title: The Effect of Nitrate Supplementation on Cycling Performance in the Heat in Well-Trained Cyclists

authors: McQuillan, Joseph A.

abstract: Purpose:
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of NO₃⁻ consumption on measures of perception, thermoregulation and cycling performance in hot conditions.

Methods:
Using a randomised, double-blind, crossover-design, 8 well-trained cyclists (mean ± SD: age: 25 ± 8 y, V̇O2peak: 64 ± 5 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) performed 2 separate trials, in hot (35°C, 60% relative humidity) environments, having ingested either 140 ml NO3--rich beetroot juice ~8 mmol NO₃⁻ (NIT), or placebo (PLA), daily for 3-days with a 7-day washout period separating trials. Trials consisted of 2 × 10 min bouts at 40 and 60% peak power output (PPO) to determine physiological and perceptual responses in the heat, followed by a 4 km cycling time-trial.

Results:
Basal [nitrite] was substantially elevated in NIT (2.70 ± 0.98 μM) vs PLA (1.10 ± 0.61 μM) resulting in a most likely (ES = 1.58 ± 0.93) increase after 3-days. There was a very likely trivial increase in rectal temperature [Tᵣₑ] in NIT at 40% (PLA;37.4 ± 0.2°C vs NIT;37.5 ± 0.3°C, 0.1 ± 0.2°C) and 60% (PLA;37.8 ± 0.2°C vs NIT;37.9 ± 0.3°C, 0.1 ± 0.2°C) PPO. Cycling performance was similar between trials (PLA;336 ± 45 W vs NIT;337 ± 50 W, CV±95%CL; 0.2 ± 2.5%). Outcomes for heart rate, and perceptual measures were unclear across the majority of time-points.

Conclusions:
Three days of NO₃⁻ supplementation, resulted in small increases in Tᵣₑ during low- to moderate-intensity exercise, however this did not appear to influence 4 km cycling time-trial performance in hot climates.

text: The Effect of Nitrate Supplementation on Cycling Performance in the Heat in Well-Trained Cyclists Purpose:
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of NO₃⁻ consumption on measures of perception, thermoregulation and cycling performance in hot conditions.

Methods:
Using a randomised, double-blind, crossover-design, 8 well-trained cyclists (mean ± SD: age: 25 ± 8 y, V̇O2peak: 64 ± 5 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) performed 2 separate trials, in hot (35°C, 60% relative humidity) environments, having ingested either 140 ml NO3--rich beetroot juice ~8 mmol NO₃⁻ (NIT), or placebo (PLA), daily for 3-days with a 7-day washout period separating trials. Trials consisted of 2 × 10 min bouts at 40 and 60% peak power output (PPO) to determine physiological and perceptual responses in the heat, followed by a 4 km cycling time-trial.

Results:
Basal [nitrite] was substantially elevated in NIT (2.70 ± 0.98 μM) vs PLA (1.10 ± 0.61 μM) resulting in a most likely (ES = 1.58 ± 0.93) increase after 3-days. There was a very likely trivial increase in rectal temperature [Tᵣₑ] in NIT at 40% (PLA;37.4 ± 0.2°C vs NIT;37.5 ± 0.3°C, 0.1 ± 0.2°C) and 60% (PLA;37.8 ± 0.2°C vs NIT;37.9 ± 0.3°C, 0.1 ± 0.2°C) PPO. Cycling performance was similar between trials (PLA;336 ± 45 W vs NIT;337 ± 50 W, CV±95%CL; 0.2 ± 2.5%). Outcomes for heart rate, and perceptual measures were unclear across the majority of time-points.

Conclusions:
Three days of NO₃⁻ supplementation, resulted in small increases in Tᵣₑ during low- to moderate-intensity exercise, however this did not appear to influence 4 km cycling time-trial performance in hot climates.

year: 2017

title: Formal credit and innovation: Is there a uniform relationship across types of innovation?

authors: Wellalage, Nirosha Hewa

subjects: Social Sciences

abstract: We investigate the formal credit effect on firm level innovations of small and medium enterprises in developing economies. Using the instrumental regression method, we control for potential endogeneity in innovation and credit relationships. Results indicate that formal credit availability boosts all four types of innovations. However, this impact is more significant for soft innovations compared to hard innovations. The results also point to the importance of informal finance as a source of external finance for firms where capital markets suffer from imperfections. Our study encourages the development of policy based on financing for various types of innovation, which is especially suited for developing economies.

text: Formal credit and innovation: Is there a uniform relationship across types of innovation? We investigate the formal credit effect on firm level innovations of small and medium enterprises in developing economies. Using the instrumental regression method, we control for potential endogeneity in innovation and credit relationships. Results indicate that formal credit availability boosts all four types of innovations. However, this impact is more significant for soft innovations compared to hard innovations. The results also point to the importance of informal finance as a source of external finance for firms where capital markets suffer from imperfections. Our study encourages the development of policy based on financing for various types of innovation, which is especially suited for developing economies.

year: 2020-11-01

title: Perceptions of coarse anglers and freshwater managers, and the impact of these perceptions on management of non-indigenous invasive fish

authors: Duggan, Kathryn S.

abstract: This report examines coarse angler attitudes and behaviours to determine the reasons for, and develop incentives to successfully discourage, deliberate spreads of coarse fish species. The perceptions of freshwater managers, and the ways in which these human perceptions influence management of non-indigenous invasive fish, are also explored. To achieve this two main methodological strategies were employed: (1) semi-structured interviews with representatives from management agencies, research providers, iwi, the New Zealand Federation of Coarse Anglers, and individual coarse anglers: and (2) an internet survey with individual coarse anglers. In contrast to many New Zealanders, coarse fish species are highly valued by coarse anglers and the practice of coarse fishing is an important part of their lives. While a large portion of coarse anglers state they would like more fishing opportunities (especially outside of the Auckland/Waikato region), they argue that they do not practice or support illegal spread of coarse fish.

text: Perceptions of coarse anglers and freshwater managers, and the impact of these perceptions on management of non-indigenous invasive fish This report examines coarse angler attitudes and behaviours to determine the reasons for, and develop incentives to successfully discourage, deliberate spreads of coarse fish species. The perceptions of freshwater managers, and the ways in which these human perceptions influence management of non-indigenous invasive fish, are also explored. To achieve this two main methodological strategies were employed: (1) semi-structured interviews with representatives from management agencies, research providers, iwi, the New Zealand Federation of Coarse Anglers, and individual coarse anglers: and (2) an internet survey with individual coarse anglers. In contrast to many New Zealanders, coarse fish species are highly valued by coarse anglers and the practice of coarse fishing is an important part of their lives. While a large portion of coarse anglers state they would like more fishing opportunities (especially outside of the Auckland/Waikato region), they argue that they do not practice or support illegal spread of coarse fish.

year: 2015