title: The use of otolith microchemistry  to investigate natal origins and movement of  lacustrine wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common smelt (Retropinna retropinna)

authors: Riceman, Matthew Sean

subjects: otolith

abstract: Otolith microchemistry can be used to determine the natal origins of fish.  Solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of water samples from tributary streams and beach locations around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti, Rotorua lakes district, New Zealand, indicate different and unique water isotopic chemistries at sample locations  The concentrations of 24Mg, 43Ca, 55Mn, 85Rb, 88Sr and 137Ba differed significantly between tributary streams.  The concentrations of 43Ca, 85Rb and 88Sr differed significantly between beaches.  Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to classify the stream water samples from six tributary streams around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti with 100% accuracy.  Beach water samples from seven sample locations around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti were classified with 64% accuracy. When grouped by lake, the water samples could be classified with 93% accuracy.  The ambient water chemistry is a major influence on the otolith chemical composition.  The water results indicate unique water chemistries and suggest using the microchemistry of otoliths to determine natal origins. 
Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used for single spot analysis of otoliths of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common smelt (Retropinna retropinna) to determine concentrations of Mn, Zn, Rb, Sr and Ba. Juvenile trout otoliths from six spawning tributaries around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti could be classified to lake of origin with 98% accuracy overall.  Using the DFA of 43 juvenile trout from spawning tributaries as the training set, classification coefficients were applied to analyses of elemental concentrations in the otolith nucleus of 92 adult wild rainbow of unknown natal origin captured in lakes Rotoiti and Rotorua and the Ohau Channel.  Classification results suggest that the tributary streams of Lake Rotorua contribute the majority of individuals to the wild populations of adult rainbow trout of both lakes, comprising 88% of Lake Rotorua fish, 86% of Lake Rotoiti fish, and 100% of Ohau Channel fish. 
LA-ICP-MS spot analysis of common smelt otolith at the nuclei and edges provided information related to the movements between different chemical habitats across the fishes life.  The concentrations of Mn, Zn, Rb, Sr and Ba differed significantly between the nucleus and edge spots in the smelt samples suggesting movement for some individuals.  The scores from lake DFA classification functions showed two classes of smelt.  Approximately 70% of smelt were lake residents and approximately 30% of smelt had migrated between the lakes.  The nucleus results were compared with the known smelt capture location and the results are similar to the otolith analyses. 
The results of this investigation can be used to determine fish migration and assist with fisheries management decisions. Otolith microchemistry suggests that the construction of the wall diverting Lake Rotorua water into the Okere Arm of Lake Rotoiti is likely to impede migrations of wild rainbow trout from Lake Rotorua into Lake Rotoiti. Disruption of common smelt, migrations is likely to be less severe than for trout, but the prediction of smelt migration is less reliable because of the lower accuracy of classification.

text: The use of otolith microchemistry  to investigate natal origins and movement of  lacustrine wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common smelt (Retropinna retropinna) Otolith microchemistry can be used to determine the natal origins of fish.  Solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of water samples from tributary streams and beach locations around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti, Rotorua lakes district, New Zealand, indicate different and unique water isotopic chemistries at sample locations  The concentrations of 24Mg, 43Ca, 55Mn, 85Rb, 88Sr and 137Ba differed significantly between tributary streams.  The concentrations of 43Ca, 85Rb and 88Sr differed significantly between beaches.  Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to classify the stream water samples from six tributary streams around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti with 100% accuracy.  Beach water samples from seven sample locations around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti were classified with 64% accuracy. When grouped by lake, the water samples could be classified with 93% accuracy.  The ambient water chemistry is a major influence on the otolith chemical composition.  The water results indicate unique water chemistries and suggest using the microchemistry of otoliths to determine natal origins. 
Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used for single spot analysis of otoliths of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common smelt (Retropinna retropinna) to determine concentrations of Mn, Zn, Rb, Sr and Ba. Juvenile trout otoliths from six spawning tributaries around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti could be classified to lake of origin with 98% accuracy overall.  Using the DFA of 43 juvenile trout from spawning tributaries as the training set, classification coefficients were applied to analyses of elemental concentrations in the otolith nucleus of 92 adult wild rainbow of unknown natal origin captured in lakes Rotoiti and Rotorua and the Ohau Channel.  Classification results suggest that the tributary streams of Lake Rotorua contribute the majority of individuals to the wild populations of adult rainbow trout of both lakes, comprising 88% of Lake Rotorua fish, 86% of Lake Rotoiti fish, and 100% of Ohau Channel fish. 
LA-ICP-MS spot analysis of common smelt otolith at the nuclei and edges provided information related to the movements between different chemical habitats across the fishes life.  The concentrations of Mn, Zn, Rb, Sr and Ba differed significantly between the nucleus and edge spots in the smelt samples suggesting movement for some individuals.  The scores from lake DFA classification functions showed two classes of smelt.  Approximately 70% of smelt were lake residents and approximately 30% of smelt had migrated between the lakes.  The nucleus results were compared with the known smelt capture location and the results are similar to the otolith analyses. 
The results of this investigation can be used to determine fish migration and assist with fisheries management decisions. Otolith microchemistry suggests that the construction of the wall diverting Lake Rotorua water into the Okere Arm of Lake Rotoiti is likely to impede migrations of wild rainbow trout from Lake Rotorua into Lake Rotoiti. Disruption of common smelt, migrations is likely to be less severe than for trout, but the prediction of smelt migration is less reliable because of the lower accuracy of classification.

year: 2008

title: Structure, light & temperature induced changes in the compound eyes of Antarctic crustaceans

authors: Tiang, Kin Ming

abstract: The structure of the photoreceptors of three different Antarctic crustaceans was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Special attention was paid to light and temperature induced changes of the normal, i.e. dark-adapted eye. 
The apposition eye of Orchomene plebs shows structural modifications which are interpreted as adaptations to maximise photon capture in an environment of low ambient light intensities. Dark-light adaptational changes affect the position of the screening pigment granules, the volume of the random and the composition and density of the organelles in both retinula and interstitial cells. Exposure to a temperature of +10°c for seven hours affects the structural integrity of the rhabdoms and mimicks light-adaptation in animals that are kept in the dark. Rhabdoms regenerate as long as the animals are returned to water of 0°C.
The ommatidia of the dorsal eye of Glyptonotus antarcticus possess very large diameters and are of the apposition type. Dark-light adaptational changes, which are confined to the dark eye if one eye is painted black and the other is left untouched, involve radial migration of screening pigment granules in the retinula cells surrounding the rhabdom. An elevation of the temperature also affects the position of the screening pigments, but the rhabdom ultrastructure is far less affected than that of Orchomene plebs. 
The compound eyes of the Ross Ice Shelf amphipod Orchomene grandis show the highest degree of structural adaptation to a dimly-lit environment. Following exposure to sunlight or darkness for one week at a temperature of approximately +1°C. the extraordinarily massive rhabdoms exhibit almost total disintegration. The density of screening pigment granules is so low that migrations upon dark-light adaptation are insignificant. The eye of Orchornene grandis shows the smallest capacity of all three species studied to adapt to different ambient light levels.

text: Structure, light & temperature induced changes in the compound eyes of Antarctic crustaceans The structure of the photoreceptors of three different Antarctic crustaceans was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Special attention was paid to light and temperature induced changes of the normal, i.e. dark-adapted eye. 
The apposition eye of Orchomene plebs shows structural modifications which are interpreted as adaptations to maximise photon capture in an environment of low ambient light intensities. Dark-light adaptational changes affect the position of the screening pigment granules, the volume of the random and the composition and density of the organelles in both retinula and interstitial cells. Exposure to a temperature of +10°c for seven hours affects the structural integrity of the rhabdoms and mimicks light-adaptation in animals that are kept in the dark. Rhabdoms regenerate as long as the animals are returned to water of 0°C.
The ommatidia of the dorsal eye of Glyptonotus antarcticus possess very large diameters and are of the apposition type. Dark-light adaptational changes, which are confined to the dark eye if one eye is painted black and the other is left untouched, involve radial migration of screening pigment granules in the retinula cells surrounding the rhabdom. An elevation of the temperature also affects the position of the screening pigments, but the rhabdom ultrastructure is far less affected than that of Orchomene plebs. 
The compound eyes of the Ross Ice Shelf amphipod Orchomene grandis show the highest degree of structural adaptation to a dimly-lit environment. Following exposure to sunlight or darkness for one week at a temperature of approximately +1°C. the extraordinarily massive rhabdoms exhibit almost total disintegration. The density of screening pigment granules is so low that migrations upon dark-light adaptation are insignificant. The eye of Orchornene grandis shows the smallest capacity of all three species studied to adapt to different ambient light levels.

year: 1980

title: Me tangi ki te hunga whakamomori?

authors: Roa, Raukura

subjects: Mate whakamomori

abstract: I runga o Tūrangawaewae Marae i te 19 Akuhata, 2011 i te rā kawe mate o te koroneihana o Kīngi Tuheitia, i whakatakotohia e Professor Pou Temara te urupounamu ‘ko te hunga whakamomori me tangi me aha rānei?’ Ko taku whakapae, ko te whakaaro pea o roto o tēnei pātai, e aro ana ki te hunga whakamomori. Heoi, ko te aronga kē pea o te kaupapa, ko tēnei mea te tangihanga. He whakapono nō te ao Māori, ko te tangihanga, he whakarangatira i te tūpāpaku me ngā mahi i oti i a ia i te wā o te ora. Heoi, ko tāku e uaparetia ana, ko te kawenga matua o te tangihanga, ko te aroha o te tangata ki te tangata. Ko ngā kaupapa o te tangihanga, tuatahi he tuku i te wairua ki te wāhi ngaro. Tuarua, he huarahi e tīngia ai e te Māori ngā panonitanga o te mate. Tuatoru, he hui e whai oranga ai te hunga ora. Nō reira ko taku paremata ki te pakirēhua a Professor Pou Temara, ae me tangi ki te hunga whakamomori ka tika. Ko te aronga o tēnei pepa he wānanga i ngā tuhituhinga kua puta kē ki te ao mā te wetewete i ngā kōrero mō te tangihanga, te mate, te rerenga o te wairua, te whakahaeretanga o te tangihanga, te whakamomori, me ngā whakapono o iwi kē mō te whakamomori.

text: Me tangi ki te hunga whakamomori? I runga o Tūrangawaewae Marae i te 19 Akuhata, 2011 i te rā kawe mate o te koroneihana o Kīngi Tuheitia, i whakatakotohia e Professor Pou Temara te urupounamu ‘ko te hunga whakamomori me tangi me aha rānei?’ Ko taku whakapae, ko te whakaaro pea o roto o tēnei pātai, e aro ana ki te hunga whakamomori. Heoi, ko te aronga kē pea o te kaupapa, ko tēnei mea te tangihanga. He whakapono nō te ao Māori, ko te tangihanga, he whakarangatira i te tūpāpaku me ngā mahi i oti i a ia i te wā o te ora. Heoi, ko tāku e uaparetia ana, ko te kawenga matua o te tangihanga, ko te aroha o te tangata ki te tangata. Ko ngā kaupapa o te tangihanga, tuatahi he tuku i te wairua ki te wāhi ngaro. Tuarua, he huarahi e tīngia ai e te Māori ngā panonitanga o te mate. Tuatoru, he hui e whai oranga ai te hunga ora. Nō reira ko taku paremata ki te pakirēhua a Professor Pou Temara, ae me tangi ki te hunga whakamomori ka tika. Ko te aronga o tēnei pepa he wānanga i ngā tuhituhinga kua puta kē ki te ao mā te wetewete i ngā kōrero mō te tangihanga, te mate, te rerenga o te wairua, te whakahaeretanga o te tangihanga, te whakamomori, me ngā whakapono o iwi kē mō te whakamomori.

year: 2012-05