title: Description and spatial analysis of employment change in New Zealand regions 1986-2001

authors: Baxendine, Sandra

subjects: shift-share analysis

abstract: Over the last two decades New Zealand has undergone fundamental economic restructuring, and phases of slow and rapid growth, which have resulted in some dramatic changes in the regional economies. This paper provides a detailed multiperiod shift-share analysis over three intercensal periods between 1986 and 2001 on changes in regional employment outcomes at two levels of spatial disaggregation: 29 Administrative Regions (ARs), based on Regional Council areas, and 58 Labour Market Areas (LMAs) that have economically meaningful (commuting determined) boundaries. The contributions to employment outcomes of national trends, sectoral composition within regions, structural change, and local conditions are identified. A four-category disaggregation of regional employment into sex, age, occupation and industry is also undertaken. The results show a dichotomy between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, but also several distinct clusters among the latter. Regional competitive advantage is clearly linked with net inward migration. There is also evidence of significantly positive spatial autocorrelation in the competitive effect. Local indicators of spatial association help to identify regions that stand out in terms of being surrounded by similar regions, or by regions that are just the opposite, in terms of the competitive effect. Interestingly, regional population growth precedes the competitive component of employment growth rather than just being a symptom of it.

text: Description and spatial analysis of employment change in New Zealand regions 1986-2001 Over the last two decades New Zealand has undergone fundamental economic restructuring, and phases of slow and rapid growth, which have resulted in some dramatic changes in the regional economies. This paper provides a detailed multiperiod shift-share analysis over three intercensal periods between 1986 and 2001 on changes in regional employment outcomes at two levels of spatial disaggregation: 29 Administrative Regions (ARs), based on Regional Council areas, and 58 Labour Market Areas (LMAs) that have economically meaningful (commuting determined) boundaries. The contributions to employment outcomes of national trends, sectoral composition within regions, structural change, and local conditions are identified. A four-category disaggregation of regional employment into sex, age, occupation and industry is also undertaken. The results show a dichotomy between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, but also several distinct clusters among the latter. Regional competitive advantage is clearly linked with net inward migration. There is also evidence of significantly positive spatial autocorrelation in the competitive effect. Local indicators of spatial association help to identify regions that stand out in terms of being surrounded by similar regions, or by regions that are just the opposite, in terms of the competitive effect. Interestingly, regional population growth precedes the competitive component of employment growth rather than just being a symptom of it.

year: 2005-11

title: Geology of Mangapanian (late pliocene) strata, Wanganui Basin: lithostratigraphy, paleontology and sequence stratigraphy

authors: McIntyre, Avon P.

abstract: Fourteen Mangapanian and early Nukumaruan (late Pliocene) cyclothems in Wanganui Basin have been studied, stratigraphically logged and geologically mapped in thirteen sections from west to east across the basin. The Mangapanian succession contains two subgroups. The Paparangi Subgroup contains sparsely fossiliferous siltstone and sandstone, and extends from the base of the Mangapani Shell Conglomerate to the base of the Wilkies Shellbed. Constituent formations include the Atene Formation, Mangaweka Mudstone, Pitangi Formation and Moukuku Formation. The Okiwa Subgroup is cyclothemic, fossiliferous, and includes all strata between the base of the Wilkies Shellbed and the Hautawa Shellbed. Constituent formations include the Whauteihi Formation, Whakaihuwaka Formation and Parikino Formation. Formational boundaries are mainly located at the base of shellbeds. Individual sandstone, siltstone and shellbed units within formations are assigned member status. 

New collections of fossil molluscs allow refinement and minor emendations to the NZ Geological Timescale for bioevents occurring at the Waipipian-Mangapanian (Wp-Wm) and Mangapanian-Nukumaruan (Wm-Wn) Stage boundaries. One significant discovery is that the FO of dextrally coiled Globorotalia crassaformis does not mark the Wp-Wm Stage boundary. Comparison between molluscan and formainiferal bioevents is possible in the Wanganui River section. Two rhyolitic tephra (Eagle Hill and Otere) have been numerically dated. These tephra have U-Pb SHRIMP ages of 2.85 ± 0.20 Ma and 2.71 ± 0.25 Ma, respectively. Single crystal U-Th/He dating of zircon from the Otere Tephra yields an age of 2.57 ± 0.04 Ma. These numerical ages constrain new and revised magnetostratigraphic data for several sections. The Gauss / Matuyama paleomagnetic transition and “X” event cryptochron both occur within the Mangapanian succession. Shellbeds in the succession have been correlated with δ¹⁸O Stages G10-88 (2.79 Ma - 2.28 Ma), providing a numerical age range for each cyclothem within the succession. 

The Mangapani Shell Conglomerate (2.79 Ma), Wilkies Shellbed (2.50 Ma) and Hautawa Shellbed (2.28 Ma) have been selected for detailed investigation, and each displays an inner-shelf to upper bathyal depositional profile. Molluscan water-depth estimates for each of these units indicate that they are transgressive deposits, and together with their overlying siltstone and sandstone units comprise a 41 k.y. sequence. Similarities in the character of these three sequences provide constraints upon which a model cyclothem is based. Comparison of other 41 k.y. sequences within the Mangapanian succession with the model cyclothem reveal subtle patterns in sequence architecture, from which predictions of paleoshelf position can be made for particular sections / logs. While most sequences exhibit a consistent westward shallowing trend, many sequences appear to exhibit expression of their shallowest parts in the central parts of the basin, with increases in water depth both eastward and westward of this point. The point of inferred closest proximity to a paleoshoreline for outcrop sections is named Point “S”. Tracing the locality of Point “S” for successive sequences reveals that it occurs in the central parts of the basin during the late Mangapanian. This pattern is correlated with the transfer of strain across the deep subduction interface of the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates. Paleogeographic maps depicting the shape of Wanganui Basin at both the beginning and end of the Mangapanian show the southward migration of the basin depocentre, and that a western basin margin probably separated the Wanganui Basin from the Tasman Sea.

text: Geology of Mangapanian (late pliocene) strata, Wanganui Basin: lithostratigraphy, paleontology and sequence stratigraphy Fourteen Mangapanian and early Nukumaruan (late Pliocene) cyclothems in Wanganui Basin have been studied, stratigraphically logged and geologically mapped in thirteen sections from west to east across the basin. The Mangapanian succession contains two subgroups. The Paparangi Subgroup contains sparsely fossiliferous siltstone and sandstone, and extends from the base of the Mangapani Shell Conglomerate to the base of the Wilkies Shellbed. Constituent formations include the Atene Formation, Mangaweka Mudstone, Pitangi Formation and Moukuku Formation. The Okiwa Subgroup is cyclothemic, fossiliferous, and includes all strata between the base of the Wilkies Shellbed and the Hautawa Shellbed. Constituent formations include the Whauteihi Formation, Whakaihuwaka Formation and Parikino Formation. Formational boundaries are mainly located at the base of shellbeds. Individual sandstone, siltstone and shellbed units within formations are assigned member status. 

New collections of fossil molluscs allow refinement and minor emendations to the NZ Geological Timescale for bioevents occurring at the Waipipian-Mangapanian (Wp-Wm) and Mangapanian-Nukumaruan (Wm-Wn) Stage boundaries. One significant discovery is that the FO of dextrally coiled Globorotalia crassaformis does not mark the Wp-Wm Stage boundary. Comparison between molluscan and formainiferal bioevents is possible in the Wanganui River section. Two rhyolitic tephra (Eagle Hill and Otere) have been numerically dated. These tephra have U-Pb SHRIMP ages of 2.85 ± 0.20 Ma and 2.71 ± 0.25 Ma, respectively. Single crystal U-Th/He dating of zircon from the Otere Tephra yields an age of 2.57 ± 0.04 Ma. These numerical ages constrain new and revised magnetostratigraphic data for several sections. The Gauss / Matuyama paleomagnetic transition and “X” event cryptochron both occur within the Mangapanian succession. Shellbeds in the succession have been correlated with δ¹⁸O Stages G10-88 (2.79 Ma - 2.28 Ma), providing a numerical age range for each cyclothem within the succession. 

The Mangapani Shell Conglomerate (2.79 Ma), Wilkies Shellbed (2.50 Ma) and Hautawa Shellbed (2.28 Ma) have been selected for detailed investigation, and each displays an inner-shelf to upper bathyal depositional profile. Molluscan water-depth estimates for each of these units indicate that they are transgressive deposits, and together with their overlying siltstone and sandstone units comprise a 41 k.y. sequence. Similarities in the character of these three sequences provide constraints upon which a model cyclothem is based. Comparison of other 41 k.y. sequences within the Mangapanian succession with the model cyclothem reveal subtle patterns in sequence architecture, from which predictions of paleoshelf position can be made for particular sections / logs. While most sequences exhibit a consistent westward shallowing trend, many sequences appear to exhibit expression of their shallowest parts in the central parts of the basin, with increases in water depth both eastward and westward of this point. The point of inferred closest proximity to a paleoshoreline for outcrop sections is named Point “S”. Tracing the locality of Point “S” for successive sequences reveals that it occurs in the central parts of the basin during the late Mangapanian. This pattern is correlated with the transfer of strain across the deep subduction interface of the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates. Paleogeographic maps depicting the shape of Wanganui Basin at both the beginning and end of the Mangapanian show the southward migration of the basin depocentre, and that a western basin margin probably separated the Wanganui Basin from the Tasman Sea.

year: 2002

title: Iwi cultural identity: The praxis of tūpuna narrative

authors: Williams, Amelia Amy Tuihana

subjects: Māori

abstract: This research is a narrative-based study of tūpuna narrative practices. As a privileged medium tūpuna narratives construct the conditions of iwi praxis which leads to mana-motuhake: the political independence and self-determination of Māori. This study explores how the Ngāti Koi applied ‘tūpuna narratives’ to challenge the hegemonic identity imposed on them that effectively alienated and silenced them erasing their memories of who they were and are. It is an auto-ethnography of an iwi, a whānau, a family it is a story about the writer. While this may seem a personal objective, the result indicates a cultural problematic in that the search for identity involves a critical kaupapa Māori investigation for an iwi to make sense of the act of colonisation, the colonial institutions that named them and the revitalization of their iwi identity in a Treaty of Waitangi context.  

This study has found that ‘tūpuna narratives’ represent identity conceptions that have implications for traditional normative practices. In narrative study there are no prescribed means for unearthing and creating meanings, research methods take the form of co-construction, the emphasis is on doing what is necessary to capture the lived experiences of iwi in terms of their particular-and-unique circumstances. Over time dominant theories have tended to align narrative practices with journalism, storytelling, myth and legend, tale and fable diminishing its conceptual role as the ‘epistemological other’ of the social sciences. 

The findings of this research illustrate the significant limitations of these theories. Narrative research is considered both a research method ‘in itself’ and also the phenomenon under study. In this study, narrative is applied as a conceptual metaphor to create interpreted descriptions, to understand and link causal historical and personal events to colonial institutional decision-making. Placed within the conceptual constellation of Kaupapa Māori narrative methodology becomes a powerful tool for change: creating the conditions of iwi praxis which is the making, the transformation and revitalisation of iwi cultural identity. 

As I write Hauraki enters a Treaty of Waitangi ‘settled world’ the settlement formulae premised on the falsified stories begat by nineteenth-century institutional decision-makers. These stories have created a legacy of unease as open inter iwi hostilities are unleashed. Treaty settlements should result in rangimarie-peace, justice and praxis for iwi both internal to, and external of its polity and cultural borders. Clearly, they do not and the need for tūpuna narratives, free of colonial-institutional storying, remains.

text: Iwi cultural identity: The praxis of tūpuna narrative This research is a narrative-based study of tūpuna narrative practices. As a privileged medium tūpuna narratives construct the conditions of iwi praxis which leads to mana-motuhake: the political independence and self-determination of Māori. This study explores how the Ngāti Koi applied ‘tūpuna narratives’ to challenge the hegemonic identity imposed on them that effectively alienated and silenced them erasing their memories of who they were and are. It is an auto-ethnography of an iwi, a whānau, a family it is a story about the writer. While this may seem a personal objective, the result indicates a cultural problematic in that the search for identity involves a critical kaupapa Māori investigation for an iwi to make sense of the act of colonisation, the colonial institutions that named them and the revitalization of their iwi identity in a Treaty of Waitangi context.  

This study has found that ‘tūpuna narratives’ represent identity conceptions that have implications for traditional normative practices. In narrative study there are no prescribed means for unearthing and creating meanings, research methods take the form of co-construction, the emphasis is on doing what is necessary to capture the lived experiences of iwi in terms of their particular-and-unique circumstances. Over time dominant theories have tended to align narrative practices with journalism, storytelling, myth and legend, tale and fable diminishing its conceptual role as the ‘epistemological other’ of the social sciences. 

The findings of this research illustrate the significant limitations of these theories. Narrative research is considered both a research method ‘in itself’ and also the phenomenon under study. In this study, narrative is applied as a conceptual metaphor to create interpreted descriptions, to understand and link causal historical and personal events to colonial institutional decision-making. Placed within the conceptual constellation of Kaupapa Māori narrative methodology becomes a powerful tool for change: creating the conditions of iwi praxis which is the making, the transformation and revitalisation of iwi cultural identity. 

As I write Hauraki enters a Treaty of Waitangi ‘settled world’ the settlement formulae premised on the falsified stories begat by nineteenth-century institutional decision-makers. These stories have created a legacy of unease as open inter iwi hostilities are unleashed. Treaty settlements should result in rangimarie-peace, justice and praxis for iwi both internal to, and external of its polity and cultural borders. Clearly, they do not and the need for tūpuna narratives, free of colonial-institutional storying, remains.

year: 2020