title: Wrapping boosters against noise

authors: Pfahringer, Bernhard

subjects: computer science

abstract: Wrappers have recently been used to obtain parameter optimizations for learning algorithms. In this paper we investigate the use of a wrapper for estimating the correct number of boosting ensembles in the presence of class noise. Contrary to the naive approach that would be quadratic in the number of boosting iterations, the incremental algorithm described is linear. 
Additionally, directly using the k-sized ensembles generated during k-fold cross-validation search for prediction usually results in further improvements in classification performance. This improvement can be attributed to the reduction of variance due to averaging k ensembles instead of using only one ensemble. Consequently, cross-validation in the way we use it here, termed wrapping, can be viewed as yet another ensemble learner similar in spirit to bagging but also somewhat related to stacking.

text: Wrapping boosters against noise Wrappers have recently been used to obtain parameter optimizations for learning algorithms. In this paper we investigate the use of a wrapper for estimating the correct number of boosting ensembles in the presence of class noise. Contrary to the naive approach that would be quadratic in the number of boosting iterations, the incremental algorithm described is linear. 
Additionally, directly using the k-sized ensembles generated during k-fold cross-validation search for prediction usually results in further improvements in classification performance. This improvement can be attributed to the reduction of variance due to averaging k ensembles instead of using only one ensemble. Consequently, cross-validation in the way we use it here, termed wrapping, can be viewed as yet another ensemble learner similar in spirit to bagging but also somewhat related to stacking.

year: 2001

title: The mathematical content knowledge and attitudes of New Zealand pre-service primary teachers

authors: Young-Loveridge, Jennifer

subjects: education

abstract: This paper presents data on the mathematical content knowledge and attitudes of pre-service primary teacher education students. The assessment consisted of nine tasks, including 2-digit computations and proportional reasoning. Students rated their liking for mathematics at three time points: primary, secondary, .and when assessed. Fewer than half the students liked mathematics, currently. Those with positive attitudes tended to perform well on mathematics tasks, but some low scorers were positive and some high' scorers were negative about mathematics. Most students used algorithmic procedures to solve problems and several consistent misconceptions were identified. Performance was noticeably poor on adding common fractions and converting fractions to percentages using knowledge of common factors. The implications of these findings for Initial Teacher Education (ITE) providers are presented.

text: The mathematical content knowledge and attitudes of New Zealand pre-service primary teachers This paper presents data on the mathematical content knowledge and attitudes of pre-service primary teacher education students. The assessment consisted of nine tasks, including 2-digit computations and proportional reasoning. Students rated their liking for mathematics at three time points: primary, secondary, .and when assessed. Fewer than half the students liked mathematics, currently. Those with positive attitudes tended to perform well on mathematics tasks, but some low scorers were positive and some high' scorers were negative about mathematics. Most students used algorithmic procedures to solve problems and several consistent misconceptions were identified. Performance was noticeably poor on adding common fractions and converting fractions to percentages using knowledge of common factors. The implications of these findings for Initial Teacher Education (ITE) providers are presented.

year: 2012

title: Pupuritia ngā purapura i mahue mai rā: Te waiata-ā-ringa 1960 - 1990

authors: Papesch, Te Rita

subjects: Māori history

abstract: I tēnei tuhinga kei te āta titiro ahau ki te waiata-ā-ringa. Kei te hoki ahau ki te tīmatanga, ā, kei te whai ahau i te tipuranga me te oranga o tēnei mea, o te waiata-ā-ringa. Hei āwhina i ahau, kei te titiro ahau ki ētahi o ngā waiata-ā-ringa kua titoa e ngā kaitito mai i te tau 1960 tae noa ki te tau 1990. Kei te whakamārama hoki ahau i te whānui o ngā rerengakētanga o ēnei waiata-ā-ringa. Ka titiro hoki ahau ki te mahi ā ringa āhua reka hoki o ēnei waiata-ā-ringa, arā te mahi ngahau, te mahi whakataetae, te mahi i ēnei waiata-ā-ringa hei kīnaki i ngā whaikōrero, hei kīnaki i ngā kōrero kua kōrerohia i ngā hui, hei taonga pupuri i ngā kōrero o te iwi whānui, mō te iwi whānui me ngā mahi kua mahia i te ao i aua tuangahurutoru o ngā tau.
I tōku tau tuawhā i roto i te Tari Māori o Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato, i haere mātou ngā ākonga me tō mātou kaiwhakaako, me Hirini Melbourne, ki te kōrero ki ngā kaitito rongonui o te motu. I aua wā i hopukina ā rātou kōrero ki te mīhini. I roto i tēnei tuhinga kei te hoki ahau ki ā rātou kōrero i mau i a mātou. Ko ētahi o rātou kei te ora tonu, ko ētahi kua mate kē, kua haere ki tua o te ārai, ki te kāinga tūturu mō tātou katoa. Nō reira, e ngā whaea, nā koutou ahau i awhi, i mirimiri ki ō koutou ringa me ō koutou mōhiotanga ki tēnei taonga a tātou, ki te waiata-ā-ringa, moe mai rā i roto i ngā ringa o Hine-nui-te-pō.
Mai i aua wā i a au e ako ana i roto i te Tari Māori o Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato, i haere hoki ahau ki te pātai atu, ki te kōrero atu ki ētahi atu kaitito. Nā rātou ā rātou whakahoki ki aku pātai i tuhi ki runga i te pepa, ā, i mau hoki ki te rīpene. Nā, kua tae ki te wā me whakapuaki e ahau ōku māramatanga, mōhiotanga hoki ki ā rātou kōrero. Nō reira, e ngā mātua, he mihi kau anō tēnei ki a koutou i whai wā ki te whakahoki i ngā pātai, i ngā tono a tēnei tā koutou mōkai. Kua tukua e koutou tōku reo hei kawe i ō koutou whakaaro mō ā koutou mahi whakahirahira.
Kei te tuhi kōrero hoki ahau hei tautoko i tāku i whakapae, i whakahautia ēnei kaitito e ngā mahi waiata-ā-ringa i Te Tairāwhiti, e ngā tāngata o reira hoki, pērā i a Tā Apirana Ngata, i a Tuini Ngawai, i a wai, i a wai. Hei tautoko i tōku whakapae kua pātai atu ahau ki ēnei kaitito mō ō rātou whakaaro mō tōku whakapae, ā, kua tuhia ō rātou whakaaro.
Kei te whai hoki ahau i ōku whakaaro, mā tēnei taonga, mā te waiata-ā-ringa ka ako ai te tangata i tō tātou reo rangatira me ōna āhuatanga katoa.
Ki ahau nei kei reira, kei ngā waiata-ā-ringa e takoto ana ngā kōrero ātaahua o mua rā, arā, ngā whakataukī, ngā pepeha. Kei reira hoki e mahia ana te reo tūturu, te reo tawhito, tae noa ki te reo o nāianei. He ātaahua katoa ēnei reo, he akoranga hoki mā te tangata.
Ki te pātai mai te tangata, e hia te roa atu o tāku mahi rangahau i tēnei kaupapa, ka whakahoki au ki a ia, mai i te wā tuatahi ka mahi au i te waiata-ā-ringa, tae noa ki tēnei tau tonu, ā, e toru tekau ngā tau au e whakaaro ana, e mahi ana i te waiata-ā-ringa. Kātahi anō au ka whai wā ki te tuhi mō te waiata-ā-ringa.
Nā, hei kōrero whakamutunga, kei te titiro ahau kei whea e tū ana te waiata-ā-ringa i ēnei rā, ā, kei whea hoki e haere ana, ka whai hua anō, ā, ki whea?
Kia ora tātou mō tēnei wā.

text: Pupuritia ngā purapura i mahue mai rā: Te waiata-ā-ringa 1960 - 1990 I tēnei tuhinga kei te āta titiro ahau ki te waiata-ā-ringa. Kei te hoki ahau ki te tīmatanga, ā, kei te whai ahau i te tipuranga me te oranga o tēnei mea, o te waiata-ā-ringa. Hei āwhina i ahau, kei te titiro ahau ki ētahi o ngā waiata-ā-ringa kua titoa e ngā kaitito mai i te tau 1960 tae noa ki te tau 1990. Kei te whakamārama hoki ahau i te whānui o ngā rerengakētanga o ēnei waiata-ā-ringa. Ka titiro hoki ahau ki te mahi ā ringa āhua reka hoki o ēnei waiata-ā-ringa, arā te mahi ngahau, te mahi whakataetae, te mahi i ēnei waiata-ā-ringa hei kīnaki i ngā whaikōrero, hei kīnaki i ngā kōrero kua kōrerohia i ngā hui, hei taonga pupuri i ngā kōrero o te iwi whānui, mō te iwi whānui me ngā mahi kua mahia i te ao i aua tuangahurutoru o ngā tau.
I tōku tau tuawhā i roto i te Tari Māori o Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato, i haere mātou ngā ākonga me tō mātou kaiwhakaako, me Hirini Melbourne, ki te kōrero ki ngā kaitito rongonui o te motu. I aua wā i hopukina ā rātou kōrero ki te mīhini. I roto i tēnei tuhinga kei te hoki ahau ki ā rātou kōrero i mau i a mātou. Ko ētahi o rātou kei te ora tonu, ko ētahi kua mate kē, kua haere ki tua o te ārai, ki te kāinga tūturu mō tātou katoa. Nō reira, e ngā whaea, nā koutou ahau i awhi, i mirimiri ki ō koutou ringa me ō koutou mōhiotanga ki tēnei taonga a tātou, ki te waiata-ā-ringa, moe mai rā i roto i ngā ringa o Hine-nui-te-pō.
Mai i aua wā i a au e ako ana i roto i te Tari Māori o Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato, i haere hoki ahau ki te pātai atu, ki te kōrero atu ki ētahi atu kaitito. Nā rātou ā rātou whakahoki ki aku pātai i tuhi ki runga i te pepa, ā, i mau hoki ki te rīpene. Nā, kua tae ki te wā me whakapuaki e ahau ōku māramatanga, mōhiotanga hoki ki ā rātou kōrero. Nō reira, e ngā mātua, he mihi kau anō tēnei ki a koutou i whai wā ki te whakahoki i ngā pātai, i ngā tono a tēnei tā koutou mōkai. Kua tukua e koutou tōku reo hei kawe i ō koutou whakaaro mō ā koutou mahi whakahirahira.
Kei te tuhi kōrero hoki ahau hei tautoko i tāku i whakapae, i whakahautia ēnei kaitito e ngā mahi waiata-ā-ringa i Te Tairāwhiti, e ngā tāngata o reira hoki, pērā i a Tā Apirana Ngata, i a Tuini Ngawai, i a wai, i a wai. Hei tautoko i tōku whakapae kua pātai atu ahau ki ēnei kaitito mō ō rātou whakaaro mō tōku whakapae, ā, kua tuhia ō rātou whakaaro.
Kei te whai hoki ahau i ōku whakaaro, mā tēnei taonga, mā te waiata-ā-ringa ka ako ai te tangata i tō tātou reo rangatira me ōna āhuatanga katoa.
Ki ahau nei kei reira, kei ngā waiata-ā-ringa e takoto ana ngā kōrero ātaahua o mua rā, arā, ngā whakataukī, ngā pepeha. Kei reira hoki e mahia ana te reo tūturu, te reo tawhito, tae noa ki te reo o nāianei. He ātaahua katoa ēnei reo, he akoranga hoki mā te tangata.
Ki te pātai mai te tangata, e hia te roa atu o tāku mahi rangahau i tēnei kaupapa, ka whakahoki au ki a ia, mai i te wā tuatahi ka mahi au i te waiata-ā-ringa, tae noa ki tēnei tau tonu, ā, e toru tekau ngā tau au e whakaaro ana, e mahi ana i te waiata-ā-ringa. Kātahi anō au ka whai wā ki te tuhi mō te waiata-ā-ringa.
Nā, hei kōrero whakamutunga, kei te titiro ahau kei whea e tū ana te waiata-ā-ringa i ēnei rā, ā, kei whea hoki e haere ana, ka whai hua anō, ā, ki whea?
Kia ora tātou mō tēnei wā.

year: 1990