title: Effect of drop jump training frequency on reactive strength in rugby athletes

authors: McMaster, Daniel Travis

abstract: Background Jumping is a commonly used training modality to improve athletic performance and neuromuscular capabilities. The capacity to rapidly absorb eccentric forces and rapidly produce a concentric force within a stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) is referred to as reactive strength (RS)¹. The drop jump (DJ) is assesses RS and has been used as a proxy for fast SSC (<250 ms)². The ability to utilise the fast SSC during running and jumping is an essential part of athletic preparation in rugby players³ .
Methods 24 academy rugby athletes (97.3 ± 12.1 kg, relative 1RM back squat: 1.59 ± 0.24 kg/kg, 10 m sprint: 1.73 ± 0.09 s) performed an identical 6-week daily undulating periodized resistance training program but were randomly allocated to a high (3 sessions per week, [HF]) or low frequency (1 session per week, [LF]) DJ training group matched for RS.
Results Both groups improved RS (Effect Size [ES ± 90% CL], LF: 0.55 ± 0.41 & HF: 0.70 ± 0.27, both p < 0.05), and relative 1RM in the back squat (LF: 0.39 ± 0.12 & HF 0.36 ± 0.27, both p < 0.05). There was a clear difference between the improvement in 5-0-5 agility times in favour of the HF group (ES: 0.28 ± 0.27, p < 0.08). Only the HF group demonstrated a significant improvement in countermovement jump performance (ES: 0.27 ±0.21, p<0.04). No between group differences were observed in 10 m sprint times or relative 1RM in the back squat.
Discussion The higher frequency of DJ training improved agility and jumping ability in academy rugby athletes. To elicit positive changes in relevant functional measures requires a training commitment of at least three days per week. While RS and agility were related, there was no evidence of covariance over time.

text: Effect of drop jump training frequency on reactive strength in rugby athletes Background Jumping is a commonly used training modality to improve athletic performance and neuromuscular capabilities. The capacity to rapidly absorb eccentric forces and rapidly produce a concentric force within a stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) is referred to as reactive strength (RS)¹. The drop jump (DJ) is assesses RS and has been used as a proxy for fast SSC (<250 ms)². The ability to utilise the fast SSC during running and jumping is an essential part of athletic preparation in rugby players³ .
Methods 24 academy rugby athletes (97.3 ± 12.1 kg, relative 1RM back squat: 1.59 ± 0.24 kg/kg, 10 m sprint: 1.73 ± 0.09 s) performed an identical 6-week daily undulating periodized resistance training program but were randomly allocated to a high (3 sessions per week, [HF]) or low frequency (1 session per week, [LF]) DJ training group matched for RS.
Results Both groups improved RS (Effect Size [ES ± 90% CL], LF: 0.55 ± 0.41 & HF: 0.70 ± 0.27, both p < 0.05), and relative 1RM in the back squat (LF: 0.39 ± 0.12 & HF 0.36 ± 0.27, both p < 0.05). There was a clear difference between the improvement in 5-0-5 agility times in favour of the HF group (ES: 0.28 ± 0.27, p < 0.08). Only the HF group demonstrated a significant improvement in countermovement jump performance (ES: 0.27 ±0.21, p<0.04). No between group differences were observed in 10 m sprint times or relative 1RM in the back squat.
Discussion The higher frequency of DJ training improved agility and jumping ability in academy rugby athletes. To elicit positive changes in relevant functional measures requires a training commitment of at least three days per week. While RS and agility were related, there was no evidence of covariance over time.

year: 2018

title: Water requirements for 'Hass' avocado flowering and fruit development in New Zealand

authors: Kaneko, Teruko

subjects: avocado

abstract: The aim of this work was to determine water requirements for Persea americana 'Hass’ avocado trees (mature, ca. 9 years and young, ca. 3 years) from November 2014 to October 2015 in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. In addition, the effect of water deficit on flowering and early fruit development was investigated in young avocado (ca. 3 years) trees. 

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated by the FAO Penman-Monteith equation based on weather information at the orchard. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) of avocado was measured by sap flow measurements using the compensation heat pulse method (CHPM), and daily crop evapotranspiration was also estimated from a soil water balance (Ewb). Avocado tree water requirements were calculated as crop coefficients (Kc - the ETo/ETc ratio).
•	Monthly cumulative ETo showed a gradual reduction from 145.9 mm in January to 297.7 mm in June. Monthly cumulative ETc for both the mature and young plants was highest at 75 and 41.8 mm in January, and the lowest at 22.4 and 13.53 mm in July, respectively. The results showed a close correlation between ETc and ETo. 
•	Ewb was higher than ETc by 22 % for the mature and 55 % for the young plants, probably caused by drainage which was not measured.
•	In summer, monthly average Kc varied between 0.45-0.60 for the mature and 0.25-0.30 for the young plants. In winter, Kc increased to 0.9-1.0 for the mature and 0.45-0.55 for the young plants.   

To investigate the effect of water deficit on flowering and fruit development, rainout shelters were set up under the young trees from mid-October 2014. During this treatment, the control plants were well irrigated and fertilized, while the drought plants received no irrigation, precipitation, or fertilizers. The rainout shelters were removed in early-May 2015, and monitoring was continued until late-October.
•	During the rainout treatment, at a depth of 0-30 cm, soil water contents of the drought treated plants dropped to 0.13 m3/m3, while that of the control remained above 0.2 m3/m3. However, from March, soil water content of the drought plants was stable at 0.20 m3/m3 at a depth of 31-60 cm and 0.25 m3/m3 at a depth of 61-90 cm. Spatial soil moisture demonstrated the soil was  drier close to the drought treated trees, but wetter near the edge of the rainout shelters. These measurements suggest the drought plants were able to obtain some water from the deeper soil or outside the shelters. 
•	Predawn leaf water potential (PLWP) of the drought plants was lower by 0.06-0.22 MPa than that of the control plants during the flowering season. However, in December, there was no significant difference in stomatal conductance (gs) between the two treatments. The drought leaf water potential (LWP) and stem water potential (SWP) were more negative than the control LWP and SWP. In January and February, the drought LWP and SWP dropped to -0.43 MPa and -0.30 MPa, whereas the control LWP and SWP were around -0.25 MPa and -0.23 MPa, respectively, assuming the rainout shelters caused moderate water stress in the drought-treated plants.
•	Throughout the flowering season, in total, 1382 open female flowers on the control plants and 1515 flowers on the drought plants were marked and their fates monitored. About 21 % of control flowers and 23 % of the drought flowers remained on the tree 16 days after anthesis. 100 days after anthesis, only 4 control and 1 drought fruit from the monitored flowers were retained on the plants. 
•	The two treatments had significant fruit drop in summer, about 70 % of marked fruit dropped in January and February, and a second peak of fruit abscission occurred in winter, caused by frost. At harvest, the retention rate of fruit for the control and drought treatments were 15 % and 5 %, respectively. Moreover, the drought plants had smaller fruit size than fruit of the control plants by 21 % at harvest. The differences in fruit abscission and fruit size were probably caused by the combined effects of water deficit, nutrient deficiency, and crop load. 
•	The control had higher average yield at 36.4 ± 1.1 kg per plant than the drought plants at 27.8 ± 1.0 kg per plant. The dry matter content of the control fruit was 30.4 ± 0.3 %, 7% higher than that of the drought fruit. 

The results can be used to develop irrigation recommendations, and that under the conditions described here the trees were difficult to drought stress in spring and flowering did not appear to be very sensitive to drought stress. However, early fruit growth was very sensitive to water deficits, resulting in a large reduction in fruit size.

text: Water requirements for 'Hass' avocado flowering and fruit development in New Zealand The aim of this work was to determine water requirements for Persea americana 'Hass’ avocado trees (mature, ca. 9 years and young, ca. 3 years) from November 2014 to October 2015 in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. In addition, the effect of water deficit on flowering and early fruit development was investigated in young avocado (ca. 3 years) trees. 

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated by the FAO Penman-Monteith equation based on weather information at the orchard. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) of avocado was measured by sap flow measurements using the compensation heat pulse method (CHPM), and daily crop evapotranspiration was also estimated from a soil water balance (Ewb). Avocado tree water requirements were calculated as crop coefficients (Kc - the ETo/ETc ratio).
•	Monthly cumulative ETo showed a gradual reduction from 145.9 mm in January to 297.7 mm in June. Monthly cumulative ETc for both the mature and young plants was highest at 75 and 41.8 mm in January, and the lowest at 22.4 and 13.53 mm in July, respectively. The results showed a close correlation between ETc and ETo. 
•	Ewb was higher than ETc by 22 % for the mature and 55 % for the young plants, probably caused by drainage which was not measured.
•	In summer, monthly average Kc varied between 0.45-0.60 for the mature and 0.25-0.30 for the young plants. In winter, Kc increased to 0.9-1.0 for the mature and 0.45-0.55 for the young plants.   

To investigate the effect of water deficit on flowering and fruit development, rainout shelters were set up under the young trees from mid-October 2014. During this treatment, the control plants were well irrigated and fertilized, while the drought plants received no irrigation, precipitation, or fertilizers. The rainout shelters were removed in early-May 2015, and monitoring was continued until late-October.
•	During the rainout treatment, at a depth of 0-30 cm, soil water contents of the drought treated plants dropped to 0.13 m3/m3, while that of the control remained above 0.2 m3/m3. However, from March, soil water content of the drought plants was stable at 0.20 m3/m3 at a depth of 31-60 cm and 0.25 m3/m3 at a depth of 61-90 cm. Spatial soil moisture demonstrated the soil was  drier close to the drought treated trees, but wetter near the edge of the rainout shelters. These measurements suggest the drought plants were able to obtain some water from the deeper soil or outside the shelters. 
•	Predawn leaf water potential (PLWP) of the drought plants was lower by 0.06-0.22 MPa than that of the control plants during the flowering season. However, in December, there was no significant difference in stomatal conductance (gs) between the two treatments. The drought leaf water potential (LWP) and stem water potential (SWP) were more negative than the control LWP and SWP. In January and February, the drought LWP and SWP dropped to -0.43 MPa and -0.30 MPa, whereas the control LWP and SWP were around -0.25 MPa and -0.23 MPa, respectively, assuming the rainout shelters caused moderate water stress in the drought-treated plants.
•	Throughout the flowering season, in total, 1382 open female flowers on the control plants and 1515 flowers on the drought plants were marked and their fates monitored. About 21 % of control flowers and 23 % of the drought flowers remained on the tree 16 days after anthesis. 100 days after anthesis, only 4 control and 1 drought fruit from the monitored flowers were retained on the plants. 
•	The two treatments had significant fruit drop in summer, about 70 % of marked fruit dropped in January and February, and a second peak of fruit abscission occurred in winter, caused by frost. At harvest, the retention rate of fruit for the control and drought treatments were 15 % and 5 %, respectively. Moreover, the drought plants had smaller fruit size than fruit of the control plants by 21 % at harvest. The differences in fruit abscission and fruit size were probably caused by the combined effects of water deficit, nutrient deficiency, and crop load. 
•	The control had higher average yield at 36.4 ± 1.1 kg per plant than the drought plants at 27.8 ± 1.0 kg per plant. The dry matter content of the control fruit was 30.4 ± 0.3 %, 7% higher than that of the drought fruit. 

The results can be used to develop irrigation recommendations, and that under the conditions described here the trees were difficult to drought stress in spring and flowering did not appear to be very sensitive to drought stress. However, early fruit growth was very sensitive to water deficits, resulting in a large reduction in fruit size.

year: 2016

title: Te Ukaipo

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

subjects: waiata Māori

abstract: I titoa tēnei waiata apakura mō Tipene August he uri nō Ngāti Kahungunu. He tauira a Tipene ki Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato mai i te tau 1993 ki te tau 2000. I piki ake ia i te ara o Tawhaki ki te rapu i te mātauranga, i tae ia ki te Pae Kairangi, a, ka haukoti ohoreretia tōna hā ka riro koia ki te pō tē whakaarahia. Moe mai e te hoa ki roto i te huinga o te kahurangi ki runga o Tamakurangi te nōhanga nui o te kāhui wairua, haere, haere, haere atu ra. 

"This song of mourning is dedicated to the memory of Tipene August of the Ngāti Kahungunu people. Tipene was a student at the University of Waikato, from 1993-2000. He ascended the pathway of his ancestor Tāwhaki in search of the sacred baskets of knowledge. Tipene was enrolled as a Doctoral Student when he passed away suddenly into the night of no awakening. Therefore my friend rest in peace within the myriad’s of the noble, upon Tamakurangi where the spirits reside. Farewell."

text: Te Ukaipo I titoa tēnei waiata apakura mō Tipene August he uri nō Ngāti Kahungunu. He tauira a Tipene ki Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato mai i te tau 1993 ki te tau 2000. I piki ake ia i te ara o Tawhaki ki te rapu i te mātauranga, i tae ia ki te Pae Kairangi, a, ka haukoti ohoreretia tōna hā ka riro koia ki te pō tē whakaarahia. Moe mai e te hoa ki roto i te huinga o te kahurangi ki runga o Tamakurangi te nōhanga nui o te kāhui wairua, haere, haere, haere atu ra. 

"This song of mourning is dedicated to the memory of Tipene August of the Ngāti Kahungunu people. Tipene was a student at the University of Waikato, from 1993-2000. He ascended the pathway of his ancestor Tāwhaki in search of the sacred baskets of knowledge. Tipene was enrolled as a Doctoral Student when he passed away suddenly into the night of no awakening. Therefore my friend rest in peace within the myriad’s of the noble, upon Tamakurangi where the spirits reside. Farewell."

year: 2001