title: Chinese immigrants in New Zealand early childhood settings: Perspectives and experiences

authors: Guo, Karen

subjects: immigrant

abstract: This article discusses the perspectives and experiences of Chinese immigrant parents in New Zealand early childhood settings. The findings suggest that the parents’ behaviour is aimed at raising children with an understanding of both New Zealand and Chinese culture. A key feature of this bicultural development, however, is a disconnect between activities at home and at childcare. The research highlights conflicts involved in forming a cross-cultural community of practice in which immigrants’ funds of knowledge interact with those of early childhood centres.

text: Chinese immigrants in New Zealand early childhood settings: Perspectives and experiences This article discusses the perspectives and experiences of Chinese immigrant parents in New Zealand early childhood settings. The findings suggest that the parents’ behaviour is aimed at raising children with an understanding of both New Zealand and Chinese culture. A key feature of this bicultural development, however, is a disconnect between activities at home and at childcare. The research highlights conflicts involved in forming a cross-cultural community of practice in which immigrants’ funds of knowledge interact with those of early childhood centres.

year: 2012

title: Recipe for a rainbow: a training programme for parents of children with challenging behaviours associated with autism spectrum disorder

authors: McLeary-Hooper, Robyn P.

abstract: Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have to manage a number of challenging behaviours with limited access to resources or knowledgeable professionals. A nine-week parent-training programme developed and tested in this study shows that parents can effectively and independently manage the challenging behaviours associated with ASD. Ten parent-child dyads consisting of a mother and her child with ASD took part in this study. Parents identified three target behaviours in each of the three areas associated with ASD - the ‘triad of impairment’ - socialisation, communication and restricted interest/cognition. 

Positive behaviour change was produced in 29 of the 30 target behaviours over all ‘triad’ areas. Average adaptive behaviour gains of 13.5 months per child were produced over the nine-week course of instruction. Behaviour gains were maintained and improved over short (7 week) and long-term (7 months) follow-up periods. Parent-participants evidenced generalisation of trained skills over behaviours, individuals and time. 

The programme comprised of two components; a) a robust and validated behaviour change approach - Applied Behavioural Analysis and b) a new approach based on Theory of Mind - social understanding. While parent-child dyads were randomly assigned to two groups, each receiving the two components in different order, parents in one group were significantly more stressed. Comparative analyses showed that both components produced effective behaviour change and that neither technique was more significant than the other. However, the social understanding approach appeared to produce larger behaviour change effects in shorter periods of time and was sufficiently powerful to produce child-behaviour change in the group of parents who had major ‘stress’ and ‘poor mood’. Parents reported that the social understanding approach was simple to implement and voiced a preference for this approach over the applied behavioural analysis approach. 

During the course of the programme, parent belief in their own ability to control child behaviour increased and stressors associated with child characteristics and the condition of ASD decreased. Parents reported satisfaction with the programme content, length and format and reported that the programme produced socially valid behaviour changes.

text: Recipe for a rainbow: a training programme for parents of children with challenging behaviours associated with autism spectrum disorder Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have to manage a number of challenging behaviours with limited access to resources or knowledgeable professionals. A nine-week parent-training programme developed and tested in this study shows that parents can effectively and independently manage the challenging behaviours associated with ASD. Ten parent-child dyads consisting of a mother and her child with ASD took part in this study. Parents identified three target behaviours in each of the three areas associated with ASD - the ‘triad of impairment’ - socialisation, communication and restricted interest/cognition. 

Positive behaviour change was produced in 29 of the 30 target behaviours over all ‘triad’ areas. Average adaptive behaviour gains of 13.5 months per child were produced over the nine-week course of instruction. Behaviour gains were maintained and improved over short (7 week) and long-term (7 months) follow-up periods. Parent-participants evidenced generalisation of trained skills over behaviours, individuals and time. 

The programme comprised of two components; a) a robust and validated behaviour change approach - Applied Behavioural Analysis and b) a new approach based on Theory of Mind - social understanding. While parent-child dyads were randomly assigned to two groups, each receiving the two components in different order, parents in one group were significantly more stressed. Comparative analyses showed that both components produced effective behaviour change and that neither technique was more significant than the other. However, the social understanding approach appeared to produce larger behaviour change effects in shorter periods of time and was sufficiently powerful to produce child-behaviour change in the group of parents who had major ‘stress’ and ‘poor mood’. Parents reported that the social understanding approach was simple to implement and voiced a preference for this approach over the applied behavioural analysis approach. 

During the course of the programme, parent belief in their own ability to control child behaviour increased and stressors associated with child characteristics and the condition of ASD decreased. Parents reported satisfaction with the programme content, length and format and reported that the programme produced socially valid behaviour changes.

year: 2003

title: Reduplication in Maori

authors: Keegan, Peter J.

subjects: Te reo Māori

abstract: This thesis is a study of reduplication in Māori. The aim of the thesis is to make a thorough study of both the formal and semantic properties of reduplication in Māori. This is done by reviewing the relevant literature on reduplication, and collating reduplication data. Most data are from textual sources. Some data have been provided by native-speaker informants. 
The first chapter looks at previous attempts to describe reduplication in Māori. It begins with some definitions of the term reduplication. This is followed by a review of the attempts made by previous authors to describe reduplication in Māori. Aspects of reduplication not covered by those attempts are noted.
The second chapter looks at reduplication in Māori within a Generative framework. The units of reduplication in Māori are given in prosodic terms. This is followed by an overview of Marantz (1982), and a critique of two very recent attempts to account for reduplication in Māori within Optimality Theory. Aspects of Māori reduplication that poses difficulties for Optimality Theory are noted.
The third chapter describes the semantics of reduplication in Māori. An illustration is given of some of the common meanings of reduplication attested across languages. The various meanings of reduplication in Māori are described. Also, the semantics of reduplication in Māori are compared to the semantics of reduplication in Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian) languages within the framework suggested by Kiyomi (1995).
The fourth chapter comments on descriptive aspects of reduplication in Māori not covered by the previous three chapters.
The fifth chapter provides statistics on the reduplication data collated in the appendices. Reduplication data are divided according to the number of mora in the stem (or base) of origin. Statistics are given on the occurrence of various patterns of reduplication in Māori.

text: Reduplication in Maori This thesis is a study of reduplication in Māori. The aim of the thesis is to make a thorough study of both the formal and semantic properties of reduplication in Māori. This is done by reviewing the relevant literature on reduplication, and collating reduplication data. Most data are from textual sources. Some data have been provided by native-speaker informants. 
The first chapter looks at previous attempts to describe reduplication in Māori. It begins with some definitions of the term reduplication. This is followed by a review of the attempts made by previous authors to describe reduplication in Māori. Aspects of reduplication not covered by those attempts are noted.
The second chapter looks at reduplication in Māori within a Generative framework. The units of reduplication in Māori are given in prosodic terms. This is followed by an overview of Marantz (1982), and a critique of two very recent attempts to account for reduplication in Māori within Optimality Theory. Aspects of Māori reduplication that poses difficulties for Optimality Theory are noted.
The third chapter describes the semantics of reduplication in Māori. An illustration is given of some of the common meanings of reduplication attested across languages. The various meanings of reduplication in Māori are described. Also, the semantics of reduplication in Māori are compared to the semantics of reduplication in Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian) languages within the framework suggested by Kiyomi (1995).
The fourth chapter comments on descriptive aspects of reduplication in Māori not covered by the previous three chapters.
The fifth chapter provides statistics on the reduplication data collated in the appendices. Reduplication data are divided according to the number of mora in the stem (or base) of origin. Statistics are given on the occurrence of various patterns of reduplication in Māori.

year: 1996