title: Supercapacitor assisted bicycle for the future of efficient mobility

authors: Sirimanne, Don Charles Uvindra

abstract: With the world becoming more aware about climate change and being climate conscious, the move away from conventional gasoline powered mobility is accelerated. The public, looking for alternate methods of transportation, are taking up bicycle riding for its low carbon impact and health aspects. As a result, electrically assisted bicycles powered by Li-ion batteries have risen in popularity for the added convenience they allow. This newfound interest allows for more development in the e- mobility sector. This is where a supercapacitor assisted bicycle (SCA-Bicycle) fits in. Compared to existing bicycles in the market a supercapacitor assisted bicycle, due to the nature of supercapacitors, allows the user to store a portion of the energy used while riding on level terrain and use it to assist the user when navigating positive gradient terrain. Supercapacitors can undergo limitless charge-discharge cycles and unlike Li-ion batteries do not need charging to be heavily regulated. This results in a fit and forget system with minimal maintenance required for the onboard electronics. Along with sustainable ingredients, the energy density of supercapacitors has reached closer to lead-acid batteries while newer development has achieved capacity of Li-ion batteries. This rapid pace of development along with the benefits they provide show that supercapacitors will be the future of energy storage.
Another avenue supercapacitors allow, due to their low internal resistance, is brake energy recovery. When braking is applied, while traversing negative gradient slopes, energy is usually lost as heat. This is due to the use of conventional friction braking. A brake energy recovery system enables the storing of this lost energy for later use. This allows for efficient cycling of the energy available for the rider and results in a mode of transport with minimal energy waste.

text: Supercapacitor assisted bicycle for the future of efficient mobility With the world becoming more aware about climate change and being climate conscious, the move away from conventional gasoline powered mobility is accelerated. The public, looking for alternate methods of transportation, are taking up bicycle riding for its low carbon impact and health aspects. As a result, electrically assisted bicycles powered by Li-ion batteries have risen in popularity for the added convenience they allow. This newfound interest allows for more development in the e- mobility sector. This is where a supercapacitor assisted bicycle (SCA-Bicycle) fits in. Compared to existing bicycles in the market a supercapacitor assisted bicycle, due to the nature of supercapacitors, allows the user to store a portion of the energy used while riding on level terrain and use it to assist the user when navigating positive gradient terrain. Supercapacitors can undergo limitless charge-discharge cycles and unlike Li-ion batteries do not need charging to be heavily regulated. This results in a fit and forget system with minimal maintenance required for the onboard electronics. Along with sustainable ingredients, the energy density of supercapacitors has reached closer to lead-acid batteries while newer development has achieved capacity of Li-ion batteries. This rapid pace of development along with the benefits they provide show that supercapacitors will be the future of energy storage.
Another avenue supercapacitors allow, due to their low internal resistance, is brake energy recovery. When braking is applied, while traversing negative gradient slopes, energy is usually lost as heat. This is due to the use of conventional friction braking. A brake energy recovery system enables the storing of this lost energy for later use. This allows for efficient cycling of the energy available for the rider and results in a mode of transport with minimal energy waste.

year: 2021

title: Critical influences affecting response to various treatments in young children with ADHD: a case series

authors: Heriot, S.A.

subjects: ADHD

abstract: Background  While the use of stimulant medication as a treatment for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been the most studied therapy in child psychiatry, there is debate about its use with young children. This study describes a series of cases seen in a normal clinical context, treated with one of four different treatment programmes.
Methods  Sixteen pre-school children diagnosed with ADHD and their parents were randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments: (1) 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate, parent training programme; (2) 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate, parent support programme; (3) placebo medication, parent training; and (4) placebo medication, parent support. Changes were assessed at the individual level, using clinical observations, parent and teacher rating scales and measures of parenting and family factors.
Results  Children were more likely to improve when the treatment involved at least one active component (medication or parent training). However, there was notable variability in individual parental and child participants' responses to all treatment conditions, indicating the importance of interactions between treatment variables and other factors.
Conclusions  Findings are discussed within the framework of a transactional model, and inferences are drawn about the limitations of the idea that there is a 'best treatment' that is universally applicable.

text: Critical influences affecting response to various treatments in young children with ADHD: a case series Background  While the use of stimulant medication as a treatment for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been the most studied therapy in child psychiatry, there is debate about its use with young children. This study describes a series of cases seen in a normal clinical context, treated with one of four different treatment programmes.
Methods  Sixteen pre-school children diagnosed with ADHD and their parents were randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments: (1) 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate, parent training programme; (2) 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate, parent support programme; (3) placebo medication, parent training; and (4) placebo medication, parent support. Changes were assessed at the individual level, using clinical observations, parent and teacher rating scales and measures of parenting and family factors.
Results  Children were more likely to improve when the treatment involved at least one active component (medication or parent training). However, there was notable variability in individual parental and child participants' responses to all treatment conditions, indicating the importance of interactions between treatment variables and other factors.
Conclusions  Findings are discussed within the framework of a transactional model, and inferences are drawn about the limitations of the idea that there is a 'best treatment' that is universally applicable.

year: 2007

title: The Debate over 'Kai Tangata' (Maori Cannibalism): New Perspectives from the Correspondence of the Marists

authors: Jennings, William

subjects: cannibalism

abstract: French Marist missionaries working in New Zealand from 1838 sometimes mentioned Maori cannibalism in their correspondence. This article finds that the Marists considered cannibalism to be a cultural practice of minor interest, not a defining point of difference between Maori and Europeans. The article also finds some evidence of ritual cannibalism, but not of mass battlefield cannibalism or of the eating of people for food.

text: The Debate over 'Kai Tangata' (Maori Cannibalism): New Perspectives from the Correspondence of the Marists French Marist missionaries working in New Zealand from 1838 sometimes mentioned Maori cannibalism in their correspondence. This article finds that the Marists considered cannibalism to be a cultural practice of minor interest, not a defining point of difference between Maori and Europeans. The article also finds some evidence of ritual cannibalism, but not of mass battlefield cannibalism or of the eating of people for food.

year: 2011