title: An MDL estimate of the significance of rules

authors: Cleary, John G.

subjects: computer science

abstract: This paper proposes a new method for measuring the performance of models-whether decision trees or sets of rules-inferred by machine learning methods. Inspired by the minimum description length (MDL) philosophy and theoretically rooted in information theory, the new method measures the complexity of text data with respect to the model. It has been evaluated on rule sets produced by several different machine learning schemes on a large number of standard data sets. When compared with the usual percentage correct measure, it is shown to agree with it in restricted cases. However, in other more general cases taken from real data sets-for example, when rule sets make multiple or no predictions-it disagrees substantially. It is argued that the MDL measure is more reasonable in these cases and represents a better way of assessing the significance of a rule set's performance. The question of the complexity of the rule set itself is not addressed in the paper.

text: An MDL estimate of the significance of rules This paper proposes a new method for measuring the performance of models-whether decision trees or sets of rules-inferred by machine learning methods. Inspired by the minimum description length (MDL) philosophy and theoretically rooted in information theory, the new method measures the complexity of text data with respect to the model. It has been evaluated on rule sets produced by several different machine learning schemes on a large number of standard data sets. When compared with the usual percentage correct measure, it is shown to agree with it in restricted cases. However, in other more general cases taken from real data sets-for example, when rule sets make multiple or no predictions-it disagrees substantially. It is argued that the MDL measure is more reasonable in these cases and represents a better way of assessing the significance of a rule set's performance. The question of the complexity of the rule set itself is not addressed in the paper.

year: 1996-03

title: Policy reform and labour demand in branches of Sri Lankan manufacturing industry

authors: Gibson, John

subjects: Sri Lankan manufacturing industry

abstract: Many policy reforms in developing countries aim to remove factor market distortions. Whether such reforms reduce unemployment depends partly on the substitution possibilities between labour and other factors of production. This paper examines labour demand in seven branches of Sri Lankan manufacturing industry, using data on 4-digit industrial categories over the 1990 to 1997 period. The Box-Cox transformation is used to allow for flexible, and data-dependent, elasticities. The elasticity of capital-labour substitution varies widely across the branches of industry and is usually variable rather than constant. The average, long-run own-wage elasticity of labour demand for the manufacturing sector is estimated as -0.80, so factor price policy should have an important effect on labour demand in this setting.

text: Policy reform and labour demand in branches of Sri Lankan manufacturing industry Many policy reforms in developing countries aim to remove factor market distortions. Whether such reforms reduce unemployment depends partly on the substitution possibilities between labour and other factors of production. This paper examines labour demand in seven branches of Sri Lankan manufacturing industry, using data on 4-digit industrial categories over the 1990 to 1997 period. The Box-Cox transformation is used to allow for flexible, and data-dependent, elasticities. The elasticity of capital-labour substitution varies widely across the branches of industry and is usually variable rather than constant. The average, long-run own-wage elasticity of labour demand for the manufacturing sector is estimated as -0.80, so factor price policy should have an important effect on labour demand in this setting.

year: 2006

title: Te Whare o Te Kahikatoa: He Kura nui, he Kura roa, he Kura Parawhakawai

authors: Rangihau, Ngatai

subjects: Kahikatoa

abstract: “Te Whare o te Kahikatoa,
Te Iho o te Maire,
Te Pōkaitāniwhaniwha o te Kohu”
(TKPOT, 2010-2016).¹

Ka hoki nei kia Te Maunga rāua ko Hinepukohurangi, ki te taetanga mai hoki o Mataatua waka², ko ngā kura o tawhito, kura wānanga, kura parawhakawai o te iwi o Tūhoe ngā tino whare whakapakari pōkaitāniwhaniwha mō roto i te whare o te kahikatoa. Īnā te rahi o ngā toataumatarau i puta ngā ihu, ka tū rātau hai toa rangatira ārahi i te iwi. Ki te kore ēneki kura o te nehenehe kāre he oranga, kāre e eke te iwi ngā whakairinga tūmanako e wawatatia ana e rātau.
 
Waihoki, ko te kaupapa e rangahau ana i tēnei tuhinga he whakapono, he whakapae, kai konei tonu tēnei hua o te wānanga. He kura hai whakapakari rangatira mō āpōpō. Ahakoa tēnei ao hurihuri koinei tonu tētahi huarahi nā te Māori, nā Tūhoe hai whakaohooho mā ngā uri whakaheke, e mau pū ai a Ngāi Tūhoe ki ōna kura tapu o nehe.

text: Te Whare o Te Kahikatoa: He Kura nui, he Kura roa, he Kura Parawhakawai “Te Whare o te Kahikatoa,
Te Iho o te Maire,
Te Pōkaitāniwhaniwha o te Kohu”
(TKPOT, 2010-2016).¹

Ka hoki nei kia Te Maunga rāua ko Hinepukohurangi, ki te taetanga mai hoki o Mataatua waka², ko ngā kura o tawhito, kura wānanga, kura parawhakawai o te iwi o Tūhoe ngā tino whare whakapakari pōkaitāniwhaniwha mō roto i te whare o te kahikatoa. Īnā te rahi o ngā toataumatarau i puta ngā ihu, ka tū rātau hai toa rangatira ārahi i te iwi. Ki te kore ēneki kura o te nehenehe kāre he oranga, kāre e eke te iwi ngā whakairinga tūmanako e wawatatia ana e rātau.
 
Waihoki, ko te kaupapa e rangahau ana i tēnei tuhinga he whakapono, he whakapae, kai konei tonu tēnei hua o te wānanga. He kura hai whakapakari rangatira mō āpōpō. Ahakoa tēnei ao hurihuri koinei tonu tētahi huarahi nā te Māori, nā Tūhoe hai whakaohooho mā ngā uri whakaheke, e mau pū ai a Ngāi Tūhoe ki ōna kura tapu o nehe.

year: 2017