title: The impact of small-scale turbulence on laminar magnetic reconnection

authors: Watson, P.G.

subjects: mathematics

abstract: Initial states in incompressible two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics that are known to lead to strong current sheets and (laminar) magnetic reconnection are modified by the addition of small-scale turbulent perturbations of various energies. The evolution of these states is computed with the aim of ascertaining the influence of the turbulence on the underlying laminar solution. Two main questions are addressed here: (1) What effect does small-scale turbulence have on the energy dissipation rate of the underlying solution? (2) What is the threshold turbulent perturbation level above which the original laminar reconnective dynamics is no longer recognizable. The simulations show that while the laminar dynamics persist the dissipation rates are largely unaffected by the turbulence, other than modest increases attributable to the additional small length scales present in the new initial condition. The solutions themselves are also remarkably insensitive to small-scale turbulent perturbations unless the perturbations are large enough to undermine the integrity of the underlying cellular flow pattern. Indeed, even initial states that lead to the evolution of small-scale microscopic sheets can survive the addition of modest turbulence. The role of a large-scale organizing background magnetic field is also addressed.

text: The impact of small-scale turbulence on laminar magnetic reconnection Initial states in incompressible two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics that are known to lead to strong current sheets and (laminar) magnetic reconnection are modified by the addition of small-scale turbulent perturbations of various energies. The evolution of these states is computed with the aim of ascertaining the influence of the turbulence on the underlying laminar solution. Two main questions are addressed here: (1) What effect does small-scale turbulence have on the energy dissipation rate of the underlying solution? (2) What is the threshold turbulent perturbation level above which the original laminar reconnective dynamics is no longer recognizable. The simulations show that while the laminar dynamics persist the dissipation rates are largely unaffected by the turbulence, other than modest increases attributable to the additional small length scales present in the new initial condition. The solutions themselves are also remarkably insensitive to small-scale turbulent perturbations unless the perturbations are large enough to undermine the integrity of the underlying cellular flow pattern. Indeed, even initial states that lead to the evolution of small-scale microscopic sheets can survive the addition of modest turbulence. The role of a large-scale organizing background magnetic field is also addressed.

year: 2007-03

title: Corporate governance practices in Fiji: An empirical investigation

authors: Reddy, Krishna

subjects: Corporate governance

abstract: This study investigates the nature and extent of compliance to the principle-based corporate governance initiatives by the listed companies in the South Pacific Stock Exchange (SPSE) in Fiji. Three important questions are addressed: (i) whether listed companies in Fiji have complied with the principle-based governance practices: (ii) did compliance with principle based recommendations lead to an improvement in the listed  company‟s financial performance? and (iii) how the institutional factors  have contributed towards corporate governance practices in Fiji?
Panel data for the SPSE companies over the period 2008-2010 are analysed using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Tobin‟s Q, Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Earnings  Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortisation to Total Revenue (EBITDA2REV) metrics are used as dependent variables.  Findings indicate that listed companies have adopted the Capital Market Development Authority‟s (CMDA) recommendations, establishing subcommittees for audit and remuneration, and having nonexecutive/ independent directors on the board. The result supports the view that the CMDA recommendations  of board sub-committees (Audit and Remuneration)  have had positive influence on company performance measured by Tobin‟s Q. The findings of this study give support to the principle-based corporate governance practices adopted in Fiji.  The results of this study provide useful insights to both regulators and policy analysts (in Fiji and internationally) seeking to enhance both governance and firm performance in their own jurisdiction.

text: Corporate governance practices in Fiji: An empirical investigation This study investigates the nature and extent of compliance to the principle-based corporate governance initiatives by the listed companies in the South Pacific Stock Exchange (SPSE) in Fiji. Three important questions are addressed: (i) whether listed companies in Fiji have complied with the principle-based governance practices: (ii) did compliance with principle based recommendations lead to an improvement in the listed  company‟s financial performance? and (iii) how the institutional factors  have contributed towards corporate governance practices in Fiji?
Panel data for the SPSE companies over the period 2008-2010 are analysed using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Tobin‟s Q, Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Earnings  Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortisation to Total Revenue (EBITDA2REV) metrics are used as dependent variables.  Findings indicate that listed companies have adopted the Capital Market Development Authority‟s (CMDA) recommendations, establishing subcommittees for audit and remuneration, and having nonexecutive/ independent directors on the board. The result supports the view that the CMDA recommendations  of board sub-committees (Audit and Remuneration)  have had positive influence on company performance measured by Tobin‟s Q. The findings of this study give support to the principle-based corporate governance practices adopted in Fiji.  The results of this study provide useful insights to both regulators and policy analysts (in Fiji and internationally) seeking to enhance both governance and firm performance in their own jurisdiction.

year: 2011

title: Ngā mana-kura-nui kei te ao wahine Māori

authors: Campbell, Hinehou

subjects: Wāhine Māori

abstract: ‘He wahine, he whenua e ora ai te tangata. He wahine, he whenua e mate ai te tangata!'
Ko te tino kaupapa o tēnei puawānanga, he rapu, he kimi hoki i ngā Mana-Kura-Nui kei Te Ao Wahine Māori. Ka āta tirohia ngā ingoa i tapaina ki ngā ao me ā rātau nā whakatipuranga, e puta ai ngā pūmanawa motuhake kei a te wahine, me ngā tauritenga mahi kei a te tāne rāua ko te wahine. 
Koirā ēnā ko Te Aoaonui, ko Te Kore, ko Te Pō, ki ngā Ao-Mārama ka heke ki Te Ao-Tūroa, ka hoki atu anō ki Te Pō, ki Te Muriwai-hou, ki Rarohenga. Ka āta rapua ngā tikanga kei aua ao, hei pou-herenga kōrero, ki waenga i ngā ao me ngā reanga whakatipu. Ko te kimi anō hoki i ngā tikanga i whakaū ai i ēnei Mana-Kura-Nui. Koia nei ētahi o aua tikanga ka āta tirohia i konei arā ko te toi o ngā mahi, te roi o ngā mata, te poi i ngā uri, te hoe i ngā tira, te koi o te hinengaro, te oi o te wairua, te kō o te reo, te ngoi o te mauri, me te kikokikotanga o te wahine.
Kua rangahautia ētahi kōrero mai i ngā kura koroiti, i ngā kete raukura, me ngā wānanga nui, o te ao Māori me i o te ao Pākehā. Ka tīmata mai i te pūtahitanga o ngā ao, o Te Kore, o Te Pō, o Te Māramatanga iti, o Te Awatea, o Te Ao-tūroa, me o Te Muriwai-hou. Ahakoa iti te whakaputa o ēnei ko te mea nui kē, arā ko ngā tauritenga kōrero, tauritenga tikanga, atu i ngā ao o Tauiwi mā ki ō tātau. Nā ka āta wānanga kia mōhio ai te kaipānui ki ngā ritenga me ngā rerekētanga kei aua ao e hāngai ana ki te wahine Māori.
Ko ētahi o ngā whakamārama kei te reo o tauiwi, itiiti noa nei ēnā. Ka mau hoki ki te whakaaro Māori, hei taonga here i te ngako o ngā kōrero me i o ngā tikanga. Ka āta rapua mai i roto i ngā whakapapa, karakia, waiata, pōkeka, tauparapara, kōrerorero, kupu whakaari, whakataukī hoki, me ngā waituhi, waitohu o te ao wahine Māori. Ka haria mai anō hoki e te kaituhi ēnei waituhi kia puta ko ngā whakaaro nui o te wahine Māori i roto hoki i Te Ao-hurihuri.
He mea hou ki ngā taringa o te kaituhi, ki te whakarongo ki te wahine e whakaputa ana i tōna nui. Koia tēnei ka haria mai e te kaituhi ōna whakakitenga nui, ka tāpiri atu ki ērā o ngā hākui, hākoro o ngā wānanga nui, inā ka tuia ēnei kōrero kia tina.
“He hapū ki te wahine, e kapi ai te ao,
he tauā ki te tāne, e ora ai te ao."
Waiho mā ngā tāne e whakaputa i te taha ki a rātau.

text: Ngā mana-kura-nui kei te ao wahine Māori ‘He wahine, he whenua e ora ai te tangata. He wahine, he whenua e mate ai te tangata!'
Ko te tino kaupapa o tēnei puawānanga, he rapu, he kimi hoki i ngā Mana-Kura-Nui kei Te Ao Wahine Māori. Ka āta tirohia ngā ingoa i tapaina ki ngā ao me ā rātau nā whakatipuranga, e puta ai ngā pūmanawa motuhake kei a te wahine, me ngā tauritenga mahi kei a te tāne rāua ko te wahine. 
Koirā ēnā ko Te Aoaonui, ko Te Kore, ko Te Pō, ki ngā Ao-Mārama ka heke ki Te Ao-Tūroa, ka hoki atu anō ki Te Pō, ki Te Muriwai-hou, ki Rarohenga. Ka āta rapua ngā tikanga kei aua ao, hei pou-herenga kōrero, ki waenga i ngā ao me ngā reanga whakatipu. Ko te kimi anō hoki i ngā tikanga i whakaū ai i ēnei Mana-Kura-Nui. Koia nei ētahi o aua tikanga ka āta tirohia i konei arā ko te toi o ngā mahi, te roi o ngā mata, te poi i ngā uri, te hoe i ngā tira, te koi o te hinengaro, te oi o te wairua, te kō o te reo, te ngoi o te mauri, me te kikokikotanga o te wahine.
Kua rangahautia ētahi kōrero mai i ngā kura koroiti, i ngā kete raukura, me ngā wānanga nui, o te ao Māori me i o te ao Pākehā. Ka tīmata mai i te pūtahitanga o ngā ao, o Te Kore, o Te Pō, o Te Māramatanga iti, o Te Awatea, o Te Ao-tūroa, me o Te Muriwai-hou. Ahakoa iti te whakaputa o ēnei ko te mea nui kē, arā ko ngā tauritenga kōrero, tauritenga tikanga, atu i ngā ao o Tauiwi mā ki ō tātau. Nā ka āta wānanga kia mōhio ai te kaipānui ki ngā ritenga me ngā rerekētanga kei aua ao e hāngai ana ki te wahine Māori.
Ko ētahi o ngā whakamārama kei te reo o tauiwi, itiiti noa nei ēnā. Ka mau hoki ki te whakaaro Māori, hei taonga here i te ngako o ngā kōrero me i o ngā tikanga. Ka āta rapua mai i roto i ngā whakapapa, karakia, waiata, pōkeka, tauparapara, kōrerorero, kupu whakaari, whakataukī hoki, me ngā waituhi, waitohu o te ao wahine Māori. Ka haria mai anō hoki e te kaituhi ēnei waituhi kia puta ko ngā whakaaro nui o te wahine Māori i roto hoki i Te Ao-hurihuri.
He mea hou ki ngā taringa o te kaituhi, ki te whakarongo ki te wahine e whakaputa ana i tōna nui. Koia tēnei ka haria mai e te kaituhi ōna whakakitenga nui, ka tāpiri atu ki ērā o ngā hākui, hākoro o ngā wānanga nui, inā ka tuia ēnei kōrero kia tina.
“He hapū ki te wahine, e kapi ai te ao,
he tauā ki te tāne, e ora ai te ao."
Waiho mā ngā tāne e whakaputa i te taha ki a rātau.

year: 1996