title: A Test of Weber's Law with Dogs

authors: Cliff, Jessica Helen

subjects: Weber's Law

abstract: This study investigated Weber’s Law through a temporal bisection procedure using domestic dogs as subjects, a previously untested species in temporal bisections. Six dogs were trained to response to the blue lever when the short signal duration was presented, and response to the red lever when the long signal duration was presented. The four conditions were 0.5 – 2.0 s, 1.0 – 4.0 s, 2.0 – 8.0 s and 4.0 – 16.0 s. The intermediate durations presented were logarithmic intervals of the two original signal durations. On each trial there were 7 possible durations for the green light, the two trained durations and the 5 intermediate logarithmic durations between them. Reinforcement was provided for correct responses to trained durations through out training and testing, no reinforcement was given for intermediate durations.
  	This study demonstrated the PSE was close to the geometric mean and a failure of Weber’s Law. Weber fractions were not constant and instead produced a U-shaped function. Starting large for the shortest condition, (0.5 – 2.0 s), getting smaller for the middle two conditions (1.0 – 4.0 s & 2.0 – 8.0 s) and increased again for the longest condition (4.0 – 16.0 s). Results demonstrated that subjects found discriminating between durations within the 0.5 – 2.0 s condition the hardest. These results replicate the findings of Church and Deluty (1977) where the PSE was also close to the geometric mean, as well as Bizo et al. (2006) and Zeiler (1991) who were both able to demonstrate a failure of Weber’s Law.

text: A Test of Weber's Law with Dogs This study investigated Weber’s Law through a temporal bisection procedure using domestic dogs as subjects, a previously untested species in temporal bisections. Six dogs were trained to response to the blue lever when the short signal duration was presented, and response to the red lever when the long signal duration was presented. The four conditions were 0.5 – 2.0 s, 1.0 – 4.0 s, 2.0 – 8.0 s and 4.0 – 16.0 s. The intermediate durations presented were logarithmic intervals of the two original signal durations. On each trial there were 7 possible durations for the green light, the two trained durations and the 5 intermediate logarithmic durations between them. Reinforcement was provided for correct responses to trained durations through out training and testing, no reinforcement was given for intermediate durations.
  	This study demonstrated the PSE was close to the geometric mean and a failure of Weber’s Law. Weber fractions were not constant and instead produced a U-shaped function. Starting large for the shortest condition, (0.5 – 2.0 s), getting smaller for the middle two conditions (1.0 – 4.0 s & 2.0 – 8.0 s) and increased again for the longest condition (4.0 – 16.0 s). Results demonstrated that subjects found discriminating between durations within the 0.5 – 2.0 s condition the hardest. These results replicate the findings of Church and Deluty (1977) where the PSE was also close to the geometric mean, as well as Bizo et al. (2006) and Zeiler (1991) who were both able to demonstrate a failure of Weber’s Law.

year: 2013

title: Energy efficiency: A comparative analysis of the New Zealand legal framework

authors: Eusterfeldhaus, Marcel

abstract: Energy-efficiency laws and policies have great ability to improve economic wellbeing and human health, while reducing the adverse effects of energy use on climate and the environment generally. New Zealand, like many countries, has a legal framework for energyefficiency measures, including a specialist agency, a process for strategic planning and the making of regulations. This framework has certain strengths, but shows deficiencies in its use of strategies. Its use of regulation for labelling and minimum energy performance standards is similar to that of a number of other countries. In this article, New Zealand law on energyefficiency is compared with that of California and Germany. Insights from social sciences and behavioural economics have considerable promise in the design of energy-efficiency measures. However, a clear legal framework is necessary to put energy efficiency at the heart of energy policy, and to pursue it with conventional legal regulatory measures.

text: Energy efficiency: A comparative analysis of the New Zealand legal framework Energy-efficiency laws and policies have great ability to improve economic wellbeing and human health, while reducing the adverse effects of energy use on climate and the environment generally. New Zealand, like many countries, has a legal framework for energyefficiency measures, including a specialist agency, a process for strategic planning and the making of regulations. This framework has certain strengths, but shows deficiencies in its use of strategies. Its use of regulation for labelling and minimum energy performance standards is similar to that of a number of other countries. In this article, New Zealand law on energyefficiency is compared with that of California and Germany. Insights from social sciences and behavioural economics have considerable promise in the design of energy-efficiency measures. However, a clear legal framework is necessary to put energy efficiency at the heart of energy policy, and to pursue it with conventional legal regulatory measures.

year: 2011

title: E kore e ngaro, he takere waka nui: Te mātauranga whakatere waka me ōna take nunui

authors: Tuaupiki, Jackie Whetumarama

abstract: E kapi ana te hautoru o te ao i te Moana nui a Kiwa. I ngā tau manomano ka huri, ka puea ake i Āhia ki te tonga mā rāwhiti, he iwi māia, he iwi mātau ki te hanga me te whakatere i ō rātou waka. Ka tupu ngātahi hoki i a rātou tētehi mātauranga whakatere i tarawhitia e rātou ngā tōpito katoa o te Moana nui a Kiwa. Koinei ngā tāngata tuatahi, nāna i kau ngā ara terenga waka onamata. Nō ngā tau maha i muri iho, ka whanake tēnei mātauranga me tō rātou hangarau waka, ā, ka tīmata ngā terenga whakawhiti roa e tau haeretia ana ngā moutere o Poronīhia, tatū mai ki Aotearoa. Engari ia, i roto i te wā, i tino waikauere ngā mahi whakatere waka, ā, i ētehi moutere o Poronīhia, i wairuhi kau, he mahara noa i mau i te kōrero tuku iho. Ko tātou tērā, te iwi Māori.

Otirā, i roto i ngā tau e whā tekau ka pahemo atu rā, kua whakawhāiti mai tētehi ohu ki te whakahaumanu i ngā mahi whakatere waka me tōna mātauranga. He waka hourua kua hangaia i Poronīhia, i te ātārangi tawhito hei amo i ngā whakamanawatanga o ngā iwi me ngā kaupapa whakarauora i ēnei mahi tūpuna. Ka tika te oha ki te hunga hāpai kura i takere nui ai, i haumi tūporo ai ki te whakahaumanu i te mātauranga whakatere waka. Nō reira, o ngā mahi rangatira kua tutuki i te rāngai waka i Aotearoa i ngā tau tata nei, ko tā tēnei rangahau, he kohura i ētehi o ngā take nunui me ngā kaupapa whakahirahira e puta mai ana i mua i te aroaro o te mātauranga whakatere waka me ōna kaumoana i ēnei rangi, ki tā te Māori titiro. Waihoki, ko te pānga o aua take nunui ki te ahurea Māori. Koinei te matū o tēnei tuhinga kairangi. He pūtoi whakaaro, he whakaemieminga kōrero ki te whakatakoto i ngā huatau o ngā puhi kai moana Māori e tākawe ana i tēnei wānanga.

Mātua rā, e kore e tukua kia riro anō ngā mahi whakatere waka i te nenewhatanga o te rā, tau ki te rua. Kua whakatupuria e te wā he kura kaumoana Māori, māna ngā take matua o tēnei tuhinga roa e whakatutuki ki tua i te pae kai ao.

“E kore e ngaro, he takere waka nui”

text: E kore e ngaro, he takere waka nui: Te mātauranga whakatere waka me ōna take nunui E kapi ana te hautoru o te ao i te Moana nui a Kiwa. I ngā tau manomano ka huri, ka puea ake i Āhia ki te tonga mā rāwhiti, he iwi māia, he iwi mātau ki te hanga me te whakatere i ō rātou waka. Ka tupu ngātahi hoki i a rātou tētehi mātauranga whakatere i tarawhitia e rātou ngā tōpito katoa o te Moana nui a Kiwa. Koinei ngā tāngata tuatahi, nāna i kau ngā ara terenga waka onamata. Nō ngā tau maha i muri iho, ka whanake tēnei mātauranga me tō rātou hangarau waka, ā, ka tīmata ngā terenga whakawhiti roa e tau haeretia ana ngā moutere o Poronīhia, tatū mai ki Aotearoa. Engari ia, i roto i te wā, i tino waikauere ngā mahi whakatere waka, ā, i ētehi moutere o Poronīhia, i wairuhi kau, he mahara noa i mau i te kōrero tuku iho. Ko tātou tērā, te iwi Māori.

Otirā, i roto i ngā tau e whā tekau ka pahemo atu rā, kua whakawhāiti mai tētehi ohu ki te whakahaumanu i ngā mahi whakatere waka me tōna mātauranga. He waka hourua kua hangaia i Poronīhia, i te ātārangi tawhito hei amo i ngā whakamanawatanga o ngā iwi me ngā kaupapa whakarauora i ēnei mahi tūpuna. Ka tika te oha ki te hunga hāpai kura i takere nui ai, i haumi tūporo ai ki te whakahaumanu i te mātauranga whakatere waka. Nō reira, o ngā mahi rangatira kua tutuki i te rāngai waka i Aotearoa i ngā tau tata nei, ko tā tēnei rangahau, he kohura i ētehi o ngā take nunui me ngā kaupapa whakahirahira e puta mai ana i mua i te aroaro o te mātauranga whakatere waka me ōna kaumoana i ēnei rangi, ki tā te Māori titiro. Waihoki, ko te pānga o aua take nunui ki te ahurea Māori. Koinei te matū o tēnei tuhinga kairangi. He pūtoi whakaaro, he whakaemieminga kōrero ki te whakatakoto i ngā huatau o ngā puhi kai moana Māori e tākawe ana i tēnei wānanga.

Mātua rā, e kore e tukua kia riro anō ngā mahi whakatere waka i te nenewhatanga o te rā, tau ki te rua. Kua whakatupuria e te wā he kura kaumoana Māori, māna ngā take matua o tēnei tuhinga roa e whakatutuki ki tua i te pae kai ao.

“E kore e ngaro, he takere waka nui”

year: 2017