title: Stratigraphy and sedimentology of conglomerates in the Kidnappers Group, Hawke’s Bay

authors: Kamp, Peter J.J.

abstract: The Middle to Late Pleistocene Kidnappers Group comprises 400 m of diverse lithologies deposited in fluvial, marginal marine and shallow marine environments. The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the greywacke conglomerates, the dominant lithology in the group, is investigated, in part using three new computer programmes. 
Five environmentally sensitive lithologies are recognised: Lithotype 1 - Imbricated, inverse to normally graded conglomerate; Lithotype 2 - Planar cross-stratified conglomerate; Lithotype 3 - Thin, massive to stratified conglomerate; Lithotype 4 - Planar cross-stratified, shelly, sandy conglomerate; Lithotype 5 - Thin, massive to low-angle cross-stratified, shelly conglomerate.
On the basis of cross-stratification types, fossil content and the shapes, orientation fabrics and grain-size analyses of clasts, Lithotypes 1, 2 and 3 have a braided fluvial origin and Lithotypes 4 and 5 a shallow marine origin. Differences between Lithotypes 1, 2 and 3 identify a proximal-distal sequence within the braided fluvial environment. 
Lithotype 1 is interpreted as proximal channel and longitudinal bar facies, Lithotype 2 as mid-reach transverse and longitudinal/diagonal bar facies, and Lithotype 3 as channel and topstratum overbank deposits in the distal reaches of a braided river system.
From the vertical succession of conglomeratic facies and marine fossiliferous units, a chronology of submergence and emergence events in the Kidnappers Group has been established. This succession is dominantly controlled by glacio-eustatic fluctuations in sea level which agree in frequency and period with sea level fluctuations derived from deep sea core data from 0.5 to 0.1 m.y.B.P. Tectonism has also influenced the supply of sediment to the group and reinforced the magnitude of the submergence and emergence events.

text: Stratigraphy and sedimentology of conglomerates in the Kidnappers Group, Hawke’s Bay The Middle to Late Pleistocene Kidnappers Group comprises 400 m of diverse lithologies deposited in fluvial, marginal marine and shallow marine environments. The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the greywacke conglomerates, the dominant lithology in the group, is investigated, in part using three new computer programmes. 
Five environmentally sensitive lithologies are recognised: Lithotype 1 - Imbricated, inverse to normally graded conglomerate; Lithotype 2 - Planar cross-stratified conglomerate; Lithotype 3 - Thin, massive to stratified conglomerate; Lithotype 4 - Planar cross-stratified, shelly, sandy conglomerate; Lithotype 5 - Thin, massive to low-angle cross-stratified, shelly conglomerate.
On the basis of cross-stratification types, fossil content and the shapes, orientation fabrics and grain-size analyses of clasts, Lithotypes 1, 2 and 3 have a braided fluvial origin and Lithotypes 4 and 5 a shallow marine origin. Differences between Lithotypes 1, 2 and 3 identify a proximal-distal sequence within the braided fluvial environment. 
Lithotype 1 is interpreted as proximal channel and longitudinal bar facies, Lithotype 2 as mid-reach transverse and longitudinal/diagonal bar facies, and Lithotype 3 as channel and topstratum overbank deposits in the distal reaches of a braided river system.
From the vertical succession of conglomeratic facies and marine fossiliferous units, a chronology of submergence and emergence events in the Kidnappers Group has been established. This succession is dominantly controlled by glacio-eustatic fluctuations in sea level which agree in frequency and period with sea level fluctuations derived from deep sea core data from 0.5 to 0.1 m.y.B.P. Tectonism has also influenced the supply of sediment to the group and reinforced the magnitude of the submergence and emergence events.

year: 1978

title: Dietary supplementation and intragastric infusions of L-tryptophan reduce food intake

authors: Aidney, Fraser Charles

subjects: L-tryptophan

abstract: Select free amino acids have been suggested to promote early satiation. Initial studies indicate that L-tryptophan may play an important role in reducing appetite. The current set of experiments examined whether dietary and intragastrically administered L-tryptophan decreases food consumption and whether this effect is specific to eating stimulated by energy (calorie) needs or by pleasant taste (reward). A link between a satiating action of L-tryptophan and activity of the anorexigenic oxytocin circuit has also been investigated. Supplementation of milk formula-based diets with tryptophan reduced energy deprivation-induced consumption of these formulas in mice. Tryptophan enrichment had no effect on water intake, which precludes the involvement of taste- or thirst-related mechanisms in tryptophan-driven hypophagia. Intragastrically administered L-tryptophan decreased deprivation-induced chow intake. It also reduced hedonics-driven consumption of palatable saccharin and milk, but not of sucrose solutions in non-deprived mice, suggesting a link with feeding reward mechanisms unrelated to sucrose. Finally, oxytocin receptor blockade with very low doses of an antagonist just prior to intragastric L-tryptophan administration, completely abolished early termination of deprivation-induced food intake by this amino acid. Overall, the data indicate that dietary supplementation and intragastric delivery of free L-tryptophan reduce eating behaviour stimulated by energy needs and palatability, and that the effect of L-tryptophan is mediated by the anorexigenic oxytocin system.

text: Dietary supplementation and intragastric infusions of L-tryptophan reduce food intake Select free amino acids have been suggested to promote early satiation. Initial studies indicate that L-tryptophan may play an important role in reducing appetite. The current set of experiments examined whether dietary and intragastrically administered L-tryptophan decreases food consumption and whether this effect is specific to eating stimulated by energy (calorie) needs or by pleasant taste (reward). A link between a satiating action of L-tryptophan and activity of the anorexigenic oxytocin circuit has also been investigated. Supplementation of milk formula-based diets with tryptophan reduced energy deprivation-induced consumption of these formulas in mice. Tryptophan enrichment had no effect on water intake, which precludes the involvement of taste- or thirst-related mechanisms in tryptophan-driven hypophagia. Intragastrically administered L-tryptophan decreased deprivation-induced chow intake. It also reduced hedonics-driven consumption of palatable saccharin and milk, but not of sucrose solutions in non-deprived mice, suggesting a link with feeding reward mechanisms unrelated to sucrose. Finally, oxytocin receptor blockade with very low doses of an antagonist just prior to intragastric L-tryptophan administration, completely abolished early termination of deprivation-induced food intake by this amino acid. Overall, the data indicate that dietary supplementation and intragastric delivery of free L-tryptophan reduce eating behaviour stimulated by energy needs and palatability, and that the effect of L-tryptophan is mediated by the anorexigenic oxytocin system.

year: 2016

title: A jade door: Reconciliatory justice as a way forward citing New Zealand experience

authors: Joseph, Robert

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: Greenstone (jade) was highly valued in New Zealand because it was durable, beautiful, and precious. Greenstone is found only on the west coast of the South Island and was used as a means of exchange. In times of trouble, peace could be secured by ending warfare through a political marriage. Peace, thus established, was often likened figuratively to a greenstone door as both the woman and the peace ceremony were seen to be durable, strong, and valuable.

text: A jade door: Reconciliatory justice as a way forward citing New Zealand experience Greenstone (jade) was highly valued in New Zealand because it was durable, beautiful, and precious. Greenstone is found only on the west coast of the South Island and was used as a means of exchange. In times of trouble, peace could be secured by ending warfare through a political marriage. Peace, thus established, was often likened figuratively to a greenstone door as both the woman and the peace ceremony were seen to be durable, strong, and valuable.

year: 2008