title: Visualising Mātauranga Māori for iwi outcomes

authors: Hudson, Maui

subjects: Mätauranga Mäori

abstract: Ko te Mätauranga Mäori he puna nö te katoa, he mea äta whakatipu hoki e ngä whänau, e ngä hapü, e ngä iwi hoki o tënä, o tënä o ngä whakareanga maha. He mätauranga nö te hapori, he mea äta whakatö hoki ki roto i ngä wheako o te ia rä, he mea kawe ki te pürakau, ki te waiata, ki ngä karangahanga whenua, ki te kani, ki te kawa, ki te whakapapa, ki te pümahara, ki te whakakitenga, ki te matakite, ki te whakaakoranga me te tohu pütake, hei tirohanga, ka mutu he mea äta ako mä te tirohanga, mä tängata kë atu ränei o te hapori. Tënei mea te Mätauranga Mäori, he pünaha whakatipu möhiohio, he nukurau, he nanakia anö hoki, kua hangä mai ki te mätauranga ä-whänau, ä-hapü, ä-iwi anö hoki.
Kei te whakatau tikanga, kei te whakamahere, kei te whakamahi hoki ëtahi hunga tangata i te Mätauranga Mäori, ka mutu kei tënä öna anö whaihuatanga. Ko te aho e whakakotahi nei i ngä röpü käwanatanga me ngä kaunihera ä-rohe, ko te whakaaro e hängai pü ana te mätauranga Mäori ki te Mäori, he mea whakahängai hoki, ka mutu he rerekë i tënä, i tënä o ngä rohe. Ki tä te nuinga o ngä hunga tangata, ko te whakapakarihia o ö rätou ake märamatanga ki te mätauranga Mäori tëtahi tino whäinga ä-rautaki, kei reira hoki he äwhina i te ärahi whakataunga, i te whakahaerenga, i te tikanga mätai anö hoki, me te takoha atu ki te nanakia e taea nei e te mätauranga Mäori, kia waihangatia mai ai he tatauranga tika mä tënei whakareanga.
He maha ngä kauwaka e kawe atu nei i tënei mea i te Mätauranga Mäori. E körero nei ngä mana whenua i ö rätou hiahia ki te whakamahinga o ngä taputapu wähi ä-nuku hei whakakitenga atu i te mätauranga Mäori i te taha o te raraunga pütaiao, kia tautokohia ai ngä whakataunga ki ngä hua ä-taiao nei. I tënei pepa, ka körerohia e mätou ko Takiwa, koia he Geo-spatial Visualisation Tool e whakatakoto nei i te papa whakatü mö Takiwa Lakes, e hängai nei ki ngä kaupapa wähi ä-nuku e toru. Kua whai hononga te taputapu ki ëtahi kaitiaki, e tika ai te horopaki, ngä kiko, me te whakahaere o te mätauranga Mäori i töna papa whakatü. He tino take ënei i tënei wä e aro pü nei ngä ohu tangata kia nui ake te whakamahinga o te mätauranga Mäori i ngä whakataunga. Ko te whäinga o ngä hononga kaitiaki ko te whakatinana ake i ngä mahere whakahaere mä roto anö i te whakamatihiko i ngä raraunga me ngä körero i ngä mahere, me te whakaatu i ërä i te taha o ngä raraunga pütaiao. E whakamana nei tënei papa whakatü i ngä mana whenua mä roto i te whakaatu i ngä tohunga pütaiao pënei me te kounga, te nui ränei o te wai (te wäwahi ränei) i roto i te horopaki o te raraunga mätauranga Mäori, pënei anö me ngä whenua hirahira ki te Mäori me ngä mahinga kai. Heoi, he take whakatü pihi te whakamahinga o te mätauranga Mäori i ëtahi wä, nö reira me whai whakaaro ki te whakangungu i te mana, i te tüturu, i te ngäkau tapatahi ä-ahurea nei anö hoki o ngä hapori ka whai wähi mai.
Mätauranga Mäori is the shared intellectual capital generated by whänau, hapü and iwi over multiple generations. It is community knowledge embedded in lived experience and carried in stories, song, place names, dance, ceremonies, genealogies, memories, visions, prophesies, teachings and original instructions, as learnt through observation and via other community members. Mätauranga Mäori is a dynamic, innovative, and generative system of knowledge constituted from mätauranga ä-whänau, mätauranga ä-hapü, and mätauranga ä-iwi.
Mätauranga Mäori is being defined, framed, and operationalised with varying success by a range of institutions. The general premise is that government agencies and regional councils acknowledge mätauranga Mäori as Mäori-specific knowledge that is adaptive and regionally distinct. For most institutions, improving their understanding of mätauranga Mäori is an important strategic aim that can help guide their decision-making, management, and monitoring procedures as well as contribute to the innovative potential of Mäori knowledge in order to create culturally appropriate data for this generation.
Mätauranga Mäori is transmitted through a number of mediums. Mana whenua are expressing interest in how geospatial tools can visualise mätauranga Mäori alongside science data to support decision-making for environmental outcomes. In this paper we discuss Takiwa, a geospatial visualisation tool that provides the platform for Takiwa Lakes, in relation to three geospatial initiatives. This tool has developed kaitiaki layers to provide an appropriate context, content and control of mätauranga Mäori within its platform. These are critical factors as agencies focus on increasing the use of mätauranga Mäori for decision-making. The aim of the kaitiaki layers is to bring iwi management plans to life by digitising the data and information within the plans and presenting them alongside scientific data. This platform empowers mana whenua by presenting scientific indicators such as water quality and quantity (e.g. allocation) within the context of mätauranga Mäori data such as sites of cultural significance and mahinga kai. However, the use of mätauranga Mäori can be a sensitive issue and it is important that consideration is given to protecting the cultural authority, cultural authenticity, and cultural integrity of the participating communities.

text: Visualising Mātauranga Māori for iwi outcomes Ko te Mätauranga Mäori he puna nö te katoa, he mea äta whakatipu hoki e ngä whänau, e ngä hapü, e ngä iwi hoki o tënä, o tënä o ngä whakareanga maha. He mätauranga nö te hapori, he mea äta whakatö hoki ki roto i ngä wheako o te ia rä, he mea kawe ki te pürakau, ki te waiata, ki ngä karangahanga whenua, ki te kani, ki te kawa, ki te whakapapa, ki te pümahara, ki te whakakitenga, ki te matakite, ki te whakaakoranga me te tohu pütake, hei tirohanga, ka mutu he mea äta ako mä te tirohanga, mä tängata kë atu ränei o te hapori. Tënei mea te Mätauranga Mäori, he pünaha whakatipu möhiohio, he nukurau, he nanakia anö hoki, kua hangä mai ki te mätauranga ä-whänau, ä-hapü, ä-iwi anö hoki.
Kei te whakatau tikanga, kei te whakamahere, kei te whakamahi hoki ëtahi hunga tangata i te Mätauranga Mäori, ka mutu kei tënä öna anö whaihuatanga. Ko te aho e whakakotahi nei i ngä röpü käwanatanga me ngä kaunihera ä-rohe, ko te whakaaro e hängai pü ana te mätauranga Mäori ki te Mäori, he mea whakahängai hoki, ka mutu he rerekë i tënä, i tënä o ngä rohe. Ki tä te nuinga o ngä hunga tangata, ko te whakapakarihia o ö rätou ake märamatanga ki te mätauranga Mäori tëtahi tino whäinga ä-rautaki, kei reira hoki he äwhina i te ärahi whakataunga, i te whakahaerenga, i te tikanga mätai anö hoki, me te takoha atu ki te nanakia e taea nei e te mätauranga Mäori, kia waihangatia mai ai he tatauranga tika mä tënei whakareanga.
He maha ngä kauwaka e kawe atu nei i tënei mea i te Mätauranga Mäori. E körero nei ngä mana whenua i ö rätou hiahia ki te whakamahinga o ngä taputapu wähi ä-nuku hei whakakitenga atu i te mätauranga Mäori i te taha o te raraunga pütaiao, kia tautokohia ai ngä whakataunga ki ngä hua ä-taiao nei. I tënei pepa, ka körerohia e mätou ko Takiwa, koia he Geo-spatial Visualisation Tool e whakatakoto nei i te papa whakatü mö Takiwa Lakes, e hängai nei ki ngä kaupapa wähi ä-nuku e toru. Kua whai hononga te taputapu ki ëtahi kaitiaki, e tika ai te horopaki, ngä kiko, me te whakahaere o te mätauranga Mäori i töna papa whakatü. He tino take ënei i tënei wä e aro pü nei ngä ohu tangata kia nui ake te whakamahinga o te mätauranga Mäori i ngä whakataunga. Ko te whäinga o ngä hononga kaitiaki ko te whakatinana ake i ngä mahere whakahaere mä roto anö i te whakamatihiko i ngä raraunga me ngä körero i ngä mahere, me te whakaatu i ërä i te taha o ngä raraunga pütaiao. E whakamana nei tënei papa whakatü i ngä mana whenua mä roto i te whakaatu i ngä tohunga pütaiao pënei me te kounga, te nui ränei o te wai (te wäwahi ränei) i roto i te horopaki o te raraunga mätauranga Mäori, pënei anö me ngä whenua hirahira ki te Mäori me ngä mahinga kai. Heoi, he take whakatü pihi te whakamahinga o te mätauranga Mäori i ëtahi wä, nö reira me whai whakaaro ki te whakangungu i te mana, i te tüturu, i te ngäkau tapatahi ä-ahurea nei anö hoki o ngä hapori ka whai wähi mai.
Mätauranga Mäori is the shared intellectual capital generated by whänau, hapü and iwi over multiple generations. It is community knowledge embedded in lived experience and carried in stories, song, place names, dance, ceremonies, genealogies, memories, visions, prophesies, teachings and original instructions, as learnt through observation and via other community members. Mätauranga Mäori is a dynamic, innovative, and generative system of knowledge constituted from mätauranga ä-whänau, mätauranga ä-hapü, and mätauranga ä-iwi.
Mätauranga Mäori is being defined, framed, and operationalised with varying success by a range of institutions. The general premise is that government agencies and regional councils acknowledge mätauranga Mäori as Mäori-specific knowledge that is adaptive and regionally distinct. For most institutions, improving their understanding of mätauranga Mäori is an important strategic aim that can help guide their decision-making, management, and monitoring procedures as well as contribute to the innovative potential of Mäori knowledge in order to create culturally appropriate data for this generation.
Mätauranga Mäori is transmitted through a number of mediums. Mana whenua are expressing interest in how geospatial tools can visualise mätauranga Mäori alongside science data to support decision-making for environmental outcomes. In this paper we discuss Takiwa, a geospatial visualisation tool that provides the platform for Takiwa Lakes, in relation to three geospatial initiatives. This tool has developed kaitiaki layers to provide an appropriate context, content and control of mätauranga Mäori within its platform. These are critical factors as agencies focus on increasing the use of mätauranga Mäori for decision-making. The aim of the kaitiaki layers is to bring iwi management plans to life by digitising the data and information within the plans and presenting them alongside scientific data. This platform empowers mana whenua by presenting scientific indicators such as water quality and quantity (e.g. allocation) within the context of mätauranga Mäori data such as sites of cultural significance and mahinga kai. However, the use of mätauranga Mäori can be a sensitive issue and it is important that consideration is given to protecting the cultural authority, cultural authenticity, and cultural integrity of the participating communities.

year: 2020

title: Perceptions of coarse anglers and freshwater managers, and the impact of these perceptions on management of non-indigenous invasive fish

authors: Duggan, Kathryn S.

abstract: This report examines coarse angler attitudes and behaviours to determine the reasons for, and develop incentives to successfully discourage, deliberate spreads of coarse fish species. The perceptions of freshwater managers, and the ways in which these human perceptions influence management of non-indigenous invasive fish, are also explored. To achieve this two main methodological strategies were employed: (1) semi-structured interviews with representatives from management agencies, research providers, iwi, the New Zealand Federation of Coarse Anglers, and individual coarse anglers: and (2) an internet survey with individual coarse anglers. In contrast to many New Zealanders, coarse fish species are highly valued by coarse anglers and the practice of coarse fishing is an important part of their lives. While a large portion of coarse anglers state they would like more fishing opportunities (especially outside of the Auckland/Waikato region), they argue that they do not practice or support illegal spread of coarse fish.

text: Perceptions of coarse anglers and freshwater managers, and the impact of these perceptions on management of non-indigenous invasive fish This report examines coarse angler attitudes and behaviours to determine the reasons for, and develop incentives to successfully discourage, deliberate spreads of coarse fish species. The perceptions of freshwater managers, and the ways in which these human perceptions influence management of non-indigenous invasive fish, are also explored. To achieve this two main methodological strategies were employed: (1) semi-structured interviews with representatives from management agencies, research providers, iwi, the New Zealand Federation of Coarse Anglers, and individual coarse anglers: and (2) an internet survey with individual coarse anglers. In contrast to many New Zealanders, coarse fish species are highly valued by coarse anglers and the practice of coarse fishing is an important part of their lives. While a large portion of coarse anglers state they would like more fishing opportunities (especially outside of the Auckland/Waikato region), they argue that they do not practice or support illegal spread of coarse fish.

year: 2015

title: Temperature dependence of plant photosynthesis and respiration using the Macromolecular Rate Theory (MMRT)

authors: Darwin Leonel, Moreno Echeverry

subjects: photosynthesis

abstract: This thesis quantifies the temperature dependence of key traits that determine leaf carbon balance in C3 plants, using Sunflower as a model system, with emphasis on the photorespiratory CO2 compensation point (Γ*), the rate of CO2 release in the light (DL), the maximal carboxylation capacity (Vcmax), the maximal electron transport capacity (Jmax), and the components of dark respiration (Rdark). The central objective was to identify temperature dependence models for each trait that were both parsimonious and physiologically interpretable.
The research combined controlled leaf gas exchange across wide ranges of temperature and CO2 with comparative model fitting. I evaluated constant-Q10 relationships, simple and peaked Arrhenius formulations, and macro molecular rate theory (MMRT), with and without an explicit high temperature deactivation term. Γ* increased approximately exponentially across the measurement range from 4 to 42 °C, and a constant-Q10 model best captured this behaviour. The temperature dependence of DL was well represented by MMRT. For the photosynthetic capacities, I used an MMRT formulation that used inflection-point temperature (Tinf) as parameters and included explicit deactivation terms. That approach captured the curvature at cool to moderate temperatures and the decline at supra-optimal temperatures, with Jmax exhibiting a cooler inflection and a cooler optimum than Vcmax. For Rdark and its components, an MMRT anchored at the observed inflection temperature and fitted without a deactivation term captured the smooth warm side curvature expected from progressive changes in mitochondrial coupling and accelerated substrate use with increasing temperature.
This thesis provides a unified framework for selecting temperature dependence models for leaf gas exchange traits. It introduces DL as the light linked composite flux of CO2 release, rather than a proxy of dark respiration alone, and it presents a published ii
refinement for estimating Γ* and DL using the Laisk method based on gas-exchange measurements at low light and low intercellular CO2 concentrations. The refined methodology explicitly used photosynthetic theory in our parameter estimation and reduced systematic bias in estimating Γ* and DL. These advances improve the parameterisation of photosynthesis models and strengthens the transfer to crop and land- surface modelling under variable thermal environments.
The thesis is organised in seven chapters. Chapter 3 has been published, and when it is cited elsewhere in the thesis it is referenced as Moreno-Echeverry et al., 2026.
Chapter 1. General introduction. It sets the global climate and carbon cycle context, frames leaf carbon balance as the net outcome of photosynthesis and respiration, and explains why accurate parameterisation of Γ*, DL, Vcmax and Jmax matters for models. It defines temperature as a primary driver of gas-exchange rates, outlines the limit of Arrhenius and constant-Q10 functions, introduces MMRT as a thermodynamic alternative, and states the thesis aims.
Chapter 2. Background. It reviews photosynthesis and respiration at the leaf scale, outlines gas exchange principles, describes the FvCB model and presents methods used to estimate Γ* and DL. It summarises temperature response models, including the constant- Q10 function, two variants of the Arrhenius equation and MMRT. The chapter also identifies the knowledge gaps that motivate the specific work described in the thesis.
Chapter 3. Estimating Γ* and DL using the Laisk method combined with photosynthetic theory. It examines the classical Laisk approach, identifies sources of bias arising from linearisation of inherently curvilinear Anet-Cc responses, and formalises estimation of Γ* and DL within the FvCB framework. It uses simulations and leaf gas exchange measurements to test performance and uncertainty of the modified approach and compares it with the performance and uncertainty of the original Laisk approach. This chapter is based on the published methodological study.
iii

Chapter 4. Temperature dependence of Γ* and DL. It quantifies how Γ* and DL vary with temperature over the range from 4 to 42 °C. It compares the constant-Q10, simple and peaked Arrhenius, and MMRT, with and without explicit high temperature deactivation term. It reports model selection, parameter estimates and presents relevant diagnostics.
Chapter 5. Temperature dependence of Vcmax and Jmax. The chapter derives these parameters from Anet-Ci curves. It compares the Arrhenius formulations with MMRT, evaluates curvature, inflection and optimum temperatures, and contrast the thermal responses of carboxylation and electron transport.
Chapter 6. Temperature dependence of the components of leaf CO2 release in the dark. It separates and analyses the different components of dark respiration, post illumination burst, light enhanced dark respiration and dark respiration in steady-state across temperature and integrates metabolite profiling across the light-dark transition to relate CO2 fluxes to substrate availability. It tests the Arrhenius and MMRT formulations and identifies the model that best capture warm side curvature without deactivation terms.
Chapter 7. Conclusions and perspectives. It synthesises the finding across chapters, and temperature response models, discusses implications for photosynthesis and respiration modelling, and outlines priorities for future research.

text: Temperature dependence of plant photosynthesis and respiration using the Macromolecular Rate Theory (MMRT) This thesis quantifies the temperature dependence of key traits that determine leaf carbon balance in C3 plants, using Sunflower as a model system, with emphasis on the photorespiratory CO2 compensation point (Γ*), the rate of CO2 release in the light (DL), the maximal carboxylation capacity (Vcmax), the maximal electron transport capacity (Jmax), and the components of dark respiration (Rdark). The central objective was to identify temperature dependence models for each trait that were both parsimonious and physiologically interpretable.
The research combined controlled leaf gas exchange across wide ranges of temperature and CO2 with comparative model fitting. I evaluated constant-Q10 relationships, simple and peaked Arrhenius formulations, and macro molecular rate theory (MMRT), with and without an explicit high temperature deactivation term. Γ* increased approximately exponentially across the measurement range from 4 to 42 °C, and a constant-Q10 model best captured this behaviour. The temperature dependence of DL was well represented by MMRT. For the photosynthetic capacities, I used an MMRT formulation that used inflection-point temperature (Tinf) as parameters and included explicit deactivation terms. That approach captured the curvature at cool to moderate temperatures and the decline at supra-optimal temperatures, with Jmax exhibiting a cooler inflection and a cooler optimum than Vcmax. For Rdark and its components, an MMRT anchored at the observed inflection temperature and fitted without a deactivation term captured the smooth warm side curvature expected from progressive changes in mitochondrial coupling and accelerated substrate use with increasing temperature.
This thesis provides a unified framework for selecting temperature dependence models for leaf gas exchange traits. It introduces DL as the light linked composite flux of CO2 release, rather than a proxy of dark respiration alone, and it presents a published ii
refinement for estimating Γ* and DL using the Laisk method based on gas-exchange measurements at low light and low intercellular CO2 concentrations. The refined methodology explicitly used photosynthetic theory in our parameter estimation and reduced systematic bias in estimating Γ* and DL. These advances improve the parameterisation of photosynthesis models and strengthens the transfer to crop and land- surface modelling under variable thermal environments.
The thesis is organised in seven chapters. Chapter 3 has been published, and when it is cited elsewhere in the thesis it is referenced as Moreno-Echeverry et al., 2026.
Chapter 1. General introduction. It sets the global climate and carbon cycle context, frames leaf carbon balance as the net outcome of photosynthesis and respiration, and explains why accurate parameterisation of Γ*, DL, Vcmax and Jmax matters for models. It defines temperature as a primary driver of gas-exchange rates, outlines the limit of Arrhenius and constant-Q10 functions, introduces MMRT as a thermodynamic alternative, and states the thesis aims.
Chapter 2. Background. It reviews photosynthesis and respiration at the leaf scale, outlines gas exchange principles, describes the FvCB model and presents methods used to estimate Γ* and DL. It summarises temperature response models, including the constant- Q10 function, two variants of the Arrhenius equation and MMRT. The chapter also identifies the knowledge gaps that motivate the specific work described in the thesis.
Chapter 3. Estimating Γ* and DL using the Laisk method combined with photosynthetic theory. It examines the classical Laisk approach, identifies sources of bias arising from linearisation of inherently curvilinear Anet-Cc responses, and formalises estimation of Γ* and DL within the FvCB framework. It uses simulations and leaf gas exchange measurements to test performance and uncertainty of the modified approach and compares it with the performance and uncertainty of the original Laisk approach. This chapter is based on the published methodological study.
iii

Chapter 4. Temperature dependence of Γ* and DL. It quantifies how Γ* and DL vary with temperature over the range from 4 to 42 °C. It compares the constant-Q10, simple and peaked Arrhenius, and MMRT, with and without explicit high temperature deactivation term. It reports model selection, parameter estimates and presents relevant diagnostics.
Chapter 5. Temperature dependence of Vcmax and Jmax. The chapter derives these parameters from Anet-Ci curves. It compares the Arrhenius formulations with MMRT, evaluates curvature, inflection and optimum temperatures, and contrast the thermal responses of carboxylation and electron transport.
Chapter 6. Temperature dependence of the components of leaf CO2 release in the dark. It separates and analyses the different components of dark respiration, post illumination burst, light enhanced dark respiration and dark respiration in steady-state across temperature and integrates metabolite profiling across the light-dark transition to relate CO2 fluxes to substrate availability. It tests the Arrhenius and MMRT formulations and identifies the model that best capture warm side curvature without deactivation terms.
Chapter 7. Conclusions and perspectives. It synthesises the finding across chapters, and temperature response models, discusses implications for photosynthesis and respiration modelling, and outlines priorities for future research.

year: 2026-03-12