title: Spat survival of Paphies ventricosa (Toheroa) in an aquaculture setting

authors: Chew, Martyn Andrew

abstract: The toheroa (Papris ventracosta) is a large intertidal surf cam endemic to New Zealand. This species has a long history with the people of New Zealand in both cultural and economic sense. Exploitation and environmental change have greatly diminished the wild stocks of these animals making a sustainable fishery no longer feasible. Aquaculture has been widely discussed as a potentially profitable option for this species due to its large size, esteemed taste and its social and cultural significance. Aquaculture of toheroa could generate many benefits for the people of the toheroa beaches, as aquaculture has done in other regions of New Zealand. However, the suitability of toheroa for aquaculture is largely unknown, with many questions needing to be answered before that can become a reality. The purpose of this research is to gain a better understanding of the environmental conditions which will support the successful cultivation of wild caught toheroa spat in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). This is done by answering questions around knowledge gaps in the biology of the animal. Three experiments were conducted on aspects of the animal’s environment and biology. The first experiment sought to identify the presence of microphytobenthos’s within the wild population beds of the toheroa. As evidence suggests from research conducted on other species, microphytobenthos is an essential part of the animal’s ecosystem which might be a necessary component of a successful spat rearing operation. The experiment showed elevated chlorophyll levels (a proxy for microphytobenthos) within toheroa beds relative to other areas of the beach. The second experiment compared survival and growth rates in sediment vs. non-sediment holding systems. The results of this study indicated the benefits of housing spat in sediments, as demonstrated by differences in measured growth and mortality. A third experiment sought to test for size dependent mortality rates within the RAS. Somewhat surprisingly, it was found that smaller toheroa (0-10mm) performed better within a system compared to larger ones (20-30). Larger toheroa tended to eject themselves from the sediment constantly, an act which may have compromised their growth and survivorship. The result of these experiments answered questions and raise many more.  Potentially through understanding these questions we can create tools which industry and conservation can use. This research show that successful toheroa spat can be successfully integrated into an aquaculture system. With mortality settling the animals feeding and showing healthy condition. However, the next stage would be to optimize this. Toheroa aquaculture being in its infancy requires a wide variety of research before considered feasible. However, results and observations made from this research can help in identifying and specializing future research objectives.

text: Spat survival of Paphies ventricosa (Toheroa) in an aquaculture setting The toheroa (Papris ventracosta) is a large intertidal surf cam endemic to New Zealand. This species has a long history with the people of New Zealand in both cultural and economic sense. Exploitation and environmental change have greatly diminished the wild stocks of these animals making a sustainable fishery no longer feasible. Aquaculture has been widely discussed as a potentially profitable option for this species due to its large size, esteemed taste and its social and cultural significance. Aquaculture of toheroa could generate many benefits for the people of the toheroa beaches, as aquaculture has done in other regions of New Zealand. However, the suitability of toheroa for aquaculture is largely unknown, with many questions needing to be answered before that can become a reality. The purpose of this research is to gain a better understanding of the environmental conditions which will support the successful cultivation of wild caught toheroa spat in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). This is done by answering questions around knowledge gaps in the biology of the animal. Three experiments were conducted on aspects of the animal’s environment and biology. The first experiment sought to identify the presence of microphytobenthos’s within the wild population beds of the toheroa. As evidence suggests from research conducted on other species, microphytobenthos is an essential part of the animal’s ecosystem which might be a necessary component of a successful spat rearing operation. The experiment showed elevated chlorophyll levels (a proxy for microphytobenthos) within toheroa beds relative to other areas of the beach. The second experiment compared survival and growth rates in sediment vs. non-sediment holding systems. The results of this study indicated the benefits of housing spat in sediments, as demonstrated by differences in measured growth and mortality. A third experiment sought to test for size dependent mortality rates within the RAS. Somewhat surprisingly, it was found that smaller toheroa (0-10mm) performed better within a system compared to larger ones (20-30). Larger toheroa tended to eject themselves from the sediment constantly, an act which may have compromised their growth and survivorship. The result of these experiments answered questions and raise many more.  Potentially through understanding these questions we can create tools which industry and conservation can use. This research show that successful toheroa spat can be successfully integrated into an aquaculture system. With mortality settling the animals feeding and showing healthy condition. However, the next stage would be to optimize this. Toheroa aquaculture being in its infancy requires a wide variety of research before considered feasible. However, results and observations made from this research can help in identifying and specializing future research objectives.

year: 2022

title: Tū Te Turuturu Nō Hineteiwaiwa - Maintaining Cultural Integrity in the Teaching of Māori Weaving

authors: Turi-Tiakitai, John Reid

subjects: Māori

abstract: “He whatu kōrero mō te whatu
He whiriwhiri kōrero mō te whiri
He rangaranga kōrero mō te raranga”

Despite the development and teaching of an increasing number of Māori focused tertiary programmes, many kaumatua remain concerned that tikanga is being lost. The research reviews the developments that have impacted on the teaching of Māori weaving (raranga, whiri, and whatu) and appraises the current status from the perspective of the oral narratives of Edna Pahewa, Christina (Tina) Hurihia Wirihana and Matekino Lawless. Whilst they would not describe them as such, all three are expert weavers who teach this taonga.
These weavers concur that despite the increased numbers learning these arts and acquiring high capability in the technical skills, many often lack the wairua, tikanga and values and remain apprehensive for the state of the art. Therefore, they believe that mātauranga Māori, spiritual knowledge and Māori tikanga cultural practices must remain central, at the very core of the art form itself and not exist as an academic study or peripheral addendum.
As a result of this study, a model framework, ‘Te Kāwhatuwhatu’ is proposed that advocates for the incorporating of Māori tikanga cultural practices into classes and teaching pedagogy and thereby foster the wellbeing of this cultural legacy and the mana and integrity of Hineteiwaiwa, kia ea ai te kupu

“ka tū tonu te turuturu nō Hineteiwaiwa!”¹

text: Tū Te Turuturu Nō Hineteiwaiwa - Maintaining Cultural Integrity in the Teaching of Māori Weaving “He whatu kōrero mō te whatu
He whiriwhiri kōrero mō te whiri
He rangaranga kōrero mō te raranga”

Despite the development and teaching of an increasing number of Māori focused tertiary programmes, many kaumatua remain concerned that tikanga is being lost. The research reviews the developments that have impacted on the teaching of Māori weaving (raranga, whiri, and whatu) and appraises the current status from the perspective of the oral narratives of Edna Pahewa, Christina (Tina) Hurihia Wirihana and Matekino Lawless. Whilst they would not describe them as such, all three are expert weavers who teach this taonga.
These weavers concur that despite the increased numbers learning these arts and acquiring high capability in the technical skills, many often lack the wairua, tikanga and values and remain apprehensive for the state of the art. Therefore, they believe that mātauranga Māori, spiritual knowledge and Māori tikanga cultural practices must remain central, at the very core of the art form itself and not exist as an academic study or peripheral addendum.
As a result of this study, a model framework, ‘Te Kāwhatuwhatu’ is proposed that advocates for the incorporating of Māori tikanga cultural practices into classes and teaching pedagogy and thereby foster the wellbeing of this cultural legacy and the mana and integrity of Hineteiwaiwa, kia ea ai te kupu

“ka tū tonu te turuturu nō Hineteiwaiwa!”¹

year: 2015

title: Discursive manoeuvres and hegemonic recuperations in New Zealand documentary representations of domestic violence

authors: Michelle, Carolyn

subjects: feminism

abstract: This paper examines three television documentaries--entitled Not Just a Domestic (1994), Not Just a Domestic: The Update (1994), and Picking Up the Pieces (1996)--that together formed part of the New Zealand police ‘Family Violence’ media campaign. Through a Foucauldian, feminist poststructuralist discourse analysis, the paper examines how these texts assert and privilege particular understandings of domestic violence, its causes, effects and possible solutions. The analysis illustrates the way in which five discursive explanations of domestic violence--those of medical pathology, romantic expressive tension, liberal humanist instrumentalism, tabula rasa learning and socio-systematic discourse--are articulated and hierarchically organised within these documentaries, and considers the potential hegemonic effects of each text’s discursive negotiations. It is argued that the centrality of personal ‘case studies’ and the testimonies of both battered women and formerly violent men work to privilege individualistic rather than socio-political explanations of domestic violence. Additionally, the inclusion of extensive ‘survivor speech’ means that women are frequently asked to explain and rationalize their actions as ‘victims’ of domestic violence, while fewer demands are placed on male perpetrators to account for their violent behaviour. Consequently, the documentaries leave the issue of male abuse of power largely unchallenged, and in this way ultimately affirm patriarchal hegemonic interests.

text: Discursive manoeuvres and hegemonic recuperations in New Zealand documentary representations of domestic violence This paper examines three television documentaries--entitled Not Just a Domestic (1994), Not Just a Domestic: The Update (1994), and Picking Up the Pieces (1996)--that together formed part of the New Zealand police ‘Family Violence’ media campaign. Through a Foucauldian, feminist poststructuralist discourse analysis, the paper examines how these texts assert and privilege particular understandings of domestic violence, its causes, effects and possible solutions. The analysis illustrates the way in which five discursive explanations of domestic violence--those of medical pathology, romantic expressive tension, liberal humanist instrumentalism, tabula rasa learning and socio-systematic discourse--are articulated and hierarchically organised within these documentaries, and considers the potential hegemonic effects of each text’s discursive negotiations. It is argued that the centrality of personal ‘case studies’ and the testimonies of both battered women and formerly violent men work to privilege individualistic rather than socio-political explanations of domestic violence. Additionally, the inclusion of extensive ‘survivor speech’ means that women are frequently asked to explain and rationalize their actions as ‘victims’ of domestic violence, while fewer demands are placed on male perpetrators to account for their violent behaviour. Consequently, the documentaries leave the issue of male abuse of power largely unchallenged, and in this way ultimately affirm patriarchal hegemonic interests.

year: 2003-09-01