title: Ko te Korokoro o te Parata: Ko tātou tonu

authors: Higgins, Rawinia

subjects: Whakaora reo

abstract: I roto i ngā kaupapa whakaora i te reo Māori kei te waipukehia tātou e te reo Pākehā. Ahakoa he aha te kaupapa kei te mate tonu te reo Māori, ā kāore anō tātou kia kite kei hea te ara tika hei karo atu i te korokoro o te parata. Kāore hoki tātou e titiro me pēhea e whakarekareka ai te reo ki te huhua o ngā Māori, tuatahi; tuarua ki te motu whānui. Ko te āhua nei ko tātou tonu kei te patu i tō tātou reo. He tere nō tātou ki te whakahāwea i ngā tūmomo kaupapa whakaora reo Māori. Kei ngā ngutu noa iho te mate nui ki te reo Māori. Ka ara mai he kaupapa whakaora reo, arā kē te tokomaha o ngā tāngata e patu ana i taua kaupapa. Ahakoa ko wai, kāore tētahi kaupapa e noho tapu ana. Katoa kei te tātāhia e tātou tonu. Nō reira, me aha? Me tuku kia mate? Me pēhea te patu i te korokoro o te parata mehemea ko tātou tonu taua taniwha?

text: Ko te Korokoro o te Parata: Ko tātou tonu I roto i ngā kaupapa whakaora i te reo Māori kei te waipukehia tātou e te reo Pākehā. Ahakoa he aha te kaupapa kei te mate tonu te reo Māori, ā kāore anō tātou kia kite kei hea te ara tika hei karo atu i te korokoro o te parata. Kāore hoki tātou e titiro me pēhea e whakarekareka ai te reo ki te huhua o ngā Māori, tuatahi; tuarua ki te motu whānui. Ko te āhua nei ko tātou tonu kei te patu i tō tātou reo. He tere nō tātou ki te whakahāwea i ngā tūmomo kaupapa whakaora reo Māori. Kei ngā ngutu noa iho te mate nui ki te reo Māori. Ka ara mai he kaupapa whakaora reo, arā kē te tokomaha o ngā tāngata e patu ana i taua kaupapa. Ahakoa ko wai, kāore tētahi kaupapa e noho tapu ana. Katoa kei te tātāhia e tātou tonu. Nō reira, me aha? Me tuku kia mate? Me pēhea te patu i te korokoro o te parata mehemea ko tātou tonu taua taniwha?

year: 2011-04

title: Barry Barclay: the Reflection of Maori and Pakeha Identities

authors: Hilal, Emad Jabbar

subjects: emad

abstract: This Media and Screen Studies thesis tries to investigate the identifications of Barry Barclay (1944-2008) - a New Zealand filmmaker, thinker and poet, of Māori and Pākeha ethnic background - who identified as Māori in the second part of his career, in the mid 1970s. The thesis relies on Barclay's writing and other historical and theoretical material in the reading of his own films. The thesis arrives at an argument that even when Barclay chose to identify more with the Māori side of his identity, the Pākeha side took part also in the shaping of his film practices. Studying Barry Barclay along this line of argument has several benefits for Screen Studies. It, on the one hand, covers what is left unstudied by the scholarship concerning his representation of the Māori world such as the way he commented on Māori cultural and social concerns and acheivements in his films. The thesis studies Barclay's films from the time he started his identification with his Māori  side in Tangaata Whenua (1974), Te Urewera (1987), Ngati (1987),Te Rua (1991) and takes The Kaipara Affair (2005) as a case study and a carrier of change in film practices and development in outlook.The other important contribution is the way he represented Pākeha, and how he developed his representation of them in time. This representation which is unstudied at all, is important to Screen Studies becuase it contributes to Barclay's theory of Fourth Cinema. This thesis shows how representing Pakeha, especially in Barclay's last film problemematizes his theory of Fourth Cinema, but ultimately, deals with applies it creatively. The representation of Pākeha gives insight into Barclay's interest in the Māori world, which is not a dogma or a merely ethnic affiliation as much as an attraction to a world-view that can solve major universal issues such as environmental problems. Above all, the way how Barclay worked out this representation in his films sheds light on one of the important examples of how film can take part in healing social damages such as the history of colonizing and marginalization of Māori people.

text: Barry Barclay: the Reflection of Maori and Pakeha Identities This Media and Screen Studies thesis tries to investigate the identifications of Barry Barclay (1944-2008) - a New Zealand filmmaker, thinker and poet, of Māori and Pākeha ethnic background - who identified as Māori in the second part of his career, in the mid 1970s. The thesis relies on Barclay's writing and other historical and theoretical material in the reading of his own films. The thesis arrives at an argument that even when Barclay chose to identify more with the Māori side of his identity, the Pākeha side took part also in the shaping of his film practices. Studying Barry Barclay along this line of argument has several benefits for Screen Studies. It, on the one hand, covers what is left unstudied by the scholarship concerning his representation of the Māori world such as the way he commented on Māori cultural and social concerns and acheivements in his films. The thesis studies Barclay's films from the time he started his identification with his Māori  side in Tangaata Whenua (1974), Te Urewera (1987), Ngati (1987),Te Rua (1991) and takes The Kaipara Affair (2005) as a case study and a carrier of change in film practices and development in outlook.The other important contribution is the way he represented Pākeha, and how he developed his representation of them in time. This representation which is unstudied at all, is important to Screen Studies becuase it contributes to Barclay's theory of Fourth Cinema. This thesis shows how representing Pakeha, especially in Barclay's last film problemematizes his theory of Fourth Cinema, but ultimately, deals with applies it creatively. The representation of Pākeha gives insight into Barclay's interest in the Māori world, which is not a dogma or a merely ethnic affiliation as much as an attraction to a world-view that can solve major universal issues such as environmental problems. Above all, the way how Barclay worked out this representation in his films sheds light on one of the important examples of how film can take part in healing social damages such as the history of colonizing and marginalization of Māori people.

year: 2017

title: Implications of sea-level rise on estuarine benthic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning

authors: Dixon, Olivia Jane

abstract: Estuarine habitats are among the most productive ecosystems around the globe. The macroinvertebrate communities within these habitats underpin ecosystem functioning and therefore the provision of ecosystem services valued by society. Due to their geographic positioning, coastal areas represent a human-ocean interface and are consequently at the forefront of anthropogenic pressure. Sea-level rise (SLR) is one major consequence of anthropogenic climate change that poses a great threat to coastal environments and will result in extensive intertidal area loss. There is an evident bias within coastal SLR research towards the implications for the abiotic environment such as impacts on geomorphology but the ecological implications however, have been largely overlooked despite their likely significance. In this thesis, I aim to address this knowledge gap by investigating how benthic macroinvertebrate communities and their contributions to ecosystem function will respond to SLR within a large temperate estuary. To explore how benthic macroinvertebrate community structure will respond to future SLR, I employed a space-for-time approach. In this study, I considered site depth as a proxy for SLR to gauge how macroinvertebrate communities may shift with increasing depth as sea level is elevated. This study was based on data obtained from 119 unvegetated soft-sediment sampling locations throughout Tauranga Harbour. An initial hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the macroinvertebrate abundance data to reveal groups of sites that shared significantly similar community structure. Three clusters of sites were identified at a > 34% similarity level with significantly different macroinvertebrate community structure. Clustered groups were generally characterised by different depth ranges that we could consider representative of intertidal, shallow subtidal and deep subtidal habitats. Similarly, depth was identified as the most important environmental variable for predicting variation in macroinvertebrate community structure using distance-based linear modelling (explaining 12%) and gradient forest analysis indicated it is important in explaining rates of compositional turnover (6%). Chl-a, mud content and average current speed were among the next most important predictors explaining variation in community structure (5%, 4% and 2%, respectively) and compositional turnover (6%, 3%, 4%, respectively). Functional trait analysis indicated low functional redundancy for a key intertidal suspension-feeding bivalve (Austrovenus stutchburyi) and the lack of a shallow subtidal functional replacement should intertidal habitats become inundated by SLR. The findings of this thesis strongly suggest SLR and the associated environmental changes will significantly alter estuarine macroinvertebrate communities, indicating implications for ecosystem function and resilience. Key findings of this thesis will complement management strategies of coastal areas and encourage they are not treated as static systems as ecological shifts are predicted to occur with SLR over time. Well- informed management of important estuarine habitats that recognises their spatial and temporal dynamicity will be critical for ensuring ecosystem functions and services they deliver will be conserved for future generations.

text: Implications of sea-level rise on estuarine benthic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning Estuarine habitats are among the most productive ecosystems around the globe. The macroinvertebrate communities within these habitats underpin ecosystem functioning and therefore the provision of ecosystem services valued by society. Due to their geographic positioning, coastal areas represent a human-ocean interface and are consequently at the forefront of anthropogenic pressure. Sea-level rise (SLR) is one major consequence of anthropogenic climate change that poses a great threat to coastal environments and will result in extensive intertidal area loss. There is an evident bias within coastal SLR research towards the implications for the abiotic environment such as impacts on geomorphology but the ecological implications however, have been largely overlooked despite their likely significance. In this thesis, I aim to address this knowledge gap by investigating how benthic macroinvertebrate communities and their contributions to ecosystem function will respond to SLR within a large temperate estuary. To explore how benthic macroinvertebrate community structure will respond to future SLR, I employed a space-for-time approach. In this study, I considered site depth as a proxy for SLR to gauge how macroinvertebrate communities may shift with increasing depth as sea level is elevated. This study was based on data obtained from 119 unvegetated soft-sediment sampling locations throughout Tauranga Harbour. An initial hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the macroinvertebrate abundance data to reveal groups of sites that shared significantly similar community structure. Three clusters of sites were identified at a > 34% similarity level with significantly different macroinvertebrate community structure. Clustered groups were generally characterised by different depth ranges that we could consider representative of intertidal, shallow subtidal and deep subtidal habitats. Similarly, depth was identified as the most important environmental variable for predicting variation in macroinvertebrate community structure using distance-based linear modelling (explaining 12%) and gradient forest analysis indicated it is important in explaining rates of compositional turnover (6%). Chl-a, mud content and average current speed were among the next most important predictors explaining variation in community structure (5%, 4% and 2%, respectively) and compositional turnover (6%, 3%, 4%, respectively). Functional trait analysis indicated low functional redundancy for a key intertidal suspension-feeding bivalve (Austrovenus stutchburyi) and the lack of a shallow subtidal functional replacement should intertidal habitats become inundated by SLR. The findings of this thesis strongly suggest SLR and the associated environmental changes will significantly alter estuarine macroinvertebrate communities, indicating implications for ecosystem function and resilience. Key findings of this thesis will complement management strategies of coastal areas and encourage they are not treated as static systems as ecological shifts are predicted to occur with SLR over time. Well- informed management of important estuarine habitats that recognises their spatial and temporal dynamicity will be critical for ensuring ecosystem functions and services they deliver will be conserved for future generations.

year: 2022