title: A review of the lesser-studied microemulsion-based synthesis methodologies used for preparing nanoparticle systems of the noble metals, Os, Re, Ir and Rh.

authors: Soleimani Zohr Shiri, Mohammad

subjects: iridium

abstract: This review focuses on the recent advances in the lesser-studied microemulsion synthesis methodologies of the following noble metal colloid systems (i.e., Os, Re, Ir, and Rh) using either a normal or reverse micelle templating system. The aim is to demonstrate the utility and potential of using this microemulsion-based approach to synthesize these noble metal nanoparticle systems. Firstly, some fundamentals and important factors of the microemulsion synthesis methodology are introduced. Afterward, a review of the investigations on the microemulsion syntheses of Os, Re, Ir, and Rh nanoparticle (NP) systems (in all forms, viz., metallic, oxide, mixed-metal, and discrete molecular complexes) is presented for work published in the last ten years. The chosen noble metals are traditionally very reactive in nanosized dimensions and have a strong tendency to aggregate when prepared via other methods. Also, the particle size and particle size distribution of these colloids can have a significant impact on their catalytic performance. It is shown that the microemulsion approach has the capability to better stabilize these metal colloids and can control the size of the synthesized NPs. This generally leads to smaller particles and higher catalytic activity when they are tested in applications.

text: A review of the lesser-studied microemulsion-based synthesis methodologies used for preparing nanoparticle systems of the noble metals, Os, Re, Ir and Rh. This review focuses on the recent advances in the lesser-studied microemulsion synthesis methodologies of the following noble metal colloid systems (i.e., Os, Re, Ir, and Rh) using either a normal or reverse micelle templating system. The aim is to demonstrate the utility and potential of using this microemulsion-based approach to synthesize these noble metal nanoparticle systems. Firstly, some fundamentals and important factors of the microemulsion synthesis methodology are introduced. Afterward, a review of the investigations on the microemulsion syntheses of Os, Re, Ir, and Rh nanoparticle (NP) systems (in all forms, viz., metallic, oxide, mixed-metal, and discrete molecular complexes) is presented for work published in the last ten years. The chosen noble metals are traditionally very reactive in nanosized dimensions and have a strong tendency to aggregate when prepared via other methods. Also, the particle size and particle size distribution of these colloids can have a significant impact on their catalytic performance. It is shown that the microemulsion approach has the capability to better stabilize these metal colloids and can control the size of the synthesized NPs. This generally leads to smaller particles and higher catalytic activity when they are tested in applications.

year: 2019

title: Is there a connection between monetary unification and real economic integration? Evidence from regime-switching stationarity tests

authors: Holmes, Mark J.

subjects: real interest parity

abstract: We investigate the extent of real convergence among G7 economies in terms of long-run real interest parity. A novel approach is applied where unit-root tests of real interest differentials are embedded within a Markov regime-switching framework. Whereas standard univariate unit-root tests provide little support for parity, we find real convergence is present after allowing for regime switches in real interest misalignments. However, differentials across members of the euro zone are likely to exhibit greater persistence despite nominal convergence. It is non-sequitur to infer from monetary unification that nominal convergence is necessarily conducive to real interest realignments or preventive of misalignments.

text: Is there a connection between monetary unification and real economic integration? Evidence from regime-switching stationarity tests We investigate the extent of real convergence among G7 economies in terms of long-run real interest parity. A novel approach is applied where unit-root tests of real interest differentials are embedded within a Markov regime-switching framework. Whereas standard univariate unit-root tests provide little support for parity, we find real convergence is present after allowing for regime switches in real interest misalignments. However, differentials across members of the euro zone are likely to exhibit greater persistence despite nominal convergence. It is non-sequitur to infer from monetary unification that nominal convergence is necessarily conducive to real interest realignments or preventive of misalignments.

year: 2008

title: The new kava user: Diasporic identity formation in reverse

authors: Aporosa, S. 'Apo'

subjects: diaspora

abstract: Diaspora' studies have broadened their definition to now include hybridised identities situated in both the past and future. The formation of the Indo-Fijian ethnicity is an example of the evolution of a hybrid diasporic identity. This article briefly discusses Indo-Fijian diaspora in Fiji before shifting its focus to Aotearoa New Zealand. In this new setting, diaspora understanding will take a new direction that concentrates on the uptake of kava drinking and aspects of the kava culture by some Māori and Pālangi/Pākehā. In doing so, the article examines how these Māori and Pālangi/Pākehā, as the 'hosts', are expanding their cultural identity by embracing an icon of identity that came with a diasporic population – Pasifikans to Aotearoa – essentially creating diasporic identity formation in reverse.

text: The new kava user: Diasporic identity formation in reverse Diaspora' studies have broadened their definition to now include hybridised identities situated in both the past and future. The formation of the Indo-Fijian ethnicity is an example of the evolution of a hybrid diasporic identity. This article briefly discusses Indo-Fijian diaspora in Fiji before shifting its focus to Aotearoa New Zealand. In this new setting, diaspora understanding will take a new direction that concentrates on the uptake of kava drinking and aspects of the kava culture by some Māori and Pālangi/Pākehā. In doing so, the article examines how these Māori and Pālangi/Pākehā, as the 'hosts', are expanding their cultural identity by embracing an icon of identity that came with a diasporic population – Pasifikans to Aotearoa – essentially creating diasporic identity formation in reverse.

year: 2015