title: Lessons from children in Māori medium for teachers: Encouraging greater efficiency when learning to multiply.

authors: Hāwera, Ngārewa

subjects: children

abstract: This research explores the responses of 44 Year 7-8 students from four Māori medium schools who were asked to solve a multiplication word problem. The findings show that there was a range of mental strategies displayed by the children, 29 of whom were able to solve the problem. However, data also indicates that 15 children were not able to either access the problem or utilise an appropriate strategy to solve it. This paper discusses the strategies shared by all of these children and suggests avenues to further support learners to become multiplicative thinkers.

text: Lessons from children in Māori medium for teachers: Encouraging greater efficiency when learning to multiply. This research explores the responses of 44 Year 7-8 students from four Māori medium schools who were asked to solve a multiplication word problem. The findings show that there was a range of mental strategies displayed by the children, 29 of whom were able to solve the problem. However, data also indicates that 15 children were not able to either access the problem or utilise an appropriate strategy to solve it. This paper discusses the strategies shared by all of these children and suggests avenues to further support learners to become multiplicative thinkers.

year: 2012

title: Mahi whakatieke: Increasing exercise compliance with Māori students

authors: Butterworth, Matthew

subjects: Maori

abstract: The aim of the study was to implement
an intervention package based on Shelton
and Levy’s propositions with Māori
students to increase their compliance to an
exercise programme that used walking.
Three out of four participants walked more
regularly when the intervention package
was implemented, compared to previous
stages of the research. Only two
participants continued to walk for exercise
regularly in Follow Up. This was
consistent with previous exercise literature that has found that
only 50% of people will still be exercising
3-6 months after starting. However, all
participants reported that they had
incorporated more regular physical activity
into their lifestyles Post Follow Up.
These findings indicate that this
multifaceted approach to increasing
exercise compliance holds promise in terms
of making changes to achieve a more active
lifestyle that will last in the long term.

text: Mahi whakatieke: Increasing exercise compliance with Māori students The aim of the study was to implement
an intervention package based on Shelton
and Levy’s propositions with Māori
students to increase their compliance to an
exercise programme that used walking.
Three out of four participants walked more
regularly when the intervention package
was implemented, compared to previous
stages of the research. Only two
participants continued to walk for exercise
regularly in Follow Up. This was
consistent with previous exercise literature that has found that
only 50% of people will still be exercising
3-6 months after starting. However, all
participants reported that they had
incorporated more regular physical activity
into their lifestyles Post Follow Up.
These findings indicate that this
multifaceted approach to increasing
exercise compliance holds promise in terms
of making changes to achieve a more active
lifestyle that will last in the long term.

year: 2003

title: Flexible refinement

authors: Reeves, Steve

abstract: To help make refinement more usable in practice we introduce a general, flexible model of refinement. This is defined in terms of what contexts an entity can appear in, and what observations can be made of it in those contexts.
 Our general model is expressed in terms of an operational semantics, and by exploiting the well-known isomorphism between state-based relational semantics and event-based labelled transition semantics we were able to take particular models from both the state- and event-based literature, reflect on them and gradually evolve our general model. We are also able to view our general model both as a testing semantics and as a logical theory with refinement as implication. 
Our general model can used as a bridge between different particular special models and using this bridge we compare the definition of determinism found in different special models. We do this because the reduction of nondeterminism underpins many definitions of refinement found in a variety of special models. To our surprise we find that the definition of determinism commonly used in the process algebra literature to be at odds with determinism as defined in other special models. In order to rectify this situation we return to the intuitions expressed by Milner in CCS and by formalising these intuitions we are able to define determinism in process algebra in such a way that it no longer at odds with the definitions we have taken from other special models. Using our abstract definition of determinism we are able to construct a new model, interactive branching programs, that is an implementable subset of process algebra. Later in the chapter we show explicitly how five special models, taken from the literature, are instances of our general model. This is done simply by fixing the sets of contexts and observations involved. Next we define vertical refinement on our general model. Vertical refinement can be seen both as a generalisation of what, in the literature, has been called action refinement or non-atomic refinement. Alternatively, by viewing a layer as a logical theory, vertical refinement is a theory morphism, formalised as a Galois connection.
By constructing a vertical refinement between broadcast processes and interactive branching programs we can see how interactive branching programs can be implemented on a platform providing broadcast communication. But we have been unable to extend this theory morphism to implement all of process algebra using broadcast communication. Upon investigation we show the problem arises with the examples that caused the problem with the definition of determinism on process algebra. Finally we illustrate the usefulness of our flexible general model by formally developing a single entity that contains events that use handshake communication and events that use broadcast communication.

text: Flexible refinement To help make refinement more usable in practice we introduce a general, flexible model of refinement. This is defined in terms of what contexts an entity can appear in, and what observations can be made of it in those contexts.
 Our general model is expressed in terms of an operational semantics, and by exploiting the well-known isomorphism between state-based relational semantics and event-based labelled transition semantics we were able to take particular models from both the state- and event-based literature, reflect on them and gradually evolve our general model. We are also able to view our general model both as a testing semantics and as a logical theory with refinement as implication. 
Our general model can used as a bridge between different particular special models and using this bridge we compare the definition of determinism found in different special models. We do this because the reduction of nondeterminism underpins many definitions of refinement found in a variety of special models. To our surprise we find that the definition of determinism commonly used in the process algebra literature to be at odds with determinism as defined in other special models. In order to rectify this situation we return to the intuitions expressed by Milner in CCS and by formalising these intuitions we are able to define determinism in process algebra in such a way that it no longer at odds with the definitions we have taken from other special models. Using our abstract definition of determinism we are able to construct a new model, interactive branching programs, that is an implementable subset of process algebra. Later in the chapter we show explicitly how five special models, taken from the literature, are instances of our general model. This is done simply by fixing the sets of contexts and observations involved. Next we define vertical refinement on our general model. Vertical refinement can be seen both as a generalisation of what, in the literature, has been called action refinement or non-atomic refinement. Alternatively, by viewing a layer as a logical theory, vertical refinement is a theory morphism, formalised as a Galois connection.
By constructing a vertical refinement between broadcast processes and interactive branching programs we can see how interactive branching programs can be implemented on a platform providing broadcast communication. But we have been unable to extend this theory morphism to implement all of process algebra using broadcast communication. Upon investigation we show the problem arises with the examples that caused the problem with the definition of determinism on process algebra. Finally we illustrate the usefulness of our flexible general model by formally developing a single entity that contains events that use handshake communication and events that use broadcast communication.

year: 2007-05-07