title: Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Pliocene limestones, Wairoa district, northern Hawke's Bay

authors: Jiang, Zichun (Jared)

subjects: Pliocene limestones

abstract: This project documents the sedimentary geology of a shallow-marine, limestone-bearing Pliocene succession (Mangaheia Group; up to 1.5 km thick) within the Wairoa Syncline, northern Hawke’s Bay. The primary focus is three cool-water “Te Aute type” limestone units in the succession – the early Opoitian age Opoiti Limestone (5-10 m thick), the late Opoitian age Whakapunake Limestone (30-100m thick) and the Waipipian age Tahaenui Limestone (10-30 m thick) – that form locally spectacular outcrops in the Wairoa district. Lithostratigraphically, the limestones are given formational status while the encasing siliciclastic sandstones and mudstones are lumped into a newly defined Wairoa Formation which can be informally classified as A, B, C or D depending on position with respect to the three limestone formations. Three field lithofacies groups – limestone (L), sandstone (S) and mudstone (M) – are erected, and variability within these groups is recognised by subdivision into three lithofacies types, L1-3, S1-3 and M1-3. The massive Opoiti Limestone (35-65% CaCO₃; L3 and S2) comprises poorly sorted, variably sandy, barnacle, epifaunal bivalve and locally brachiopod debris well-cemented by low-Mg calcite (LMC) (micro)sparite and micrite. Opoiti Limestone is a bioclastic quartzofeldspathic arenite to biosparrudite, occasionally dolomite-bearing. Occasional calcite infilled biomoulds are testament to former aragonite molluscan skeletons. Opoiti Limestone unconformably overlies Wairoa Formation A (2-200 m thick), and grades up into differentially cemented mudstone of Wairoa Formation B (700-800 m thick) which is unconformably overlain by Whakapunake Limestone. The late Opoitian Whakapunake Limestone (up to 85% CaCO₃; L1, L2 and S1) comprises (cross) bedded and differentially cemented interbeds of fossiliferous and more siliciclastic-rich facies. The limestones are typically poorly sorted bivalve-barnacle biomicrite to biosparrudite cemented by variable amounts of fringe and later equant LMC (micro)spar, sometimes including abundant zoned stoichiometric dolomite rhombohedra. Fabrics are moderately open to tight with some conspicuous limonitised glauconite. Whakapunake Limestone passes conformably up into massive calcareous mudstone of Wairoa Formation C (latest Opoitian; >10 m thick). A shallow angular unconformity separates the Whakapunake Limestone and/or Wairoa Formation C from the overlying well-cemented flaggy Tahaenui Limestone (50-80% CaCO₃; L1), a bivalve-barnacle biosparite to biosparrudite with some neomorphosed former aragonite skeletons and a moderately open fabric. In this limestone early formed dull luminescent isopachous fringing cements (host specific) precede variable pore occlusion by dirty LMC (micro)spar and/or micrite. 
The three limestone formations accumulated on the eastern side of a narrow forearc basin seaway (Ruataniwha Strait) within the Hikurangi subduction complex atop and about antiform upthrust ridges in an active convergent margin setting. Tectonics was the main control on the location and mainly lensoidal geometry of the limestone units, while Pliocene glacioeustatic sea-level fluctuations played a secondary role. Cross-bedded and interbedded limestonesandstone facies attest to deposition under the influence of strong tidal flows and repeated storm events that produced high-energy hydraulic conditions and reworking of variably mixed terrigenous-skeletal sands in the shallow (<30 m) seaway during Pliocene. Redeposition down flank from antiform summits provided accommodation space for sediment build-up.
The calcite dominated cool-water skeletal make-up of these limestones, combined with their relatively shallow burial depths (150-700 m), has resulted in them retaining significant macroporosity (up to 20%). Consequently, as well as having application as a lime or hard rock resource they also have reservoir potential for hydrocarbons in the subsurface.

text: Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Pliocene limestones, Wairoa district, northern Hawke's Bay This project documents the sedimentary geology of a shallow-marine, limestone-bearing Pliocene succession (Mangaheia Group; up to 1.5 km thick) within the Wairoa Syncline, northern Hawke’s Bay. The primary focus is three cool-water “Te Aute type” limestone units in the succession – the early Opoitian age Opoiti Limestone (5-10 m thick), the late Opoitian age Whakapunake Limestone (30-100m thick) and the Waipipian age Tahaenui Limestone (10-30 m thick) – that form locally spectacular outcrops in the Wairoa district. Lithostratigraphically, the limestones are given formational status while the encasing siliciclastic sandstones and mudstones are lumped into a newly defined Wairoa Formation which can be informally classified as A, B, C or D depending on position with respect to the three limestone formations. Three field lithofacies groups – limestone (L), sandstone (S) and mudstone (M) – are erected, and variability within these groups is recognised by subdivision into three lithofacies types, L1-3, S1-3 and M1-3. The massive Opoiti Limestone (35-65% CaCO₃; L3 and S2) comprises poorly sorted, variably sandy, barnacle, epifaunal bivalve and locally brachiopod debris well-cemented by low-Mg calcite (LMC) (micro)sparite and micrite. Opoiti Limestone is a bioclastic quartzofeldspathic arenite to biosparrudite, occasionally dolomite-bearing. Occasional calcite infilled biomoulds are testament to former aragonite molluscan skeletons. Opoiti Limestone unconformably overlies Wairoa Formation A (2-200 m thick), and grades up into differentially cemented mudstone of Wairoa Formation B (700-800 m thick) which is unconformably overlain by Whakapunake Limestone. The late Opoitian Whakapunake Limestone (up to 85% CaCO₃; L1, L2 and S1) comprises (cross) bedded and differentially cemented interbeds of fossiliferous and more siliciclastic-rich facies. The limestones are typically poorly sorted bivalve-barnacle biomicrite to biosparrudite cemented by variable amounts of fringe and later equant LMC (micro)spar, sometimes including abundant zoned stoichiometric dolomite rhombohedra. Fabrics are moderately open to tight with some conspicuous limonitised glauconite. Whakapunake Limestone passes conformably up into massive calcareous mudstone of Wairoa Formation C (latest Opoitian; >10 m thick). A shallow angular unconformity separates the Whakapunake Limestone and/or Wairoa Formation C from the overlying well-cemented flaggy Tahaenui Limestone (50-80% CaCO₃; L1), a bivalve-barnacle biosparite to biosparrudite with some neomorphosed former aragonite skeletons and a moderately open fabric. In this limestone early formed dull luminescent isopachous fringing cements (host specific) precede variable pore occlusion by dirty LMC (micro)spar and/or micrite. 
The three limestone formations accumulated on the eastern side of a narrow forearc basin seaway (Ruataniwha Strait) within the Hikurangi subduction complex atop and about antiform upthrust ridges in an active convergent margin setting. Tectonics was the main control on the location and mainly lensoidal geometry of the limestone units, while Pliocene glacioeustatic sea-level fluctuations played a secondary role. Cross-bedded and interbedded limestonesandstone facies attest to deposition under the influence of strong tidal flows and repeated storm events that produced high-energy hydraulic conditions and reworking of variably mixed terrigenous-skeletal sands in the shallow (<30 m) seaway during Pliocene. Redeposition down flank from antiform summits provided accommodation space for sediment build-up.
The calcite dominated cool-water skeletal make-up of these limestones, combined with their relatively shallow burial depths (150-700 m), has resulted in them retaining significant macroporosity (up to 20%). Consequently, as well as having application as a lime or hard rock resource they also have reservoir potential for hydrocarbons in the subsurface.

year: 2011

title: Emotion regulation in dyadic pretend play: Preschoolers' responses to positively and negatively valenced scenarios

authors: Galyer, Karma T.

abstract: The diverse set of skills that facilitate emotion regulation are crucial for adaptive developmental outcomes. The foundations for these skills are consolidated in social interactions during pre-school years. Dyadic pretend play is a social interaction that is posited to provide valuable opportunities for emotion regulation in this age group. However, our understanding of dyadic pretend play has not progressed to the point where this activity can be reliably structured to create a zone of proximal development for emotion regulation skills. 
In Study 1, a repeated-measures experiment was conducted to observe individual differences in emotion regulation during positively and negatively valenced dyadic pretend play. Thirty children between four and five years of age participated in two unstructured and two structured pretend play sessions. The structured sessions included a "pretend creature in a box" scenario where interaction with a pretend monster (negatively valenced condition), or kitten (positively valenced condition) was required in order for the pretend game to continue. It was expected that individual differences in the children's regulation of negative emotion tone and intensity would be observed in their response to the pretend monster. However, there were no significant differences in children's emotion tone and intensity, approach to the creature, and ability to continue the pretend play across the positively and negatively valenced conditions. Instead, individual differences were observed in the children's continuation of pretend play when information was gained about the pretend/reality status of the creature. The "pretend creature in a box" scenario was hypothesised to challenge children's regulation of anticipatory arousal elicited by uncertainty about the pretend/reality status of the creature. 
Study 2 examined this hypothesis in an experiment that explored emotion regulation across positively and negatively valenced pretend play, and conditions of high, low, and no uncertainty. Sixty children aged between four and five years participated in a structured pretend play game, which included an adaptation of the "pretend creature in a box" scenario. Anticipatory arousal elicited by uncertainty was manipulated by providing visual, verbal, and no information about the pretend/reality status of the creature. It was expected that individual differences in regulation of anticipatory arousal elicited by uncertainty would be observed in children's efforts to gain information about the pretend/reality status of the creature. Under conditions of uncertainty, a significantly greater proportion of children discontinued the pretend game by approaching the box and checking the pretend/reality status of the creature. Consistent with the results from Study 1, the intended emotional valence of the condition was not influential. 
Overall, this research programme highlights the challenges that occur in structuring dyadic pretend play to create a zone of proximal development for emotion regulation. Study 1 and Study 2 linked emotion regulation in pretend play with children's experience of anticipatory arousal elicited by uncertainty, and information seeking as an emotion regulation strategy. Study 2 demonstrated that pretend play has the potential to be utilised in the development of a set of skills that regulate the anticipatory arousal elicited by uncertainty. Variation in the particular strategies that a more experienced play partner might use to create and direct the experience of emotion and emotion regulation is a useful starting point for future research in this area.

text: Emotion regulation in dyadic pretend play: Preschoolers' responses to positively and negatively valenced scenarios The diverse set of skills that facilitate emotion regulation are crucial for adaptive developmental outcomes. The foundations for these skills are consolidated in social interactions during pre-school years. Dyadic pretend play is a social interaction that is posited to provide valuable opportunities for emotion regulation in this age group. However, our understanding of dyadic pretend play has not progressed to the point where this activity can be reliably structured to create a zone of proximal development for emotion regulation skills. 
In Study 1, a repeated-measures experiment was conducted to observe individual differences in emotion regulation during positively and negatively valenced dyadic pretend play. Thirty children between four and five years of age participated in two unstructured and two structured pretend play sessions. The structured sessions included a "pretend creature in a box" scenario where interaction with a pretend monster (negatively valenced condition), or kitten (positively valenced condition) was required in order for the pretend game to continue. It was expected that individual differences in the children's regulation of negative emotion tone and intensity would be observed in their response to the pretend monster. However, there were no significant differences in children's emotion tone and intensity, approach to the creature, and ability to continue the pretend play across the positively and negatively valenced conditions. Instead, individual differences were observed in the children's continuation of pretend play when information was gained about the pretend/reality status of the creature. The "pretend creature in a box" scenario was hypothesised to challenge children's regulation of anticipatory arousal elicited by uncertainty about the pretend/reality status of the creature. 
Study 2 examined this hypothesis in an experiment that explored emotion regulation across positively and negatively valenced pretend play, and conditions of high, low, and no uncertainty. Sixty children aged between four and five years participated in a structured pretend play game, which included an adaptation of the "pretend creature in a box" scenario. Anticipatory arousal elicited by uncertainty was manipulated by providing visual, verbal, and no information about the pretend/reality status of the creature. It was expected that individual differences in regulation of anticipatory arousal elicited by uncertainty would be observed in children's efforts to gain information about the pretend/reality status of the creature. Under conditions of uncertainty, a significantly greater proportion of children discontinued the pretend game by approaching the box and checking the pretend/reality status of the creature. Consistent with the results from Study 1, the intended emotional valence of the condition was not influential. 
Overall, this research programme highlights the challenges that occur in structuring dyadic pretend play to create a zone of proximal development for emotion regulation. Study 1 and Study 2 linked emotion regulation in pretend play with children's experience of anticipatory arousal elicited by uncertainty, and information seeking as an emotion regulation strategy. Study 2 demonstrated that pretend play has the potential to be utilised in the development of a set of skills that regulate the anticipatory arousal elicited by uncertainty. Variation in the particular strategies that a more experienced play partner might use to create and direct the experience of emotion and emotion regulation is a useful starting point for future research in this area.

year: 2003

title: Takitoru: creative practice toward the development of a trilingual dramaturgical kaupapa

authors: Lodge, Alexandra Rose Pittaway

subjects: theatre

abstract: I have focused on writing a play in the three languages of Aotearoa: New Zealand Sign Language, te reo Māori, and NZ English. Through the development of this script with three actors I have found techniques for performance and workshopping to encourage multilingual creative practice for a playwright. Through case studies of playwrights doing similar work at an international level, I have synthesised analytical and creative research into a final script and summary of my dramaturgical findings.
Through creative practice in scriptwriting and developmental workshops, this research explores what story-telling modes, devices or styles seem particularly apt for conveying an inclusive and engaging trilingual narrative on stage.
This specifically involves developing a dramaturgical set of insights for others who may want to do cross-language performance in Aotearoa.

text: Takitoru: creative practice toward the development of a trilingual dramaturgical kaupapa I have focused on writing a play in the three languages of Aotearoa: New Zealand Sign Language, te reo Māori, and NZ English. Through the development of this script with three actors I have found techniques for performance and workshopping to encourage multilingual creative practice for a playwright. Through case studies of playwrights doing similar work at an international level, I have synthesised analytical and creative research into a final script and summary of my dramaturgical findings.
Through creative practice in scriptwriting and developmental workshops, this research explores what story-telling modes, devices or styles seem particularly apt for conveying an inclusive and engaging trilingual narrative on stage.
This specifically involves developing a dramaturgical set of insights for others who may want to do cross-language performance in Aotearoa.

year: 2020