title: The ecology of constructed ponds on the lower Waikato River floodplain: implications for waterfowl management

authors: Garrett-Walker, Jeremy

subjects: Waikato

abstract: Numerous ponds have been constructed in recent years on the lower Waikato River floodplain yet many waterfowl populations are in decline. Overseas research highlights the importance of constructed ponds for waterfowl populations; however, no comprehensive research has been carried out in New Zealand. The overarching aim of this research was to investigate how the ecology of constructed ponds on the lower Waikato River floodplain influences waterfowl densities, community composition and juvenile productivity. The study involved 34 constructed ponds which were predominantly found around Lakes Waikare and Whangape, and the internationally significant Whangamarino wetland. Data were collected on the physicochemical, landscape and vegetation characteristics of the ponds, as well as macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages to determine relationships between and within abiotic and biotic pond factors. Waterfowl communities were observed four times between September and December 2013 to determine mean densities of waterfowl per hectare and the mean community composition of each pond. The waterfowl data were used to explore key relationships with abiotic and biotic factors.
Site hydrology was found to have a significant influence on macroinvertebrate and fish community composition. The relative abundance of macroinvertebrates was predominantly lower in degraded ponds which were characterised by water supplied by swamps that frequently flood. Benthic macroinvertebrate abundance was lower in temporary ponds, indicating pond permanence was important. Fish communities of frequently flooded ponds were characteristic of pest fish as a result of increased connectivity. Ponds with high pest fish biomass, especially koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), tended to be more turbid with relatively low macroinvertebrate abundance. The percentage of pond margin fenced had consistently high explanatory power for differences in community composition of macroinvertebrate and fish communities.
Food availability and physical pond characteristics were important for waterfowl. Higher waterfowl abundances were found on ponds with high food availability, larger areas, and high pond complexity. Waterfowl densities were higher on ponds with lower fish biomass which is likely a result of decreased competition for macroinvertebrates as food. The suitability of a pond for waterfowl appeared to be species-specific. Broods were often encountered on ponds with large areas, high complexities, and increased marginal fencing. 
This study has allowed for the development of a conceptual model of the relationships between pond attributes and waterfowl communities. The findings of this study indicate habitat heterogeneity at the landscape scale is important for waterfowl. Providing a network of heterogeneous ponds across the landscape will provide enough varied habitat to support diverse and abundant waterfowl communities, and should include ponds of varying sizes, shapes, depths, vegetation and hydrology. It is also important to construct permanent ponds with limited flood frequency. Excluding pest fish and livestock from ponds will likely increase waterfowl use, and brood occupancy, of ponds as a result of improved water quality and reduced competition for food with fish.

text: The ecology of constructed ponds on the lower Waikato River floodplain: implications for waterfowl management Numerous ponds have been constructed in recent years on the lower Waikato River floodplain yet many waterfowl populations are in decline. Overseas research highlights the importance of constructed ponds for waterfowl populations; however, no comprehensive research has been carried out in New Zealand. The overarching aim of this research was to investigate how the ecology of constructed ponds on the lower Waikato River floodplain influences waterfowl densities, community composition and juvenile productivity. The study involved 34 constructed ponds which were predominantly found around Lakes Waikare and Whangape, and the internationally significant Whangamarino wetland. Data were collected on the physicochemical, landscape and vegetation characteristics of the ponds, as well as macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages to determine relationships between and within abiotic and biotic pond factors. Waterfowl communities were observed four times between September and December 2013 to determine mean densities of waterfowl per hectare and the mean community composition of each pond. The waterfowl data were used to explore key relationships with abiotic and biotic factors.
Site hydrology was found to have a significant influence on macroinvertebrate and fish community composition. The relative abundance of macroinvertebrates was predominantly lower in degraded ponds which were characterised by water supplied by swamps that frequently flood. Benthic macroinvertebrate abundance was lower in temporary ponds, indicating pond permanence was important. Fish communities of frequently flooded ponds were characteristic of pest fish as a result of increased connectivity. Ponds with high pest fish biomass, especially koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), tended to be more turbid with relatively low macroinvertebrate abundance. The percentage of pond margin fenced had consistently high explanatory power for differences in community composition of macroinvertebrate and fish communities.
Food availability and physical pond characteristics were important for waterfowl. Higher waterfowl abundances were found on ponds with high food availability, larger areas, and high pond complexity. Waterfowl densities were higher on ponds with lower fish biomass which is likely a result of decreased competition for macroinvertebrates as food. The suitability of a pond for waterfowl appeared to be species-specific. Broods were often encountered on ponds with large areas, high complexities, and increased marginal fencing. 
This study has allowed for the development of a conceptual model of the relationships between pond attributes and waterfowl communities. The findings of this study indicate habitat heterogeneity at the landscape scale is important for waterfowl. Providing a network of heterogeneous ponds across the landscape will provide enough varied habitat to support diverse and abundant waterfowl communities, and should include ponds of varying sizes, shapes, depths, vegetation and hydrology. It is also important to construct permanent ponds with limited flood frequency. Excluding pest fish and livestock from ponds will likely increase waterfowl use, and brood occupancy, of ponds as a result of improved water quality and reduced competition for food with fish.

year: 2014

title: Doing democracy, engaging the material: Employee participation and labour activity in an age of market globalization

authors: Cheney, George

subjects: discursive or symbolic power

abstract: This colloquy results froma series of discussions between the authors concerning issues of (a) the status of labor activity in organizational communication study, (b) the dimensions of and prospects for workplace democracy in practice, and (c) the need for the discipline of communication to attend more seriously to the material world. The authors write this essay using three voices: each of theirs plus a joint expression of interests. Above all, this conversation seeks to strengthen engagement of possibilities for robust democratic practices in the work of today's globalizing market economy and to challenge communication scholars to see economic and labor phenomena as more than can be perceived through the lens of unbridled discursive and symbolic constructionism. Although this essay ranges across questions of ontological status, epistemological choices, disciplinary mythos, and theoretical preferences, it is ultimately practical with a call for (organizational) communication scholars and activists to engage the misguided pursuits, injustices, and hopes surrounding contemporary corporate-consumer capitalism.

text: Doing democracy, engaging the material: Employee participation and labour activity in an age of market globalization This colloquy results froma series of discussions between the authors concerning issues of (a) the status of labor activity in organizational communication study, (b) the dimensions of and prospects for workplace democracy in practice, and (c) the need for the discipline of communication to attend more seriously to the material world. The authors write this essay using three voices: each of theirs plus a joint expression of interests. Above all, this conversation seeks to strengthen engagement of possibilities for robust democratic practices in the work of today's globalizing market economy and to challenge communication scholars to see economic and labor phenomena as more than can be perceived through the lens of unbridled discursive and symbolic constructionism. Although this essay ranges across questions of ontological status, epistemological choices, disciplinary mythos, and theoretical preferences, it is ultimately practical with a call for (organizational) communication scholars and activists to engage the misguided pursuits, injustices, and hopes surrounding contemporary corporate-consumer capitalism.

year: 2006

title: The confiscation of Pare Hauraki: The impact of Te Ao Pākehā on the Iwi of Pare Hauraki Māori; on the whenua of Pare Hauraki 1835-1997 and The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004

authors: Peters, Murray Hamaka

subjects: Maori

abstract: Kia mau ki te rangatiratanga 
o te Iwi o Hauraki  

Just as the whakataukī  explains  Hold fast to the power and authority of the Hauraki tribes  the focus of this study is to examine and evaluate the impact of Te Ao Pākehā on Pare Hauraki lands and Tīkapa Moana under the mana of Pare Hauraki Māori  and Pare Hauraki tikanga.  The iwi of Pare Hauraki have land claims through the, (Wai 100) and the Hauraki Māori Trust Board, before the Waitangi Tribunal highlighting whenua issues and their impact on Pare Hauraki iwi.  

Also relevant is the foreshore and seabed issue which is documented leading on to the infamous Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004, (for Māori anyway), sparking widespread opposition by Māori throughout the country, and other supportive non-Māori groups because of  the issue concerning Māori kaitiiakitanga and guardianship roles.

This investigation will commence by outlining the histories of discovery and settlement of Pare Hauraki, the concept of mana-whenua/mana-moana  as it applies to Pare Hauraki Māori and our tikanga, and then to subsequent issues leading to land alienation of the early 19th to late 20th cenutries and then to the foreshore issue of the early 21st Century.   
 
This research will include information showing that before 1840 to Te Tiriti o Waitangi and thereafter that Pākehā and various Crown agents, through legislation claimed the rights to the lands, waterways and oceanic areas under the kaitiakitanga of my tupuna of Pare Hauraki.  Tupuna and other iwi members have expressed their disgust seeing the mana of their traditional lands, waterways, oceanic areas and kaitiaki roles slipping away from them through these activities. 

Therefore, this thesis is a response to those issues and the impact on (a), Māori as a people, and our tikanga Māori and (b), Pare Hauraki Māori as the kaitiaki/guardians of the Pare Hauraki rohe/territory in accordance with tikanga Māori, and the significance of the responsibilities which arise out of the Māori concepts of kaitiakitanga, manaakitanga and rangatiratanga.

text: The confiscation of Pare Hauraki: The impact of Te Ao Pākehā on the Iwi of Pare Hauraki Māori; on the whenua of Pare Hauraki 1835-1997 and The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 Kia mau ki te rangatiratanga 
o te Iwi o Hauraki  

Just as the whakataukī  explains  Hold fast to the power and authority of the Hauraki tribes  the focus of this study is to examine and evaluate the impact of Te Ao Pākehā on Pare Hauraki lands and Tīkapa Moana under the mana of Pare Hauraki Māori  and Pare Hauraki tikanga.  The iwi of Pare Hauraki have land claims through the, (Wai 100) and the Hauraki Māori Trust Board, before the Waitangi Tribunal highlighting whenua issues and their impact on Pare Hauraki iwi.  

Also relevant is the foreshore and seabed issue which is documented leading on to the infamous Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004, (for Māori anyway), sparking widespread opposition by Māori throughout the country, and other supportive non-Māori groups because of  the issue concerning Māori kaitiiakitanga and guardianship roles.

This investigation will commence by outlining the histories of discovery and settlement of Pare Hauraki, the concept of mana-whenua/mana-moana  as it applies to Pare Hauraki Māori and our tikanga, and then to subsequent issues leading to land alienation of the early 19th to late 20th cenutries and then to the foreshore issue of the early 21st Century.   
 
This research will include information showing that before 1840 to Te Tiriti o Waitangi and thereafter that Pākehā and various Crown agents, through legislation claimed the rights to the lands, waterways and oceanic areas under the kaitiakitanga of my tupuna of Pare Hauraki.  Tupuna and other iwi members have expressed their disgust seeing the mana of their traditional lands, waterways, oceanic areas and kaitiaki roles slipping away from them through these activities. 

Therefore, this thesis is a response to those issues and the impact on (a), Māori as a people, and our tikanga Māori and (b), Pare Hauraki Māori as the kaitiaki/guardians of the Pare Hauraki rohe/territory in accordance with tikanga Māori, and the significance of the responsibilities which arise out of the Māori concepts of kaitiakitanga, manaakitanga and rangatiratanga.

year: 2007