title: An enzymatic/acid-catalyzed hybrid process for biodiesel production from soybean oil

authors: Ting, Wei-Jia

subjects: acid catalyst

abstract: The present study is aimed at developing an enzymatic/acid-catalyzed hybrid process for biodiesel production using soybean oil as feedstock. In the enzymatic hydrolysis, 88% of the oil taken initially was hydrolyzed by binary immobilized lipase after 5 h under optimal conditions. The hydrolysate was further used in acid-catalyzed esterification for biodiesel production and the effects of temperature, catalyst concentration, feedstock to methanol molar ratio, and reaction time on biodiesel conversion were investigated. By using a feedstock to methanol molar ratio of 1:15 and a sulfuric acid concentration of 2.5%, a biodiesel conversion of 99% was obtained after 12 h of reaction at 50 °C. The biodiesel produced by this process met the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. This hybrid process may open a way for biodiesel production using unrefined and used oil as feedstock.

text: An enzymatic/acid-catalyzed hybrid process for biodiesel production from soybean oil The present study is aimed at developing an enzymatic/acid-catalyzed hybrid process for biodiesel production using soybean oil as feedstock. In the enzymatic hydrolysis, 88% of the oil taken initially was hydrolyzed by binary immobilized lipase after 5 h under optimal conditions. The hydrolysate was further used in acid-catalyzed esterification for biodiesel production and the effects of temperature, catalyst concentration, feedstock to methanol molar ratio, and reaction time on biodiesel conversion were investigated. By using a feedstock to methanol molar ratio of 1:15 and a sulfuric acid concentration of 2.5%, a biodiesel conversion of 99% was obtained after 12 h of reaction at 50 °C. The biodiesel produced by this process met the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. This hybrid process may open a way for biodiesel production using unrefined and used oil as feedstock.

year: 2008

title: Mining algorithmic complexity in full-text scholarly documents

authors: Bakar, Abu

abstract: Non-textual document elements (NTDE) like charts, diagrams, algorithms play an important role to present key information in scientific documents [1]. Recent advancements in information retrieval systems tap this information to answer more complex queries by mining text pertaining to non-textual document elements. However, linking between document elements and corresponding text can be non-trivial. For instance, linking text related to algorithmic complexity with consequent root algorithm could be challenging. These elements are sometime placed at the start or at the end of the page instead of following the flow of document text, and the discussion about these elements may or may not be on the same page. In recent years, quite a few attempts have been made to extract NTDE [2-3]. These techniques are actively applied for effective document summarization, to improve the existing IR systems. Generally, asymptotic notations are used to identify the complexity lines in full text. We mine the relevant complexities of algorithms from full text by comparing the metadata of algorithm with context of paragraph in which complexity related discussion is made by authors. In this paper, we presented a mechanism for identification of algorithmic complexity lines using regular expressions, algorithmic metadata compilation of algorithms, and linking complexity related textual lines to algorithmic metadata.

text: Mining algorithmic complexity in full-text scholarly documents Non-textual document elements (NTDE) like charts, diagrams, algorithms play an important role to present key information in scientific documents [1]. Recent advancements in information retrieval systems tap this information to answer more complex queries by mining text pertaining to non-textual document elements. However, linking between document elements and corresponding text can be non-trivial. For instance, linking text related to algorithmic complexity with consequent root algorithm could be challenging. These elements are sometime placed at the start or at the end of the page instead of following the flow of document text, and the discussion about these elements may or may not be on the same page. In recent years, quite a few attempts have been made to extract NTDE [2-3]. These techniques are actively applied for effective document summarization, to improve the existing IR systems. Generally, asymptotic notations are used to identify the complexity lines in full text. We mine the relevant complexities of algorithms from full text by comparing the metadata of algorithm with context of paragraph in which complexity related discussion is made by authors. In this paper, we presented a mechanism for identification of algorithmic complexity lines using regular expressions, algorithmic metadata compilation of algorithms, and linking complexity related textual lines to algorithmic metadata.

year: 2018

title: Maori and mining at Te Aroha

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Before the existence of gold was confirmed at Te Aroha, the Ngati Rahiri reserves were finally delineated. For long there had been rumours of gold, but prospecting was not permitted until 1880. Once Hone Werahiko found what might be a payable goldfield on Maori land, one could not be proclaimed until an agreement was reached with the landowners. To prevent confusion, and to be fair to Ngati Rahiri, it was decided to create a separate mining district. 
Members of Ngati Rahiri were divided over the terms of an agreement, with some (possibly prompted by Pakeha) demanding a bonus of £1,000. Rangatira who had received income from the Thames field ignored this demand and agreed to open their land in the expectation of receiving a steady supply of money from mining plus timber cutting rights and residence and business site licenses. Mokena Hou was especially supportive of prospecting and opening his land, and had a township, known as Morgantown, surveyed (his daughter Ema, wife of George Lipsey, owned the adjacent Lipseytown). The agreement specified all the fees to be paid, and permitted Maori to withdraw their land from the goldfield.
Right up to opening day, demands were made for a bonus, but the opening went smoothly, with Mokena and another rangatira participating in the ceremony and many Maori marking out claims. Maori from many hapu were shareholders in all parts of the goldfield, and some actively worked their claims, usually guided by an experienced Pakeha miner. Encouraged by the Te Aroha rush, some Maori prospected elsewhere.
Revenue from the new field soon declined as it faded, prompting complaints and officials requiring all those working on Maori land to hold a miner’s right. Although most Ngati Rahiri did not benefit, the Mokena family most certainly did, and treated the revenue they received as their own personal income.

text: Maori and mining at Te Aroha Before the existence of gold was confirmed at Te Aroha, the Ngati Rahiri reserves were finally delineated. For long there had been rumours of gold, but prospecting was not permitted until 1880. Once Hone Werahiko found what might be a payable goldfield on Maori land, one could not be proclaimed until an agreement was reached with the landowners. To prevent confusion, and to be fair to Ngati Rahiri, it was decided to create a separate mining district. 
Members of Ngati Rahiri were divided over the terms of an agreement, with some (possibly prompted by Pakeha) demanding a bonus of £1,000. Rangatira who had received income from the Thames field ignored this demand and agreed to open their land in the expectation of receiving a steady supply of money from mining plus timber cutting rights and residence and business site licenses. Mokena Hou was especially supportive of prospecting and opening his land, and had a township, known as Morgantown, surveyed (his daughter Ema, wife of George Lipsey, owned the adjacent Lipseytown). The agreement specified all the fees to be paid, and permitted Maori to withdraw their land from the goldfield.
Right up to opening day, demands were made for a bonus, but the opening went smoothly, with Mokena and another rangatira participating in the ceremony and many Maori marking out claims. Maori from many hapu were shareholders in all parts of the goldfield, and some actively worked their claims, usually guided by an experienced Pakeha miner. Encouraged by the Te Aroha rush, some Maori prospected elsewhere.
Revenue from the new field soon declined as it faded, prompting complaints and officials requiring all those working on Maori land to hold a miner’s right. Although most Ngati Rahiri did not benefit, the Mokena family most certainly did, and treated the revenue they received as their own personal income.

year: 2016