title: Perambulating libraries: Demonstrating how a Victorian idea can help OLPC users share books

authors: Witten, Ian H.

subjects: OLPC XO-Laptop

abstract: In this extended abstract we detail how the open source digital library toolkit Greenstone [5] can help users of the XOlaptop— produced by the One Laptop Per Child Foundation— manage and share electronic documents. The idea draws upon mobile libraries (bookmobiles) for its inspiration, which first appeared in Victorian times. The implemented technique works by building on the Mesh network that is instrumental to the XO-laptop approach. To use the technique, on each portable XO-laptop a version of Greenstone is installed, allowing the owner to develop and manage their own set of books. The version of Greenstone has been adapted to support a form of interoperability we have called Digital Library Talkback. On the Mesh, when two XO-laptops “see” each other, the two users can search and browse the other user’s digital library; when they see a book they like, they can have it transferred to their library with a single click using the Digital Library Talkback mechanism.

text: Perambulating libraries: Demonstrating how a Victorian idea can help OLPC users share books In this extended abstract we detail how the open source digital library toolkit Greenstone [5] can help users of the XOlaptop— produced by the One Laptop Per Child Foundation— manage and share electronic documents. The idea draws upon mobile libraries (bookmobiles) for its inspiration, which first appeared in Victorian times. The implemented technique works by building on the Mesh network that is instrumental to the XO-laptop approach. To use the technique, on each portable XO-laptop a version of Greenstone is installed, allowing the owner to develop and manage their own set of books. The version of Greenstone has been adapted to support a form of interoperability we have called Digital Library Talkback. On the Mesh, when two XO-laptops “see” each other, the two users can search and browse the other user’s digital library; when they see a book they like, they can have it transferred to their library with a single click using the Digital Library Talkback mechanism.

year: 2011

title: Three essays on corporate default prediction : special reference to corporate governance, default correlation and capital structure dynamics

authors: Fernando, Ruwani

subjects: Default prediction

abstract: This thesis consists of three essays that investigate corporate defaults connected to corporate governance, default correlations and capital structure adjustment. Granting a loan requires mutual trust between lenders and borrower and depends on the flow of information. The relevance and the accuracy of the information are necessary to ensure the best judgement about the creditworthiness of borrowers. However, information asymmetry between the borrower and the lender is the main hurdle for any judgement about the borrower. Although default prediction has commanded the attention of researchers over many years, there is still an important gap in the literature on the selection of the suitable default predictor information for improved borrower evaluation. 
To broaden the understanding of the information content of default predictor variables, the first essay addresses and tests the impact of corporate governance on default prediction. It examines several testable hypotheses regarding the relations between corporate governance and default prediction, building on the Standard and Poor (2002) corporate governance framework proposed by Ashbaugh-Skaife et al. (2006). The research employs the conventional logistic regression to provide empirical evidence from U.S. default data over the period of 2000 to 2015. Empirical results are consistent with the following notions: First, default firms are associated with high ownership concentration, low shareholder rights, low financial transparency and disclosures, and less board effectiveness. 
Second, in-sample and out-of-sample tests support the incremental contribution of corporate governance information on default prediction, when compared with the models involving just financial information. 
In addition to the analyses on the U.S. data, this thesis conducts a comparative study using the data of Sri Lanka, which serves as a representative emerging market. This study argues that emerging markets are important because they present several institutional differences that cannot be examined in the developed markets. The rapid evolvement of these markets provides excellent experimental grounds for studying many financial issues. The empirical results show that whilst an integrated model provides overall stronger predictive value; financial information is more relevant for USA firms. Corporate governance appears more relevant in emerging markets than in mature markets, but the effectiveness of the individual corporate governance practices differs between countries. 
The second essay discusses the impact of corporate governance on the correlation in corporate defaults. This essay investigates for the first time the effect of firm-specific corporate governance on default correlation as an extension to the contagion and cyclical effect proposed by Das et al. (2007) as the sources of default correlation. It hypothesizes that the degree of default correlations could increase disproportionally for firms with weak corporate governance in terms of high ownership concentration, low board effectiveness, low financial transparency, and higher shareholder rights. This study employs Lucas’s (1995) method to provide empirical evidence based on the historical default data from the United States from 2000 to 2015. The empirical results imply that corporate governance is essential for credit risk management because poor corporate governance may increase not only individual default risk but also the domino effect of credit defaults. Moreover, the impact of corporate governance on the correlation in corporate defaults is more pronounced in the financial crisis.
The third essay examines the heterogeneity of the speed of capital structure adjustment in firms. In contrast to previously documented contemporaneous results, it tests the issue through distinguishing two types of the firms (default and non-default firms), and two measures of the speed of adjustment (cumulative versus marginal). The empirical results show that the speed of adjustment is non-uniform across firms and over time. In particular, default firms are associated with a higher speed of adjustment than non-default firms. The completion of leverage adjustment takes multiple periods. The marginal speed of adjustment accelerates from the beginning period to the end period, which is consistent with the anchoring and adjustment bias heuristic. The empirical results are robust using a book/market leverage and a two/one-step estimation approach. In addition to the tests on the speed of capital structure adjustment, this essay also examines the effect of leverage deviation on measuring firms’ default risk. The in-sample and out-of-sample tests suggest that taking into account leverage deviation enhances the capacity of measuring corporate borrowers’ default risk. Additionally, such benefit is persistent over various time horizons. Overall, the empirical findings provide important policy implications for banks before granting loans to corporate customers. This work fills crucial gaps in the credit risk literature.

text: Three essays on corporate default prediction : special reference to corporate governance, default correlation and capital structure dynamics This thesis consists of three essays that investigate corporate defaults connected to corporate governance, default correlations and capital structure adjustment. Granting a loan requires mutual trust between lenders and borrower and depends on the flow of information. The relevance and the accuracy of the information are necessary to ensure the best judgement about the creditworthiness of borrowers. However, information asymmetry between the borrower and the lender is the main hurdle for any judgement about the borrower. Although default prediction has commanded the attention of researchers over many years, there is still an important gap in the literature on the selection of the suitable default predictor information for improved borrower evaluation. 
To broaden the understanding of the information content of default predictor variables, the first essay addresses and tests the impact of corporate governance on default prediction. It examines several testable hypotheses regarding the relations between corporate governance and default prediction, building on the Standard and Poor (2002) corporate governance framework proposed by Ashbaugh-Skaife et al. (2006). The research employs the conventional logistic regression to provide empirical evidence from U.S. default data over the period of 2000 to 2015. Empirical results are consistent with the following notions: First, default firms are associated with high ownership concentration, low shareholder rights, low financial transparency and disclosures, and less board effectiveness. 
Second, in-sample and out-of-sample tests support the incremental contribution of corporate governance information on default prediction, when compared with the models involving just financial information. 
In addition to the analyses on the U.S. data, this thesis conducts a comparative study using the data of Sri Lanka, which serves as a representative emerging market. This study argues that emerging markets are important because they present several institutional differences that cannot be examined in the developed markets. The rapid evolvement of these markets provides excellent experimental grounds for studying many financial issues. The empirical results show that whilst an integrated model provides overall stronger predictive value; financial information is more relevant for USA firms. Corporate governance appears more relevant in emerging markets than in mature markets, but the effectiveness of the individual corporate governance practices differs between countries. 
The second essay discusses the impact of corporate governance on the correlation in corporate defaults. This essay investigates for the first time the effect of firm-specific corporate governance on default correlation as an extension to the contagion and cyclical effect proposed by Das et al. (2007) as the sources of default correlation. It hypothesizes that the degree of default correlations could increase disproportionally for firms with weak corporate governance in terms of high ownership concentration, low board effectiveness, low financial transparency, and higher shareholder rights. This study employs Lucas’s (1995) method to provide empirical evidence based on the historical default data from the United States from 2000 to 2015. The empirical results imply that corporate governance is essential for credit risk management because poor corporate governance may increase not only individual default risk but also the domino effect of credit defaults. Moreover, the impact of corporate governance on the correlation in corporate defaults is more pronounced in the financial crisis.
The third essay examines the heterogeneity of the speed of capital structure adjustment in firms. In contrast to previously documented contemporaneous results, it tests the issue through distinguishing two types of the firms (default and non-default firms), and two measures of the speed of adjustment (cumulative versus marginal). The empirical results show that the speed of adjustment is non-uniform across firms and over time. In particular, default firms are associated with a higher speed of adjustment than non-default firms. The completion of leverage adjustment takes multiple periods. The marginal speed of adjustment accelerates from the beginning period to the end period, which is consistent with the anchoring and adjustment bias heuristic. The empirical results are robust using a book/market leverage and a two/one-step estimation approach. In addition to the tests on the speed of capital structure adjustment, this essay also examines the effect of leverage deviation on measuring firms’ default risk. The in-sample and out-of-sample tests suggest that taking into account leverage deviation enhances the capacity of measuring corporate borrowers’ default risk. Additionally, such benefit is persistent over various time horizons. Overall, the empirical findings provide important policy implications for banks before granting loans to corporate customers. This work fills crucial gaps in the credit risk literature.

year: 2019

title: Legal responses to mental health: Is therapeutic jurisprudence the answer – the experience in New Zealand

authors: Toki, Valmaine

abstract: The orthodox understanding of ‘ethics’ encompasses a system of moral principles that define good and bad behavior. When applied to mental health, various jurisdictions, including New Zealand, have codified these principles together with the obligations on health service providers to meet these codified principles and standards. Underpinning this relationship is one of mutual trust where the physician has a responsibility, for example, to secure informed consent prior to any treatment. The existence of this therapeutic relationship can be applied when an offender who presents with a mental illness is subject to the criminal justice system.

text: Legal responses to mental health: Is therapeutic jurisprudence the answer – the experience in New Zealand The orthodox understanding of ‘ethics’ encompasses a system of moral principles that define good and bad behavior. When applied to mental health, various jurisdictions, including New Zealand, have codified these principles together with the obligations on health service providers to meet these codified principles and standards. Underpinning this relationship is one of mutual trust where the physician has a responsibility, for example, to secure informed consent prior to any treatment. The existence of this therapeutic relationship can be applied when an offender who presents with a mental illness is subject to the criminal justice system.

year: 2017