title: Influence of open and closed river systems on the migrations of two northern New Zealand populations of banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus)

authors: Hicks, Brendan J.

subjects: banded kokopu

abstract: Otolith microchemical analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to investigate the migratory life histories of banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) in two streams on the North Island of New Zealand. Known differences in marine and freshwater chemistry were used as a premise to document the migratory life strategies of banded kokopu between these environments. More specifically, temporal trends in high and low strontium/calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) identified in fish otoliths were used to determine evidence of migration between fresh and saltwater environments. Trace element analysis of fish captured above the Whau Valley Reservoir reflected non-migratory life histories and exhibited consistently low Sr/Ca ratios across the entire otolith. However, one fish from above the reservoir indicated unusually high Sr/Ca ratios in early adulthood. These high Sr levels were attributed to localised inputs from mineral-rich seepages associated with past mining practices in the region and low calcium availability within the Pukenui Stream. Otoliths from banded kokopu collected from Komiti Stream were shown to be migratory with a marine larval stage (high Sr/Ca ratio levels at the otolith nucleus), followed by a freshwater adult phase (low Sr/Ca ratio levels towards the edge) indicating their amphidromous origins. The study provides further evidence of non-diadromous recruitment for banded kokopu as a consequence of a large in-stream barrier and will add to the known distribution of landlocked species in New Zealand.

text: Influence of open and closed river systems on the migrations of two northern New Zealand populations of banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) Otolith microchemical analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to investigate the migratory life histories of banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) in two streams on the North Island of New Zealand. Known differences in marine and freshwater chemistry were used as a premise to document the migratory life strategies of banded kokopu between these environments. More specifically, temporal trends in high and low strontium/calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) identified in fish otoliths were used to determine evidence of migration between fresh and saltwater environments. Trace element analysis of fish captured above the Whau Valley Reservoir reflected non-migratory life histories and exhibited consistently low Sr/Ca ratios across the entire otolith. However, one fish from above the reservoir indicated unusually high Sr/Ca ratios in early adulthood. These high Sr levels were attributed to localised inputs from mineral-rich seepages associated with past mining practices in the region and low calcium availability within the Pukenui Stream. Otoliths from banded kokopu collected from Komiti Stream were shown to be migratory with a marine larval stage (high Sr/Ca ratio levels at the otolith nucleus), followed by a freshwater adult phase (low Sr/Ca ratio levels towards the edge) indicating their amphidromous origins. The study provides further evidence of non-diadromous recruitment for banded kokopu as a consequence of a large in-stream barrier and will add to the known distribution of landlocked species in New Zealand.

year: 2012

title: The monasteries of Putuoshan, China: Sites of secular or religious tourism?

authors: Wong, Cora Un In

subjects: religious tourism

abstract: The article reports an analysis derived from a sample of 640 respondents visiting the Buddhist site of Putuoshan that is sacred to the Bodhisattva of Compassion, Avalokitesvara. Drawing on literature and observation over a 12-month period, the article adopts a fourfold designation of visitors: Xiankes, Sushi, Sightseers, and Cultural/Heritage Visitors. Three scales are developed and exploratory factor analysis supports distinctions between the clusters with reference to motives, activities and beliefs, and the categorization is supported by logistic regression analysis. The findings are discussed in the context of destination management with reference to two considerations—namely: (a) sites of religious importance often possess secular as well as religious significance; and (b) the numbers of tourists appear to be growing, thereby raising concerns of future negative tourism impacts.

text: The monasteries of Putuoshan, China: Sites of secular or religious tourism? The article reports an analysis derived from a sample of 640 respondents visiting the Buddhist site of Putuoshan that is sacred to the Bodhisattva of Compassion, Avalokitesvara. Drawing on literature and observation over a 12-month period, the article adopts a fourfold designation of visitors: Xiankes, Sushi, Sightseers, and Cultural/Heritage Visitors. Three scales are developed and exploratory factor analysis supports distinctions between the clusters with reference to motives, activities and beliefs, and the categorization is supported by logistic regression analysis. The findings are discussed in the context of destination management with reference to two considerations—namely: (a) sites of religious importance often possess secular as well as religious significance; and (b) the numbers of tourists appear to be growing, thereby raising concerns of future negative tourism impacts.

year: 2013

title: An analysis of typical errors of young learners of te reo Maori

authors: Houia, Waldo

subjects: te reo Maori

abstract: In 1999, the New Zealand Ministry of Education commissioned the development of a draft proficiency test for learners of Māori in bilingual and immersion settings in Year 5 of schooling (aged 8 - 10). That test was, along with a range of survey materials, produced and piloted in a very short time - 13 weeks. Although it provided a starting point for further development of a proficiency battery, it did not prove sufficiently robust in itself to retain. What it did do, however, was provide a range of useful samples of the speaking and writing of Year 5 students (70 samples were collected from five different schools). These samples revealed a number of common errors, errors which were analysed and are discussed here.

text: An analysis of typical errors of young learners of te reo Maori In 1999, the New Zealand Ministry of Education commissioned the development of a draft proficiency test for learners of Māori in bilingual and immersion settings in Year 5 of schooling (aged 8 - 10). That test was, along with a range of survey materials, produced and piloted in a very short time - 13 weeks. Although it provided a starting point for further development of a proficiency battery, it did not prove sufficiently robust in itself to retain. What it did do, however, was provide a range of useful samples of the speaking and writing of Year 5 students (70 samples were collected from five different schools). These samples revealed a number of common errors, errors which were analysed and are discussed here.

year: 2002-02