title: Constructing ethnographic relationships: Reflections on key issues and struggles in the field.

authors: Cavanagh, Tom

subjects: ethnography

abstract: An ethnographer shares his insights from the field about constructing relationships in research. Focusing on a case study in a New Zealand area school, he reflects on his experiences in the field and the key issues he struggled with related to building relationships. He explores these issues from three theoretical perspectives: building ethical relationships, building trustworthy and authentic relationships, and building relationships as methodology. After identifying these key issues, he discusses some of the choices made in the field, including becoming deeply involved in the school, balancing remaining true to the data and at the same time respecting the dignity of participants, and creating friendships.

text: Constructing ethnographic relationships: Reflections on key issues and struggles in the field. An ethnographer shares his insights from the field about constructing relationships in research. Focusing on a case study in a New Zealand area school, he reflects on his experiences in the field and the key issues he struggled with related to building relationships. He explores these issues from three theoretical perspectives: building ethical relationships, building trustworthy and authentic relationships, and building relationships as methodology. After identifying these key issues, he discusses some of the choices made in the field, including becoming deeply involved in the school, balancing remaining true to the data and at the same time respecting the dignity of participants, and creating friendships.

year: 2005

title: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios can estimate anionic polyacrylamide degradation in soil

authors: Entry, James A.

subjects: Polyacrylamide degradation

abstract: Water-soluble anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is applied to millions of hectares worldwide as a highly effective erosion-preventing and
infiltration-enhancing polymer, when applied at rates of 1 to 2 kg ha−1 (i.e., 1 to 10 g m−3) in furrow water. PAM degradation has not directly been
measured in soil. We tested the ability of stable isotopes of C and N at natural abundance to estimate PAM degradation rates. Values of δ13C were
related to anionic PAM concentration in a positive curvilinear relationship in a low-C, low-N, Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid (Portneuf series) soil.
The other soils with higher organic C or N concentrations did not show significant relationships between PAM concentrations and δ13C values.
The δ15N values were not related to anionic PAM concentration in any of the soils tested. When 2691 active ingredient (ai) kg PAM ha−1 was
applied to the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil, 49% and 74% of the PAM was degraded after 6 and 12 yr respectively. When 5382 kg ai PAM
ha−1 was applied to the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil, 13% was degraded after 6 yr, and 73% of the PAM was degraded after 12 yr. We
calculated PAM degradation rate based on δ13Cfor the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil to be 9.8% yr−1. Further testing using labeled PAM is
necessary to estimate degradation rates in higher C soils, and to determine what portion of the C is released from decomposing PAM is emitted to
the atmosphere, incorporated into soil organic matter and living microbial biomass.

text: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios can estimate anionic polyacrylamide degradation in soil Water-soluble anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is applied to millions of hectares worldwide as a highly effective erosion-preventing and
infiltration-enhancing polymer, when applied at rates of 1 to 2 kg ha−1 (i.e., 1 to 10 g m−3) in furrow water. PAM degradation has not directly been
measured in soil. We tested the ability of stable isotopes of C and N at natural abundance to estimate PAM degradation rates. Values of δ13C were
related to anionic PAM concentration in a positive curvilinear relationship in a low-C, low-N, Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid (Portneuf series) soil.
The other soils with higher organic C or N concentrations did not show significant relationships between PAM concentrations and δ13C values.
The δ15N values were not related to anionic PAM concentration in any of the soils tested. When 2691 active ingredient (ai) kg PAM ha−1 was
applied to the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil, 49% and 74% of the PAM was degraded after 6 and 12 yr respectively. When 5382 kg ai PAM
ha−1 was applied to the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil, 13% was degraded after 6 yr, and 73% of the PAM was degraded after 12 yr. We
calculated PAM degradation rate based on δ13Cfor the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil to be 9.8% yr−1. Further testing using labeled PAM is
necessary to estimate degradation rates in higher C soils, and to determine what portion of the C is released from decomposing PAM is emitted to
the atmosphere, incorporated into soil organic matter and living microbial biomass.

year: 2008

title: Growth out of loss: The urban discourses of literatures of the Native American and Māori literary renaissance

authors: Waterman, Jason

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: The seeds of the Native American and Māori Renaissance eras germinated amid sweeping changes in the years immediately following World War II, a time when urbanization and the consequent separation of indigenous peoples from community networks represented a major threat to culturally embedded certainties and destabilized romanticized notions of the past. This article explores parallels between the ways in which Native American and Māori literatures reflect the impact of urbanization at the height of this era and the contribution the authors make to the positive cultural growth that defines their respective renaissance periods.

text: Growth out of loss: The urban discourses of literatures of the Native American and Māori literary renaissance The seeds of the Native American and Māori Renaissance eras germinated amid sweeping changes in the years immediately following World War II, a time when urbanization and the consequent separation of indigenous peoples from community networks represented a major threat to culturally embedded certainties and destabilized romanticized notions of the past. This article explores parallels between the ways in which Native American and Māori literatures reflect the impact of urbanization at the height of this era and the contribution the authors make to the positive cultural growth that defines their respective renaissance periods.

year: 2009-09