title: Medium of mass misinformation: Repetition increases people's rating of truth for real and satirical headlines

authors: Lin, James

subjects: Illusory truth effect

abstract: Many people have adopted harmful behaviors in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, to the detriment of public health and personal safety of others and themselves. While adoption of these behaviors is often attributed to misinformation in the media, people’s tendency to believe previously seen information as being true is also to blame. This tendency, the illusory truth effect, is explained by the similarity in cues between previously seen information and true information, cues such as the ease of processing or a feeling of familiarity. The illusory truth effect has been previously demonstrated with fake news, but not in many other types of misinformation, such as satire. In two experiments, we address the extent to which people come to see headlines—even ridiculous satirical headlines—as being true if they had seen those headlines two days earlier. We found that people tend to rate previously seen headlines as truer than novel headlines, and to a similar extent regardless of whether those headlines were real or satirical. We also found that informing people that some headlines were satirical headlines did not attenuate the illusory truth effect. These results suggest that people rely on the familiarity of information to determine information to be true, regardless of whether that information is ridiculous or if they had been alerted to the presence of misinformation.

text: Medium of mass misinformation: Repetition increases people's rating of truth for real and satirical headlines Many people have adopted harmful behaviors in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, to the detriment of public health and personal safety of others and themselves. While adoption of these behaviors is often attributed to misinformation in the media, people’s tendency to believe previously seen information as being true is also to blame. This tendency, the illusory truth effect, is explained by the similarity in cues between previously seen information and true information, cues such as the ease of processing or a feeling of familiarity. The illusory truth effect has been previously demonstrated with fake news, but not in many other types of misinformation, such as satire. In two experiments, we address the extent to which people come to see headlines—even ridiculous satirical headlines—as being true if they had seen those headlines two days earlier. We found that people tend to rate previously seen headlines as truer than novel headlines, and to a similar extent regardless of whether those headlines were real or satirical. We also found that informing people that some headlines were satirical headlines did not attenuate the illusory truth effect. These results suggest that people rely on the familiarity of information to determine information to be true, regardless of whether that information is ridiculous or if they had been alerted to the presence of misinformation.

year: 2022

title: Ferrocenyl hydroxymethylphosphines (η⁵-C₅H₅)Fe[η⁵⁻C₅H₄P(CH₂OH)₂] and 1,1′-[Fe{η⁵-C₅H₄P(CH₂OH)₂}₂] and their chalcogenide derivatives

authors: Henderson, William

subjects: chemistry

abstract: The ferrocenyl hydroxymethylphosphines FcP(CH₂OH)₂ [Fc=(η⁵-C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄)] and 1,1′-Fc′[P(CH₂OH)₂]₂ [Fc′=Fe(η⁵⁻C₅H₄)₂] were prepared by reactions of the corresponding primary phosphines FcPH₂ and 1,1′-Fc′(PH₂)₂ with excess aqueous formaldehyde. The crystal structure of FcP(CH₂OH)₂ was determined and compared with the known ferrocenyl hydroxymethylphosphine FcCH₂P(CH₂OH)₂. The chalcogenide derivatives FcP(E)(CH₂OH)₂ and 1,1′-Fc′[P(E)(CH₂OH)₂]₂ (E=O, S, Se) were prepared and fully characterised. Crystal structure determinations on FcP(O)(CH₂OH)₂ and FcP(S)(CH₂OH)₂ were performed, and the hydrogen-bonding patterns are compared with related compounds. The sulfide shows no hydrogen-bonding involving the phosphine sulfide group, in contrast to other reported ferrocenyl hydroxymethylphosphine sulfides. The platinum complex cis-[PtCl₂{FcP(CH₂OH)₂}₂] was prepared by reaction of 2 mol equivalents of FcP(CH₂OH)₂ with [PtCl₂(1,5-cyclo-octadiene)], and was characterised by 31P-NMR spectroscopy and negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry, which gave a strong [M+Cl]⁻ ion.

text: Ferrocenyl hydroxymethylphosphines (η⁵-C₅H₅)Fe[η⁵⁻C₅H₄P(CH₂OH)₂] and 1,1′-[Fe{η⁵-C₅H₄P(CH₂OH)₂}₂] and their chalcogenide derivatives The ferrocenyl hydroxymethylphosphines FcP(CH₂OH)₂ [Fc=(η⁵-C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄)] and 1,1′-Fc′[P(CH₂OH)₂]₂ [Fc′=Fe(η⁵⁻C₅H₄)₂] were prepared by reactions of the corresponding primary phosphines FcPH₂ and 1,1′-Fc′(PH₂)₂ with excess aqueous formaldehyde. The crystal structure of FcP(CH₂OH)₂ was determined and compared with the known ferrocenyl hydroxymethylphosphine FcCH₂P(CH₂OH)₂. The chalcogenide derivatives FcP(E)(CH₂OH)₂ and 1,1′-Fc′[P(E)(CH₂OH)₂]₂ (E=O, S, Se) were prepared and fully characterised. Crystal structure determinations on FcP(O)(CH₂OH)₂ and FcP(S)(CH₂OH)₂ were performed, and the hydrogen-bonding patterns are compared with related compounds. The sulfide shows no hydrogen-bonding involving the phosphine sulfide group, in contrast to other reported ferrocenyl hydroxymethylphosphine sulfides. The platinum complex cis-[PtCl₂{FcP(CH₂OH)₂}₂] was prepared by reaction of 2 mol equivalents of FcP(CH₂OH)₂ with [PtCl₂(1,5-cyclo-octadiene)], and was characterised by 31P-NMR spectroscopy and negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry, which gave a strong [M+Cl]⁻ ion.

year: 2002

title: Understanding contemporary Māori demographic fertility patterns and trends in Aotearoa New Zealand

authors: Rarere, Moana

abstract: This thesis re-examines demographic studies of contemporary Māori fertility patterns and trends. Analysing fertility is a core undertaking in demography, and in studies that include Māori fertility, most have been undertaken by non-Māori demographers who instinctively draw on Western-based frameworks to analyse and interpret these trends.  Consequently, Māori perspectives are virtually invisible.  Incorporating Māori perspectives are needed because despite a convergence of fertility similar to Pākehā, important fertility patterns persist.  Notably, Māori women bear their babies earlier and over a longer period.  Fertility studies of other Indigenous peoples in settler-colonial states share striking similarities.  While demographic and economic factors are important in fertility outcomes, this thesis primarily explores the potential influence of culture, which has received little attention.  Hence, this doctoral study asks: To what extent does culture influence contemporary Māori fertility patterns?

This thesis draws on Kaupapa Māori and Mana Wahine frameworks, along with the tools of demography, to deploy a mixed methods design of statistical techniques – using secondary data from the 2013 Aotearoa NZ Census and the 1995 New Zealand Women: Family, Employment, and Education Survey – and thematic analysis of interviews with nine Māori women.  While acknowledging the limitations of the analyses, the empirical results suggest that ‘cultural identity’ is an important factor in Māori fertility, and that ‘whakapapa’ and ‘whānau’ are at the heart of fertility decisions.  These findings broadly imply that taken-for-granted demographic theories and analytical practices need to incorporate Indigenous-centred frameworks and perspectives for a better understanding of Indigenous fertility and population change.

text: Understanding contemporary Māori demographic fertility patterns and trends in Aotearoa New Zealand This thesis re-examines demographic studies of contemporary Māori fertility patterns and trends. Analysing fertility is a core undertaking in demography, and in studies that include Māori fertility, most have been undertaken by non-Māori demographers who instinctively draw on Western-based frameworks to analyse and interpret these trends.  Consequently, Māori perspectives are virtually invisible.  Incorporating Māori perspectives are needed because despite a convergence of fertility similar to Pākehā, important fertility patterns persist.  Notably, Māori women bear their babies earlier and over a longer period.  Fertility studies of other Indigenous peoples in settler-colonial states share striking similarities.  While demographic and economic factors are important in fertility outcomes, this thesis primarily explores the potential influence of culture, which has received little attention.  Hence, this doctoral study asks: To what extent does culture influence contemporary Māori fertility patterns?

This thesis draws on Kaupapa Māori and Mana Wahine frameworks, along with the tools of demography, to deploy a mixed methods design of statistical techniques – using secondary data from the 2013 Aotearoa NZ Census and the 1995 New Zealand Women: Family, Employment, and Education Survey – and thematic analysis of interviews with nine Māori women.  While acknowledging the limitations of the analyses, the empirical results suggest that ‘cultural identity’ is an important factor in Māori fertility, and that ‘whakapapa’ and ‘whānau’ are at the heart of fertility decisions.  These findings broadly imply that taken-for-granted demographic theories and analytical practices need to incorporate Indigenous-centred frameworks and perspectives for a better understanding of Indigenous fertility and population change.

year: 2024