title: Developing groundwater and surface water interaction methods for complex hydrological systems

authors: Shokri, Ali

subjects: DrainFlow

abstract: Methods and models associated with the interaction of surface-subsurface water flow have been widely employed in many environmental studies over the last decade. However, in spite of considerable effort, understanding the impact of both artificial and natural aspects of the connection between surface water and groundwater systems still remains a challenge for groundwater and surface water models. 
In this doctoral study, two types of complex and integrated problems are identified as knowledge gaps in coupled surface and subsurface flow studies (i) interaction situations that arise from use of artificial drains in agricultural catchments, and (ii) complex flow situations that sometimes arise as a result of a combination of near surface aquifers which are both perched and leaky. The specific objectives of this research project were (1) to improve classical tile drain spacing design methods; and (2) via a case study, to assess the role of semi-impermeable layers influencing the interaction between surface water and a regional groundwater system. 
To meet the first objective the DrainFlow code is developed. DrainFlow is a new, fully distributed, physically based and integrated surface-subsurface flow code that is designed for water movement in tile/mole drains, open drains, and saturated/unsaturated zones. DrainFlow, applied to examples of drainage studies, is found to be quite flexible in terms of changing all or part of the model dimensions as required by problem complexity, scale, and data availability. This flexibility gives DrainFlow the capacity to be modified to meet the specific requirements of varying scale and boundary conditions as often encountered in drainage projects. 
In addition, the classical well-known Hooghoudt drain spacing equation is modified. It is shown via comparison with numerical models that the Hooghoudt equation can overestimate water table height and therefore yield drain spacings which may be too wide. The modified expression yields improved accuracy as measured against the numerical reference model.
To meet the second objective, the effect of a thin semi-impermeable and fractured layer between two relatively permeable volcanic formations is investigated in an industrial catchment system at Kawerau, New Zealand. It is concluded that subtle near-surface geological features may have a critical role on controlling the volume and pattern of the flow exchange between the surface, subsurface flow and regional groundwater systems.
This doctoral thesis overcomes some weaknesses of isolated surface and subsurface flow models and some constructive and practical approaches are developed to enhance the previous methods.

text: Developing groundwater and surface water interaction methods for complex hydrological systems Methods and models associated with the interaction of surface-subsurface water flow have been widely employed in many environmental studies over the last decade. However, in spite of considerable effort, understanding the impact of both artificial and natural aspects of the connection between surface water and groundwater systems still remains a challenge for groundwater and surface water models. 
In this doctoral study, two types of complex and integrated problems are identified as knowledge gaps in coupled surface and subsurface flow studies (i) interaction situations that arise from use of artificial drains in agricultural catchments, and (ii) complex flow situations that sometimes arise as a result of a combination of near surface aquifers which are both perched and leaky. The specific objectives of this research project were (1) to improve classical tile drain spacing design methods; and (2) via a case study, to assess the role of semi-impermeable layers influencing the interaction between surface water and a regional groundwater system. 
To meet the first objective the DrainFlow code is developed. DrainFlow is a new, fully distributed, physically based and integrated surface-subsurface flow code that is designed for water movement in tile/mole drains, open drains, and saturated/unsaturated zones. DrainFlow, applied to examples of drainage studies, is found to be quite flexible in terms of changing all or part of the model dimensions as required by problem complexity, scale, and data availability. This flexibility gives DrainFlow the capacity to be modified to meet the specific requirements of varying scale and boundary conditions as often encountered in drainage projects. 
In addition, the classical well-known Hooghoudt drain spacing equation is modified. It is shown via comparison with numerical models that the Hooghoudt equation can overestimate water table height and therefore yield drain spacings which may be too wide. The modified expression yields improved accuracy as measured against the numerical reference model.
To meet the second objective, the effect of a thin semi-impermeable and fractured layer between two relatively permeable volcanic formations is investigated in an industrial catchment system at Kawerau, New Zealand. It is concluded that subtle near-surface geological features may have a critical role on controlling the volume and pattern of the flow exchange between the surface, subsurface flow and regional groundwater systems.
This doctoral thesis overcomes some weaknesses of isolated surface and subsurface flow models and some constructive and practical approaches are developed to enhance the previous methods.

year: 2016

title: Electrospray ionisation - a simple prelude to the understanding of other mass spectrometry techniques

authors: Henderson, William

subjects: mass spectrometry

abstract: Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful analytical technique used in the characterisation of a wide range of chemical and biochemical substances. The technique is extensively used in research, across a wide range of disciplines. One of the main strengths of mass spectrometry is that miniscule amounts of sample are typically needed, in the order of micrograms or less. While the study of spectroscopic techniques has been a part of qualifications such as the International Baccalaureate Diploma for some time, ¹ a new Achievement Standard on Spectroscopy has been introduced relatively recently into the New Zealand Chemistry Curriculum, which includes the technique of electron ionisation (El) mass spectrometry.² This article aims to provide, for those perhaps encountering mass spectrometry for the very first time, a short discussion on electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry as an alternative introduction to this important analytical technique.

text: Electrospray ionisation - a simple prelude to the understanding of other mass spectrometry techniques Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful analytical technique used in the characterisation of a wide range of chemical and biochemical substances. The technique is extensively used in research, across a wide range of disciplines. One of the main strengths of mass spectrometry is that miniscule amounts of sample are typically needed, in the order of micrograms or less. While the study of spectroscopic techniques has been a part of qualifications such as the International Baccalaureate Diploma for some time, ¹ a new Achievement Standard on Spectroscopy has been introduced relatively recently into the New Zealand Chemistry Curriculum, which includes the technique of electron ionisation (El) mass spectrometry.² This article aims to provide, for those perhaps encountering mass spectrometry for the very first time, a short discussion on electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry as an alternative introduction to this important analytical technique.

year: 2015-07

title: He kohikohinga kōrero nō Ngāti Kuia

authors: Hawea, Celia

subjects: Ngāti Kuia

abstract: Ko te tikanga o tēnei mahi rangahau kia whakautu i te pātai e whai ake nei. He aha ngā kōrero-ā-waha, ngā kōrero i roto i ngā pukapuka hoki ka pūmau tonu i ēnei rā mō ngā uri o Ngāti Kuia mō ngā tau kei te heke mai? 

Ko tēnei he kohikohinga nō ngā kōrero o Ngāti Kuia tētahi iwi e noho ana i te Tauihu o te Waka-o-Māui. Ētahi o ngā iwi Māori he maha ngā kōrero e pā ana ki a rātou, engari ko tēnei te pukapuka tuatahi tonu ka tāia e pā ana ki a Ngāti Kuia. Ehara tēnei i te titiro hōhonu, te titiro whānui rānei i ngā kōrero engari he kohikohinga noa iho nō ngā kōrero mō Ngāti Kuia ki roto te pukapuka kotahi. Nā reira, ki te hiahia tētahi kia whāia tēnei huarahi, koinei he tīmatanga, he paku āwhina hoki mōna. 

Ka āhua toru ngā wehenga o te kōrero nei. Ka tīmata i te kupu whakataki, i muri iho ko ngā āhuatanga o te mahi, arā, i pēhea ngā kōrero i kohikohia, ā, ko te whakapapa me ngā tūhonohononga o Ngāti Kuia ki ētahi atu iwi. Ko te wāhanga tuarua, ko te kōrero o nehe rā, arā, ko ngā kōrero mō ngā atua a Tāwhaki rāua ko Māui, he kōrero mō Kupe, he whakataukī, he kōrero hoki mō ngā taniwha o te iwi. Nā, ko te wāhanga tuatoru e pā ana ki ngā tāngata rongonui o Ngāti Kuia, arā, ko Tūtepourangi, ko Tamairangi, ko Hinepoupou, ko Waikura, ko Kehaia.

text: He kohikohinga kōrero nō Ngāti Kuia Ko te tikanga o tēnei mahi rangahau kia whakautu i te pātai e whai ake nei. He aha ngā kōrero-ā-waha, ngā kōrero i roto i ngā pukapuka hoki ka pūmau tonu i ēnei rā mō ngā uri o Ngāti Kuia mō ngā tau kei te heke mai? 

Ko tēnei he kohikohinga nō ngā kōrero o Ngāti Kuia tētahi iwi e noho ana i te Tauihu o te Waka-o-Māui. Ētahi o ngā iwi Māori he maha ngā kōrero e pā ana ki a rātou, engari ko tēnei te pukapuka tuatahi tonu ka tāia e pā ana ki a Ngāti Kuia. Ehara tēnei i te titiro hōhonu, te titiro whānui rānei i ngā kōrero engari he kohikohinga noa iho nō ngā kōrero mō Ngāti Kuia ki roto te pukapuka kotahi. Nā reira, ki te hiahia tētahi kia whāia tēnei huarahi, koinei he tīmatanga, he paku āwhina hoki mōna. 

Ka āhua toru ngā wehenga o te kōrero nei. Ka tīmata i te kupu whakataki, i muri iho ko ngā āhuatanga o te mahi, arā, i pēhea ngā kōrero i kohikohia, ā, ko te whakapapa me ngā tūhonohononga o Ngāti Kuia ki ētahi atu iwi. Ko te wāhanga tuarua, ko te kōrero o nehe rā, arā, ko ngā kōrero mō ngā atua a Tāwhaki rāua ko Māui, he kōrero mō Kupe, he whakataukī, he kōrero hoki mō ngā taniwha o te iwi. Nā, ko te wāhanga tuatoru e pā ana ki ngā tāngata rongonui o Ngāti Kuia, arā, ko Tūtepourangi, ko Tamairangi, ko Hinepoupou, ko Waikura, ko Kehaia.

year: 1995