title: An Examination of the Noken and Indigenous Cultural Identity: Voices of Papuan Women

authors: Kanem, Veronika

subjects: cultural identity

abstract: Noken is an essential tool/bag/clothing in the lives of Indigenous people of West Papua, which is made from knitting thin strips of wood primarily from the Gnetum Gnemon tree. Raw materials required to make noken have become scarce due to massive deforestation. An analysis of the noken lends itself to a useful understanding of the link between economic development initiatives in the Merauke Regency of West Papua and shifting cultural identity among Indigenous Papuans. Drawing on the Women, Culture and Development (WCD) approach, this qualitative study examines interviews from Papuan women in order to understand how the noken resonates with Indigenous Papuans, and how perceptions of noken and their accessibility have changed. The findings reveal that a combination of factors contribute to dwindling noken supplies, which adversely impact Papuans’ ability to produce and reproduce their culture. This paper argues that Papuan women possess an unwritten specialized knowledge that is of increased value in a shifting social context and hold new meaning in response to competing influences of non-Papuans.

text: An Examination of the Noken and Indigenous Cultural Identity: Voices of Papuan Women Noken is an essential tool/bag/clothing in the lives of Indigenous people of West Papua, which is made from knitting thin strips of wood primarily from the Gnetum Gnemon tree. Raw materials required to make noken have become scarce due to massive deforestation. An analysis of the noken lends itself to a useful understanding of the link between economic development initiatives in the Merauke Regency of West Papua and shifting cultural identity among Indigenous Papuans. Drawing on the Women, Culture and Development (WCD) approach, this qualitative study examines interviews from Papuan women in order to understand how the noken resonates with Indigenous Papuans, and how perceptions of noken and their accessibility have changed. The findings reveal that a combination of factors contribute to dwindling noken supplies, which adversely impact Papuans’ ability to produce and reproduce their culture. This paper argues that Papuan women possess an unwritten specialized knowledge that is of increased value in a shifting social context and hold new meaning in response to competing influences of non-Papuans.

year: 2018

title: Structural behaviour of cold-formed stainless steel channel lipped sections with edge-stiffened holes, un-stiffened holes, and plain webs  subjected to axial compression

authors: Sengundham Dinesh, Gagan

abstract: In recent years, stainless steel has seen increased use in construction due to its exceptional corrosion resistance and mechanical strength, especially in structural elements like channel sections, hollow pipes, and angles. Cold-formed stainless steel (CFSS) channel sections with edge-stiffened web holes have emerged as a significant development in the construction industry, with a focus on streamlining the installation of plumbing and electrical services. Previous research indicated that these edge stiffened web holes offer comparable axial capacity to plain webs in cold-formed steel (CFS) channel columns. In building industry, stiffening of the web hole is very common, which results in increase of the load carrying capacity of the stainless-steel column. However, no comprehensive study has been reported in the literature for such stainless-steel column subjected to compression. This paper investigates the axial capacity of the stainless-steel column with unstiffened and edge-stiffened web holes.
A non-linear finite element (FE) model is developed and validated against the experimental results available in the literature. An extensive parametric study is conducted based on 2016 validated FE models. EN 1.4509 (Ferritic), EN 1.4462 (Duplex) and EN 1.4301 (Austenitic) grades of stainless steel are considered for the current study. Subsequently, parametric study results are compared with guidelines available for stainless steel in the standards, namely AS/NZS 4600: 2018, ASCE: 08, AISI. Finally, a modified EWM and DSM equations are proposed for the CFSS section with edge-stiffened web holes. Finally, a reliability analysis was conducted to ensure that the proposed equation could be reliable.

text: Structural behaviour of cold-formed stainless steel channel lipped sections with edge-stiffened holes, un-stiffened holes, and plain webs  subjected to axial compression In recent years, stainless steel has seen increased use in construction due to its exceptional corrosion resistance and mechanical strength, especially in structural elements like channel sections, hollow pipes, and angles. Cold-formed stainless steel (CFSS) channel sections with edge-stiffened web holes have emerged as a significant development in the construction industry, with a focus on streamlining the installation of plumbing and electrical services. Previous research indicated that these edge stiffened web holes offer comparable axial capacity to plain webs in cold-formed steel (CFS) channel columns. In building industry, stiffening of the web hole is very common, which results in increase of the load carrying capacity of the stainless-steel column. However, no comprehensive study has been reported in the literature for such stainless-steel column subjected to compression. This paper investigates the axial capacity of the stainless-steel column with unstiffened and edge-stiffened web holes.
A non-linear finite element (FE) model is developed and validated against the experimental results available in the literature. An extensive parametric study is conducted based on 2016 validated FE models. EN 1.4509 (Ferritic), EN 1.4462 (Duplex) and EN 1.4301 (Austenitic) grades of stainless steel are considered for the current study. Subsequently, parametric study results are compared with guidelines available for stainless steel in the standards, namely AS/NZS 4600: 2018, ASCE: 08, AISI. Finally, a modified EWM and DSM equations are proposed for the CFSS section with edge-stiffened web holes. Finally, a reliability analysis was conducted to ensure that the proposed equation could be reliable.

year: 2024-05-10

title: Maori and Pakeha at Te Aroha: the context: 1: Pakeha perceptions of Maori

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Interaction between Maori and Pakeha was unavoidable in the nineteenth century. Although Maori were commonly considered to be superior to other uncivilized races, in general the stereotyping of Maori was more negative than positive, for it was assumed that they needed to be raised to the level of Pakeha. Maori were seen as being capable of high achievements, but only if they abandoned their feckless and lazy ways along with their customs and superstitions; instead, they should adopt the best of Western civilization rather than the worst, as was believed to be all too common. Being somewhat child-like, they needing Pakeha guidance to attain their potential. An underlying fear remained that they were potentially dangerous, with their old savage ways lurking under the veneer of adopting European clothes and some European customs. 
Sometimes they were viewed as having too much influence on government policy, partly through the legacy of the Treaty of Waitangi and partly through the machinations of Pakeha Maori. Increasingly, as the often-admired ‘old time’ rangatira, died, the newer generation of lower class Maori were patronized or mocked for their poor English and assumed stupidity. Yet always there were some Pakeha who had good relations with Maori, meaning that intermarriage was neither unusual nor (openly at least) condemned.

text: Maori and Pakeha at Te Aroha: the context: 1: Pakeha perceptions of Maori Interaction between Maori and Pakeha was unavoidable in the nineteenth century. Although Maori were commonly considered to be superior to other uncivilized races, in general the stereotyping of Maori was more negative than positive, for it was assumed that they needed to be raised to the level of Pakeha. Maori were seen as being capable of high achievements, but only if they abandoned their feckless and lazy ways along with their customs and superstitions; instead, they should adopt the best of Western civilization rather than the worst, as was believed to be all too common. Being somewhat child-like, they needing Pakeha guidance to attain their potential. An underlying fear remained that they were potentially dangerous, with their old savage ways lurking under the veneer of adopting European clothes and some European customs. 
Sometimes they were viewed as having too much influence on government policy, partly through the legacy of the Treaty of Waitangi and partly through the machinations of Pakeha Maori. Increasingly, as the often-admired ‘old time’ rangatira, died, the newer generation of lower class Maori were patronized or mocked for their poor English and assumed stupidity. Yet always there were some Pakeha who had good relations with Maori, meaning that intermarriage was neither unusual nor (openly at least) condemned.

year: 2016