title: Te Tau Hana ʻAvaika Kākiu: Ancestral fishing practice and knowledge of Nukuhiva, Te Henua ʻEnana (The Marquesas Islands)

authors: Teʻikitekahioho-Wolff, Temaʻuonukuhiva

subjects: Indigenous fishing

abstract: This thesis explores the ancestral fishing practices of Nukuhiva Island and how they have changed over time. I aim to preserve the ancestral fishing practices and lore within this thesis to benefit future ʻEnana (Indigenous Marquesans) generations due to the unfortunate lack of literature written by ʻEnana, for ʻEnana, on this and many other topics. This thesis is integral to the perpetuation and preservation of ancestral knowledge and practices among the many changes occurring today throughout Te Henua ʻEnana (The Marquesas Islands). There are three key areas that this thesis focuses on, which form the questions in Chapter 1 - The fishing practices of Te Henua ʻEnana during the early times of outsider contact, contemporary fishing in Nukuhiva now and in the recent past and how fishing practices and knowledge as a whole have evolved over time.  
To accomplish this, a review of relevant literature on the importance of fishing and ancestral fishing practices across Polynesia is presented in order to fill in the gaps within the literature written on fishing practice and knowledge of Te Henua ʻEnana. Indigenous Oceanic methodologies are explored to present this thesis through an Indigenous framework. Due to the lack of ʻEnana scholarship on methodologies, along with the strong genealogic and cultural links between ʻEnana and Tongan culture, the Kakala methodology is adapted for this study. 
	Next, a thorough review of the relevant ethnohistoric literature written on Nukuhiva and the broader Henua ʻEnana is introduced, to provide a basis for the ancestral fishing methods practiced during first contact with Europeans. To provide Indigenous perspectives on the fishing performed in Nukuhiva now and in the recent past, informal interviews with six local fishing elders within Nukuhiva Island were conducted. From these interviews, a comparison is made between the fishing practices that are presently undertaken and the fishing practices that are no longer performed. Modern subsistence fishing with local fishermen was also undertaken within the context of Nukuhiva, with this experience providing a practical knowledge basis for fishing performed today. Environmental fishing knowledge, such as seasonal indicators of abundance and lunar phases in relation to different fishing practices collected from fishing informants, are also underlined in this thesis. 
Although many changes have occurred, the fishing that most subsistence fishermen of today practice - such as handline fishing - still echoes the fishing methods recorded at outsider contact (most traditional nets being an exception) and has evolved with the new technologies and materials of today. The findings presented in this thesis show the efficacy and continued benefits of ancestral fishing knowledge in ancient and contemporary times, highlighting that preserving ancestral traditions is crucial to maintaining ʻEnana knowledge systems, identity and culture.

text: Te Tau Hana ʻAvaika Kākiu: Ancestral fishing practice and knowledge of Nukuhiva, Te Henua ʻEnana (The Marquesas Islands) This thesis explores the ancestral fishing practices of Nukuhiva Island and how they have changed over time. I aim to preserve the ancestral fishing practices and lore within this thesis to benefit future ʻEnana (Indigenous Marquesans) generations due to the unfortunate lack of literature written by ʻEnana, for ʻEnana, on this and many other topics. This thesis is integral to the perpetuation and preservation of ancestral knowledge and practices among the many changes occurring today throughout Te Henua ʻEnana (The Marquesas Islands). There are three key areas that this thesis focuses on, which form the questions in Chapter 1 - The fishing practices of Te Henua ʻEnana during the early times of outsider contact, contemporary fishing in Nukuhiva now and in the recent past and how fishing practices and knowledge as a whole have evolved over time.  
To accomplish this, a review of relevant literature on the importance of fishing and ancestral fishing practices across Polynesia is presented in order to fill in the gaps within the literature written on fishing practice and knowledge of Te Henua ʻEnana. Indigenous Oceanic methodologies are explored to present this thesis through an Indigenous framework. Due to the lack of ʻEnana scholarship on methodologies, along with the strong genealogic and cultural links between ʻEnana and Tongan culture, the Kakala methodology is adapted for this study. 
	Next, a thorough review of the relevant ethnohistoric literature written on Nukuhiva and the broader Henua ʻEnana is introduced, to provide a basis for the ancestral fishing methods practiced during first contact with Europeans. To provide Indigenous perspectives on the fishing performed in Nukuhiva now and in the recent past, informal interviews with six local fishing elders within Nukuhiva Island were conducted. From these interviews, a comparison is made between the fishing practices that are presently undertaken and the fishing practices that are no longer performed. Modern subsistence fishing with local fishermen was also undertaken within the context of Nukuhiva, with this experience providing a practical knowledge basis for fishing performed today. Environmental fishing knowledge, such as seasonal indicators of abundance and lunar phases in relation to different fishing practices collected from fishing informants, are also underlined in this thesis. 
Although many changes have occurred, the fishing that most subsistence fishermen of today practice - such as handline fishing - still echoes the fishing methods recorded at outsider contact (most traditional nets being an exception) and has evolved with the new technologies and materials of today. The findings presented in this thesis show the efficacy and continued benefits of ancestral fishing knowledge in ancient and contemporary times, highlighting that preserving ancestral traditions is crucial to maintaining ʻEnana knowledge systems, identity and culture.

year: 2021

title: Properties of mass-loading shocks: 1. Hydrodynamic considerations

authors: Zank, Gary P.

subjects: mass-loading shocks

abstract: The one-dimensional hydrodynamics of flows subjected to mass loading are considered anew, with particular emphasis placed on determining the properties of mass-loading shocks. This work has been motivated by recent observations of the outbound Halley bow shock (Neubauer et al., 1990), which cannot be understood in terms of simple hydrodynamical or magnetohydrodynamical descriptions. By including mass injection at the shock, we have investigated the properties of the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions on the basis of a geometric formulation of the entropy condition. Such a condition, which is more powerful than the usual thermodynamical formulation, serves to determine those solutions to the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions which correspond to a physically realizable downstream state. On this basis a concise theoretical description of hydrodynamic mass-loading shocks is obtained. We show that mass-loading shocks have more in common with combustion shocks than with ordinary nonreacting gas dynamical shocks. It is shown that for decelerated solutions to the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions to exist, the upstream flow speed u0 must satisfy u0 > ucrit > cs, where cs is the sound speed. Besides the usual supersonic-subsonic transition, mass-loading fronts can also admit a decelerating supersonic-supersonic transition, the structure of which consists of a sharp decrease in the flow velocity preceding a recovery and an increase in the final downstream flow speed. We suggest the possibility that such structures may describe the inbound Halley bow shock (Coates et al., 1987a). Both parallel and oblique shocks are considered, the primary difference being that oblique shocks are subjected to a shearing stress due to mass loading. It is conjectured that such a shearing may destabilize the shock.

text: Properties of mass-loading shocks: 1. Hydrodynamic considerations The one-dimensional hydrodynamics of flows subjected to mass loading are considered anew, with particular emphasis placed on determining the properties of mass-loading shocks. This work has been motivated by recent observations of the outbound Halley bow shock (Neubauer et al., 1990), which cannot be understood in terms of simple hydrodynamical or magnetohydrodynamical descriptions. By including mass injection at the shock, we have investigated the properties of the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions on the basis of a geometric formulation of the entropy condition. Such a condition, which is more powerful than the usual thermodynamical formulation, serves to determine those solutions to the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions which correspond to a physically realizable downstream state. On this basis a concise theoretical description of hydrodynamic mass-loading shocks is obtained. We show that mass-loading shocks have more in common with combustion shocks than with ordinary nonreacting gas dynamical shocks. It is shown that for decelerated solutions to the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions to exist, the upstream flow speed u0 must satisfy u0 > ucrit > cs, where cs is the sound speed. Besides the usual supersonic-subsonic transition, mass-loading fronts can also admit a decelerating supersonic-supersonic transition, the structure of which consists of a sharp decrease in the flow velocity preceding a recovery and an increase in the final downstream flow speed. We suggest the possibility that such structures may describe the inbound Halley bow shock (Coates et al., 1987a). Both parallel and oblique shocks are considered, the primary difference being that oblique shocks are subjected to a shearing stress due to mass loading. It is conjectured that such a shearing may destabilize the shock.

year: 1991

title: Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in New Zealand: phylogeny and structural biology

authors: Claire Vignette, Mulholland

subjects: tuberculosis

abstract: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate human pathogen and is the primary causative agent of tuberculosis. New Zealand has a relatively low incidence of tuberculosis disease, however, Māori (the indigenous people of New Zealand) and Pacific People are disproportionally affected. Molecular typing shows that approximately two-thirds of M. tuberculosis isolates from New Zealand-born patients can be assigned to clusters of related strains. The largest M. tuberculosis cluster in New Zealand is known as the ‘Rangipo’ cluster and is predominantly found in Māori. This strain has been the source of several tuberculosis outbreaks over the last 30 years and anecdotal evidence suggests it may be particularly virulent. Two other large clusters, known as the ‘Southern Cross’ and ‘Otara’ clusters, most commonly occur in Pacific People.
Here, whole genome sequencing, phylogenetics and structural biology were used to investigate evolutionary origins and functional consequences of genomic diversity in New Zealand M. tuberculosis clusters, with a particular focus on the Rangipo strain. Analysis of Rangipo strain non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) identified bacterial genetic factors that may contribute to the high transmissibility of this strain. The F420-dependent oxidoreductase Rv2893 harbours a Rangipo-specific G72S mutation encoded by a nsSNP. H37Rv and Rangipo Rv2893 structures were solved and show the effect of this G72S mutation. Binding of the F420 cofactor was confirmed and characterised. SNP analyses also guided the optimisation of a diagnostic assay for rapid Rangipo strain classification at low cost and with high discriminatory power. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the Rangipo and Otara clusters belong to a larger M.tuberculosis clade of French/European origin that is also prevalent in indigenous populations in Canada. Molecular dating indicates dispersal of this clade to the South Pacific was driven by expanding European trade networks in the early 19th century and identifies host factors that have contributed to the dispersal and expansion of the Rangipo and Otara strains.
Overall, these results show that relatively recent changes in host ecology have likely played a crucial role in driving the success of the Rangipo strain in New Zealand and point to bacterial genetic factors that may influence its virulence and thereby also contribute to its prevalence.

text: Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in New Zealand: phylogeny and structural biology Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate human pathogen and is the primary causative agent of tuberculosis. New Zealand has a relatively low incidence of tuberculosis disease, however, Māori (the indigenous people of New Zealand) and Pacific People are disproportionally affected. Molecular typing shows that approximately two-thirds of M. tuberculosis isolates from New Zealand-born patients can be assigned to clusters of related strains. The largest M. tuberculosis cluster in New Zealand is known as the ‘Rangipo’ cluster and is predominantly found in Māori. This strain has been the source of several tuberculosis outbreaks over the last 30 years and anecdotal evidence suggests it may be particularly virulent. Two other large clusters, known as the ‘Southern Cross’ and ‘Otara’ clusters, most commonly occur in Pacific People.
Here, whole genome sequencing, phylogenetics and structural biology were used to investigate evolutionary origins and functional consequences of genomic diversity in New Zealand M. tuberculosis clusters, with a particular focus on the Rangipo strain. Analysis of Rangipo strain non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) identified bacterial genetic factors that may contribute to the high transmissibility of this strain. The F420-dependent oxidoreductase Rv2893 harbours a Rangipo-specific G72S mutation encoded by a nsSNP. H37Rv and Rangipo Rv2893 structures were solved and show the effect of this G72S mutation. Binding of the F420 cofactor was confirmed and characterised. SNP analyses also guided the optimisation of a diagnostic assay for rapid Rangipo strain classification at low cost and with high discriminatory power. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the Rangipo and Otara clusters belong to a larger M.tuberculosis clade of French/European origin that is also prevalent in indigenous populations in Canada. Molecular dating indicates dispersal of this clade to the South Pacific was driven by expanding European trade networks in the early 19th century and identifies host factors that have contributed to the dispersal and expansion of the Rangipo and Otara strains.
Overall, these results show that relatively recent changes in host ecology have likely played a crucial role in driving the success of the Rangipo strain in New Zealand and point to bacterial genetic factors that may influence its virulence and thereby also contribute to its prevalence.

year: 2019