title: The WTO, agricultural trade reform and the environment: Nitrogen and agro-chemical indicators for the OECD

authors: Rae, Allan N.

subjects: agriculture

abstract: The WTO Ministerial Statement of November 2001 mandates work on those situations where reduction of trade restrictions would benefit both trade and the environment. To contribute to such research, we use a modified version of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model to estimate for OECD countries' changes in two environmental indicators resulting from simulated trade reforms: the impact on regional nitrogen balances, and associated changes in intensity of agro-chemical use. The trade reforms simulated lead to slightly improved nitrogen balances at the aggregate OECD level, with more ambitious trade reform resulting in a larger aggregate improvement. Most regions with a high initial per hectare nitrogen surplus are expected to experience some improvement in this environmental indicator at the national level. Cropping becomes less intensive in agro-chemical use in Western Europe and Northeast Asia, but more intensive in other OECD countries.

text: The WTO, agricultural trade reform and the environment: Nitrogen and agro-chemical indicators for the OECD The WTO Ministerial Statement of November 2001 mandates work on those situations where reduction of trade restrictions would benefit both trade and the environment. To contribute to such research, we use a modified version of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model to estimate for OECD countries' changes in two environmental indicators resulting from simulated trade reforms: the impact on regional nitrogen balances, and associated changes in intensity of agro-chemical use. The trade reforms simulated lead to slightly improved nitrogen balances at the aggregate OECD level, with more ambitious trade reform resulting in a larger aggregate improvement. Most regions with a high initial per hectare nitrogen surplus are expected to experience some improvement in this environmental indicator at the national level. Cropping becomes less intensive in agro-chemical use in Western Europe and Northeast Asia, but more intensive in other OECD countries.

year: 2007

title: Food miles or carbon emissions? Exploring labelling preference for food transport footprint with a stated choice study

authors: Caputo, Vincenzina

abstract: The ecological footprint of food transport can be communicated using carbon dioxide emissions (CO₂ label) or by providing information about both the length of time and the mileage travelled (food miles label). We use stated choice data to estimate conventional unobserved taste heterogeneity models and extend them to a specification that also addresses attribute nonattendance. The implied posterior distributions of the marginal willingness to pay values are compared graphically and are used in validation regressions. We find strong bimodality of taste distribution as the emerging feature, with different groups of subjects having low and high valuations for these labels. The best fitting model shows that CO₂ and food miles valuations are much correlated. CO₂ valuations can be high even for those respondents expressing low valuations for food miles. However, the reverse is not true. Taken together, the results suggest that consumers tend to value the CO₂ label at least as much and sometimes more than the food miles label.

text: Food miles or carbon emissions? Exploring labelling preference for food transport footprint with a stated choice study The ecological footprint of food transport can be communicated using carbon dioxide emissions (CO₂ label) or by providing information about both the length of time and the mileage travelled (food miles label). We use stated choice data to estimate conventional unobserved taste heterogeneity models and extend them to a specification that also addresses attribute nonattendance. The implied posterior distributions of the marginal willingness to pay values are compared graphically and are used in validation regressions. We find strong bimodality of taste distribution as the emerging feature, with different groups of subjects having low and high valuations for these labels. The best fitting model shows that CO₂ and food miles valuations are much correlated. CO₂ valuations can be high even for those respondents expressing low valuations for food miles. However, the reverse is not true. Taken together, the results suggest that consumers tend to value the CO₂ label at least as much and sometimes more than the food miles label.

year: 2013

title: Effective teaching for indigenous and minoritized students

authors: Bishop, Russell

subjects: effective teaching profile

abstract: Te Kotahitanga is a kaupapa Māori research and professional development project currently operating in 33 mainstream secondary schools. This project was developed in response to the ongoing problem of educational disparities for Māori students, one of New Zealand's most pressing educational issues. From initial conversations with Maori students, their families, their principals and their teachers about what constituted effective teaching understandings and practice for Maori students, we developed an Effective Teaching Profile. This Profile is central to the professional development work that has been implemented in Te Kotahitanga schools with notable increases in a range of outcomes for Maori students.

text: Effective teaching for indigenous and minoritized students Te Kotahitanga is a kaupapa Māori research and professional development project currently operating in 33 mainstream secondary schools. This project was developed in response to the ongoing problem of educational disparities for Māori students, one of New Zealand's most pressing educational issues. From initial conversations with Maori students, their families, their principals and their teachers about what constituted effective teaching understandings and practice for Maori students, we developed an Effective Teaching Profile. This Profile is central to the professional development work that has been implemented in Te Kotahitanga schools with notable increases in a range of outcomes for Maori students.

year: 2010