title: The Waikato Data Privacy Matrix

authors: Scoon, Craig

subjects: Data Pivacy

abstract: Data privacy is an expected right of most citizens around the world, but there are many legislative challenges within boundary-less cloud computing and World Wide Web environments. Despite its importance, there is limited research around data privacy law gaps and alignment; the legal side of the security ecosystem seems to be in a constant effort to catch-up. There are recent issues showing a lack of alignment that caused some confusion. An example of this is the `right to be forgotten' case in 2014 that involved a Spanish man and Google Spain. He requested the removal of a link to an article about an auction of his foreclosed home, for a debt that he had subsequently paid. However, misalignment of data privacy laws caused further complications to the case.
This thesis introduces the Waikato Data Privacy Matrix, our global project for alignment of data privacy laws, by focusing on Asia Pacific data privacy laws and its relationships with the European Union and the United States. While much alignment work is already done for the European Union and United States, there is a lack of research on Asia Pacific alignment within its region and across other regions. The Waikato Data Privacy Matrix also suggests potential solutions to address some of the issues that may occur when a breach of data privacy occurs, in order to ensure an individual has their data privacy protected across the boundaries within the Web. With the increase in data processing and storage across different jurisdictions and regions (e.g. cloud computing services with servers in several countries), the Waikato Data Privacy Matrix empowers businesses using or providing cloud services to understand the different data privacy requirements across the globe - paving the way for increased cloud adoption and usage.

text: The Waikato Data Privacy Matrix Data privacy is an expected right of most citizens around the world, but there are many legislative challenges within boundary-less cloud computing and World Wide Web environments. Despite its importance, there is limited research around data privacy law gaps and alignment; the legal side of the security ecosystem seems to be in a constant effort to catch-up. There are recent issues showing a lack of alignment that caused some confusion. An example of this is the `right to be forgotten' case in 2014 that involved a Spanish man and Google Spain. He requested the removal of a link to an article about an auction of his foreclosed home, for a debt that he had subsequently paid. However, misalignment of data privacy laws caused further complications to the case.
This thesis introduces the Waikato Data Privacy Matrix, our global project for alignment of data privacy laws, by focusing on Asia Pacific data privacy laws and its relationships with the European Union and the United States. While much alignment work is already done for the European Union and United States, there is a lack of research on Asia Pacific alignment within its region and across other regions. The Waikato Data Privacy Matrix also suggests potential solutions to address some of the issues that may occur when a breach of data privacy occurs, in order to ensure an individual has their data privacy protected across the boundaries within the Web. With the increase in data processing and storage across different jurisdictions and regions (e.g. cloud computing services with servers in several countries), the Waikato Data Privacy Matrix empowers businesses using or providing cloud services to understand the different data privacy requirements across the globe - paving the way for increased cloud adoption and usage.

year: 2017

title: Identifying control points of excessive nitrate load in a pastoral catchment to support lake management

authors: Yulianti, Meti

subjects: Nitrate isotope

abstract: Excessive leaching of nitrogen (N) from pasture grazing catchments continues to challenge sustainable freshwater and lake management. However, managing contaminant export from diffuse agricultural sources is difficult due to the lack of detailed knowledge of specific sources and delivery mechanisms controlling contaminant transport over various spatial and temporal scales. This study systematically investigated nitrate dynamic flow from a small pastoral catchment into a eutrophic lake located in the central plateau of New Zealand’s North Island. This study aimed to determine where and when hot spots and hot moments can be characterised as control points for freshwater contaminant losses in the pastoral catchment. Multi-isotope analysis, high-frequency data collection, and modelling were utilised in identifying and describing potential nitrate sources and biogeochemical transformations involved that affect nitrate export from catchment to receiving waters. A distinct difference in the isotopic signature of nitrate taken during high flow compared to nitrate from low flow conditions highlights the importance of considering hydrological conditions when determining the source and dominant biogeochemical processes of N within the catchment. Nitrate in the stream was mainly derived from the mineralisation of soil organic N during low flow conditions; however, the contribution from urine and urea fertiliser sources was dominant during high flow conditions. Antecedent catchment wetness of ~95 mm was identified as a hydrological threshold influencing different sources and transport mechanisms of nutrients in the lake catchment. Above the threshold, rainfall events led to the mobilisation of nitrogen from the overland flow pathway. In contrast, events below the threshold led to pronounced organic N release from subsurface runoff. The catchment model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate hydrological processes, simulate nutrient load, and investigate whether incorporating insights from isotope data in parameterisation can improve the performance of the model. Findings indicated that using isotope data as soft calibration resulted in improved simulated model output and better represented nitrogen balance in the catchment. The annual average of water yield varied from 617 – 856 mm and nitrate loads varied from 0.2 to 5.9 kg ha⁻¹. A range of scenario simulations suggest that a 50% fertiliser reduction scenario effectively reduced nitrate load by 86.4% compared to the baseline scenario. These results indicate that better management of fertiliser application is essential to control the excessive nutrient load flowing from the catchment to Lake Ōkaro. The combined analysis in this study is useful for improving the understanding of complex water flow and contaminant dynamics in the pastoral catchment, and for indicating directions and challenges for future measurements and modelling of pastoral contaminants. The integrated approach presented in this study combines stable isotope hydrology and water quality monitoring programs thereby enabling consideration and management of the dominant controlling mechanisms of different contaminant losses from land to receiving water bodies, particularly for nitrate. Such an approach provides a framework that can aid in developing water quality mitigation strategies that better anticipate the impacts of significant rainfall events.

text: Identifying control points of excessive nitrate load in a pastoral catchment to support lake management Excessive leaching of nitrogen (N) from pasture grazing catchments continues to challenge sustainable freshwater and lake management. However, managing contaminant export from diffuse agricultural sources is difficult due to the lack of detailed knowledge of specific sources and delivery mechanisms controlling contaminant transport over various spatial and temporal scales. This study systematically investigated nitrate dynamic flow from a small pastoral catchment into a eutrophic lake located in the central plateau of New Zealand’s North Island. This study aimed to determine where and when hot spots and hot moments can be characterised as control points for freshwater contaminant losses in the pastoral catchment. Multi-isotope analysis, high-frequency data collection, and modelling were utilised in identifying and describing potential nitrate sources and biogeochemical transformations involved that affect nitrate export from catchment to receiving waters. A distinct difference in the isotopic signature of nitrate taken during high flow compared to nitrate from low flow conditions highlights the importance of considering hydrological conditions when determining the source and dominant biogeochemical processes of N within the catchment. Nitrate in the stream was mainly derived from the mineralisation of soil organic N during low flow conditions; however, the contribution from urine and urea fertiliser sources was dominant during high flow conditions. Antecedent catchment wetness of ~95 mm was identified as a hydrological threshold influencing different sources and transport mechanisms of nutrients in the lake catchment. Above the threshold, rainfall events led to the mobilisation of nitrogen from the overland flow pathway. In contrast, events below the threshold led to pronounced organic N release from subsurface runoff. The catchment model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate hydrological processes, simulate nutrient load, and investigate whether incorporating insights from isotope data in parameterisation can improve the performance of the model. Findings indicated that using isotope data as soft calibration resulted in improved simulated model output and better represented nitrogen balance in the catchment. The annual average of water yield varied from 617 – 856 mm and nitrate loads varied from 0.2 to 5.9 kg ha⁻¹. A range of scenario simulations suggest that a 50% fertiliser reduction scenario effectively reduced nitrate load by 86.4% compared to the baseline scenario. These results indicate that better management of fertiliser application is essential to control the excessive nutrient load flowing from the catchment to Lake Ōkaro. The combined analysis in this study is useful for improving the understanding of complex water flow and contaminant dynamics in the pastoral catchment, and for indicating directions and challenges for future measurements and modelling of pastoral contaminants. The integrated approach presented in this study combines stable isotope hydrology and water quality monitoring programs thereby enabling consideration and management of the dominant controlling mechanisms of different contaminant losses from land to receiving water bodies, particularly for nitrate. Such an approach provides a framework that can aid in developing water quality mitigation strategies that better anticipate the impacts of significant rainfall events.

year: 2023

title: Tiakina te Pā Harakeke: Māori Childrearing practices within a context of whānau ora.

authors: Pihama, Leonie

abstract: ‘Tiakina Te Pā Harakeke’ was developed to support the investigation and identification of  Kaupapa Māori	approaches to Māori childrearing and parenting. The project investigates how we can draw upon such frameworks to support intervention in the area of child abuse and child neglect within our whānau. ‘Tiakina Te Pā Harakeke’ is a research project that brings to the fore	the successful values and practices of childrearing that have been held within whānau, hapū and iwi for many generations. It is an exploration and sharing of knowledge that supported the belief held by our tūpuna that our tamariki and mokopuna are treasured parts of whānau, hapū and iwi, as is expressed in the saying	‘he taonga te mokopuna’.

text: Tiakina te Pā Harakeke: Māori Childrearing practices within a context of whānau ora. ‘Tiakina Te Pā Harakeke’ was developed to support the investigation and identification of  Kaupapa Māori	approaches to Māori childrearing and parenting. The project investigates how we can draw upon such frameworks to support intervention in the area of child abuse and child neglect within our whānau. ‘Tiakina Te Pā Harakeke’ is a research project that brings to the fore	the successful values and practices of childrearing that have been held within whānau, hapū and iwi for many generations. It is an exploration and sharing of knowledge that supported the belief held by our tūpuna that our tamariki and mokopuna are treasured parts of whānau, hapū and iwi, as is expressed in the saying	‘he taonga te mokopuna’.

year: 2014