title: The quantification of external colour changes during sexual transition in the protogynous spotty wrasse Notolabrus celidotus

authors: de Farias e Moraes, Carlos Eduardo

subjects: sex change

abstract: Hermaphroditism in fish has been well documented. Protogynous hermaphrodites (female to male sex change) are normally found in a polygamous social hierarchy. The male is the dominant within the group, followed by the largest female and it is common to observe aggressive behaviour as an exercise of dominance. Most of the studies relating to sex change used tropical species as models, however, little is known about temperate species. In this research, Notolabrus celidotus, a temperate protogynous wrasse, was used to investigate sex change. The overall goal was to develop an accurate methodology to assist with colour analysis of an external landmark. Ten males and ten females had pictures taken from the whole body. Digital photography and computational image analysis programs were used to help quantify the colour. Results were found through circular statistics, as hue is read as an angle. It was found that the anal fin presented the most significant mean variation of hue, within the body (female = 95.353 ± 3.16°; male = 141.138 ± 17.23°). The technique was then used to quantify the colour changes of the anal fin as individuals transitioned from female to male. Histological examination was also analysed and classified according to the transitional phase of every fish. The developed technique was able to track the colour changes and allocate them into distinct sexual transition stages. Statistical analysis showed that major colour changes began at the mid-transitional stage and progressed until the terminal phase male was achieved. The histological analysis of the gonads contributed to the study demonstrating internal changes through each sexual stage, additionally showing connection between the changes internally and externally. Through the development of a method to quantify external colour in relation to sexual state, this work creates opportunities for future studies. Investigations of sex change in this species can now be conducted without the need for invasive or destructive sampling to identify sex changing individuals. Further to this, individuals that are at different stages of sexual transition may be identified and selected for sampling by their external colour. Overall, this study was able to quantify and allocate external colour changes into distinct stages that map the restructure of the gonads during sex change.

text: The quantification of external colour changes during sexual transition in the protogynous spotty wrasse Notolabrus celidotus Hermaphroditism in fish has been well documented. Protogynous hermaphrodites (female to male sex change) are normally found in a polygamous social hierarchy. The male is the dominant within the group, followed by the largest female and it is common to observe aggressive behaviour as an exercise of dominance. Most of the studies relating to sex change used tropical species as models, however, little is known about temperate species. In this research, Notolabrus celidotus, a temperate protogynous wrasse, was used to investigate sex change. The overall goal was to develop an accurate methodology to assist with colour analysis of an external landmark. Ten males and ten females had pictures taken from the whole body. Digital photography and computational image analysis programs were used to help quantify the colour. Results were found through circular statistics, as hue is read as an angle. It was found that the anal fin presented the most significant mean variation of hue, within the body (female = 95.353 ± 3.16°; male = 141.138 ± 17.23°). The technique was then used to quantify the colour changes of the anal fin as individuals transitioned from female to male. Histological examination was also analysed and classified according to the transitional phase of every fish. The developed technique was able to track the colour changes and allocate them into distinct sexual transition stages. Statistical analysis showed that major colour changes began at the mid-transitional stage and progressed until the terminal phase male was achieved. The histological analysis of the gonads contributed to the study demonstrating internal changes through each sexual stage, additionally showing connection between the changes internally and externally. Through the development of a method to quantify external colour in relation to sexual state, this work creates opportunities for future studies. Investigations of sex change in this species can now be conducted without the need for invasive or destructive sampling to identify sex changing individuals. Further to this, individuals that are at different stages of sexual transition may be identified and selected for sampling by their external colour. Overall, this study was able to quantify and allocate external colour changes into distinct stages that map the restructure of the gonads during sex change.

year: 2019

title: Taking a book off the shelf in a virtual library

authors: Cunningham, Sally Jo

subjects: computer science

abstract: We present the results of a small-scale study in which participants interacted with a physical book. Their book selection and book opening gestures provide design insights for the interface to a virtual reality library.

text: Taking a book off the shelf in a virtual library We present the results of a small-scale study in which participants interacted with a physical book. Their book selection and book opening gestures provide design insights for the interface to a virtual reality library.

year: 2017

title: The confiscation of Pare Hauraki: The impact of Te Ao Pākehā on the Iwi of Pare Hauraki Māori; on the whenua of Pare Hauraki 1835-1997 and The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004

authors: Peters, Murray Hamaka

subjects: Maori

abstract: Kia mau ki te rangatiratanga 
o te Iwi o Hauraki  

Just as the whakataukī  explains  Hold fast to the power and authority of the Hauraki tribes  the focus of this study is to examine and evaluate the impact of Te Ao Pākehā on Pare Hauraki lands and Tīkapa Moana under the mana of Pare Hauraki Māori  and Pare Hauraki tikanga.  The iwi of Pare Hauraki have land claims through the, (Wai 100) and the Hauraki Māori Trust Board, before the Waitangi Tribunal highlighting whenua issues and their impact on Pare Hauraki iwi.  

Also relevant is the foreshore and seabed issue which is documented leading on to the infamous Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004, (for Māori anyway), sparking widespread opposition by Māori throughout the country, and other supportive non-Māori groups because of  the issue concerning Māori kaitiiakitanga and guardianship roles.

This investigation will commence by outlining the histories of discovery and settlement of Pare Hauraki, the concept of mana-whenua/mana-moana  as it applies to Pare Hauraki Māori and our tikanga, and then to subsequent issues leading to land alienation of the early 19th to late 20th cenutries and then to the foreshore issue of the early 21st Century.   
 
This research will include information showing that before 1840 to Te Tiriti o Waitangi and thereafter that Pākehā and various Crown agents, through legislation claimed the rights to the lands, waterways and oceanic areas under the kaitiakitanga of my tupuna of Pare Hauraki.  Tupuna and other iwi members have expressed their disgust seeing the mana of their traditional lands, waterways, oceanic areas and kaitiaki roles slipping away from them through these activities. 

Therefore, this thesis is a response to those issues and the impact on (a), Māori as a people, and our tikanga Māori and (b), Pare Hauraki Māori as the kaitiaki/guardians of the Pare Hauraki rohe/territory in accordance with tikanga Māori, and the significance of the responsibilities which arise out of the Māori concepts of kaitiakitanga, manaakitanga and rangatiratanga.

text: The confiscation of Pare Hauraki: The impact of Te Ao Pākehā on the Iwi of Pare Hauraki Māori; on the whenua of Pare Hauraki 1835-1997 and The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 Kia mau ki te rangatiratanga 
o te Iwi o Hauraki  

Just as the whakataukī  explains  Hold fast to the power and authority of the Hauraki tribes  the focus of this study is to examine and evaluate the impact of Te Ao Pākehā on Pare Hauraki lands and Tīkapa Moana under the mana of Pare Hauraki Māori  and Pare Hauraki tikanga.  The iwi of Pare Hauraki have land claims through the, (Wai 100) and the Hauraki Māori Trust Board, before the Waitangi Tribunal highlighting whenua issues and their impact on Pare Hauraki iwi.  

Also relevant is the foreshore and seabed issue which is documented leading on to the infamous Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004, (for Māori anyway), sparking widespread opposition by Māori throughout the country, and other supportive non-Māori groups because of  the issue concerning Māori kaitiiakitanga and guardianship roles.

This investigation will commence by outlining the histories of discovery and settlement of Pare Hauraki, the concept of mana-whenua/mana-moana  as it applies to Pare Hauraki Māori and our tikanga, and then to subsequent issues leading to land alienation of the early 19th to late 20th cenutries and then to the foreshore issue of the early 21st Century.   
 
This research will include information showing that before 1840 to Te Tiriti o Waitangi and thereafter that Pākehā and various Crown agents, through legislation claimed the rights to the lands, waterways and oceanic areas under the kaitiakitanga of my tupuna of Pare Hauraki.  Tupuna and other iwi members have expressed their disgust seeing the mana of their traditional lands, waterways, oceanic areas and kaitiaki roles slipping away from them through these activities. 

Therefore, this thesis is a response to those issues and the impact on (a), Māori as a people, and our tikanga Māori and (b), Pare Hauraki Māori as the kaitiaki/guardians of the Pare Hauraki rohe/territory in accordance with tikanga Māori, and the significance of the responsibilities which arise out of the Māori concepts of kaitiakitanga, manaakitanga and rangatiratanga.

year: 2007