title: Particle acceleration scalings based on exact analytic models for magnetic reconnection

authors: Craig, Ian J.D.

subjects: acceleration of particles—MHD—Sun

abstract: Observations suggest that particle acceleration in solar flares occurs in the magnetic reconnection region above the flare loops. Theoretical models for particle acceleration by the reconnection electric field, however, employ heuristic configurations for electric and magnetic fields in model current sheets, which are not solutions to the MHD reconnection problem. In the present study, particle acceleration is discussed within the context of a self-consistent MHD reconnection solution. This has the advantage of allowing poorly constrained local parameters in the current sheet region to be expressed in terms of the boundary conditions and electric resistivity of the global solution. The resulting acceleration model leads to energy gains that are consistent with those for high-energy particles in solar flares. The overall self-consistency of the approach is discussed.

text: Particle acceleration scalings based on exact analytic models for magnetic reconnection Observations suggest that particle acceleration in solar flares occurs in the magnetic reconnection region above the flare loops. Theoretical models for particle acceleration by the reconnection electric field, however, employ heuristic configurations for electric and magnetic fields in model current sheets, which are not solutions to the MHD reconnection problem. In the present study, particle acceleration is discussed within the context of a self-consistent MHD reconnection solution. This has the advantage of allowing poorly constrained local parameters in the current sheet region to be expressed in terms of the boundary conditions and electric resistivity of the global solution. The resulting acceleration model leads to energy gains that are consistent with those for high-energy particles in solar flares. The overall self-consistency of the approach is discussed.

year: 2002-05

title: Parasites and pathogens at honey bee mating sites, and the implications for monitoring colony health

authors: Steed, Erin Joy

abstract: Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) are an insect species of high environmental,  economic, and cultural importance due to their provision of pollination services to  cultivated and native plants and production of honey. Rapid, international dispersal of  the parasitic mite, Varroa destructor, has played a central role on colony health. The  host-parasite relationship between V. destructor and immature (brood) and adult worker honey bees has been researched extensively. However adult drone (male) honey bees  and their relationship with V. destructor has been underexplored. I used a choice test to  investigate V. destructor host preference between nurses, foragers, and drones. I  investigated the prevalence and abundance of V. destructor and pathogens at drone  congregation areas compared to apiaries to explore the role of drones and drone  congregation areas in monitoring of pests and pathogens. Varroa destructor selected  drones as hosts in equal proportion to foragers, suggesting that drones are important  phoretic hosts for the dispersal of V. destructor. I found that there was a significant  positive relationship between the V. destructor abundance at DCAs and the V.  destructor abundance at the nearest apiary. There was also a significant positive  relationship between the abundance of DWV in drones and the abundance of DWV in  colonies the nearest apiary. The abundance of DWV was found to be correlated with the  abundance of V. destructor, with more viral copies of DWV found in drones and colony  bees that had higher infestations of V. destructor. These results support the potential of  drones as agents of dispersal for V. destructor and highlights the opportunity that drone  congregation areas present for population-scale monitoring of honey bee pests and  pathogens.

text: Parasites and pathogens at honey bee mating sites, and the implications for monitoring colony health Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) are an insect species of high environmental,  economic, and cultural importance due to their provision of pollination services to  cultivated and native plants and production of honey. Rapid, international dispersal of  the parasitic mite, Varroa destructor, has played a central role on colony health. The  host-parasite relationship between V. destructor and immature (brood) and adult worker honey bees has been researched extensively. However adult drone (male) honey bees  and their relationship with V. destructor has been underexplored. I used a choice test to  investigate V. destructor host preference between nurses, foragers, and drones. I  investigated the prevalence and abundance of V. destructor and pathogens at drone  congregation areas compared to apiaries to explore the role of drones and drone  congregation areas in monitoring of pests and pathogens. Varroa destructor selected  drones as hosts in equal proportion to foragers, suggesting that drones are important  phoretic hosts for the dispersal of V. destructor. I found that there was a significant  positive relationship between the V. destructor abundance at DCAs and the V.  destructor abundance at the nearest apiary. There was also a significant positive  relationship between the abundance of DWV in drones and the abundance of DWV in  colonies the nearest apiary. The abundance of DWV was found to be correlated with the  abundance of V. destructor, with more viral copies of DWV found in drones and colony  bees that had higher infestations of V. destructor. These results support the potential of  drones as agents of dispersal for V. destructor and highlights the opportunity that drone  congregation areas present for population-scale monitoring of honey bee pests and  pathogens.

year: 2023

title: Joseph Harris Smallman

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Born to a mining agent and trained as a mining surveyor, in 1864, less than a year after the birth of his first child, Smallman left England for New Zealand to establish a ‘Mining business’, promising that his family would join him once it was successful. But they were never asked to join him, and after 1870 he ceased to write to his wife. 
The ‘Mining business’ never eventuated, but in 1865 he prospected at Thames, unsuccessfully seeking alluvial gold. Although criticized for living off Maori and doing little prospecting, with his partner he investigated several areas of the Hauraki Peninsula, again unsuccessfully. When the Thames goldfield was opened, with his encouragement, two years later, he mined there for some years, proving himself to be a competent miner but not making his fortune. After working elsewhere, by the mid-1870s he was living with another man’s ‘half-caste’ wife on her land near Te Aroha, having five children with her. Happy to be described as a Pakeha Maori and closely associated with the local hapu, he supported them over land dealings and the development of the district. Despite spending most of his time farming, he remained interested in prospecting, and made some explorations in districts closed to Pakeha. After gold was found at Te Aroha, for a short time he worked with Maori partners in unprofitable claims.
Either before or after his second wife had a child by another man in 1886, he left New Zealand to return to his English family; and remarkably, despite his first wife knowing that his liaison had produced children, she accepted him back after his long absence, and they remained together for the rest of their lives.

text: Joseph Harris Smallman Born to a mining agent and trained as a mining surveyor, in 1864, less than a year after the birth of his first child, Smallman left England for New Zealand to establish a ‘Mining business’, promising that his family would join him once it was successful. But they were never asked to join him, and after 1870 he ceased to write to his wife. 
The ‘Mining business’ never eventuated, but in 1865 he prospected at Thames, unsuccessfully seeking alluvial gold. Although criticized for living off Maori and doing little prospecting, with his partner he investigated several areas of the Hauraki Peninsula, again unsuccessfully. When the Thames goldfield was opened, with his encouragement, two years later, he mined there for some years, proving himself to be a competent miner but not making his fortune. After working elsewhere, by the mid-1870s he was living with another man’s ‘half-caste’ wife on her land near Te Aroha, having five children with her. Happy to be described as a Pakeha Maori and closely associated with the local hapu, he supported them over land dealings and the development of the district. Despite spending most of his time farming, he remained interested in prospecting, and made some explorations in districts closed to Pakeha. After gold was found at Te Aroha, for a short time he worked with Maori partners in unprofitable claims.
Either before or after his second wife had a child by another man in 1886, he left New Zealand to return to his English family; and remarkably, despite his first wife knowing that his liaison had produced children, she accepted him back after his long absence, and they remained together for the rest of their lives.

year: 2016