title: Linking multimetric and multivariate approaches to assess the ecological condition of streams

authors: Collier, Kevin J.

subjects: macroinvertebrate

abstract: Few attempts have been made to combine multimetric and multivariate analyses for bioassessment despite recognition that an integrated method could yield powerful tools for bioassessment. An approach is described that integrates eight macroinvertebrate community metrics into a Principal Components Analysis to develop a Multivariate Condition Score (MCS) from a calibration dataset of 511 samples. The MCS is compared to an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) derived using the same metrics based on the ratio to the reference site mean. Both approaches were highly correlated although the MCS appeared to offer greater potential for discriminating a wider range of impaired conditions. Both the MCS and IBI displayed low temporal variability within reference sites, and were able to distinguish between reference conditions and low levels of catchment modification and local habitat degradation, although neither discriminated among three levels of low impact. Pseudosamples developed to test the response of the metric aggregation approaches to organic enrichment, urban, mining, pastoral and logging stressor scenarios ranked pressures in the same order, but the MCS provided a lower score for the urban scenario and a higher score for the pastoral scenario. The MCS was calculated for an independent test dataset of urban and reference sites, and yielded similar results to the IBI. Although both methods performed comparably, the MCS approach may have some advantages because it removes the subjectivity of assigning thresholds for scoring biological condition, and it appears to discriminate a wider range of degraded conditions.

text: Linking multimetric and multivariate approaches to assess the ecological condition of streams Few attempts have been made to combine multimetric and multivariate analyses for bioassessment despite recognition that an integrated method could yield powerful tools for bioassessment. An approach is described that integrates eight macroinvertebrate community metrics into a Principal Components Analysis to develop a Multivariate Condition Score (MCS) from a calibration dataset of 511 samples. The MCS is compared to an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) derived using the same metrics based on the ratio to the reference site mean. Both approaches were highly correlated although the MCS appeared to offer greater potential for discriminating a wider range of impaired conditions. Both the MCS and IBI displayed low temporal variability within reference sites, and were able to distinguish between reference conditions and low levels of catchment modification and local habitat degradation, although neither discriminated among three levels of low impact. Pseudosamples developed to test the response of the metric aggregation approaches to organic enrichment, urban, mining, pastoral and logging stressor scenarios ranked pressures in the same order, but the MCS provided a lower score for the urban scenario and a higher score for the pastoral scenario. The MCS was calculated for an independent test dataset of urban and reference sites, and yielded similar results to the IBI. Although both methods performed comparably, the MCS approach may have some advantages because it removes the subjectivity of assigning thresholds for scoring biological condition, and it appears to discriminate a wider range of degraded conditions.

year: 2009

title: Understanding the role and impact of introduced honey bees in a submontane indigenous forest ecosystem

authors: Nepia, Rachel E.

subjects: pollination

abstract: New Zealand’s apiculture industry is the fastest growing in the world, expanding in agricultural landscapes, as well as in native ecosystems. While this has obvious benefits for economy and industry, the impacts on sustainability of native ecosystems are less easy to discern. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) have a suite of potential impacts, both positive and negative, on native plants and flower visitors in native ecosystems. This research aimed to investigate the impact of managed introductions of Apis mellifera in native forest dominated by Weinmannia racemosa and Ixerba brexioides, two native forest trees used extensively for monofloral honey production in New Zealand. Research focused on three key areas: 1) timing and availability of floral nectar resources; 2) impacts on plants, particularly I. brexioides and W. racemosa; and 3) impacts on invertebrate flower visitor communities. 
Availability of floral nectar resources from I. brexioides and W. racemosa was assessed using a combination of nectar collection and phenology data. Pollination potential of honey bees was assessed using video surveillance and effects on seed set of I. brexioides and W. racemosa were observed using exclusion experiments. Community-level effects on invertebrate flower visitors were assessed using collection of flower visitors and assessment of community data using multivariate and other statistical approaches.
Timing and availability of floral nectar resource showed extreme variation between annual cycles. Nectar sugar production was lowest during a hot, dry summer compared with a cooler, wetter summer, in terms of both sugar production per flower and flower production per tree. At a landscape scale, this can have serious flow-on effects for foraging nectar-feeders, and hence for seed set of flowering plants.
Video surveillance showed that suitability of different flower visitors for pollination of I. brexioides and W. racemosa differed. For W. racemosa all groups of flower visitors contacted reproductive structures, allowing for successful pollination. However for I. brexioides, pollination potential was greatest for birds, beetles and native bees and least for spiders, wasps, ants and honey bees. Seed set for I. brexioides was highest at pest-proof fenced sites and lowest at high hive density sites, whereas W. racemosa seed set was highest at high hive density sites, and lowest at low density sites. Weinmannia racemosa had lowest levels of pollen limitation at sites of high hive density. The combination of W. racemosa responses at the high hive density site suggest that small-flowered species, such as W. racemosa, have the potential to benefit from increased pollination success in areas where honey bees are frequent visitors.
Community analysis showed differences in flower visitor communities between sites with high and low honey bee hive density. Honey bees were the key species contributing to differences between high and low hive density sites. Diversity of insect flower visitors was higher at low hive density sites. Network analysis highlighted structural differences in networks between high and low hive density sites in terms of connectance, nestedness, and species-level indices. High and low hive density sites had a similar number of species that were native and non-native, but high hive density sites had more frequent interactions with non-natives, and 45 % of those interactions were from honey bees.
Pilot studies investigating methods for studying plant-pollinator interactions highlighted a need to tailor methods of pollen isolation to fit the research question, i.e. whether research is focused on pollination interactions or diet-related questions. Comparison of methods for understanding plant-pollinator interactions concluded that identification of pollen by microscopic means identified a greater breadth of plant-pollinator interactions than that identified by field observations alone. However, DNA-based methods of pollen identification have the potential for even greater specificity, cost-effectiveness, and answering a range of questions not possible with traditional methods. 
Analysis and findings from this research support a case indicating that honey bees can affect seed set of native plants, and communities of invertebrate flower visitors in a number of ways. Prevention of permanent changes to flower visitor communities should be prioritised by preserving large areas of intact native forest where low levels of fragmentation create refuges for native flower visitors. Estimates of annual sugar production for I. brexioides and W. racemosa call attention to the need to build greater flexibility into legislated stocking rates in native forest, to minimise competitive effects on native flower visitors during low production years. Developing these measures will build sustainability into New Zealand models of apicultural practise, ensuring longevity of honey operations and protection of native ecosystems.

text: Understanding the role and impact of introduced honey bees in a submontane indigenous forest ecosystem New Zealand’s apiculture industry is the fastest growing in the world, expanding in agricultural landscapes, as well as in native ecosystems. While this has obvious benefits for economy and industry, the impacts on sustainability of native ecosystems are less easy to discern. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) have a suite of potential impacts, both positive and negative, on native plants and flower visitors in native ecosystems. This research aimed to investigate the impact of managed introductions of Apis mellifera in native forest dominated by Weinmannia racemosa and Ixerba brexioides, two native forest trees used extensively for monofloral honey production in New Zealand. Research focused on three key areas: 1) timing and availability of floral nectar resources; 2) impacts on plants, particularly I. brexioides and W. racemosa; and 3) impacts on invertebrate flower visitor communities. 
Availability of floral nectar resources from I. brexioides and W. racemosa was assessed using a combination of nectar collection and phenology data. Pollination potential of honey bees was assessed using video surveillance and effects on seed set of I. brexioides and W. racemosa were observed using exclusion experiments. Community-level effects on invertebrate flower visitors were assessed using collection of flower visitors and assessment of community data using multivariate and other statistical approaches.
Timing and availability of floral nectar resource showed extreme variation between annual cycles. Nectar sugar production was lowest during a hot, dry summer compared with a cooler, wetter summer, in terms of both sugar production per flower and flower production per tree. At a landscape scale, this can have serious flow-on effects for foraging nectar-feeders, and hence for seed set of flowering plants.
Video surveillance showed that suitability of different flower visitors for pollination of I. brexioides and W. racemosa differed. For W. racemosa all groups of flower visitors contacted reproductive structures, allowing for successful pollination. However for I. brexioides, pollination potential was greatest for birds, beetles and native bees and least for spiders, wasps, ants and honey bees. Seed set for I. brexioides was highest at pest-proof fenced sites and lowest at high hive density sites, whereas W. racemosa seed set was highest at high hive density sites, and lowest at low density sites. Weinmannia racemosa had lowest levels of pollen limitation at sites of high hive density. The combination of W. racemosa responses at the high hive density site suggest that small-flowered species, such as W. racemosa, have the potential to benefit from increased pollination success in areas where honey bees are frequent visitors.
Community analysis showed differences in flower visitor communities between sites with high and low honey bee hive density. Honey bees were the key species contributing to differences between high and low hive density sites. Diversity of insect flower visitors was higher at low hive density sites. Network analysis highlighted structural differences in networks between high and low hive density sites in terms of connectance, nestedness, and species-level indices. High and low hive density sites had a similar number of species that were native and non-native, but high hive density sites had more frequent interactions with non-natives, and 45 % of those interactions were from honey bees.
Pilot studies investigating methods for studying plant-pollinator interactions highlighted a need to tailor methods of pollen isolation to fit the research question, i.e. whether research is focused on pollination interactions or diet-related questions. Comparison of methods for understanding plant-pollinator interactions concluded that identification of pollen by microscopic means identified a greater breadth of plant-pollinator interactions than that identified by field observations alone. However, DNA-based methods of pollen identification have the potential for even greater specificity, cost-effectiveness, and answering a range of questions not possible with traditional methods. 
Analysis and findings from this research support a case indicating that honey bees can affect seed set of native plants, and communities of invertebrate flower visitors in a number of ways. Prevention of permanent changes to flower visitor communities should be prioritised by preserving large areas of intact native forest where low levels of fragmentation create refuges for native flower visitors. Estimates of annual sugar production for I. brexioides and W. racemosa call attention to the need to build greater flexibility into legislated stocking rates in native forest, to minimise competitive effects on native flower visitors during low production years. Developing these measures will build sustainability into New Zealand models of apicultural practise, ensuring longevity of honey operations and protection of native ecosystems.

year: 2020

title: Claiming space and restoring harmony within hui whakatika

authors: Berryman, Mere

subjects: Maori

abstract: The time has come for indigenous, specifically Māori psychologies, to move from the margins, and claim legitimate space within the discipline of psychology (MPRU, 2007). Phinney and Rotheram (1987) argue that there are ethnicallylinked ways of thinking, feeling and acting that are acquired through socialisation. The message implicit in this statement has profound implications for a discipline that seeks to understand and respond to the intricacies of human behaviour. Although the epistemological paradigms emerging from the experiences of indigenous minorities such as Māori may offer a challenge to mainstream knowledge and perspectives (Gordon, 1997), it is clear that disregarding such alternatives may well leave the discipline of psychology impoverished. On the other hand, paying attention to alternative paradigms may well serve to enrich this discipline. This paper presents two successful Hui Whakatika that were led by Māori in mainstream settings. Particular dimensions of, and congruencies between both are explored. The first highlights the vital role of a kaumatua in facilitating and guiding the entire process; the second focuses on the role and experiences of a kaitakawaenga as he works collaboratively with whānau members to find resolution and restore harmony.

text: Claiming space and restoring harmony within hui whakatika The time has come for indigenous, specifically Māori psychologies, to move from the margins, and claim legitimate space within the discipline of psychology (MPRU, 2007). Phinney and Rotheram (1987) argue that there are ethnicallylinked ways of thinking, feeling and acting that are acquired through socialisation. The message implicit in this statement has profound implications for a discipline that seeks to understand and respond to the intricacies of human behaviour. Although the epistemological paradigms emerging from the experiences of indigenous minorities such as Māori may offer a challenge to mainstream knowledge and perspectives (Gordon, 1997), it is clear that disregarding such alternatives may well leave the discipline of psychology impoverished. On the other hand, paying attention to alternative paradigms may well serve to enrich this discipline. This paper presents two successful Hui Whakatika that were led by Māori in mainstream settings. Particular dimensions of, and congruencies between both are explored. The first highlights the vital role of a kaumatua in facilitating and guiding the entire process; the second focuses on the role and experiences of a kaitakawaenga as he works collaboratively with whānau members to find resolution and restore harmony.

year: 2008