title: The Effects of Altering Maintenance Diet on Food Preferences of Hens

authors: Schroeder, Laura Claire

subjects: hens

abstract: The preferences of six hens for wheat, puffed wheat and pellets were investigated using Variable Interval 60-s Variable Interval 60-s dependent concurrent schedules of reinforcement with a 2-s change-over delay and 2.5-s access to wheat on the left key or either puffed wheat or pellets on the right key. In different conditions, the hens were fed at least 15-g of each of these foods when used as their maintenance diet. The number of responses, time spent responding, and amount of food consumed were examined. Body weights were maintained at 80% ± 5% of the hens’ free-feeding body weights. The results showed that when wheat was paired with pellets, there were few changes in the hens’ preferences when the maintenance diet was altered, but when wheat was paired with puffed wheat, there were large changes in the hens’ preferences when the maintenance diet was altered, especially when wheat was used as the maintenance diet. Preferences in this study may have been affected by the quantity of maintenance diet food provided after experimental sessions, hens being outside their target weight range and unable to complete all experimental conditions, differing levels of deprivation and satiation, and the order of experimental conditions.

text: The Effects of Altering Maintenance Diet on Food Preferences of Hens The preferences of six hens for wheat, puffed wheat and pellets were investigated using Variable Interval 60-s Variable Interval 60-s dependent concurrent schedules of reinforcement with a 2-s change-over delay and 2.5-s access to wheat on the left key or either puffed wheat or pellets on the right key. In different conditions, the hens were fed at least 15-g of each of these foods when used as their maintenance diet. The number of responses, time spent responding, and amount of food consumed were examined. Body weights were maintained at 80% ± 5% of the hens’ free-feeding body weights. The results showed that when wheat was paired with pellets, there were few changes in the hens’ preferences when the maintenance diet was altered, but when wheat was paired with puffed wheat, there were large changes in the hens’ preferences when the maintenance diet was altered, especially when wheat was used as the maintenance diet. Preferences in this study may have been affected by the quantity of maintenance diet food provided after experimental sessions, hens being outside their target weight range and unable to complete all experimental conditions, differing levels of deprivation and satiation, and the order of experimental conditions.

year: 2013

title: Framing audience prefigurations of The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: The roles of fandom, politics and idealised intertexts

authors: Davis, Charles H.

subjects: prefiguration

abstract: Audiences for blockbuster event-film sequels and adaptations often formulate highly developed expectations, motivations, understandings and opinions well before the films are released. A range of intertextual and paratextual influences inform these audience prefigurations, and are believed to frame subsequent audience engagement and response. In our study of prefigurative engagements with Peter Jackson’s 2012 film, The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, we used Q methodology to identify five distinct subjective orientations within the film’s global audience. As this paper illustrates, each group privileges a different set of extratextual referents – notably J.R.R. Tolkien’s original novels, Peter Jackson’s The Lord of The Rings film trilogy, highly localised political debates relating to the film’s production, and the previous associations of the film’s various stars. These interpretive frames, we suggest, competed for ascendancy within public and private discourse in the lead up to The Hobbit’s international debut, effectively fragmenting and indeed polarising the film’s prospective global audience.

text: Framing audience prefigurations of The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: The roles of fandom, politics and idealised intertexts Audiences for blockbuster event-film sequels and adaptations often formulate highly developed expectations, motivations, understandings and opinions well before the films are released. A range of intertextual and paratextual influences inform these audience prefigurations, and are believed to frame subsequent audience engagement and response. In our study of prefigurative engagements with Peter Jackson’s 2012 film, The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, we used Q methodology to identify five distinct subjective orientations within the film’s global audience. As this paper illustrates, each group privileges a different set of extratextual referents – notably J.R.R. Tolkien’s original novels, Peter Jackson’s The Lord of The Rings film trilogy, highly localised political debates relating to the film’s production, and the previous associations of the film’s various stars. These interpretive frames, we suggest, competed for ascendancy within public and private discourse in the lead up to The Hobbit’s international debut, effectively fragmenting and indeed polarising the film’s prospective global audience.

year: 2014

title: Māori and bicultural positions: Professional development programme for Resource Teachers Learning and Behaviour

authors: Glynn, Ted

subjects: Maori

abstract: The Ministry of Education has introduced a new and far-reaching policy initiative,
Special Education 2000. One component of this policy is the provision of
professional development for approximately 700 Resource Teachers [Learning and
Behaviour (RTLB)]. These resource teachers will help schools to meet the needs
of students experiencing mild to moderate learning and behavioural difficulties.
An important aim of the professional development programme is to prepare RTLB
to improve the quality of support to teachers of Māori students in conventional and
Māori medium classes. The programme consists of four courses, one introducing
key concepts, one focussed on class-wide interventions, one focussed on school
and community, and the fourth being a professional practice folio. This paper
describes the Māori and bicultural content of the first two courses within the RTLB
programme. It assesses the extent to which the programme addresses critical
questions (Bishop, 1994; Bishop, 1996) relating to the ownership and control of
Māori content included in the first two courses.

text: Māori and bicultural positions: Professional development programme for Resource Teachers Learning and Behaviour The Ministry of Education has introduced a new and far-reaching policy initiative,
Special Education 2000. One component of this policy is the provision of
professional development for approximately 700 Resource Teachers [Learning and
Behaviour (RTLB)]. These resource teachers will help schools to meet the needs
of students experiencing mild to moderate learning and behavioural difficulties.
An important aim of the professional development programme is to prepare RTLB
to improve the quality of support to teachers of Māori students in conventional and
Māori medium classes. The programme consists of four courses, one introducing
key concepts, one focussed on class-wide interventions, one focussed on school
and community, and the fourth being a professional practice folio. This paper
describes the Māori and bicultural content of the first two courses within the RTLB
programme. It assesses the extent to which the programme addresses critical
questions (Bishop, 1994; Bishop, 1996) relating to the ownership and control of
Māori content included in the first two courses.

year: 2003