title: Climate change increased extreme monsoon rainfall, flooding highly vulnerable communities in Pakistan

authors: Otto, Friederike E. L.

abstract: As a direct consequence of extreme monsoon rainfall throughout the summer 2022 season Pakistan experienced the worst flooding in its history. We employ a probabilistic event attribution methodology as well as a detailed assessment of the dynamics to understand the role of climate change in this event. Many of the available state-of-the-art climate models struggle to simulate these rainfall characteristics. Those that pass our evaluation test generally show a much smaller change in likelihood and intensity of extreme rainfall than the trend we found in the observations. This discrepancy suggests that long-term variability, or processes that our evaluation may not capture, can play an important role, rendering it infeasible to quantify the overall role of human-induced climate change. However, the majority of models and observations we have analysed show that intense rainfall has become heavier as Pakistan has warmed. Some of these models suggest climate change could have increased the rainfall intensity up to 50%. The devastating impacts were also driven by the proximity of human settlements, infrastructure (homes, buildings, bridges), and agricultural land to flood plains, inadequate infrastructure, limited ex-ante risk reduction capacity, an outdated river management system, underlying vulnerabilities driven by high poverty rates and socioeconomic factors (e.g. gender, age, income, and education), and ongoing political and economic instability. Both current conditions and the potential further increase in extreme peaks in rainfall over Pakistan in light of anthropogenic climate change, highlight the urgent need to reduce vulnerability to extreme weather in Pakistan.

text: Climate change increased extreme monsoon rainfall, flooding highly vulnerable communities in Pakistan As a direct consequence of extreme monsoon rainfall throughout the summer 2022 season Pakistan experienced the worst flooding in its history. We employ a probabilistic event attribution methodology as well as a detailed assessment of the dynamics to understand the role of climate change in this event. Many of the available state-of-the-art climate models struggle to simulate these rainfall characteristics. Those that pass our evaluation test generally show a much smaller change in likelihood and intensity of extreme rainfall than the trend we found in the observations. This discrepancy suggests that long-term variability, or processes that our evaluation may not capture, can play an important role, rendering it infeasible to quantify the overall role of human-induced climate change. However, the majority of models and observations we have analysed show that intense rainfall has become heavier as Pakistan has warmed. Some of these models suggest climate change could have increased the rainfall intensity up to 50%. The devastating impacts were also driven by the proximity of human settlements, infrastructure (homes, buildings, bridges), and agricultural land to flood plains, inadequate infrastructure, limited ex-ante risk reduction capacity, an outdated river management system, underlying vulnerabilities driven by high poverty rates and socioeconomic factors (e.g. gender, age, income, and education), and ongoing political and economic instability. Both current conditions and the potential further increase in extreme peaks in rainfall over Pakistan in light of anthropogenic climate change, highlight the urgent need to reduce vulnerability to extreme weather in Pakistan.

year: 2023-06-01

title: Internal fibre length concentration in a pressure screen

authors: Atkins, Martin John

subjects: pressure screening

abstract: Localised axial consistency profiles within a pressure screen of a Pinus Radiata kraft pulp are reported. Axial Samples were also analysed using a Kajaani FS-200 to obtain fibre length distribution data. Localised consistency in the feed annulus was found to vary considerably and the consistency was found to be less than the feed consistency over some portions of the screen (annular dilution). Changes in consistency along the accept side was fairly constant although subtle changes were observed. 
Pulp passage ratios for both the bulk and individual fibre length fractions were calculated using the consistency profiles and fibre length data. In all cases fibre passage decreased along the screen length. Fibre passage was affected by a position effect which is comprised of two factors: flocculation effects, and flow and rotor effects. Fibre fractionation efficiency was found to increase along the length of the screen. 
Mechanisms that account for the observed annular dilution, passage ratio and efficiency changes are proposed. These involve flow of both fluid and fibre in the forward and reverse directions across the screen plate, increased flocculation in the feed annulus and the slip velocity between incoming pulp and the rotor tip.

text: Internal fibre length concentration in a pressure screen Localised axial consistency profiles within a pressure screen of a Pinus Radiata kraft pulp are reported. Axial Samples were also analysed using a Kajaani FS-200 to obtain fibre length distribution data. Localised consistency in the feed annulus was found to vary considerably and the consistency was found to be less than the feed consistency over some portions of the screen (annular dilution). Changes in consistency along the accept side was fairly constant although subtle changes were observed. 
Pulp passage ratios for both the bulk and individual fibre length fractions were calculated using the consistency profiles and fibre length data. In all cases fibre passage decreased along the screen length. Fibre passage was affected by a position effect which is comprised of two factors: flocculation effects, and flow and rotor effects. Fibre fractionation efficiency was found to increase along the length of the screen. 
Mechanisms that account for the observed annular dilution, passage ratio and efficiency changes are proposed. These involve flow of both fluid and fibre in the forward and reverse directions across the screen plate, increased flocculation in the feed annulus and the slip velocity between incoming pulp and the rotor tip.

year: 2007

title: Ma hea – which way? Mo te aha – what for?

authors: Te Awekotuku, Ngahuia

subjects: prejudice

abstract: Keynote address to the annual conference of the
NZ Psychological Society, 28 August 2004
E rau rangatira ma, tena ra koutou….
This presentation will be in four sections.
The first section will introduce two major issues, mana motuhake, and
manatangata, then we will consider some proposed legislation, the Seabed
& Foreshore Bill and the Civil Union Bill.
We will then consider strategic Maori response to political pressure over the
last three decades, and then note two recent and dramatic examples. They
are the Hikoi Takutai Moana, April 2004, and the Enough is Enough Rally,
August 2004
In the final section, we will consider the implications for psychologies and
psychologists working today in Aotearoa.

text: Ma hea – which way? Mo te aha – what for? Keynote address to the annual conference of the
NZ Psychological Society, 28 August 2004
E rau rangatira ma, tena ra koutou….
This presentation will be in four sections.
The first section will introduce two major issues, mana motuhake, and
manatangata, then we will consider some proposed legislation, the Seabed
& Foreshore Bill and the Civil Union Bill.
We will then consider strategic Maori response to political pressure over the
last three decades, and then note two recent and dramatic examples. They
are the Hikoi Takutai Moana, April 2004, and the Enough is Enough Rally,
August 2004
In the final section, we will consider the implications for psychologies and
psychologists working today in Aotearoa.

year: 2003-08