title: Career development and the vitality of academic women in an era of intensifying globalisation

authors: John Asirvatham, Sheeba Rosaline

subjects: Career development

abstract: Globalisation is a term used by authors such Korten (2015b), Klein (2016), Kelsey (2016a), Maxton (2011), Stiglitz (2014) and Shiva (2016) to denote the greater integration and intensification of capitalist ideas globally. The form of globalisation under critique has been characterised by Seo and Creed (2002) as embedding hegemonic control, ultimately achieving what Kobrin (2009) calls a post-Westphalia world order. This order is sustained by a form of institutional logics critics find rife with contradiction and paradoxes. 

Gender dynamics are crucially entwined with globalisation. From my review of the literature, I came to think neoliberal feminist ideals and projects have rewarded a limited number of women at the cost of the wellbeing of people and planet. To target simple equality between men and women seemed increasingly inadequate for transformation of the trajectory of globalisation if the thriving of all humanity and restoration of Earth is to be achieved. To enquire more deeply into this reflection, I shaped my fieldwork around conversations with twelve academic women who hold senior positions in business or management schools in the North Island of New Zealand. New Zealand has been at the vanguard of neoliberal [re]organisation and, given its size and seeming geographic isolation, curiously influential in global affairs.

 From a rich set of literature, field-notes, stories, and self-reflective journaling, I crafted five themes for further reflection: i) career depictions, ii) vitality, iii) radical feminist theory, iv) globalisation, and v) critic and conscience of society. Examined separately these themes allowed for a particular view into aspects of participants’ lives with confluences and divergences of ideas within and among the women, and between their experiences and the literature. Seen together our conversations provide insights into the complexity of women’s lives, their commitment to their values, the opportunities and constraints of an academic career, and their hopes for the future. I examined what dynamics were reported as enhancing or diminishing their vitality. Most participants implied a commitment to women’s authority that I would call ‘feminist’ - some more explicitly than others. Notable was the fluid movement from neoliberal observations and strategies for their own careers and a more radical analyses brought to reflection on the seeming intractability of many issues that concern them. 

My research contribution through this work covers overlapping fields of organisational and critical management studies. Through the Education Act (1989), New Zealand public universities are mandated to contribute as a critic and conscience of society. A similar mandate is variously expressed by universities across the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. To enact such a mandate, scholars need to be critically aware of self and one’s potential as an influence on the future. My participants showed a great sensitivity to this self-awareness and expressed a commitment to such service as integral to a career that enhances vitality, self, others, and Earth. Their insights, many of which I would call feminist, hold much of value. I advocate for greater inclusion of radical feminist orientations to teaching and research for a transformation of the trajectory of globalisation for the betterment of society. To do so would strengthen the position of scholars as always activist, unable to position our influence as politically neutral, and more conscious of the part we play in the preservation or transformation of the degrading dynamics of globalisation.

text: Career development and the vitality of academic women in an era of intensifying globalisation Globalisation is a term used by authors such Korten (2015b), Klein (2016), Kelsey (2016a), Maxton (2011), Stiglitz (2014) and Shiva (2016) to denote the greater integration and intensification of capitalist ideas globally. The form of globalisation under critique has been characterised by Seo and Creed (2002) as embedding hegemonic control, ultimately achieving what Kobrin (2009) calls a post-Westphalia world order. This order is sustained by a form of institutional logics critics find rife with contradiction and paradoxes. 

Gender dynamics are crucially entwined with globalisation. From my review of the literature, I came to think neoliberal feminist ideals and projects have rewarded a limited number of women at the cost of the wellbeing of people and planet. To target simple equality between men and women seemed increasingly inadequate for transformation of the trajectory of globalisation if the thriving of all humanity and restoration of Earth is to be achieved. To enquire more deeply into this reflection, I shaped my fieldwork around conversations with twelve academic women who hold senior positions in business or management schools in the North Island of New Zealand. New Zealand has been at the vanguard of neoliberal [re]organisation and, given its size and seeming geographic isolation, curiously influential in global affairs.

 From a rich set of literature, field-notes, stories, and self-reflective journaling, I crafted five themes for further reflection: i) career depictions, ii) vitality, iii) radical feminist theory, iv) globalisation, and v) critic and conscience of society. Examined separately these themes allowed for a particular view into aspects of participants’ lives with confluences and divergences of ideas within and among the women, and between their experiences and the literature. Seen together our conversations provide insights into the complexity of women’s lives, their commitment to their values, the opportunities and constraints of an academic career, and their hopes for the future. I examined what dynamics were reported as enhancing or diminishing their vitality. Most participants implied a commitment to women’s authority that I would call ‘feminist’ - some more explicitly than others. Notable was the fluid movement from neoliberal observations and strategies for their own careers and a more radical analyses brought to reflection on the seeming intractability of many issues that concern them. 

My research contribution through this work covers overlapping fields of organisational and critical management studies. Through the Education Act (1989), New Zealand public universities are mandated to contribute as a critic and conscience of society. A similar mandate is variously expressed by universities across the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. To enact such a mandate, scholars need to be critically aware of self and one’s potential as an influence on the future. My participants showed a great sensitivity to this self-awareness and expressed a commitment to such service as integral to a career that enhances vitality, self, others, and Earth. Their insights, many of which I would call feminist, hold much of value. I advocate for greater inclusion of radical feminist orientations to teaching and research for a transformation of the trajectory of globalisation for the betterment of society. To do so would strengthen the position of scholars as always activist, unable to position our influence as politically neutral, and more conscious of the part we play in the preservation or transformation of the degrading dynamics of globalisation.

year: 2016

title: Turning waste into useful materials: fabrication of titanium alloy matrix composite from the Ti-6Al-4V swarf

authors: Zhai, Yutao

subjects: Ti-6Al-4V

abstract: The rapid development of various high-precision technologies in the aerospace, military and civil fields has put forward higher and higher requirements for the performance of materials. Traditional titanium alloys have become inadequate in the face of the comprehensive requirements of the application environment, so composite materials have increasingly become the focus of material researchers. titanium boride (TiB) is the most attractive reinforcement because of the balance and stability of its thermal, physical, and mechanical properties. Boron is essentially insoluble in Ti and its alloys, so it does not cause lattice embrittlement. In this thesis, a Ti-6Al-4V matrix composite reinforced by in-situ synthesized TiB whiskers were successfully fabricated by hot pressing of a mixture of Ti-6Al-4V alloy swarf and boron powder.

Hot pressing temperature significantly affects the densification and properties of the fabricated titanium alloy matrix composites. With the increase of hot processing temperature from 1050ºC to 1250ºC, the porosity of the fabricated composites was decreased from 12.8% to 2.7%. When the hot-pressing temperature was reached to 1250ºC, the Ti-6Al-4V-3TiB composite could be successfully consolidated with a well-bonded prior swarf boundaries (no obvious voids were appeared at the prior swarf boundary) and less TiBx phases (most are TiB), leading to a reasonable ultimate tensile strength (1121MPa) and yield stress (1028MPa) were achieved.

The amount of boron addition (1vol%, 3vol%, 5vol%, 7vol%) influences the phase constitutions, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the fabricated swarf Ti-6Al-4V matrix composites hot-pressed at 1250°C. The UTS and YS of the fabricated composite was first increased when the boron addition was increased from 1vol% to 3vol%, and then decreased with the boron addition was further increased to 7vol%. However, the ductility of the fabricated composites was continually decreased with increasing the boron addition amount, and this is attributed to the increase amount of agglomerated TiB reinforcement phases. The Ti-6Al-4V-3TiB (adding 3vol% of boron) had the optimal mechanical properties among all of the fabricated composites, having a UTS of 1108MPa-1127MPa, YS of 1025MPa-1034MPa, and a strain to fracture of 3.45% - 3.98%.

Comparing to the hot-pressed Ti-6Al-4V-3TiB composite, The post-processed (extrusion at 950°C) composite had finer grain size and smaller lamellar spacing, which contributed to slightly increase the composite’s ductility to 4.18% - 5.19%, but the strengthen effect of TiB reinforcement effect was reduced due to the formation of voids between the reinforcing phase and the matrix phase introduced by severe plastic deformation.

Various heat treatments were carried out for the hot-pressed and hot extruded Ti-6Al-4V-3TiB composites to tailor the composite’s microstructure for achieving desired strength-ductility balance. After STA-955 (955℃ 1 hr water quenching + 550℃ 6hrs air cooling) and STA-855 (855℃ 1 hr water quenching + 550℃ 6hrs air cooling), the strength of hot-pressed and hot extruded composites were improved, due to the acicular secondary α phase and nano-size secondary α phase, respectively. The hot extruded composite had the best mechanical properties after STA-955, with a UTS of 1259MPa - 1263MPa, YS of 1165MPa - 1170MPa, and a strain to fracture of 3.15% - 3.28%.

text: Turning waste into useful materials: fabrication of titanium alloy matrix composite from the Ti-6Al-4V swarf The rapid development of various high-precision technologies in the aerospace, military and civil fields has put forward higher and higher requirements for the performance of materials. Traditional titanium alloys have become inadequate in the face of the comprehensive requirements of the application environment, so composite materials have increasingly become the focus of material researchers. titanium boride (TiB) is the most attractive reinforcement because of the balance and stability of its thermal, physical, and mechanical properties. Boron is essentially insoluble in Ti and its alloys, so it does not cause lattice embrittlement. In this thesis, a Ti-6Al-4V matrix composite reinforced by in-situ synthesized TiB whiskers were successfully fabricated by hot pressing of a mixture of Ti-6Al-4V alloy swarf and boron powder.

Hot pressing temperature significantly affects the densification and properties of the fabricated titanium alloy matrix composites. With the increase of hot processing temperature from 1050ºC to 1250ºC, the porosity of the fabricated composites was decreased from 12.8% to 2.7%. When the hot-pressing temperature was reached to 1250ºC, the Ti-6Al-4V-3TiB composite could be successfully consolidated with a well-bonded prior swarf boundaries (no obvious voids were appeared at the prior swarf boundary) and less TiBx phases (most are TiB), leading to a reasonable ultimate tensile strength (1121MPa) and yield stress (1028MPa) were achieved.

The amount of boron addition (1vol%, 3vol%, 5vol%, 7vol%) influences the phase constitutions, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the fabricated swarf Ti-6Al-4V matrix composites hot-pressed at 1250°C. The UTS and YS of the fabricated composite was first increased when the boron addition was increased from 1vol% to 3vol%, and then decreased with the boron addition was further increased to 7vol%. However, the ductility of the fabricated composites was continually decreased with increasing the boron addition amount, and this is attributed to the increase amount of agglomerated TiB reinforcement phases. The Ti-6Al-4V-3TiB (adding 3vol% of boron) had the optimal mechanical properties among all of the fabricated composites, having a UTS of 1108MPa-1127MPa, YS of 1025MPa-1034MPa, and a strain to fracture of 3.45% - 3.98%.

Comparing to the hot-pressed Ti-6Al-4V-3TiB composite, The post-processed (extrusion at 950°C) composite had finer grain size and smaller lamellar spacing, which contributed to slightly increase the composite’s ductility to 4.18% - 5.19%, but the strengthen effect of TiB reinforcement effect was reduced due to the formation of voids between the reinforcing phase and the matrix phase introduced by severe plastic deformation.

Various heat treatments were carried out for the hot-pressed and hot extruded Ti-6Al-4V-3TiB composites to tailor the composite’s microstructure for achieving desired strength-ductility balance. After STA-955 (955℃ 1 hr water quenching + 550℃ 6hrs air cooling) and STA-855 (855℃ 1 hr water quenching + 550℃ 6hrs air cooling), the strength of hot-pressed and hot extruded composites were improved, due to the acicular secondary α phase and nano-size secondary α phase, respectively. The hot extruded composite had the best mechanical properties after STA-955, with a UTS of 1259MPa - 1263MPa, YS of 1165MPa - 1170MPa, and a strain to fracture of 3.15% - 3.28%.

year: 2020

title: Lake Rotokakahi water quality modelling

authors: Jones, Hannah Frances Emily

abstract: Lake Rotokakahi is an iwi-owned lake, administered by the Lake Rotokakahi Board of Control. The lake has a surface area of 4.4 km2, a mean depth of 17.5 m, and a catchment of 19.7 km2 of which most is in exotic forest (46.5%), with some pasture (27.8%) and regenerating native forest and scrub (25.7%). Lake Rotokakahi has only one permanent surface inflow and it is assumed that the lake must be predominantly groundwater fed. The lake outflow, Te Wairoa Stream, flows into Lake Tarawera. Monitoring indicates that water quality has recently declined in the lake, with a shift from a mesotrophic state in the 1990's, to currently being classified as eutrophic. Increased algal biomass has reduced water clarity and in May 2011 the first ever recorded algae bloom of a toxic cyanobacterium species resulted in a fish kill in Te Wairoa Stream. With the majority of the catchment in either exotic or native forest, the cause for the decline in water quality is unclear. However there is some concern that forestry harvesting operations may lead to increased surface runoff of sediment and associated phosphorus in ephemeral streams that feed into the lake. The objective of this study was to setup a water quality model for Lake Rotokakahi, which in the future may provide a decisionsupport tool for lake managers.
The model used, DYRESM-CAEDYM, is a one-dimensional (1D) coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model that has been widely used in New Zealand and overseas. Methodology for deriving model forcing data (e.g. meteorological data, inflow volumes and nutrient loads), including the application of catchment and lake water balances, is described in this report. The catchment water balance indicates that groundwater and rainfall account for 37% and 42%, respectively, of the total inflow volume to the lake, with surface and ephemeral inflows contributing a smaller proportion (c. 20% combined). Furthermore, it appears that groundwater contributes a significant proportion (c. 60 - 70%) of the total nutrient loads, although surface and ephemeral inflows also contribute a significant proportion (34%) of the total phosphorus load. It should be noted that the catchment water balance is based on a very limited dataset, and therefore subject to significant uncertainty. 
We simulated the period July 2009 to June 2012 with DYRESM-CAEDYM. Model performance statistics indicated reasonable simulation of water quality for the calibration period, but did not satisfactorily capture the magnitude and dynamics of chlorophyll a and some nutrient species over an independent model validation period. There may be a number of reasons for the poor model performance over the validation period. For example, it may be that zooplankton and/or freshwater mussels (kakahi), which were not included in the model configuration, may exert significant grazing pressure on the phytoplankton populations at certain times. Furthermore, the significant uncertainty in the catchment water and nutrient loads most likely will have affected model performance. Nutrient concentrations are routinely monitored only in the surface inflow. There are no measurements of nutrient and sediment loads in ephemeral streams, and there is very limited data on groundwater nutrient concentrations.
In its current form, the DYRESM-CAEDYM model is not suitable for scenario testing of lake management options. It is recommended that effort is directed at quantification of ephemeral and groundwater inflows and their associated nutrient and (particularly for ephemeral inflows) sediment loads. This may be particularly important for ephemeral inflows located close to the lake that may be influenced by forestry harvesting operations. Recent increases in measured total phosphorus and phosphate concentrations in the surface inflow and in the lake, combined with the degradation of water quality that has already occurred over the last 20 years, provides further impetus for addressing this critical information gap. Were new data to  become available, opportunities exist for improving the performance of the current model and for developing a three-dimensional coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model (e.g. ELCOM-CAEDYM) with representation of kakahi and/or zooplankton, which may be able to resolve questions pertinent to the functioning of the lake, and to lake and catchment management.

text: Lake Rotokakahi water quality modelling Lake Rotokakahi is an iwi-owned lake, administered by the Lake Rotokakahi Board of Control. The lake has a surface area of 4.4 km2, a mean depth of 17.5 m, and a catchment of 19.7 km2 of which most is in exotic forest (46.5%), with some pasture (27.8%) and regenerating native forest and scrub (25.7%). Lake Rotokakahi has only one permanent surface inflow and it is assumed that the lake must be predominantly groundwater fed. The lake outflow, Te Wairoa Stream, flows into Lake Tarawera. Monitoring indicates that water quality has recently declined in the lake, with a shift from a mesotrophic state in the 1990's, to currently being classified as eutrophic. Increased algal biomass has reduced water clarity and in May 2011 the first ever recorded algae bloom of a toxic cyanobacterium species resulted in a fish kill in Te Wairoa Stream. With the majority of the catchment in either exotic or native forest, the cause for the decline in water quality is unclear. However there is some concern that forestry harvesting operations may lead to increased surface runoff of sediment and associated phosphorus in ephemeral streams that feed into the lake. The objective of this study was to setup a water quality model for Lake Rotokakahi, which in the future may provide a decisionsupport tool for lake managers.
The model used, DYRESM-CAEDYM, is a one-dimensional (1D) coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model that has been widely used in New Zealand and overseas. Methodology for deriving model forcing data (e.g. meteorological data, inflow volumes and nutrient loads), including the application of catchment and lake water balances, is described in this report. The catchment water balance indicates that groundwater and rainfall account for 37% and 42%, respectively, of the total inflow volume to the lake, with surface and ephemeral inflows contributing a smaller proportion (c. 20% combined). Furthermore, it appears that groundwater contributes a significant proportion (c. 60 - 70%) of the total nutrient loads, although surface and ephemeral inflows also contribute a significant proportion (34%) of the total phosphorus load. It should be noted that the catchment water balance is based on a very limited dataset, and therefore subject to significant uncertainty. 
We simulated the period July 2009 to June 2012 with DYRESM-CAEDYM. Model performance statistics indicated reasonable simulation of water quality for the calibration period, but did not satisfactorily capture the magnitude and dynamics of chlorophyll a and some nutrient species over an independent model validation period. There may be a number of reasons for the poor model performance over the validation period. For example, it may be that zooplankton and/or freshwater mussels (kakahi), which were not included in the model configuration, may exert significant grazing pressure on the phytoplankton populations at certain times. Furthermore, the significant uncertainty in the catchment water and nutrient loads most likely will have affected model performance. Nutrient concentrations are routinely monitored only in the surface inflow. There are no measurements of nutrient and sediment loads in ephemeral streams, and there is very limited data on groundwater nutrient concentrations.
In its current form, the DYRESM-CAEDYM model is not suitable for scenario testing of lake management options. It is recommended that effort is directed at quantification of ephemeral and groundwater inflows and their associated nutrient and (particularly for ephemeral inflows) sediment loads. This may be particularly important for ephemeral inflows located close to the lake that may be influenced by forestry harvesting operations. Recent increases in measured total phosphorus and phosphate concentrations in the surface inflow and in the lake, combined with the degradation of water quality that has already occurred over the last 20 years, provides further impetus for addressing this critical information gap. Were new data to  become available, opportunities exist for improving the performance of the current model and for developing a three-dimensional coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model (e.g. ELCOM-CAEDYM) with representation of kakahi and/or zooplankton, which may be able to resolve questions pertinent to the functioning of the lake, and to lake and catchment management.

year: 2014