title: The role of tephras in developing a high-precision chronostratigraphy for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and archaeology in southern Kyushu, Japan, since 30 cal. BP: an integration

authors: Moriwaki, Hiroshi

subjects: Tephrochronology, tephras, palaeoenvironment, archaeology, Late Pleistocene, Holocene, southern Kyushu, tephra lattice, INTIMATE

abstract: Tephras are important for the chronostratigraphy of palaeoenvironmental and archaeological records in southern Kyushu because numerous tephra beds enable these records to be connected and dated precisely using tephrochronology. A regional tephra-based framework or lattice for the past 30,000 calendar (cal.) years is proposed in the style of recent INTIMATE projects elsewhere. We review stratigraphic, compositional, age, and distributional data for a range of tephras, and comment on the relationship of several marker tephras to distinct palaeoenvironmental and cultural events in the southern Kyushu region since 30,000 cal. BP. More than 90 visible tephra beds are recorded, deriving from Kakuto, Aira, Ata, and Kikai volcanic centres, which incorporate large calderas, and the Tokara volcanic islands. The tephra record is underpinned by two widespread tephras, Aira-Tn tephra (AT; ca. 30,000 cal. BP), and Kikai-Akahoya tephra (K-Ah; ca. 7,300 cal. BP). In addition to AT and K-Ah, locally-distributed marker tephra beds are related to the chronostratigraphy of terrestrial and marine palaeoenvironments including sea-level and coastal environments, vegetation, and culture. Some tephras, notably AT, K-Ah, and Sakurajima-Satsuma tephra (Sz-S, ca. 12,800 cal. BP), have been recognized in marine and laminated lake sediments and hence dated with high precision, thereby facilitating correlation of those records to global high-resolution ice, marine, and terrestrial stratotypes. Sz-S is a useful isochron for the last deglaciation in southern Kyushu. Our integrated regional chronostratigraphic model for southern Kyushu, founded by tephras (and with further potential via systematic identification of cryptotephras), will enable change in regional palaeoenvironments and culture to be evaluated in national and global contexts.

text: The role of tephras in developing a high-precision chronostratigraphy for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and archaeology in southern Kyushu, Japan, since 30 cal. BP: an integration Tephras are important for the chronostratigraphy of palaeoenvironmental and archaeological records in southern Kyushu because numerous tephra beds enable these records to be connected and dated precisely using tephrochronology. A regional tephra-based framework or lattice for the past 30,000 calendar (cal.) years is proposed in the style of recent INTIMATE projects elsewhere. We review stratigraphic, compositional, age, and distributional data for a range of tephras, and comment on the relationship of several marker tephras to distinct palaeoenvironmental and cultural events in the southern Kyushu region since 30,000 cal. BP. More than 90 visible tephra beds are recorded, deriving from Kakuto, Aira, Ata, and Kikai volcanic centres, which incorporate large calderas, and the Tokara volcanic islands. The tephra record is underpinned by two widespread tephras, Aira-Tn tephra (AT; ca. 30,000 cal. BP), and Kikai-Akahoya tephra (K-Ah; ca. 7,300 cal. BP). In addition to AT and K-Ah, locally-distributed marker tephra beds are related to the chronostratigraphy of terrestrial and marine palaeoenvironments including sea-level and coastal environments, vegetation, and culture. Some tephras, notably AT, K-Ah, and Sakurajima-Satsuma tephra (Sz-S, ca. 12,800 cal. BP), have been recognized in marine and laminated lake sediments and hence dated with high precision, thereby facilitating correlation of those records to global high-resolution ice, marine, and terrestrial stratotypes. Sz-S is a useful isochron for the last deglaciation in southern Kyushu. Our integrated regional chronostratigraphic model for southern Kyushu, founded by tephras (and with further potential via systematic identification of cryptotephras), will enable change in regional palaeoenvironments and culture to be evaluated in national and global contexts.

year: 2016

title: The Pacific infants performance scale: some preliminary and comparative New Zealand studies

authors: St George, Alison Margaret

abstract: The study and measurement of abilities in young children has been a field of early and continuing interest in psychology. Within this field it is possible to discern several major areas of inquiry. 
In attempting to draw up a schema of sorts it can be seen, first of all, that there have been many studies which broadly fall into the category of ' Developmental '. These studies have dealt with aspects of child development such as physical growth, motor development, perceptual development and so on (e.g. Birch & Lefford, 1967; Brozek, 1970; Gliner, Pick, Pick & Hales, 1969). 
Secondly, there have been what might be called 'Social Development ' studies, concerned with acquisition of various behaviours such as communication skills necessary for harmonious group behaviour, and the learning of appropriate roles (e.g. Baldwin, Baldwin, Hilton & Lambert, 1969; Selman, 1971). Many of these studies have been influenced by theories and investigations of ' personality development ' in children, particularly the ' child rearing ' studies (e.g. Ritchie & Ritchie, 1970; Sears, Maccoby & Levin, 1957; Whiting and Child, 1953). More recently there have been systematic observational studies of interaction patterns between children and significant others in their milieu.

text: The Pacific infants performance scale: some preliminary and comparative New Zealand studies The study and measurement of abilities in young children has been a field of early and continuing interest in psychology. Within this field it is possible to discern several major areas of inquiry. 
In attempting to draw up a schema of sorts it can be seen, first of all, that there have been many studies which broadly fall into the category of ' Developmental '. These studies have dealt with aspects of child development such as physical growth, motor development, perceptual development and so on (e.g. Birch & Lefford, 1967; Brozek, 1970; Gliner, Pick, Pick & Hales, 1969). 
Secondly, there have been what might be called 'Social Development ' studies, concerned with acquisition of various behaviours such as communication skills necessary for harmonious group behaviour, and the learning of appropriate roles (e.g. Baldwin, Baldwin, Hilton & Lambert, 1969; Selman, 1971). Many of these studies have been influenced by theories and investigations of ' personality development ' in children, particularly the ' child rearing ' studies (e.g. Ritchie & Ritchie, 1970; Sears, Maccoby & Levin, 1957; Whiting and Child, 1953). More recently there have been systematic observational studies of interaction patterns between children and significant others in their milieu.

year: 1972

title: The Marist missionaries' first encounters with inhabitants of the Pacific

authors: William, Jennings

subjects: missionaries

abstract: Missionaries of the French-based Society of Mary (Marists) arrived in the Pacific in the late 1830s. Reports by European travellers and missionaries had told the first Marists to expect Pacific peoples who were either cannibals or noble savages. Their encounter with recently-converted Mangarevans in the Gambier Islands led them to believe that idyllic Christian societies could be created in the South Pacific. This belief influenced the first Marists' descriptions of Pacific peoples, notably New Zealand Maori. The Marists consequently emphasised the noble savage trope and downplayed cannibalism. They also displayed a relatively tolerant attitude towards indigenous practices.

text: The Marist missionaries' first encounters with inhabitants of the Pacific Missionaries of the French-based Society of Mary (Marists) arrived in the Pacific in the late 1830s. Reports by European travellers and missionaries had told the first Marists to expect Pacific peoples who were either cannibals or noble savages. Their encounter with recently-converted Mangarevans in the Gambier Islands led them to believe that idyllic Christian societies could be created in the South Pacific. This belief influenced the first Marists' descriptions of Pacific peoples, notably New Zealand Maori. The Marists consequently emphasised the noble savage trope and downplayed cannibalism. They also displayed a relatively tolerant attitude towards indigenous practices.

year: 2013