title: Parallel and perpendicular cascades in solar wind turbulence

authors: Oughton, Sean

subjects: solar wind

abstract: MHD-scale fluctuations in the velocity, magnetic, and density fields of the solar wind are routinely observed. The evolution of these fluctuations, as they are transported radially outwards by the solar wind, is believed to involve both wave and turbulence processes. The presence of an average magnetic field has important implications for the anisotropy of the fluctuations and the nature of the turbulent wavenumber cascades in the directions parallel and perpendicular to this field. In particular, if the ratio of the rms magnetic fluctuation strength to the mean field is small, then the parallel wavenumber cascade is expected to be weak and there are difficulties in obtaining a cascade in frequency. The latter has been invoked in order to explain the heating of solar wind fluctuations (above adiabatic levels) via energy transfer to scales where ion-cyclotron damping can occur. Following a brief review of classical hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) cascade theories, we discuss the distinct nature of parallel and perpendicular cascades and their roles in the evolution of solar wind fluctuations.

text: Parallel and perpendicular cascades in solar wind turbulence MHD-scale fluctuations in the velocity, magnetic, and density fields of the solar wind are routinely observed. The evolution of these fluctuations, as they are transported radially outwards by the solar wind, is believed to involve both wave and turbulence processes. The presence of an average magnetic field has important implications for the anisotropy of the fluctuations and the nature of the turbulent wavenumber cascades in the directions parallel and perpendicular to this field. In particular, if the ratio of the rms magnetic fluctuation strength to the mean field is small, then the parallel wavenumber cascade is expected to be weak and there are difficulties in obtaining a cascade in frequency. The latter has been invoked in order to explain the heating of solar wind fluctuations (above adiabatic levels) via energy transfer to scales where ion-cyclotron damping can occur. Following a brief review of classical hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) cascade theories, we discuss the distinct nature of parallel and perpendicular cascades and their roles in the evolution of solar wind fluctuations.

year: 2005

title: From Ideology to global practice : capitalist models of development between WW11 and the mid-1990s

authors: Hill, Joel Darren Thomas

subjects: Capitalism

abstract: Focusing on the period between WW11 and the mid-1990s, this thesis follows two main themes: (a) the national and international progression from ideological models to practical models of development through debate, compromise, and the tactical positioning of intellectuals and advocates, and (b) how the models in question have gained influence in international institutions, particularly the IMF, WB, WTO, and OECD, and how models of development are further expressed, developed, and disseminated from these platforms. The first theme evolves through critical discussion of key works by pivotal scholars who were particularly influential in this period, and the contrasts between central aspects of their distinct ideological models of national and international development. This theme is further developed via a historical narrative of political development in the U.S and to a lesser extent the U.K, which highlights the challenges facing those who seek to implement an ideological blueprint into a practical model of development. This analysis demonstrates the debate, compromise, and the tactical positioning of intellectuals and advocates which almost inevitably creates discrepancies between the ideological and practical models, and between national models based on the same ideology. Three distinct eras of capitalist development are identified and defined by their practical model of development. It is found that each has been intentionally implemented and has clear links to ideological counterparts. Using these distinct eras of capitalist development as guidance, the second major theme is explored through separate narratives of IMF, WB, WTO, and OECD development through the same time period. Findings demonstrate how each institution has been influenced by the U.S and the wider G7 and effectively serves as an extension of their geopolitical and economic interests, and how each has incorporated the three intentionally implemented models into its own workings. This analysis reveals a growing interconnectedness and cooperation between these institutions and shows how they have evolved into a coordinated network of knowledge producing policy advocates and enforcers. Findings also show the process of inducting nations into the policy frameworks developed within these institutions, and the embedding of nations into the global free-market economy that the supranational institutional network is responsible for.

text: From Ideology to global practice : capitalist models of development between WW11 and the mid-1990s Focusing on the period between WW11 and the mid-1990s, this thesis follows two main themes: (a) the national and international progression from ideological models to practical models of development through debate, compromise, and the tactical positioning of intellectuals and advocates, and (b) how the models in question have gained influence in international institutions, particularly the IMF, WB, WTO, and OECD, and how models of development are further expressed, developed, and disseminated from these platforms. The first theme evolves through critical discussion of key works by pivotal scholars who were particularly influential in this period, and the contrasts between central aspects of their distinct ideological models of national and international development. This theme is further developed via a historical narrative of political development in the U.S and to a lesser extent the U.K, which highlights the challenges facing those who seek to implement an ideological blueprint into a practical model of development. This analysis demonstrates the debate, compromise, and the tactical positioning of intellectuals and advocates which almost inevitably creates discrepancies between the ideological and practical models, and between national models based on the same ideology. Three distinct eras of capitalist development are identified and defined by their practical model of development. It is found that each has been intentionally implemented and has clear links to ideological counterparts. Using these distinct eras of capitalist development as guidance, the second major theme is explored through separate narratives of IMF, WB, WTO, and OECD development through the same time period. Findings demonstrate how each institution has been influenced by the U.S and the wider G7 and effectively serves as an extension of their geopolitical and economic interests, and how each has incorporated the three intentionally implemented models into its own workings. This analysis reveals a growing interconnectedness and cooperation between these institutions and shows how they have evolved into a coordinated network of knowledge producing policy advocates and enforcers. Findings also show the process of inducting nations into the policy frameworks developed within these institutions, and the embedding of nations into the global free-market economy that the supranational institutional network is responsible for.

year: 2019

title: Dating of recent low sea level and Maori rock carvings Ongari Point

authors: Schofield, J.C.

subjects: carving

abstract: A sea level of at least 1.5ft below the present one, and contemporaneous rock carvings have a radiocarbon date of 180±50 years B.P.

text: Dating of recent low sea level and Maori rock carvings Ongari Point A sea level of at least 1.5ft below the present one, and contemporaneous rock carvings have a radiocarbon date of 180±50 years B.P.

year: 1968