title: The morphodynamics of a sand and gravel barrier, Southern Hawke Bay, North Island, New Zealand

authors: White, John L.

abstract: Little is known about mixed sand and gravel beaches over an extended time period (seasons) or for specific wave energy events. This thesis addresses this problem by analysis of the gravel textures (sizes and forms) and the cross-shore transverse profiles for the southern Hawke Bay barrier, which possesses a well defined wave energy gradient and gravel supply and sink along some 16 km of coastline. 
Analysis of beach profile surveys show that the profile parameters (beach height, width, sediment volume and 'Profile Index') do not have normal distributions and can be highly skewed. The profile index parameter indicates the beachfaces are restricted to concave up and linear shapes. Consecutive cross shore profile surveys demonstrate the beachface has two response 'types' to high seas. Firstly, the beachface 'hinges' about MSL, shown by alternating maximum and minimum beach heights at the High and Low Water positions. So, when the High Water ridge is at a maximum height the Low Water platform is a minimum, and vice versa. The second response type occurs when an accretional High Water ridge welds onto an antecedent High Water ridge. At a seasonal time scale the updrift sites have an ongoing negative change of sediment volume (erosional). In addition, the profile index indicates a general evolution from concave up to a more linear profile shape (increasingly 'reflective'). These results suggest that as the profile shape evolves it does not affect the overall sediment loss (erosion). 
Over a season the winter gravel sizes are coarser, better sorted and coarse skewed compared to the summer season population. Generally, the sink gravels at the high-energy Marine Parade site are finer, more poorly sorted and more coarsely skewed than those at the low wave energy Clifton gravel supply. Indeed, at the sink the high water moderate wave energy (breaking wave height Hb > 1.0 m; breaking wave steepness Bs > 0.03) gravels depositional at the High Water ridge show increasing coarse skewness. Coarser clasts become more bladed in the littoral drift, but on average, the percentages of spheres do not increase in the direction of littoral drift. Towards the high-energy environment, the oblate prolate index becomes more negative (increasingly discoidal), whilst the maximum projection sphericity has a very small decrease. In general, the gravel textures show greater variation at each site and at the intersample intervals than at the seasonal sampling interval.
 During a moderate wave energy event the beachface slopes flatten at the supply sites (coarse grain) and steepen at the sink sites (fine grain) as the breaking wave steepness increases from 0.019 to 0.035, i.e. from "plunging" towards "spilling" waves. At the Te Awanga Hall site during both the moderate and high-energy wave events, the beachfaces flatten as the breaking wave steepness increases. Gravels transport and deposit as overwash at breaking wave steepness > 0.0451 and as overtop deposition at breaking wave steepness 0.0279. These overwash and overtop depositional gravels have coarser sizes, better sorting and more positive (fine) skewness to landward. The initial gravel forms transported landward are rodic, not discoidal. 
Analysis of the gravels in the regional 'geological column' (Pliocene to Pleistocene) adjacent to and distal from the Ruahine Ranges gravel source, demonstrate that as the gravels become younger the clast forms become increasingly discoid. Along the contemporary Tukituki River that links the source to the coastal supply, the disc form dominates. These findings suggest that discoidal clast forms on the beachface are not solely a result of abrasional swash process, but are predetermined perhaps by primary tectonic stress.

text: The morphodynamics of a sand and gravel barrier, Southern Hawke Bay, North Island, New Zealand Little is known about mixed sand and gravel beaches over an extended time period (seasons) or for specific wave energy events. This thesis addresses this problem by analysis of the gravel textures (sizes and forms) and the cross-shore transverse profiles for the southern Hawke Bay barrier, which possesses a well defined wave energy gradient and gravel supply and sink along some 16 km of coastline. 
Analysis of beach profile surveys show that the profile parameters (beach height, width, sediment volume and 'Profile Index') do not have normal distributions and can be highly skewed. The profile index parameter indicates the beachfaces are restricted to concave up and linear shapes. Consecutive cross shore profile surveys demonstrate the beachface has two response 'types' to high seas. Firstly, the beachface 'hinges' about MSL, shown by alternating maximum and minimum beach heights at the High and Low Water positions. So, when the High Water ridge is at a maximum height the Low Water platform is a minimum, and vice versa. The second response type occurs when an accretional High Water ridge welds onto an antecedent High Water ridge. At a seasonal time scale the updrift sites have an ongoing negative change of sediment volume (erosional). In addition, the profile index indicates a general evolution from concave up to a more linear profile shape (increasingly 'reflective'). These results suggest that as the profile shape evolves it does not affect the overall sediment loss (erosion). 
Over a season the winter gravel sizes are coarser, better sorted and coarse skewed compared to the summer season population. Generally, the sink gravels at the high-energy Marine Parade site are finer, more poorly sorted and more coarsely skewed than those at the low wave energy Clifton gravel supply. Indeed, at the sink the high water moderate wave energy (breaking wave height Hb > 1.0 m; breaking wave steepness Bs > 0.03) gravels depositional at the High Water ridge show increasing coarse skewness. Coarser clasts become more bladed in the littoral drift, but on average, the percentages of spheres do not increase in the direction of littoral drift. Towards the high-energy environment, the oblate prolate index becomes more negative (increasingly discoidal), whilst the maximum projection sphericity has a very small decrease. In general, the gravel textures show greater variation at each site and at the intersample intervals than at the seasonal sampling interval.
 During a moderate wave energy event the beachface slopes flatten at the supply sites (coarse grain) and steepen at the sink sites (fine grain) as the breaking wave steepness increases from 0.019 to 0.035, i.e. from "plunging" towards "spilling" waves. At the Te Awanga Hall site during both the moderate and high-energy wave events, the beachfaces flatten as the breaking wave steepness increases. Gravels transport and deposit as overwash at breaking wave steepness > 0.0451 and as overtop deposition at breaking wave steepness 0.0279. These overwash and overtop depositional gravels have coarser sizes, better sorting and more positive (fine) skewness to landward. The initial gravel forms transported landward are rodic, not discoidal. 
Analysis of the gravels in the regional 'geological column' (Pliocene to Pleistocene) adjacent to and distal from the Ruahine Ranges gravel source, demonstrate that as the gravels become younger the clast forms become increasingly discoid. Along the contemporary Tukituki River that links the source to the coastal supply, the disc form dominates. These findings suggest that discoidal clast forms on the beachface are not solely a result of abrasional swash process, but are predetermined perhaps by primary tectonic stress.

year: 2005

title: Limits to corporate social responsibility: The challenge of HIV/Aids to sustainable business in South Africa

authors: Samkin, Grant

subjects: accounting

abstract: The legacy of apartheid in South Africa is a divided society with extremes of wealth and poverty. The ANC government has resisted the temptation to overthrow all the institutions established under the apartheid regime and has opted for a slow transformation of society and gradual empowerment of the Black population. The government has attempted to foster private sector initiatives for economic growth, job creation and black empowerment. It has adopted a neoliberal economic policy aiming for growth rather than re-distribution. This paper examines the role and conduct of government and business in contributing to improving general social well-being in a post-apartheid social democracy. In particular establishing what individual firms were doing and the extent of their involvement and reporting of socially responsible activities related to HIV/AIDS in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Interviews were held with representatives from a wide range of influential groups such as the Institute of Directors of SA, Chambers of Commerce, SA Institute of Chartered Accountants and, Trade Unions. In addition, site visits were made to three companies. The evidence suggests that although a changing consciousness on the part of individual enterprises in South Africa is taking place, greater rather than lesser inequality is emerging, with an economic apartheid replacing a racial one. This may be a surprising result in the post-apartheid South African social democracy.

text: Limits to corporate social responsibility: The challenge of HIV/Aids to sustainable business in South Africa The legacy of apartheid in South Africa is a divided society with extremes of wealth and poverty. The ANC government has resisted the temptation to overthrow all the institutions established under the apartheid regime and has opted for a slow transformation of society and gradual empowerment of the Black population. The government has attempted to foster private sector initiatives for economic growth, job creation and black empowerment. It has adopted a neoliberal economic policy aiming for growth rather than re-distribution. This paper examines the role and conduct of government and business in contributing to improving general social well-being in a post-apartheid social democracy. In particular establishing what individual firms were doing and the extent of their involvement and reporting of socially responsible activities related to HIV/AIDS in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Interviews were held with representatives from a wide range of influential groups such as the Institute of Directors of SA, Chambers of Commerce, SA Institute of Chartered Accountants and, Trade Unions. In addition, site visits were made to three companies. The evidence suggests that although a changing consciousness on the part of individual enterprises in South Africa is taking place, greater rather than lesser inequality is emerging, with an economic apartheid replacing a racial one. This may be a surprising result in the post-apartheid South African social democracy.

year: 2005-11

title: Restructuring and hospital care: Sub-national trends, differentials, and their impacts; New Zealand from 1981

authors: Pool, Ian

abstract: An analysis of the "nation's health" is the central concern of this study. Its genesis was a detailed, technical, time-series research on regional and ethnic differentials in health in New Zealand. But as this work progressed it became increasingly evident that the results of this more narrow analysis could make a wider contribution to the development of a knowledge-base on health trends and on the impacts of policy on these. In a sense, the analysis provides a demographic audit of health trends over the last two decades.
The focus here is different from that in most other studies on restructuring of the New Zealand health system as their concern was either to review in detail the rewriting of policy per se, and attendant structural and institutional changes (Fougere 2001), or to identify how these changes relate to changes in mortality (Blakely et al. 2008). The research question reported here was, instead, to analyse the most crucial of health outcomes, „how long we live and how often we end up in hospital‟, identified in the earlier quotation, to report patterns and trends in hospital use nationally and sub-nationally over the period under review, and to determine the degrees to which various sub-populations benefited, or did not benefit, from these changes. The analysis focuses on the hospital sector in the system, but it will also show relations between this and other sectors, formal (e.g. primary health) and less formal (notably the healthcare afforded sickness and invalid beneficiaries). Thus two questions are addressed:
1. whether or not the nation‟s population health improved over the period and;
2. whether or not there was a convergence in patterns of health gain across its constituent sub-populations defined geographically and ethnically.
This monograph deals with sub-national differences in health in New Zealand over a period of substantial socio-economic restructuring and associated radical changes in health policy, health systems and their related information systems (see also, Text Appendix A). It complements the recently published analysis of national ethnic trends in mortality (Blakely et al. 2004), but differs in several critical respects. That study reviewed health status by emphasising aetiologies and causes of death. In contrast, the present analysis focuses on actuarial dimensions of both mortality and morbidity and on health as measured by functional capacity rather than the disease orientated „burden of disease‟. It goes beyond health status issues to look at the system itself, to assess whether health policy outcomes were generated more through efficiency-gain (economic or service delivery, such as those resulting in a convergence sub-nationally of supply and demand effects), or through health gains, or ideally, by both.
To do this, and as a by-product to analyse changes in health status and the system in an era of restructuring, innovative methodologies and composite time-series indices combining the two dimensions of a „nation‟s health‟, needing hospital care and longevity, have had to be custom-designed. To achieve this objective, the ensuing analysis is often technical, and may introduce concepts that are unfamiliar to some readers. In order to look at possible inequalities of outcome, comparisons were made between regions and ethnic groups, as well as age-groups and genders, and as a result, in places the analysis becomes rather complex.

text: Restructuring and hospital care: Sub-national trends, differentials, and their impacts; New Zealand from 1981 An analysis of the "nation's health" is the central concern of this study. Its genesis was a detailed, technical, time-series research on regional and ethnic differentials in health in New Zealand. But as this work progressed it became increasingly evident that the results of this more narrow analysis could make a wider contribution to the development of a knowledge-base on health trends and on the impacts of policy on these. In a sense, the analysis provides a demographic audit of health trends over the last two decades.
The focus here is different from that in most other studies on restructuring of the New Zealand health system as their concern was either to review in detail the rewriting of policy per se, and attendant structural and institutional changes (Fougere 2001), or to identify how these changes relate to changes in mortality (Blakely et al. 2008). The research question reported here was, instead, to analyse the most crucial of health outcomes, „how long we live and how often we end up in hospital‟, identified in the earlier quotation, to report patterns and trends in hospital use nationally and sub-nationally over the period under review, and to determine the degrees to which various sub-populations benefited, or did not benefit, from these changes. The analysis focuses on the hospital sector in the system, but it will also show relations between this and other sectors, formal (e.g. primary health) and less formal (notably the healthcare afforded sickness and invalid beneficiaries). Thus two questions are addressed:
1. whether or not the nation‟s population health improved over the period and;
2. whether or not there was a convergence in patterns of health gain across its constituent sub-populations defined geographically and ethnically.
This monograph deals with sub-national differences in health in New Zealand over a period of substantial socio-economic restructuring and associated radical changes in health policy, health systems and their related information systems (see also, Text Appendix A). It complements the recently published analysis of national ethnic trends in mortality (Blakely et al. 2004), but differs in several critical respects. That study reviewed health status by emphasising aetiologies and causes of death. In contrast, the present analysis focuses on actuarial dimensions of both mortality and morbidity and on health as measured by functional capacity rather than the disease orientated „burden of disease‟. It goes beyond health status issues to look at the system itself, to assess whether health policy outcomes were generated more through efficiency-gain (economic or service delivery, such as those resulting in a convergence sub-nationally of supply and demand effects), or through health gains, or ideally, by both.
To do this, and as a by-product to analyse changes in health status and the system in an era of restructuring, innovative methodologies and composite time-series indices combining the two dimensions of a „nation‟s health‟, needing hospital care and longevity, have had to be custom-designed. To achieve this objective, the ensuing analysis is often technical, and may introduce concepts that are unfamiliar to some readers. In order to look at possible inequalities of outcome, comparisons were made between regions and ethnic groups, as well as age-groups and genders, and as a result, in places the analysis becomes rather complex.

year: 2009