title: Managed retreat in New Zealand: revealing the terminology, approaches and direction of local planning instruments.

authors: Hanna, Christina Jane

abstract: Severe natural hazard events, the projected impacts of climate change and development trends mean that New Zealanders and the assets and services they value and depend on, will be increasingly exposed to natural hazard risks. Managed retreat is an adaptive approach to risk reduction, where people, activities and assets are strategically relocated away from hazardous locations. For it to have an impact in practice, it is crucial that managed retreat is not just included in key planning documents, but is included in a way that provides a means to inform development decisions and supplies a clear direction to elected members, council staff, property owners, developers, infrastructure providers and the public. This report is a summary of research conducted in New Zealand as part of National Science Challenge: Resilience to Nature’s Challenges. It is designed to answer three questions:
• To what extent is managed retreat included in local planning instruments?
• How is managed retreat discussed in local planning instruments?
• What level of direction is afforded to managed retreat in local planning instruments?
Our main findings are:
1. Approximately half of RMA planning instruments in New Zealand refer to managed retreat. If they do, it predominately applies to coastal hazards, rather than other hazards, such as land instability, earthquake faults, or inland flooding.
2. There is an inconsistency of terms used, such as managed retreat, relocate, soft-engineering, withdraw or setback. In almost every case, these are not further defined.
3. While it is commonly referred to in the singular, managed retreat policy approaches can be categorised as relating to five distinct ‘categories’ in local RMA policy and plans.
4. Planning instruments applying managed retreat are providing limited direction to enable it in practice.
5. A lack of implementation support exists for managed retreat policies, particularly in relation to relocatable buildings.
6. Clear links between local planning policy and other strategic documents (e.g. infrastructure plans or spatial plans) is important for the application of managed retreat. However, it was discovered there is a low recognition and a clear lack of strategic, coordinated provisions across various planning instruments operating in the same place. For example, only 14 out of 78 infrastructure strategies referenced managed retreat terms.

text: Managed retreat in New Zealand: revealing the terminology, approaches and direction of local planning instruments. Severe natural hazard events, the projected impacts of climate change and development trends mean that New Zealanders and the assets and services they value and depend on, will be increasingly exposed to natural hazard risks. Managed retreat is an adaptive approach to risk reduction, where people, activities and assets are strategically relocated away from hazardous locations. For it to have an impact in practice, it is crucial that managed retreat is not just included in key planning documents, but is included in a way that provides a means to inform development decisions and supplies a clear direction to elected members, council staff, property owners, developers, infrastructure providers and the public. This report is a summary of research conducted in New Zealand as part of National Science Challenge: Resilience to Nature’s Challenges. It is designed to answer three questions:
• To what extent is managed retreat included in local planning instruments?
• How is managed retreat discussed in local planning instruments?
• What level of direction is afforded to managed retreat in local planning instruments?
Our main findings are:
1. Approximately half of RMA planning instruments in New Zealand refer to managed retreat. If they do, it predominately applies to coastal hazards, rather than other hazards, such as land instability, earthquake faults, or inland flooding.
2. There is an inconsistency of terms used, such as managed retreat, relocate, soft-engineering, withdraw or setback. In almost every case, these are not further defined.
3. While it is commonly referred to in the singular, managed retreat policy approaches can be categorised as relating to five distinct ‘categories’ in local RMA policy and plans.
4. Planning instruments applying managed retreat are providing limited direction to enable it in practice.
5. A lack of implementation support exists for managed retreat policies, particularly in relation to relocatable buildings.
6. Clear links between local planning policy and other strategic documents (e.g. infrastructure plans or spatial plans) is important for the application of managed retreat. However, it was discovered there is a low recognition and a clear lack of strategic, coordinated provisions across various planning instruments operating in the same place. For example, only 14 out of 78 infrastructure strategies referenced managed retreat terms.

year: 2017

title: Critical Sets of Full n-Latin Squares

authors: Cavenagh, Nicholas J.

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: The full n-Latin square is the n × n array with symbols 1, 2,..., n in each cell. In a way that is analogous to critical sets of full designs, a critical set of the full n-Latin square can be used to find a defining set for any Latin square of order n. In this paper we study the size of the smallest critical set for a full n-Latin square, showing this to be somewhere between (n3 − 2n2 + 2n)/2 and (n − 1)3 + 1. In the case that each cell is either full or empty, we show the size of a critical set in the full n-Latin square is always equal to n3 − 2n2 − n.

text: Critical Sets of Full n-Latin Squares The full n-Latin square is the n × n array with symbols 1, 2,..., n in each cell. In a way that is analogous to critical sets of full designs, a critical set of the full n-Latin square can be used to find a defining set for any Latin square of order n. In this paper we study the size of the smallest critical set for a full n-Latin square, showing this to be somewhere between (n3 − 2n2 + 2n)/2 and (n − 1)3 + 1. In the case that each cell is either full or empty, we show the size of a critical set in the full n-Latin square is always equal to n3 − 2n2 − n.

year: 2016-03-01

title: Census 2018 and Implications for Māori

authors: Kukutai, Tahu

abstract: The population census is a universal tool of governance but has come under increasing pressure as governments look to reduce costs, gain efficiencies and counter declining response rates. In Aotearoa New Zealand, the census transformation strategy has a short-term focus on modernising the census and a long-term vision of a fully administrative census. The digital-first 2018 Census was an ambitious step towards modernisation but there are growing concerns that it may fail to deliver high-quality data, particularly for Māori and iwi. This research note considers the implications of lower response rates and reflects on the steps that might be taken to retain the trust and confidence of Māori in the census, including possibilities for Māori data governance across the official statistics system.

text: Census 2018 and Implications for Māori The population census is a universal tool of governance but has come under increasing pressure as governments look to reduce costs, gain efficiencies and counter declining response rates. In Aotearoa New Zealand, the census transformation strategy has a short-term focus on modernising the census and a long-term vision of a fully administrative census. The digital-first 2018 Census was an ambitious step towards modernisation but there are growing concerns that it may fail to deliver high-quality data, particularly for Māori and iwi. This research note considers the implications of lower response rates and reflects on the steps that might be taken to retain the trust and confidence of Māori in the census, including possibilities for Māori data governance across the official statistics system.

year: 2018