title: The role of the French state: Shifting from supporting large tourism projects like Disneyland Paris to a diffusely forceful presence

authors: d'Hauteserre, Anne-Marie

subjects: tourism

abstract: The French state, in its role as legislator, has sustained relations of production within the French economy because space can be selectively configured to promote economic, social, and environmental community goals. It tries to avoid that public value be held captive to private value or that developers bypass environmental legislation. In a country where the state is in the habit of regulating everything, it is not surprising that it should have taken charge of tourism projects. This paper will determine whether the relationship between public and private enterprise in tourism development in France, where the government has systematically encouraged such partnerships, has been successful. The paper will also show whether leadership provided by the public sector in areas not necessarily focused on tourism development is what helped push France among the most visited countries in the world. Decentralisation policy has driven the state to the backstage where it remains active to ensure the continued presence of France on the international scene. Although it is tempting to advocate a particular form of governance in supporting tourism development, most forms have evolved within specific contexts and would be resistant to radical transformations. A careful scrutiny of specific examples helps to illustrate possible effective changes.

text: The role of the French state: Shifting from supporting large tourism projects like Disneyland Paris to a diffusely forceful presence The French state, in its role as legislator, has sustained relations of production within the French economy because space can be selectively configured to promote economic, social, and environmental community goals. It tries to avoid that public value be held captive to private value or that developers bypass environmental legislation. In a country where the state is in the habit of regulating everything, it is not surprising that it should have taken charge of tourism projects. This paper will determine whether the relationship between public and private enterprise in tourism development in France, where the government has systematically encouraged such partnerships, has been successful. The paper will also show whether leadership provided by the public sector in areas not necessarily focused on tourism development is what helped push France among the most visited countries in the world. Decentralisation policy has driven the state to the backstage where it remains active to ensure the continued presence of France on the international scene. Although it is tempting to advocate a particular form of governance in supporting tourism development, most forms have evolved within specific contexts and would be resistant to radical transformations. A careful scrutiny of specific examples helps to illustrate possible effective changes.

year: 2001

title: Charophyte Response to Herbicide and Mycoherbicide Applications

authors: Kelly, Chrystal Leigh

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: This thesis describes an investigation into the impacts on charophytes of four selected aquatic herbicide and a mycoherbicide products currently used or under development in New Zealand for alien invasive aquatic plant management. Of particular interest was the charophyte response with respect to oospore germination, germling susceptibility and species response. In New Zealand, charophytes are native submerged aquatic plants which are recognized as beneficial components of lake ecosystems. They form dense meadows on the lake sediment and are rapid colonisers as they are the first plant to recolonise a lake after a disturbance event. Charophytes produce oospores (seeds) which can remain dormant in seed banks until suitable germination conditions are met. New Zealand lake sediments contain a seed bank which is dominated by charophyte oospores. Alien invasive plants severely impact charophytes by rapidly forming tall, dense monospecific stands which can displace and completely replace the native vegetation. Chemical weed control in New Zealand is limited to two aquatic herbicides, diquat and endothall, which are currently registered for use on submerged aquatic weeds in lakes and waterways. Fluridone, which is widely used in the USA, is not currently registered for commercial use in New Zealand but has been used in several New Zealand studies. More recently, the development of a mycoherbicide, an inundative biological control, using a formulated naturally occurring aquatic fungus has been trialed in the USA and New Zealand. The effects of these four products on charophytes were investigated in this study. Chelated copper was included as a control, as it is known to control algae, including charophytes overseas. For this research, lake sediment was collected from three New Zealand lakes and combined to give one mixed seed bank material of known oospore density and composition. There were two types of charophyte experiments; germination experiments and germling experiments. Two germination experiments examined different scenarios for herbicide treatments under controlled temperature and light conditions. Oospores were either retained in sediment or directly exposed to treatment. Two germling experiments examined germling susceptibility to herbicide treatments under outdoor conditions as well as controlled temperature and light conditions. The second germling experiment included a known charophyte control treatment (chelated copper compound) and a known target invasive plant (Lagarosiphon major) control treatment for the herbicides. Herbicide treatment doses started at the maximum label rate and decreased in concentration across a dilution series. Results from this research indicate that oospore germination was not negatively impacted by any of the herbicide treatments or doses although some species-specific sensitivity was evident. However, further research into species sensitivity is required to ascertain if the sensitivity was due to herbicidal effects or a combination of naturally occurring factors and what the implications of sensitivity are for weed management. For the germling experiments no negative effects were observed for the duration of the study. These results have positive implications for field application of herbicides, indicating that the younger charophyte growth stages (oospores and germlings) were unaffected by the type of herbicide used at any potential field application rate.

text: Charophyte Response to Herbicide and Mycoherbicide Applications This thesis describes an investigation into the impacts on charophytes of four selected aquatic herbicide and a mycoherbicide products currently used or under development in New Zealand for alien invasive aquatic plant management. Of particular interest was the charophyte response with respect to oospore germination, germling susceptibility and species response. In New Zealand, charophytes are native submerged aquatic plants which are recognized as beneficial components of lake ecosystems. They form dense meadows on the lake sediment and are rapid colonisers as they are the first plant to recolonise a lake after a disturbance event. Charophytes produce oospores (seeds) which can remain dormant in seed banks until suitable germination conditions are met. New Zealand lake sediments contain a seed bank which is dominated by charophyte oospores. Alien invasive plants severely impact charophytes by rapidly forming tall, dense monospecific stands which can displace and completely replace the native vegetation. Chemical weed control in New Zealand is limited to two aquatic herbicides, diquat and endothall, which are currently registered for use on submerged aquatic weeds in lakes and waterways. Fluridone, which is widely used in the USA, is not currently registered for commercial use in New Zealand but has been used in several New Zealand studies. More recently, the development of a mycoherbicide, an inundative biological control, using a formulated naturally occurring aquatic fungus has been trialed in the USA and New Zealand. The effects of these four products on charophytes were investigated in this study. Chelated copper was included as a control, as it is known to control algae, including charophytes overseas. For this research, lake sediment was collected from three New Zealand lakes and combined to give one mixed seed bank material of known oospore density and composition. There were two types of charophyte experiments; germination experiments and germling experiments. Two germination experiments examined different scenarios for herbicide treatments under controlled temperature and light conditions. Oospores were either retained in sediment or directly exposed to treatment. Two germling experiments examined germling susceptibility to herbicide treatments under outdoor conditions as well as controlled temperature and light conditions. The second germling experiment included a known charophyte control treatment (chelated copper compound) and a known target invasive plant (Lagarosiphon major) control treatment for the herbicides. Herbicide treatment doses started at the maximum label rate and decreased in concentration across a dilution series. Results from this research indicate that oospore germination was not negatively impacted by any of the herbicide treatments or doses although some species-specific sensitivity was evident. However, further research into species sensitivity is required to ascertain if the sensitivity was due to herbicidal effects or a combination of naturally occurring factors and what the implications of sensitivity are for weed management. For the germling experiments no negative effects were observed for the duration of the study. These results have positive implications for field application of herbicides, indicating that the younger charophyte growth stages (oospores and germlings) were unaffected by the type of herbicide used at any potential field application rate.

year: 2011

title: Te Kahautu Maxwell on Te Kooti and Ringatu (Interviewed by Tama Muru)

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

abstract: In October 1869 musket fire erupted at Te Porere about sixty kilometres north of here, in the shadow of Mount Tongariro in the last major battle of the New Zealand wars. 

Armed constabulary and Maori fighters, clashed with the forces of the prophet Te Kooti Arikinui Te Turiki who had built an earth redoubt at Te Porere.  It was overwhelmed during the battle, but Te Kooti and his surviving followers escaped. 

Today the site is a tourist attraction but what also endured is the Ringatu Church, founded by Te Kooti. In 2018 it celebrated its 150th anniversary. 

Ringatu mixes the Bible with Maori custom and, like Matariki, follows annual cycles such as Te Huamata in June for planting and Te Pure, the harvest, each November. 

We spoke to Professor Te Kahautu Maxwell , a minister in the Ringatu Church and a senior academic in Maori and Indigenous Studies at the University of Waikato.

text: Te Kahautu Maxwell on Te Kooti and Ringatu (Interviewed by Tama Muru) In October 1869 musket fire erupted at Te Porere about sixty kilometres north of here, in the shadow of Mount Tongariro in the last major battle of the New Zealand wars. 

Armed constabulary and Maori fighters, clashed with the forces of the prophet Te Kooti Arikinui Te Turiki who had built an earth redoubt at Te Porere.  It was overwhelmed during the battle, but Te Kooti and his surviving followers escaped. 

Today the site is a tourist attraction but what also endured is the Ringatu Church, founded by Te Kooti. In 2018 it celebrated its 150th anniversary. 

Ringatu mixes the Bible with Maori custom and, like Matariki, follows annual cycles such as Te Huamata in June for planting and Te Pure, the harvest, each November. 

We spoke to Professor Te Kahautu Maxwell , a minister in the Ringatu Church and a senior academic in Maori and Indigenous Studies at the University of Waikato.

year: 2025