title: Predictors of Workplace Bullying and Cyber-Bullying in New Zealand

authors: Gardner, Dianne

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Background: The negative effects of in-person workplace bullying (WB) are well established. Less is known about cyber-bullying (CB), in which negative behaviours are mediated by technology. Drawing on the conservation of resources theory, the current research examined how individual and organisational factors were related to WB and CB at two time points three months apart. Methods: Data were collected by means of an online self-report survey. Eight hundred and twenty-six respondents (58% female, 42% male) provided data at both time points. Results: One hundred and twenty-three (15%) of participants had been bullied and 23 (2.8%) of participants had been cyber-bullied within the last six months. Women reported more WB, but not more CB, than men. Worse physical health, higher strain, more destructive leadership, more team conflict and less effective organisational strategies were associated with more WB. Managerial employees experienced more CB than non-managerial employees. Poor physical health, less organisational support and less effective organisational strategies were associated with more CB. Conclusion: Rates of CB were lower than those of WB, and very few participants reported experiencing CB without also experiencing WB. Both forms of bullying were associated with poorer work environments, indicating that, where bullying is occurring, the focus should be on organisational systems and processes.

text: Predictors of Workplace Bullying and Cyber-Bullying in New Zealand Background: The negative effects of in-person workplace bullying (WB) are well established. Less is known about cyber-bullying (CB), in which negative behaviours are mediated by technology. Drawing on the conservation of resources theory, the current research examined how individual and organisational factors were related to WB and CB at two time points three months apart. Methods: Data were collected by means of an online self-report survey. Eight hundred and twenty-six respondents (58% female, 42% male) provided data at both time points. Results: One hundred and twenty-three (15%) of participants had been bullied and 23 (2.8%) of participants had been cyber-bullied within the last six months. Women reported more WB, but not more CB, than men. Worse physical health, higher strain, more destructive leadership, more team conflict and less effective organisational strategies were associated with more WB. Managerial employees experienced more CB than non-managerial employees. Poor physical health, less organisational support and less effective organisational strategies were associated with more CB. Conclusion: Rates of CB were lower than those of WB, and very few participants reported experiencing CB without also experiencing WB. Both forms of bullying were associated with poorer work environments, indicating that, where bullying is occurring, the focus should be on organisational systems and processes.

year: 2016

title: “That Brave Egotist”, Martius the anxious and ideological masculinity of 'Coriolanus'

authors: McGall, Fiadh

subjects: shakespeare

abstract: This thesis explores the societal implementation of masculinity in relation to William Shakespeare’s play Coriolanus and its 2011 film adaptation directed by Ralph Fiennes. Through both texts, we see a society where masculinity holds a deep-rooted ideological position that rules and dictates the comings and goings of the worlds. The thesis unpacks this ideology, exploring how it is considered masculine to hold the hegemonic position and how it is similarly considered masculine to conform to the currently celebrated expression of masculinity. Through this, the thesis explores the arbitrariness of masculinity and its underlying anxiousness. Chapters explore the play in a historical context and, through close inspection of Fiennes’ film, show the current relevance of debates around masculinity.

Simone de Beauvoir famously declares, "One is not born, but becomes a woman”. Likewise, the thesis shows that one is not born masculine but becomes masculine. Masculinity is a coherent system of appearances, speeches, and behaviours that people perform in order to be conferred with the coveted title and position of hegemon. Since people have different capabilities of achieving complete coherence and proximity to the mythological perfected form of masculinity, society becomes structured and ordered based on people’s ability to conform with masculinity. Those who can conform receive socioeconomic benefits based upon their position, and those who can’t become subordinated with a precarious socioeconomic position. Similarly, because of the apparent arbitrariness of this system, there is an underlying anxiousness to it. Some people, especially in the socially dominant positions, have an overwhelming fear of losing their positions founded upon their arbitrary dominance.
	
Despite its antiquity, being about 400 years old, the play maintains distinctly applicable to our world today. The thesis explores how, through the ongoing developments in our current world towards a more equitable society, the play has held an obvious clutch on people’s psyches. Whether it was in 1608 when the play was written, during New Zealand’s first production of the play in 1929, in 2011 during the release of Fiennes’ film, or today in (2024) when this thesis was submitted, the play remains inexplicably relevant and interesting to any foreseeable audience.

text: “That Brave Egotist”, Martius the anxious and ideological masculinity of 'Coriolanus' This thesis explores the societal implementation of masculinity in relation to William Shakespeare’s play Coriolanus and its 2011 film adaptation directed by Ralph Fiennes. Through both texts, we see a society where masculinity holds a deep-rooted ideological position that rules and dictates the comings and goings of the worlds. The thesis unpacks this ideology, exploring how it is considered masculine to hold the hegemonic position and how it is similarly considered masculine to conform to the currently celebrated expression of masculinity. Through this, the thesis explores the arbitrariness of masculinity and its underlying anxiousness. Chapters explore the play in a historical context and, through close inspection of Fiennes’ film, show the current relevance of debates around masculinity.

Simone de Beauvoir famously declares, "One is not born, but becomes a woman”. Likewise, the thesis shows that one is not born masculine but becomes masculine. Masculinity is a coherent system of appearances, speeches, and behaviours that people perform in order to be conferred with the coveted title and position of hegemon. Since people have different capabilities of achieving complete coherence and proximity to the mythological perfected form of masculinity, society becomes structured and ordered based on people’s ability to conform with masculinity. Those who can conform receive socioeconomic benefits based upon their position, and those who can’t become subordinated with a precarious socioeconomic position. Similarly, because of the apparent arbitrariness of this system, there is an underlying anxiousness to it. Some people, especially in the socially dominant positions, have an overwhelming fear of losing their positions founded upon their arbitrary dominance.
	
Despite its antiquity, being about 400 years old, the play maintains distinctly applicable to our world today. The thesis explores how, through the ongoing developments in our current world towards a more equitable society, the play has held an obvious clutch on people’s psyches. Whether it was in 1608 when the play was written, during New Zealand’s first production of the play in 1929, in 2011 during the release of Fiennes’ film, or today in (2024) when this thesis was submitted, the play remains inexplicably relevant and interesting to any foreseeable audience.

year: 2024-03-02

title: Whānau aspirations, extracurricular activity  and positive youth development:  The leisure activity patterns and narratives of successful young Māori men and how they might inform  urban whānau raising tamatāne.

authors: Clarke, Gloria Hinemoa

subjects: Leisure

abstract: The purpose of this research is to offer parents and whānau (extended family groups) insight about the kinds of leisure activities that might make a positive contribution to their boys’ development. Focused on the positive developmental benefits of leisure participation in relation to Māori boys, and employing a kaupapa Māori framework and qualitative methods, this study represents a foray into new territory. 
	Conducted ‘by, with, and for’ Māori (the indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand), and guided by the question ‘How might the leisure activity patterns and narratives of successful young Māori men inform urban whānau raising tamatāne (Māori boys/sons)?’ the three-phase research design was strengths-based, collaborative, and both retrospective and prospective. In phase one, a group of 11 parents participated in focus group hui (gatherings) in which they established the criteria for ‘successful young Māori men’ (SYMM) based on their aspirations for their primary-school aged boys. In phase two, this whānau of interest then selected six SYMM from a pool of eight volunteers, who, along with one or both of their parents participated in one-off semi-structured interviews. In these interviews, we co-constructed life and leisure maps, and discussed how their childhood leisure activities and experiences contributed to their development and who they are today. In phase three, a selection of raw data from these interviews was prepared for a group analysis, during which the whānau of interest made three key observations: (1) As children and youth, these SYMM had participated in a number and range of organised and informal leisure activities including sport, kapa haka (Māori cultural performance), music, art, and for three of them, faith-based activities; (2) they were “connected” to their parent(s) and whānau; and (3) their leisure activities had brought them into contact with positive male role models. Consequently, the whānau of interest talked about increasing the number and variety of their boys’ leisure activities; how they could further support their boys’ leisure participation; and bringing more male role models into their boys’ lives. 
	The findings of this study support the current literature regarding extracurricular activity participation in relation to positive youth development, but also highlight some methodological issues and cultural and contextual nuances. The research supports international and local studies in which high-performing students participated in a number and combination of extracurricular activities. In contrast, however, the experiences and reflections of the SYMM in this study highlight the limitations of combining all sports and all arts into broad activity categories. The research participants’ leisure activities also point to the relevance and applicability of the Te Whare Tapa Whā model of health and wellbeing. Their involvement in kapa haka contrasts with the (North American) literature in which males are a minority in the performing arts, and while some studies indicate that participation in music making declines in high school, these young men began playing musical instruments in high school. Moreover, the salience and significance of the research participants’ casual leisure activities challenges the tendency to cast informal leisure as the antithesis of extracurricular activity participation. These findings raise questions about the applicability of using international activity categories in Aotearoa New Zealand research, and consequently the need to conduct our own leisure and positive youth development studies. 
Other topics raised in this thesis include rugby and masculinity, spirituality, and the tensions involved in building and honouring our children’s rangatiratanga (independence). The short answer to the research question is that a variety and balance of leisure activities has the potential to make positive contributions to boys’ lives. Implications, limitations, and recommendations for future research are also discussed.

text: Whānau aspirations, extracurricular activity  and positive youth development:  The leisure activity patterns and narratives of successful young Māori men and how they might inform  urban whānau raising tamatāne. The purpose of this research is to offer parents and whānau (extended family groups) insight about the kinds of leisure activities that might make a positive contribution to their boys’ development. Focused on the positive developmental benefits of leisure participation in relation to Māori boys, and employing a kaupapa Māori framework and qualitative methods, this study represents a foray into new territory. 
	Conducted ‘by, with, and for’ Māori (the indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand), and guided by the question ‘How might the leisure activity patterns and narratives of successful young Māori men inform urban whānau raising tamatāne (Māori boys/sons)?’ the three-phase research design was strengths-based, collaborative, and both retrospective and prospective. In phase one, a group of 11 parents participated in focus group hui (gatherings) in which they established the criteria for ‘successful young Māori men’ (SYMM) based on their aspirations for their primary-school aged boys. In phase two, this whānau of interest then selected six SYMM from a pool of eight volunteers, who, along with one or both of their parents participated in one-off semi-structured interviews. In these interviews, we co-constructed life and leisure maps, and discussed how their childhood leisure activities and experiences contributed to their development and who they are today. In phase three, a selection of raw data from these interviews was prepared for a group analysis, during which the whānau of interest made three key observations: (1) As children and youth, these SYMM had participated in a number and range of organised and informal leisure activities including sport, kapa haka (Māori cultural performance), music, art, and for three of them, faith-based activities; (2) they were “connected” to their parent(s) and whānau; and (3) their leisure activities had brought them into contact with positive male role models. Consequently, the whānau of interest talked about increasing the number and variety of their boys’ leisure activities; how they could further support their boys’ leisure participation; and bringing more male role models into their boys’ lives. 
	The findings of this study support the current literature regarding extracurricular activity participation in relation to positive youth development, but also highlight some methodological issues and cultural and contextual nuances. The research supports international and local studies in which high-performing students participated in a number and combination of extracurricular activities. In contrast, however, the experiences and reflections of the SYMM in this study highlight the limitations of combining all sports and all arts into broad activity categories. The research participants’ leisure activities also point to the relevance and applicability of the Te Whare Tapa Whā model of health and wellbeing. Their involvement in kapa haka contrasts with the (North American) literature in which males are a minority in the performing arts, and while some studies indicate that participation in music making declines in high school, these young men began playing musical instruments in high school. Moreover, the salience and significance of the research participants’ casual leisure activities challenges the tendency to cast informal leisure as the antithesis of extracurricular activity participation. These findings raise questions about the applicability of using international activity categories in Aotearoa New Zealand research, and consequently the need to conduct our own leisure and positive youth development studies. 
Other topics raised in this thesis include rugby and masculinity, spirituality, and the tensions involved in building and honouring our children’s rangatiratanga (independence). The short answer to the research question is that a variety and balance of leisure activities has the potential to make positive contributions to boys’ lives. Implications, limitations, and recommendations for future research are also discussed.

year: 2020