title: How can fathers breastfeed? Asking Ayah in Jakarta, Indonesia

authors: Rahadian, Angga Sisca

subjects: exclusive breastfeeding

abstract: Many studies have acknowledged that exclusive breastfeeding has a significant positive influence not only on babies but also on mothers, families, environments, and even nations. However, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the world has been low and this is also the case in Indonesia. Most studies in relation to breastfeeding focus on mothers as the influential factor for successful exclusive breastfeeding, and the variable of fathers tends to be neglected. In Indonesia, there is a fathers’ breastfeeding support community which was founded to raise breastfeeding awareness and highlight the importance of fathers’ values on breastfeeding practices. 
This qualitative study was undertaken in Jakarta and aimed to gain a better understanding of Indonesian fathers’ involvement during exclusive breastfeeding. Five main questions were addressed. Firstly, why and how fathers were involved during the exclusive breastfeeding period? Mothers’ perspective and experiences about fathers’ involvement were then explored. Then, whether fathers’ involvement in breastfeeding in Indonesia is seen as a non-traditional value and if so, how families managed it. Lastly, how the online advocacy group (Ayah ASI) for fathers could support exclusive breastfeeding.
In-depth interviews were conducted to obtain data associated with the research questions. Since fathers’ involvement, explanations and experiences were the focus of this study, the main of source of information was Indonesian fathers. Additionally, mothers’ experiences and views, particularly the perspective of the wives of the fathers who were interviewed, were also considered to gain a comprehensive understanding of the involvement of their husbands. Information was also gained from the founders of AyahASI, the breastfeeding supporting community for fathers.
Several insights were obtained by interviewing couples in Jakarta. The couples believe that exclusive breastfeeding has positive impacts on babies’ health and strengthens their bond with their mothers. In addition, religious factors encouraged fathers to support their wives to fulfill exclusive breastfeeding. The most significant findings were that fathers’ attributes influenced the success of exclusive breastfeeding and that psychological support by fathers of mothers is the most important factor in achieving exclusive breastfeeding. 

This research has revealed some important messages that should be addressed to increase exclusive breastfeeding rates in Indonesia. Even though the Government of Indonesia has released a policy to increase the exclusive breastfeeding rates, the implementation of this policy warrants further attention, for example providing more nursing rooms in public places. In addition, paternity leave should be considered as according to current regulations, the only leave available to fathers is two days. The fathers and mothers who participated in this research stressed that paternity leave was crucial in the early days after a baby’s birth to support mothers facing all the challenges in first months of their babies’ live. These recommendation are important means to enable fathers to become more involved with the care of their child. The more the fathers are involved, the more successful exclusive breastfeeding will be.

text: How can fathers breastfeed? Asking Ayah in Jakarta, Indonesia Many studies have acknowledged that exclusive breastfeeding has a significant positive influence not only on babies but also on mothers, families, environments, and even nations. However, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the world has been low and this is also the case in Indonesia. Most studies in relation to breastfeeding focus on mothers as the influential factor for successful exclusive breastfeeding, and the variable of fathers tends to be neglected. In Indonesia, there is a fathers’ breastfeeding support community which was founded to raise breastfeeding awareness and highlight the importance of fathers’ values on breastfeeding practices. 
This qualitative study was undertaken in Jakarta and aimed to gain a better understanding of Indonesian fathers’ involvement during exclusive breastfeeding. Five main questions were addressed. Firstly, why and how fathers were involved during the exclusive breastfeeding period? Mothers’ perspective and experiences about fathers’ involvement were then explored. Then, whether fathers’ involvement in breastfeeding in Indonesia is seen as a non-traditional value and if so, how families managed it. Lastly, how the online advocacy group (Ayah ASI) for fathers could support exclusive breastfeeding.
In-depth interviews were conducted to obtain data associated with the research questions. Since fathers’ involvement, explanations and experiences were the focus of this study, the main of source of information was Indonesian fathers. Additionally, mothers’ experiences and views, particularly the perspective of the wives of the fathers who were interviewed, were also considered to gain a comprehensive understanding of the involvement of their husbands. Information was also gained from the founders of AyahASI, the breastfeeding supporting community for fathers.
Several insights were obtained by interviewing couples in Jakarta. The couples believe that exclusive breastfeeding has positive impacts on babies’ health and strengthens their bond with their mothers. In addition, religious factors encouraged fathers to support their wives to fulfill exclusive breastfeeding. The most significant findings were that fathers’ attributes influenced the success of exclusive breastfeeding and that psychological support by fathers of mothers is the most important factor in achieving exclusive breastfeeding. 

This research has revealed some important messages that should be addressed to increase exclusive breastfeeding rates in Indonesia. Even though the Government of Indonesia has released a policy to increase the exclusive breastfeeding rates, the implementation of this policy warrants further attention, for example providing more nursing rooms in public places. In addition, paternity leave should be considered as according to current regulations, the only leave available to fathers is two days. The fathers and mothers who participated in this research stressed that paternity leave was crucial in the early days after a baby’s birth to support mothers facing all the challenges in first months of their babies’ live. These recommendation are important means to enable fathers to become more involved with the care of their child. The more the fathers are involved, the more successful exclusive breastfeeding will be.

year: 2019

title: Environmentally Sustainable Aquaculture: An Eco-Physical Perspective

authors: Longdill, Peter C.

subjects: Bay of Plenty

abstract: The New Zealand aquaculture industry during the late 1990s and early 2000s experienced a significant and sustained period of growth.  Greenshell mussels (Perna canaliculus) are proving to be a popular and valuable cultured species, with large domestic and international markets.  Traditionally, these bivalves have been farmed within enclosed embayments and on relatively small scales (~3 Ha).  The recent expansion of the industry coupled with the near saturation of existing 'traditional' sites and new culture technologies has led the industry toward alternate environments, notably exposed offshore sites.  Initial proposals within the Bay of Plenty have included multiple farms of ~4500 Ha each.  This novel approach to shellfish culture created uncertainty with respect to potential environmental impacts, cumulative effects, and sustainable carrying capacities within these exposed open-coast locations.  In zoning for Aquaculture Management Areas (AMAs), environmental managers must be informed of each of these aspects to ensure the rational and sustainable use of the coastal-marine space.

The overall goal of this study is to determine the potential for environmentally sustainable large-scale offshore mussel culture within the Bay of Plenty marine environment.  The long term sustainability of aquaculture development on an open coast is a function of many influences which can vary in both time and space.  The benthic environments of the Bay of Plenty exhibit great variability in their ability to assimilate waste inputs from suspended mussel culture; a direct function of the variability in sedimentary environments and benthic habitats within the region.  Specifically, silty sediments with low natural organic contents, generally found between 40 and 100 m depths are the most suitable locations for sustainable mussel aquaculture from an environmental impact perspective.  Both observations and model predictions indicate productivity potential within the region to be greatest within neritic zones of the western Bay of Plenty.  Local wind forcing is the predominant mechanism forcing local shelf currents.  Current meter data and numerical modelling tests from this study indicate that local winds explain the majority of water current variability on the shelf, generate the delivery of new nutrients to the shelf through upwelling, and hence create the variability in productivity potential.  Complicating the AMA zoning process for environmental managers, however, are existing uses of, and societal values toward, the coastal-marine environment.  GIS planning tools have been shown to be effective at minimising conflicts and maximising sustainability potential through informed site selection.  Within the Bay of Plenty, these preferential sites are located on the mid-shelf (60-80 m depths) offshore from Pukehina, Matata, and Whakatane.  

This study shows that the simulated cumulative lower trophic-level depletion impacts of two large (~5000 Ha) proposed offshore mussel farms vary seasonally as a result of subtle changes in ecosystem dynamics and mussel feeding patterns.  At proposed stocking densities, largest relative impacts are expected during autumn and winter, when relative phytoplankton biomass is low and growth rates slow.  During spring, while absolute impacts are greater than those during autumn/winter, greater phytoplankton-zooplankton biomass and faster growth rates result in quicker recovery times and reduced 'depletion halo' extents.  Year-long predicted impacts are below those applied as 'acceptable limits of change', both within New Zealand and internationally, indicative of the ecological carrying capacity.

text: Environmentally Sustainable Aquaculture: An Eco-Physical Perspective The New Zealand aquaculture industry during the late 1990s and early 2000s experienced a significant and sustained period of growth.  Greenshell mussels (Perna canaliculus) are proving to be a popular and valuable cultured species, with large domestic and international markets.  Traditionally, these bivalves have been farmed within enclosed embayments and on relatively small scales (~3 Ha).  The recent expansion of the industry coupled with the near saturation of existing 'traditional' sites and new culture technologies has led the industry toward alternate environments, notably exposed offshore sites.  Initial proposals within the Bay of Plenty have included multiple farms of ~4500 Ha each.  This novel approach to shellfish culture created uncertainty with respect to potential environmental impacts, cumulative effects, and sustainable carrying capacities within these exposed open-coast locations.  In zoning for Aquaculture Management Areas (AMAs), environmental managers must be informed of each of these aspects to ensure the rational and sustainable use of the coastal-marine space.

The overall goal of this study is to determine the potential for environmentally sustainable large-scale offshore mussel culture within the Bay of Plenty marine environment.  The long term sustainability of aquaculture development on an open coast is a function of many influences which can vary in both time and space.  The benthic environments of the Bay of Plenty exhibit great variability in their ability to assimilate waste inputs from suspended mussel culture; a direct function of the variability in sedimentary environments and benthic habitats within the region.  Specifically, silty sediments with low natural organic contents, generally found between 40 and 100 m depths are the most suitable locations for sustainable mussel aquaculture from an environmental impact perspective.  Both observations and model predictions indicate productivity potential within the region to be greatest within neritic zones of the western Bay of Plenty.  Local wind forcing is the predominant mechanism forcing local shelf currents.  Current meter data and numerical modelling tests from this study indicate that local winds explain the majority of water current variability on the shelf, generate the delivery of new nutrients to the shelf through upwelling, and hence create the variability in productivity potential.  Complicating the AMA zoning process for environmental managers, however, are existing uses of, and societal values toward, the coastal-marine environment.  GIS planning tools have been shown to be effective at minimising conflicts and maximising sustainability potential through informed site selection.  Within the Bay of Plenty, these preferential sites are located on the mid-shelf (60-80 m depths) offshore from Pukehina, Matata, and Whakatane.  

This study shows that the simulated cumulative lower trophic-level depletion impacts of two large (~5000 Ha) proposed offshore mussel farms vary seasonally as a result of subtle changes in ecosystem dynamics and mussel feeding patterns.  At proposed stocking densities, largest relative impacts are expected during autumn and winter, when relative phytoplankton biomass is low and growth rates slow.  During spring, while absolute impacts are greater than those during autumn/winter, greater phytoplankton-zooplankton biomass and faster growth rates result in quicker recovery times and reduced 'depletion halo' extents.  Year-long predicted impacts are below those applied as 'acceptable limits of change', both within New Zealand and internationally, indicative of the ecological carrying capacity.

year: 2008

title: Ko te reo i Te Rarawa: Pēhea rainī te tūāhua reo o ngā mātua tūpuna i Pukepoto

authors: McGrath, Daniel

abstract: Ko te reo Māori, ko te reo ā-iwi, ko te mita o te reo; ko tēhea te mea nui? Mai anō tēnei tohe, ko tēhea ko runga, ko tēhea ko raro. He tinitini nei anō ngā rangahau mō te reo Māori, mō ngā rautaki whakaora i te reo Māori. Erangi pēhea mai ana te reo ā-iwi? I te mahi nui whakaharahara ki te whakaora i te reo Māori e noho ana tērā kaupapa hei aronga matua. E kite mārika ana i ngā hua o aua mahi, hoi anō te reo ā-iwi, te hanga nei, i paria ki rāhaki. Nā, i ngā tau tata nei anō, kua kitea rawatia te wheinu o ngā uri whakaheke, o ngā mokopuna o ngā iwi ki te ako i ō rātou mita, otirā i te reo ā-iwi.
Hoi anō tēnei kaupapa rangahau he mea whakapiripiri ki ngā rangahau mō te reo Māori, waihoki mō te reo ā-iwi. E āta mātai atu ana te titiro ki te reo ake anō o Te Rarawa, otirā ki te reo o ngā kaumātua i noho ai i Pukepoto. Ko ngā whāinga matua o te rangahau kia kitea pēnā rainī he patanga wō te reo i te kāinga ki te mana, ki te ahurea o te tangata, ka tahi. Ka rua, kia huraina mai ai ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te reo o Te Rarawa, otirā, o te reo i Pukepoto. I runga i tērā, ko te pātai matua o te rangahau nei, ko tēnei;
Pēhea hoki nei te tūāhua reo Māori i kōrerohia ai e ngā mātua tūpuna, e ngā wheinga i Pukepoto?
Nā, e tutuki ngā whāinga rangahau, i arohia wētahi rīpene kei te pātaka kōrero o Te Reo Irirangi Māori o Te Hiku o Te Ika e mau nei ngā reo o ngā kaumātua o te kāinga e kōrero ana mō ngā tini āhuatanga e hāngai ana ki ō rātou nā ao. E tāwharautia ana tēnei kaupapa e te Rangahau Kaupapa Māori, ā, ko ngā tikanga, ko ngā kōrero i ahua mai i Te Rarawa i Pukepoto e noho mai ana hei tāhuhu tikanga mōku. Ko ngā taupānga hou kua oti kē nei i a Te Reo Irirangi Māori o Te Hiku o Te Ika hei taputapu e nanao atu ai a hau ki te pātaka kōrero o Te Hiku o Te Ika, e pai ai taku āta wānanga i ngā kupu, i ngā kōrero kei ngā rīpene e mau ana.
Tokowhitu katoa ngā kaumātua i āta arohia e ahau i tēnei rangahau nei, katoa i noho ai i Pukepoto. Ko tāku, he āta whakataringa atu ki wā rātou kōrero, ka āta arotake ai i wētahi kupu, i wētahi kīwaha, i wētahi whakatakotoranga rerenga kōrero i kaha whakahuangia e rātou mā. Kei te puke tuaono te roanga o ngā kōrero mō ngā kitenga o te rangahau; i mārama te kite atu he tini ngā momo kupu, ngā kīwaha me ngā rerenga kōrero he tikanga kē atu wō rātou, he whakamahinga kē anō, ka mutu, arā wētahi kāhore e tino rangona ana i wēnei wā nei. Nō reira, ko tā tēnei rangahau e whai ana kia whakahokia wēnei āhuatanga o te reo ki ngā arero o ngā uri whakaheke o Pukepoto, o Te Rarawa, otirā o Te Hiku o te Ika.

text: Ko te reo i Te Rarawa: Pēhea rainī te tūāhua reo o ngā mātua tūpuna i Pukepoto Ko te reo Māori, ko te reo ā-iwi, ko te mita o te reo; ko tēhea te mea nui? Mai anō tēnei tohe, ko tēhea ko runga, ko tēhea ko raro. He tinitini nei anō ngā rangahau mō te reo Māori, mō ngā rautaki whakaora i te reo Māori. Erangi pēhea mai ana te reo ā-iwi? I te mahi nui whakaharahara ki te whakaora i te reo Māori e noho ana tērā kaupapa hei aronga matua. E kite mārika ana i ngā hua o aua mahi, hoi anō te reo ā-iwi, te hanga nei, i paria ki rāhaki. Nā, i ngā tau tata nei anō, kua kitea rawatia te wheinu o ngā uri whakaheke, o ngā mokopuna o ngā iwi ki te ako i ō rātou mita, otirā i te reo ā-iwi.
Hoi anō tēnei kaupapa rangahau he mea whakapiripiri ki ngā rangahau mō te reo Māori, waihoki mō te reo ā-iwi. E āta mātai atu ana te titiro ki te reo ake anō o Te Rarawa, otirā ki te reo o ngā kaumātua i noho ai i Pukepoto. Ko ngā whāinga matua o te rangahau kia kitea pēnā rainī he patanga wō te reo i te kāinga ki te mana, ki te ahurea o te tangata, ka tahi. Ka rua, kia huraina mai ai ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te reo o Te Rarawa, otirā, o te reo i Pukepoto. I runga i tērā, ko te pātai matua o te rangahau nei, ko tēnei;
Pēhea hoki nei te tūāhua reo Māori i kōrerohia ai e ngā mātua tūpuna, e ngā wheinga i Pukepoto?
Nā, e tutuki ngā whāinga rangahau, i arohia wētahi rīpene kei te pātaka kōrero o Te Reo Irirangi Māori o Te Hiku o Te Ika e mau nei ngā reo o ngā kaumātua o te kāinga e kōrero ana mō ngā tini āhuatanga e hāngai ana ki ō rātou nā ao. E tāwharautia ana tēnei kaupapa e te Rangahau Kaupapa Māori, ā, ko ngā tikanga, ko ngā kōrero i ahua mai i Te Rarawa i Pukepoto e noho mai ana hei tāhuhu tikanga mōku. Ko ngā taupānga hou kua oti kē nei i a Te Reo Irirangi Māori o Te Hiku o Te Ika hei taputapu e nanao atu ai a hau ki te pātaka kōrero o Te Hiku o Te Ika, e pai ai taku āta wānanga i ngā kupu, i ngā kōrero kei ngā rīpene e mau ana.
Tokowhitu katoa ngā kaumātua i āta arohia e ahau i tēnei rangahau nei, katoa i noho ai i Pukepoto. Ko tāku, he āta whakataringa atu ki wā rātou kōrero, ka āta arotake ai i wētahi kupu, i wētahi kīwaha, i wētahi whakatakotoranga rerenga kōrero i kaha whakahuangia e rātou mā. Kei te puke tuaono te roanga o ngā kōrero mō ngā kitenga o te rangahau; i mārama te kite atu he tini ngā momo kupu, ngā kīwaha me ngā rerenga kōrero he tikanga kē atu wō rātou, he whakamahinga kē anō, ka mutu, arā wētahi kāhore e tino rangona ana i wēnei wā nei. Nō reira, ko tā tēnei rangahau e whai ana kia whakahokia wēnei āhuatanga o te reo ki ngā arero o ngā uri whakaheke o Pukepoto, o Te Rarawa, otirā o Te Hiku o te Ika.

year: 2021