title: Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe

authors: O'Reilly, Catherine M.

abstract: In this first worldwide synthesis of in situ and satellite-derived lake data, we find that lake summer surface water temperatures rose rapidly (global mean = 0.34°C decade-1) between 1985 and 2009. Our analyses show that surface water warming rates are dependent on combinations of climate and local characteristics, rather than just lake location, leading to the counterintuitive result that regional consistency in lake warming is the exception, rather than the rule. The most rapidly warming lakes are widely geographically distributed, and their warming is associated with interactions among different climatic factors - from seasonally ice-covered lakes in areas where temperature and solar radiation are increasing while cloud cover is diminishing (0.72°C decade-1) to ice-free lakes experiencing increases in air temperature and solar radiation (0.53°C decade-1). The pervasive and rapid warming observed here signals the urgent need to incorporate climate impacts into vulnerability assessments and adaptation efforts for lakes.

text: Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe In this first worldwide synthesis of in situ and satellite-derived lake data, we find that lake summer surface water temperatures rose rapidly (global mean = 0.34°C decade-1) between 1985 and 2009. Our analyses show that surface water warming rates are dependent on combinations of climate and local characteristics, rather than just lake location, leading to the counterintuitive result that regional consistency in lake warming is the exception, rather than the rule. The most rapidly warming lakes are widely geographically distributed, and their warming is associated with interactions among different climatic factors - from seasonally ice-covered lakes in areas where temperature and solar radiation are increasing while cloud cover is diminishing (0.72°C decade-1) to ice-free lakes experiencing increases in air temperature and solar radiation (0.53°C decade-1). The pervasive and rapid warming observed here signals the urgent need to incorporate climate impacts into vulnerability assessments and adaptation efforts for lakes.

year: 2015

title: The Accountability of New Zealand's Charities: Meeting the Needs of Charity Stakeholders through Information Disclosure

authors: Dimitrov, Dara

subjects: New Zealand charity

abstract: For decades, New Zealand’s charity sector has been able to operate, unfettered by regulation and with low levels of accountability.  For this reason, gaining any information from charities about the work they do has been historically difficult, because charities have not been required to provide any reports.  The New Zealand government sought to increase the accountability from the charity sector with the introduction of the Charities Act (2005) and basic reporting requirements, but ultimately, the accountability from the sector continues to be an issue.  With limited charity disclosure literature in the New Zealand context, and no information disclosure practice model to guide New Zealand’s charities, the current provision and the quality of the information disclosures from charities are low, leaving the information needs of charity stakeholders unmet.
The overall aim of this investigation is to improve the accountability from New Zealand’s charities by developing a charity information disclosure practice model from a charity stakeholder perspective.  This was achieved by three main objectives:
1.	To develop a qualitative disclosure index from the perspective of charity stakeholders 
2.	To assess the extent and quality of the information disclosure made by thirty registered charities 
3.	To make recommendations to improve the accountability  by New Zealand’s charity sector
To achieve this purpose, a disclosure index, which contained  136 information items was created with the assistance of 86 charity stakeholders. The index was then applied to three publications from thirty charities that were randomly selected from the Charity register. The three publications used in this investigation are the Charity register, the charity’s website and the charity’s annual report/annual review. The collected data was then quantified and analysed to determine the extent and the quality of the information disclosures from the charities.  
The investigation findings indicated that the current level of charity disclosures was poor both in extent and quality and that there was an information gap between the expectations of charity stakeholders and the actual disclosure practices of the charities.  It was found that the top-performing information items were the mandated and the best-practice information items were either missing or inadequately disclosed.  No charity within the sample managed to achieve an index score of 50%.
The annual return summary found on the Charity register was the best disclosure document for both financial and non-financial information items from a charity stakeholder perspective.  However, this document, along with the other publications still lacked sufficient detail to be useful for a charity stakeholder.  To improve the accountability of the New Zealand’s sector, it is recommended that the New Zealand Parliament look at expanding the current annual return summary to include information items more relevant to charity stakeholders.  Finally, it is recommended that the charities should be compelled to produce an annual report and use the disclosure index created by the charity stakeholders in this investigation to improve their current information disclosures.

text: The Accountability of New Zealand's Charities: Meeting the Needs of Charity Stakeholders through Information Disclosure For decades, New Zealand’s charity sector has been able to operate, unfettered by regulation and with low levels of accountability.  For this reason, gaining any information from charities about the work they do has been historically difficult, because charities have not been required to provide any reports.  The New Zealand government sought to increase the accountability from the charity sector with the introduction of the Charities Act (2005) and basic reporting requirements, but ultimately, the accountability from the sector continues to be an issue.  With limited charity disclosure literature in the New Zealand context, and no information disclosure practice model to guide New Zealand’s charities, the current provision and the quality of the information disclosures from charities are low, leaving the information needs of charity stakeholders unmet.
The overall aim of this investigation is to improve the accountability from New Zealand’s charities by developing a charity information disclosure practice model from a charity stakeholder perspective.  This was achieved by three main objectives:
1.	To develop a qualitative disclosure index from the perspective of charity stakeholders 
2.	To assess the extent and quality of the information disclosure made by thirty registered charities 
3.	To make recommendations to improve the accountability  by New Zealand’s charity sector
To achieve this purpose, a disclosure index, which contained  136 information items was created with the assistance of 86 charity stakeholders. The index was then applied to three publications from thirty charities that were randomly selected from the Charity register. The three publications used in this investigation are the Charity register, the charity’s website and the charity’s annual report/annual review. The collected data was then quantified and analysed to determine the extent and the quality of the information disclosures from the charities.  
The investigation findings indicated that the current level of charity disclosures was poor both in extent and quality and that there was an information gap between the expectations of charity stakeholders and the actual disclosure practices of the charities.  It was found that the top-performing information items were the mandated and the best-practice information items were either missing or inadequately disclosed.  No charity within the sample managed to achieve an index score of 50%.
The annual return summary found on the Charity register was the best disclosure document for both financial and non-financial information items from a charity stakeholder perspective.  However, this document, along with the other publications still lacked sufficient detail to be useful for a charity stakeholder.  To improve the accountability of the New Zealand’s sector, it is recommended that the New Zealand Parliament look at expanding the current annual return summary to include information items more relevant to charity stakeholders.  Finally, it is recommended that the charities should be compelled to produce an annual report and use the disclosure index created by the charity stakeholders in this investigation to improve their current information disclosures.

year: 2017

title: When loanwords are not lone words: Using networks and hypergraphs to explore Māori loanwords in New Zealand English

authors: Trye, David

abstract: Networks are being used to model an increasingly diverse range of realworld phenomena. This paper introduces an exploratory approach to studying loanwords in relation to one another, using networks of co-occurrence. While traditional studies treat individual loanwords as discrete items, we show that insights can be gained by focusing on the various loanwords that co-occur within each text in a corpus, especially when leveraging the notion of a hypergraph. Our research involves a case-study of New Zealand English (NZE), which borrows Indigenous Māori words on a large scale. We use a topic-constrained corpus to show that: (i) Māori loanword types tend not to occur by themselves in a text; (ii) infrequent loanwords are nearly always accompanied by frequent loanwords; and (iii) it is not uncommon for texts to contain a mixture of listed and unlisted loanwords, suggesting that NZE is still riding a wave of borrowing importation from Māori.

text: When loanwords are not lone words: Using networks and hypergraphs to explore Māori loanwords in New Zealand English Networks are being used to model an increasingly diverse range of realworld phenomena. This paper introduces an exploratory approach to studying loanwords in relation to one another, using networks of co-occurrence. While traditional studies treat individual loanwords as discrete items, we show that insights can be gained by focusing on the various loanwords that co-occur within each text in a corpus, especially when leveraging the notion of a hypergraph. Our research involves a case-study of New Zealand English (NZE), which borrows Indigenous Māori words on a large scale. We use a topic-constrained corpus to show that: (i) Māori loanword types tend not to occur by themselves in a text; (ii) infrequent loanwords are nearly always accompanied by frequent loanwords; and (iii) it is not uncommon for texts to contain a mixture of listed and unlisted loanwords, suggesting that NZE is still riding a wave of borrowing importation from Māori.

year: 2023