title: Application of P-graph techniques for efficient use of wood processing residues in biorefineries

authors: Atkins, Martin John

abstract: It is anticipated that demand for chemicals and fuel derived from sustainably grown bio-mass will increase over the coming decades. Forest and wood processing residues and waste are likely to become a significant feedstock to large scale biorefineries to produce both renewable fuels and chemicals. Maximising the economic value of these residues whilst simultaneously minimising the environmental impact of the manufactured product is an important task in process and product selection and design. Multiple processing and product pathways exist and it is often unclear what the best options are without detailed assessment or preliminary design. The P-graph framework was used to examine the economically feasibility of utilising five types of wood processing residues: wood chip, pulp logs, saw dust, and landing and cutover residues. Twenty different products were considered, based on three main production platforms or routes, sugars, pyrolysis, and gasification. Kraft pulp production and energy products were also considered as viable options for residues. Only six of the products considered were found to be profitable with the most economically viable uses being kraft pulp production and boiler fuel. Products included in the feasible solutions and the source of residues are all finely balanced, and slight changes in feedstock cost, product price, and operational and capital costs can cause major changes to the feasible structures. When heat integration for using Total Site was incorporated into the P-graph there was no economic benefit for the routes and scale of production considered here.

text: Application of P-graph techniques for efficient use of wood processing residues in biorefineries It is anticipated that demand for chemicals and fuel derived from sustainably grown bio-mass will increase over the coming decades. Forest and wood processing residues and waste are likely to become a significant feedstock to large scale biorefineries to produce both renewable fuels and chemicals. Maximising the economic value of these residues whilst simultaneously minimising the environmental impact of the manufactured product is an important task in process and product selection and design. Multiple processing and product pathways exist and it is often unclear what the best options are without detailed assessment or preliminary design. The P-graph framework was used to examine the economically feasibility of utilising five types of wood processing residues: wood chip, pulp logs, saw dust, and landing and cutover residues. Twenty different products were considered, based on three main production platforms or routes, sugars, pyrolysis, and gasification. Kraft pulp production and energy products were also considered as viable options for residues. Only six of the products considered were found to be profitable with the most economically viable uses being kraft pulp production and boiler fuel. Products included in the feasible solutions and the source of residues are all finely balanced, and slight changes in feedstock cost, product price, and operational and capital costs can cause major changes to the feasible structures. When heat integration for using Total Site was incorporated into the P-graph there was no economic benefit for the routes and scale of production considered here.

year: 2016

title: Intersections between housing affordability and meanings of home: A review

authors: Barrett, Patrick

abstract: Research into housing affordability has flourished alongside growth in house prices, just as successive governments have used a range of policy levers to curb price increases. To date, however, these policies have met with little success. One persuasive explanation for that failure is that housing policies have been developed using affordability metrics in ways that have reinforced neoliberal prescriptions for the provision of housing, and that such policies are doomed to fail. Neoliberal policy settings continue to be influential, even in an environment where, under the current Labour Government, there is a rhetorical rejection of these prescriptions. Against this background, this review paper explores how a housing affordability research agenda might be bolstered by examining intersections between dimensions of affordability and meanings of home. Emerging research suggests that when housing is unaffordable, it becomes an arena of struggle in which dwellings are transformed in ways that undermine the potential to provide security, stability, and connection associated with meanings of home. The article concludes by suggesting research questions to examine that struggle in the pursuit of a sense of home, and in so doing, gain a better understanding of the lived experience of unaffordability.

text: Intersections between housing affordability and meanings of home: A review Research into housing affordability has flourished alongside growth in house prices, just as successive governments have used a range of policy levers to curb price increases. To date, however, these policies have met with little success. One persuasive explanation for that failure is that housing policies have been developed using affordability metrics in ways that have reinforced neoliberal prescriptions for the provision of housing, and that such policies are doomed to fail. Neoliberal policy settings continue to be influential, even in an environment where, under the current Labour Government, there is a rhetorical rejection of these prescriptions. Against this background, this review paper explores how a housing affordability research agenda might be bolstered by examining intersections between dimensions of affordability and meanings of home. Emerging research suggests that when housing is unaffordable, it becomes an arena of struggle in which dwellings are transformed in ways that undermine the potential to provide security, stability, and connection associated with meanings of home. The article concludes by suggesting research questions to examine that struggle in the pursuit of a sense of home, and in so doing, gain a better understanding of the lived experience of unaffordability.

year: 2022-06-12

title: Kiwi, kapai, and kuia: Māori loanwords in New Zealand English children's picture books published between 1995 and 2005

authors: Macdonald, Daryl Eveline

abstract: Māori loanwords are a distinctive characteristic of New Zealand English (Deverson, 1991). A previous study of the frequency of Māori loanwords in New Zealand English children’s picture books showed an incidence of 56 words per thousand in a corpus of 13 books published by a single publishing house between 1995 and 2005 (Daly, 2007). The current study determined the frequency, semantic categories, and textual representations of loanwords in a corpus of nearly 500 children’s picture books published in New Zealand between 1995 and 2005. Results showed an incidence of 13 Māori loanwords per thousand words of text. Reasons for this difference in frequency and the potential effects of a relatively high incidence of Māori loanwords in children’s picture books are discussed in terms of the language use of the readers, the changing character of New Zealand English, and New Zealand national identity.

text: Kiwi, kapai, and kuia: Māori loanwords in New Zealand English children's picture books published between 1995 and 2005 Māori loanwords are a distinctive characteristic of New Zealand English (Deverson, 1991). A previous study of the frequency of Māori loanwords in New Zealand English children’s picture books showed an incidence of 56 words per thousand in a corpus of 13 books published by a single publishing house between 1995 and 2005 (Daly, 2007). The current study determined the frequency, semantic categories, and textual representations of loanwords in a corpus of nearly 500 children’s picture books published in New Zealand between 1995 and 2005. Results showed an incidence of 13 Māori loanwords per thousand words of text. Reasons for this difference in frequency and the potential effects of a relatively high incidence of Māori loanwords in children’s picture books are discussed in terms of the language use of the readers, the changing character of New Zealand English, and New Zealand national identity.

year: 2013