title: Improvement of Elite Female Athletes' Physical Performance With a 3-Week Unexpected Disturbance Program

authors: Teichmann, Jorg

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Context: Sensorimotor training is commonly used in a rehabilitative setting; however, the effectiveness of an unexpected disturbance program (UDP) to enhance performance measures in uninjured elite athletes is unknown. 
Objective: To assess the impact of a three-week UDP program on strength, power, and proprioceptive measures. 
Design: Matched-group, pre- post design. Setting: National Sports Institute. Participants: Twenty-one international-level female field hockey athletes. Interventions: Two 45 min UDP sessions were incorporated into each week of a three week training program (total 6 sessions). 
Main Outcome Measures: One-repetition maximum strength, lower limb power, 20 m running speed, and proprioception tests were performed before and after the experimental period. 
Results: Substantial improvements in running sprint speed at 5- (4.4 ±2.6%; Effect Size [ES]: 0.88), 10- (2.1 ±1.9%; ES: 0.51), and 20-m (1.0 ±1.6%; ES: 0.23) were observed in the UDP group. Squat jump performance was also clearly enhanced when compared to the control group (3.1 ±6.1%; ES: 0.23). Small but clear improvements in maximal strength were observed in both groups. 
Conclusion: A three week UDP can elicit clear enhancements in running sprint speed and concentric-only jump performance. These improvements are suggestive of enhanced explosive strength and are particularly notable given the elite training status of the cohort and relatively short duration of the intervention. Thus, we would reiterate the statement by Gruber and colleagues (2004) that sensorimotor training is a “highly efficient” modality for improving explosive strength.

text: Improvement of Elite Female Athletes' Physical Performance With a 3-Week Unexpected Disturbance Program Context: Sensorimotor training is commonly used in a rehabilitative setting; however, the effectiveness of an unexpected disturbance program (UDP) to enhance performance measures in uninjured elite athletes is unknown. 
Objective: To assess the impact of a three-week UDP program on strength, power, and proprioceptive measures. 
Design: Matched-group, pre- post design. Setting: National Sports Institute. Participants: Twenty-one international-level female field hockey athletes. Interventions: Two 45 min UDP sessions were incorporated into each week of a three week training program (total 6 sessions). 
Main Outcome Measures: One-repetition maximum strength, lower limb power, 20 m running speed, and proprioception tests were performed before and after the experimental period. 
Results: Substantial improvements in running sprint speed at 5- (4.4 ±2.6%; Effect Size [ES]: 0.88), 10- (2.1 ±1.9%; ES: 0.51), and 20-m (1.0 ±1.6%; ES: 0.23) were observed in the UDP group. Squat jump performance was also clearly enhanced when compared to the control group (3.1 ±6.1%; ES: 0.23). Small but clear improvements in maximal strength were observed in both groups. 
Conclusion: A three week UDP can elicit clear enhancements in running sprint speed and concentric-only jump performance. These improvements are suggestive of enhanced explosive strength and are particularly notable given the elite training status of the cohort and relatively short duration of the intervention. Thus, we would reiterate the statement by Gruber and colleagues (2004) that sensorimotor training is a “highly efficient” modality for improving explosive strength.

year: 2018-01-01

title: Where next for low cost airlines? A spatial and temporal comparative study

authors: Francis, Graham

subjects: low cost airlines

abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the international development of the low cost airline model. The paper examines and seeks to characterize the factors which have encouraged and inhibited the spatial and temporal spread of low cost carriers. A typology of low cost carriers is developed to illustrate the diversity of practices identifiable under the generic low cost banner. The authors of this paper identify stages of development with respect to time and compare the development of low cost operations in different countries of the world. The economic and political impacts of the spread of the low cost model are examined and the sustainability and future patterns of growth considered.

text: Where next for low cost airlines? A spatial and temporal comparative study The purpose of this paper is to analyze the international development of the low cost airline model. The paper examines and seeks to characterize the factors which have encouraged and inhibited the spatial and temporal spread of low cost carriers. A typology of low cost carriers is developed to illustrate the diversity of practices identifiable under the generic low cost banner. The authors of this paper identify stages of development with respect to time and compare the development of low cost operations in different countries of the world. The economic and political impacts of the spread of the low cost model are examined and the sustainability and future patterns of growth considered.

year: 2006

title: Indigenous voices

authors: Daya-Winterbottom, Trevor

abstract: Indigenous people and their communities have a vital role in environmental management and development, and states should (in accordance with principle 22 of the Rio Declaration 1992) recognize and duly support their identity, culture and interests and enable their effective participation in the achievement of sustainable development. This paper will critically analyse the normative influence of tikanga Māori, non-doctrinal methods for discovering tikanga Māori, the special rules for interpretation of tikanga, and the wider application of customary values.

text: Indigenous voices Indigenous people and their communities have a vital role in environmental management and development, and states should (in accordance with principle 22 of the Rio Declaration 1992) recognize and duly support their identity, culture and interests and enable their effective participation in the achievement of sustainable development. This paper will critically analyse the normative influence of tikanga Māori, non-doctrinal methods for discovering tikanga Māori, the special rules for interpretation of tikanga, and the wider application of customary values.

year: 2022-07-11