title: The reproductive organs, sexual behaviour, and pheromone glands of Costelytra zealandica (White) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), and Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidotera: Gelechiidae)

authors: Stringer, Ian Alexander Noel

abstract: Separate studies concerning reproduction were made of Costelytra zealandica (White) (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae), and of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelechiidae: Gnorimoschemini). 
In C. zealandica sexual dimorphism was described; the male and female external genitalia were described in more detail than previously; an account was given of the muscles of the external genitalia and of the mechanics of copulation; and the first description was provided of the morphology and histology of the internal reproductive organs. The latter were shown to differ from these of other Scarabaeidae in only a few minor respects. In addition the accessory glands of the female were described and a preliminary identification of the contained bacteria was carried out.
The first account of the sexual behaviour of C. zealandica was given and the influences of environmental factors on both this and flight were noted. In addition, sexual attraction was investigated in the field: extracts of females were found to be attractive to males and confirmation was obtained that phenol attracts males. The sex attractant was demonstrated to be most effective when located near the edges of tall edible plants where the beetles swarm.
In P. operculella, sexual dimorphism, and the morphology and histology of the internal reproductive organs were described for the first time. The latter were found to show close similarities with these of various other Lepidoptera. In addition, the male and female external genitalia were described in more detail than previously.
The sexual behaviour of P. operculella was described for the first time and the time of day when this moth is sexually active was investigated both in the field and laboratory. It was shown that the time when mating occurs is determined by the female releasing her sex pheromone whereas the male will respond at any time although this is maximal when the female is attractive.
An objective and quantitative laboratory bioassay was developed for the female sex pheromone of P. operculella and this was used to conclusively demonstrate the presence of a female sex pheromone and to show that it is produced in the middle third of the ovipositor. A histological examination confirmed that the pheromone gland is a dorsal sac-like region of the intersegmental membrane between the 9th and 10th abdominal segments on the ovipositor. The male pheromone glands were shown by histological methods to be located on the hindwings, and an indication was obtained that their scent subdues the escape reactions of females prior to copulation. Finally, the morphology, histology, and ultrastructure of male and female pheromone glands were described and compared with these of other Lepidoptera.

text: The reproductive organs, sexual behaviour, and pheromone glands of Costelytra zealandica (White) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), and Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidotera: Gelechiidae) Separate studies concerning reproduction were made of Costelytra zealandica (White) (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae), and of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelechiidae: Gnorimoschemini). 
In C. zealandica sexual dimorphism was described; the male and female external genitalia were described in more detail than previously; an account was given of the muscles of the external genitalia and of the mechanics of copulation; and the first description was provided of the morphology and histology of the internal reproductive organs. The latter were shown to differ from these of other Scarabaeidae in only a few minor respects. In addition the accessory glands of the female were described and a preliminary identification of the contained bacteria was carried out.
The first account of the sexual behaviour of C. zealandica was given and the influences of environmental factors on both this and flight were noted. In addition, sexual attraction was investigated in the field: extracts of females were found to be attractive to males and confirmation was obtained that phenol attracts males. The sex attractant was demonstrated to be most effective when located near the edges of tall edible plants where the beetles swarm.
In P. operculella, sexual dimorphism, and the morphology and histology of the internal reproductive organs were described for the first time. The latter were found to show close similarities with these of various other Lepidoptera. In addition, the male and female external genitalia were described in more detail than previously.
The sexual behaviour of P. operculella was described for the first time and the time of day when this moth is sexually active was investigated both in the field and laboratory. It was shown that the time when mating occurs is determined by the female releasing her sex pheromone whereas the male will respond at any time although this is maximal when the female is attractive.
An objective and quantitative laboratory bioassay was developed for the female sex pheromone of P. operculella and this was used to conclusively demonstrate the presence of a female sex pheromone and to show that it is produced in the middle third of the ovipositor. A histological examination confirmed that the pheromone gland is a dorsal sac-like region of the intersegmental membrane between the 9th and 10th abdominal segments on the ovipositor. The male pheromone glands were shown by histological methods to be located on the hindwings, and an indication was obtained that their scent subdues the escape reactions of females prior to copulation. Finally, the morphology, histology, and ultrastructure of male and female pheromone glands were described and compared with these of other Lepidoptera.

year: 1977

title: Structural studies of some compounds containing C₂ fragments attached to various metal-ligand end-groups

authors: Bruce, Michael I.

subjects: C₂ ligands

abstract: The preparation, characterisation and single-crystal XRD molecular structure determinations of four complexes containing –CC–MLn end-groups, namely Ru{C≡CFc′(I)}(dppe)Cp (1), the vinylidene [Os(=C=CH₂)(PPh₃)₂Cp]PF₆ (2), trans-Pt(C≡CC₆H₄-4-C≡CPh){C≡CC₆H₄-4-C₂Ph[Co₂(μ-dppm)(CO)₄]}(PPh₃)₂ (3), and C₆H₄{μ₃-C₂[AuRu₃(CO)₉(PPh₃)]}₂-1,4 (4) are reported. In these compounds a range of –CC– environments is found, extending from the σ-bonded alkynyl group in 1 to examples where the C₂ unit interacts with either a proton (in vinylidene 2), by bridging a dicobalt carbonyl moiety (in 3) or the AuRu₃ cluster in 4. Changes in geometry are rationalised by considering the various bonding modes.

text: Structural studies of some compounds containing C₂ fragments attached to various metal-ligand end-groups The preparation, characterisation and single-crystal XRD molecular structure determinations of four complexes containing –CC–MLn end-groups, namely Ru{C≡CFc′(I)}(dppe)Cp (1), the vinylidene [Os(=C=CH₂)(PPh₃)₂Cp]PF₆ (2), trans-Pt(C≡CC₆H₄-4-C≡CPh){C≡CC₆H₄-4-C₂Ph[Co₂(μ-dppm)(CO)₄]}(PPh₃)₂ (3), and C₆H₄{μ₃-C₂[AuRu₃(CO)₉(PPh₃)]}₂-1,4 (4) are reported. In these compounds a range of –CC– environments is found, extending from the σ-bonded alkynyl group in 1 to examples where the C₂ unit interacts with either a proton (in vinylidene 2), by bridging a dicobalt carbonyl moiety (in 3) or the AuRu₃ cluster in 4. Changes in geometry are rationalised by considering the various bonding modes.

year: 2011

title: The source, composition and typology of ‘Limestone’ Adzes from Eastern North Island, New Zealand

authors: Nelson, Campbell S.

subjects: adzes

abstract: Collections of stone adzes (toki) from the eastern North Island of New Zealand include a number of typologically early (Archaic) forms made from what has been previously described as ‘siliceous or silicified limestone’. Seventy five finished adzes and preforms of this material were recorded in the present study. Their geographic distribution is primarily restricted to southern Hawkes Bay – Wairarapa, and they apparently originated from a single manufacturing centre at Owahanga, on the northern Wairarapa coast. Chemical and mineralogical analyses (by X-ray fluorescence, portable XRF, vacuum gasometry and X-ray diffraction) of two artefacts from Owahanga show they contain about 20–30 per cent CaCO3 (as calcite), while samples of the presumed local source rock have a slightly higher carbonate content but comparable silica (quartz) and Rb concentrations. The rock type used in the manufacture of adzes was therefore not a true limestone but calcareous mudstone, compositionally distinct from siliceous limestones in southern Wairarapa and probably derived from the Whangai Formation. Possible reasons for the use of this stone material are discussed.

text: The source, composition and typology of ‘Limestone’ Adzes from Eastern North Island, New Zealand Collections of stone adzes (toki) from the eastern North Island of New Zealand include a number of typologically early (Archaic) forms made from what has been previously described as ‘siliceous or silicified limestone’. Seventy five finished adzes and preforms of this material were recorded in the present study. Their geographic distribution is primarily restricted to southern Hawkes Bay – Wairarapa, and they apparently originated from a single manufacturing centre at Owahanga, on the northern Wairarapa coast. Chemical and mineralogical analyses (by X-ray fluorescence, portable XRF, vacuum gasometry and X-ray diffraction) of two artefacts from Owahanga show they contain about 20–30 per cent CaCO3 (as calcite), while samples of the presumed local source rock have a slightly higher carbonate content but comparable silica (quartz) and Rb concentrations. The rock type used in the manufacture of adzes was therefore not a true limestone but calcareous mudstone, compositionally distinct from siliceous limestones in southern Wairarapa and probably derived from the Whangai Formation. Possible reasons for the use of this stone material are discussed.

year: 2016