title: Advancing tephrochronology as a global dating tool: applications in volcanology, archaeology, and palaeoclimatic research

authors: Lane, C.S.

abstract: Layers of far-travelled volcanic ash (tephra) from explosive volcanic eruptions provide stratigraphic and numerical dating horizons in sedimentary and volcanic sequences. Such tephra layers may be dispersed over tens to thousands of kilometres from source, reaching far beyond individual volcanic regions. Tephrochronology is consequently a truly global dating tool, with applications increasingly widespread across a range of Quaternary and geoscience disciplines. This special issue of the International Focus Group on Tephrochronology and Volcanism (INTAV) showcases some of the many recent advances in tephrochronology, from methodological developments to diverse applications across volcanological, archaeological, and palaeoclimatological research.

text: Advancing tephrochronology as a global dating tool: applications in volcanology, archaeology, and palaeoclimatic research Layers of far-travelled volcanic ash (tephra) from explosive volcanic eruptions provide stratigraphic and numerical dating horizons in sedimentary and volcanic sequences. Such tephra layers may be dispersed over tens to thousands of kilometres from source, reaching far beyond individual volcanic regions. Tephrochronology is consequently a truly global dating tool, with applications increasingly widespread across a range of Quaternary and geoscience disciplines. This special issue of the International Focus Group on Tephrochronology and Volcanism (INTAV) showcases some of the many recent advances in tephrochronology, from methodological developments to diverse applications across volcanological, archaeological, and palaeoclimatological research.

year: 2017

title: The effect of uncertainty on output: Instruments, identification, and the role of investment

authors: Ryan, Michael

subjects: external instrument SVAR

abstract: This study investigates the impact of uncertainty shocks on output in New Zealand between 1985Q2 and 2018Q4 using the Internal and External Instrument versions of the Structural Vector Autoregression model. While the existing literature has relied almost exclusively on the External Instrument approach, this method requires the invertibility of the uncertainty shock, whereas the Internal Instrument approach does not. We formally test for, and reject, invertibility in our application, reflecting that uncertainty frequently arises from concerns about future policy or economic fundamentals. As the two instrumental variable models produce quantitatively different impulse responses for output, we empirically illustrate the importance of testing for invertibility and using the results to guide model selection. We also find that the effects of uncertainty shocks on New Zealand's output are larger than previously documented — with investment a key transmission channel — suggesting that counter-cyclical policy may need to respond more aggressively to uncertainty-driven downturns.

text: The effect of uncertainty on output: Instruments, identification, and the role of investment This study investigates the impact of uncertainty shocks on output in New Zealand between 1985Q2 and 2018Q4 using the Internal and External Instrument versions of the Structural Vector Autoregression model. While the existing literature has relied almost exclusively on the External Instrument approach, this method requires the invertibility of the uncertainty shock, whereas the Internal Instrument approach does not. We formally test for, and reject, invertibility in our application, reflecting that uncertainty frequently arises from concerns about future policy or economic fundamentals. As the two instrumental variable models produce quantitatively different impulse responses for output, we empirically illustrate the importance of testing for invertibility and using the results to guide model selection. We also find that the effects of uncertainty shocks on New Zealand's output are larger than previously documented — with investment a key transmission channel — suggesting that counter-cyclical policy may need to respond more aggressively to uncertainty-driven downturns.

year: 2025

title: Visualising Mātauranga Māori for iwi outcomes

authors: Hudson, Maui

subjects: Mätauranga Mäori

abstract: Ko te Mätauranga Mäori he puna nö te katoa, he mea äta whakatipu hoki e ngä whänau, e ngä hapü, e ngä iwi hoki o tënä, o tënä o ngä whakareanga maha. He mätauranga nö te hapori, he mea äta whakatö hoki ki roto i ngä wheako o te ia rä, he mea kawe ki te pürakau, ki te waiata, ki ngä karangahanga whenua, ki te kani, ki te kawa, ki te whakapapa, ki te pümahara, ki te whakakitenga, ki te matakite, ki te whakaakoranga me te tohu pütake, hei tirohanga, ka mutu he mea äta ako mä te tirohanga, mä tängata kë atu ränei o te hapori. Tënei mea te Mätauranga Mäori, he pünaha whakatipu möhiohio, he nukurau, he nanakia anö hoki, kua hangä mai ki te mätauranga ä-whänau, ä-hapü, ä-iwi anö hoki.
Kei te whakatau tikanga, kei te whakamahere, kei te whakamahi hoki ëtahi hunga tangata i te Mätauranga Mäori, ka mutu kei tënä öna anö whaihuatanga. Ko te aho e whakakotahi nei i ngä röpü käwanatanga me ngä kaunihera ä-rohe, ko te whakaaro e hängai pü ana te mätauranga Mäori ki te Mäori, he mea whakahängai hoki, ka mutu he rerekë i tënä, i tënä o ngä rohe. Ki tä te nuinga o ngä hunga tangata, ko te whakapakarihia o ö rätou ake märamatanga ki te mätauranga Mäori tëtahi tino whäinga ä-rautaki, kei reira hoki he äwhina i te ärahi whakataunga, i te whakahaerenga, i te tikanga mätai anö hoki, me te takoha atu ki te nanakia e taea nei e te mätauranga Mäori, kia waihangatia mai ai he tatauranga tika mä tënei whakareanga.
He maha ngä kauwaka e kawe atu nei i tënei mea i te Mätauranga Mäori. E körero nei ngä mana whenua i ö rätou hiahia ki te whakamahinga o ngä taputapu wähi ä-nuku hei whakakitenga atu i te mätauranga Mäori i te taha o te raraunga pütaiao, kia tautokohia ai ngä whakataunga ki ngä hua ä-taiao nei. I tënei pepa, ka körerohia e mätou ko Takiwa, koia he Geo-spatial Visualisation Tool e whakatakoto nei i te papa whakatü mö Takiwa Lakes, e hängai nei ki ngä kaupapa wähi ä-nuku e toru. Kua whai hononga te taputapu ki ëtahi kaitiaki, e tika ai te horopaki, ngä kiko, me te whakahaere o te mätauranga Mäori i töna papa whakatü. He tino take ënei i tënei wä e aro pü nei ngä ohu tangata kia nui ake te whakamahinga o te mätauranga Mäori i ngä whakataunga. Ko te whäinga o ngä hononga kaitiaki ko te whakatinana ake i ngä mahere whakahaere mä roto anö i te whakamatihiko i ngä raraunga me ngä körero i ngä mahere, me te whakaatu i ërä i te taha o ngä raraunga pütaiao. E whakamana nei tënei papa whakatü i ngä mana whenua mä roto i te whakaatu i ngä tohunga pütaiao pënei me te kounga, te nui ränei o te wai (te wäwahi ränei) i roto i te horopaki o te raraunga mätauranga Mäori, pënei anö me ngä whenua hirahira ki te Mäori me ngä mahinga kai. Heoi, he take whakatü pihi te whakamahinga o te mätauranga Mäori i ëtahi wä, nö reira me whai whakaaro ki te whakangungu i te mana, i te tüturu, i te ngäkau tapatahi ä-ahurea nei anö hoki o ngä hapori ka whai wähi mai.
Mätauranga Mäori is the shared intellectual capital generated by whänau, hapü and iwi over multiple generations. It is community knowledge embedded in lived experience and carried in stories, song, place names, dance, ceremonies, genealogies, memories, visions, prophesies, teachings and original instructions, as learnt through observation and via other community members. Mätauranga Mäori is a dynamic, innovative, and generative system of knowledge constituted from mätauranga ä-whänau, mätauranga ä-hapü, and mätauranga ä-iwi.
Mätauranga Mäori is being defined, framed, and operationalised with varying success by a range of institutions. The general premise is that government agencies and regional councils acknowledge mätauranga Mäori as Mäori-specific knowledge that is adaptive and regionally distinct. For most institutions, improving their understanding of mätauranga Mäori is an important strategic aim that can help guide their decision-making, management, and monitoring procedures as well as contribute to the innovative potential of Mäori knowledge in order to create culturally appropriate data for this generation.
Mätauranga Mäori is transmitted through a number of mediums. Mana whenua are expressing interest in how geospatial tools can visualise mätauranga Mäori alongside science data to support decision-making for environmental outcomes. In this paper we discuss Takiwa, a geospatial visualisation tool that provides the platform for Takiwa Lakes, in relation to three geospatial initiatives. This tool has developed kaitiaki layers to provide an appropriate context, content and control of mätauranga Mäori within its platform. These are critical factors as agencies focus on increasing the use of mätauranga Mäori for decision-making. The aim of the kaitiaki layers is to bring iwi management plans to life by digitising the data and information within the plans and presenting them alongside scientific data. This platform empowers mana whenua by presenting scientific indicators such as water quality and quantity (e.g. allocation) within the context of mätauranga Mäori data such as sites of cultural significance and mahinga kai. However, the use of mätauranga Mäori can be a sensitive issue and it is important that consideration is given to protecting the cultural authority, cultural authenticity, and cultural integrity of the participating communities.

text: Visualising Mātauranga Māori for iwi outcomes Ko te Mätauranga Mäori he puna nö te katoa, he mea äta whakatipu hoki e ngä whänau, e ngä hapü, e ngä iwi hoki o tënä, o tënä o ngä whakareanga maha. He mätauranga nö te hapori, he mea äta whakatö hoki ki roto i ngä wheako o te ia rä, he mea kawe ki te pürakau, ki te waiata, ki ngä karangahanga whenua, ki te kani, ki te kawa, ki te whakapapa, ki te pümahara, ki te whakakitenga, ki te matakite, ki te whakaakoranga me te tohu pütake, hei tirohanga, ka mutu he mea äta ako mä te tirohanga, mä tängata kë atu ränei o te hapori. Tënei mea te Mätauranga Mäori, he pünaha whakatipu möhiohio, he nukurau, he nanakia anö hoki, kua hangä mai ki te mätauranga ä-whänau, ä-hapü, ä-iwi anö hoki.
Kei te whakatau tikanga, kei te whakamahere, kei te whakamahi hoki ëtahi hunga tangata i te Mätauranga Mäori, ka mutu kei tënä öna anö whaihuatanga. Ko te aho e whakakotahi nei i ngä röpü käwanatanga me ngä kaunihera ä-rohe, ko te whakaaro e hängai pü ana te mätauranga Mäori ki te Mäori, he mea whakahängai hoki, ka mutu he rerekë i tënä, i tënä o ngä rohe. Ki tä te nuinga o ngä hunga tangata, ko te whakapakarihia o ö rätou ake märamatanga ki te mätauranga Mäori tëtahi tino whäinga ä-rautaki, kei reira hoki he äwhina i te ärahi whakataunga, i te whakahaerenga, i te tikanga mätai anö hoki, me te takoha atu ki te nanakia e taea nei e te mätauranga Mäori, kia waihangatia mai ai he tatauranga tika mä tënei whakareanga.
He maha ngä kauwaka e kawe atu nei i tënei mea i te Mätauranga Mäori. E körero nei ngä mana whenua i ö rätou hiahia ki te whakamahinga o ngä taputapu wähi ä-nuku hei whakakitenga atu i te mätauranga Mäori i te taha o te raraunga pütaiao, kia tautokohia ai ngä whakataunga ki ngä hua ä-taiao nei. I tënei pepa, ka körerohia e mätou ko Takiwa, koia he Geo-spatial Visualisation Tool e whakatakoto nei i te papa whakatü mö Takiwa Lakes, e hängai nei ki ngä kaupapa wähi ä-nuku e toru. Kua whai hononga te taputapu ki ëtahi kaitiaki, e tika ai te horopaki, ngä kiko, me te whakahaere o te mätauranga Mäori i töna papa whakatü. He tino take ënei i tënei wä e aro pü nei ngä ohu tangata kia nui ake te whakamahinga o te mätauranga Mäori i ngä whakataunga. Ko te whäinga o ngä hononga kaitiaki ko te whakatinana ake i ngä mahere whakahaere mä roto anö i te whakamatihiko i ngä raraunga me ngä körero i ngä mahere, me te whakaatu i ërä i te taha o ngä raraunga pütaiao. E whakamana nei tënei papa whakatü i ngä mana whenua mä roto i te whakaatu i ngä tohunga pütaiao pënei me te kounga, te nui ränei o te wai (te wäwahi ränei) i roto i te horopaki o te raraunga mätauranga Mäori, pënei anö me ngä whenua hirahira ki te Mäori me ngä mahinga kai. Heoi, he take whakatü pihi te whakamahinga o te mätauranga Mäori i ëtahi wä, nö reira me whai whakaaro ki te whakangungu i te mana, i te tüturu, i te ngäkau tapatahi ä-ahurea nei anö hoki o ngä hapori ka whai wähi mai.
Mätauranga Mäori is the shared intellectual capital generated by whänau, hapü and iwi over multiple generations. It is community knowledge embedded in lived experience and carried in stories, song, place names, dance, ceremonies, genealogies, memories, visions, prophesies, teachings and original instructions, as learnt through observation and via other community members. Mätauranga Mäori is a dynamic, innovative, and generative system of knowledge constituted from mätauranga ä-whänau, mätauranga ä-hapü, and mätauranga ä-iwi.
Mätauranga Mäori is being defined, framed, and operationalised with varying success by a range of institutions. The general premise is that government agencies and regional councils acknowledge mätauranga Mäori as Mäori-specific knowledge that is adaptive and regionally distinct. For most institutions, improving their understanding of mätauranga Mäori is an important strategic aim that can help guide their decision-making, management, and monitoring procedures as well as contribute to the innovative potential of Mäori knowledge in order to create culturally appropriate data for this generation.
Mätauranga Mäori is transmitted through a number of mediums. Mana whenua are expressing interest in how geospatial tools can visualise mätauranga Mäori alongside science data to support decision-making for environmental outcomes. In this paper we discuss Takiwa, a geospatial visualisation tool that provides the platform for Takiwa Lakes, in relation to three geospatial initiatives. This tool has developed kaitiaki layers to provide an appropriate context, content and control of mätauranga Mäori within its platform. These are critical factors as agencies focus on increasing the use of mätauranga Mäori for decision-making. The aim of the kaitiaki layers is to bring iwi management plans to life by digitising the data and information within the plans and presenting them alongside scientific data. This platform empowers mana whenua by presenting scientific indicators such as water quality and quantity (e.g. allocation) within the context of mätauranga Mäori data such as sites of cultural significance and mahinga kai. However, the use of mätauranga Mäori can be a sensitive issue and it is important that consideration is given to protecting the cultural authority, cultural authenticity, and cultural integrity of the participating communities.

year: 2020