title: Beginning primary teachers' induction and mentoring practices in Papua New Guinea

authors: Deruage, Joseph Kua

subjects: teacher education

abstract: Professional development of beginning teachers through induction and mentoring has been commonly viewed as important for teachers' success and continuation in the teaching profession. Induction and specifically mentoring programs focus attention on transitions from one stage of teacher development to another. The three phases of teacher development are initial teacher education, known as pre-service, the induction phase and the ongoing teacher in-service education. The move from student to teacher is the most demanding change in learning to teach. The beginning teacher in this change must adjust from thinking and acting as a student, absorbed with his or her own learning and performance, to thinking and acting as a teacher, accepting responsibility for the learning and performance of others. Beginning teachers are fully engaged in this essential development, and mentoring programs are purposely intended to support them through this period of change. 

This study has established that beginning teachers in Papua New Guinea (PNG) do experience challenges in the first few months of teaching but these issues lapse over time with the support and assistance of mentors/supervisors. Mentoring has great potential for group effort and transformational teacher learning within schools as professional learning communities. In order for mentors to perform their tasks well and draw benefits from mentoring, appropriate support and training for mentors is recommended. As well as support and training, other incentives for mentors such as salary increments and reduced teaching loads would be a welcome step to enhancing induction and mentoring programs in PNG primary schools.

text: Beginning primary teachers' induction and mentoring practices in Papua New Guinea Professional development of beginning teachers through induction and mentoring has been commonly viewed as important for teachers' success and continuation in the teaching profession. Induction and specifically mentoring programs focus attention on transitions from one stage of teacher development to another. The three phases of teacher development are initial teacher education, known as pre-service, the induction phase and the ongoing teacher in-service education. The move from student to teacher is the most demanding change in learning to teach. The beginning teacher in this change must adjust from thinking and acting as a student, absorbed with his or her own learning and performance, to thinking and acting as a teacher, accepting responsibility for the learning and performance of others. Beginning teachers are fully engaged in this essential development, and mentoring programs are purposely intended to support them through this period of change. 

This study has established that beginning teachers in Papua New Guinea (PNG) do experience challenges in the first few months of teaching but these issues lapse over time with the support and assistance of mentors/supervisors. Mentoring has great potential for group effort and transformational teacher learning within schools as professional learning communities. In order for mentors to perform their tasks well and draw benefits from mentoring, appropriate support and training for mentors is recommended. As well as support and training, other incentives for mentors such as salary increments and reduced teaching loads would be a welcome step to enhancing induction and mentoring programs in PNG primary schools.

year: 2007

title: Characterization of a novel aerobic cellulolytic thermophilic bacterium and its cellulases

authors: Huang, Xiao Ping

abstract: A taxonomic position was established for a thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium strain COMP.A2 on the basis of both phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics. The bacterium was a Gram-positive, aerobic endospore-forming rod. Growth was observed between 60 and 70°C, with an optimum at 65°C. The optimum pH for growth was between 6.5 and 7.5. A wide range of substrates including Avicel and Sigmacell 20 could be utilised as sole carbon and energy source at 70°C. Lactate and acetate were produced when grown on cellobiose or amorphous cellulose medium. The organism was very sensitive to antibiotics such as penicilin G, streptomycin, and neomycin. Growth was inhibited by low concentrations of agar or agarose. A preference for uptake of cellobiose over glucose as the substrate was observed in a mixture of glucose and cellobiose medium. The bacterium was unable to grow autotrophically using hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The lack of alicyclic fatty acid in the cell membrane and the neutral growth pH indicates that the strain is not a member of the genus Alicyclobacillus. The G+C content of the DNA was 62.4 mol%. The 16S rRNA sequences showed that strain COMP.A2 is phylogenetically distinct from other members of genus Bacillus and forms a cluster with the genus Alicylobacillus and two facultatively chemolithoautotrophilic hydrogen-oxidizing Bacillus species, B. tusciae and B. schlegelii. Strain COMP.A2 is tentatively proposed as a new species of a new genus, namely Caldibacillus cellulovorans gen. nov., sp. nov. on the basis of its physiological and phylogenetic characters.

Two CMCases (CMCase A and CMCase B) and one β-glucosidase have been purified from the culture filtrate of strain COMP.A2 by Phenyl-Sepharose chromatography, ion exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. CMCase A and β-glucosidase were shown to be electrophoretically homogeneous on PAGE and SDS-PAGE. CMCase B was partially purified.

The molecular weight of CMCase A was determined to be 85.1 kDa by SDS-PAGE and 174 kDa by size-exclusion chromatography. The isoelectric point of CMCase A was 4.12. With an assay time of 10 min, CMCase A displayed highest activity at 80°C. An optimum pH for activity was in the range of pH 6.5 to 7.0. An active energy was 46.6 KJ mol⁻¹. The enzyme did not lose activity over one hour at 70°C and still possessed 83% of the original activity after three hours incubation at 70°C. The half-life at 80°C was 32 min and the thermostability was increased by the addition of bovine serum albumin. The enzyme activity was inhibited by heavy metal ions (Zn²⁺ and Hg²⁺) and the thiol-specific inhibitor p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonic acid (pCMPS). The CMCase A showed greatest hydrolytic activity on CMC and low activity on Avicel and xylan. CMCase A hydrolyses CMC or amorphous cellulose in an exo-model of action following initial and random attack. The Km value of the enzyme for CMC was 3.4 mg ml⁻¹. The enzyme cleaved cellopentaose to cellotetraose and glucose or cellotriose and cellobiose. Cellotetraose was cleaved to cellobiose. Cellotriose and cellobiose were not degraded.

The β-glucosidase was largely cell-associated. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 52.5 kDa as determin by SDS-PAGE and an isoelectric point of 4.43. With an assay time of 15 min, β-glucosidase displayed highest activity at 75°C. The enzyme showed optimum activity in the range of pH 5.5 to 7.0. An active energy was 35.4 KJ mol⁻¹. The enzyme was inhibited by the thiol-specific inhibitor pCMPS and heavy metal ions (Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, Ag⁺). The thermostability of β-glucosidase was increased by the addition of trehalose. The half-life of β-glucosidase was less than 5 minutes at 80°C and 2.5 hours at 70°C in comparison with 24 minutes at 80°C and 11.75 hours at 70°C in the presence of trehalose. The enzyme was competitive inhibited by gluconolactone. The β-glucosidase showed very broad substrate specificity and was active against sophorose, cellobiose and pNPG with Km values of 2.0 mM, 3.4 mM and 0.36mM, respectively.

text: Characterization of a novel aerobic cellulolytic thermophilic bacterium and its cellulases A taxonomic position was established for a thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium strain COMP.A2 on the basis of both phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics. The bacterium was a Gram-positive, aerobic endospore-forming rod. Growth was observed between 60 and 70°C, with an optimum at 65°C. The optimum pH for growth was between 6.5 and 7.5. A wide range of substrates including Avicel and Sigmacell 20 could be utilised as sole carbon and energy source at 70°C. Lactate and acetate were produced when grown on cellobiose or amorphous cellulose medium. The organism was very sensitive to antibiotics such as penicilin G, streptomycin, and neomycin. Growth was inhibited by low concentrations of agar or agarose. A preference for uptake of cellobiose over glucose as the substrate was observed in a mixture of glucose and cellobiose medium. The bacterium was unable to grow autotrophically using hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The lack of alicyclic fatty acid in the cell membrane and the neutral growth pH indicates that the strain is not a member of the genus Alicyclobacillus. The G+C content of the DNA was 62.4 mol%. The 16S rRNA sequences showed that strain COMP.A2 is phylogenetically distinct from other members of genus Bacillus and forms a cluster with the genus Alicylobacillus and two facultatively chemolithoautotrophilic hydrogen-oxidizing Bacillus species, B. tusciae and B. schlegelii. Strain COMP.A2 is tentatively proposed as a new species of a new genus, namely Caldibacillus cellulovorans gen. nov., sp. nov. on the basis of its physiological and phylogenetic characters.

Two CMCases (CMCase A and CMCase B) and one β-glucosidase have been purified from the culture filtrate of strain COMP.A2 by Phenyl-Sepharose chromatography, ion exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. CMCase A and β-glucosidase were shown to be electrophoretically homogeneous on PAGE and SDS-PAGE. CMCase B was partially purified.

The molecular weight of CMCase A was determined to be 85.1 kDa by SDS-PAGE and 174 kDa by size-exclusion chromatography. The isoelectric point of CMCase A was 4.12. With an assay time of 10 min, CMCase A displayed highest activity at 80°C. An optimum pH for activity was in the range of pH 6.5 to 7.0. An active energy was 46.6 KJ mol⁻¹. The enzyme did not lose activity over one hour at 70°C and still possessed 83% of the original activity after three hours incubation at 70°C. The half-life at 80°C was 32 min and the thermostability was increased by the addition of bovine serum albumin. The enzyme activity was inhibited by heavy metal ions (Zn²⁺ and Hg²⁺) and the thiol-specific inhibitor p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonic acid (pCMPS). The CMCase A showed greatest hydrolytic activity on CMC and low activity on Avicel and xylan. CMCase A hydrolyses CMC or amorphous cellulose in an exo-model of action following initial and random attack. The Km value of the enzyme for CMC was 3.4 mg ml⁻¹. The enzyme cleaved cellopentaose to cellotetraose and glucose or cellotriose and cellobiose. Cellotetraose was cleaved to cellobiose. Cellotriose and cellobiose were not degraded.

The β-glucosidase was largely cell-associated. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 52.5 kDa as determin by SDS-PAGE and an isoelectric point of 4.43. With an assay time of 15 min, β-glucosidase displayed highest activity at 75°C. The enzyme showed optimum activity in the range of pH 5.5 to 7.0. An active energy was 35.4 KJ mol⁻¹. The enzyme was inhibited by the thiol-specific inhibitor pCMPS and heavy metal ions (Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, Ag⁺). The thermostability of β-glucosidase was increased by the addition of trehalose. The half-life of β-glucosidase was less than 5 minutes at 80°C and 2.5 hours at 70°C in comparison with 24 minutes at 80°C and 11.75 hours at 70°C in the presence of trehalose. The enzyme was competitive inhibited by gluconolactone. The β-glucosidase showed very broad substrate specificity and was active against sophorose, cellobiose and pNPG with Km values of 2.0 mM, 3.4 mM and 0.36mM, respectively.

year: 1999

title: Mental health and wellbeing for young people from intersectional identity groups: Inequity for Māori, Pacific, Rainbow young people, and those with a disabling condition

authors: Roy, Rituparna

subjects: Māori

abstract: ‘Intersectionality’ describes the converging effects of ethnicity, gender, sexuality, disability, and other social group characteristics that influence life experiences. We draw on a representative study of year 9-13 students in Tai Tokerau, Tāmaki Makaurau, and Waikato (Youth19) to explore differences in mental health and wellbeing outcomes for young people from a selection of intersectional identities (Māori, Pasifika, Rainbow, and young people with a Disabling Condition). We found a pervasive pattern of inequity for young people who have intersectional identities compared to those from the majority groups (i.e. Pākehā, non-disabled, cis-heterosexual youth). Intersectional youth had higher levels of inequity and faced a greater array of inequities. There was evidence of an additive effect for some indicators. Thematic analysis of open-text survey responses found the need for positive inclusive environments, and support for all young people, including those at the intersections of identity. Drawing on the findings, we offered several systemslevel policy recommendations, including strategies to improve inclusiveness and reduce discrimination.

text: Mental health and wellbeing for young people from intersectional identity groups: Inequity for Māori, Pacific, Rainbow young people, and those with a disabling condition ‘Intersectionality’ describes the converging effects of ethnicity, gender, sexuality, disability, and other social group characteristics that influence life experiences. We draw on a representative study of year 9-13 students in Tai Tokerau, Tāmaki Makaurau, and Waikato (Youth19) to explore differences in mental health and wellbeing outcomes for young people from a selection of intersectional identities (Māori, Pasifika, Rainbow, and young people with a Disabling Condition). We found a pervasive pattern of inequity for young people who have intersectional identities compared to those from the majority groups (i.e. Pākehā, non-disabled, cis-heterosexual youth). Intersectional youth had higher levels of inequity and faced a greater array of inequities. There was evidence of an additive effect for some indicators. Thematic analysis of open-text survey responses found the need for positive inclusive environments, and support for all young people, including those at the intersections of identity. Drawing on the findings, we offered several systemslevel policy recommendations, including strategies to improve inclusiveness and reduce discrimination.

year: 2023