title: Economic impact report on the New Zealand sport horse industry

authors: Matheson, Alex

abstract: The aim of this research paper is to gain an understanding of the size and scope of the sport horse industry in New Zealand.
  
The definition of the sport horse industry is that it comprises of all horses in New Zealand that are not being used for the purpose of racing or breeding of horses for the purpose of racing.  The actual size of this sector of the industry is not widely known, the best estimates are made by using the Agribase Biosecurity database, which states the numbers of horses in New Zealand at 120,000 with 40,000 of these being involved in the racing industry, leaving 80,000 to be classified as sport horses for the purpose of this research.  The implications of using the Agribase Biosecurity database information is outlined later in this report.
The report firstly looks to define the industry and how it is separated from other industries; it also looks at what factors contribute to the makeup of the industry and how these factors are inter-related.  The ability to look at comparable industries or in this case sporting pursuits is not possible due to the nature of the industry; with the exception of maybe pet care there is no other sporting or recreational activity that requires an ongoing cost to maintain the key component of that pursuit.  Motor racing is used as an example in the report as a sport that has a high level of financial input required, however if you stop motor racing for 12 months you can eliminate all expenses during that period.  This is not achievable with the sport horse industry; the only way to eliminate costs completely is to exit horse ownership. 
 To complete this report I looked at similar surveys and information from overseas studies, this information was used to help build suitable survey questions.  This report contains highlights of the overseas studies to enable comparison to be made with the New Zealand study.  The report also looks at some of the New Zealand research done on this industry sector and utilises some of the research findings when calculating economic benefits.
The information gathered for this research was through an online survey of horse owners, the survey purpose was to gather information about the amount of money that was spent on keeping a horse for one year in New Zealand.  The survey looked at different areas in New Zealand to see if there were significant differences in the costs depending on location; it also looked at what price the respondent was willing to pay for a prospective mount.

Some of the key findings in the research are:
-	Estimated 80,000 sport horses in New Zealand
-	$12,500 average total annual spend per horse
-	Contributes over $1 billion to the New Zealand economy annually, this is greater than 0.5% of GDP
-	Directly sustains the equivalent of 12,000 full time equivalent (FTE’s) jobs
-	Sport horse owning land owners spent an additional $5 billion on land purchases to support their interests
-	Over 65% of horse owners are not willing to pay more than 25% of the ongoing annual operating costs on the purchase price of their horse. 
-	More than 70,000 horses in New Zealand will have a market value of under $3,000
Based on this research it is recommended that further research be undertaken on the value of properties that are used for the sole purpose of equestrian pursuits within New Zealand.  There is a move by some district councils to restrict the subdivision of land to what they determine to be economical farm units.  The conversion of pastoral lands from production based to consumption based land uses is seen by some of these councils as moving to uneconomical units.  This research suggests that the use of land for equestrian pursuits makes a far greater economical contribution than traditional farming practises could.  Therefore the restriction in size of farming units is not justified, and in fact could have a negative effect on the economic development of the region.

text: Economic impact report on the New Zealand sport horse industry The aim of this research paper is to gain an understanding of the size and scope of the sport horse industry in New Zealand.
  
The definition of the sport horse industry is that it comprises of all horses in New Zealand that are not being used for the purpose of racing or breeding of horses for the purpose of racing.  The actual size of this sector of the industry is not widely known, the best estimates are made by using the Agribase Biosecurity database, which states the numbers of horses in New Zealand at 120,000 with 40,000 of these being involved in the racing industry, leaving 80,000 to be classified as sport horses for the purpose of this research.  The implications of using the Agribase Biosecurity database information is outlined later in this report.
The report firstly looks to define the industry and how it is separated from other industries; it also looks at what factors contribute to the makeup of the industry and how these factors are inter-related.  The ability to look at comparable industries or in this case sporting pursuits is not possible due to the nature of the industry; with the exception of maybe pet care there is no other sporting or recreational activity that requires an ongoing cost to maintain the key component of that pursuit.  Motor racing is used as an example in the report as a sport that has a high level of financial input required, however if you stop motor racing for 12 months you can eliminate all expenses during that period.  This is not achievable with the sport horse industry; the only way to eliminate costs completely is to exit horse ownership. 
 To complete this report I looked at similar surveys and information from overseas studies, this information was used to help build suitable survey questions.  This report contains highlights of the overseas studies to enable comparison to be made with the New Zealand study.  The report also looks at some of the New Zealand research done on this industry sector and utilises some of the research findings when calculating economic benefits.
The information gathered for this research was through an online survey of horse owners, the survey purpose was to gather information about the amount of money that was spent on keeping a horse for one year in New Zealand.  The survey looked at different areas in New Zealand to see if there were significant differences in the costs depending on location; it also looked at what price the respondent was willing to pay for a prospective mount.

Some of the key findings in the research are:
-	Estimated 80,000 sport horses in New Zealand
-	$12,500 average total annual spend per horse
-	Contributes over $1 billion to the New Zealand economy annually, this is greater than 0.5% of GDP
-	Directly sustains the equivalent of 12,000 full time equivalent (FTE’s) jobs
-	Sport horse owning land owners spent an additional $5 billion on land purchases to support their interests
-	Over 65% of horse owners are not willing to pay more than 25% of the ongoing annual operating costs on the purchase price of their horse. 
-	More than 70,000 horses in New Zealand will have a market value of under $3,000
Based on this research it is recommended that further research be undertaken on the value of properties that are used for the sole purpose of equestrian pursuits within New Zealand.  There is a move by some district councils to restrict the subdivision of land to what they determine to be economical farm units.  The conversion of pastoral lands from production based to consumption based land uses is seen by some of these councils as moving to uneconomical units.  This research suggests that the use of land for equestrian pursuits makes a far greater economical contribution than traditional farming practises could.  Therefore the restriction in size of farming units is not justified, and in fact could have a negative effect on the economic development of the region.

year: 2012-07

title: The effects of reinforcer magnitude in the preceding and upcoming ratios on between-ratio pausing in multiple fixed-ratio schedules

authors: Young, Rachel

subjects: Reinforcer Magnitude

abstract: Experiment 1 examined the effects of reinforcer magnitude in the preceding and upcoming ratios on between-ratio pausing during a range of FR values in a multiple FR FR schedule of reinforcement. Two components which were associated with two different discriminative stimuli were used, where one component was associated with a small reinforcer (1-s) and the other component was associated with a large reinforcer (6-s). The longest between-ratio pauses were found when the upcoming reinforcer was small (S-S and L-S transition) than when the upcoming reinforcer was large (S-L and L-L transition). In addition, consistently longer between-ratio pauses occurred when the preceding reinforcer was large and the upcoming reinforcer was small (L-S transition). Experiment 2 examined the effects of the past reinforcer magnitude on the between-ratio pause when the discriminative stimuli to differentiate the preceding and upcoming reinforcer magnitude was removed, during a range of FR values on a multiple FR FR schedule of reinforcement. When the past reinforcer magnitude had been small and the upcoming reinforcer was small or large (S-S and S-L transition) consistently shorter between-ratio pauses occurred. In comparison, when the past reinforcer had been large and the upcoming reinforcer was small or large (L-L and L-S transition) consistently longer pause durations occurred across the two transitions. Overall and running response rates were analysed in Experiments 1 and 2 and it was found that overall and running response rates consistently decreased as the FR values were increased. Overall, these experiments showed that the preceding and upcoming reinforcer magnitudes have a direct effect on the length of the between-ratio pause where increasing the FR value was observed to consistently increase the length of the between-ratio pause, when also compared across the four transitions (Small-Small, Small-Large, Large-Large, and Large-Small).

text: The effects of reinforcer magnitude in the preceding and upcoming ratios on between-ratio pausing in multiple fixed-ratio schedules Experiment 1 examined the effects of reinforcer magnitude in the preceding and upcoming ratios on between-ratio pausing during a range of FR values in a multiple FR FR schedule of reinforcement. Two components which were associated with two different discriminative stimuli were used, where one component was associated with a small reinforcer (1-s) and the other component was associated with a large reinforcer (6-s). The longest between-ratio pauses were found when the upcoming reinforcer was small (S-S and L-S transition) than when the upcoming reinforcer was large (S-L and L-L transition). In addition, consistently longer between-ratio pauses occurred when the preceding reinforcer was large and the upcoming reinforcer was small (L-S transition). Experiment 2 examined the effects of the past reinforcer magnitude on the between-ratio pause when the discriminative stimuli to differentiate the preceding and upcoming reinforcer magnitude was removed, during a range of FR values on a multiple FR FR schedule of reinforcement. When the past reinforcer magnitude had been small and the upcoming reinforcer was small or large (S-S and S-L transition) consistently shorter between-ratio pauses occurred. In comparison, when the past reinforcer had been large and the upcoming reinforcer was small or large (L-L and L-S transition) consistently longer pause durations occurred across the two transitions. Overall and running response rates were analysed in Experiments 1 and 2 and it was found that overall and running response rates consistently decreased as the FR values were increased. Overall, these experiments showed that the preceding and upcoming reinforcer magnitudes have a direct effect on the length of the between-ratio pause where increasing the FR value was observed to consistently increase the length of the between-ratio pause, when also compared across the four transitions (Small-Small, Small-Large, Large-Large, and Large-Small).

year: 2015

title: Barry Barclay: the Reflection of Maori and Pakeha Identities

authors: Hilal, Emad Jabbar

subjects: emad

abstract: This Media and Screen Studies thesis tries to investigate the identifications of Barry Barclay (1944-2008) - a New Zealand filmmaker, thinker and poet, of Māori and Pākeha ethnic background - who identified as Māori in the second part of his career, in the mid 1970s. The thesis relies on Barclay's writing and other historical and theoretical material in the reading of his own films. The thesis arrives at an argument that even when Barclay chose to identify more with the Māori side of his identity, the Pākeha side took part also in the shaping of his film practices. Studying Barry Barclay along this line of argument has several benefits for Screen Studies. It, on the one hand, covers what is left unstudied by the scholarship concerning his representation of the Māori world such as the way he commented on Māori cultural and social concerns and acheivements in his films. The thesis studies Barclay's films from the time he started his identification with his Māori  side in Tangaata Whenua (1974), Te Urewera (1987), Ngati (1987),Te Rua (1991) and takes The Kaipara Affair (2005) as a case study and a carrier of change in film practices and development in outlook.The other important contribution is the way he represented Pākeha, and how he developed his representation of them in time. This representation which is unstudied at all, is important to Screen Studies becuase it contributes to Barclay's theory of Fourth Cinema. This thesis shows how representing Pakeha, especially in Barclay's last film problemematizes his theory of Fourth Cinema, but ultimately, deals with applies it creatively. The representation of Pākeha gives insight into Barclay's interest in the Māori world, which is not a dogma or a merely ethnic affiliation as much as an attraction to a world-view that can solve major universal issues such as environmental problems. Above all, the way how Barclay worked out this representation in his films sheds light on one of the important examples of how film can take part in healing social damages such as the history of colonizing and marginalization of Māori people.

text: Barry Barclay: the Reflection of Maori and Pakeha Identities This Media and Screen Studies thesis tries to investigate the identifications of Barry Barclay (1944-2008) - a New Zealand filmmaker, thinker and poet, of Māori and Pākeha ethnic background - who identified as Māori in the second part of his career, in the mid 1970s. The thesis relies on Barclay's writing and other historical and theoretical material in the reading of his own films. The thesis arrives at an argument that even when Barclay chose to identify more with the Māori side of his identity, the Pākeha side took part also in the shaping of his film practices. Studying Barry Barclay along this line of argument has several benefits for Screen Studies. It, on the one hand, covers what is left unstudied by the scholarship concerning his representation of the Māori world such as the way he commented on Māori cultural and social concerns and acheivements in his films. The thesis studies Barclay's films from the time he started his identification with his Māori  side in Tangaata Whenua (1974), Te Urewera (1987), Ngati (1987),Te Rua (1991) and takes The Kaipara Affair (2005) as a case study and a carrier of change in film practices and development in outlook.The other important contribution is the way he represented Pākeha, and how he developed his representation of them in time. This representation which is unstudied at all, is important to Screen Studies becuase it contributes to Barclay's theory of Fourth Cinema. This thesis shows how representing Pakeha, especially in Barclay's last film problemematizes his theory of Fourth Cinema, but ultimately, deals with applies it creatively. The representation of Pākeha gives insight into Barclay's interest in the Māori world, which is not a dogma or a merely ethnic affiliation as much as an attraction to a world-view that can solve major universal issues such as environmental problems. Above all, the way how Barclay worked out this representation in his films sheds light on one of the important examples of how film can take part in healing social damages such as the history of colonizing and marginalization of Māori people.

year: 2017