title: Influence of accelerated ageing on the physico-mechanical properties of alkali-treated industrial hemp fibre reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites

authors: Islam, Mohammad Saiful

subjects: hemp fibre

abstract: 30 wt% aligned untreated long hemp fibre/PLA (AUL) and aligned alkali treated long hemp fibre/PLA (AAL) composites were produced by film stacking and subjected to accelerated ageing. Accelerated ageing was carried out using UV irradiation and water spray at 50 °C for four different time intervals (250, 500, 750 and 1000 h). After accelerated ageing, tensile strength (TS), flexural strength, Young's modulus (YM), flexural modulus and mode I fracture toughness (KIc) were found to decrease and impact strength (IS) was found to increase for both AUL and AAL composites. AUL composites had greatest overall reduction in mechanical properties than that for AAL composites upon exposure to accelerated ageing environment. FTIR analysis and crystallinity contents of the accelerated aged composites support the results of the deterioration of mechanical properties upon exposure to accelerated ageing environment.

text: Influence of accelerated ageing on the physico-mechanical properties of alkali-treated industrial hemp fibre reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites 30 wt% aligned untreated long hemp fibre/PLA (AUL) and aligned alkali treated long hemp fibre/PLA (AAL) composites were produced by film stacking and subjected to accelerated ageing. Accelerated ageing was carried out using UV irradiation and water spray at 50 °C for four different time intervals (250, 500, 750 and 1000 h). After accelerated ageing, tensile strength (TS), flexural strength, Young's modulus (YM), flexural modulus and mode I fracture toughness (KIc) were found to decrease and impact strength (IS) was found to increase for both AUL and AAL composites. AUL composites had greatest overall reduction in mechanical properties than that for AAL composites upon exposure to accelerated ageing environment. FTIR analysis and crystallinity contents of the accelerated aged composites support the results of the deterioration of mechanical properties upon exposure to accelerated ageing environment.

year: 2010

title: Effects of a pre-flower phloem girdle on root pressure and partitioning of carbohydrate in Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa 'Hayward'

authors: Haisman, Nicola Ann

subjects: kiwifruit

abstract: The objective of this research is to understand the impacts of applying a pre-flower trunk girdle to the kiwifruit cultivar ‘Hayward’ (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa).  The pre-flower girdle is a recent addition to the management of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit orchards since it was discovered that it can reduce flower budrot. However, the effects of a trunk girdle in early spring on the partitioning of resources through the vine and the impacts on vine growth are unknown. 
Two approaches were used to address the objective. The first approach was to  use mature ‘Hayward’ vines at the Plant and Food Research Orchard, Te Puke in the Bay of Plenty.  The aims were to determine if xylem mobile sugars are important in the development of spring root pressure, and to define the impacts of a pre-flower girdle on root pressure, carbohydrate partitioning and storage, and vine phenology within the vine.  The second section of research used the detection of Bremmstrahlung radiation to trace the in vivo movement of radiolabelled photosynthate through ‘Hayward’ scions recently grafted onto Bruno rootstocks. The aim was to understand how stem girdling effects the movement of carbohydrate between source and sink tissues of young developing vines. 
Key results of this research were that the refilling of xylem vessels and the establishment of hydrostatic pressure in early spring occurs gradually from the roots up the trunk of the vine.  Fructose in the fine roots was identified as a key carbohydrate in the generation of the hydrostatic pressure required to refill xylem conduits after winter dormancy.  After a pre-flower trunk phloem girdle was applied there was a loss of xylem pressure that lasted for two weeks. The cause has not been resolved though results from this study suggest a relationship with loss of phloem flow, or cavitation induced air embolisms in the xylem preventing xylem pressure recovery.  
Leaves from girdled vines exported less carbohydrate than non-girdled vines which suggests a delayed transition to an autotrophic status.  Root and trunk carbohydrates showed little short-term effect of the pre-flower girdle.  However, there was a location effect seen with the trunk bark carbohydrates that suggest the utilisation of ‘local’ reserves is exploited in preference to long-distant transport of reserves.  There was no detectable short-term impacts of the pre-flower girdle on phenology. 
Further research is proposed to understand the long-term impacts of a pre-flower girdle on root pressure, carbohydrate storage and the development of seasonal organs.

text: Effects of a pre-flower phloem girdle on root pressure and partitioning of carbohydrate in Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa 'Hayward' The objective of this research is to understand the impacts of applying a pre-flower trunk girdle to the kiwifruit cultivar ‘Hayward’ (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa).  The pre-flower girdle is a recent addition to the management of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit orchards since it was discovered that it can reduce flower budrot. However, the effects of a trunk girdle in early spring on the partitioning of resources through the vine and the impacts on vine growth are unknown. 
Two approaches were used to address the objective. The first approach was to  use mature ‘Hayward’ vines at the Plant and Food Research Orchard, Te Puke in the Bay of Plenty.  The aims were to determine if xylem mobile sugars are important in the development of spring root pressure, and to define the impacts of a pre-flower girdle on root pressure, carbohydrate partitioning and storage, and vine phenology within the vine.  The second section of research used the detection of Bremmstrahlung radiation to trace the in vivo movement of radiolabelled photosynthate through ‘Hayward’ scions recently grafted onto Bruno rootstocks. The aim was to understand how stem girdling effects the movement of carbohydrate between source and sink tissues of young developing vines. 
Key results of this research were that the refilling of xylem vessels and the establishment of hydrostatic pressure in early spring occurs gradually from the roots up the trunk of the vine.  Fructose in the fine roots was identified as a key carbohydrate in the generation of the hydrostatic pressure required to refill xylem conduits after winter dormancy.  After a pre-flower trunk phloem girdle was applied there was a loss of xylem pressure that lasted for two weeks. The cause has not been resolved though results from this study suggest a relationship with loss of phloem flow, or cavitation induced air embolisms in the xylem preventing xylem pressure recovery.  
Leaves from girdled vines exported less carbohydrate than non-girdled vines which suggests a delayed transition to an autotrophic status.  Root and trunk carbohydrates showed little short-term effect of the pre-flower girdle.  However, there was a location effect seen with the trunk bark carbohydrates that suggest the utilisation of ‘local’ reserves is exploited in preference to long-distant transport of reserves.  There was no detectable short-term impacts of the pre-flower girdle on phenology. 
Further research is proposed to understand the long-term impacts of a pre-flower girdle on root pressure, carbohydrate storage and the development of seasonal organs.

year: 2019

title: William Nicholls, Hera Te Whakaawa, and their children

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: Two years after arriving in New Zealand in 1840, William Nicholls married Hera Te Whakaawa, who had an illustrious whakapapa. For the rest of his life he lived as a Pakeha Maori, trading and farming on land owned by his wife. Like other Pakeha, he was excited by the discoveries of gold, and was involved in a minor way with the Coromandel and Thames goldfields and at Te Aroha, near where he was living, where he and one of his sons did some prospecting. The penultimate Pakeha Maori to die in the Te Aroha district, he was a well-respected member of the community.
Nicholls ensured that his children were well educated, and in most cases they did well in Pakeha society and made ‘good’ marriages: the daughters to Pakeha and the sons to Maori. The lives of three of his children are summarized; the others are dealt with in other papers.

text: William Nicholls, Hera Te Whakaawa, and their children Two years after arriving in New Zealand in 1840, William Nicholls married Hera Te Whakaawa, who had an illustrious whakapapa. For the rest of his life he lived as a Pakeha Maori, trading and farming on land owned by his wife. Like other Pakeha, he was excited by the discoveries of gold, and was involved in a minor way with the Coromandel and Thames goldfields and at Te Aroha, near where he was living, where he and one of his sons did some prospecting. The penultimate Pakeha Maori to die in the Te Aroha district, he was a well-respected member of the community.
Nicholls ensured that his children were well educated, and in most cases they did well in Pakeha society and made ‘good’ marriages: the daughters to Pakeha and the sons to Maori. The lives of three of his children are summarized; the others are dealt with in other papers.

year: 2016