title: Lessons for New Zealand from Britain’s Foot and Mouth epidemic

authors: Jay, Grace Mairi M.

subjects: biology

abstract: This paper explores some implications for New Zealand's rural community of Britain's Foot-and-Mouth epidemic in the light of growing international trade and travel, and changes in New Zealand’s rural society.  
The paper includes ecological mapping with a projected/likely spatial distribution of an epidemic in New Zealand, and an assessment of the possible institutional and social responses in the wake of a disease outbreak.   It notes the course of the epidemic in Britain, and possible differences and similarities in institutional response frameworks between Britain and New Zealand.

text: Lessons for New Zealand from Britain’s Foot and Mouth epidemic This paper explores some implications for New Zealand's rural community of Britain's Foot-and-Mouth epidemic in the light of growing international trade and travel, and changes in New Zealand’s rural society.  
The paper includes ecological mapping with a projected/likely spatial distribution of an epidemic in New Zealand, and an assessment of the possible institutional and social responses in the wake of a disease outbreak.   It notes the course of the epidemic in Britain, and possible differences and similarities in institutional response frameworks between Britain and New Zealand.

year: 2003

title: The hormonal control of lipid metabolism in sheep

authors: Lewis, Kae Jennifer

abstract: The hormonal control of lipid metabolism was investigated by incubation of ovine adipose tissue slices in the presence of hormones the in vitro. The effects of insulin, catecholamines, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) on lipogenesis and lipid mobilization were studied to assess their likely individual contributions to overfatness in vivo.
From the various measurements of lipid metabolism made, the rates of fatty acid accumulation in the tissue during the incubation were calculated. Since most of the fatty acid released by lipolysis appeared to be re-esterified, observation of glycerol data alone may give a false impression of the extent of fatty acid mobilization or the overall energy balance of the tissue. About 60 - 100% of fatty acid released by lipolysis could be recycled within the tissue, a phenomenon which is under hormonal control and is possibly linked with maintenance of non-shivering thermogenesis.
Insulin stimulated the rate of lipogenesis (from acetate) by up to 6-fold, with the average stimulation about 70%, but it failed to affect the rate in tissue from one quarter of the animals tested. Also insulin stimulated the retention of fatty acid by the cell as well as fatty acid recycling, even in tissue in which it was not lipogenic. Thus observation of lipogenesis alone can give a false impression of the lipid-storing effects of a hormone. 
IGFs, when present at high concentrations, were lipogenic. However, because the binding proteins may restrict the activity of IGFs in vivo, low concentrations of IGF were tested and shown to be lipolytic. It is suggested that whereas the high concentrations of IGFs have been thought to act via the insulin receptor, low concentrations may mediate the lipolytic response via the IGF receptor. Similar states of negative energy balance in the tissue were caused by the presence of either IGF I, IGF II or adrenalin in the medium. 
GH sometimes stimulated a transient increase in the rate of lipolysis. It is suggested that GH may stimulate the local release of IGF in vitro which then mediates the observed lipolytic activity. GH was also sometimes observed to be lipogenic over the 6 hour incubation period.
To investigate the effects of a known physiological change in the animal in vivo on the subsequent effects on lipid metabolism in vitro, GH was administered to animals and their adipose tissue was compared with tissue from control animals. The basal rate of lipogenesis and fat accumulation in vitro was depressed in the bGH-dosed animals as was deposition of fat in vivo. The effectiveness of insulin in increasing lipogenesis in vitro was reduced in the bGH-dosed animals although the percentage response was unaffected. Thus the “lipolytic” effects of exogenous GH may in fact be due to a reduction in lipogenesis, caused by possible post-receptor desensitization of the tissue to the lipogenic effects of insulin as well as to the presence of increased IGF in vivo. Thus the physiological state of the animal can have profound and lasting effects on lipid metabolism in vitro.

text: The hormonal control of lipid metabolism in sheep The hormonal control of lipid metabolism was investigated by incubation of ovine adipose tissue slices in the presence of hormones the in vitro. The effects of insulin, catecholamines, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) on lipogenesis and lipid mobilization were studied to assess their likely individual contributions to overfatness in vivo.
From the various measurements of lipid metabolism made, the rates of fatty acid accumulation in the tissue during the incubation were calculated. Since most of the fatty acid released by lipolysis appeared to be re-esterified, observation of glycerol data alone may give a false impression of the extent of fatty acid mobilization or the overall energy balance of the tissue. About 60 - 100% of fatty acid released by lipolysis could be recycled within the tissue, a phenomenon which is under hormonal control and is possibly linked with maintenance of non-shivering thermogenesis.
Insulin stimulated the rate of lipogenesis (from acetate) by up to 6-fold, with the average stimulation about 70%, but it failed to affect the rate in tissue from one quarter of the animals tested. Also insulin stimulated the retention of fatty acid by the cell as well as fatty acid recycling, even in tissue in which it was not lipogenic. Thus observation of lipogenesis alone can give a false impression of the lipid-storing effects of a hormone. 
IGFs, when present at high concentrations, were lipogenic. However, because the binding proteins may restrict the activity of IGFs in vivo, low concentrations of IGF were tested and shown to be lipolytic. It is suggested that whereas the high concentrations of IGFs have been thought to act via the insulin receptor, low concentrations may mediate the lipolytic response via the IGF receptor. Similar states of negative energy balance in the tissue were caused by the presence of either IGF I, IGF II or adrenalin in the medium. 
GH sometimes stimulated a transient increase in the rate of lipolysis. It is suggested that GH may stimulate the local release of IGF in vitro which then mediates the observed lipolytic activity. GH was also sometimes observed to be lipogenic over the 6 hour incubation period.
To investigate the effects of a known physiological change in the animal in vivo on the subsequent effects on lipid metabolism in vitro, GH was administered to animals and their adipose tissue was compared with tissue from control animals. The basal rate of lipogenesis and fat accumulation in vitro was depressed in the bGH-dosed animals as was deposition of fat in vivo. The effectiveness of insulin in increasing lipogenesis in vitro was reduced in the bGH-dosed animals although the percentage response was unaffected. Thus the “lipolytic” effects of exogenous GH may in fact be due to a reduction in lipogenesis, caused by possible post-receptor desensitization of the tissue to the lipogenic effects of insulin as well as to the presence of increased IGF in vivo. Thus the physiological state of the animal can have profound and lasting effects on lipid metabolism in vitro.

year: 1987

title: Kua Hiri Mai Te Rā - A journey of self identification for the descendants of Ngāti Rāhiri ki Taranaki

authors: Marsh, Melissa Sue-ann

subjects: Ngāti Rāhiri

abstract: Prior to the arrival of Pakehā to the shores of Aotearoa, Māori retained and transmitted their histories, genealogies and protocols orally through such mediums as song and chant. The intracacies of the information held was such that every aspect of the Māori culture had its assigned expert whose job was to both retain and pass on their area of expertise. The settlement of Pakehā saw a change in how information was stored and disseminated, with a number of ethnographers, surveyors and historians recording accounts given to them from various Māori sources in written form. The main motivation for this at the time was to secure the information and cultural practises of a people who were deemed to be a dying race.

The implication that Māori were close to extinction was in vain, as many resisted against the gradual assimilation of Aotearoa (New Zealand) by the new foreign immigrants. The subsequent annexation of Aotearoa under British colonial rule eventually led to war against Māori, as Māori attempted to protect and retain both their lands and their identity. The result of the war led to a great loss of Māori lands, lives, and most importantly – identity.

Within Taranaki the Ngāti Rāhiri Hapū fought many generations for the right to stand unified as a people. Although they can be regarded as a small coastal hapū entity, they are at the forefront of maintaining and asserting their rangatiratanga status within today’s society. At the centre of the proclamation of rights and entitlement within their ancestral lands, questions have been raised that, for a number of generations, had baffled the likes of Elsdon Best and S. Percy Smith, as many sought to find answers regarding the true origins of Ngāti Rāhiri.

The impetus in undertaking this research is to ascertain who this prominent ancestor Rāhiri is from both a Ngā Puhi and Taranaki perspective, and investigate how these combined histories assist in the assertion of self by the Ngāti Rāhiri ki Taranaki people. By undertaking a critical review and analysis of literature, court minute records, hapū documents, proverbs, histories and knowledge from tribal elders pertaining to Rāhiri, this researcher will endeavour to provide and present relevant information and evidence, in a cohesive format, to show the close ancestral ties and affiliations between the two peoples. Furthermore, it is hoped that the research findings presented within this body of work may provide a significant contribution to the descendants of the Ngāti Rāhiri ki Taranaki Hapū, as they continue to assert their mana and rangatiratanga through the knowledge and understanding of self, when posed with the question - Ko wai a Ngāti Rāhiri?

text: Kua Hiri Mai Te Rā - A journey of self identification for the descendants of Ngāti Rāhiri ki Taranaki Prior to the arrival of Pakehā to the shores of Aotearoa, Māori retained and transmitted their histories, genealogies and protocols orally through such mediums as song and chant. The intracacies of the information held was such that every aspect of the Māori culture had its assigned expert whose job was to both retain and pass on their area of expertise. The settlement of Pakehā saw a change in how information was stored and disseminated, with a number of ethnographers, surveyors and historians recording accounts given to them from various Māori sources in written form. The main motivation for this at the time was to secure the information and cultural practises of a people who were deemed to be a dying race.

The implication that Māori were close to extinction was in vain, as many resisted against the gradual assimilation of Aotearoa (New Zealand) by the new foreign immigrants. The subsequent annexation of Aotearoa under British colonial rule eventually led to war against Māori, as Māori attempted to protect and retain both their lands and their identity. The result of the war led to a great loss of Māori lands, lives, and most importantly – identity.

Within Taranaki the Ngāti Rāhiri Hapū fought many generations for the right to stand unified as a people. Although they can be regarded as a small coastal hapū entity, they are at the forefront of maintaining and asserting their rangatiratanga status within today’s society. At the centre of the proclamation of rights and entitlement within their ancestral lands, questions have been raised that, for a number of generations, had baffled the likes of Elsdon Best and S. Percy Smith, as many sought to find answers regarding the true origins of Ngāti Rāhiri.

The impetus in undertaking this research is to ascertain who this prominent ancestor Rāhiri is from both a Ngā Puhi and Taranaki perspective, and investigate how these combined histories assist in the assertion of self by the Ngāti Rāhiri ki Taranaki people. By undertaking a critical review and analysis of literature, court minute records, hapū documents, proverbs, histories and knowledge from tribal elders pertaining to Rāhiri, this researcher will endeavour to provide and present relevant information and evidence, in a cohesive format, to show the close ancestral ties and affiliations between the two peoples. Furthermore, it is hoped that the research findings presented within this body of work may provide a significant contribution to the descendants of the Ngāti Rāhiri ki Taranaki Hapū, as they continue to assert their mana and rangatiratanga through the knowledge and understanding of self, when posed with the question - Ko wai a Ngāti Rāhiri?

year: 2011