title: New Zealand meets South Korea: Strategies for film co-productions between two countries

authors: Kim, JuHee

subjects: New Zealand film

abstract: This study investigates the state of international film co-productions between New Zealand and South Korea and whether such co-productions are possible, and if so, which modes or types of film co-productions are likely to succeed. The study is framed in the context of the two countries as well as the rapidly changing global marketplace. Increasingly, international film co-productions have gained importance in the film industry paralleling a growing tendency towards cross-border filmmaking. However, the phenomenon of international film co-productions, specifically between New Zealand and South Korea, has not been fully investigated to date.  

A review of existing approaches to international film co-productions did not provide a sufficiently comprehensive theoretical framework for this study. It therefore draws on four different approaches: political economy, social exchange theory (the reciprocal exchange model), Cultural Studies (focusing on cultural proximity and discount), and transnational approaches. Post-positivism provides a theoretical research perspective and the research method employed was a mixed-methods. The secondary data was analysed and discussed for the two governments’ film policies and their impact on the co-productions of these two countries. Extensive in-depth interviews with key respondents point five influential factors (political, economic, personal, cultural and industrial) for New Zealand-South Korean film co-productions. A case study of The Warrior’s Way (2010) was undertaken in order to examine how these five factors have practically impacted on one example of international film co-production.

This study proposes a conceptual framework drawing upon four approaches to explore multi-layered and multifaceted international film co-productions, and each approach in the framework has made its own contributions to film studies in the academic literature. The findings of this thesis show that it has been difficult for official productions between these countries to happen despite the film agreement between them. Consequently, it is suggested that the option of undertaking unofficial film co-productions is a better one. Three modes for unofficial productions, particularly addressed to those South Korean filmmakers who desire to make New Zealand-South Korean co-productions are suggested.

text: New Zealand meets South Korea: Strategies for film co-productions between two countries This study investigates the state of international film co-productions between New Zealand and South Korea and whether such co-productions are possible, and if so, which modes or types of film co-productions are likely to succeed. The study is framed in the context of the two countries as well as the rapidly changing global marketplace. Increasingly, international film co-productions have gained importance in the film industry paralleling a growing tendency towards cross-border filmmaking. However, the phenomenon of international film co-productions, specifically between New Zealand and South Korea, has not been fully investigated to date.  

A review of existing approaches to international film co-productions did not provide a sufficiently comprehensive theoretical framework for this study. It therefore draws on four different approaches: political economy, social exchange theory (the reciprocal exchange model), Cultural Studies (focusing on cultural proximity and discount), and transnational approaches. Post-positivism provides a theoretical research perspective and the research method employed was a mixed-methods. The secondary data was analysed and discussed for the two governments’ film policies and their impact on the co-productions of these two countries. Extensive in-depth interviews with key respondents point five influential factors (political, economic, personal, cultural and industrial) for New Zealand-South Korean film co-productions. A case study of The Warrior’s Way (2010) was undertaken in order to examine how these five factors have practically impacted on one example of international film co-production.

This study proposes a conceptual framework drawing upon four approaches to explore multi-layered and multifaceted international film co-productions, and each approach in the framework has made its own contributions to film studies in the academic literature. The findings of this thesis show that it has been difficult for official productions between these countries to happen despite the film agreement between them. Consequently, it is suggested that the option of undertaking unofficial film co-productions is a better one. Three modes for unofficial productions, particularly addressed to those South Korean filmmakers who desire to make New Zealand-South Korean co-productions are suggested.

year: 2017

title: Issues in the non-market valuation of Coromandel coastal recreation: realism, permanence and spatial distribution

authors: Matthews, Yvonne Sharon

subjects: Choice modelling

abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to apply non-market valuation techniques to estimate the effect of coastal development and erosion protection on beach recreation values. The study area is the Coromandel Peninsula in New Zealand. The peninsula is a popular holiday destination and the coastal landscape generates strong feelings of attachment in many New Zealanders.  However, twin pressures of rising coastal land values and shoreline fluctuations have led to conflict between people who want to protect or develop built environments and those who want to conserve or restore natural landscapes. The recreation amenity values which are under threat are difficult to include in a cost-benefit analysis of coastal policy because they have no explicit market price. 
I review the issues and limitations associated with non-market valuation methods and apply advanced visualisation and spatially-referenced data collection techniques to estimate the non-market values. This thesis comprises four papers which are either published or in the process of being published. A particular focus is whether 3D visualisations or "virtual environments" can improve the reliability and validity of stated preference results. The first paper describes the rationale and method for developing the virtual environments for use in a choice experiment about erosion protection and headland development. I find the virtual environments reduced bias, improved choice consistency and made respondents more likely to complete the survey. In the second paper I report the results of a choice experiment about development options for a specific undeveloped beach. I find that the virtual environment presentation format more strongly influences stated preferences amongst respondents with no direct experience of the site. The additional information provided by 3D visualisations may therefore be useful when people have to make decisions about the unfamiliar. 
In the third paper I report the results of tests of stability of stated preferences over time. A novel feature of this study is the use of two re-tests over time rather than just one. I find that stability at an individual level is positively associated with choice certainty. The virtual environments have a positive effect on respondent confidence but respondent education level has a larger effect. The large variation in stated value over time is consistent with the constructed preference viewpoint. However, the results are not necessarily incompatible with the alternative discovered preference hypothesis because there may have been too little consequential feedback to facilitate any preference learning.
In the fourth paper I report the results of a destination choice analysis for beach recreation on the Coromandel Peninsula, using data collected in the same survey as the choice experiments. The focus of the fourth paper is the issue of spatially correlated errors caused by the spatial distribution of sites. Visitors are influenced by opportunities available at other sites and many visit multiple beaches in one trip, which violates the conventional assumption that sites are substitutes. I analyse the cumulative attraction of each pairwise combination of sites and review modelling approaches that allow for flexible patterns of substitutions but are also computationally efficient. I find that an Agglomerating and Competing Destination Choice (ACDC) model with differentiated accessibility parameters for each attribute offers the best fit. It has complex response properties for specific site changes yet retains a computationally feasible closed form. I use the model to examine the implications of two site-specific changes.  The results highlight the importance of preserving coastal camping grounds and natural sand dunes because these attributes increase the diversity and attractiveness of the wider area as well as the individual site. 
The findings of these four papers and the data collected for this thesis make a significant contribution to knowledge about the recreation value of Coromandel beaches. This research is of particular relevance to the local policy issues of coastal erosion and development.

text: Issues in the non-market valuation of Coromandel coastal recreation: realism, permanence and spatial distribution The purpose of this thesis is to apply non-market valuation techniques to estimate the effect of coastal development and erosion protection on beach recreation values. The study area is the Coromandel Peninsula in New Zealand. The peninsula is a popular holiday destination and the coastal landscape generates strong feelings of attachment in many New Zealanders.  However, twin pressures of rising coastal land values and shoreline fluctuations have led to conflict between people who want to protect or develop built environments and those who want to conserve or restore natural landscapes. The recreation amenity values which are under threat are difficult to include in a cost-benefit analysis of coastal policy because they have no explicit market price. 
I review the issues and limitations associated with non-market valuation methods and apply advanced visualisation and spatially-referenced data collection techniques to estimate the non-market values. This thesis comprises four papers which are either published or in the process of being published. A particular focus is whether 3D visualisations or "virtual environments" can improve the reliability and validity of stated preference results. The first paper describes the rationale and method for developing the virtual environments for use in a choice experiment about erosion protection and headland development. I find the virtual environments reduced bias, improved choice consistency and made respondents more likely to complete the survey. In the second paper I report the results of a choice experiment about development options for a specific undeveloped beach. I find that the virtual environment presentation format more strongly influences stated preferences amongst respondents with no direct experience of the site. The additional information provided by 3D visualisations may therefore be useful when people have to make decisions about the unfamiliar. 
In the third paper I report the results of tests of stability of stated preferences over time. A novel feature of this study is the use of two re-tests over time rather than just one. I find that stability at an individual level is positively associated with choice certainty. The virtual environments have a positive effect on respondent confidence but respondent education level has a larger effect. The large variation in stated value over time is consistent with the constructed preference viewpoint. However, the results are not necessarily incompatible with the alternative discovered preference hypothesis because there may have been too little consequential feedback to facilitate any preference learning.
In the fourth paper I report the results of a destination choice analysis for beach recreation on the Coromandel Peninsula, using data collected in the same survey as the choice experiments. The focus of the fourth paper is the issue of spatially correlated errors caused by the spatial distribution of sites. Visitors are influenced by opportunities available at other sites and many visit multiple beaches in one trip, which violates the conventional assumption that sites are substitutes. I analyse the cumulative attraction of each pairwise combination of sites and review modelling approaches that allow for flexible patterns of substitutions but are also computationally efficient. I find that an Agglomerating and Competing Destination Choice (ACDC) model with differentiated accessibility parameters for each attribute offers the best fit. It has complex response properties for specific site changes yet retains a computationally feasible closed form. I use the model to examine the implications of two site-specific changes.  The results highlight the importance of preserving coastal camping grounds and natural sand dunes because these attributes increase the diversity and attractiveness of the wider area as well as the individual site. 
The findings of these four papers and the data collected for this thesis make a significant contribution to knowledge about the recreation value of Coromandel beaches. This research is of particular relevance to the local policy issues of coastal erosion and development.

year: 2017

title: Case roles / relations and discourse relations: A Maori language-based perspective

authors: Whaanga, Hēmi

subjects: case grammar

abstract: The overall aim of this research project is to explore case roles/ relations and discourse relations (referred to in this thesis as 'intra-propositional relations' and 'interpropositional relations' respectively) from the perspective of the Maori language. 
The thesis begins with an outline of the scope of the research and the approaches and methods used (Chapter 1). This is followed by a critical review of selected literature on case roles/ relations (intra-propositional relations) (see Chapter 2) and discourse relations (inter-propositional relations) (see Chapter 3) where it is noted that some of the relational theories and models appear to lack descriptive and/or explanatory adequacy. 
In Chapter 4, two models (an intra-propositional relational model and an interpropositional relational model) are developed on the basis of the critical review in Chapters 2 and 3, and these models are applied to a written corpus of Maori language texts, the primary aim being to track the ways in which intra-propositional and interpropositional relations are signalled in Maori. 
In Chapter 5, l supplement the corpus-based findings reported in Chapter 4 by reexamining the findings of two earlier studies from the perspective of the models introduced in Chapter 4. One of these earlier studies, reported in the early 1980s, is concerned with the distribution of prepositions in Maori in relation to case roles/ relations (intra-propositional relations); the other, produced much more recently (in 2001) is concerned with the signalling in Maori of a selection of what are referred to in that Work as 'semantico-pragmatic relations' (inter-propositional relations). 
Chapter 6 provides an overview of the research and a summary of the findings, together with an indication of its limitations, possible areas of application, and suggestions for future research.

text: Case roles / relations and discourse relations: A Maori language-based perspective The overall aim of this research project is to explore case roles/ relations and discourse relations (referred to in this thesis as 'intra-propositional relations' and 'interpropositional relations' respectively) from the perspective of the Maori language. 
The thesis begins with an outline of the scope of the research and the approaches and methods used (Chapter 1). This is followed by a critical review of selected literature on case roles/ relations (intra-propositional relations) (see Chapter 2) and discourse relations (inter-propositional relations) (see Chapter 3) where it is noted that some of the relational theories and models appear to lack descriptive and/or explanatory adequacy. 
In Chapter 4, two models (an intra-propositional relational model and an interpropositional relational model) are developed on the basis of the critical review in Chapters 2 and 3, and these models are applied to a written corpus of Maori language texts, the primary aim being to track the ways in which intra-propositional and interpropositional relations are signalled in Maori. 
In Chapter 5, l supplement the corpus-based findings reported in Chapter 4 by reexamining the findings of two earlier studies from the perspective of the models introduced in Chapter 4. One of these earlier studies, reported in the early 1980s, is concerned with the distribution of prepositions in Maori in relation to case roles/ relations (intra-propositional relations); the other, produced much more recently (in 2001) is concerned with the signalling in Maori of a selection of what are referred to in that Work as 'semantico-pragmatic relations' (inter-propositional relations). 
Chapter 6 provides an overview of the research and a summary of the findings, together with an indication of its limitations, possible areas of application, and suggestions for future research.

year: 2006