title: Managed aquifer recharge in the Poverty Bay flats?

authors: Hampton, George William

subjects: managed aquifer recharge

abstract: Groundwater use within the Poverty Bay flats has increased over the past 35 years due to land use changes. As a result, groundwater levels within the Makauri and Matokitoki Gravel aquifers are declining at statistically significant rates. The GDC is investigating whether managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can be used to help achieve the sustainable management of groundwater resources within the Poverty Bay flats. The objective of this research is to identify whether an infiltration basin may be successfully used to artificially recharge the Makauri Gravel aquifer beneath the Poverty Bay flats.

Trend analyses were undertaken to provide updated information as to the current state of groundwater resources. Groundwater levels within the Te Hapara Sands, Shallow Fluvial Deposits, and Waipaoa Gravel aquifers are typically stable. However, further monitoring is needed within these aquifers to increase the spatial coverage of the bores monitored. Groundwater levels within the Makauri and Matokitoki Gravel aquifers are declining at statistically significant rates. These declines are probably due to groundwater abstractions.

Groundwater level changes as a result of rainfall event and associated changes in river stage were examined. Groundwater level changes in the Te Hapara Sands, Shallow Fluvial Deposits, and Waipaoa Gravel aquifer were all dependent on the location of each bore. Groundwater level increases in these aquifers were greatest in close proximity to the Waipaoa River. Groundwater level changes within the Makauri Gravel aquifer could be broken into two groups. In the northern and southern reaches of the Makauri Gravel aquifer groundwater levels increased and declined in conjunction with river stage, indicating little recharge occurs in these areas. In the middle reaches of the Makauri Gravel aquifer groundwater levels increased throughout the monitoring period, indicating that this area of the aquifer is subject to significant amounts of recharge.

A pumping test was undertaken to identify if a hydraulic connection existed between the Makauri Gravel aquifer and the overlying Waipaoa Gravel aquifer in the Caesar Road area. No hydraulic connection was identified. Further research is needed in this area to identify if a hydraulic connection does exist, and if so, to evaluate the vertical exchange of groundwater.

Surface-groundwater interactions were analysed via concurrent Waipaoa River flow gaugings. No consistent gaining or losing reaches were identified. Further gaugings should be undertaken regularly to help characterise surface-groundwater interactions.

Two sites were then identified within the Poverty Bay flats for MAR using infiltration basins using the “HIGGS Index”, which was developed to evaluate the MAR potential of an infiltration basin site. While the two sites showed initial promise via a desktop study, infiltrations tests at each site indicated low rates of saturated hydraulic conductivity due to the presence of sediments with low permeability. Subsequently, the MAR potential of both sites was low.

Hydrogeological modelling was undertaken to ascertain whether an infiltration basin may be successfully used as a MAR technique to artificially recharge the Makauri Gravel aquifer. Modelling indicated that an infiltration basin would result in hydraulic head increases of up to 0.85 m within the Makauri Gravel aquifer. However, infiltration rates must not exceed 0.0425 m/day (10.625 m3/day) to avoid inundation at the ground surface in close proximity to the infiltration basin. Therefore, given the low infiltration rates it is questionable whether the benefits of establishing and operating an infiltration basin within the Poverty Bay flats would outweigh the costs.

text: Managed aquifer recharge in the Poverty Bay flats? Groundwater use within the Poverty Bay flats has increased over the past 35 years due to land use changes. As a result, groundwater levels within the Makauri and Matokitoki Gravel aquifers are declining at statistically significant rates. The GDC is investigating whether managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can be used to help achieve the sustainable management of groundwater resources within the Poverty Bay flats. The objective of this research is to identify whether an infiltration basin may be successfully used to artificially recharge the Makauri Gravel aquifer beneath the Poverty Bay flats.

Trend analyses were undertaken to provide updated information as to the current state of groundwater resources. Groundwater levels within the Te Hapara Sands, Shallow Fluvial Deposits, and Waipaoa Gravel aquifers are typically stable. However, further monitoring is needed within these aquifers to increase the spatial coverage of the bores monitored. Groundwater levels within the Makauri and Matokitoki Gravel aquifers are declining at statistically significant rates. These declines are probably due to groundwater abstractions.

Groundwater level changes as a result of rainfall event and associated changes in river stage were examined. Groundwater level changes in the Te Hapara Sands, Shallow Fluvial Deposits, and Waipaoa Gravel aquifer were all dependent on the location of each bore. Groundwater level increases in these aquifers were greatest in close proximity to the Waipaoa River. Groundwater level changes within the Makauri Gravel aquifer could be broken into two groups. In the northern and southern reaches of the Makauri Gravel aquifer groundwater levels increased and declined in conjunction with river stage, indicating little recharge occurs in these areas. In the middle reaches of the Makauri Gravel aquifer groundwater levels increased throughout the monitoring period, indicating that this area of the aquifer is subject to significant amounts of recharge.

A pumping test was undertaken to identify if a hydraulic connection existed between the Makauri Gravel aquifer and the overlying Waipaoa Gravel aquifer in the Caesar Road area. No hydraulic connection was identified. Further research is needed in this area to identify if a hydraulic connection does exist, and if so, to evaluate the vertical exchange of groundwater.

Surface-groundwater interactions were analysed via concurrent Waipaoa River flow gaugings. No consistent gaining or losing reaches were identified. Further gaugings should be undertaken regularly to help characterise surface-groundwater interactions.

Two sites were then identified within the Poverty Bay flats for MAR using infiltration basins using the “HIGGS Index”, which was developed to evaluate the MAR potential of an infiltration basin site. While the two sites showed initial promise via a desktop study, infiltrations tests at each site indicated low rates of saturated hydraulic conductivity due to the presence of sediments with low permeability. Subsequently, the MAR potential of both sites was low.

Hydrogeological modelling was undertaken to ascertain whether an infiltration basin may be successfully used as a MAR technique to artificially recharge the Makauri Gravel aquifer. Modelling indicated that an infiltration basin would result in hydraulic head increases of up to 0.85 m within the Makauri Gravel aquifer. However, infiltration rates must not exceed 0.0425 m/day (10.625 m3/day) to avoid inundation at the ground surface in close proximity to the infiltration basin. Therefore, given the low infiltration rates it is questionable whether the benefits of establishing and operating an infiltration basin within the Poverty Bay flats would outweigh the costs.

year: 2015

title: Can't we talk about class?: Aotearoa-New Zealand's "classless" discourse

authors: Barrett, Kyle

abstract: In Aotearoa-New Zealand (ANZ), class discourse is notably absent from mainstream socio-cultural-political narratives. The perception of an egalitarian society is challenged by its continuous promotion of neoliberal ideology, policy and practice, resulting in a fractured society. As a colonised nation, this has exacerbated poor class relations and limited social mobility. This paper examines ANZ's complex political history to better understand how working- class individuals and communities are often marginalised or made invisible within cultural, political, and social frameworks. By analysing these issues, this paper aims to lay the foundation for a broader conversation within and about ANZ's working-class communities.

text: Can't we talk about class?: Aotearoa-New Zealand's "classless" discourse In Aotearoa-New Zealand (ANZ), class discourse is notably absent from mainstream socio-cultural-political narratives. The perception of an egalitarian society is challenged by its continuous promotion of neoliberal ideology, policy and practice, resulting in a fractured society. As a colonised nation, this has exacerbated poor class relations and limited social mobility. This paper examines ANZ's complex political history to better understand how working- class individuals and communities are often marginalised or made invisible within cultural, political, and social frameworks. By analysing these issues, this paper aims to lay the foundation for a broader conversation within and about ANZ's working-class communities.

year: 2025

title: Te Reo Tātai: The Development of a Mathematics Register for Māori-Medium Schooling

authors: Trinick, Anthony

subjects: Indigenous Mathematics education

abstract: This thesis investigates the development of a lexicon and register to facilitate the teaching of mathematics in the medium of te reo Māori. This sociolinguistic development is situated within the wider Māori language revitalisation movement in Aotearoa/New Zealand, of which Māori-medium education is a central component. 
Lexication of a language is a subdomain of corpus planning. Corpus, status and language-in-education planning are considered the three major interconnected domains of language planning and policy (LPP). For decades, the primary focus of LPP research has been on the activities of states and their agencies at the macro (national) level. The significance of this study is that it addresses this gap in the research, by investigating the development of LPP at the meso/micro-level—in this case, with respect to the development of a mathematics register for an endangered indigenous language, te reo Māori.
The thesis draws on two major participant data sources. The first is the narratives of key individuals at the forefront of lexical development for Māori-medium mathematics who recounted their experiences. The second is interviews with principals and teachers from two Māori-medium case study schools to examine their own learning and usage of the standardised pāngarau lexicon.
Two complementary theoretical frameworks were used to investigate the topic. First, an LPP theoretical framework was applied to investigate the complex relationships between the various levels of LPP that have impacted on the evolution of te reo Māori and Māori-medium schooling. Second, a linguistic framework, systemic functional linguistics (SFL), was used to investigate the linguistic and pedagogical issues.
Thesis findings show that the status of te reo Māori was variously affected by linguistic ideologies such as assimilation, which in turn led to such policies as English only in schooling. As a consequence, at the micro-level of LPP, Māori-medium mathematics development went into a hiatus for over 100 years, and at the macro-level, considerable language shift occurred to English, causing te reo Maori to become endangered.
In response to language revitalisation efforts, the (re) vernacularisation of te reo Māori over the past 30 years has exhibited a complex combination of both bottom-up and top-down LPP. Within this, early pāngarau lexical developments were largely driven by local schools and their communities, which sometimes centred on the maintenance of their tribal dialects, often in conflict with later LPP agency language goals. 
Subsequently, lexication for pāngarau was influenced by macro-level sociolinguistic beliefs such as linguistic purism, which in turn have influenced the technical approach to creating terms and may have created particular pedagogical issues, such as a lack of intertranslatability between te reo Māori and English at the higher levels of mathematics study. 
While Māori-medium schooling has contributed significantly to language revitalisation in the past 30 years, its development has been very ad hoc. In the absence of a “formal” language plan for Māori-medium education, policy has been significantly driven by national education (English-medium) imperatives since the late 1970s to the present day. On the other hand, these policies have favoured mathematics education and directly supported the development of the Māori-medium specialised lexicon and register.

text: Te Reo Tātai: The Development of a Mathematics Register for Māori-Medium Schooling This thesis investigates the development of a lexicon and register to facilitate the teaching of mathematics in the medium of te reo Māori. This sociolinguistic development is situated within the wider Māori language revitalisation movement in Aotearoa/New Zealand, of which Māori-medium education is a central component. 
Lexication of a language is a subdomain of corpus planning. Corpus, status and language-in-education planning are considered the three major interconnected domains of language planning and policy (LPP). For decades, the primary focus of LPP research has been on the activities of states and their agencies at the macro (national) level. The significance of this study is that it addresses this gap in the research, by investigating the development of LPP at the meso/micro-level—in this case, with respect to the development of a mathematics register for an endangered indigenous language, te reo Māori.
The thesis draws on two major participant data sources. The first is the narratives of key individuals at the forefront of lexical development for Māori-medium mathematics who recounted their experiences. The second is interviews with principals and teachers from two Māori-medium case study schools to examine their own learning and usage of the standardised pāngarau lexicon.
Two complementary theoretical frameworks were used to investigate the topic. First, an LPP theoretical framework was applied to investigate the complex relationships between the various levels of LPP that have impacted on the evolution of te reo Māori and Māori-medium schooling. Second, a linguistic framework, systemic functional linguistics (SFL), was used to investigate the linguistic and pedagogical issues.
Thesis findings show that the status of te reo Māori was variously affected by linguistic ideologies such as assimilation, which in turn led to such policies as English only in schooling. As a consequence, at the micro-level of LPP, Māori-medium mathematics development went into a hiatus for over 100 years, and at the macro-level, considerable language shift occurred to English, causing te reo Maori to become endangered.
In response to language revitalisation efforts, the (re) vernacularisation of te reo Māori over the past 30 years has exhibited a complex combination of both bottom-up and top-down LPP. Within this, early pāngarau lexical developments were largely driven by local schools and their communities, which sometimes centred on the maintenance of their tribal dialects, often in conflict with later LPP agency language goals. 
Subsequently, lexication for pāngarau was influenced by macro-level sociolinguistic beliefs such as linguistic purism, which in turn have influenced the technical approach to creating terms and may have created particular pedagogical issues, such as a lack of intertranslatability between te reo Māori and English at the higher levels of mathematics study. 
While Māori-medium schooling has contributed significantly to language revitalisation in the past 30 years, its development has been very ad hoc. In the absence of a “formal” language plan for Māori-medium education, policy has been significantly driven by national education (English-medium) imperatives since the late 1970s to the present day. On the other hand, these policies have favoured mathematics education and directly supported the development of the Māori-medium specialised lexicon and register.

year: 2015