title: The Bispectral Index: A measure of depth of sleep?

authors: Sleigh, James W.

subjects: BIS

abstract: How does physiological sleep affect the Bispectral Index (BIS)? We collected electroencephalographic (EEG) data from five subjects during the early part of the night, comparing the changes in the BIS with the conventional EEG stages of sleep. We found that the BIS was a consistent marker of depth of sleep. Light sleep occurred at BIS values of 75–90, slow-wave sleep occurred at BIS values of 20–70, and rapid eye movement sleep occurred at BIS values of 75–92. The effects of natural sleep on the BIS seem to be similar to the effects of general anesthesia on the BIS. The BIS may have a role in monitoring depth of sleep. Implications: Electroencephalographic data were collected from five subjects during sleep. We found that the Bispectral Index decreased during increasing depth of sleep in a fashion very similar to the decrease in Bispectral Index that occurs during general anesthesia. This study further highlights the electroencephalographic similarities of states of sleep and general anesthesia.

text: The Bispectral Index: A measure of depth of sleep? How does physiological sleep affect the Bispectral Index (BIS)? We collected electroencephalographic (EEG) data from five subjects during the early part of the night, comparing the changes in the BIS with the conventional EEG stages of sleep. We found that the BIS was a consistent marker of depth of sleep. Light sleep occurred at BIS values of 75–90, slow-wave sleep occurred at BIS values of 20–70, and rapid eye movement sleep occurred at BIS values of 75–92. The effects of natural sleep on the BIS seem to be similar to the effects of general anesthesia on the BIS. The BIS may have a role in monitoring depth of sleep. Implications: Electroencephalographic data were collected from five subjects during sleep. We found that the Bispectral Index decreased during increasing depth of sleep in a fashion very similar to the decrease in Bispectral Index that occurs during general anesthesia. This study further highlights the electroencephalographic similarities of states of sleep and general anesthesia.

year: 1999

title: Key points of value in B2B intermediated electronic networks

authors: Gibb, Jenny L.

abstract: The Internet is an electronic network with open standards that is associated with the exchange of information at heightened levels of reach, richness, transparency, and speed often directly between buyers and suppliers. The growing prominence of the Internet has led to the blurring of industry boundaries, as well as the emergence of new online intermediaries, and the disappearance of traditional ones. Happening simultaneously has been the development of new modes of business such as the B2B (IE) network. When combining the characteristics of these business models with the increased efficiencies and reduced information processing costs associated with the Internet, it becomes important to identify these new value creating opportunities. Though the advantages of the Internet and associated models have been widely espoused, to date there has been scant empirical investigation into these areas. Furthermore, as networked trade grows in popularity, whether entering into online or offline trade opportunities, an ongoing understanding is required of this mode of business. Hence, this thesis has examined the question "Where are the key sources of value in a B2B (IE) network?" 
Structuration theory, situated within the mid-range theorising perspective has been used in this thesis as an ontological lens due to its recognition of the duality of structure between man and machine, with the business intermediary and Internet respectively. This lens has served to facilitate an examination of these two brokering bodies in the development of processes, rules, regulations, and relationships that are embedded within this network structure. My analysis and theoretical development attempt to build a bridge between the existing strategy, networks, and B2B (IE) networks literatures through the use of the grounded theory development approach by moving between a skeletal empirical framework and the data from three case studies. The first case study, M-co is a network that operates in the highly volatile New Zealand electricity industry to provide a bid/offer price mechanism. The second case study is Ecomex, a network that is positioned within the more moderately volatile New Zealand timber industry. It offers a range of price mechanisms, of which the negotiated method appears to be the one most favoured by traders. The third case study is EDIS, a network embedded within a more stable environment, offering a service to general product traders using a fixed price method. 
The key theoretical contribution that this thesis makes is the development of a dynamic model that identifies the network as the primary unit of analysis, with three secondary units of analysis: the informational unit, the relational unit, and the central core unit, each with separate underlying dimensions. Though these secondary units are important as individual entities in their own right, what is more important is the understanding of how these units interact in order to realise the full value creation potential in a B2B (IE) network. This interaction process was found to be led by the business intermediary, positioned in the central core.

text: Key points of value in B2B intermediated electronic networks The Internet is an electronic network with open standards that is associated with the exchange of information at heightened levels of reach, richness, transparency, and speed often directly between buyers and suppliers. The growing prominence of the Internet has led to the blurring of industry boundaries, as well as the emergence of new online intermediaries, and the disappearance of traditional ones. Happening simultaneously has been the development of new modes of business such as the B2B (IE) network. When combining the characteristics of these business models with the increased efficiencies and reduced information processing costs associated with the Internet, it becomes important to identify these new value creating opportunities. Though the advantages of the Internet and associated models have been widely espoused, to date there has been scant empirical investigation into these areas. Furthermore, as networked trade grows in popularity, whether entering into online or offline trade opportunities, an ongoing understanding is required of this mode of business. Hence, this thesis has examined the question "Where are the key sources of value in a B2B (IE) network?" 
Structuration theory, situated within the mid-range theorising perspective has been used in this thesis as an ontological lens due to its recognition of the duality of structure between man and machine, with the business intermediary and Internet respectively. This lens has served to facilitate an examination of these two brokering bodies in the development of processes, rules, regulations, and relationships that are embedded within this network structure. My analysis and theoretical development attempt to build a bridge between the existing strategy, networks, and B2B (IE) networks literatures through the use of the grounded theory development approach by moving between a skeletal empirical framework and the data from three case studies. The first case study, M-co is a network that operates in the highly volatile New Zealand electricity industry to provide a bid/offer price mechanism. The second case study is Ecomex, a network that is positioned within the more moderately volatile New Zealand timber industry. It offers a range of price mechanisms, of which the negotiated method appears to be the one most favoured by traders. The third case study is EDIS, a network embedded within a more stable environment, offering a service to general product traders using a fixed price method. 
The key theoretical contribution that this thesis makes is the development of a dynamic model that identifies the network as the primary unit of analysis, with three secondary units of analysis: the informational unit, the relational unit, and the central core unit, each with separate underlying dimensions. Though these secondary units are important as individual entities in their own right, what is more important is the understanding of how these units interact in order to realise the full value creation potential in a B2B (IE) network. This interaction process was found to be led by the business intermediary, positioned in the central core.

year: 2004

title: Level 2 Māori medium programmes: What are the perceptions of parents and students on this form of education?

authors: Hill, Richard Kenneth

subjects: Māori medium

abstract: Māori medium education provides a range of options for families wishing to educate their children through the indigenous language of Aotearoa New Zealand. Level 2 programmes with 51–80% Māori language instruction, can play an important role in supporting students and their Māori language development, yet little is known about these programmes. This project explored the experiences of whānau (families) and students of level 2 Māori medium programmes to gauge the contribution they make to the education of students. It found that this form of education attracts whānau with wide ranging aims and expectations, but offers highly satisfactory educational options for them. However, there are some tensions, particularly in regard to the part they play in lifting students’ Māori language skills. Ensuring graduates of level 2 programmes have a pathway to learn the Māori language beyond primary school was also a cause for concern.

text: Level 2 Māori medium programmes: What are the perceptions of parents and students on this form of education? Māori medium education provides a range of options for families wishing to educate their children through the indigenous language of Aotearoa New Zealand. Level 2 programmes with 51–80% Māori language instruction, can play an important role in supporting students and their Māori language development, yet little is known about these programmes. This project explored the experiences of whānau (families) and students of level 2 Māori medium programmes to gauge the contribution they make to the education of students. It found that this form of education attracts whānau with wide ranging aims and expectations, but offers highly satisfactory educational options for them. However, there are some tensions, particularly in regard to the part they play in lifting students’ Māori language skills. Ensuring graduates of level 2 programmes have a pathway to learn the Māori language beyond primary school was also a cause for concern.

year: 2017