title: Development of a Method of Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry using Selected Ion Monitoring for the Measurement of Fish Sex Steroids in Water

authors: Boult, Cherie Helen

subjects: Sex Steroids

abstract: A method for the analysis of testosterone, androstenedione, 5β-dihydrotestosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 5β-pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol, 5β-androstane-3β,17β-diol, 5β-pregnane-3α,17α,20β-triol, 5β-androstane-3α,11β-diol-17-one, 5β-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one, 17α,20β,21-trihydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one and 11-deoxycortisol in water was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring.
Fish sex steroids were extracted from holding water using C18 SPE cartridges, and eluted using methanol. Free and glucuronide conjugate levels of steroids were determined, glucuronide conjugates by hydrolysis using β-glucuronidase prior to
derivatisation and free steroids by direct derivatisation. 
The method thus developed was applied to twelve goldfish holding water samples.
Androstenedione was found to be excreted in considerably higher quantities by
female ovulatory goldfish than spermiating goldfish, in contrast to previous
research in this area.

text: Development of a Method of Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry using Selected Ion Monitoring for the Measurement of Fish Sex Steroids in Water A method for the analysis of testosterone, androstenedione, 5β-dihydrotestosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 5β-pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol, 5β-androstane-3β,17β-diol, 5β-pregnane-3α,17α,20β-triol, 5β-androstane-3α,11β-diol-17-one, 5β-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one, 17α,20β,21-trihydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one and 11-deoxycortisol in water was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring.
Fish sex steroids were extracted from holding water using C18 SPE cartridges, and eluted using methanol. Free and glucuronide conjugate levels of steroids were determined, glucuronide conjugates by hydrolysis using β-glucuronidase prior to
derivatisation and free steroids by direct derivatisation. 
The method thus developed was applied to twelve goldfish holding water samples.
Androstenedione was found to be excreted in considerably higher quantities by
female ovulatory goldfish than spermiating goldfish, in contrast to previous
research in this area.

year: 2009

title: The entrepreneurial spirit of the Pacific Peoples: A study of Pacific immigrant entrepreneurship in New Zealand

authors: de Vries, Huibert P

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: The difficulty associated with determining what constitutes immigrant entrepreneurial behaviour lies in the road being travelled differently by immigrants from dissimilar backgrounds, value systems, and cultural heritages. Migration and settlement issues present themselves in a multitude of different forms, depending on a complex and dynamic combination of the ethnic characteristics of the specific ethnic immigrant group and the receiving country's socio-economic infrastructure. This paper presents the findings of a case study-based approach to a description of the entrepreneurial spirit within Pacific People in New Zealand, an approach involving triangulation (semi-structured interviews with Pacific immigrant entrepreneurs; selected immigration literature, and interviews with Pacific community leaders). The case study is based on four constructs (migration profile, settlement profile, cultural profile and business profile) which were identified as impacting on immigrant entrepreneurship patterns. Conclusions relating to each of the following are presented: business drivers (e.g. generational differences and social obligation); business strengths (e.g. uniqueness, family, and community networks); and weaknesses that inhibit the entrepreneurial spirit (e.g. lack of confidence and social obligations).

text: The entrepreneurial spirit of the Pacific Peoples: A study of Pacific immigrant entrepreneurship in New Zealand The difficulty associated with determining what constitutes immigrant entrepreneurial behaviour lies in the road being travelled differently by immigrants from dissimilar backgrounds, value systems, and cultural heritages. Migration and settlement issues present themselves in a multitude of different forms, depending on a complex and dynamic combination of the ethnic characteristics of the specific ethnic immigrant group and the receiving country's socio-economic infrastructure. This paper presents the findings of a case study-based approach to a description of the entrepreneurial spirit within Pacific People in New Zealand, an approach involving triangulation (semi-structured interviews with Pacific immigrant entrepreneurs; selected immigration literature, and interviews with Pacific community leaders). The case study is based on four constructs (migration profile, settlement profile, cultural profile and business profile) which were identified as impacting on immigrant entrepreneurship patterns. Conclusions relating to each of the following are presented: business drivers (e.g. generational differences and social obligation); business strengths (e.g. uniqueness, family, and community networks); and weaknesses that inhibit the entrepreneurial spirit (e.g. lack of confidence and social obligations).

year: 2009-02

title: Merea Wikiriwhi and George Thomas Wilkinson

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Merea Wikiriwhi was one of the few women to invest in Te Aroha mining. Her life has been traced in as much detail as can be found because so little has survived about the lives of Maori women. As George Thomas Wilkinson’s surviving diaries reveal his importance in her life, his story was included as well, concentrating on his personal life rather than his official career. 
Merea was a member of several Ohinemuri hapu, with links through whakapapa to some of their more senior rangatira. Mostly living at or near Waitoki, between Paeroa and Te Aroha, she lived a frugal life, not wasting the income she received from land sales. These sales first required her to insist on her rights both in the land court and in a convoluted legal battle over a will signed in her favour by a distant relative. Over time, she would sell most of her land, but never became entirely landless. She invested in only one mining claim, but in the 1930s joined others to claim that the government was not paying them goldfields revenue for land they had sold.
George Thomas Wilkinson entered her life in 1880, when he was the ‘native agent’ in Hauraki. Despite having fought against Maori and nearly being killed, his surviving diaries reveal that he lived in the manner of a Pakeha Maori with three Maori women (simultaneously for a time), having children both by Merea and the woman he would eventually marry. Wilkinson had close friendships with many Maori and Pakeha Maori, and his genuine regard for them is reflected not only in his attempting, in his official capacity, to be fair to their interests – even as he assisted the government to separate them from their land – but in particular by his affection for a young girl, Wairingiringi, who shared his house in Thames. Although he and Merea would part, he tried to ensure that her children, like all his children, would do well in a Pakeha world.

text: Merea Wikiriwhi and George Thomas Wilkinson Merea Wikiriwhi was one of the few women to invest in Te Aroha mining. Her life has been traced in as much detail as can be found because so little has survived about the lives of Maori women. As George Thomas Wilkinson’s surviving diaries reveal his importance in her life, his story was included as well, concentrating on his personal life rather than his official career. 
Merea was a member of several Ohinemuri hapu, with links through whakapapa to some of their more senior rangatira. Mostly living at or near Waitoki, between Paeroa and Te Aroha, she lived a frugal life, not wasting the income she received from land sales. These sales first required her to insist on her rights both in the land court and in a convoluted legal battle over a will signed in her favour by a distant relative. Over time, she would sell most of her land, but never became entirely landless. She invested in only one mining claim, but in the 1930s joined others to claim that the government was not paying them goldfields revenue for land they had sold.
George Thomas Wilkinson entered her life in 1880, when he was the ‘native agent’ in Hauraki. Despite having fought against Maori and nearly being killed, his surviving diaries reveal that he lived in the manner of a Pakeha Maori with three Maori women (simultaneously for a time), having children both by Merea and the woman he would eventually marry. Wilkinson had close friendships with many Maori and Pakeha Maori, and his genuine regard for them is reflected not only in his attempting, in his official capacity, to be fair to their interests – even as he assisted the government to separate them from their land – but in particular by his affection for a young girl, Wairingiringi, who shared his house in Thames. Although he and Merea would part, he tried to ensure that her children, like all his children, would do well in a Pakeha world.

year: 2016