title: The centrality of relationships for pedagogy: The Whanaungatanga Thesis

authors: Bishop, Russell

subjects: addressing educational disparities

abstract: Te Kotahitanga is a research and professional development project that seeks to reduce educational disparities between indigenous Māori students and their non-Māori peers in New Zealand secondary schools. While evidence of the impact of the project on teachers’ practice and the associated gains made by Māori students has been published previously, in order for the work of Te Kotahitanga to contribute to the broader educational research community, its pedagogical premises require empirical verification. To do so, we must first establish the validity of the pedagogical data by addressing two questions: (a) To what degree can the data gathered in the collaborative processes of Te Kotahitanga be used as a measure of pedagogical quality? and (b) Do these data support the foundational hypothesis of the project, that “extended family” relationships, as understood by Māori people when using the Māori term, whanaungatanga, are a central necessary component of overall pedagogical quality? This article provides an account of the context of this work then presents an analysis directed to these questions in turn. First, our analysis of the observational data gathered during the Te Kotahitanga professional development process is presented, followed by the measures that were developed for each of the main dimensions of pedagogy addressed in this work. Second, using these measures we present our analysis of the inter-relation among these dimensions of pedagogy to test the Whanaungatanga pedagogical thesis.

text: The centrality of relationships for pedagogy: The Whanaungatanga Thesis Te Kotahitanga is a research and professional development project that seeks to reduce educational disparities between indigenous Māori students and their non-Māori peers in New Zealand secondary schools. While evidence of the impact of the project on teachers’ practice and the associated gains made by Māori students has been published previously, in order for the work of Te Kotahitanga to contribute to the broader educational research community, its pedagogical premises require empirical verification. To do so, we must first establish the validity of the pedagogical data by addressing two questions: (a) To what degree can the data gathered in the collaborative processes of Te Kotahitanga be used as a measure of pedagogical quality? and (b) Do these data support the foundational hypothesis of the project, that “extended family” relationships, as understood by Māori people when using the Māori term, whanaungatanga, are a central necessary component of overall pedagogical quality? This article provides an account of the context of this work then presents an analysis directed to these questions in turn. First, our analysis of the observational data gathered during the Te Kotahitanga professional development process is presented, followed by the measures that were developed for each of the main dimensions of pedagogy addressed in this work. Second, using these measures we present our analysis of the inter-relation among these dimensions of pedagogy to test the Whanaungatanga pedagogical thesis.

year: 2013

title: Whāingaroa/Raglan and positive youth development - Community-driven youth support in Whāingaroa: A case study of the Whāingaroa Youth Work Collective

authors: Semeraro, Gianluca

abstract: This research explores the development and impact of community-driven youth support in Whāingaroa, a rural community in Aotearoa/New Zealand, through an in-depth examination of a local youth work collective. By employing a qualitative, participatory research methodology, the study investigates the complex dynamics of youth empowerment, community engagement, and cultural responsiveness within a unique local context.

The study traces the evolution of the Whāingaroa Youth Work Collective (WYWC) from its inception to its status as a structured community organization. Data collection spanned two years, encompassing six WYWC collective meetings and three focus groups with key collective members. Through ethnographic observations and collaborative research methods, the study illuminates the processes of youth development and community support emerging from grassroots, volunteer-driven initiatives. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data, which was categorized into two primary themes: (1) the collective's purpose and operational methodology, and (2) necessary future steps to address gaps in local youth support. These themes were analysed in relation to two research questions:

•	How can Whāingaroa/Raglan services support youth at a community-based level?
•	What initiatives could be implemented to foster positive youth development in the future?

The findings are presented in two main sections. The first examines the collective's strategy, operational framework and current initiatives demonstrating the effectiveness of locally-based youth support. The second explores the collective's aspirations for future initiatives, specifically focusing on two key proposals: establishing a full-time youth connector position and developing a community youth hub.

 Key findings demonstrate the transformative potential of volunteer-driven, culturally responsive youth support strategies. The research highlights the importance of contextual understanding, community ownership, and holistic approaches to youth development. Particularly significant is the model's ability to navigate the bicultural landscape of Aotearoa, providing a nuanced approach that respects both indigenous and contemporary cultural frameworks.

Theoretically grounded in Positive Youth Development (PYD) frameworks and indigenous cultural perspectives, the research bridges Western psychological approaches with local cultural understanding. The study reveals how a community-centric model of youth support can effectively address the complex needs of rural youth, emphasizing cultural identity, collective empowerment, and local knowledge.

The study contributes to broader discussions on youth support, community development, and cultural resilience. It challenges traditional, standardized intervention models by showcasing the effectiveness of locally embedded, flexible support strategies. The research provides valuable insights for community organizations, policymakers, educational institutions, and social service providers seeking innovative approaches to youth engagement.
Further, the findings offer a replicable framework for understanding and supporting youth development in rural contexts, with broader implications for community support strategies that prioritize local knowledge, cultural responsiveness, and collective empowerment.

Ultimately, the research presents a compelling argument for understanding youth development as a collaborative, contextually embedded process. It demonstrates that meaningful community support emerges from within, driven by local aspirations, cultural understanding, and collective investment in young people's potential.

text: Whāingaroa/Raglan and positive youth development - Community-driven youth support in Whāingaroa: A case study of the Whāingaroa Youth Work Collective This research explores the development and impact of community-driven youth support in Whāingaroa, a rural community in Aotearoa/New Zealand, through an in-depth examination of a local youth work collective. By employing a qualitative, participatory research methodology, the study investigates the complex dynamics of youth empowerment, community engagement, and cultural responsiveness within a unique local context.

The study traces the evolution of the Whāingaroa Youth Work Collective (WYWC) from its inception to its status as a structured community organization. Data collection spanned two years, encompassing six WYWC collective meetings and three focus groups with key collective members. Through ethnographic observations and collaborative research methods, the study illuminates the processes of youth development and community support emerging from grassroots, volunteer-driven initiatives. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data, which was categorized into two primary themes: (1) the collective's purpose and operational methodology, and (2) necessary future steps to address gaps in local youth support. These themes were analysed in relation to two research questions:

•	How can Whāingaroa/Raglan services support youth at a community-based level?
•	What initiatives could be implemented to foster positive youth development in the future?

The findings are presented in two main sections. The first examines the collective's strategy, operational framework and current initiatives demonstrating the effectiveness of locally-based youth support. The second explores the collective's aspirations for future initiatives, specifically focusing on two key proposals: establishing a full-time youth connector position and developing a community youth hub.

 Key findings demonstrate the transformative potential of volunteer-driven, culturally responsive youth support strategies. The research highlights the importance of contextual understanding, community ownership, and holistic approaches to youth development. Particularly significant is the model's ability to navigate the bicultural landscape of Aotearoa, providing a nuanced approach that respects both indigenous and contemporary cultural frameworks.

Theoretically grounded in Positive Youth Development (PYD) frameworks and indigenous cultural perspectives, the research bridges Western psychological approaches with local cultural understanding. The study reveals how a community-centric model of youth support can effectively address the complex needs of rural youth, emphasizing cultural identity, collective empowerment, and local knowledge.

The study contributes to broader discussions on youth support, community development, and cultural resilience. It challenges traditional, standardized intervention models by showcasing the effectiveness of locally embedded, flexible support strategies. The research provides valuable insights for community organizations, policymakers, educational institutions, and social service providers seeking innovative approaches to youth engagement.
Further, the findings offer a replicable framework for understanding and supporting youth development in rural contexts, with broader implications for community support strategies that prioritize local knowledge, cultural responsiveness, and collective empowerment.

Ultimately, the research presents a compelling argument for understanding youth development as a collaborative, contextually embedded process. It demonstrates that meaningful community support emerges from within, driven by local aspirations, cultural understanding, and collective investment in young people's potential.

year: 2025

title: The long-term effect of marketing strategy on brand sales.

authors: Ataman, M. Berk

subjects: marketing mix

abstract: Few studies have considered the relative role of the integrated marketing mix (advertising, price promotion, product, and place) on the long-term performance of mature brands, instead emphasizing advertising and price promotion. Thus, little guidance is available to firms regarding the relative efficacy of their various marketing expenditures over the long run. To investigate this issue, the authors apply a multivariate dynamic linear transfer function model to five years of advertising and scanner data for 25 product categories and 70 brands in France. The findings indicate that the total (short-term plus long-term) sales elasticity is 1.37 for product and .74 for distribution. Conversely, the total elasticities for advertising and discounting are only .13 and .04, respectively. This result stands in marked contrast to the previous emphasis in the literature on price promotions and advertising. The authors further find that the long-term effects of discounting are one-third the magnitude of the short-term effects. The ratio is reversed from other aspects of the mix (in which long-term effects exceed four times the short-term effects), underscoring the strategic role of these tools in brand sales.

text: The long-term effect of marketing strategy on brand sales. Few studies have considered the relative role of the integrated marketing mix (advertising, price promotion, product, and place) on the long-term performance of mature brands, instead emphasizing advertising and price promotion. Thus, little guidance is available to firms regarding the relative efficacy of their various marketing expenditures over the long run. To investigate this issue, the authors apply a multivariate dynamic linear transfer function model to five years of advertising and scanner data for 25 product categories and 70 brands in France. The findings indicate that the total (short-term plus long-term) sales elasticity is 1.37 for product and .74 for distribution. Conversely, the total elasticities for advertising and discounting are only .13 and .04, respectively. This result stands in marked contrast to the previous emphasis in the literature on price promotions and advertising. The authors further find that the long-term effects of discounting are one-third the magnitude of the short-term effects. The ratio is reversed from other aspects of the mix (in which long-term effects exceed four times the short-term effects), underscoring the strategic role of these tools in brand sales.

year: 2010