title: Mobility and emplacement of an ancient, large-volume pyroclastic flow, Ongatiti Ignimbrite, North Island, New Zealand

authors: Zadeh, Elham Yousef

abstract: Pyroclastic flows are the most devastating phenomena of explosive volcanic eruptions. These hazardous fast-moving, hot, concentrated density currents are able to travel several tens of kilometers radially away from their source. Due to an enveloping ash cloud, it is still impossible to directly study pyroclastic flows. However, their deposits (i.e., ignimbrites) provide useful insight into their internal processes of emplacement. This study focuses on the Ongatiti Ignimbrite, which is sourced from Mangakino caldera (i.e., the oldest volcanic centre in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand dated at 1600–950 ka) and offers a unique opportunity to understand the emplacement processes of an ancient and large-volume pyroclastic flow. It is a welded to nonwelded, columnar-jointed, cliff-forming deposit, that has been divided into nine facies based on the variation in pumice and lithic clast abundance, and degree of welding. Our results constrain the minimum deposit volume for the Ongatiti Ignimbrite to ca. 1400 km3, or 1000 km3 dense-rock equivalent. Zircon (U–Th)/He data suggest an eruption age of 1.37 ± 0.04 Ma, which is in good agreement with the previous proposed eruption age. The topographic controls on the spatial distribution of the ignimbrite have been determined to understand pyroclastic flow pathways through valleys and over hills. The ignimbrite covered hills up to ~900 m (about 650 m above the caldera height) to around 40 km from the Mangakino volcanic center (MVC) and, the pyroclastic flow travelled to beyond 90 km from the vent. The Ongatiti Ignimbrite was a landscape-modifying event that covered at least the western North Island and as far away as Auckland and Wellington.

text: Mobility and emplacement of an ancient, large-volume pyroclastic flow, Ongatiti Ignimbrite, North Island, New Zealand Pyroclastic flows are the most devastating phenomena of explosive volcanic eruptions. These hazardous fast-moving, hot, concentrated density currents are able to travel several tens of kilometers radially away from their source. Due to an enveloping ash cloud, it is still impossible to directly study pyroclastic flows. However, their deposits (i.e., ignimbrites) provide useful insight into their internal processes of emplacement. This study focuses on the Ongatiti Ignimbrite, which is sourced from Mangakino caldera (i.e., the oldest volcanic centre in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand dated at 1600–950 ka) and offers a unique opportunity to understand the emplacement processes of an ancient and large-volume pyroclastic flow. It is a welded to nonwelded, columnar-jointed, cliff-forming deposit, that has been divided into nine facies based on the variation in pumice and lithic clast abundance, and degree of welding. Our results constrain the minimum deposit volume for the Ongatiti Ignimbrite to ca. 1400 km3, or 1000 km3 dense-rock equivalent. Zircon (U–Th)/He data suggest an eruption age of 1.37 ± 0.04 Ma, which is in good agreement with the previous proposed eruption age. The topographic controls on the spatial distribution of the ignimbrite have been determined to understand pyroclastic flow pathways through valleys and over hills. The ignimbrite covered hills up to ~900 m (about 650 m above the caldera height) to around 40 km from the Mangakino volcanic center (MVC) and, the pyroclastic flow travelled to beyond 90 km from the vent. The Ongatiti Ignimbrite was a landscape-modifying event that covered at least the western North Island and as far away as Auckland and Wellington.

year: 2023-07-28

title: Disabling access to illegal online content by way of takedowns

authors: Tan, Rachel Sue Yin

abstract: This article discusses the European Union's approach to regulating illegal content and hate speech online. The report "Digital Services Act — deepening the internal market and clarifying responsibilities for digital services" by Sally Broughton Micova and Alexandre de Streel provides an overview of EU law in this context. The e-Commerce Directive serves as a horizontal regulation covering all platforms and types of illegal content. Vertical regulations are also applied for specific content under EU law. The EU aims to update the framework to establish clear responsibilities for digital service providers.

The e-Commerce Directive establishes limited liability for service providers concerning third-party content. This means platforms are responsible for removing flagged or notified illegal content. While methods like artificial intelligence could assist, the complexity of monitoring makes this challenging.

Regulating online hate speech is a complex issue. The author suggests a holistic approach involving society, law, platforms, and users is necessary. Legal scholar Wolfgang Schulz highlights challenges in regulating online harms and the potential erosion of civil liberties. Amendments to laws like NetzDG in Germany reflect attempts to strike a balance between regulation and protecting free speech.

text: Disabling access to illegal online content by way of takedowns This article discusses the European Union's approach to regulating illegal content and hate speech online. The report "Digital Services Act — deepening the internal market and clarifying responsibilities for digital services" by Sally Broughton Micova and Alexandre de Streel provides an overview of EU law in this context. The e-Commerce Directive serves as a horizontal regulation covering all platforms and types of illegal content. Vertical regulations are also applied for specific content under EU law. The EU aims to update the framework to establish clear responsibilities for digital service providers.

The e-Commerce Directive establishes limited liability for service providers concerning third-party content. This means platforms are responsible for removing flagged or notified illegal content. While methods like artificial intelligence could assist, the complexity of monitoring makes this challenging.

Regulating online hate speech is a complex issue. The author suggests a holistic approach involving society, law, platforms, and users is necessary. Legal scholar Wolfgang Schulz highlights challenges in regulating online harms and the potential erosion of civil liberties. Amendments to laws like NetzDG in Germany reflect attempts to strike a balance between regulation and protecting free speech.

year: 2021-11-11

title: Culturally relevant assessment: Kaupapa Māori assessment in early childhood education

authors: Rameka, Lesley Kay

abstract: This chant according to Maori tradition is part of the dedication used at the birth of Maui-tikitiki-a-Taranga, the demigod, ancestor superhero of the Pacific. It was also sometimes used to welcome visitors on to marae, linking the visitors with the spiritual world and powers of the Maori gods, Tūmatauenga, Rongomatane and Tane Mahuta and to Hawaiki, the spiritual Maori homeland. It also provides a model of the universe that dates back thousands of years (Shirres, 1997); a model made up of two intimately connected worlds: the spiritual and the material. These worlds are closely linked with activities in the everyday material world coming under the influence of and interpenetrated by spiritual powers (Reilly, 2004a; Shirres, 1997). Consequently people are connected with the universe, with the world of spiritual powers, the world of the gods.

text: Culturally relevant assessment: Kaupapa Māori assessment in early childhood education This chant according to Maori tradition is part of the dedication used at the birth of Maui-tikitiki-a-Taranga, the demigod, ancestor superhero of the Pacific. It was also sometimes used to welcome visitors on to marae, linking the visitors with the spiritual world and powers of the Maori gods, Tūmatauenga, Rongomatane and Tane Mahuta and to Hawaiki, the spiritual Maori homeland. It also provides a model of the universe that dates back thousands of years (Shirres, 1997); a model made up of two intimately connected worlds: the spiritual and the material. These worlds are closely linked with activities in the everyday material world coming under the influence of and interpenetrated by spiritual powers (Reilly, 2004a; Shirres, 1997). Consequently people are connected with the universe, with the world of spiritual powers, the world of the gods.

year: 2013