title: Invasive fish survey of Lake Arapuni by boat electrofishing

authors: Tempero, Grant Wayne

abstract: A boat electrofishing survey of Lake Arapuni was conducted on 2 February 2017 by the University of Waikato to investigate anecdotal reports of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) presence in the lake. Nine 10-minute electrofishing transects were conducted around the littoral zone of the lake. This resulted in a total distance fished of 3.35 km and a total area fished of 1.34 ha. A total of 100 fish were captured, comprising three species: brown bullhead catfish (Ameiurus nebu/osus), goldfish {Carassius auratus) and rudd {Scardinius erythrophthalmus); in addition, eels (Anguilla sp.) were observed but not captured.
Total captured fish biomass was 14.8 kg {11. 7 kg/ha) with goldfish being the most abundant species (86 individuals), accounting for most of the biomass (86.8%). Rudd were the next most abundant species with nine individuals captured (1.0 kg/ha) followed by catfish (five individuals; 0.4 kg/ha). Rudd and catfish boat electrofishing biomass estimates should be regarded as minimal as capture rates for benthic species (catfish) and juveniles (rudd) are often lower than those of adult pelagic species. The reduced capture efficiency of benthic species is due to their preference for depths beyond the extent of the electrofishing field (approximately 2 m in extent from the anode), in addition benthic species are more likely to be missed by netters due to their reduced visibility. The smaller size (<100 mm FL) of juvenile fish makes them less susceptible to the electric field and therefore less likely to be captured in numbers representative of the community composition.
No koi carp were captured even though the area fished was typical of their preferred habitat. While the presence of koi carp in Lake Arapuni cannot be completely discounted, the survey results indicate that they are either absent from the lake or present in low numbers. Furthermore, the goldfish population was dominated by large adults (>150 mm FL), many of which were highly coloured and had markings similar to those of koi carp. It is likely that these larger coloured goldfish were mistaken for koi carp in previous sightings, especially as adult goldfish form small aggregations similar to those of koi carp. If koi carp are present in Lake Arapuni they are likely to be at biomass levels too low to mount viable control or eradication programmes given the large area and depth of the lake.

text: Invasive fish survey of Lake Arapuni by boat electrofishing A boat electrofishing survey of Lake Arapuni was conducted on 2 February 2017 by the University of Waikato to investigate anecdotal reports of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) presence in the lake. Nine 10-minute electrofishing transects were conducted around the littoral zone of the lake. This resulted in a total distance fished of 3.35 km and a total area fished of 1.34 ha. A total of 100 fish were captured, comprising three species: brown bullhead catfish (Ameiurus nebu/osus), goldfish {Carassius auratus) and rudd {Scardinius erythrophthalmus); in addition, eels (Anguilla sp.) were observed but not captured.
Total captured fish biomass was 14.8 kg {11. 7 kg/ha) with goldfish being the most abundant species (86 individuals), accounting for most of the biomass (86.8%). Rudd were the next most abundant species with nine individuals captured (1.0 kg/ha) followed by catfish (five individuals; 0.4 kg/ha). Rudd and catfish boat electrofishing biomass estimates should be regarded as minimal as capture rates for benthic species (catfish) and juveniles (rudd) are often lower than those of adult pelagic species. The reduced capture efficiency of benthic species is due to their preference for depths beyond the extent of the electrofishing field (approximately 2 m in extent from the anode), in addition benthic species are more likely to be missed by netters due to their reduced visibility. The smaller size (<100 mm FL) of juvenile fish makes them less susceptible to the electric field and therefore less likely to be captured in numbers representative of the community composition.
No koi carp were captured even though the area fished was typical of their preferred habitat. While the presence of koi carp in Lake Arapuni cannot be completely discounted, the survey results indicate that they are either absent from the lake or present in low numbers. Furthermore, the goldfish population was dominated by large adults (>150 mm FL), many of which were highly coloured and had markings similar to those of koi carp. It is likely that these larger coloured goldfish were mistaken for koi carp in previous sightings, especially as adult goldfish form small aggregations similar to those of koi carp. If koi carp are present in Lake Arapuni they are likely to be at biomass levels too low to mount viable control or eradication programmes given the large area and depth of the lake.

year: 2017

title: Book review: Social marketing in the 21st Century

authors: Toledano, Margalit

subjects: book review

abstract: This article reviews the book: “Social marketing in the 21st Century”, by A.R. Andeasen.

text: Book review: Social marketing in the 21st Century This article reviews the book: “Social marketing in the 21st Century”, by A.R. Andeasen.

year: 2006

title: Digital Taniwha: Growing Māori participation in the IT industry

authors: Williams, Warren

subjects: Māori research

abstract: This study explores the influencing factors on the participation levels of Māori (indigenous people of New Zealand) in the national IT industry. It particularly focusses on Māori IT professionals and why their participation in IT sector events and activities are not as visible as non-Māori. The researcher, who is also a Māori IT professional, has engaged with Māori in IT during his career, and forms the initial question of “where are they?”. The researcher proposes that more IT entrants and current IT professionals, who hold a Māori worldview grounded in cultural values that promote innovation and creativity, would benefit not only Māori but the IT industry and the nation. 

This thesis employs qualitative aligned research approaches - Kaupapa Māori and Wayfinding, to enable culturally appropriate methods during the data collection and analysis stages. It uses these approaches to support the inclusion of key cultural tenets such as Te Reo Māori (Māori language) and Māori values and practice. This research introduces the term “digital kaitiaki” to appropriately refer to Māori IT professionals. It collects data using appreciative inquiry and action research approaches and specific methods from semi-structured interviews held with digital kaitiaki; through focus groups with over 70 people; and records from action committees and working groups; to field observations of over 30 people. 

It examines the fieldwork data using thematic analysis and cross-checks the themes against influencing factors from the participant’s (including his own) personal and professional careers. The analysis identifies the following key themes: Māori identity and culture, feelings of personal and cultural responsibility, motivational forces, and role models. To respond to these, the study proposes a “Waka Kaitiaki Matihiko” model that connects with widely known Māori metaphors and symbols. It deploys these to inform and capture existing and potential future processes involving digital kaitiaki and to suggest how a culturally supported vehicle for Māori worldview engagement could encourage more Māori to enter IT and lend support for leadership roles for existing Māori IT workers.

To realise that potential, the study looks at leadership styles of the past to recognise what leadership is needed to increase contemporary Māori participation in the IT sector. It compares and contrasts leadership styles over time and constructs a new “digital taniwha” leadership style as fit for purpose for the challenge of growing Māori participation and for steering more Māori into leadership roles. Finally, by building on categories in the Blue Ocean Leadership grid and interweaving them with elements from existing Māori leadership literature, metaphors and symbols, and the findings from participants, it recommends a series of action-oriented interventions. These are designed to address the challenges identified in the key themes and feature governance and leadership programmes, as well as talent and career pathways, Te Reo Māori digital projects, tuakana/teina support and mentoring models, research into diversity representation (e.g., women and youth), and models designed to provide space to support the interventions proposed.

text: Digital Taniwha: Growing Māori participation in the IT industry This study explores the influencing factors on the participation levels of Māori (indigenous people of New Zealand) in the national IT industry. It particularly focusses on Māori IT professionals and why their participation in IT sector events and activities are not as visible as non-Māori. The researcher, who is also a Māori IT professional, has engaged with Māori in IT during his career, and forms the initial question of “where are they?”. The researcher proposes that more IT entrants and current IT professionals, who hold a Māori worldview grounded in cultural values that promote innovation and creativity, would benefit not only Māori but the IT industry and the nation. 

This thesis employs qualitative aligned research approaches - Kaupapa Māori and Wayfinding, to enable culturally appropriate methods during the data collection and analysis stages. It uses these approaches to support the inclusion of key cultural tenets such as Te Reo Māori (Māori language) and Māori values and practice. This research introduces the term “digital kaitiaki” to appropriately refer to Māori IT professionals. It collects data using appreciative inquiry and action research approaches and specific methods from semi-structured interviews held with digital kaitiaki; through focus groups with over 70 people; and records from action committees and working groups; to field observations of over 30 people. 

It examines the fieldwork data using thematic analysis and cross-checks the themes against influencing factors from the participant’s (including his own) personal and professional careers. The analysis identifies the following key themes: Māori identity and culture, feelings of personal and cultural responsibility, motivational forces, and role models. To respond to these, the study proposes a “Waka Kaitiaki Matihiko” model that connects with widely known Māori metaphors and symbols. It deploys these to inform and capture existing and potential future processes involving digital kaitiaki and to suggest how a culturally supported vehicle for Māori worldview engagement could encourage more Māori to enter IT and lend support for leadership roles for existing Māori IT workers.

To realise that potential, the study looks at leadership styles of the past to recognise what leadership is needed to increase contemporary Māori participation in the IT sector. It compares and contrasts leadership styles over time and constructs a new “digital taniwha” leadership style as fit for purpose for the challenge of growing Māori participation and for steering more Māori into leadership roles. Finally, by building on categories in the Blue Ocean Leadership grid and interweaving them with elements from existing Māori leadership literature, metaphors and symbols, and the findings from participants, it recommends a series of action-oriented interventions. These are designed to address the challenges identified in the key themes and feature governance and leadership programmes, as well as talent and career pathways, Te Reo Māori digital projects, tuakana/teina support and mentoring models, research into diversity representation (e.g., women and youth), and models designed to provide space to support the interventions proposed.

year: 2020