title: Māori diaspora: Being Māori on the Gold Coast

authors: Henderson, Eve Ngāwaiata

subjects: Māori

abstract: An estimated one in five Māori now live in Australia with the largest concentration on the Gold Coast. My research gives voice to the lived realities of the Māori diaspora and is informed by my own reflections as a first-generation Australian-born Māori and those of my whānau. Through discussion with whānau who either emigrated over to Australia as adults or were born and raised in Australia because of their parents’ emigration, in my thesis I shed light on constructions of identity and notions of belonging for Māori on the Gold Coast living on the traditional land of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. 

With an understanding of the entangled complexities on undertaking research on Māori living on the land of another Indigenous Peoples, I utilise both Kaupapa Māori and Indigenous Research paradigms as the foundation for this thesis. Using pūrākau  as method, with a storytelling approach, I had expected to be sitting with my whānau kanohi ki te kanohi, sharing food and laughs in the home. However, Covid-19 put a halt to my desired research approach. Despite this hurdle, I was able to collate and combine our shared stories to express what it is to be Māori on the Gold Coast through the utilisation of online spaces. Through my findings, I demonstrate that Māori on the Gold Coast articulate a range of ways to be Māori with diverse and hopeful views for the future. This challenges dominant Māori scholarship which often excludes and invisibilizes Māori experiences outside of Aotearoa, as if people cease to be Māori once they have left. 

This thesis adds to Indigenous diasporic discussions in communicating the fluidity of Māori identity. I argue that Māori have a connection to Aotearoa that is not necessarily tied physically to the whenua, nor bound to preconceptions and measures of history. Understanding our diaspora is essential for considering future implications for Indigenous solidarity, and for cultural growth and retention.

text: Māori diaspora: Being Māori on the Gold Coast An estimated one in five Māori now live in Australia with the largest concentration on the Gold Coast. My research gives voice to the lived realities of the Māori diaspora and is informed by my own reflections as a first-generation Australian-born Māori and those of my whānau. Through discussion with whānau who either emigrated over to Australia as adults or were born and raised in Australia because of their parents’ emigration, in my thesis I shed light on constructions of identity and notions of belonging for Māori on the Gold Coast living on the traditional land of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. 

With an understanding of the entangled complexities on undertaking research on Māori living on the land of another Indigenous Peoples, I utilise both Kaupapa Māori and Indigenous Research paradigms as the foundation for this thesis. Using pūrākau  as method, with a storytelling approach, I had expected to be sitting with my whānau kanohi ki te kanohi, sharing food and laughs in the home. However, Covid-19 put a halt to my desired research approach. Despite this hurdle, I was able to collate and combine our shared stories to express what it is to be Māori on the Gold Coast through the utilisation of online spaces. Through my findings, I demonstrate that Māori on the Gold Coast articulate a range of ways to be Māori with diverse and hopeful views for the future. This challenges dominant Māori scholarship which often excludes and invisibilizes Māori experiences outside of Aotearoa, as if people cease to be Māori once they have left. 

This thesis adds to Indigenous diasporic discussions in communicating the fluidity of Māori identity. I argue that Māori have a connection to Aotearoa that is not necessarily tied physically to the whenua, nor bound to preconceptions and measures of history. Understanding our diaspora is essential for considering future implications for Indigenous solidarity, and for cultural growth and retention.

year: 2021

title: He tirohanga ki ngā iwi o Hauraki

authors: Ngāpō, Korohere

subjects: Kōrero nehe

abstract: Ahakoa kua kīia nei tekau mā rua ngā iwi o Hauraki i ēnei rangi, kua mōhiotia whānuitia e ngā tūnohunohu me ngā tohunga whakapapa o te kāinga e toru ngā tino nohonga tūturu ake o ngā iwi o Hauraki i mua i te tae putuputu mai o te iwi Pākehā. Ka mutu, he whakarāpopoto noa iho tēnei tuhinga ki ngā tūrangawaewae me ngā tapuwae o ngā iwi ki roto i ngā whaitua o Te Tara o Te Ika-a-Māui-tikitiki-a-Taranga. Ehara i te mea kua ruku hōhonu ake ahau ki ngā āhuatanga katoa o ngā whakapapa o Hauraki engari he paku makamaka tirotiro noa iho nā te rarahi, nā te whānui rawa o tēnei kaupapa. Mehemea ka tōminamina te tangata kia mōhio ai ki ngā hītori o Hauraki mokori anō tana whana atu ki ngā wāhi tapu, ki ngā kōrero tuku iho a ngā mātanga whakapapa.

Mehemea e tōminamina ana te tangata kia mōhio ai ko wai mā ngā tūpuna o Hauraki i ngā wā o mua, me hoki whakamuri ki ngā iwi tuatahi tae noa mai ki ngā iwi 12 e noho atu ana ki ngā ripa tauārai o Hauraki ā mohoa nei.

text: He tirohanga ki ngā iwi o Hauraki Ahakoa kua kīia nei tekau mā rua ngā iwi o Hauraki i ēnei rangi, kua mōhiotia whānuitia e ngā tūnohunohu me ngā tohunga whakapapa o te kāinga e toru ngā tino nohonga tūturu ake o ngā iwi o Hauraki i mua i te tae putuputu mai o te iwi Pākehā. Ka mutu, he whakarāpopoto noa iho tēnei tuhinga ki ngā tūrangawaewae me ngā tapuwae o ngā iwi ki roto i ngā whaitua o Te Tara o Te Ika-a-Māui-tikitiki-a-Taranga. Ehara i te mea kua ruku hōhonu ake ahau ki ngā āhuatanga katoa o ngā whakapapa o Hauraki engari he paku makamaka tirotiro noa iho nā te rarahi, nā te whānui rawa o tēnei kaupapa. Mehemea ka tōminamina te tangata kia mōhio ai ki ngā hītori o Hauraki mokori anō tana whana atu ki ngā wāhi tapu, ki ngā kōrero tuku iho a ngā mātanga whakapapa.

Mehemea e tōminamina ana te tangata kia mōhio ai ko wai mā ngā tūpuna o Hauraki i ngā wā o mua, me hoki whakamuri ki ngā iwi tuatahi tae noa mai ki ngā iwi 12 e noho atu ana ki ngā ripa tauārai o Hauraki ā mohoa nei.

year: 2016

title: Towards cleaner fertilisers; Solution ion-exchange methods for reducing cadmium levels in reactive phosphate rock

authors: Dyche, Timothy Adam

subjects: Fertiliser

abstract: The aim of this study was to characterise reactive phosphate rock (RPR); a form of rock phosphate which can be used directly as fertiliser, and investigate the potential to reduce cadmium levels in RPR by application of calcium ion solutions derived from waste mussel shells. 

Analytical techniques including ICP-MS, XRD, XRF, SEM-EDX, and FTIR were used in the characterisation of reactive phosphate rock, as provided by Terracare. These techniques allowed for changes to both the macro and trace element composition of reactive phosphate rock to be measured and monitored as it was subjected to a calcium ion solutions and variety of chemical and physical reaction conditions, with the aim of selectively extracting cadmium ions, by ion exchange with calcium, while leaving the general structure of RPR unchanged.

The solubility of phosphate ions in RPR was tested at varying pH, the intention being to determine the pH range of solutions that could be used for cadmium extraction while minimising phosphate losses.

Calcium ion solutions were applied to reactive phosphate rock under a range of different reaction conditions. Changes to calcium ion concentration, contact time, pH, temperature, microwave irradiation, use of different counter ions and addition of potential cadmium stabilising ligands were tested for their effects on reactive phosphate rock. Promising results were observed, with elevated levels of cadmium found in many extraction solutions. Calcium chloride solution of 1 mol L⁻¹ concentration was found to be the most effective at extracting cadmium from RPR.

Mussel shells were characterised by analytical methods including ICP-MS, XRD, XRF, UV-Vis, and FTIR. The effects of heating to temperatures between 300°C and 900°C to the physical and chemical properties of mussel shells were studied. Mussel shells were used as a basis for calcium ion solutions by dissolving crushed mussel shell in mineral acids. These shell solutions were compared with solutions of pure calcium salts for their effectiveness in extracting cadmium ions. 

Overall the results of this study indicate that it is possible for significant amounts of cadmium to exchange from RPR into calcium ion solutions with comparatively small phosphate losses. It appears that mussel shells could provide a suitable source of calcium ions for this purpose. Overall indications are that cadmium extraction from RPR by ion exchange with calcium ion solutions is a concept worthy of further research. If the preliminary results prove to be accurate then further developments have the potential to contribute to improved environmental outcomes for both the fertiliser and shellfish industries in New Zealand.

text: Towards cleaner fertilisers; Solution ion-exchange methods for reducing cadmium levels in reactive phosphate rock The aim of this study was to characterise reactive phosphate rock (RPR); a form of rock phosphate which can be used directly as fertiliser, and investigate the potential to reduce cadmium levels in RPR by application of calcium ion solutions derived from waste mussel shells. 

Analytical techniques including ICP-MS, XRD, XRF, SEM-EDX, and FTIR were used in the characterisation of reactive phosphate rock, as provided by Terracare. These techniques allowed for changes to both the macro and trace element composition of reactive phosphate rock to be measured and monitored as it was subjected to a calcium ion solutions and variety of chemical and physical reaction conditions, with the aim of selectively extracting cadmium ions, by ion exchange with calcium, while leaving the general structure of RPR unchanged.

The solubility of phosphate ions in RPR was tested at varying pH, the intention being to determine the pH range of solutions that could be used for cadmium extraction while minimising phosphate losses.

Calcium ion solutions were applied to reactive phosphate rock under a range of different reaction conditions. Changes to calcium ion concentration, contact time, pH, temperature, microwave irradiation, use of different counter ions and addition of potential cadmium stabilising ligands were tested for their effects on reactive phosphate rock. Promising results were observed, with elevated levels of cadmium found in many extraction solutions. Calcium chloride solution of 1 mol L⁻¹ concentration was found to be the most effective at extracting cadmium from RPR.

Mussel shells were characterised by analytical methods including ICP-MS, XRD, XRF, UV-Vis, and FTIR. The effects of heating to temperatures between 300°C and 900°C to the physical and chemical properties of mussel shells were studied. Mussel shells were used as a basis for calcium ion solutions by dissolving crushed mussel shell in mineral acids. These shell solutions were compared with solutions of pure calcium salts for their effectiveness in extracting cadmium ions. 

Overall the results of this study indicate that it is possible for significant amounts of cadmium to exchange from RPR into calcium ion solutions with comparatively small phosphate losses. It appears that mussel shells could provide a suitable source of calcium ions for this purpose. Overall indications are that cadmium extraction from RPR by ion exchange with calcium ion solutions is a concept worthy of further research. If the preliminary results prove to be accurate then further developments have the potential to contribute to improved environmental outcomes for both the fertiliser and shellfish industries in New Zealand.

year: 2022