title: Boarders, Babes and Bad-Asses: Theories of a Female Physical Youth Culture

authors: Thorpe, Holly Aysha

subjects: Youth culture

abstract: Young women occupy unprecedented space in contemporary society. Their professional ambitions, educational achievements, practices of cultural consumption, and participation in sport and leisure all offer evidence of a new position for young women. This thesis analyzes female snowboarders as exemplars of young women in contemporary society and popular physical culture. Many young women today play sport and engage in physical activity with a sense of enthusiasm and entitlement unknown to most of their mothers and grandmothers. Against this background the female snowboarder is an excellent barometer of the nature of contemporary youth and popular culture, of the changes in those cultures including the development of niche female cultural industries, and of the emerging opportunities available to middle-class women in Western society.

Women's snowboarding, however, is a complicated and multidimensional phenomenon interwoven with numerous political, cultural, social and economic events and processes. In this thesis I set out to capture the complexity of female snowboarding by systematically contextualizing and interrogating the lived experiences of female boarders through drawing upon six critical social theoretical perspectives: Marxist political economy, post-Fordism, feminism, hegemonic masculinity, Pierre Bourdieu's theory of embodiment, and Foucauldian theorizing. In applying these theories, I select key concepts and engage them in conversations with my insider cultural knowledge of snowboarding, numerous periods of fieldwork, and an extensive base of artifacts and sources collected over five years.

In this thesis I extend academic understandings of female youth culture via the case study of women in snowboarding, and offer a valuable critique of contemporary social theories used to explain many different social phenomena that involve tensions and power relationships between the genders. While no single theory or concept proved adequate to deal with the multidimensional phenomenon of the female boarder, each having its shortcomings and offering quite different insights, several reveal important commonalities in relation to some key concepts in critical sociology, viz, structure, agency, culture, the body and embodiment, gender and power. These commonalities, I argue, offer future directions for theorizing about, and advancing our understanding of, young women in popular physical culture.

text: Boarders, Babes and Bad-Asses: Theories of a Female Physical Youth Culture Young women occupy unprecedented space in contemporary society. Their professional ambitions, educational achievements, practices of cultural consumption, and participation in sport and leisure all offer evidence of a new position for young women. This thesis analyzes female snowboarders as exemplars of young women in contemporary society and popular physical culture. Many young women today play sport and engage in physical activity with a sense of enthusiasm and entitlement unknown to most of their mothers and grandmothers. Against this background the female snowboarder is an excellent barometer of the nature of contemporary youth and popular culture, of the changes in those cultures including the development of niche female cultural industries, and of the emerging opportunities available to middle-class women in Western society.

Women's snowboarding, however, is a complicated and multidimensional phenomenon interwoven with numerous political, cultural, social and economic events and processes. In this thesis I set out to capture the complexity of female snowboarding by systematically contextualizing and interrogating the lived experiences of female boarders through drawing upon six critical social theoretical perspectives: Marxist political economy, post-Fordism, feminism, hegemonic masculinity, Pierre Bourdieu's theory of embodiment, and Foucauldian theorizing. In applying these theories, I select key concepts and engage them in conversations with my insider cultural knowledge of snowboarding, numerous periods of fieldwork, and an extensive base of artifacts and sources collected over five years.

In this thesis I extend academic understandings of female youth culture via the case study of women in snowboarding, and offer a valuable critique of contemporary social theories used to explain many different social phenomena that involve tensions and power relationships between the genders. While no single theory or concept proved adequate to deal with the multidimensional phenomenon of the female boarder, each having its shortcomings and offering quite different insights, several reveal important commonalities in relation to some key concepts in critical sociology, viz, structure, agency, culture, the body and embodiment, gender and power. These commonalities, I argue, offer future directions for theorizing about, and advancing our understanding of, young women in popular physical culture.

year: 2007

title: Volcanic geology, geochemistry and geochronology of the Kapowai caldera complex, Coromandel volcanic zone, New Zealand

authors: Krippner, Stephen J.P.

abstract: Kapowai Caldera Complex (KCC) is a late Miocene (ca. 8.5-4.9 Ma) caldera volcano situated in the central Coromandel Volcanic Zone (CVZ), North Island, New Zealand. It is the largest (10 x 11 km diameter) onland caldera known within the CVZ, and is the source of the most widespread rhyolitic pyroclastic sequence (Wharepapa Eruptive Sequence; WES) within this zone. This study investigates the structural and petrological evolution of the KCC based upon detailed geological mapping, mineralogical, petrological and geochemical analysis, and K/Ar dating. 

KCC is defined by a combination of remote sensing imagery (Landsat-MSS and SAR), geophysical anomalies (magnetic and gravity) and geological facies. Intracaldera KCC structures identified include structural boundaries, faults and intrusives. Observed structural boundaries are high-angle normal faults with minimum displacements varying from 40 - 100m. Faults have NW, N and NE orientations, and extend laterally for ca. 1-8 km. Displacements are highly variable, but are typically concealed by thick pyroclastics and lava flows. The intracaldera succession overlies pre-caldera andesitic-dacitic formations (lava, tuff and breccia) and consists of a sequence of thick andesitic-rhyolitic pyroclastic deposits (ignimbrite and tuff), numerous rhyolitic lava domes, flows and dikes, and andesitic-dacitic lavas and dikes. Interbedded within this sequence are volcaniclastic to carbonaceous siltstones and sandstones. Several episodes of epithermal alteration and associated mineralisation are recorded at the KCC and there is significant control on the location of alteration zones by both caldera-related structures (structural boundaries, faults) and regional NE-trending faults. 

Two distinctive, genetically unrelated calc-alkaline magma suites of basaltic andesite to low silica andesite (56 - 64 wt.% SiO₂), and low to high silica rhyolite (71 - 78 wt.% SiO₂) were erupted. Both suites are characterised by enriched LILE relative to HFSE, and negative Nb anomalies consistent with a continental-arc subduction-related origin. REE abundances are similar in both pre-caldera and caldera-related andesitic-dacitic lavas, although between rhyolite lavas there are significant differences in HREE abundances relative to LREE. Andesitic-dacitic source magmas were generated within the mantle wedge and modified during migration to the base of the crust. Subsequent differentiation occurred by crystal fractionation, crustal assimilation, and hybridisation during migration to high-level magma reservoirs. Rhyolitic source magmas are suggested to be generated by partial melting of continental crust. Differentiation of parental magmas then occurred by crystal fractionation and crustal assimilation, during ascent and storage in high-level silicic magma chambers.

An intracaldera facies association defined at the KCC includes thick infilling proximal and medial pyroclastic facies, effusive facies, and minor lacustrine, hydrothermal alteration and mass wasting facies. Facies vary in geometry, distribution, thickness and lithology, but are all linked to active and passive caldera processes.
Exocaldera facies association includes caldera rim and distal pyroclastic subfacies.

Compared with most Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) calderas, the KCC shows some similarities, but has smaller dimensions and erupted smaller magmatic volumes (ca.< 30 km³) over a longer time interval (ca. 3.6 Ma). These features imply differences in magma volumes, crustal thickness, and lower rates of subduction and extension within the late Miocene CVZ arc system compared to the modern TVZ system.

text: Volcanic geology, geochemistry and geochronology of the Kapowai caldera complex, Coromandel volcanic zone, New Zealand Kapowai Caldera Complex (KCC) is a late Miocene (ca. 8.5-4.9 Ma) caldera volcano situated in the central Coromandel Volcanic Zone (CVZ), North Island, New Zealand. It is the largest (10 x 11 km diameter) onland caldera known within the CVZ, and is the source of the most widespread rhyolitic pyroclastic sequence (Wharepapa Eruptive Sequence; WES) within this zone. This study investigates the structural and petrological evolution of the KCC based upon detailed geological mapping, mineralogical, petrological and geochemical analysis, and K/Ar dating. 

KCC is defined by a combination of remote sensing imagery (Landsat-MSS and SAR), geophysical anomalies (magnetic and gravity) and geological facies. Intracaldera KCC structures identified include structural boundaries, faults and intrusives. Observed structural boundaries are high-angle normal faults with minimum displacements varying from 40 - 100m. Faults have NW, N and NE orientations, and extend laterally for ca. 1-8 km. Displacements are highly variable, but are typically concealed by thick pyroclastics and lava flows. The intracaldera succession overlies pre-caldera andesitic-dacitic formations (lava, tuff and breccia) and consists of a sequence of thick andesitic-rhyolitic pyroclastic deposits (ignimbrite and tuff), numerous rhyolitic lava domes, flows and dikes, and andesitic-dacitic lavas and dikes. Interbedded within this sequence are volcaniclastic to carbonaceous siltstones and sandstones. Several episodes of epithermal alteration and associated mineralisation are recorded at the KCC and there is significant control on the location of alteration zones by both caldera-related structures (structural boundaries, faults) and regional NE-trending faults. 

Two distinctive, genetically unrelated calc-alkaline magma suites of basaltic andesite to low silica andesite (56 - 64 wt.% SiO₂), and low to high silica rhyolite (71 - 78 wt.% SiO₂) were erupted. Both suites are characterised by enriched LILE relative to HFSE, and negative Nb anomalies consistent with a continental-arc subduction-related origin. REE abundances are similar in both pre-caldera and caldera-related andesitic-dacitic lavas, although between rhyolite lavas there are significant differences in HREE abundances relative to LREE. Andesitic-dacitic source magmas were generated within the mantle wedge and modified during migration to the base of the crust. Subsequent differentiation occurred by crystal fractionation, crustal assimilation, and hybridisation during migration to high-level magma reservoirs. Rhyolitic source magmas are suggested to be generated by partial melting of continental crust. Differentiation of parental magmas then occurred by crystal fractionation and crustal assimilation, during ascent and storage in high-level silicic magma chambers.

An intracaldera facies association defined at the KCC includes thick infilling proximal and medial pyroclastic facies, effusive facies, and minor lacustrine, hydrothermal alteration and mass wasting facies. Facies vary in geometry, distribution, thickness and lithology, but are all linked to active and passive caldera processes.
Exocaldera facies association includes caldera rim and distal pyroclastic subfacies.

Compared with most Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) calderas, the KCC shows some similarities, but has smaller dimensions and erupted smaller magmatic volumes (ca.< 30 km³) over a longer time interval (ca. 3.6 Ma). These features imply differences in magma volumes, crustal thickness, and lower rates of subduction and extension within the late Miocene CVZ arc system compared to the modern TVZ system.

year: 2000

title: Maori sustainable resource development: The challenge posed by the New Zealand media

authors: Crombie, Winifred

subjects: Maori

abstract: We report here on a small-scale research project in which a number of articles and editorials dealing with governance and resource management problems were analysed. All of these articles and editorials appeared in the same national New Zealand newspaper. Half of them were concerned with a Māori organisation, the other half were not. Our conclusion is that there are fundamental differences between the two groups of articles/editorials, differences that are attributable to attempts to reinforce a normative/paternalistic agenda that stigmatises cultural difference.

text: Maori sustainable resource development: The challenge posed by the New Zealand media We report here on a small-scale research project in which a number of articles and editorials dealing with governance and resource management problems were analysed. All of these articles and editorials appeared in the same national New Zealand newspaper. Half of them were concerned with a Māori organisation, the other half were not. Our conclusion is that there are fundamental differences between the two groups of articles/editorials, differences that are attributable to attempts to reinforce a normative/paternalistic agenda that stigmatises cultural difference.

year: 2002-09