title: Distribution and abundance of fish and crayfish in a Waikato stream in relation to basin area

authors: Hicks, Brendan J.

subjects: native fish

abstract: The aim of this study was to relate the longitudinal distribution of fish and crayfish to increasing basin area and physical site characteristics in the Mangaotama Stream, Waikato region, North Island, New Zealand. Fish and crayfish were captured with two-pass removal electroshocking at 11 sites located in hill-country with pasture, native forest, and mixed land uses within the 21.6 km2 basin. Number of fish species and lineal biomass of fish increased with increasing basin area, but barriers to upstream fish migration also influenced fish distribution; only climbing and non-migratory species were present above a series of small waterfalls. Fish biomass increased in direct proportion to stream width, suggesting that fish used much of the available channel, and stream width was closely related to basin area. Conversely, the abundance of crayfish was related to the amount of edge habitat, and therefore crayfish did not increase in abundance as basin area increased. Densities of all fish species combined ranged from 17 to 459 fish 100 m-2, and biomass ranged from 14 to 206 g m-2. Eels dominated the fish assemblages, comprising 85-100% of the total biomass; longfinned eels the majority of the biomass at most sites. Despite the open access of the lower sites to introduced brown trout, native species dominated all the fish communities sampled.

text: Distribution and abundance of fish and crayfish in a Waikato stream in relation to basin area The aim of this study was to relate the longitudinal distribution of fish and crayfish to increasing basin area and physical site characteristics in the Mangaotama Stream, Waikato region, North Island, New Zealand. Fish and crayfish were captured with two-pass removal electroshocking at 11 sites located in hill-country with pasture, native forest, and mixed land uses within the 21.6 km2 basin. Number of fish species and lineal biomass of fish increased with increasing basin area, but barriers to upstream fish migration also influenced fish distribution; only climbing and non-migratory species were present above a series of small waterfalls. Fish biomass increased in direct proportion to stream width, suggesting that fish used much of the available channel, and stream width was closely related to basin area. Conversely, the abundance of crayfish was related to the amount of edge habitat, and therefore crayfish did not increase in abundance as basin area increased. Densities of all fish species combined ranged from 17 to 459 fish 100 m-2, and biomass ranged from 14 to 206 g m-2. Eels dominated the fish assemblages, comprising 85-100% of the total biomass; longfinned eels the majority of the biomass at most sites. Despite the open access of the lower sites to introduced brown trout, native species dominated all the fish communities sampled.

year: 2003-06-01

title: A summary of terminology used in tephra-related studies

authors: Lowe, David J.

subjects: tephra

abstract: The word ‘tephra’, derived from a Greek word for ash, is a collective term for all the unconsolidated, primary pyroclastic products of a volcanic eruption. We summarise here the meanings and applicability of this and related terms, including tephrostratigraphy, tephrochronology, tephrochronometry, tephrology, and cryptotephra. These and other tephra-based terms, some of which are erroneous or unnecessary, have been used in a wide range of stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental disciplines and in archaeology.

text: A summary of terminology used in tephra-related studies The word ‘tephra’, derived from a Greek word for ash, is a collective term for all the unconsolidated, primary pyroclastic products of a volcanic eruption. We summarise here the meanings and applicability of this and related terms, including tephrostratigraphy, tephrochronology, tephrochronometry, tephrology, and cryptotephra. These and other tephra-based terms, some of which are erroneous or unnecessary, have been used in a wide range of stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental disciplines and in archaeology.

year: 2001

title: Ati Ue: Te Aitanga a Tuoro

authors: James, Steven (Tipene) Robert

subjects: Ngati Whakaue

abstract: This thesis is based on the manuscripts of my tupuna Tuoro Akapita Pango that are held in a treasured whānau box. The manuscripts contain history and kōrero of Te Arawa written by multiple generations of the whānau Pango. Within this thesis I explore the value of inter-generational knowledge through considering what lies within these whānau manuscripts and taking the opportunity to discover more history about Ngāti Whakaue through a whānau lens. Researching these manuscripts enables reconnection of the past and the present; the reconnection between forgotten knowledge and whānau. 
Specifically, this thesis proposes a Ngāti Whakaue approach to engaging historical materials and research. It centres the voices of the people, such as the many family members involved within the process, as well as the box of writings and the many gems that hide within. Also, it asks what the manuscripts mean for the current descendants involved in the research. 
The research has been a means of reconnecting with the past to give relevance and context to the present. The objective is demonstrating the value of iwi-specific research methods so that whānau feel encouraged to embark on their own journey.

text: Ati Ue: Te Aitanga a Tuoro This thesis is based on the manuscripts of my tupuna Tuoro Akapita Pango that are held in a treasured whānau box. The manuscripts contain history and kōrero of Te Arawa written by multiple generations of the whānau Pango. Within this thesis I explore the value of inter-generational knowledge through considering what lies within these whānau manuscripts and taking the opportunity to discover more history about Ngāti Whakaue through a whānau lens. Researching these manuscripts enables reconnection of the past and the present; the reconnection between forgotten knowledge and whānau. 
Specifically, this thesis proposes a Ngāti Whakaue approach to engaging historical materials and research. It centres the voices of the people, such as the many family members involved within the process, as well as the box of writings and the many gems that hide within. Also, it asks what the manuscripts mean for the current descendants involved in the research. 
The research has been a means of reconnecting with the past to give relevance and context to the present. The objective is demonstrating the value of iwi-specific research methods so that whānau feel encouraged to embark on their own journey.

year: 2021