title: Sovereignty and Armed Intervention in Libya 2011

authors: Erlbeck, Reita Te Pae

abstract: This thesis will examine the implications the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 (2011) poses to sovereignty and its current understanding in relation to military intervention for the protection of civilians in an internal armed conflict.  Resolution 1973 provides an opportunity to examine: the development of sovereignty from its earliest inception to its position within the modern international system of states; the challenge humanitarian intervention posed to accepted principles of sovereignty, non-interference and the use of force; the recent addition of the concept of the Responsibility to Protect which re-conceptualised sovereignty as responsibility; and the Security Council's established practice in relation to authorising armed intervention, which is integral to this thesis.  Supporting this body of work is the Charter of the United Nations (1945) which articulates the body of rules that states are guided by in matters of international peace and security, and the protection of human rights, and which also determines the parameters of Security Council action.  
This thesis aims to establish that Resolution 1973 is a substantial contribution to the incremental development of sovereignty and how it is currently understood within international law.

text: Sovereignty and Armed Intervention in Libya 2011 This thesis will examine the implications the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 (2011) poses to sovereignty and its current understanding in relation to military intervention for the protection of civilians in an internal armed conflict.  Resolution 1973 provides an opportunity to examine: the development of sovereignty from its earliest inception to its position within the modern international system of states; the challenge humanitarian intervention posed to accepted principles of sovereignty, non-interference and the use of force; the recent addition of the concept of the Responsibility to Protect which re-conceptualised sovereignty as responsibility; and the Security Council's established practice in relation to authorising armed intervention, which is integral to this thesis.  Supporting this body of work is the Charter of the United Nations (1945) which articulates the body of rules that states are guided by in matters of international peace and security, and the protection of human rights, and which also determines the parameters of Security Council action.  
This thesis aims to establish that Resolution 1973 is a substantial contribution to the incremental development of sovereignty and how it is currently understood within international law.

year: 2015

title: Platinum(II) complexes of chelating and monodentate thiourea monoanions incorporating chiral, fluorescent or chromophoric groups

authors: Henderson, William

subjects: Crystal structures

abstract: The reaction of cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)2] with trisubstituted thioureas [R1R2NC(=S)NHR3] in refluxing methanol with triethylamine base, followed by addition of NaBPh4 gives the salts [Pt{SC(=NR1R2)NR3}(PPh3)2]BPh4 in high yield; a range of thiourea substituents, including chiral, fluorescent and chromophoric groups can be incorporated. The azo dye-derived complex [Pt{SC(=N(CH2CH2)2O)NC6H4N=NC6H4NMe2}(PPh3)2]BPh4 has been characterised by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The formation of a fluorescein-derivatised platinum-thiourea complex is also described. Reaction of cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)2] with PhNHC(S)NHPh or EtNHC(S)NHEt, triethylamine and NaBPh4 gives, respectively, [Pt{SC(=NHPh)NPh}(PPh3)2]+ and the known cation [Pt{SC(=NHEt)NEt}(PPh3)2]+, isolated as tetraphenylborate salts. Reaction of cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)2] with an excess of Na[MeNHC(S)NCN] in methanol gives the bis(thiourea monoanion) complex trans-[Pt{SC(=N---CN)NHMe}2(PPh3)2], characterised by NMR spectroscopy and an X-ray crystal structure determination. When cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)2] is reacted with 1 equiv. of Na[MeNHC(S)N---CN] in methanol, with added NaBPh4, a mixture of isomers of the [Pt{SC(=NHCN)NMe}(PPh3)2]+ cation is obtained.

text: Platinum(II) complexes of chelating and monodentate thiourea monoanions incorporating chiral, fluorescent or chromophoric groups The reaction of cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)2] with trisubstituted thioureas [R1R2NC(=S)NHR3] in refluxing methanol with triethylamine base, followed by addition of NaBPh4 gives the salts [Pt{SC(=NR1R2)NR3}(PPh3)2]BPh4 in high yield; a range of thiourea substituents, including chiral, fluorescent and chromophoric groups can be incorporated. The azo dye-derived complex [Pt{SC(=N(CH2CH2)2O)NC6H4N=NC6H4NMe2}(PPh3)2]BPh4 has been characterised by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The formation of a fluorescein-derivatised platinum-thiourea complex is also described. Reaction of cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)2] with PhNHC(S)NHPh or EtNHC(S)NHEt, triethylamine and NaBPh4 gives, respectively, [Pt{SC(=NHPh)NPh}(PPh3)2]+ and the known cation [Pt{SC(=NHEt)NEt}(PPh3)2]+, isolated as tetraphenylborate salts. Reaction of cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)2] with an excess of Na[MeNHC(S)NCN] in methanol gives the bis(thiourea monoanion) complex trans-[Pt{SC(=N---CN)NHMe}2(PPh3)2], characterised by NMR spectroscopy and an X-ray crystal structure determination. When cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)2] is reacted with 1 equiv. of Na[MeNHC(S)N---CN] in methanol, with added NaBPh4, a mixture of isomers of the [Pt{SC(=NHCN)NMe}(PPh3)2]+ cation is obtained.

year: 2001-08-01

title: Violation of te whare tangata - the maternal body: Young women's journeys through pregnancy and partner terrorism

authors: Marsh, Tuihana M.

subjects: Partner Terrorism

abstract: Partner terrorism is a leading social issue in Aotearoa. It occurs with such frequency and ferocity that it is often considered an epidemic. This has placed us in the shameful position of being the highest ranked nation in the western world for the prevalence of intimate partner violence. This research explored young women’s experiences of intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Eleven women aged 14 - 17 years when pregnant were interviewed. A mana wāhine theoretical perspective was employed, guided by a kaupapa Māori research methodology. Pūrākau was used as a method to present and validate the women’s voices.
The key findings identified that these relationships began with the potential of any other relationship. However, they typically followed a pattern of co-habituation and entrapment through pregnancy and financial dependence. It was evident the partner terrorism was brought into these relationships by the terrorist partners, and was the first experience of this violence for many of the women. The terrorism continued to escalate. Separating from their terrorist partners did not result in the women being any safer, with some continuing to experience life-threatening acts of terrorism post separation. Pregnancy did not serve as a protective factor: the violation of te whare tangata generally occurred before, during and after pregnancy. Often, the acts of terrorism escalated following the birth of their pēpī, with their partner’s terrorism being a direct assault on ūkaipō, disrupting bonding and mothering practices. Many of the women were able to recognise the terrorism to which they were subjected only in hindsight. Despite this, they showed ingenuity and resilience in the ways they resisted the terrorism in efforts to keep themselves and their pēpī safe. Breaking free of these relationships demanded intervention and support from outsiders. The women remain strongly committed to the welfare of their pēpī.

text: Violation of te whare tangata - the maternal body: Young women's journeys through pregnancy and partner terrorism Partner terrorism is a leading social issue in Aotearoa. It occurs with such frequency and ferocity that it is often considered an epidemic. This has placed us in the shameful position of being the highest ranked nation in the western world for the prevalence of intimate partner violence. This research explored young women’s experiences of intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Eleven women aged 14 - 17 years when pregnant were interviewed. A mana wāhine theoretical perspective was employed, guided by a kaupapa Māori research methodology. Pūrākau was used as a method to present and validate the women’s voices.
The key findings identified that these relationships began with the potential of any other relationship. However, they typically followed a pattern of co-habituation and entrapment through pregnancy and financial dependence. It was evident the partner terrorism was brought into these relationships by the terrorist partners, and was the first experience of this violence for many of the women. The terrorism continued to escalate. Separating from their terrorist partners did not result in the women being any safer, with some continuing to experience life-threatening acts of terrorism post separation. Pregnancy did not serve as a protective factor: the violation of te whare tangata generally occurred before, during and after pregnancy. Often, the acts of terrorism escalated following the birth of their pēpī, with their partner’s terrorism being a direct assault on ūkaipō, disrupting bonding and mothering practices. Many of the women were able to recognise the terrorism to which they were subjected only in hindsight. Despite this, they showed ingenuity and resilience in the ways they resisted the terrorism in efforts to keep themselves and their pēpī safe. Breaking free of these relationships demanded intervention and support from outsiders. The women remain strongly committed to the welfare of their pēpī.

year: 2019