title: Remote Sensing of Waikato Lakes

authors: Allan, Mathew Grant

abstract: This study explored and utilised existing remote sensing technology and algorithms to determine total suspended sediments (TSS) in lakes at a regional scale, producing a dataset quantifying spatial and temporal variability of remotely sensed TSS (including an experimental algorithm for chlorophyll a concentrations). The study processed Landsat 7 and 8 images from 1999 until the end of 2015. Statistical analysis included estimation of minimum, maximum, mean, range, and skewness of all Waikato lakes larger than 1 ha. The study demonstrated that the remote estimation of TSS within Waikato lakes is feasible and
provides TSS estimations within the ranges of measured in situ TSS concentrations within most of the Waikato lakes except a small number of lakes with higher than expected
estimated TSS concentrations (possible causes are identified including bottom reflection, and optical conditions not within the bounds of algorithm design). The study also demonstrated the ability of using remote sensing data to estimate and quantify variability of TSS over a large range of both within and between lakes. This spatial variation appeared to be driven by both geomorphic and abiotic factions, including turbid inflows and resuspension from the
lakebed. The derived dataset maybe helpful to elucidate a better understanding of water quality variability and ultimately better understand implications for lake management. It is recommended that detailed in situ data be captured at the time of satellite overpass to further
assess and improve the accuracy of the methods derived within the present study. The recent launch of Sentinel 2a (10 m resolution) will provide greater spatial and temporal coverage satellite imagery with a similar spectral resolution to Landsat 8 (30 m resolution) in the near future.

text: Remote Sensing of Waikato Lakes This study explored and utilised existing remote sensing technology and algorithms to determine total suspended sediments (TSS) in lakes at a regional scale, producing a dataset quantifying spatial and temporal variability of remotely sensed TSS (including an experimental algorithm for chlorophyll a concentrations). The study processed Landsat 7 and 8 images from 1999 until the end of 2015. Statistical analysis included estimation of minimum, maximum, mean, range, and skewness of all Waikato lakes larger than 1 ha. The study demonstrated that the remote estimation of TSS within Waikato lakes is feasible and
provides TSS estimations within the ranges of measured in situ TSS concentrations within most of the Waikato lakes except a small number of lakes with higher than expected
estimated TSS concentrations (possible causes are identified including bottom reflection, and optical conditions not within the bounds of algorithm design). The study also demonstrated the ability of using remote sensing data to estimate and quantify variability of TSS over a large range of both within and between lakes. This spatial variation appeared to be driven by both geomorphic and abiotic factions, including turbid inflows and resuspension from the
lakebed. The derived dataset maybe helpful to elucidate a better understanding of water quality variability and ultimately better understand implications for lake management. It is recommended that detailed in situ data be captured at the time of satellite overpass to further
assess and improve the accuracy of the methods derived within the present study. The recent launch of Sentinel 2a (10 m resolution) will provide greater spatial and temporal coverage satellite imagery with a similar spectral resolution to Landsat 8 (30 m resolution) in the near future.

year: 2016

title: Further examination of cross-modal association in canine (Canis familiaris) scent detection: Extending research on training dogs to identify multiple odours

authors: Lints, Jessica

subjects: conditional discrimination

abstract: Dogs' superior olfactory capabilities and trainability have led to widespread use of dogs for scent detection research and work. Previous research has largely focused on dogs' ability to detect and discriminate single odours, however more research is needed to understand dogs’ ability to use multiple sensory modalities to identify and discriminate odours. Continuing research started by Campbell- Smith (2024), the current study hypothesized, a) dogs are capable of using cross-modal association to match odours to images of shapes and b) the inclusion of an error correction procedure and physical screen border on the touch screen where the images are presented will increase dogs responding accuracy and decrease biases towards specific shapes and screen quadrants, previously observed by Campbell-Smith. Four dogs were trained using shaping and chaining to engage in a conditional discrimination task using an automated scent delivery carousel and touch screen. Challenges faced early on during the initial conditional discrimination sessions prompted the inclusion of a simple visual discrimination task and an errorless learning procedure. The findings were largely consistent with Campbell-Smith, in that all dogs had above chance (50%) accuracy rates overall, but none met the mastery criteria (80%) overall. The correction procedure and physical touch screen border did reduce overall biases in all dogs, but did not increase responding accuracy enough to meet the mastery criteria. This suggests that the procedures used in these experiments may not be optimal for training dogs to accurately match odours and visual stimuli. Alternative procedures should be investigated in the future. The current findings provide more information as to dog's cross-modal identification capabilities, as well as further understanding of dogs’ visual capabilities and a comparison of dogs’ accuracy on conditional discrimination with and without an errorless learning procedure.

text: Further examination of cross-modal association in canine (Canis familiaris) scent detection: Extending research on training dogs to identify multiple odours Dogs' superior olfactory capabilities and trainability have led to widespread use of dogs for scent detection research and work. Previous research has largely focused on dogs' ability to detect and discriminate single odours, however more research is needed to understand dogs’ ability to use multiple sensory modalities to identify and discriminate odours. Continuing research started by Campbell- Smith (2024), the current study hypothesized, a) dogs are capable of using cross-modal association to match odours to images of shapes and b) the inclusion of an error correction procedure and physical screen border on the touch screen where the images are presented will increase dogs responding accuracy and decrease biases towards specific shapes and screen quadrants, previously observed by Campbell-Smith. Four dogs were trained using shaping and chaining to engage in a conditional discrimination task using an automated scent delivery carousel and touch screen. Challenges faced early on during the initial conditional discrimination sessions prompted the inclusion of a simple visual discrimination task and an errorless learning procedure. The findings were largely consistent with Campbell-Smith, in that all dogs had above chance (50%) accuracy rates overall, but none met the mastery criteria (80%) overall. The correction procedure and physical touch screen border did reduce overall biases in all dogs, but did not increase responding accuracy enough to meet the mastery criteria. This suggests that the procedures used in these experiments may not be optimal for training dogs to accurately match odours and visual stimuli. Alternative procedures should be investigated in the future. The current findings provide more information as to dog's cross-modal identification capabilities, as well as further understanding of dogs’ visual capabilities and a comparison of dogs’ accuracy on conditional discrimination with and without an errorless learning procedure.

year: 2025

title: ‘Pakeha Bill’: William John McClear, a Pakeha who lived at Te Aroha

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Born in Ireland to a Scottish soldier named McAleer, McClear, as he would re-name himself, was uncertain of his age, his birthplace, and the spelling of his name – for, like his parents, he was illiterate. After his drunken father, who abandoned his wife and family, sold him to unknown Maori at an unknown date, he was educated in a Maori school and was unable to speak English until the early 1870s, when he was living with Ngati Rahiri at Omahu pa, at Te Aroha. When Pakeha visitors first met him in 1877, he was a popular resident there and known as Pakeha Bill (or Pakeha William).
Possiby involved in mining before the Te Aroha rush, he both invested in and mined in several claims there from 1880 onwards, and at the end of that decade was one of a small group of Waiorongomai miners who took up a claim at Thames. When not mining, he took whatever jobs were available, struggling financially, in part because of a fondness for drink. As, unlike other Pakeha Maori, there was no evidence of his forming a close relationship with any Maori women, he did not benefit from a Maori wife’s landholdings, and he died in poverty.

text: ‘Pakeha Bill’: William John McClear, a Pakeha who lived at Te Aroha Born in Ireland to a Scottish soldier named McAleer, McClear, as he would re-name himself, was uncertain of his age, his birthplace, and the spelling of his name – for, like his parents, he was illiterate. After his drunken father, who abandoned his wife and family, sold him to unknown Maori at an unknown date, he was educated in a Maori school and was unable to speak English until the early 1870s, when he was living with Ngati Rahiri at Omahu pa, at Te Aroha. When Pakeha visitors first met him in 1877, he was a popular resident there and known as Pakeha Bill (or Pakeha William).
Possiby involved in mining before the Te Aroha rush, he both invested in and mined in several claims there from 1880 onwards, and at the end of that decade was one of a small group of Waiorongomai miners who took up a claim at Thames. When not mining, he took whatever jobs were available, struggling financially, in part because of a fondness for drink. As, unlike other Pakeha Maori, there was no evidence of his forming a close relationship with any Maori women, he did not benefit from a Maori wife’s landholdings, and he died in poverty.

year: 2016