title: Immigration and innovation in European regions

authors: Poot, Jacques

subjects: immigration

abstract: The pooling of people with diverse backgrounds in particular areas may boost the creation of new ideas, knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship and economic growth. In this paper we measure the impact of the size, skills and diversity of immigration on innovativeness of host regions. For this purpose we construct a panel of data on 170 regions in Europe (NUTS 2 level) for the period 1991-2001. Innovation outcomes are measured by means of the number and types of patent applications. Given the geographical concentration and subsequent diffusion of innovation activity, and the spatial selectivity of immigrant settlement patterns, we take account of spatial dependence and of endogeneity of immigrant settlement in the econometric modelling. We find that an increase in patent applications in a region is associated with (i) net immigration; (ii) the share of foreigners in the population of the region; (iii) the average skill level of the immigrants; and (iv) the cultural diversity of the immigrants. The magnitude of these effects varies between types of patents.

text: Immigration and innovation in European regions The pooling of people with diverse backgrounds in particular areas may boost the creation of new ideas, knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship and economic growth. In this paper we measure the impact of the size, skills and diversity of immigration on innovativeness of host regions. For this purpose we construct a panel of data on 170 regions in Europe (NUTS 2 level) for the period 1991-2001. Innovation outcomes are measured by means of the number and types of patent applications. Given the geographical concentration and subsequent diffusion of innovation activity, and the spatial selectivity of immigrant settlement patterns, we take account of spatial dependence and of endogeneity of immigrant settlement in the econometric modelling. We find that an increase in patent applications in a region is associated with (i) net immigration; (ii) the share of foreigners in the population of the region; (iii) the average skill level of the immigrants; and (iv) the cultural diversity of the immigrants. The magnitude of these effects varies between types of patents.

year: 2010

title: The interaction between copyright, neighbouring rights and international licensing procedures: The high-wire balancing act of rights management in the digital age - past, present and future of music licensing

authors: Werner, Julia

abstract: The rapidly progressing digital transformation of the music market and an ever more complicated music licensing process is frustrating the user's demand for faster, easier and unlimited access to the entire world music repertoire, providing impetus for concern.

This dissertation traces the development process of radio technology from analogue to online streaming services and examines the associated international laws, regulations, and respective licensing practices in order to understand the struggles online music services face when seeking cross-border licences for the online use of musical works.

The aim is to find a suitable solution that guarantees sufficient international licensing of musical works and provides for easy access to the world music repertoire.
The research focuses on the European Union and the United States of America as both have recently introduced legislation in order to improve online licensing of musical works. 
However, a special focus is on the development process of the European Directive on Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights and Multi-Territorial Licensing of Rights in Musical Works for Online use in the Internal Market (CRM-Directive) as the first to introduce standards for the operation of rights managing entities and the general collective management of rights in musical works.

One of the key findings is that collective rights management organisations are an important factor for enhancing a global online licensing regime but, due to their national regulation and operation, such a regime needs technical support to make international music licensing possible. 
Therefore, this dissertation examines the possibilities of an international licensing system that combines regulations from the European CRM-Directive and the American Music Modernization Act of 2018 with an interoperable database system for rights managing entities. 

This research argues for a harmonised global online licensing system that is detached from specific national copyright regulations and accompanied by an interoperable database system that allows for easy access to international licences while at the same time guaranteeing fair remuneration to all right holders. The main conclusion drawn is that in order to overcome the existing licensing controversies strong and consistent international rights management standards combined with database technology rather than legislation alone could provide for easier cross-border licensing and fair remuneration of right holders.

text: The interaction between copyright, neighbouring rights and international licensing procedures: The high-wire balancing act of rights management in the digital age - past, present and future of music licensing The rapidly progressing digital transformation of the music market and an ever more complicated music licensing process is frustrating the user's demand for faster, easier and unlimited access to the entire world music repertoire, providing impetus for concern.

This dissertation traces the development process of radio technology from analogue to online streaming services and examines the associated international laws, regulations, and respective licensing practices in order to understand the struggles online music services face when seeking cross-border licences for the online use of musical works.

The aim is to find a suitable solution that guarantees sufficient international licensing of musical works and provides for easy access to the world music repertoire.
The research focuses on the European Union and the United States of America as both have recently introduced legislation in order to improve online licensing of musical works. 
However, a special focus is on the development process of the European Directive on Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights and Multi-Territorial Licensing of Rights in Musical Works for Online use in the Internal Market (CRM-Directive) as the first to introduce standards for the operation of rights managing entities and the general collective management of rights in musical works.

One of the key findings is that collective rights management organisations are an important factor for enhancing a global online licensing regime but, due to their national regulation and operation, such a regime needs technical support to make international music licensing possible. 
Therefore, this dissertation examines the possibilities of an international licensing system that combines regulations from the European CRM-Directive and the American Music Modernization Act of 2018 with an interoperable database system for rights managing entities. 

This research argues for a harmonised global online licensing system that is detached from specific national copyright regulations and accompanied by an interoperable database system that allows for easy access to international licences while at the same time guaranteeing fair remuneration to all right holders. The main conclusion drawn is that in order to overcome the existing licensing controversies strong and consistent international rights management standards combined with database technology rather than legislation alone could provide for easier cross-border licensing and fair remuneration of right holders.

year: 2020

title: Honouring Te Tiriti o Waitangi through addressing racism in universities

authors: Waitoki, Waikaremoana

abstract: Executive summary
The WERO team conducted two studies on university documents to identify how universities articulate
their commitments to Te Tiriti o Waitangi and address inequities for Māori within tertiary education. The
first study, which is a case study of a university’s Treaty Statement, highlighted the university’s limitations
in empowering Māori to exercise tino rangatiratanga within various decision-making structures. The
second study, which scrutinises Māori representation across strategic documents of all universities,
revealed that universities reify whiteness by selectively interpreting Te Tiriti articles, pursuing targeted
Māori recruitment, portraying Māori as reliant on the Crown for success, commodifying mātauranga
Māori, and evading discussions about settler colonialism and racial equity.
Drawing from our findings and constitutional transformation documents such as Matike Mai (2016), we
proffer three recommendations to enable universities to more effectively uphold Te Tiriti o Waitangi:
1. Universities must clearly define the operation of settler colonialism and racism in each institution so
that sustainable anti-racist initiatives can be identified.
2. Each university must grow relational spheres where Māori are empowered to make collective
decisions with the Crown representatives in the university.
3. Universities must invest in a Māori-led independent body to develop and deliver a Te Tiriti-centric
programme that decolonises university processes

text: Honouring Te Tiriti o Waitangi through addressing racism in universities Executive summary
The WERO team conducted two studies on university documents to identify how universities articulate
their commitments to Te Tiriti o Waitangi and address inequities for Māori within tertiary education. The
first study, which is a case study of a university’s Treaty Statement, highlighted the university’s limitations
in empowering Māori to exercise tino rangatiratanga within various decision-making structures. The
second study, which scrutinises Māori representation across strategic documents of all universities,
revealed that universities reify whiteness by selectively interpreting Te Tiriti articles, pursuing targeted
Māori recruitment, portraying Māori as reliant on the Crown for success, commodifying mātauranga
Māori, and evading discussions about settler colonialism and racial equity.
Drawing from our findings and constitutional transformation documents such as Matike Mai (2016), we
proffer three recommendations to enable universities to more effectively uphold Te Tiriti o Waitangi:
1. Universities must clearly define the operation of settler colonialism and racism in each institution so
that sustainable anti-racist initiatives can be identified.
2. Each university must grow relational spheres where Māori are empowered to make collective
decisions with the Crown representatives in the university.
3. Universities must invest in a Māori-led independent body to develop and deliver a Te Tiriti-centric
programme that decolonises university processes

year: 2024-06-30