title: The Te Aroha silver and gold mining company: the introduction of Australian capital to Waiorongomai

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: William Robert Wilson, one of the founders of B.H.P., visited New Zealand on several occasions both to obtain relief for his rheumatism and to acquire racehorses. In 1888, after Josiah Clifton Firth and Henry Hopper Adams extolled the wonders of the Waiorongomai goldfield, he visited it, took samples for testing, and expressed confidence in its great future. Upon his return to Australia he formed the Te Aroha Silver and Gold Mining Company on terms that benefited the promoters but did not provide adequate working capital. 
The new company developed some of the existing mines and did some prospecting of nearby areas. The battery, completely overhauled on the American pattern under the supervision of American experts, was the best plant in Australasia. When it operated, after obtaining some very positive results it ran out of both suitable ore and fluxes and had to close, and mining ceased. The company then sought a government subsidy to drive an expensive low-level tunnel to provide cheaper access to the lodes at depth, threatening to dismantle the plant and remove it to Australia if the subsidy was not provided. As Cabinet did not want to set a precedent, its request was declined; accordingly, the plant was dismantled and sent to Australia. For a time its mines were held under protection, to the annoyance of local miners, but were then abandoned.
The company failed because its plant had an inappropriate process for the complex and refractory local ore, did not have cheap fluxes, and there was insufficient high-grade ore. Post mortems agreed it should have spent more time developing the mines and testing the ore before erecting such an expensive plant. The collapse of this company held back the development of the field for years.

text: The Te Aroha silver and gold mining company: the introduction of Australian capital to Waiorongomai William Robert Wilson, one of the founders of B.H.P., visited New Zealand on several occasions both to obtain relief for his rheumatism and to acquire racehorses. In 1888, after Josiah Clifton Firth and Henry Hopper Adams extolled the wonders of the Waiorongomai goldfield, he visited it, took samples for testing, and expressed confidence in its great future. Upon his return to Australia he formed the Te Aroha Silver and Gold Mining Company on terms that benefited the promoters but did not provide adequate working capital. 
The new company developed some of the existing mines and did some prospecting of nearby areas. The battery, completely overhauled on the American pattern under the supervision of American experts, was the best plant in Australasia. When it operated, after obtaining some very positive results it ran out of both suitable ore and fluxes and had to close, and mining ceased. The company then sought a government subsidy to drive an expensive low-level tunnel to provide cheaper access to the lodes at depth, threatening to dismantle the plant and remove it to Australia if the subsidy was not provided. As Cabinet did not want to set a precedent, its request was declined; accordingly, the plant was dismantled and sent to Australia. For a time its mines were held under protection, to the annoyance of local miners, but were then abandoned.
The company failed because its plant had an inappropriate process for the complex and refractory local ore, did not have cheap fluxes, and there was insufficient high-grade ore. Post mortems agreed it should have spent more time developing the mines and testing the ore before erecting such an expensive plant. The collapse of this company held back the development of the field for years.

year: 2016

title: Social Capital and Entrepreneurship in Aspatial Indian Ethnic Communities

authors: Rodrigues, Mark William

subjects: social capital

abstract: This research contributes to an understanding of how work is done in India through an exploration of the effects of religious philosophies, cultures and value systems on management practices. The overarching research question addressed is: How do unique philosophies and traditions influence management systems and practices in India? 
Central to this thesis are social networks. Embeddedness and interdependence are two important considerations, where dense interactions between economic and non-economic activities provide access to inimitable resources. Embeddedness in ethnic communities leads to the formation of strategic groups, linked by ethnicities, kinship and multiplex ties. Social capital becomes available, which refers to the ability of members to access resources by virtue of their memberships in these social structures.  
This study shows how a reliance on religious teachings and value systems can lead to the creation of inimitable and valuable resources. How traditions and ties influence collective and independent entrepreneurship is discussed. An important theoretical contribution is the identification and prioritising of orders of social capital, and effects at each level. Contributions to theory include demonstrating the importance of quality and balance in ties, as well as the significance of cognitive anchoring. In research contributions, an Indian management framework, or chakra, is developed to conceptually capture the parameters that are relevant in the Indian context. In practice terms, the importance of the joint family structure in the Indian framework is highlighted and policy recommendations are provided.

text: Social Capital and Entrepreneurship in Aspatial Indian Ethnic Communities This research contributes to an understanding of how work is done in India through an exploration of the effects of religious philosophies, cultures and value systems on management practices. The overarching research question addressed is: How do unique philosophies and traditions influence management systems and practices in India? 
Central to this thesis are social networks. Embeddedness and interdependence are two important considerations, where dense interactions between economic and non-economic activities provide access to inimitable resources. Embeddedness in ethnic communities leads to the formation of strategic groups, linked by ethnicities, kinship and multiplex ties. Social capital becomes available, which refers to the ability of members to access resources by virtue of their memberships in these social structures.  
This study shows how a reliance on religious teachings and value systems can lead to the creation of inimitable and valuable resources. How traditions and ties influence collective and independent entrepreneurship is discussed. An important theoretical contribution is the identification and prioritising of orders of social capital, and effects at each level. Contributions to theory include demonstrating the importance of quality and balance in ties, as well as the significance of cognitive anchoring. In research contributions, an Indian management framework, or chakra, is developed to conceptually capture the parameters that are relevant in the Indian context. In practice terms, the importance of the joint family structure in the Indian framework is highlighted and policy recommendations are provided.

year: 2013

title: Utuhina Stream 2006-2020: In-stream alum dosing effects on fish and aquatic invertebrates

authors: Ling, Nicholas

abstract: This report presents the results of an on-going assessment of the fish and aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of the Utuhina Stream, Lake Rotorua, from 2006 to 2020, and an assessment of the bioavailability of aluminium in fish and kōura to satisfy Bay of Plenty Regional Council’s annual resource consent conditions 9.6, 9.8 and 9.7, respectively, for consent 65321 for the discharge of alum to the Utuhina Stream. Macroinvertebrates, fish and kōura (freshwater crayfish) were sampled from one control and two treatment reaches of the Utuhina Stream annually. Common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) is the dominant species in the fish community of the Utuhina Stream. Kōura (Paranephrops planifrons) and juvenile trout were always present at all sites but variable in abundance. Differences in species abundance from year to year are most likely due to flood-related disturbances to stream bank morphology and in-stream vegetative cover or physical displacement of fish. No obvious effects of alum dosing on stream fish or macroinvertebrate communities were observed between the upstream control site and sites downstream of the alum discharge. Several other fish species were occasionally captured during sampling and the regular occurrence of juvenile koaro from 2016 to 2019 is possible evidence of this taonga species becoming established in the Utuhina. Analysis of stream macroinvertebrates also showed no consistent differences between the upstream control site and the sites downstream of the alum dosing. Overall, all sites were characterised as fair to good quality for a soft-bottomed stream. Some evidence of aluminium bioaccumulation was seen in some tissues of common bully (gills and liver) in some years, resulting from continuous alum dosing of the Utuhina Stream, but there was no evidence of bioaccumulation of aluminium in the tissues of kōura. Alum exposure in these species does not appear to affect their health or abundance in the stream.   iii Overall, continuous alum discharge does not appear to negatively impact the ecology of the lower Utuhina and improvements in the ecological condition of the Utuhina Stream will be achieved by ongoing riparian restoration and mitigation of the impacts of flood flows.

text: Utuhina Stream 2006-2020: In-stream alum dosing effects on fish and aquatic invertebrates This report presents the results of an on-going assessment of the fish and aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of the Utuhina Stream, Lake Rotorua, from 2006 to 2020, and an assessment of the bioavailability of aluminium in fish and kōura to satisfy Bay of Plenty Regional Council’s annual resource consent conditions 9.6, 9.8 and 9.7, respectively, for consent 65321 for the discharge of alum to the Utuhina Stream. Macroinvertebrates, fish and kōura (freshwater crayfish) were sampled from one control and two treatment reaches of the Utuhina Stream annually. Common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) is the dominant species in the fish community of the Utuhina Stream. Kōura (Paranephrops planifrons) and juvenile trout were always present at all sites but variable in abundance. Differences in species abundance from year to year are most likely due to flood-related disturbances to stream bank morphology and in-stream vegetative cover or physical displacement of fish. No obvious effects of alum dosing on stream fish or macroinvertebrate communities were observed between the upstream control site and sites downstream of the alum discharge. Several other fish species were occasionally captured during sampling and the regular occurrence of juvenile koaro from 2016 to 2019 is possible evidence of this taonga species becoming established in the Utuhina. Analysis of stream macroinvertebrates also showed no consistent differences between the upstream control site and the sites downstream of the alum dosing. Overall, all sites were characterised as fair to good quality for a soft-bottomed stream. Some evidence of aluminium bioaccumulation was seen in some tissues of common bully (gills and liver) in some years, resulting from continuous alum dosing of the Utuhina Stream, but there was no evidence of bioaccumulation of aluminium in the tissues of kōura. Alum exposure in these species does not appear to affect their health or abundance in the stream.   iii Overall, continuous alum discharge does not appear to negatively impact the ecology of the lower Utuhina and improvements in the ecological condition of the Utuhina Stream will be achieved by ongoing riparian restoration and mitigation of the impacts of flood flows.

year: 2021-06