title: Supply chains and locational adjustment in the global automotive industry

authors: Kim, Ho Yeon

subjects: automotive industry

abstract: This paper helps to set the scene for this special issue on automotive restructuring and policy responses. It starts by providing a brief introduction to the different inventory and supply-chain management approaches dominant within the industry at different stages of its evolution, before moving on to outline the spatial implications of these different approaches. The paper then presents a transactions–costs conceptual framework for analysing key features of the auto manufacturing and supply-chain system, using a taxonomy approach. The paper concludes by highlighting the spatial and policy implications for the auto industry which arise from such a transactions–costs analysis. Interestingly, the logic of both a transactions–costs approach and a consideration of knowledge spillovers both point towards the increasing spatial concentration of higher value-added activities. This may have a number of policy implications in terms of the industrial, technology and regional policies required to support and sustain such higher value-added activities. This is also consistent with the view that globalization leads to greater spatial dispersion, as the latter tends to be dominated by lower value-adding activities, with the core locations progressively moving towards higher value-adding activities. Overall, the opposing positive and negative impacts on regional ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ will be more greatly amplified than would previously have been the case. As such, regions benefiting from the immigration of integrated supply-chain networks will tend to maintain their advantageous position in the industry over time. On the downside, regions which lose such supply-chain systems, as seen over the last two decades in many regions in the US, UK and Australia, face a challenging situation, with very limited prospects for redeveloping such systems via policy initiatives.

text: Supply chains and locational adjustment in the global automotive industry This paper helps to set the scene for this special issue on automotive restructuring and policy responses. It starts by providing a brief introduction to the different inventory and supply-chain management approaches dominant within the industry at different stages of its evolution, before moving on to outline the spatial implications of these different approaches. The paper then presents a transactions–costs conceptual framework for analysing key features of the auto manufacturing and supply-chain system, using a taxonomy approach. The paper concludes by highlighting the spatial and policy implications for the auto industry which arise from such a transactions–costs analysis. Interestingly, the logic of both a transactions–costs approach and a consideration of knowledge spillovers both point towards the increasing spatial concentration of higher value-added activities. This may have a number of policy implications in terms of the industrial, technology and regional policies required to support and sustain such higher value-added activities. This is also consistent with the view that globalization leads to greater spatial dispersion, as the latter tends to be dominated by lower value-adding activities, with the core locations progressively moving towards higher value-adding activities. Overall, the opposing positive and negative impacts on regional ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ will be more greatly amplified than would previously have been the case. As such, regions benefiting from the immigration of integrated supply-chain networks will tend to maintain their advantageous position in the industry over time. On the downside, regions which lose such supply-chain systems, as seen over the last two decades in many regions in the US, UK and Australia, face a challenging situation, with very limited prospects for redeveloping such systems via policy initiatives.

year: 2008

title: Life history analysis of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from lakes Mapourika and Paringa, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand, by otolith microchemistry

authors: Hicks, Brendan J.

abstract: Otolith microchemistry is an established technique for determining fish migrations between the sea and freshwater. The aim of our study was to determine life history patterns of chinook salmon collected from rivers and lake tributaries along the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand using otolith microchemistry. Specifically, we compared relative concentrations of barium and strontium in salmon otoliths as a proxy of fresh and seawater migration and related this to individual fish ages. Using this approach, fish migrations between the sea and freshwater are often determined by changing patterns in strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) concentrations across the otolith growth axis. Time spent in the sea is characterised by high relative strontium and low barium concentrations, whereas freshwater phases have relatively higher barium and low strontium concentrations. When fish move from the sea to freshwater or vice versa a pronounced change in relative concentrations is usually seen.
Ten chinook salmon were collected as carcasses or by fishing from the Hokitika and Taramakau rivers, Lake Mapourika and its tributary, MacDonalds Creek, and Lake Paringa and its tributary, Windbag Stream. A previous preliminary report investigated otoliths from 11 salmon captured in tributaries of lakes Mapourika and Paringa during 2008. This study showed lower ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.707-0.709) that were interpreted as freshwater residence and higher ratios (0.710-0.712) that suggested sea residence. This approach uses strontium isotopic ratios instead of Sr and Ba elemental concentrations to determine freshwater and marine occupancy. Ratios of ⁸⁸Sr/V (vanadium) were also examined, and showed a reciprocal relationship to ratios of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. All 11 otoliths examined from 2008 showed freshwater rearing followed by a period of marine residence of varying length.
Chinook salmon in our study showed a wide variety of life histories, and microchemical analysis of the otoliths partly confirmed the presumed life history of each salmon. The freshwater phase was evident from strontium concentrations, expressed as ⁸⁶Sr/⁴³Ca x 1000, of between 100 and 400 and variable barium concentrations of between 2 to 8 expressed as ¹³⁷Ba/⁴³Ca x 1000. The marine phase was characterised by high strontium concentrations of 500 to 900, with low barium concentrations, generally less than 2. Five individuals from the Hokitika and Taramakau rivers, MacDonalds Creek (L. Mapourika), and Windbag Stream (L. Paringa) exhibited normal chinook salmon life histories with early rearing in freshwater followed by an extensive period of growth to adulthood in the sea. Most salmon from MacDonalds Creek showed extensive freshwater residence, and two of these were lakelocked, with exclusively freshwater residence. A further two fish collected in May 2012 from MacDonalds Creek had lived most of their life in freshwater but showed evidence of a brief period in the sea late in life at ages 2 and 3 year respectively. Curiously, one fish from MacDonalds Creek had apparently entered a marine environment, possibly an estuary, just before its recovery as a carcass.

text: Life history analysis of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from lakes Mapourika and Paringa, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand, by otolith microchemistry Otolith microchemistry is an established technique for determining fish migrations between the sea and freshwater. The aim of our study was to determine life history patterns of chinook salmon collected from rivers and lake tributaries along the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand using otolith microchemistry. Specifically, we compared relative concentrations of barium and strontium in salmon otoliths as a proxy of fresh and seawater migration and related this to individual fish ages. Using this approach, fish migrations between the sea and freshwater are often determined by changing patterns in strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) concentrations across the otolith growth axis. Time spent in the sea is characterised by high relative strontium and low barium concentrations, whereas freshwater phases have relatively higher barium and low strontium concentrations. When fish move from the sea to freshwater or vice versa a pronounced change in relative concentrations is usually seen.
Ten chinook salmon were collected as carcasses or by fishing from the Hokitika and Taramakau rivers, Lake Mapourika and its tributary, MacDonalds Creek, and Lake Paringa and its tributary, Windbag Stream. A previous preliminary report investigated otoliths from 11 salmon captured in tributaries of lakes Mapourika and Paringa during 2008. This study showed lower ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.707-0.709) that were interpreted as freshwater residence and higher ratios (0.710-0.712) that suggested sea residence. This approach uses strontium isotopic ratios instead of Sr and Ba elemental concentrations to determine freshwater and marine occupancy. Ratios of ⁸⁸Sr/V (vanadium) were also examined, and showed a reciprocal relationship to ratios of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. All 11 otoliths examined from 2008 showed freshwater rearing followed by a period of marine residence of varying length.
Chinook salmon in our study showed a wide variety of life histories, and microchemical analysis of the otoliths partly confirmed the presumed life history of each salmon. The freshwater phase was evident from strontium concentrations, expressed as ⁸⁶Sr/⁴³Ca x 1000, of between 100 and 400 and variable barium concentrations of between 2 to 8 expressed as ¹³⁷Ba/⁴³Ca x 1000. The marine phase was characterised by high strontium concentrations of 500 to 900, with low barium concentrations, generally less than 2. Five individuals from the Hokitika and Taramakau rivers, MacDonalds Creek (L. Mapourika), and Windbag Stream (L. Paringa) exhibited normal chinook salmon life histories with early rearing in freshwater followed by an extensive period of growth to adulthood in the sea. Most salmon from MacDonalds Creek showed extensive freshwater residence, and two of these were lakelocked, with exclusively freshwater residence. A further two fish collected in May 2012 from MacDonalds Creek had lived most of their life in freshwater but showed evidence of a brief period in the sea late in life at ages 2 and 3 year respectively. Curiously, one fish from MacDonalds Creek had apparently entered a marine environment, possibly an estuary, just before its recovery as a carcass.

year: 2013

title: I Muri i Te Ārai:  Ko Ngā Mōrehu Ka Toe: Healing processes in Tangihanga for Wāhine Māori

authors: Paterson, Keriata Jane

subjects: Tangihanga

abstract: This study involved a qualitative examination of the healing elements of tangihanga as described by eight female Māori respondents whose loss was not spousal but was dearly loved. Few substantive contemporary works on the subject of tangihanga experiences and processes existed (Nikora & Te Awekōtuku, 2013).

To contextualise, western society’s cultural death practices were explored from an interdisciplinary perspective. Literature on death and bereavement, the western contemporary funeral industry, the medicalisation of death, western gender roles in death and bereavement, hygiene and contamination issues, ethnicity and cross cultural studies were discussed. These provided an international background against which this study made explicit the cultural differences of death practice and grief in tangihanga for Māori.
Cultural issues for Māori were then discussed in terms of grief, literature on tangihanga, research about Māori women, women and death, issues for Māori women researching Māori women, and where colonization placed Māori women in society. I then described the traditional procedural processes which were sequentially carried out upon the death of a person. I noted the existence of modern variations in death practice, particularly among urban-based Māori. The diverse situations in which we as modern Māori have found ourselves were discussed with some historical context, however it was noted that despite change and diversity, we continued to share many experiences. The perpetuation of tangihanga has been important to the resilience and survival of Māori culture.

The methodology was described, including interview development and recruitment of respondents. The interview experiences, analysis of information provided, and the development of theory and identifying themes were described. The rationale for exploring the backgrounds of the respondents in terms of whānau upbringing, cultural values, and cultural identification over time were discussed. Specific tangihanga were explored in depth as case studies, with analysis and discussion throughout each korero. Key themes in the respondents’ accounts were identified, of the grief and healing processes, examining culturally defined gender contributors to recovery. Social structures and support, ritual, spiritual beliefs and grief practices were described. Aspects of modern life or even tradition which hindered the healing process were identified, as was the impact of grief on the life respondents lead subsequently.

The findings of the research were next discussed. The narratives supported existing literature that the tangihanga was an effective forum for sharing and expression of grief, honouring and farewelling the deceased, and ensuring that members of whānau pani were supported, protected and nurtured by others. Attending tangihanga from childhood allowed respondents to enjoy a sense of belonging and comfort. Two respondents whose childhoods had featured acculturation, felt confusion about their roles and expectations but overcame these feelings when they later learned more about their culture. By adulthood each of the respondents was in a position to control and influence choices made for the tangihanga, thus enabling them to grieve fully.

In the final discussion my theoretical model was presented, limitations of the research discussed, and future research recommendations made.

text: I Muri i Te Ārai:  Ko Ngā Mōrehu Ka Toe: Healing processes in Tangihanga for Wāhine Māori This study involved a qualitative examination of the healing elements of tangihanga as described by eight female Māori respondents whose loss was not spousal but was dearly loved. Few substantive contemporary works on the subject of tangihanga experiences and processes existed (Nikora & Te Awekōtuku, 2013).

To contextualise, western society’s cultural death practices were explored from an interdisciplinary perspective. Literature on death and bereavement, the western contemporary funeral industry, the medicalisation of death, western gender roles in death and bereavement, hygiene and contamination issues, ethnicity and cross cultural studies were discussed. These provided an international background against which this study made explicit the cultural differences of death practice and grief in tangihanga for Māori.
Cultural issues for Māori were then discussed in terms of grief, literature on tangihanga, research about Māori women, women and death, issues for Māori women researching Māori women, and where colonization placed Māori women in society. I then described the traditional procedural processes which were sequentially carried out upon the death of a person. I noted the existence of modern variations in death practice, particularly among urban-based Māori. The diverse situations in which we as modern Māori have found ourselves were discussed with some historical context, however it was noted that despite change and diversity, we continued to share many experiences. The perpetuation of tangihanga has been important to the resilience and survival of Māori culture.

The methodology was described, including interview development and recruitment of respondents. The interview experiences, analysis of information provided, and the development of theory and identifying themes were described. The rationale for exploring the backgrounds of the respondents in terms of whānau upbringing, cultural values, and cultural identification over time were discussed. Specific tangihanga were explored in depth as case studies, with analysis and discussion throughout each korero. Key themes in the respondents’ accounts were identified, of the grief and healing processes, examining culturally defined gender contributors to recovery. Social structures and support, ritual, spiritual beliefs and grief practices were described. Aspects of modern life or even tradition which hindered the healing process were identified, as was the impact of grief on the life respondents lead subsequently.

The findings of the research were next discussed. The narratives supported existing literature that the tangihanga was an effective forum for sharing and expression of grief, honouring and farewelling the deceased, and ensuring that members of whānau pani were supported, protected and nurtured by others. Attending tangihanga from childhood allowed respondents to enjoy a sense of belonging and comfort. Two respondents whose childhoods had featured acculturation, felt confusion about their roles and expectations but overcame these feelings when they later learned more about their culture. By adulthood each of the respondents was in a position to control and influence choices made for the tangihanga, thus enabling them to grieve fully.

In the final discussion my theoretical model was presented, limitations of the research discussed, and future research recommendations made.

year: 2015