title: On base radical and semisimple classes defined by class operators

authors: McConnell, N. R.

subjects: radical class

abstract: By using class operators, we define base radical and semisimple classes, within a broad abstract setting due to Puczylowski. The new notions agree with the usual Kurosh–Amitsur ones for associative rings and groups but differ for not necessarily associative rings, in general lying strictly between the Kurosh–Amitsur and torsion theory notions. A study of the class operators for their own sake is initiated, and a connection with modal logic is made.

text: On base radical and semisimple classes defined by class operators By using class operators, we define base radical and semisimple classes, within a broad abstract setting due to Puczylowski. The new notions agree with the usual Kurosh–Amitsur ones for associative rings and groups but differ for not necessarily associative rings, in general lying strictly between the Kurosh–Amitsur and torsion theory notions. A study of the class operators for their own sake is initiated, and a connection with modal logic is made.

year: 2012

title: Put to music by Messiaen

authors: Lodge, Martin

abstract: OLIVIER MESSIAEN ( 1908-92) was one of the most influential composers and teachers of the 20th century, not just within France but internationally. He is noted for inventing new techniques of organising musical materials such as pitch and rhythm, but is also remembered for his lifelong love of birdsong. Many of his greatest works combine visionary Christian mysticism with the songs of birds, whom Messiaen regarded as superlative and divinely created musicians.

text: Put to music by Messiaen OLIVIER MESSIAEN ( 1908-92) was one of the most influential composers and teachers of the 20th century, not just within France but internationally. He is noted for inventing new techniques of organising musical materials such as pitch and rhythm, but is also remembered for his lifelong love of birdsong. Many of his greatest works combine visionary Christian mysticism with the songs of birds, whom Messiaen regarded as superlative and divinely created musicians.

year: 2009

title: Kūkupa, koro, and kai: The use of Māori vocabulary items in New Zealand English children's picture books

authors: Daly, Nicola

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: When a linguistic form from one language is used in another language, such words are known as borrowings or loan words (Crystal 2003: 56). The English language is renowned for its large capacity for borrowing and it has been suggested that the growth in internationalism in recent times has led to people seeking new words to indicate their local identity (Crystal 1995; Crystal 2003). Certainly this is the case of New Zealand English, the most distinctive aspect of which is borrowings from te reo Maori (Deverson 1991). In 1984 Deverson estimated that most New Zealanders have a passive knowledge of at least 40-50 borrowed Maori loan words (Deverson 1984). This figure has been recently revised by Macalister to 70-80 such words (20,-,63.). A study of the frequency of Maori loan words in New Zealand English in New Zealand School Journals of the 1960s and 1990s showed an incidence of around 6 words per 1,000 (Macalister 1999). Kennedy and Yamazaki (1999) also found borrowed Maori words at a rate of 6 per thousand words. Macalister (2006b) has examined the use of Maori loan words in New Zealand English across a 150 year period from 1850-2000. He examined a corpus of a little under five and a half million words from three sources: Newspapers, parliamentary debates and School Journals. Across the three sources there was an increase from 3.29 words per 1,000 in 1850 to 8.8 per thousand in 2000. Macalister lists the reasons for this change as including urbanisation of the Maori population between 1945 and 1975, which created more contact; the changing status of the Maori language with the kOhanga reo movement; the establishment of the Maori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori) and legislation of Maori as an official language of New Zealand in 1987.

text: Kūkupa, koro, and kai: The use of Māori vocabulary items in New Zealand English children's picture books When a linguistic form from one language is used in another language, such words are known as borrowings or loan words (Crystal 2003: 56). The English language is renowned for its large capacity for borrowing and it has been suggested that the growth in internationalism in recent times has led to people seeking new words to indicate their local identity (Crystal 1995; Crystal 2003). Certainly this is the case of New Zealand English, the most distinctive aspect of which is borrowings from te reo Maori (Deverson 1991). In 1984 Deverson estimated that most New Zealanders have a passive knowledge of at least 40-50 borrowed Maori loan words (Deverson 1984). This figure has been recently revised by Macalister to 70-80 such words (20,-,63.). A study of the frequency of Maori loan words in New Zealand English in New Zealand School Journals of the 1960s and 1990s showed an incidence of around 6 words per 1,000 (Macalister 1999). Kennedy and Yamazaki (1999) also found borrowed Maori words at a rate of 6 per thousand words. Macalister (2006b) has examined the use of Maori loan words in New Zealand English across a 150 year period from 1850-2000. He examined a corpus of a little under five and a half million words from three sources: Newspapers, parliamentary debates and School Journals. Across the three sources there was an increase from 3.29 words per 1,000 in 1850 to 8.8 per thousand in 2000. Macalister lists the reasons for this change as including urbanisation of the Maori population between 1945 and 1975, which created more contact; the changing status of the Maori language with the kOhanga reo movement; the establishment of the Maori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori) and legislation of Maori as an official language of New Zealand in 1987.

year: 2007