colors, namely red, yellow, blue, green, and black on the psychological attitudes of goalkeepers during competition. The quantitative approach was used in the study since the participants were asked to guess the size of goalkeepers wearing uniforms of various colors. The results revealed a significant main effect of uniform color on perceived size, with male goalkeepers in red and yellow uniforms estimated to be larger than those in blue (p = 0.008) and green (p = 0.061). In a follow-up experiment, it was found that male goalkeepers were perceived to be 16.8% larger than their actual size (F(1, 85) = 263.748, p < 0.001), while female goalkeepers were perceived as 6.3% larger (mean difference of 10.480, SE = 0.645, p < 0.001).  The results show that there is a significant gender stereotype, where male goalkeepers are perceived as larger than female goalkeepers irrespective of the color of the uniform they wear. These results indicate that uniform color can be used as a psychological weapon in sports and that the opponents may be conditioned by the color of the uniforms worn by the athletes. The findings of the study have relevance to the management of sports teams and the design of kits where the use of appropriate colors may be a nonverbal communication edge. However, the generalization of the results as well as the reliability of the results may be limited due to the small number and young age of the participants, restricted color options during the design of the uniform, and other features that may limit the applicability of the research in different sports and cultures.

year: 2024

title: Policy reform and labour demand in branches of Sri Lankan manufacturing industry

authors: Gibson, John

subjects: Sri Lankan manufacturing industry

abstract: Many policy reforms in developing countries aim to remove factor market distortions. Whether such reforms reduce unemployment depends partly on the substitution possibilities between labour and other factors of production. This paper examines labour demand in seven branches of Sri Lankan manufacturing industry, using data on 4-digit industrial categories over the 1990 to 1997 period. The Box-Cox transformation is used to allow for flexible, and data-dependent, elasticities. The elasticity of capital-labour substitution varies widely across the branches of industry and is usually variable rather than constant. The average, long-run own-wage elasticity of labour demand for the manufacturing sector is estimated as -0.80, so factor price policy should have an important effect on labour demand in this setting.

text: Policy reform and labour demand in branches of Sri Lankan manufacturing industry Many policy reforms in developing countries aim to remove factor market distortions. Whether such reforms reduce unemployment depends partly on the substitution possibilities between labour and other factors of production. This paper examines labour demand in seven branches of Sri Lankan manufacturing industry, using data on 4-digit industrial categories over the 1990 to 1997 period. The Box-Cox transformation is used to allow for flexible, and data-dependent, elasticities. The elasticity of capital-labour substitution varies widely across the branches of industry and is usually variable rather than constant. The average, long-run own-wage elasticity of labour demand for the manufacturing sector is estimated as -0.80, so factor price policy should have an important effect on labour demand in this setting.

year: 2006

title: Location of Te Wahitapu Stream and other possible streams in 1877

authors: de Lange, Willem P.

abstract: Review of evidence to establish, with as much confidence as possible, the path of the Te Wahitapu Stream at Matapouri in 1877. The review also examines if other streams may have been present on or in the vicinity of Te Wahitapu Stream in 1877, and if the 1877 or later tsunami may have latered the course of the boundary stream.

text: Location of Te Wahitapu Stream and other possible streams in 1877 Review of evidence to establish, with as much confidence as possible, the path of the Te Wahitapu Stream at Matapouri in 1877. The review also examines if other streams may have been present on or in the vicinity of Te Wahitapu Stream in 1877, and if the 1877 or later tsunami may have latered the course of the boundary stream.

year: 2009