title: New Zealand Guidelines for cyanobacteria in recreational fresh waters: Interim Guidelines

authors: Wood, Susanna A.

abstract: This document is divided into four main sections, plus 14 appendices.
Section 1. Introduction provides an overview of the purpose and status of the document as well as advice on who should use it.
Section 2. Framework provides a background to the overall guidelines approach, recommendations on agency roles and responsibilities, and information on the condition of use of this document.
Section 3. Guidelines describes the recommended three-tier monitoring and action sequence for planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria.
Section 4. Sampling provides advice on sampling planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria.
The appendices give further background information and include templates for data collection and reporting, including:
• background information on known cyanotoxins and their distribution in New Zealand
• information on the derivation of guideline values
• photographs of typical bloom events
• a list of biovolumes for common New Zealand cyanobacteria
• templates for field assessments
• suggested media releases and warning sign templates.
A glossary provides definitions for abbreviations and terms used in these guidelines.

text: New Zealand Guidelines for cyanobacteria in recreational fresh waters: Interim Guidelines This document is divided into four main sections, plus 14 appendices.
Section 1. Introduction provides an overview of the purpose and status of the document as well as advice on who should use it.
Section 2. Framework provides a background to the overall guidelines approach, recommendations on agency roles and responsibilities, and information on the condition of use of this document.
Section 3. Guidelines describes the recommended three-tier monitoring and action sequence for planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria.
Section 4. Sampling provides advice on sampling planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria.
The appendices give further background information and include templates for data collection and reporting, including:
• background information on known cyanotoxins and their distribution in New Zealand
• information on the derivation of guideline values
• photographs of typical bloom events
• a list of biovolumes for common New Zealand cyanobacteria
• templates for field assessments
• suggested media releases and warning sign templates.
A glossary provides definitions for abbreviations and terms used in these guidelines.

year: 2009

title: PrEP awareness and protective barrier negotiation among transgender people attracted to men in Aotearoa New Zealand.

authors: Byrne, Jack L.

subjects: HIV

abstract: INTRODUCTION: Internationally, trans women are disproportionately impacted by HIV, encounter specific barriers navigating safer sex and face inequities accessing HIV prevention, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Aotearoa/New Zealand (hereafter Aotearoa) was one of the first countries internationally to publicly fund PrEP in 2018, including for trans people. However, few data exist on PrEP awareness or sexual negotiation among trans populations to guide implementation. We present the first Aotearoa data on trans people's ability to negotiate barrier protection and awareness of PrEP efficacy and availability. 
METHODS: We used data from a large, diverse community-based nationwide survey of trans (including non-binary) people in Aotearoa: Counting Ourselves (N = 1178) conducted from 21 June to 30 September 2018. Generalized regression analyses were carried out among participants who have had sex (n = 704; Mage = 32.5) to identify associations between demographic factors (age, gender and sexual attraction, ethnicity, income, education qualification and current sex work involvement) and the Trans-Specific Barrier Negotiation Self-Efficacy (T-Barrier) Scale and PrEP awareness.
RESULTS: The mean value of a 40-point T-Barrier Scale was 33.45 (SD: 6.89), suggesting a relatively high perceived ability among our participants to negotiate protective barrier usages in different situations. Asian participants scored 3.46 points lower compared to Pākehā (White) participants, and trans women attracted to men (cisgender and/or trans men) scored 2.40 points higher than trans women not attracted to men. Three-fifths (59.7%) were aware that PrEP reduced HIV risks and did not prevent sexually transmitted infections (STI) transmission, and only two-fifths (40.2%) knew PrEP was publicly funded for trans people. In multivariate models, we found participants who were older, trans women or those with lower education qualifications were less likely to have increased levels of PrEP awareness. 
CONCLUSIONS: Participants attracted to men have a higher potential need for PrEP and were more likely to report PrEP awareness and that they could negotiate protective barrier usage. However, trans women and those with lower educational qualifications reported lower levels of PrEP awareness. More trans-competent sexual health education, drawing on the newly released PrEP guidelines, is needed to promote the benefits of PrEP in the Aotearoa HIV epidemic context, particularly for trans women.

text: PrEP awareness and protective barrier negotiation among transgender people attracted to men in Aotearoa New Zealand. INTRODUCTION: Internationally, trans women are disproportionately impacted by HIV, encounter specific barriers navigating safer sex and face inequities accessing HIV prevention, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Aotearoa/New Zealand (hereafter Aotearoa) was one of the first countries internationally to publicly fund PrEP in 2018, including for trans people. However, few data exist on PrEP awareness or sexual negotiation among trans populations to guide implementation. We present the first Aotearoa data on trans people's ability to negotiate barrier protection and awareness of PrEP efficacy and availability. 
METHODS: We used data from a large, diverse community-based nationwide survey of trans (including non-binary) people in Aotearoa: Counting Ourselves (N = 1178) conducted from 21 June to 30 September 2018. Generalized regression analyses were carried out among participants who have had sex (n = 704; Mage = 32.5) to identify associations between demographic factors (age, gender and sexual attraction, ethnicity, income, education qualification and current sex work involvement) and the Trans-Specific Barrier Negotiation Self-Efficacy (T-Barrier) Scale and PrEP awareness.
RESULTS: The mean value of a 40-point T-Barrier Scale was 33.45 (SD: 6.89), suggesting a relatively high perceived ability among our participants to negotiate protective barrier usages in different situations. Asian participants scored 3.46 points lower compared to Pākehā (White) participants, and trans women attracted to men (cisgender and/or trans men) scored 2.40 points higher than trans women not attracted to men. Three-fifths (59.7%) were aware that PrEP reduced HIV risks and did not prevent sexually transmitted infections (STI) transmission, and only two-fifths (40.2%) knew PrEP was publicly funded for trans people. In multivariate models, we found participants who were older, trans women or those with lower education qualifications were less likely to have increased levels of PrEP awareness. 
CONCLUSIONS: Participants attracted to men have a higher potential need for PrEP and were more likely to report PrEP awareness and that they could negotiate protective barrier usage. However, trans women and those with lower educational qualifications reported lower levels of PrEP awareness. More trans-competent sexual health education, drawing on the newly released PrEP guidelines, is needed to promote the benefits of PrEP in the Aotearoa HIV epidemic context, particularly for trans women.

year: 2022-10

title: Issues in Maori Language Planning and Revitalisation

authors: Harlow, Ray

subjects: Te reo Māori

abstract: All languages which have undergone changes of status in the course of their histories have been the subject of language planning, be this consistent or piecemeal, officially driven or diffuse. In some cases, the processes have been and are still relatively ‘painless’ or even subliminal, at least as far as much of the population speaking the language is concerned. English is an extreme case in this respect, so that Ayto (1983) is able to speak of the ‘failure of language reform’ as a striking characteristic of its history. Many of the issues which could potentially be associated with its position in both the world and in particular countries do not, to all intents and purposes, arise. They have been dealt with by history; the way English works as a lingua franca, as an official language, as an international language in a variety of domains and regions, its spelling systems, its vocabulary, just ‘growed’, with only sporadic help from conscious planning.

text: Issues in Maori Language Planning and Revitalisation All languages which have undergone changes of status in the course of their histories have been the subject of language planning, be this consistent or piecemeal, officially driven or diffuse. In some cases, the processes have been and are still relatively ‘painless’ or even subliminal, at least as far as much of the population speaking the language is concerned. English is an extreme case in this respect, so that Ayto (1983) is able to speak of the ‘failure of language reform’ as a striking characteristic of its history. Many of the issues which could potentially be associated with its position in both the world and in particular countries do not, to all intents and purposes, arise. They have been dealt with by history; the way English works as a lingua franca, as an official language, as an international language in a variety of domains and regions, its spelling systems, its vocabulary, just ‘growed’, with only sporadic help from conscious planning.

year: 2003-02