title: From Ideology to global practice : capitalist models of development between WW11 and the mid-1990s

authors: Hill, Joel Darren Thomas

subjects: Capitalism

abstract: Focusing on the period between WW11 and the mid-1990s, this thesis follows two main themes: (a) the national and international progression from ideological models to practical models of development through debate, compromise, and the tactical positioning of intellectuals and advocates, and (b) how the models in question have gained influence in international institutions, particularly the IMF, WB, WTO, and OECD, and how models of development are further expressed, developed, and disseminated from these platforms. The first theme evolves through critical discussion of key works by pivotal scholars who were particularly influential in this period, and the contrasts between central aspects of their distinct ideological models of national and international development. This theme is further developed via a historical narrative of political development in the U.S and to a lesser extent the U.K, which highlights the challenges facing those who seek to implement an ideological blueprint into a practical model of development. This analysis demonstrates the debate, compromise, and the tactical positioning of intellectuals and advocates which almost inevitably creates discrepancies between the ideological and practical models, and between national models based on the same ideology. Three distinct eras of capitalist development are identified and defined by their practical model of development. It is found that each has been intentionally implemented and has clear links to ideological counterparts. Using these distinct eras of capitalist development as guidance, the second major theme is explored through separate narratives of IMF, WB, WTO, and OECD development through the same time period. Findings demonstrate how each institution has been influenced by the U.S and the wider G7 and effectively serves as an extension of their geopolitical and economic interests, and how each has incorporated the three intentionally implemented models into its own workings. This analysis reveals a growing interconnectedness and cooperation between these institutions and shows how they have evolved into a coordinated network of knowledge producing policy advocates and enforcers. Findings also show the process of inducting nations into the policy frameworks developed within these institutions, and the embedding of nations into the global free-market economy that the supranational institutional network is responsible for.

text: From Ideology to global practice : capitalist models of development between WW11 and the mid-1990s Focusing on the period between WW11 and the mid-1990s, this thesis follows two main themes: (a) the national and international progression from ideological models to practical models of development through debate, compromise, and the tactical positioning of intellectuals and advocates, and (b) how the models in question have gained influence in international institutions, particularly the IMF, WB, WTO, and OECD, and how models of development are further expressed, developed, and disseminated from these platforms. The first theme evolves through critical discussion of key works by pivotal scholars who were particularly influential in this period, and the contrasts between central aspects of their distinct ideological models of national and international development. This theme is further developed via a historical narrative of political development in the U.S and to a lesser extent the U.K, which highlights the challenges facing those who seek to implement an ideological blueprint into a practical model of development. This analysis demonstrates the debate, compromise, and the tactical positioning of intellectuals and advocates which almost inevitably creates discrepancies between the ideological and practical models, and between national models based on the same ideology. Three distinct eras of capitalist development are identified and defined by their practical model of development. It is found that each has been intentionally implemented and has clear links to ideological counterparts. Using these distinct eras of capitalist development as guidance, the second major theme is explored through separate narratives of IMF, WB, WTO, and OECD development through the same time period. Findings demonstrate how each institution has been influenced by the U.S and the wider G7 and effectively serves as an extension of their geopolitical and economic interests, and how each has incorporated the three intentionally implemented models into its own workings. This analysis reveals a growing interconnectedness and cooperation between these institutions and shows how they have evolved into a coordinated network of knowledge producing policy advocates and enforcers. Findings also show the process of inducting nations into the policy frameworks developed within these institutions, and the embedding of nations into the global free-market economy that the supranational institutional network is responsible for.

year: 2019

title: Does bispectral analysis of the electroencephalogram add anything but complexity?

authors: Miller, A.

subjects: anaesthesia

abstract: Background: Analysis of the bispectrum of EEG waveforms is a component of the proprietary BIS index—a commonly used commercial monitor of depth of anaesthesia. Does the use of the bispectrum give more information about depth of anaesthesia than the power spectrum? Methods: We collected and analysed EEG waveforms during induction of general anaesthesia in 39 patients, comparing the changes in bispectral parameter (SynchFastSlow), with an analogous power spectrum-based parameter (PowerFastSlow). Both compare the logarithmic ratio of high frequency components (40–47 Hz) with the total (1–47 Hz). Because the changes in bispectrum are affected by signal amplitude, we also calculated a third parameter (SFSbicoh) from the bicoherence, which is an amplitude-independent statistic. Results: The SynchFastSlow and PowerFastSlow were correlated (r=0.84) and neither was superior in predicting the awake or anaesthetized state (area under receiver operating characteristic curves = 0.85 vs 0.93). There was no change in the SFSbicoh over the induction period, and it did not correlate with SynchFastSlow (r=0.07). Conclusions: We could not show that bispectral analysis gave more information than power spectral-based analysis. Most of the changes in the bispectral values result from decreases in the relative high frequency content of the EEG caused by anaesthesia.

text: Does bispectral analysis of the electroencephalogram add anything but complexity? Background: Analysis of the bispectrum of EEG waveforms is a component of the proprietary BIS index—a commonly used commercial monitor of depth of anaesthesia. Does the use of the bispectrum give more information about depth of anaesthesia than the power spectrum? Methods: We collected and analysed EEG waveforms during induction of general anaesthesia in 39 patients, comparing the changes in bispectral parameter (SynchFastSlow), with an analogous power spectrum-based parameter (PowerFastSlow). Both compare the logarithmic ratio of high frequency components (40–47 Hz) with the total (1–47 Hz). Because the changes in bispectrum are affected by signal amplitude, we also calculated a third parameter (SFSbicoh) from the bicoherence, which is an amplitude-independent statistic. Results: The SynchFastSlow and PowerFastSlow were correlated (r=0.84) and neither was superior in predicting the awake or anaesthetized state (area under receiver operating characteristic curves = 0.85 vs 0.93). There was no change in the SFSbicoh over the induction period, and it did not correlate with SynchFastSlow (r=0.07). Conclusions: We could not show that bispectral analysis gave more information than power spectral-based analysis. Most of the changes in the bispectral values result from decreases in the relative high frequency content of the EEG caused by anaesthesia.

year: 2004

title: On the Role of Literature and Translation in Language Maintenance

authors: Harlow, Ray

subjects: literature

abstract: The paper investigates the actual and potential role which is played by the promotion of traditional and innovative literature in efforts to maintain minority language under threat from a dominant language. The arguments advanced in the controversy surrounding the incorporation of translated material in a minority language’s corpus are discussed, and the view represented that the appropriateness or otherwise of translating material into a minority language depends on the (sometimes implicit) ideological goals of the maintenance movement. Fishman’s (1991, 2001) Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale provides a framework for this discussion.

text: On the Role of Literature and Translation in Language Maintenance The paper investigates the actual and potential role which is played by the promotion of traditional and innovative literature in efforts to maintain minority language under threat from a dominant language. The arguments advanced in the controversy surrounding the incorporation of translated material in a minority language’s corpus are discussed, and the view represented that the appropriateness or otherwise of translating material into a minority language depends on the (sometimes implicit) ideological goals of the maintenance movement. Fishman’s (1991, 2001) Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale provides a framework for this discussion.

year: 2002-02