title: The lack of persistence of Ophiostomataceae fungi in Pinus radiata 3 years after damage by the bark beetle Hylastes ater, and the subsequent colonisation by Sphareopsis sapinea

authors: Reay, Stephan D.

subjects: Bark beetles

abstract: A survey established in 2002 of 1-year-old Pinus radiata seedlings in New Zealand confirmed the presence of a number of members of the Ophiostomataceae family within the seedlings following damage. The persistence of fungi in P. radiata trees for extended periods following prior damage to the seedlings by the bark beetle Hylastes ater was studied subsequently as is reported herein. A random selection of the remaining P. radiata trees from the original sites were destructively sampled in 2005, approximately 3 years after the initial study. The diameter of each tree was measured, visual observations of any damage to tree were noted and any potential sapstaining fungal species were isolated. Sphareopsis sapinea was isolated from 6 to 16% of trees, despite not being isolated from any trees in the first study. With the exception of Ophiostoma setosum isolated from a single tree, no members of the Ophiostomataceae family were isolated this second time from the trees. The present study highlights that Ophiostoma species initially inhabited P. radiata seedlings following bark beetle attack, but their presence was not sustained over the three year period, showing that they were not endophytes in P. radiata. The asymptomatic persistence of S. sapinea in seedlings and larger P. radiata trees, however, is of significant concern for the forest industry.

text: The lack of persistence of Ophiostomataceae fungi in Pinus radiata 3 years after damage by the bark beetle Hylastes ater, and the subsequent colonisation by Sphareopsis sapinea A survey established in 2002 of 1-year-old Pinus radiata seedlings in New Zealand confirmed the presence of a number of members of the Ophiostomataceae family within the seedlings following damage. The persistence of fungi in P. radiata trees for extended periods following prior damage to the seedlings by the bark beetle Hylastes ater was studied subsequently as is reported herein. A random selection of the remaining P. radiata trees from the original sites were destructively sampled in 2005, approximately 3 years after the initial study. The diameter of each tree was measured, visual observations of any damage to tree were noted and any potential sapstaining fungal species were isolated. Sphareopsis sapinea was isolated from 6 to 16% of trees, despite not being isolated from any trees in the first study. With the exception of Ophiostoma setosum isolated from a single tree, no members of the Ophiostomataceae family were isolated this second time from the trees. The present study highlights that Ophiostoma species initially inhabited P. radiata seedlings following bark beetle attack, but their presence was not sustained over the three year period, showing that they were not endophytes in P. radiata. The asymptomatic persistence of S. sapinea in seedlings and larger P. radiata trees, however, is of significant concern for the forest industry.

year: 2006

title: Fast convergence with a greedy tag-phrase dictionary

authors: Peeters, Ross

subjects: computer science

abstract: The best general-purpose compression schemes make their gains by estimating a probability distribution over all possible next symbols given the context established by some number of previous symbols. Such context models typically obtain good compression results for plain text by taking advantage of regularities in character sequences. Frequent words and syllables can be incorporated into the model quickly and thereafter used for reasonably accurate prediction. However, the precise context in which frequent patterns emerge is often extremely varied, and each new word or phrase immediately introduces new contexts which can adversely affect the compression rate. 
A great deal of the structural regularity in a natural language is given rather more by properties of its grammar than by the orthographic transcription of its phonology. This implies that access to a grammatical abstraction might lead to good compression. While grammatical models have been used successfully for compressing computer programs [4], grammar-based compression of plain text has received little attention, primarily because of the difficulties associated with constructing a suitable natural language grammar. But even without a precise formulation of the syntax of a language, there is a linguistic abstraction which is easily accessed and which demonstrates a high degree of regularity which can be exploited for compression purposes—namely, lexical categories.

text: Fast convergence with a greedy tag-phrase dictionary The best general-purpose compression schemes make their gains by estimating a probability distribution over all possible next symbols given the context established by some number of previous symbols. Such context models typically obtain good compression results for plain text by taking advantage of regularities in character sequences. Frequent words and syllables can be incorporated into the model quickly and thereafter used for reasonably accurate prediction. However, the precise context in which frequent patterns emerge is often extremely varied, and each new word or phrase immediately introduces new contexts which can adversely affect the compression rate. 
A great deal of the structural regularity in a natural language is given rather more by properties of its grammar than by the orthographic transcription of its phonology. This implies that access to a grammatical abstraction might lead to good compression. While grammatical models have been used successfully for compressing computer programs [4], grammar-based compression of plain text has received little attention, primarily because of the difficulties associated with constructing a suitable natural language grammar. But even without a precise formulation of the syntax of a language, there is a linguistic abstraction which is easily accessed and which demonstrates a high degree of regularity which can be exploited for compression purposes—namely, lexical categories.

year: 1997-11

title: Growth out of loss: The urban discourses of literatures of the Native American and Māori literary renaissance

authors: Waterman, Jason

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: The seeds of the Native American and Māori Renaissance eras germinated amid sweeping changes in the years immediately following World War II, a time when urbanization and the consequent separation of indigenous peoples from community networks represented a major threat to culturally embedded certainties and destabilized romanticized notions of the past. This article explores parallels between the ways in which Native American and Māori literatures reflect the impact of urbanization at the height of this era and the contribution the authors make to the positive cultural growth that defines their respective renaissance periods.

text: Growth out of loss: The urban discourses of literatures of the Native American and Māori literary renaissance The seeds of the Native American and Māori Renaissance eras germinated amid sweeping changes in the years immediately following World War II, a time when urbanization and the consequent separation of indigenous peoples from community networks represented a major threat to culturally embedded certainties and destabilized romanticized notions of the past. This article explores parallels between the ways in which Native American and Māori literatures reflect the impact of urbanization at the height of this era and the contribution the authors make to the positive cultural growth that defines their respective renaissance periods.

year: 2009-09