title: The use of the sediment fingerprinting technique to quantify the different sediment sources entering the Whangapoua Estuary, North Island, in New Zealand

authors: Roddy, Brendan Patrick

subjects: sediment fingerprinting

abstract: New Zealand estuaries are sites of ecological, economic, and recreational significance. Estuaries are vulnerable to the impacts of increased erosion as they act as natural sediment traps. The objectives of this study were to; 1) quantify the relative amounts of sediment entering the estuary from the native forest, exotic forest, and agricultural landscape units in the Whangapoua catchment, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand; 2) identify the dominant processes generating the sediment within the native forest, exotic forest, and pastoral landscape units; and 3) assess the utility of the sediment fingerprinting technique in New Zealand by comparing the results with other sediment measurement techniques. Sediment fingerprinting, which uses geochemical elements to link potential source areas to the estuary sediment, was used to identify sediment sources in the Whangapoua catchment. Three landscape units (referred to as native forest, exotic forest, and agriculture), and three erosion positions (surface, subsurface, and streambanks) were investigated. A radionuclide tracing study, a stream suspended sediment monitoring programme, and catchment modelling were undertaken to compare with the sediment fingerprinting results. An initial pilot study was undertaken which confirmed that sediment fingerprinting could distinguish sediment derived from the three landscape units and three erosion positions. In a full sampling programme, the landscape units and erosion positions in the Whangapoua catchment were each characterised by analysing 50 samples using ICP-MS to determine the concentrations of 29 elements. The elements Si, P, Se, V, U, In, and Bi were identified as forming a composite fingerprint to distinguish landscape units. The native forest landscape unit (21% of the catchment area) contributed 62% of estuary sediment, with 23% from the exotic forest (61% of the catchment area), and 15% from the agricultural landscape unit (18% of the catchment area). The elements Se, Fe, Ba, Mn, P, and Ca formed a composite fingerprint to distinguish erosion positions and showed that most of the estuary sediment was derived from subsurface (79%), followed by streambanks (13%), and then surface sources (8%). A radionuclide tracing study was undertaken and 15 samples were used to characterise each of the surface, subsurface, and streambank erosion positions. 137Cs was effective at distinguishing the surface (0-2cm) from other erosion positions, but could not distinguish the subsurface (>20cm) from the streambank sediment. The 137Cs results indicated that up to 98% of the estuary sediment was derived from subsurface and streambank sources. Stream suspended sediment monitoring was undertaken at four small subcatchment sites over a two year period. Monitoring commenced at the four sites as follows; immediately harvested exotic pines, six month post harvested pines, ten year re-growth pines, and agricultural pastures. The erosion rates were high in pines after harvesting (48 t km-2 yr -1), but dropped to 28 t km-2 yr -1 six months post harvesting and then to 2 t km-2 yr -1 ten years post harvesting. The agricultural erosion rate was calculated at 7 t km-2 yr -1. The lack of a native forest monitoring site, lack of replication, data capture problems, and inherent errors limit confidence in the stream suspended sediment monitoring results which should only be considered indicative. A stream bed sampling programme used 18 sampling points to estimate how much fine sediment was stored within the rivers and streams. Less than 4% of the annual estuary fine sediment budget was stored within the stream and river beds, indicating that sediment was efficiently conducted from the native forest landscape unit into the estuary. Two catchment models (Sediment Yield Estimator and the New Zealand Empirical Erosion Model) gave results that were contradictory to the sediment fingerprinting results as they suggested that deforested areas (such as agriculture and harvested pines) were sediment generating areas. This thesis demonstrated that the use of sediment fingerprinting in New Zealand was an effective means of quantifying various sediment sources based on landscape unit and erosion position. The current pattern of landuse within the Whangapoua catchment is appropriate in providing an economic return while minimising the levels of sediment delivery to the Whangapoua estuary.

text: The use of the sediment fingerprinting technique to quantify the different sediment sources entering the Whangapoua Estuary, North Island, in New Zealand New Zealand estuaries are sites of ecological, economic, and recreational significance. Estuaries are vulnerable to the impacts of increased erosion as they act as natural sediment traps. The objectives of this study were to; 1) quantify the relative amounts of sediment entering the estuary from the native forest, exotic forest, and agricultural landscape units in the Whangapoua catchment, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand; 2) identify the dominant processes generating the sediment within the native forest, exotic forest, and pastoral landscape units; and 3) assess the utility of the sediment fingerprinting technique in New Zealand by comparing the results with other sediment measurement techniques. Sediment fingerprinting, which uses geochemical elements to link potential source areas to the estuary sediment, was used to identify sediment sources in the Whangapoua catchment. Three landscape units (referred to as native forest, exotic forest, and agriculture), and three erosion positions (surface, subsurface, and streambanks) were investigated. A radionuclide tracing study, a stream suspended sediment monitoring programme, and catchment modelling were undertaken to compare with the sediment fingerprinting results. An initial pilot study was undertaken which confirmed that sediment fingerprinting could distinguish sediment derived from the three landscape units and three erosion positions. In a full sampling programme, the landscape units and erosion positions in the Whangapoua catchment were each characterised by analysing 50 samples using ICP-MS to determine the concentrations of 29 elements. The elements Si, P, Se, V, U, In, and Bi were identified as forming a composite fingerprint to distinguish landscape units. The native forest landscape unit (21% of the catchment area) contributed 62% of estuary sediment, with 23% from the exotic forest (61% of the catchment area), and 15% from the agricultural landscape unit (18% of the catchment area). The elements Se, Fe, Ba, Mn, P, and Ca formed a composite fingerprint to distinguish erosion positions and showed that most of the estuary sediment was derived from subsurface (79%), followed by streambanks (13%), and then surface sources (8%). A radionuclide tracing study was undertaken and 15 samples were used to characterise each of the surface, subsurface, and streambank erosion positions. 137Cs was effective at distinguishing the surface (0-2cm) from other erosion positions, but could not distinguish the subsurface (>20cm) from the streambank sediment. The 137Cs results indicated that up to 98% of the estuary sediment was derived from subsurface and streambank sources. Stream suspended sediment monitoring was undertaken at four small subcatchment sites over a two year period. Monitoring commenced at the four sites as follows; immediately harvested exotic pines, six month post harvested pines, ten year re-growth pines, and agricultural pastures. The erosion rates were high in pines after harvesting (48 t km-2 yr -1), but dropped to 28 t km-2 yr -1 six months post harvesting and then to 2 t km-2 yr -1 ten years post harvesting. The agricultural erosion rate was calculated at 7 t km-2 yr -1. The lack of a native forest monitoring site, lack of replication, data capture problems, and inherent errors limit confidence in the stream suspended sediment monitoring results which should only be considered indicative. A stream bed sampling programme used 18 sampling points to estimate how much fine sediment was stored within the rivers and streams. Less than 4% of the annual estuary fine sediment budget was stored within the stream and river beds, indicating that sediment was efficiently conducted from the native forest landscape unit into the estuary. Two catchment models (Sediment Yield Estimator and the New Zealand Empirical Erosion Model) gave results that were contradictory to the sediment fingerprinting results as they suggested that deforested areas (such as agriculture and harvested pines) were sediment generating areas. This thesis demonstrated that the use of sediment fingerprinting in New Zealand was an effective means of quantifying various sediment sources based on landscape unit and erosion position. The current pattern of landuse within the Whangapoua catchment is appropriate in providing an economic return while minimising the levels of sediment delivery to the Whangapoua estuary.

year: 2010

title: Motel accommodation: trigger points to guest accommodation selection

authors: Lockyer, Tim

subjects: consumer behaviour

abstract: Purpose – The understanding of the factors that influence the selection of accommodation by guests is an important issue for international accommodation providers. The purpose of this research is to gain a greater understanding not only of the factors that influence the selection of motel accommodation by guests, but also of when and under which situations these factors become trigger points for decision making, focusing in particular on the influence that the length of stay has on the trigger points that impacted the selection process. 

Design/methodology/approach – To undertake this research, five focus groups were conducted, involving participants who had previous experience in staying in motel accommodation either for business, on vacation or a combination of the two. Participants were selected and invited from a large variety of occupations and backgrounds. 

Findings – Three levels of trigger points were identified for different lengths of stay. For overnight stays requirements were “minimalist”, convenience being the prime trigger point, and visitors felt they could tolerate most situations. For stays of two-four nights there were certain requirements, “essentials”, that provided the necessary requirements for sleeping, eating and relaxation, while for stays longer than four nights, additional requirements that enhanced the stay, “enhancers”, were sought, raising the provision of the “essentials” to a higher level of sophistication and comfort. 

Originality/value – This research, although conducted in New Zealand and in a specific part of a market, illustrates how complex the process of accommodation selection is by guests and in particular how the trigger points for selection change with the length of stay. It indicates how the physical facilities provided need to be tailored to the market in relation to the length of the visitor's stay.

text: Motel accommodation: trigger points to guest accommodation selection Purpose – The understanding of the factors that influence the selection of accommodation by guests is an important issue for international accommodation providers. The purpose of this research is to gain a greater understanding not only of the factors that influence the selection of motel accommodation by guests, but also of when and under which situations these factors become trigger points for decision making, focusing in particular on the influence that the length of stay has on the trigger points that impacted the selection process. 

Design/methodology/approach – To undertake this research, five focus groups were conducted, involving participants who had previous experience in staying in motel accommodation either for business, on vacation or a combination of the two. Participants were selected and invited from a large variety of occupations and backgrounds. 

Findings – Three levels of trigger points were identified for different lengths of stay. For overnight stays requirements were “minimalist”, convenience being the prime trigger point, and visitors felt they could tolerate most situations. For stays of two-four nights there were certain requirements, “essentials”, that provided the necessary requirements for sleeping, eating and relaxation, while for stays longer than four nights, additional requirements that enhanced the stay, “enhancers”, were sought, raising the provision of the “essentials” to a higher level of sophistication and comfort. 

Originality/value – This research, although conducted in New Zealand and in a specific part of a market, illustrates how complex the process of accommodation selection is by guests and in particular how the trigger points for selection change with the length of stay. It indicates how the physical facilities provided need to be tailored to the market in relation to the length of the visitor's stay.

year: 2009

title: Māori cultural concepts and service provision for homeless Māori men

authors: Ellis, Kenneth Desmond

subjects: Maori cultural concepts

abstract: Homelessness is a pressing issue for indigenous minorities such as homeless Māori men. Their circumstances are more vulnerable in ways, than other homeless groups given that their lives are impacted upon by ongoing colonisation. Homeless Māori men, like other ‘indigenous homeless groups’, often find themselves homeless because of social/cultural dislocation where, they are disconnected from their culture and closest forms of support. This study set out to explore how homeless Māori men’s circumstances could be improved through administering interventions in the form of Māori cultural concepts like: manaakitanga, wairuatanga, whanaungatanga and whānau. The overall approach used to gather the research was based on hybridisation, where several different approaches were used simultaneously to generate research data. These were participant observation: a kaupapa Māori approach, semi structured interviewing, thematic analysis and the use of a socio-historical context to underpin the entire research process. Two groups of Māori participants were interviewed for this study, one group comprising staff members, and one made of homeless Māori men. Each group had a number of unique characteristics. For example, the entire staff group comprised skilled and qualified professionals, while the men’s group was made up of individuals with severely impoverished backgrounds. The study produced several conclusive findings to show how Māori cultural concepts were used successfully as forms of social interventions. Concepts like whanaungatanga, manaakitanga, wairuatanga and whānau, were shown to produce positive social outcomes for homeless Māori men. These outcomes helped the men to stabilise their lives, as they attempted reintegration.

text: Māori cultural concepts and service provision for homeless Māori men Homelessness is a pressing issue for indigenous minorities such as homeless Māori men. Their circumstances are more vulnerable in ways, than other homeless groups given that their lives are impacted upon by ongoing colonisation. Homeless Māori men, like other ‘indigenous homeless groups’, often find themselves homeless because of social/cultural dislocation where, they are disconnected from their culture and closest forms of support. This study set out to explore how homeless Māori men’s circumstances could be improved through administering interventions in the form of Māori cultural concepts like: manaakitanga, wairuatanga, whanaungatanga and whānau. The overall approach used to gather the research was based on hybridisation, where several different approaches were used simultaneously to generate research data. These were participant observation: a kaupapa Māori approach, semi structured interviewing, thematic analysis and the use of a socio-historical context to underpin the entire research process. Two groups of Māori participants were interviewed for this study, one group comprising staff members, and one made of homeless Māori men. Each group had a number of unique characteristics. For example, the entire staff group comprised skilled and qualified professionals, while the men’s group was made up of individuals with severely impoverished backgrounds. The study produced several conclusive findings to show how Māori cultural concepts were used successfully as forms of social interventions. Concepts like whanaungatanga, manaakitanga, wairuatanga and whānau, were shown to produce positive social outcomes for homeless Māori men. These outcomes helped the men to stabilise their lives, as they attempted reintegration.

year: 2010