title: Nutrient water budget for Lake Tarawera

authors: Hamilton, David P.

abstract: A nutrient budget has been constructed for Lake Tarawera using two techniques. One technique involved analysis of incoming stream discharges and concentrations of nutrient species (total nitrogen (TN), ammonium, nitrate, total phosphorus (TP) and phosphate) based on measurements taken at weekly to fortnightly intervals in the summer of 2005/06. The second technique involved an analysis based on the predominant land use together assigned coefficients for areal rates of nutrient export. Both techniques produced very similar nutrient load estimates of approximately 12-13 tonnes TP per year and 95-100 tonnes TN per year. On the basis of comparisons of incoming nutrient loads, discharge and nutrient concentrations in the Tarawera River outflow, and total lake volume, it is estimated that incoming water will reside in the lake for an average duration of 10 years, and that 86 % of TP and 72 % of TN will be trapped within the lake; either buried in the lake sediments or lost as nitrogen gas in the process of denitrification. A water budget constructed from stream discharges, rainfall and evaporation revealed that nearly 80 % of the water entering the lake (not including rainfall) was from sources that were not gauged as part of the summer (2005/06) stream survey; groundwater appears to be the dominant source of water for Lake Tarawera.

text: Nutrient water budget for Lake Tarawera A nutrient budget has been constructed for Lake Tarawera using two techniques. One technique involved analysis of incoming stream discharges and concentrations of nutrient species (total nitrogen (TN), ammonium, nitrate, total phosphorus (TP) and phosphate) based on measurements taken at weekly to fortnightly intervals in the summer of 2005/06. The second technique involved an analysis based on the predominant land use together assigned coefficients for areal rates of nutrient export. Both techniques produced very similar nutrient load estimates of approximately 12-13 tonnes TP per year and 95-100 tonnes TN per year. On the basis of comparisons of incoming nutrient loads, discharge and nutrient concentrations in the Tarawera River outflow, and total lake volume, it is estimated that incoming water will reside in the lake for an average duration of 10 years, and that 86 % of TP and 72 % of TN will be trapped within the lake; either buried in the lake sediments or lost as nitrogen gas in the process of denitrification. A water budget constructed from stream discharges, rainfall and evaporation revealed that nearly 80 % of the water entering the lake (not including rainfall) was from sources that were not gauged as part of the summer (2005/06) stream survey; groundwater appears to be the dominant source of water for Lake Tarawera.

year: 2006-09-14

title: Switch hitting in baseball: Apparent rule-following, not matching

authors: Poling, Alan

subjects: matching equation

abstract: Many studies, including some dealing with shot selection in basketball and play selection in football, demonstrate that the generalized matching equation provides a good description of the allocation of time and effort to alternative responses as a function of the consequences of those alternatives. We examined whether it did so with respect to left- and right-handed at bats (alternative responses) and left- and right-handed total bases earned, runs batted in, and home runs (three consequences) for the outstanding baseball switch-hitters Mickey Mantle, Eddie Murray, and Pete Rose. With all hitters, undermatching, suggesting insensitivity to the consequences of behavior (reinforcement), was evident and there was substantial bias towards left-handed at bats. These players apparently chose handedness based on the rule “bat opposite the pitcher,” not on differential consequences obtained in major league games. The present findings are significant in representing a counter-instance of demonstrations of a matching relationship in sports in particular and in human behavior in general and in calling attention to the need for further study of the variables that affect choice.

text: Switch hitting in baseball: Apparent rule-following, not matching Many studies, including some dealing with shot selection in basketball and play selection in football, demonstrate that the generalized matching equation provides a good description of the allocation of time and effort to alternative responses as a function of the consequences of those alternatives. We examined whether it did so with respect to left- and right-handed at bats (alternative responses) and left- and right-handed total bases earned, runs batted in, and home runs (three consequences) for the outstanding baseball switch-hitters Mickey Mantle, Eddie Murray, and Pete Rose. With all hitters, undermatching, suggesting insensitivity to the consequences of behavior (reinforcement), was evident and there was substantial bias towards left-handed at bats. These players apparently chose handedness based on the rule “bat opposite the pitcher,” not on differential consequences obtained in major league games. The present findings are significant in representing a counter-instance of demonstrations of a matching relationship in sports in particular and in human behavior in general and in calling attention to the need for further study of the variables that affect choice.

year: 2011

title: Work-family enrichment, collectivism, and workplace cultural outcomes: A study of New Zealand Māori

authors: Brougham, David M.

subjects: work-family enrichment

abstract: Although the work-family enrichment literature is well established, it lacks an indigenous focus. The present study explored workplace cultural attitudes amongst 172 Māori employees. Work-family enrichment was significantly related to workplace-cultural-wellbeing, while family-work enrichment was significantly related to workplace-cultural-satisfaction. Collectivism was tested as a potential moderator. The interaction effects show that respondents with low levels of family-work enrichment and high collectivism benefited most, reporting the highest levels of workplace-cultural-wellbeing. Furthermore, respondents with high collectivism reported significantly higher workplace-culturalsatisfaction, irrespective of enrichment. Overall, the benefits of work and family can enhance cultural outcomes in the workplace.

text: Work-family enrichment, collectivism, and workplace cultural outcomes: A study of New Zealand Māori Although the work-family enrichment literature is well established, it lacks an indigenous focus. The present study explored workplace cultural attitudes amongst 172 Māori employees. Work-family enrichment was significantly related to workplace-cultural-wellbeing, while family-work enrichment was significantly related to workplace-cultural-satisfaction. Collectivism was tested as a potential moderator. The interaction effects show that respondents with low levels of family-work enrichment and high collectivism benefited most, reporting the highest levels of workplace-cultural-wellbeing. Furthermore, respondents with high collectivism reported significantly higher workplace-culturalsatisfaction, irrespective of enrichment. Overall, the benefits of work and family can enhance cultural outcomes in the workplace.

year: 2015