title: A supercapacitor based enhancement technique for stand-alone surge protection circuits

authors: Fernando, Jayathu

subjects: supercapacitors

abstract: With the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors predicting below-25nm feature-size VLSIs, powered by DC power supplies of less than 1V, protection against transients has become mandatory for modern electronic systems. Surge protection circuits are usually designed using non-linear devices such as metal oxide varistors and semiconductor devices and these devices are rated for short-term energy absorption, based on transient waveforms defined by standards such as IEEE C62.41. Despite their very low voltage DC ratings, supercapacitors are characterized by large time constants and significant continuous energy absorption ratings. This paper presents details of a patent-pending technique where multi-winding magnetic core with a supercapacitor based energy absorber stage can be combined with the commonly used non-linear devices, for enhanced protection. Comparison of the supercapacitor-enhanced circuit together with a commercial surge protection circuit is provided.

text: A supercapacitor based enhancement technique for stand-alone surge protection circuits With the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors predicting below-25nm feature-size VLSIs, powered by DC power supplies of less than 1V, protection against transients has become mandatory for modern electronic systems. Surge protection circuits are usually designed using non-linear devices such as metal oxide varistors and semiconductor devices and these devices are rated for short-term energy absorption, based on transient waveforms defined by standards such as IEEE C62.41. Despite their very low voltage DC ratings, supercapacitors are characterized by large time constants and significant continuous energy absorption ratings. This paper presents details of a patent-pending technique where multi-winding magnetic core with a supercapacitor based energy absorber stage can be combined with the commonly used non-linear devices, for enhanced protection. Comparison of the supercapacitor-enhanced circuit together with a commercial surge protection circuit is provided.

year: 2013

title: First year-round record of Antarctic Dry Valley soil CO₂ flux

authors: Risk, David

subjects: Antarctica

abstract: The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica are home to unique soil microbial communities. Using a specially designed Forced Diffusion flux chamber, we logged the first year-round record of soil surface CO2 flux in Hidden Valley. We observed low but positive fluxes during two sustained events, and conclude that the observed variability was clearly driven by both biotic and abiotic factors.

text: First year-round record of Antarctic Dry Valley soil CO₂ flux The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica are home to unique soil microbial communities. Using a specially designed Forced Diffusion flux chamber, we logged the first year-round record of soil surface CO2 flux in Hidden Valley. We observed low but positive fluxes during two sustained events, and conclude that the observed variability was clearly driven by both biotic and abiotic factors.

year: 2013

title: Integrating kaupapa Māori in a pākeha philosophy programme

authors: Weijers, Dan M.

abstract: Presented at the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand on 15 September 2022

text: Integrating kaupapa Māori in a pākeha philosophy programme Presented at the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand on 15 September 2022

year: 2022-09-15