title: Anatomical, morphological and ecophysiological strategies in Placopsis pycnotheca (lichenized fungi, Ascomycota) allowing rapid colonization of recently deglaciated soils

authors: de los Ríos, Asunción

subjects: anatomy

abstract: The green algal lichen Placopsis pycnotheca was identified at Pia and Marinelli glaciers (Isla Grande of Tierra de Fuego, Chile) as a primary colonizer of bare soil in areas close to the front of the glacier or around small ponds created after glacier retreatment. Electron microscopy study showed that P. pycnotheca formed a thick hypothallus within which hyphae and their extracellular polymeric substances bind numerous soil particles. This structure augments water holding and soil stabilization capacities and constitutes an early stage in soil crust development. In addition, numerous cephalodia are formed within the hypothallus and subsequently develop upwards towards the thallus surface, sometimes before the formation of squamules with green algae. These anatomical and morphological strategies together with physiological properties such as the long photosynthetic activity period (measured in the laboratory) help explain its pioneering role as a colonizer and its apparently high growth rate.

text: Anatomical, morphological and ecophysiological strategies in Placopsis pycnotheca (lichenized fungi, Ascomycota) allowing rapid colonization of recently deglaciated soils The green algal lichen Placopsis pycnotheca was identified at Pia and Marinelli glaciers (Isla Grande of Tierra de Fuego, Chile) as a primary colonizer of bare soil in areas close to the front of the glacier or around small ponds created after glacier retreatment. Electron microscopy study showed that P. pycnotheca formed a thick hypothallus within which hyphae and their extracellular polymeric substances bind numerous soil particles. This structure augments water holding and soil stabilization capacities and constitutes an early stage in soil crust development. In addition, numerous cephalodia are formed within the hypothallus and subsequently develop upwards towards the thallus surface, sometimes before the formation of squamules with green algae. These anatomical and morphological strategies together with physiological properties such as the long photosynthetic activity period (measured in the laboratory) help explain its pioneering role as a colonizer and its apparently high growth rate.

year: 2011

title: Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of Early to Middle Miocene Strata, Western Taumarunui Region, King Country Basin

authors: Evans, Thomas P. H.

abstract: The study area of this thesis is located in the King Country Basin, North Island, New Zealand. It contains a 400 m thick marine sedimentary succession of Miocene age and Quaternary ignimbrites. The field area comprises 900 km2 of steep to rolling farmland and some large patches of native forest, and includes the towns of Ohura in the west and Taumarunui in the east. There is limited outcrop exposure in the study area, and the sedimentary succession is often weathered. 
The study area is cut by numerous faults that have formed in an extensional regime behind the modem volcanic arc (Taupo Volcanic Zone). The major fault is the Ohura Fault, which has changed its sense of displacement (reverse to normal) in response to changing stress regimes during the Neogene. 
No basement is exposed in the field area, which lies wholly in Early Miocene (Otaian Stage) Mahoenui Group and Mokau Group sediments, and Middle Miocene Mangarara Formation, Otunui Formation, and Mt Messenger Formation sediments. The Mahoenui Group comprises the Taumarunui Formation, characterised by flysch deposits, and the Taumatamaire Formation, a massive mudstone that interfingers with the Taumarunui Formation in the field area. These Early Miocene units represent rapid subsidence and basin formation, with accumulation in outer shelf to slope environments. The Mokau Group comprises the Bexley Sandstone, Maryville Coal Measures, and Tangarakau Formation, which represent an overall marine transgression. The Mangarara Formation is unconformable on the Mahoenui Group, and represents marine transgressive onlap across a land surface cut into the Mahoenui Group during the late-Early Miocene. This unit is overlain by the Otunui Formation, which represents the development of a shelf succession, and which in tum is overlain by the Mt Messenger Formation which represents deposition in slightly deeper waters. Quaternary ignimbrites have a scattered distribution on hill tops in the study area. 
Seven lithofacies have been identifed in the study area, and these have been subdivided into 14 sub-facies. These range from massive mudstone deposited in a bathyal environment, to coal measures deposited in estuarine/swamp/flood plain environments. The facies have been described and interpreted within formations, and the environments for facies associations are inferred. The Mahoenui Group sediments represent deposition in a bathyal setting, and the Mokau Group was deposited in environments ranging from shoreface to inner shelf environments. The Mangarara Formation was deposited in a near shore environment, and the Otunui Formation accumulated in a shelf to uppermost slope setting. The Mount Messenger Formation, which overlies the Otunui Formation mainly south of the field area, occurs at one locality in the study area. 
The King Country Basin developed in response to transpression and crustal shortening related to the inception of the modem plate boundary system through New Zealand during the Early Miocene. The sedimentary succession of the Mahoenui Group, Mokau Group, Mangarara Formation, Otunui Formation and Mt Messenger Formation has developed in response to the coupled effects of tectonism associated with this plate boundary system, and changes in relative sea level.

text: Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of Early to Middle Miocene Strata, Western Taumarunui Region, King Country Basin The study area of this thesis is located in the King Country Basin, North Island, New Zealand. It contains a 400 m thick marine sedimentary succession of Miocene age and Quaternary ignimbrites. The field area comprises 900 km2 of steep to rolling farmland and some large patches of native forest, and includes the towns of Ohura in the west and Taumarunui in the east. There is limited outcrop exposure in the study area, and the sedimentary succession is often weathered. 
The study area is cut by numerous faults that have formed in an extensional regime behind the modem volcanic arc (Taupo Volcanic Zone). The major fault is the Ohura Fault, which has changed its sense of displacement (reverse to normal) in response to changing stress regimes during the Neogene. 
No basement is exposed in the field area, which lies wholly in Early Miocene (Otaian Stage) Mahoenui Group and Mokau Group sediments, and Middle Miocene Mangarara Formation, Otunui Formation, and Mt Messenger Formation sediments. The Mahoenui Group comprises the Taumarunui Formation, characterised by flysch deposits, and the Taumatamaire Formation, a massive mudstone that interfingers with the Taumarunui Formation in the field area. These Early Miocene units represent rapid subsidence and basin formation, with accumulation in outer shelf to slope environments. The Mokau Group comprises the Bexley Sandstone, Maryville Coal Measures, and Tangarakau Formation, which represent an overall marine transgression. The Mangarara Formation is unconformable on the Mahoenui Group, and represents marine transgressive onlap across a land surface cut into the Mahoenui Group during the late-Early Miocene. This unit is overlain by the Otunui Formation, which represents the development of a shelf succession, and which in tum is overlain by the Mt Messenger Formation which represents deposition in slightly deeper waters. Quaternary ignimbrites have a scattered distribution on hill tops in the study area. 
Seven lithofacies have been identifed in the study area, and these have been subdivided into 14 sub-facies. These range from massive mudstone deposited in a bathyal environment, to coal measures deposited in estuarine/swamp/flood plain environments. The facies have been described and interpreted within formations, and the environments for facies associations are inferred. The Mahoenui Group sediments represent deposition in a bathyal setting, and the Mokau Group was deposited in environments ranging from shoreface to inner shelf environments. The Mangarara Formation was deposited in a near shore environment, and the Otunui Formation accumulated in a shelf to uppermost slope setting. The Mount Messenger Formation, which overlies the Otunui Formation mainly south of the field area, occurs at one locality in the study area. 
The King Country Basin developed in response to transpression and crustal shortening related to the inception of the modem plate boundary system through New Zealand during the Early Miocene. The sedimentary succession of the Mahoenui Group, Mokau Group, Mangarara Formation, Otunui Formation and Mt Messenger Formation has developed in response to the coupled effects of tectonism associated with this plate boundary system, and changes in relative sea level.

year: 2003

title: Adopting a Maori property rights approach to fisheries

authors: Toki, Valmaine

abstract: For Maori, tikanga Maori or custom law not only underpinned the recognition of property rights to their fishery but also their environmental ethics and the sustainable management of that fishery. In comparison, the property right of non-indigenous peoples was sourced from a rights system determined by the State. The nature of these property rights, for Maori, has been acknowledged by legislation. The challenge for Maori is to effectively maintain, develop and manage this allocated resource in a way that will not only sustain the resource but also ensure its longevity both socially and economically for future generations. Among the issues Maori will face are how to balance effective governance and efficient management, together with the requirement to address global issues of over-fishing and property rights, all the while preserving and respecting tradition. Irrespective of these challenges, it is the tikanga, or philosophy, intrinsic to the traditional Maori worldview which will guide Maori through these challenges, and provide a way forward for global issues such as climate change.

text: Adopting a Maori property rights approach to fisheries For Maori, tikanga Maori or custom law not only underpinned the recognition of property rights to their fishery but also their environmental ethics and the sustainable management of that fishery. In comparison, the property right of non-indigenous peoples was sourced from a rights system determined by the State. The nature of these property rights, for Maori, has been acknowledged by legislation. The challenge for Maori is to effectively maintain, develop and manage this allocated resource in a way that will not only sustain the resource but also ensure its longevity both socially and economically for future generations. Among the issues Maori will face are how to balance effective governance and efficient management, together with the requirement to address global issues of over-fishing and property rights, all the while preserving and respecting tradition. Irrespective of these challenges, it is the tikanga, or philosophy, intrinsic to the traditional Maori worldview which will guide Maori through these challenges, and provide a way forward for global issues such as climate change.

year: 2010