title: Normative values for calf muscle strength-endurance in the general population assessed with the Calf Raise Application: A large international cross-sectional study

authors: Visser, Tjerk SO Sleeswijk

subjects: Achilles tendon

abstract: Background: Calf muscle strength-endurance can be reliably assessed with the Heel Rise Endurance Test (HRET), but normative values are lacking. Objectives: To establish normative values for calf muscle strength-endurance, adjusted for personal characteristics. Methods: 500 individuals without current/previous symptoms of Achilles tendinopathy or recent lower limb immobilization were included. Primary outcome measures were the number of repetitions, total work (J), total vertical displacement (cm), and peak height (cm) upon the single-leg HRET, assessed using the validated Calf Raise Application. A multiple quantile regression model was developed, incorporating covariates (personal characteristics) which significantly impacted HRET metrics. Median (50.0th percentile) and 95 % reference intervals (2.5th-97.5th percentiles) were derived. Results: 55 % of the participants were female and 88 % participated in physical activities. Median (dominant/non-dominant leg) number of repetitions was 25/24, total work was 1374/1325 J, vertical displacement was 192/186 cm, and peak height was 9.3/9.6 cm. There was no significant difference between the dominant and non-dominant leg for any HRET metric. Lower physical activity levels, female sex, and higher body mass index (BMI) were associated with lower HRET metrics. Conclusions: Normative calf muscle strength-endurance metrics (number of repetitions, total work, total displacement, and peak height) were developed. Personal characteristics influence HRET outcomes, with female sex, higher BMI, and lower physical activity levels being associated with lower HRET metrics. An openly accessible calculator for estimating normative HRET metrics was developed to help healthcare providers monitor personalized recovery trajectories and provide well-informed rehabilitation guidance. Documenting HRET metrics beyond repetition count may aid in assessing impairment severity and evaluating calf muscle function.

text: Normative values for calf muscle strength-endurance in the general population assessed with the Calf Raise Application: A large international cross-sectional study Background: Calf muscle strength-endurance can be reliably assessed with the Heel Rise Endurance Test (HRET), but normative values are lacking. Objectives: To establish normative values for calf muscle strength-endurance, adjusted for personal characteristics. Methods: 500 individuals without current/previous symptoms of Achilles tendinopathy or recent lower limb immobilization were included. Primary outcome measures were the number of repetitions, total work (J), total vertical displacement (cm), and peak height (cm) upon the single-leg HRET, assessed using the validated Calf Raise Application. A multiple quantile regression model was developed, incorporating covariates (personal characteristics) which significantly impacted HRET metrics. Median (50.0th percentile) and 95 % reference intervals (2.5th-97.5th percentiles) were derived. Results: 55 % of the participants were female and 88 % participated in physical activities. Median (dominant/non-dominant leg) number of repetitions was 25/24, total work was 1374/1325 J, vertical displacement was 192/186 cm, and peak height was 9.3/9.6 cm. There was no significant difference between the dominant and non-dominant leg for any HRET metric. Lower physical activity levels, female sex, and higher body mass index (BMI) were associated with lower HRET metrics. Conclusions: Normative calf muscle strength-endurance metrics (number of repetitions, total work, total displacement, and peak height) were developed. Personal characteristics influence HRET outcomes, with female sex, higher BMI, and lower physical activity levels being associated with lower HRET metrics. An openly accessible calculator for estimating normative HRET metrics was developed to help healthcare providers monitor personalized recovery trajectories and provide well-informed rehabilitation guidance. Documenting HRET metrics beyond repetition count may aid in assessing impairment severity and evaluating calf muscle function.

year: 2025-05-01

title: Current techniques for measuring and modeling ATM traffic

authors: Pearson, Murray W.

subjects: computer science

abstract: ATM has now been widely accepted as the leading contender for the implementation of broadband communications networks (Brinkmann, Lavrijsen, Louis, et al, 1995) ATM networks are no longer restricted to research laboratories, and commercial products such as switches and interfaces manufactured by well known computer and communications companies have started to appear in the market place. The main advantage seen in ATM over other broadband networking technologies such as Synchronous Transfer Mode (STM) is its ability to transmit a wide variety of traffic types, including voice, data and video efficiently and seemlessly.

text: Current techniques for measuring and modeling ATM traffic ATM has now been widely accepted as the leading contender for the implementation of broadband communications networks (Brinkmann, Lavrijsen, Louis, et al, 1995) ATM networks are no longer restricted to research laboratories, and commercial products such as switches and interfaces manufactured by well known computer and communications companies have started to appear in the market place. The main advantage seen in ATM over other broadband networking technologies such as Synchronous Transfer Mode (STM) is its ability to transmit a wide variety of traffic types, including voice, data and video efficiently and seemlessly.

year: 1996-06

title: Issues in Maori Language Planning and Revitalisation

authors: Harlow, Ray

subjects: Te reo Māori

abstract: All languages which have undergone changes of status in the course of their histories have been the subject of language planning, be this consistent or piecemeal, officially driven or diffuse. In some cases, the processes have been and are still relatively ‘painless’ or even subliminal, at least as far as much of the population speaking the language is concerned. English is an extreme case in this respect, so that Ayto (1983) is able to speak of the ‘failure of language reform’ as a striking characteristic of its history. Many of the issues which could potentially be associated with its position in both the world and in particular countries do not, to all intents and purposes, arise. They have been dealt with by history; the way English works as a lingua franca, as an official language, as an international language in a variety of domains and regions, its spelling systems, its vocabulary, just ‘growed’, with only sporadic help from conscious planning.

text: Issues in Maori Language Planning and Revitalisation All languages which have undergone changes of status in the course of their histories have been the subject of language planning, be this consistent or piecemeal, officially driven or diffuse. In some cases, the processes have been and are still relatively ‘painless’ or even subliminal, at least as far as much of the population speaking the language is concerned. English is an extreme case in this respect, so that Ayto (1983) is able to speak of the ‘failure of language reform’ as a striking characteristic of its history. Many of the issues which could potentially be associated with its position in both the world and in particular countries do not, to all intents and purposes, arise. They have been dealt with by history; the way English works as a lingua franca, as an official language, as an international language in a variety of domains and regions, its spelling systems, its vocabulary, just ‘growed’, with only sporadic help from conscious planning.

year: 2003-02