title: An investigation of the stability of yacon storage roots under commercial conditions and the feasibility of preparing blackcurrant-yacon juice mixtures for the retail market

authors: Revell, Maria Teresa

subjects: yacon

abstract: The stability of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) was investigated in yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. & Endl., Asteraceae) storage roots and blackcurrant-yacon juice mixtures. The roots and syrup are from yacon plants grown for NZ Biotechnologies, the only company in New Zealand licensed to grow yacon commercially for export.
The hydrolysis of FOS in storage roots packaged in a semi-permable polymer was significantly reduced compared to unpackaged roots from the same plant, stored in the same conditions (5 °C for up to 72 days). The effectiveness of the packaging was dependent upon a complete seal around the root, indicating the need for selection of relatively straight and smooth roots for successful packaging.
Blackcurrant-yacon juice mixtures offer the prebiotic effect of FOS combined with the antioxidant activity of blackcurrant juice. This study was designed to assess the effect of pasteurisation conditions on carbohydrate and polyphenol concentrations and antioxidant activity. The reduction in active ingredients per mL can then be compensated for by the initial formulation before pasteurisation.
The rates of hydrolysis and release of FOS, 1-kestose, sucrose, D-glucose and D-fructose were calculated and agreed with previous studies with the exception of 1-kestose. The initial concentrations of polyphenols (330.67-524.4 gallic acid equivalent mg L⁻¹) and anthocyanins (1013.11-1362.25 cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent mg L⁻¹) were also similar to other studies. The concentration of both polyphenols and anthocyanins decreased with heating time, but this difference was statistically significant at a 99.95 % confidence level only for anthocyanins.
 The decrease of anthocyanin concentration with time in blackcurrant-yacon juice without pH stabilisation was correlated with the rate of FOS hydrolysis. This indicates that the presence of FOS stabilizes the anthocyanins possibly by formation of a complex or compound. This is supported by evidence from elsewhere that dietary fibre-type molecules can transport antioxidants to the large bowel, with associated health effects.

text: An investigation of the stability of yacon storage roots under commercial conditions and the feasibility of preparing blackcurrant-yacon juice mixtures for the retail market The stability of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) was investigated in yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. & Endl., Asteraceae) storage roots and blackcurrant-yacon juice mixtures. The roots and syrup are from yacon plants grown for NZ Biotechnologies, the only company in New Zealand licensed to grow yacon commercially for export.
The hydrolysis of FOS in storage roots packaged in a semi-permable polymer was significantly reduced compared to unpackaged roots from the same plant, stored in the same conditions (5 °C for up to 72 days). The effectiveness of the packaging was dependent upon a complete seal around the root, indicating the need for selection of relatively straight and smooth roots for successful packaging.
Blackcurrant-yacon juice mixtures offer the prebiotic effect of FOS combined with the antioxidant activity of blackcurrant juice. This study was designed to assess the effect of pasteurisation conditions on carbohydrate and polyphenol concentrations and antioxidant activity. The reduction in active ingredients per mL can then be compensated for by the initial formulation before pasteurisation.
The rates of hydrolysis and release of FOS, 1-kestose, sucrose, D-glucose and D-fructose were calculated and agreed with previous studies with the exception of 1-kestose. The initial concentrations of polyphenols (330.67-524.4 gallic acid equivalent mg L⁻¹) and anthocyanins (1013.11-1362.25 cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent mg L⁻¹) were also similar to other studies. The concentration of both polyphenols and anthocyanins decreased with heating time, but this difference was statistically significant at a 99.95 % confidence level only for anthocyanins.
 The decrease of anthocyanin concentration with time in blackcurrant-yacon juice without pH stabilisation was correlated with the rate of FOS hydrolysis. This indicates that the presence of FOS stabilizes the anthocyanins possibly by formation of a complex or compound. This is supported by evidence from elsewhere that dietary fibre-type molecules can transport antioxidants to the large bowel, with associated health effects.

year: 2012

title: Circular supply chain management: a bibliometric analysis-based literature review

authors: Zhang, Abraham

abstract: Purpose: Supply chain management (SCM) research has contributed to the transition to a circular economy (CE). Still, confusions exist on the related terms, and no review has mapped out the development trends in the domain. This research clarifies the boundaries of the relevant concepts. Then, it conducts a comprehensive review of the circular SCM (CSCM) literature and identifies opportunities for future research. Design/methodology/approach: Using relevant keywords, 1,130 journal articles published in December 31, 2021 were identified. Unlike the published reviews, which mainly relied on content analysis, this review uses bibliometric analysis tools, including citation analysis, co-citation analysis and cluster analysis. The review identifies general trends, influential researchers, high-impact publications, citation patterns and established and emergent research themes. Findings: The extant CSCM literature includes five prominent clusters: (1) reverse channel optimization; (2) CSCM review and empirical studies; (3) closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) and consumers; (4) CLSC and inventory management and (5) CLSC and reverse logistics (RL). Significant research gaps exist in the use of secondary and longitudinal data, a wider range of theories, mixed-methods, multi-method, action research and behavioral experiment. The least researched topics include zero waste, industrial symbiosis, circular product design, sourcing and supply management and reuse. Originality/value: This is the first bibliometric analysis-based literature review on CSCM. It clarifies the interrelated supply chain sustainability terms and thus reduces related confusion. It offers insights into the patterns in the CSCM literature and suggests important research directions.

text: Circular supply chain management: a bibliometric analysis-based literature review Purpose: Supply chain management (SCM) research has contributed to the transition to a circular economy (CE). Still, confusions exist on the related terms, and no review has mapped out the development trends in the domain. This research clarifies the boundaries of the relevant concepts. Then, it conducts a comprehensive review of the circular SCM (CSCM) literature and identifies opportunities for future research. Design/methodology/approach: Using relevant keywords, 1,130 journal articles published in December 31, 2021 were identified. Unlike the published reviews, which mainly relied on content analysis, this review uses bibliometric analysis tools, including citation analysis, co-citation analysis and cluster analysis. The review identifies general trends, influential researchers, high-impact publications, citation patterns and established and emergent research themes. Findings: The extant CSCM literature includes five prominent clusters: (1) reverse channel optimization; (2) CSCM review and empirical studies; (3) closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) and consumers; (4) CLSC and inventory management and (5) CLSC and reverse logistics (RL). Significant research gaps exist in the use of secondary and longitudinal data, a wider range of theories, mixed-methods, multi-method, action research and behavioral experiment. The least researched topics include zero waste, industrial symbiosis, circular product design, sourcing and supply management and reuse. Originality/value: This is the first bibliometric analysis-based literature review on CSCM. It clarifies the interrelated supply chain sustainability terms and thus reduces related confusion. It offers insights into the patterns in the CSCM literature and suggests important research directions.

year: 2023-01-20

title: Nga Taumata o te Moana - A return to rangatiratanga over the takutai moana

authors: Downs, Season-Mary

subjects: takutai moana

abstract: The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 extinguished Māori customary rights to the foreshore and seabed at law by vesting ownership of the foreshore and seabed in the Crown.   The Act prohibited Māori from having their customary rights recognised at common law by removing the jurisdiction of the courts to investigate customary rights in the takutai moana.  The 2004 Act provided for the recognition of new lesser rights, should Māori be able to meet the tests specified in the legislation.  The legislation was heavily criticised and deemed inconsistent with the treaty,  the rule of law, and international human rights law, where it extinguished the rights of Māori, but not the rights of other right holders.   The legislation was so controversial the 2004 Act was repealed by the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011.   In the Crown’s mind, the 2011 Act is final, and the longstanding foreshore and seabed dispute related to Māori customary claims to the takutai moana is resolved by the legislation. 

The purpose of the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 is to “establish a durable scheme to ensure the protection of the legitimate interests of all New Zealanders” in the takutai moana.    Under the new Act, the takutai moana is now given the special status of “common marine and coastal area”; an area that is “incapable of ownership” by the Crown, Māori or anyone else.   The Act states that it “acknowledges” the “Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi)” and “recognises” the “mana tuku iho” exercised in the common marine and coastal area by iwi, hapū, and whānau as tangata whenua.    Like the 2004 Act, the 2011 Act still bars Māori from obtaining common law customary rights in the takutai moana, and instead puts in place a regime for the recognition of new legal rights that are created by the Act itself.

The primary research question is:  Is the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 consistent with te Tiriti o Waitangi, the Māori version of the treaty?

The primary research question is answered by examining the colonial experience of Te Kapotai, a coastal hapū (tribe) in the Southern Bay of Islands from pre-te Tiriti times through to the present day.  It provides an account of how, over time, Crown law, policy and practice have eroded the ability of Te Kapotai to exercise their rangatiratanga (authority) over their takutai moana.  This thesis concludes that the 2011 Act is inconsistent with te Tiriti for four key reasons:
1.	The Act was developed and implemented without negotiation and consent from Māori;
2.	The Act continues to remove the customary rights and procedure for recognition of those rights that were previously available at common law; 
3.	The Act fails to provide for the exercise of rangatiratanga by Māori over the takutai moana as guaranteed under Article 2 of te Tiriti o Waitangi; and 
4.	The Act is in breach of the principle of equity and equal treatment under Article 3 of te Tiriti o Waitangi where it treats Māori and their rights to the takutai moana differently to how all other right/interest holders in the foreshore and seabed are treated.

This research recommends a multifaceted approach to resolving the takutai moana issue, which includes pausing the implementation of the 2011 Act, and the development of interim options to increase Māori participation in the management of the takutai moana.  It promotes that a transformational approach to the takutai moana issue can be achieved when te Tiriti is implemented, and when Māori can exercise rangatiratanga over the takutai moana in a manner that was intended under te Tiriti o Waitangi.

text: Nga Taumata o te Moana - A return to rangatiratanga over the takutai moana The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 extinguished Māori customary rights to the foreshore and seabed at law by vesting ownership of the foreshore and seabed in the Crown.   The Act prohibited Māori from having their customary rights recognised at common law by removing the jurisdiction of the courts to investigate customary rights in the takutai moana.  The 2004 Act provided for the recognition of new lesser rights, should Māori be able to meet the tests specified in the legislation.  The legislation was heavily criticised and deemed inconsistent with the treaty,  the rule of law, and international human rights law, where it extinguished the rights of Māori, but not the rights of other right holders.   The legislation was so controversial the 2004 Act was repealed by the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011.   In the Crown’s mind, the 2011 Act is final, and the longstanding foreshore and seabed dispute related to Māori customary claims to the takutai moana is resolved by the legislation. 

The purpose of the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 is to “establish a durable scheme to ensure the protection of the legitimate interests of all New Zealanders” in the takutai moana.    Under the new Act, the takutai moana is now given the special status of “common marine and coastal area”; an area that is “incapable of ownership” by the Crown, Māori or anyone else.   The Act states that it “acknowledges” the “Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi)” and “recognises” the “mana tuku iho” exercised in the common marine and coastal area by iwi, hapū, and whānau as tangata whenua.    Like the 2004 Act, the 2011 Act still bars Māori from obtaining common law customary rights in the takutai moana, and instead puts in place a regime for the recognition of new legal rights that are created by the Act itself.

The primary research question is:  Is the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 consistent with te Tiriti o Waitangi, the Māori version of the treaty?

The primary research question is answered by examining the colonial experience of Te Kapotai, a coastal hapū (tribe) in the Southern Bay of Islands from pre-te Tiriti times through to the present day.  It provides an account of how, over time, Crown law, policy and practice have eroded the ability of Te Kapotai to exercise their rangatiratanga (authority) over their takutai moana.  This thesis concludes that the 2011 Act is inconsistent with te Tiriti for four key reasons:
1.	The Act was developed and implemented without negotiation and consent from Māori;
2.	The Act continues to remove the customary rights and procedure for recognition of those rights that were previously available at common law; 
3.	The Act fails to provide for the exercise of rangatiratanga by Māori over the takutai moana as guaranteed under Article 2 of te Tiriti o Waitangi; and 
4.	The Act is in breach of the principle of equity and equal treatment under Article 3 of te Tiriti o Waitangi where it treats Māori and their rights to the takutai moana differently to how all other right/interest holders in the foreshore and seabed are treated.

This research recommends a multifaceted approach to resolving the takutai moana issue, which includes pausing the implementation of the 2011 Act, and the development of interim options to increase Māori participation in the management of the takutai moana.  It promotes that a transformational approach to the takutai moana issue can be achieved when te Tiriti is implemented, and when Māori can exercise rangatiratanga over the takutai moana in a manner that was intended under te Tiriti o Waitangi.

year: 2020