title: The interleukins of fish

authors: Secombes, Christopher J.

subjects: Fish

abstract: Interleukins are a subgroup of cytokines, molecules involved in the intercellular regulation of the immune system. The term interleukin was first coined in 1979 to refer to molecules that signal between different leucocyte types, although not exclusively restricted to leucocyte communication. Whilst it is now known that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of cell types, nevertheless many are synthesised by CD4+ T helper cells, macrophages/monocytes and endothelial cells. The nomenclature is relatively straightforward, with interleukin 1 the first discovered and interleukin 2 the second, etc. However, whilst 35 interleukins are currently described in mammals, several are in fact terms referring to subfamilies of more molecules, as with the IL-1 family where 11 members (IL-1F1–IL-1F11) are present, and the IL-17 family where 6 members (IL-17A–IL-17F) are present. So the total is much higher and splice variants and allelic variation increase this diversity further. This review will focus on what is known about interleukins in fish, and will refer to the major subfamilies rather than try to work through 35 descriptions in a row. It is clear that many direct homologues of molecules known in mammals are present in fish, but that not all are present and some novel interleukins exist that may have arisen from fish specific gene duplication events.

text: The interleukins of fish Interleukins are a subgroup of cytokines, molecules involved in the intercellular regulation of the immune system. The term interleukin was first coined in 1979 to refer to molecules that signal between different leucocyte types, although not exclusively restricted to leucocyte communication. Whilst it is now known that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of cell types, nevertheless many are synthesised by CD4+ T helper cells, macrophages/monocytes and endothelial cells. The nomenclature is relatively straightforward, with interleukin 1 the first discovered and interleukin 2 the second, etc. However, whilst 35 interleukins are currently described in mammals, several are in fact terms referring to subfamilies of more molecules, as with the IL-1 family where 11 members (IL-1F1–IL-1F11) are present, and the IL-17 family where 6 members (IL-17A–IL-17F) are present. So the total is much higher and splice variants and allelic variation increase this diversity further. This review will focus on what is known about interleukins in fish, and will refer to the major subfamilies rather than try to work through 35 descriptions in a row. It is clear that many direct homologues of molecules known in mammals are present in fish, but that not all are present and some novel interleukins exist that may have arisen from fish specific gene duplication events.

year: 2011

title: A life in music: The contribution of John Ritchie (1921-2014) to the Christchurch musical community as a composer, performer, educator and administrator.

authors: Johnson, Julie Anne

subjects: John Ritchie,Christchurch music,New Zealand music,New Zealand composer,New Zealand composition,NZ music,J A Ritchie,John Anthony Ritchie,University of Canterbury music,Twentieth-century music,NZ composers,Twentieth-century composers,Classical contemporary music,Papanui Road,Ritchie music,Musical biography

abstract: This thesis is a study of the life of New Zealand composer John Ritchie (1921-2014) from his ancestry and early years, and his development throughout formative teenage years to adulthood. Interviews conducted with Ritchie himself were a significant part of the primary research for the study, and, in conjunction with existing documents and personal papers, reveal a biography in which the musical aspects of Ritchie’s life are highlighted. Participant interviews with people associated professionally with Ritchie, as well as Ritchie family members, provide supporting evidence and a diversity of further views.

Ritchie’s early and later years are each portrayed as parts of a linear story. The middle years are covered in a series of chapters that deal with the substance of his musical and academic life. These sections follow a separate chronological path that allows the provision of greater detail about Ritchie’s creative, administrative and educational work. Cameo biographies of other participants are interspersed into the story as they appear in a part of Ritchie’s life, in themselves a separate thread that offers a vignette of each individual. Participant interviews were transcribed and the material integrated to fit the chronology.

The final chapters detail Ritchie’s later years as he continued to compose and his works were regularly performed. Awards and acknowledgement of his long service to the University of Canterbury, his widespread contribution to music in Christchurch and New Zealand, and the successful outcome of establishing the John Ritchie String Orchestra are outlined. An analysis of Ritchie’s orchestral work Papanui Road, together with consideration of its biographical elements, completes the study.

text: A life in music: The contribution of John Ritchie (1921-2014) to the Christchurch musical community as a composer, performer, educator and administrator. This thesis is a study of the life of New Zealand composer John Ritchie (1921-2014) from his ancestry and early years, and his development throughout formative teenage years to adulthood. Interviews conducted with Ritchie himself were a significant part of the primary research for the study, and, in conjunction with existing documents and personal papers, reveal a biography in which the musical aspects of Ritchie’s life are highlighted. Participant interviews with people associated professionally with Ritchie, as well as Ritchie family members, provide supporting evidence and a diversity of further views.

Ritchie’s early and later years are each portrayed as parts of a linear story. The middle years are covered in a series of chapters that deal with the substance of his musical and academic life. These sections follow a separate chronological path that allows the provision of greater detail about Ritchie’s creative, administrative and educational work. Cameo biographies of other participants are interspersed into the story as they appear in a part of Ritchie’s life, in themselves a separate thread that offers a vignette of each individual. Participant interviews were transcribed and the material integrated to fit the chronology.

The final chapters detail Ritchie’s later years as he continued to compose and his works were regularly performed. Awards and acknowledgement of his long service to the University of Canterbury, his widespread contribution to music in Christchurch and New Zealand, and the successful outcome of establishing the John Ritchie String Orchestra are outlined. An analysis of Ritchie’s orchestral work Papanui Road, together with consideration of its biographical elements, completes the study.

year: 2019

title: E Whakatipuranga o te Tāpoi Māori - Māori Indigenous Tourism Development: A Whānau based Māori Tourism development

authors: Puriri, Ashley Reed

subjects: Maori Tourism

abstract: This Doctoral thesis uses a Kaupapa Māori research methodology, which is culturally grounded to identify the indigenous Māori underpinnings and processes that a Whānau (Māori family) experience when developing their Māori tourism business. The thesis discusses the following four issues, which are addressed using a Kaupapa Māori research methodology:
1. The gap in the current literature for Māori tourism development and authenticity from a Māori perspective.
2. The cultural underpinnings and processes of a Whānau (Māori family) tourism business.
3. Identification of the Māori cultural values that inform Māori tourism development
4. Development of a cultural framework that positions Māori values on levels of significance from a Māori perspective.
A cultural tourism experience is investigated, involving a Whānau Māori tourism business developed from a conceptual stage in preparation for financial investment. Using a Kaupapa Māori research methodology this research contributes to a gap in the academic literature relating to Whānau (Māori family) tourism development. The research contributes new academic literature to support the notion that the Whānau unit is at the core of social and economic development for Māori tourism. This thesis captures and describes the various stages, developed over a year, of Whānau Hui (family meetings), of a Whānau tourism business. As a Māori researcher, I gained emancipated access to a Whānau using Kaupapa Māori methods, applying a cultural set of protocols and values to unlock access to a Māori worldview of how a Whānau navigates the processes of developing their Whānau tourism experience in New Zealand. The engagement of a Kaupapa Māori research methodology enabled me to apply my personal skills of a lifetime of knowledge of Te Ao Māori (a Māori worldview) and Te Reo Māori (Māori language) combined with over 20 years of global advancement of indigenous tourism in the cruise industry. As a Tohunga Whakairo (master carver) I applied seven distinctive steps of a master carver’s processes in carving a Pou Tokomanawa (the main centre post of a Tipuna Whare orancestralmeeting house), providing a unique cultural process that frames the chapters of this dissertation. The research data provided an enriched flow of cultural information, which was analysed using a cultural analytical process to validate the key themes that emerged from the research findings. The cultural analyses are completed in two stages; the processes of Whakapapa and Whanaungatanga (cultural relationships), which are culturally-grounded methods for analysing research data using a Māori worldview, and the validation of cultural significance by Kaumātua (elders) of the Whānau. The thesis is imbued with cultural paradigms that frame and identify the cultural underpinnings and processes of a Whānau tourism development. The study expands on two cultural models,‘Te Tāpoi Poutama’ and Te Matua Poutama (Māori tourism frameworks for identifying cultural levels of significance) and these cultural paradigms are applied to demonstrate cultural levels of significance that a Whānau place on their proposed Māori tourism business.

text: E Whakatipuranga o te Tāpoi Māori - Māori Indigenous Tourism Development: A Whānau based Māori Tourism development This Doctoral thesis uses a Kaupapa Māori research methodology, which is culturally grounded to identify the indigenous Māori underpinnings and processes that a Whānau (Māori family) experience when developing their Māori tourism business. The thesis discusses the following four issues, which are addressed using a Kaupapa Māori research methodology:
1. The gap in the current literature for Māori tourism development and authenticity from a Māori perspective.
2. The cultural underpinnings and processes of a Whānau (Māori family) tourism business.
3. Identification of the Māori cultural values that inform Māori tourism development
4. Development of a cultural framework that positions Māori values on levels of significance from a Māori perspective.
A cultural tourism experience is investigated, involving a Whānau Māori tourism business developed from a conceptual stage in preparation for financial investment. Using a Kaupapa Māori research methodology this research contributes to a gap in the academic literature relating to Whānau (Māori family) tourism development. The research contributes new academic literature to support the notion that the Whānau unit is at the core of social and economic development for Māori tourism. This thesis captures and describes the various stages, developed over a year, of Whānau Hui (family meetings), of a Whānau tourism business. As a Māori researcher, I gained emancipated access to a Whānau using Kaupapa Māori methods, applying a cultural set of protocols and values to unlock access to a Māori worldview of how a Whānau navigates the processes of developing their Whānau tourism experience in New Zealand. The engagement of a Kaupapa Māori research methodology enabled me to apply my personal skills of a lifetime of knowledge of Te Ao Māori (a Māori worldview) and Te Reo Māori (Māori language) combined with over 20 years of global advancement of indigenous tourism in the cruise industry. As a Tohunga Whakairo (master carver) I applied seven distinctive steps of a master carver’s processes in carving a Pou Tokomanawa (the main centre post of a Tipuna Whare orancestralmeeting house), providing a unique cultural process that frames the chapters of this dissertation. The research data provided an enriched flow of cultural information, which was analysed using a cultural analytical process to validate the key themes that emerged from the research findings. The cultural analyses are completed in two stages; the processes of Whakapapa and Whanaungatanga (cultural relationships), which are culturally-grounded methods for analysing research data using a Māori worldview, and the validation of cultural significance by Kaumātua (elders) of the Whānau. The thesis is imbued with cultural paradigms that frame and identify the cultural underpinnings and processes of a Whānau tourism development. The study expands on two cultural models,‘Te Tāpoi Poutama’ and Te Matua Poutama (Māori tourism frameworks for identifying cultural levels of significance) and these cultural paradigms are applied to demonstrate cultural levels of significance that a Whānau place on their proposed Māori tourism business.

year: 2017