title: Prestige in form VII: A comparative field study

authors: Boyd, Ellie MacDonald

abstract: Form VII is a unique phenomenon in the school system since it is the final year for students who have successfully passed all the formal requirements of the secondary education system. Form VII students have qualified for University Entrance but elect to continue their studies for an additional year at school. They are the senior students of the high school.
The Form VII year is also a year of transition. From about the age of five they have been subject to the supervision of teachers acting in loco parentis but since Form VII students will move on, at the end of the year, and most will become university students, this final year is one where they must add to their maturity and must develop their ability to study independently. Consequently, the nature of the relationship between these students and their teachers and school administrators changes from what it was earlier. Their relationship with the many high school students who are their juniors, also changes. 
The larger the secondary school, the more likely it is that these senior students who are now classified by the school as a unit, Form VII, will have been brought together from a variety of different working groups. At the Form VI level, a student's selection of academic subjects and his past academic record, usually determine the group in which he will study. There may be many sixth forms; some emphasizing Science and Mathematics, others Commerce or Foreign Languages or Social Studies, while others, again, may be General.

text: Prestige in form VII: A comparative field study Form VII is a unique phenomenon in the school system since it is the final year for students who have successfully passed all the formal requirements of the secondary education system. Form VII students have qualified for University Entrance but elect to continue their studies for an additional year at school. They are the senior students of the high school.
The Form VII year is also a year of transition. From about the age of five they have been subject to the supervision of teachers acting in loco parentis but since Form VII students will move on, at the end of the year, and most will become university students, this final year is one where they must add to their maturity and must develop their ability to study independently. Consequently, the nature of the relationship between these students and their teachers and school administrators changes from what it was earlier. Their relationship with the many high school students who are their juniors, also changes. 
The larger the secondary school, the more likely it is that these senior students who are now classified by the school as a unit, Form VII, will have been brought together from a variety of different working groups. At the Form VI level, a student's selection of academic subjects and his past academic record, usually determine the group in which he will study. There may be many sixth forms; some emphasizing Science and Mathematics, others Commerce or Foreign Languages or Social Studies, while others, again, may be General.

year: 1973

title: Resource allocation and empowerment practices: Evidence from disability support services

authors: Alam, Manzurul

subjects: disabilities

abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of empowerment practices within the disability support service (DSS) sector in New Zealand. The DSS framework is designed as part of the public sector reform process to promote empowerment for people with disabilities so that they can lead independent lives in their communities. 

Design/methodology/approach – Taking a qualitative and interpretive approach to fieldwork, this research seeks the actual lived experiences of the disabled as recipients of services offer by the state. 

Findings – The empirical evidence suggests that a concept such as empowerment can be problematic, because it can be perceived as a manipulative strategy where empowerment principles may be only notionally applied when services are offered by following managerialist principles. 

Originality/value – This paper adds to the understanding on relationships between service design, resources, and empowerment practices. Implementation of empowerment principles, however, depends on resources to create a support structure at the community level and an atmosphere where there is choice and flexibility for people with disabilities to access essential services.

text: Resource allocation and empowerment practices: Evidence from disability support services Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of empowerment practices within the disability support service (DSS) sector in New Zealand. The DSS framework is designed as part of the public sector reform process to promote empowerment for people with disabilities so that they can lead independent lives in their communities. 

Design/methodology/approach – Taking a qualitative and interpretive approach to fieldwork, this research seeks the actual lived experiences of the disabled as recipients of services offer by the state. 

Findings – The empirical evidence suggests that a concept such as empowerment can be problematic, because it can be perceived as a manipulative strategy where empowerment principles may be only notionally applied when services are offered by following managerialist principles. 

Originality/value – This paper adds to the understanding on relationships between service design, resources, and empowerment practices. Implementation of empowerment principles, however, depends on resources to create a support structure at the community level and an atmosphere where there is choice and flexibility for people with disabilities to access essential services.

year: 2009

title: Birds vs. Clams: Assessing the impacts of South Island pied oystercatcher predation on Toheroa at Ripiro Beach, New Zealand

authors: Vallyon, Lolita-Maria Dolores

abstract: Managing the recovery of interacting species, such as predator and prey, is one of the most challenging factors of an ecosystem-based conservation approach. The actions taken to protect one species may be in conflict with the actions necessary to protect another. For example, the recovery of a predator in an ecosystem can lead to a significant conservation conflict between the protected predator and its protected prey. In these instances, research is required to determine whether a perceived conflict is in fact happening in order to inform proper management decisions. In New Zealand, a conservation conflict exists between an endemic, recovering shorebird, the South Island pied oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus finschi), and an endemic surf clam, the toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) at Ripiro Beach, Northland. The toheroa was overharvested until the populations collapsed, with commercial and recreational harvesting bans put in place by the 1970s. The toheroa has continued to decline, and the cause is currently unknown. Oystercatcher predation has been implicated as the reason toheroa populations have not recovered. There have even been calls to cull the birds to protect the clams. Currently, there is no information that would facilitate conservation management in determining the appropriate action to take. My thesis aimed to investigate the claims surrounding this perceived interspecific conflict. It sought to examine the predator-prey interactions between the two species by answering the following three questions: 1) what are the spatio-temporal associations between oystercatchers and toheroa, 2) what is the composition of the oystercatcher’s diet, and 3) what size toheroa are the birds taking? 
Bird surveys were conducted to examine the distribution of oystercatchers monthly from March 2019 to February 2020. Oystercatcher foraging behaviour was observed to collect information on prey type and prey location. Feeding holes left by oystercatcher bills at predation sites were examined to determine oystercatcher predation success. A population survey was conducted on toheroa beds exposed to oystercatcher predation versus control beds to assess if there were differences in the density and size structure between toheroa populations. 

Results did not support the hypothesis that the oystercatchers are the cause behind the limited recovery of the toheroa, but they did indicate that the birds may be having localised impacts. There was limited overlap with toheroa, as the birds were found predominantly at the southern half of Ripiro Beach and were only associated with two major toheroa beds. Observations found that bivalves are a significant food resource for oystercatchers and the birds have a high predation success rate. There was a significant difference in the density and size structure between toheroa populations in beds that were oystercatcher predation sites and those at no-predation sites. However, even in the areas with the most intense oystercatcher predation, toheroa have persisted over time. While there potentially is a small local impact, overall, the South Island pied oystercatcher is not responsible for the continuing decline of the toheroa across the whole of Ripiro Beach and are not causing devastation as claimed. 
The perceived conservation conflict between the two endemic species is likely incorrect. This research demonstrates the importance of acquiring information on interacting species prior to management action to protect one of those species. Information presented in this thesis can be used to support conservation managers in making informed decisions to protect both the toheroa and the South Island pied oystercatcher.

text: Birds vs. Clams: Assessing the impacts of South Island pied oystercatcher predation on Toheroa at Ripiro Beach, New Zealand Managing the recovery of interacting species, such as predator and prey, is one of the most challenging factors of an ecosystem-based conservation approach. The actions taken to protect one species may be in conflict with the actions necessary to protect another. For example, the recovery of a predator in an ecosystem can lead to a significant conservation conflict between the protected predator and its protected prey. In these instances, research is required to determine whether a perceived conflict is in fact happening in order to inform proper management decisions. In New Zealand, a conservation conflict exists between an endemic, recovering shorebird, the South Island pied oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus finschi), and an endemic surf clam, the toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) at Ripiro Beach, Northland. The toheroa was overharvested until the populations collapsed, with commercial and recreational harvesting bans put in place by the 1970s. The toheroa has continued to decline, and the cause is currently unknown. Oystercatcher predation has been implicated as the reason toheroa populations have not recovered. There have even been calls to cull the birds to protect the clams. Currently, there is no information that would facilitate conservation management in determining the appropriate action to take. My thesis aimed to investigate the claims surrounding this perceived interspecific conflict. It sought to examine the predator-prey interactions between the two species by answering the following three questions: 1) what are the spatio-temporal associations between oystercatchers and toheroa, 2) what is the composition of the oystercatcher’s diet, and 3) what size toheroa are the birds taking? 
Bird surveys were conducted to examine the distribution of oystercatchers monthly from March 2019 to February 2020. Oystercatcher foraging behaviour was observed to collect information on prey type and prey location. Feeding holes left by oystercatcher bills at predation sites were examined to determine oystercatcher predation success. A population survey was conducted on toheroa beds exposed to oystercatcher predation versus control beds to assess if there were differences in the density and size structure between toheroa populations. 

Results did not support the hypothesis that the oystercatchers are the cause behind the limited recovery of the toheroa, but they did indicate that the birds may be having localised impacts. There was limited overlap with toheroa, as the birds were found predominantly at the southern half of Ripiro Beach and were only associated with two major toheroa beds. Observations found that bivalves are a significant food resource for oystercatchers and the birds have a high predation success rate. There was a significant difference in the density and size structure between toheroa populations in beds that were oystercatcher predation sites and those at no-predation sites. However, even in the areas with the most intense oystercatcher predation, toheroa have persisted over time. While there potentially is a small local impact, overall, the South Island pied oystercatcher is not responsible for the continuing decline of the toheroa across the whole of Ripiro Beach and are not causing devastation as claimed. 
The perceived conservation conflict between the two endemic species is likely incorrect. This research demonstrates the importance of acquiring information on interacting species prior to management action to protect one of those species. Information presented in this thesis can be used to support conservation managers in making informed decisions to protect both the toheroa and the South Island pied oystercatcher.

year: 2020