title: Stigmatising gang narratives, housing, and the social policing of Māori women

authors: Lewis, Cassandra Louise Terauhina

subjects: Gang narratives

abstract: It is well established that negative stigmas are used to dehumanise and to limit, restrict, and deny assistance to poor and racially marginalised populations, especially single mothers. While scholars have examined racial social control with regard to gangs, how the stigma of gang affiliation influences access to quality housing has been scantly examined in New Zealand. Employing discourse analysis to examine parliamentary speeches regarding the Organised Crime Bill and Residential Tenancy Amendment Bill (2009–2018), this project explores how gangs are framed in housing-related political discourse. Findings reveal that language used by policymakers constructs gangs as being associated largely with Māori through three main tactics: referencing ‘ethnic’ gangs as the only entity/focus of organised crime; omitting Pākehā/White gangs and white-collar crime; and identifying areas/towns with high Māori populations as in need of targeted social control. Such framing strategies fashioned a criminalising narrative around Māori as gang members and as inherently violent that permeates housing-related political rhetoric used to frame ‘bad’ or ‘undesirable’ tenants enabling policymakers to stigmatise Māori as the ‘criminal other’. This motif carries severe implications with regard to life chances of Māori women, especially as it relates to housing screening practices and the ability to secure social housing.

text: Stigmatising gang narratives, housing, and the social policing of Māori women It is well established that negative stigmas are used to dehumanise and to limit, restrict, and deny assistance to poor and racially marginalised populations, especially single mothers. While scholars have examined racial social control with regard to gangs, how the stigma of gang affiliation influences access to quality housing has been scantly examined in New Zealand. Employing discourse analysis to examine parliamentary speeches regarding the Organised Crime Bill and Residential Tenancy Amendment Bill (2009–2018), this project explores how gangs are framed in housing-related political discourse. Findings reveal that language used by policymakers constructs gangs as being associated largely with Māori through three main tactics: referencing ‘ethnic’ gangs as the only entity/focus of organised crime; omitting Pākehā/White gangs and white-collar crime; and identifying areas/towns with high Māori populations as in need of targeted social control. Such framing strategies fashioned a criminalising narrative around Māori as gang members and as inherently violent that permeates housing-related political rhetoric used to frame ‘bad’ or ‘undesirable’ tenants enabling policymakers to stigmatise Māori as the ‘criminal other’. This motif carries severe implications with regard to life chances of Māori women, especially as it relates to housing screening practices and the ability to secure social housing.

year: 2020

title: Waiwhakareke Restoration Plantings: Establishment of Monitoring Plots 2005-06

authors: Grove, E.

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: Waiwhakareke Natural Heritage Park is being developed to reconstruct native lowland and wetland ecosystems as were once widespread in the Waikato Region. The 60ha Natural Heritage Park is located on the north-west outskirts of Hamilton City and includes a peat lake (Horseshoe Lake) which is surrounded by introduced willow trees. There is some native marginal vegetation around the lake, including rushes and sedges, and an extensive area of gently sloping pasture completes the catchment. The restoration and recreation of the native plant and animal communities is being lead by the Hamilton City Council in partnership with The University of Waikato, Wintec, Nga Mana Toopu o Kirikiriroa Limited Resource Management and Cultural Consultants and Tui 2000 (McQueen 2005; McQueen & Clarkson 2003).

text: Waiwhakareke Restoration Plantings: Establishment of Monitoring Plots 2005-06 Waiwhakareke Natural Heritage Park is being developed to reconstruct native lowland and wetland ecosystems as were once widespread in the Waikato Region. The 60ha Natural Heritage Park is located on the north-west outskirts of Hamilton City and includes a peat lake (Horseshoe Lake) which is surrounded by introduced willow trees. There is some native marginal vegetation around the lake, including rushes and sedges, and an extensive area of gently sloping pasture completes the catchment. The restoration and recreation of the native plant and animal communities is being lead by the Hamilton City Council in partnership with The University of Waikato, Wintec, Nga Mana Toopu o Kirikiriroa Limited Resource Management and Cultural Consultants and Tui 2000 (McQueen 2005; McQueen & Clarkson 2003).

year: 2006

title: Detection of differences in soil carbon and nitrogen stocks between paired dairy and drystock pastures

authors: Norris, Timothy

abstract: Soil is the largest terrestrial store of carbon (C) with some 2000 Pg to a depth of 1 m compared to 500 Pg in the atmosphere. Maximizing storage of C in soil is not only important for reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations but also for maintaining soil quality. Recent research has shown that land use management is a key factor in determining the storage of C in pastoral systems. Barnett et al. (2014, AEE 185:34-40) used a paired pit approach to sample 25 adjacent dairy and drystock pastures to a fixed depth of 0.6 m and showed that soils under drystock sites had about 8.6 t.ha-1 more C in the top soil than adjacent dairy sites (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between land uses when C was accumulated to 0.6 m.

The main objective of this research was to test a potentially more accurate method for estimating differences in C stocks between sites sampled by Barnett et al. (2014), with a second objective being to better understand the effect of dairy and drystock grazed pastures on soil C and N stocks. A third objective was to investigate the effect of dairy and drystock managed pastures on earthworm abundance and biomass. 

A synthesis of recent literature showed that measuring differences in soil C stocks is difficult, given the high variability of soil C over small spatial scales. However, careful consideration to sampling methodology and statistical analysis can greatly improve the detection of differences in soil C stocks.   

Twenty three paired dairy and drystock sites were sampled to a depth of 0.6 m by taking 5 soil cores from each of two plots (5x5 m) within a paddock of each land use and soil C/N and soil mass were determined. Seventeen of the paired dairy and drystock farms were sampled from 3 points in each paddock between August and November 2013 for earthworms. Samples were sorted and earthworms were classified to species level.

To a depth of ~60 cm (C stocks adjusted for equivalent soil mass), drystock sites had 1.6 t ha-1 more C than dairy sites but this was not significant. However, when soil layers were analysed separately, drystock sites contained more C (4.1 ± 2.1 t C ha-1) in the top 10 cm (P=0.06) and dairy farms had significantly more C (3.7 ± 1.7 t C ha-1) in the 25-60 cm layer (P=0.04). The difference in the relative distribution of soil C in dairy and drystock sites may be due to the greater size and concentration of dairy urine patches which can solubilise C in the top-soil and redeposit dissolved C lower in the profile. 

When comparing whole-profile C stocks between dairy and drystock sites, the two-plot coring approach would have been able to detect a true difference of 9.3 t C ha-1, had it occurred, compared to 13.6 t C ha-1 for the pit approach (P<0.05). For the purpose of providing information for future sampling, power analysis was also conducted and revealed that with 23 paired sites, the pit approach could detect a significant difference (P<0.05) of 16 t C ha-1 with 66% certainty. In contrast, the coring approach could detect the same difference of 16 t C ha-1 with 90% certainty. These results supported the literature synthesis which demonstrated that sampling methodologies that include spatial variability of soil C can greatly improve the detection of differences. Furthermore, the coring approach reduced cost and increased efficiency compared to the single-pit approach.  

Earthworm abundance and biomass were not significantly different between dairy and drystock farms despite the significantly higher grazing intensity and top soil bulk density of dairy sites. Total earthworm abundance and biomass averaged 193 ± 30 ind m-2 and 77 ± 12 g m-2 for dairy farms compared to 188 ± 26 ind m-2 and 75 ± 13 g m-2 for drystock farms. These results suggested that for Allophanic Soils in the Waikato Region, the effects of varying grazing management on earthworm abundance and biomass is negligible.

text: Detection of differences in soil carbon and nitrogen stocks between paired dairy and drystock pastures Soil is the largest terrestrial store of carbon (C) with some 2000 Pg to a depth of 1 m compared to 500 Pg in the atmosphere. Maximizing storage of C in soil is not only important for reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations but also for maintaining soil quality. Recent research has shown that land use management is a key factor in determining the storage of C in pastoral systems. Barnett et al. (2014, AEE 185:34-40) used a paired pit approach to sample 25 adjacent dairy and drystock pastures to a fixed depth of 0.6 m and showed that soils under drystock sites had about 8.6 t.ha-1 more C in the top soil than adjacent dairy sites (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between land uses when C was accumulated to 0.6 m.

The main objective of this research was to test a potentially more accurate method for estimating differences in C stocks between sites sampled by Barnett et al. (2014), with a second objective being to better understand the effect of dairy and drystock grazed pastures on soil C and N stocks. A third objective was to investigate the effect of dairy and drystock managed pastures on earthworm abundance and biomass. 

A synthesis of recent literature showed that measuring differences in soil C stocks is difficult, given the high variability of soil C over small spatial scales. However, careful consideration to sampling methodology and statistical analysis can greatly improve the detection of differences in soil C stocks.   

Twenty three paired dairy and drystock sites were sampled to a depth of 0.6 m by taking 5 soil cores from each of two plots (5x5 m) within a paddock of each land use and soil C/N and soil mass were determined. Seventeen of the paired dairy and drystock farms were sampled from 3 points in each paddock between August and November 2013 for earthworms. Samples were sorted and earthworms were classified to species level.

To a depth of ~60 cm (C stocks adjusted for equivalent soil mass), drystock sites had 1.6 t ha-1 more C than dairy sites but this was not significant. However, when soil layers were analysed separately, drystock sites contained more C (4.1 ± 2.1 t C ha-1) in the top 10 cm (P=0.06) and dairy farms had significantly more C (3.7 ± 1.7 t C ha-1) in the 25-60 cm layer (P=0.04). The difference in the relative distribution of soil C in dairy and drystock sites may be due to the greater size and concentration of dairy urine patches which can solubilise C in the top-soil and redeposit dissolved C lower in the profile. 

When comparing whole-profile C stocks between dairy and drystock sites, the two-plot coring approach would have been able to detect a true difference of 9.3 t C ha-1, had it occurred, compared to 13.6 t C ha-1 for the pit approach (P<0.05). For the purpose of providing information for future sampling, power analysis was also conducted and revealed that with 23 paired sites, the pit approach could detect a significant difference (P<0.05) of 16 t C ha-1 with 66% certainty. In contrast, the coring approach could detect the same difference of 16 t C ha-1 with 90% certainty. These results supported the literature synthesis which demonstrated that sampling methodologies that include spatial variability of soil C can greatly improve the detection of differences. Furthermore, the coring approach reduced cost and increased efficiency compared to the single-pit approach.  

Earthworm abundance and biomass were not significantly different between dairy and drystock farms despite the significantly higher grazing intensity and top soil bulk density of dairy sites. Total earthworm abundance and biomass averaged 193 ± 30 ind m-2 and 77 ± 12 g m-2 for dairy farms compared to 188 ± 26 ind m-2 and 75 ± 13 g m-2 for drystock farms. These results suggested that for Allophanic Soils in the Waikato Region, the effects of varying grazing management on earthworm abundance and biomass is negligible.

year: 2014