title: Footstrike evaluation in male runners: A comparison of lateral and medial video views against traditional motion capture

authors: Mo, Shiwei

subjects: gait

abstract: Footstrike evaluation is essential for understanding running biomechanics and is often performed in research and clinical settings using 2D video analysis. However, whether it is appropriate to analyse both right-left footstrike patterns from a single sagittal plane video is unclear. This study compared medial and lateral video views in assessing footstrike pattern and footstrike angle, using a motion capture system as the gold standard. We analyzed 4,800 footfalls from 20 healthy recreational runners during self-paced treadmill running, recruited through convenient sampling. Footstrike angle agreement was evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and root mean square error (RMSE). The mean difference in footstrike angle between the gold standard and lateral view was 0.40° (95% limits of agreement: 6.05° to −5.25°), while the medial view showed a mean difference of −1.31° (95% limits: 8.37° to −10.99°). ICC values indicated excellent agreement for both lateral (0.979) and medial (0.940) views to the gold standard. RMSE was lower for the lateral (2.91°) than medial (5.11°) view, suggesting greater precision. Footstrike pattern classification was assessed using Cohen's kappa, revealing substantial agreement for the lateral view (κ = 0.785, p < 0.001) and good agreement for the medial view (κ = 0.606, p < 0.001). These results indicate that while both views demonstrate strong agreement, the lateral view aligns more closely with the gold standard in continuous and categorical assessments. Our findings suggest lateral video analysis may be preferable for footstrike evaluation in applied and clinical settings.

text: Footstrike evaluation in male runners: A comparison of lateral and medial video views against traditional motion capture Footstrike evaluation is essential for understanding running biomechanics and is often performed in research and clinical settings using 2D video analysis. However, whether it is appropriate to analyse both right-left footstrike patterns from a single sagittal plane video is unclear. This study compared medial and lateral video views in assessing footstrike pattern and footstrike angle, using a motion capture system as the gold standard. We analyzed 4,800 footfalls from 20 healthy recreational runners during self-paced treadmill running, recruited through convenient sampling. Footstrike angle agreement was evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and root mean square error (RMSE). The mean difference in footstrike angle between the gold standard and lateral view was 0.40° (95% limits of agreement: 6.05° to −5.25°), while the medial view showed a mean difference of −1.31° (95% limits: 8.37° to −10.99°). ICC values indicated excellent agreement for both lateral (0.979) and medial (0.940) views to the gold standard. RMSE was lower for the lateral (2.91°) than medial (5.11°) view, suggesting greater precision. Footstrike pattern classification was assessed using Cohen's kappa, revealing substantial agreement for the lateral view (κ = 0.785, p < 0.001) and good agreement for the medial view (κ = 0.606, p < 0.001). These results indicate that while both views demonstrate strong agreement, the lateral view aligns more closely with the gold standard in continuous and categorical assessments. Our findings suggest lateral video analysis may be preferable for footstrike evaluation in applied and clinical settings.

year: 2025-09

title: Online surveys-possibilities, pitfalls and practicalities: the experience of the TELA evaluation.

authors: Harlow, Ann

subjects: online survey

abstract: Surveys are a commonly used strategy for gaining insights into teacher perspectives. They are often seen as cost effective in terms of time and resources required, but the challenges involved in conducting and processing paper-based surveys can be considerable. Online surveys offer an alternative, particularly now that people have better access to computers and the Internet, and also since the available software has recently become more user-friendly and in some cases, free to the user. In this paper, the research process used in a large longitudinal evaluation study is discussed, where teachers increasingly opted to participate in an online survey in preference to a paper survey. The possibilities of choosing to use an online survey were attractive but they came with pitfalls. The practical strategies that proved effective in engaging teachers in an online survey process and in managing online responses are discussed and considered in the light of current research literature.

text: Online surveys-possibilities, pitfalls and practicalities: the experience of the TELA evaluation. Surveys are a commonly used strategy for gaining insights into teacher perspectives. They are often seen as cost effective in terms of time and resources required, but the challenges involved in conducting and processing paper-based surveys can be considerable. Online surveys offer an alternative, particularly now that people have better access to computers and the Internet, and also since the available software has recently become more user-friendly and in some cases, free to the user. In this paper, the research process used in a large longitudinal evaluation study is discussed, where teachers increasingly opted to participate in an online survey in preference to a paper survey. The possibilities of choosing to use an online survey were attractive but they came with pitfalls. The practical strategies that proved effective in engaging teachers in an online survey process and in managing online responses are discussed and considered in the light of current research literature.

year: 2010

title: Visualising Mātauranga Māori for iwi outcomes

authors: Hudson, Maui

subjects: Mätauranga Mäori

abstract: Ko te Mätauranga Mäori he puna nö te katoa, he mea äta whakatipu hoki e ngä whänau, e ngä hapü, e ngä iwi hoki o tënä, o tënä o ngä whakareanga maha. He mätauranga nö te hapori, he mea äta whakatö hoki ki roto i ngä wheako o te ia rä, he mea kawe ki te pürakau, ki te waiata, ki ngä karangahanga whenua, ki te kani, ki te kawa, ki te whakapapa, ki te pümahara, ki te whakakitenga, ki te matakite, ki te whakaakoranga me te tohu pütake, hei tirohanga, ka mutu he mea äta ako mä te tirohanga, mä tängata kë atu ränei o te hapori. Tënei mea te Mätauranga Mäori, he pünaha whakatipu möhiohio, he nukurau, he nanakia anö hoki, kua hangä mai ki te mätauranga ä-whänau, ä-hapü, ä-iwi anö hoki.
Kei te whakatau tikanga, kei te whakamahere, kei te whakamahi hoki ëtahi hunga tangata i te Mätauranga Mäori, ka mutu kei tënä öna anö whaihuatanga. Ko te aho e whakakotahi nei i ngä röpü käwanatanga me ngä kaunihera ä-rohe, ko te whakaaro e hängai pü ana te mätauranga Mäori ki te Mäori, he mea whakahängai hoki, ka mutu he rerekë i tënä, i tënä o ngä rohe. Ki tä te nuinga o ngä hunga tangata, ko te whakapakarihia o ö rätou ake märamatanga ki te mätauranga Mäori tëtahi tino whäinga ä-rautaki, kei reira hoki he äwhina i te ärahi whakataunga, i te whakahaerenga, i te tikanga mätai anö hoki, me te takoha atu ki te nanakia e taea nei e te mätauranga Mäori, kia waihangatia mai ai he tatauranga tika mä tënei whakareanga.
He maha ngä kauwaka e kawe atu nei i tënei mea i te Mätauranga Mäori. E körero nei ngä mana whenua i ö rätou hiahia ki te whakamahinga o ngä taputapu wähi ä-nuku hei whakakitenga atu i te mätauranga Mäori i te taha o te raraunga pütaiao, kia tautokohia ai ngä whakataunga ki ngä hua ä-taiao nei. I tënei pepa, ka körerohia e mätou ko Takiwa, koia he Geo-spatial Visualisation Tool e whakatakoto nei i te papa whakatü mö Takiwa Lakes, e hängai nei ki ngä kaupapa wähi ä-nuku e toru. Kua whai hononga te taputapu ki ëtahi kaitiaki, e tika ai te horopaki, ngä kiko, me te whakahaere o te mätauranga Mäori i töna papa whakatü. He tino take ënei i tënei wä e aro pü nei ngä ohu tangata kia nui ake te whakamahinga o te mätauranga Mäori i ngä whakataunga. Ko te whäinga o ngä hononga kaitiaki ko te whakatinana ake i ngä mahere whakahaere mä roto anö i te whakamatihiko i ngä raraunga me ngä körero i ngä mahere, me te whakaatu i ërä i te taha o ngä raraunga pütaiao. E whakamana nei tënei papa whakatü i ngä mana whenua mä roto i te whakaatu i ngä tohunga pütaiao pënei me te kounga, te nui ränei o te wai (te wäwahi ränei) i roto i te horopaki o te raraunga mätauranga Mäori, pënei anö me ngä whenua hirahira ki te Mäori me ngä mahinga kai. Heoi, he take whakatü pihi te whakamahinga o te mätauranga Mäori i ëtahi wä, nö reira me whai whakaaro ki te whakangungu i te mana, i te tüturu, i te ngäkau tapatahi ä-ahurea nei anö hoki o ngä hapori ka whai wähi mai.
Mätauranga Mäori is the shared intellectual capital generated by whänau, hapü and iwi over multiple generations. It is community knowledge embedded in lived experience and carried in stories, song, place names, dance, ceremonies, genealogies, memories, visions, prophesies, teachings and original instructions, as learnt through observation and via other community members. Mätauranga Mäori is a dynamic, innovative, and generative system of knowledge constituted from mätauranga ä-whänau, mätauranga ä-hapü, and mätauranga ä-iwi.
Mätauranga Mäori is being defined, framed, and operationalised with varying success by a range of institutions. The general premise is that government agencies and regional councils acknowledge mätauranga Mäori as Mäori-specific knowledge that is adaptive and regionally distinct. For most institutions, improving their understanding of mätauranga Mäori is an important strategic aim that can help guide their decision-making, management, and monitoring procedures as well as contribute to the innovative potential of Mäori knowledge in order to create culturally appropriate data for this generation.
Mätauranga Mäori is transmitted through a number of mediums. Mana whenua are expressing interest in how geospatial tools can visualise mätauranga Mäori alongside science data to support decision-making for environmental outcomes. In this paper we discuss Takiwa, a geospatial visualisation tool that provides the platform for Takiwa Lakes, in relation to three geospatial initiatives. This tool has developed kaitiaki layers to provide an appropriate context, content and control of mätauranga Mäori within its platform. These are critical factors as agencies focus on increasing the use of mätauranga Mäori for decision-making. The aim of the kaitiaki layers is to bring iwi management plans to life by digitising the data and information within the plans and presenting them alongside scientific data. This platform empowers mana whenua by presenting scientific indicators such as water quality and quantity (e.g. allocation) within the context of mätauranga Mäori data such as sites of cultural significance and mahinga kai. However, the use of mätauranga Mäori can be a sensitive issue and it is important that consideration is given to protecting the cultural authority, cultural authenticity, and cultural integrity of the participating communities.

text: Visualising Mātauranga Māori for iwi outcomes Ko te Mätauranga Mäori he puna nö te katoa, he mea äta whakatipu hoki e ngä whänau, e ngä hapü, e ngä iwi hoki o tënä, o tënä o ngä whakareanga maha. He mätauranga nö te hapori, he mea äta whakatö hoki ki roto i ngä wheako o te ia rä, he mea kawe ki te pürakau, ki te waiata, ki ngä karangahanga whenua, ki te kani, ki te kawa, ki te whakapapa, ki te pümahara, ki te whakakitenga, ki te matakite, ki te whakaakoranga me te tohu pütake, hei tirohanga, ka mutu he mea äta ako mä te tirohanga, mä tängata kë atu ränei o te hapori. Tënei mea te Mätauranga Mäori, he pünaha whakatipu möhiohio, he nukurau, he nanakia anö hoki, kua hangä mai ki te mätauranga ä-whänau, ä-hapü, ä-iwi anö hoki.
Kei te whakatau tikanga, kei te whakamahere, kei te whakamahi hoki ëtahi hunga tangata i te Mätauranga Mäori, ka mutu kei tënä öna anö whaihuatanga. Ko te aho e whakakotahi nei i ngä röpü käwanatanga me ngä kaunihera ä-rohe, ko te whakaaro e hängai pü ana te mätauranga Mäori ki te Mäori, he mea whakahängai hoki, ka mutu he rerekë i tënä, i tënä o ngä rohe. Ki tä te nuinga o ngä hunga tangata, ko te whakapakarihia o ö rätou ake märamatanga ki te mätauranga Mäori tëtahi tino whäinga ä-rautaki, kei reira hoki he äwhina i te ärahi whakataunga, i te whakahaerenga, i te tikanga mätai anö hoki, me te takoha atu ki te nanakia e taea nei e te mätauranga Mäori, kia waihangatia mai ai he tatauranga tika mä tënei whakareanga.
He maha ngä kauwaka e kawe atu nei i tënei mea i te Mätauranga Mäori. E körero nei ngä mana whenua i ö rätou hiahia ki te whakamahinga o ngä taputapu wähi ä-nuku hei whakakitenga atu i te mätauranga Mäori i te taha o te raraunga pütaiao, kia tautokohia ai ngä whakataunga ki ngä hua ä-taiao nei. I tënei pepa, ka körerohia e mätou ko Takiwa, koia he Geo-spatial Visualisation Tool e whakatakoto nei i te papa whakatü mö Takiwa Lakes, e hängai nei ki ngä kaupapa wähi ä-nuku e toru. Kua whai hononga te taputapu ki ëtahi kaitiaki, e tika ai te horopaki, ngä kiko, me te whakahaere o te mätauranga Mäori i töna papa whakatü. He tino take ënei i tënei wä e aro pü nei ngä ohu tangata kia nui ake te whakamahinga o te mätauranga Mäori i ngä whakataunga. Ko te whäinga o ngä hononga kaitiaki ko te whakatinana ake i ngä mahere whakahaere mä roto anö i te whakamatihiko i ngä raraunga me ngä körero i ngä mahere, me te whakaatu i ërä i te taha o ngä raraunga pütaiao. E whakamana nei tënei papa whakatü i ngä mana whenua mä roto i te whakaatu i ngä tohunga pütaiao pënei me te kounga, te nui ränei o te wai (te wäwahi ränei) i roto i te horopaki o te raraunga mätauranga Mäori, pënei anö me ngä whenua hirahira ki te Mäori me ngä mahinga kai. Heoi, he take whakatü pihi te whakamahinga o te mätauranga Mäori i ëtahi wä, nö reira me whai whakaaro ki te whakangungu i te mana, i te tüturu, i te ngäkau tapatahi ä-ahurea nei anö hoki o ngä hapori ka whai wähi mai.
Mätauranga Mäori is the shared intellectual capital generated by whänau, hapü and iwi over multiple generations. It is community knowledge embedded in lived experience and carried in stories, song, place names, dance, ceremonies, genealogies, memories, visions, prophesies, teachings and original instructions, as learnt through observation and via other community members. Mätauranga Mäori is a dynamic, innovative, and generative system of knowledge constituted from mätauranga ä-whänau, mätauranga ä-hapü, and mätauranga ä-iwi.
Mätauranga Mäori is being defined, framed, and operationalised with varying success by a range of institutions. The general premise is that government agencies and regional councils acknowledge mätauranga Mäori as Mäori-specific knowledge that is adaptive and regionally distinct. For most institutions, improving their understanding of mätauranga Mäori is an important strategic aim that can help guide their decision-making, management, and monitoring procedures as well as contribute to the innovative potential of Mäori knowledge in order to create culturally appropriate data for this generation.
Mätauranga Mäori is transmitted through a number of mediums. Mana whenua are expressing interest in how geospatial tools can visualise mätauranga Mäori alongside science data to support decision-making for environmental outcomes. In this paper we discuss Takiwa, a geospatial visualisation tool that provides the platform for Takiwa Lakes, in relation to three geospatial initiatives. This tool has developed kaitiaki layers to provide an appropriate context, content and control of mätauranga Mäori within its platform. These are critical factors as agencies focus on increasing the use of mätauranga Mäori for decision-making. The aim of the kaitiaki layers is to bring iwi management plans to life by digitising the data and information within the plans and presenting them alongside scientific data. This platform empowers mana whenua by presenting scientific indicators such as water quality and quantity (e.g. allocation) within the context of mätauranga Mäori data such as sites of cultural significance and mahinga kai. However, the use of mätauranga Mäori can be a sensitive issue and it is important that consideration is given to protecting the cultural authority, cultural authenticity, and cultural integrity of the participating communities.

year: 2020