title: Results on formal stepwise design in Z

authors: Deutsch, Moshe

abstract: Stepwise design involves the process of deriving a concrete model of a software system from a given abstract one. This process is sometimes known as refinement. There are numerous refinement theories proposed in the literature, each of which stipulates the nature of the relationship between an abstract specification and its concrete counterpart. This paper considers six refinement theories in Z that have been proposed by various people over the years. However, no systematic investigation of these theories, or results on the relationships between them, have been presented or published before. This paper shows that these theories fall into two important categories and proves that the theories in each category are equivalent.

text: Results on formal stepwise design in Z Stepwise design involves the process of deriving a concrete model of a software system from a given abstract one. This process is sometimes known as refinement. There are numerous refinement theories proposed in the literature, each of which stipulates the nature of the relationship between an abstract specification and its concrete counterpart. This paper considers six refinement theories in Z that have been proposed by various people over the years. However, no systematic investigation of these theories, or results on the relationships between them, have been presented or published before. This paper shows that these theories fall into two important categories and proves that the theories in each category are equivalent.

year: 2002-12-01

title: Cooked turkey roasts have different processing characteristics then cooked beef roasts

authors: Groenlund, Kelsey

subjects: turkey

abstract: Roasts were manufactured from lean beef and turkey by injecting with brine to 25% above green weight so the raw product contained 1.8% salt and 0.3% sodium phosphate. Meat muscle characteristics (pH and protein solubility) and processing characteristics were measured as cook yields and expressible moisture. The species significantly affects some basic properties of the meat. Turkey meat had significantly higher pH and extractible myofibrillar proteins than beef. The increased cook yield was correlated with higher pH and higher expressible moisture. The differences observed suggest that processors need to treat the starting materials differently.

text: Cooked turkey roasts have different processing characteristics then cooked beef roasts Roasts were manufactured from lean beef and turkey by injecting with brine to 25% above green weight so the raw product contained 1.8% salt and 0.3% sodium phosphate. Meat muscle characteristics (pH and protein solubility) and processing characteristics were measured as cook yields and expressible moisture. The species significantly affects some basic properties of the meat. Turkey meat had significantly higher pH and extractible myofibrillar proteins than beef. The increased cook yield was correlated with higher pH and higher expressible moisture. The differences observed suggest that processors need to treat the starting materials differently.

year: 2007

title: Whakapapa Ora: An exploration of Māori Identity through Whakapapa

authors: Ngawhare, Rauna Maria

subjects: Whakapapa

abstract: This thesis set out to explore Māori identity through access to whakapapa. As whānau, hapū, and iwi, we have a responsibility to future generations to ensure access to whakapapa is inclusive. Therefore, access to whakapapa in today’s world must also consider contemporary approaches, including the use of technology to engage the next generation in learning about, and connecting with, whakapapa. 

The research is centred on the question ‘How can whakapapa be accessed safely in culturally appropriate ways that evolve with twenty-first-century systems?’ I use contemporary pūrākau to review traditional access to whakapapa, supported by a Kaupapa Māori approach to frame the research. Kaupapa Māori Theory, Ngā Takepū, and Pūrākau Methodology (underpinned by Qualitative Methodology and Thematic Analysis) give an overview of the methodologies and methods used herein. Five semi-structured interviews with whānau affiliated to Ngāti Kahungunu ki Heretaunga and Taranaki iwi were conducted. Each share their lived experiences as Māori to support an understanding of identity through whakapapa.  

The results suggest whānau Māori who access whakapapa (in its many forms), will undergo a process of decolonisation. This requires adequate support in the form of kaitiakitanga, necessary to gain a better understanding of Te Ao Māori tikanga and kawa. Whakapapa access develops this process. However, further research is required to fully appreciate ‘Whakapapa Ora’ as a foundation for safe access to whakapapa in the twenty-first century.

text: Whakapapa Ora: An exploration of Māori Identity through Whakapapa This thesis set out to explore Māori identity through access to whakapapa. As whānau, hapū, and iwi, we have a responsibility to future generations to ensure access to whakapapa is inclusive. Therefore, access to whakapapa in today’s world must also consider contemporary approaches, including the use of technology to engage the next generation in learning about, and connecting with, whakapapa. 

The research is centred on the question ‘How can whakapapa be accessed safely in culturally appropriate ways that evolve with twenty-first-century systems?’ I use contemporary pūrākau to review traditional access to whakapapa, supported by a Kaupapa Māori approach to frame the research. Kaupapa Māori Theory, Ngā Takepū, and Pūrākau Methodology (underpinned by Qualitative Methodology and Thematic Analysis) give an overview of the methodologies and methods used herein. Five semi-structured interviews with whānau affiliated to Ngāti Kahungunu ki Heretaunga and Taranaki iwi were conducted. Each share their lived experiences as Māori to support an understanding of identity through whakapapa.  

The results suggest whānau Māori who access whakapapa (in its many forms), will undergo a process of decolonisation. This requires adequate support in the form of kaitiakitanga, necessary to gain a better understanding of Te Ao Māori tikanga and kawa. Whakapapa access develops this process. However, further research is required to fully appreciate ‘Whakapapa Ora’ as a foundation for safe access to whakapapa in the twenty-first century.

year: 2019