title: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios can estimate anionic polyacrylamide degradation in soil

authors: Entry, James A.

subjects: Polyacrylamide degradation

abstract: Water-soluble anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is applied to millions of hectares worldwide as a highly effective erosion-preventing and
infiltration-enhancing polymer, when applied at rates of 1 to 2 kg ha−1 (i.e., 1 to 10 g m−3) in furrow water. PAM degradation has not directly been
measured in soil. We tested the ability of stable isotopes of C and N at natural abundance to estimate PAM degradation rates. Values of δ13C were
related to anionic PAM concentration in a positive curvilinear relationship in a low-C, low-N, Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid (Portneuf series) soil.
The other soils with higher organic C or N concentrations did not show significant relationships between PAM concentrations and δ13C values.
The δ15N values were not related to anionic PAM concentration in any of the soils tested. When 2691 active ingredient (ai) kg PAM ha−1 was
applied to the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil, 49% and 74% of the PAM was degraded after 6 and 12 yr respectively. When 5382 kg ai PAM
ha−1 was applied to the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil, 13% was degraded after 6 yr, and 73% of the PAM was degraded after 12 yr. We
calculated PAM degradation rate based on δ13Cfor the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil to be 9.8% yr−1. Further testing using labeled PAM is
necessary to estimate degradation rates in higher C soils, and to determine what portion of the C is released from decomposing PAM is emitted to
the atmosphere, incorporated into soil organic matter and living microbial biomass.

text: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios can estimate anionic polyacrylamide degradation in soil Water-soluble anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is applied to millions of hectares worldwide as a highly effective erosion-preventing and
infiltration-enhancing polymer, when applied at rates of 1 to 2 kg ha−1 (i.e., 1 to 10 g m−3) in furrow water. PAM degradation has not directly been
measured in soil. We tested the ability of stable isotopes of C and N at natural abundance to estimate PAM degradation rates. Values of δ13C were
related to anionic PAM concentration in a positive curvilinear relationship in a low-C, low-N, Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid (Portneuf series) soil.
The other soils with higher organic C or N concentrations did not show significant relationships between PAM concentrations and δ13C values.
The δ15N values were not related to anionic PAM concentration in any of the soils tested. When 2691 active ingredient (ai) kg PAM ha−1 was
applied to the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil, 49% and 74% of the PAM was degraded after 6 and 12 yr respectively. When 5382 kg ai PAM
ha−1 was applied to the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil, 13% was degraded after 6 yr, and 73% of the PAM was degraded after 12 yr. We
calculated PAM degradation rate based on δ13Cfor the Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid soil to be 9.8% yr−1. Further testing using labeled PAM is
necessary to estimate degradation rates in higher C soils, and to determine what portion of the C is released from decomposing PAM is emitted to
the atmosphere, incorporated into soil organic matter and living microbial biomass.

year: 2008

title: Surrogacy and the law: three perspectives

authors: Walker, Ruth

abstract: In this article we argue that, from the perspective of the surrogacy triad, the legal process in New Zealand does not work well. We conducted semi-structured interviews with surrogates and intended parents about their experience of the New Zealand system and found several common themes, which we report here. Most legal professionals lack experience with surrogacy adoptions and do not always provide accurate advice, which leads to additional cost and stress for the intended parents in particular. A large part of the problem is that the legislation itself is not fit for purpose and forces the triad into a Family Court procedure that is antithetical to the intentions of all members. ECART plays a valuable role in facilitating domestic surrogacies and we argue for it to be expanded to include all traditional surrogacies and to be the only port of call for the triad to establish the intended parents as the legal parents of the baby from birth.

text: Surrogacy and the law: three perspectives In this article we argue that, from the perspective of the surrogacy triad, the legal process in New Zealand does not work well. We conducted semi-structured interviews with surrogates and intended parents about their experience of the New Zealand system and found several common themes, which we report here. Most legal professionals lack experience with surrogacy adoptions and do not always provide accurate advice, which leads to additional cost and stress for the intended parents in particular. A large part of the problem is that the legislation itself is not fit for purpose and forces the triad into a Family Court procedure that is antithetical to the intentions of all members. ECART plays a valuable role in facilitating domestic surrogacies and we argue for it to be expanded to include all traditional surrogacies and to be the only port of call for the triad to establish the intended parents as the legal parents of the baby from birth.

year: 2020

title: Key concepts in Māori and iwi histories: A critique of Te Takanga o te Wā (2015)

authors: Palmer, Georgia

subjects: History

abstract: In 2019, the New Zealand government announced a “reset” of the national history curriculum, with the intention of including more Māori content and addressing ongoing petitions to make the New Zealand Wars compulsory in all schools. Two curricula - one for mainstream schools and the other for Māori immersion Kura - were developed, with each drawing on a recent Ministry of Education publication Te Takanga o te Wā (2015) to provide key insights to Māori history concepts and themes. The Māori curricula has since taken on the name of that document, and uses those themes in its new framework, while the mainstream curriculum also adopts some of these same concepts. But how relevant are these proposed themes and concepts to Māori history, and what have Māori and iwi historians and experts actually written or said about the significance of these concepts to Māori historical practice, content, and theory?
This thesis critiques the five key themes and concepts presented in Te Takanga o te Wā and evaluates their relevance as leading Māori history concepts. These are Whakapapa, Tūrangawaewae; Mana-Motuhake; Kaitiakitanga, and Whānaungatanga. This study surveys the existing work produced by Māori historians and other experts over the past century, particularly the extent to which they have used these themes or discussed their significance to Māori and iwi historical practice and thinking. This dissertation argues that aside from whakapapa, the majority of the themes presented in Te Takanga o te Wā are not reflected in the historiography of the field, and that there are in fact a range of other crucial concepts missing. These include discussions about Wā, the importance of te reo Māori, tikanga, Mātauranga-a-iwi and other important approaches like “historical trauma”, “survivance”, Kaupapa Māori and decolonisation.

text: Key concepts in Māori and iwi histories: A critique of Te Takanga o te Wā (2015) In 2019, the New Zealand government announced a “reset” of the national history curriculum, with the intention of including more Māori content and addressing ongoing petitions to make the New Zealand Wars compulsory in all schools. Two curricula - one for mainstream schools and the other for Māori immersion Kura - were developed, with each drawing on a recent Ministry of Education publication Te Takanga o te Wā (2015) to provide key insights to Māori history concepts and themes. The Māori curricula has since taken on the name of that document, and uses those themes in its new framework, while the mainstream curriculum also adopts some of these same concepts. But how relevant are these proposed themes and concepts to Māori history, and what have Māori and iwi historians and experts actually written or said about the significance of these concepts to Māori historical practice, content, and theory?
This thesis critiques the five key themes and concepts presented in Te Takanga o te Wā and evaluates their relevance as leading Māori history concepts. These are Whakapapa, Tūrangawaewae; Mana-Motuhake; Kaitiakitanga, and Whānaungatanga. This study surveys the existing work produced by Māori historians and other experts over the past century, particularly the extent to which they have used these themes or discussed their significance to Māori and iwi historical practice and thinking. This dissertation argues that aside from whakapapa, the majority of the themes presented in Te Takanga o te Wā are not reflected in the historiography of the field, and that there are in fact a range of other crucial concepts missing. These include discussions about Wā, the importance of te reo Māori, tikanga, Mātauranga-a-iwi and other important approaches like “historical trauma”, “survivance”, Kaupapa Māori and decolonisation.

year: 2022