title: Remote sensing of water quality in the Rotorua lakes

authors: Allan, Mathew Grant

subjects: New Zealand

abstract: The aim of this study was to determine empirical models between Landsat imagery and lake water quality variables (chlorophy11(ch1) a and Secchi depth) to enable water quality variables to be synoptically quantified. These models were then applied to past satellite images to determine temporal patterns in the spatial variation of water quality. Monitoring of lakes to determine temporal patterns in the spatial variation of water quality. Monitoring of lakes using traditional methods is expensive and lakes the ability to effectively monitor the spatial variability of water quality within and between lakes. Remote sensing can provide truly synoptic assessments of water quality, in particular the spatial distribution of phytoplankton. Recent studies monitoring lake water quality using Landsat series platforms have been successful in predicting water quality with a high accuracy. Analysis was carried out on two Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) satellite images of the Rotorua lakes and Lake Taupo, for which most in situ observations were taken within two days of image capture. Regression equations were developed between the Band 1/Band 3 rations (B1/B3) from Landsat images from summer (25 Jan 2002) and spring (24 Oct 2002) and water quality variables measured in the lakes by Environment Bay of Plenty. For summer, the regression of in situ ch1 a concentration in µg/1 from ground data against the Band 1/Band 3 ratio (B1/B3) was Ln ch1 a = 14.141 – 5.0568 (B!/B3) (r² = 0.91, N=16, P<0.001). For spring, the regression equation was Ln ch1 a = 24.251-9.2806 (B1/B3) (r² = 0.83, N=13,P<0.001). Ch1 a water quality maps were than produced using these models which were also applied to other images without in situ observations near the time of image capture.

text: Remote sensing of water quality in the Rotorua lakes The aim of this study was to determine empirical models between Landsat imagery and lake water quality variables (chlorophy11(ch1) a and Secchi depth) to enable water quality variables to be synoptically quantified. These models were then applied to past satellite images to determine temporal patterns in the spatial variation of water quality. Monitoring of lakes to determine temporal patterns in the spatial variation of water quality. Monitoring of lakes using traditional methods is expensive and lakes the ability to effectively monitor the spatial variability of water quality within and between lakes. Remote sensing can provide truly synoptic assessments of water quality, in particular the spatial distribution of phytoplankton. Recent studies monitoring lake water quality using Landsat series platforms have been successful in predicting water quality with a high accuracy. Analysis was carried out on two Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) satellite images of the Rotorua lakes and Lake Taupo, for which most in situ observations were taken within two days of image capture. Regression equations were developed between the Band 1/Band 3 rations (B1/B3) from Landsat images from summer (25 Jan 2002) and spring (24 Oct 2002) and water quality variables measured in the lakes by Environment Bay of Plenty. For summer, the regression of in situ ch1 a concentration in µg/1 from ground data against the Band 1/Band 3 ratio (B1/B3) was Ln ch1 a = 14.141 – 5.0568 (B!/B3) (r² = 0.91, N=16, P<0.001). For spring, the regression equation was Ln ch1 a = 24.251-9.2806 (B1/B3) (r² = 0.83, N=13,P<0.001). Ch1 a water quality maps were than produced using these models which were also applied to other images without in situ observations near the time of image capture.

year: 2007

title: Supramolecular Isomerism in a Cadmium Bis(N-Hydroxyethyl, N-isopropyldithiocarbamate) Compound: Physiochemical Characterization of Ball (n = 2) and Chain (n = ∞) Forms of {Cd[S₂CN(iPr)CH₂CH₂OH] ₂•solvent}n

authors: Tan, Yee Seng

abstract: Needles of [{Cd[S₂CN(iPr)CH₂CH₂OH] ₂}₃•MeCN]∞ (2) were harvested from a dry acetonitrile solution of Cd[S₂CN(iPr)CH₂CH₂OH] ₂ after one or two days and proved to be a coordination polymer in which all dithiocarbamate ligands are μ₂,κ²-tridentate, bridging two cadmium atoms and simultaneously chelating one of these. If the same solution was allowed to stand for at least several days, 2 is replaced by blocks comprising a supramolecular isomer of 2, dimeric 1, with formula {Cd[S₂CN(iPr)CH₂CH₂OH] ₂}₂•2H₂O•2MeCN, and two ligands coordinating μ₂,κ² as in 2 and the other two purely κ2-chelating. The time dependency correlates with the pivotal role of water in driving the conversion of “chain” 2 to “ball” 1; crystals of 2 could not be isolated from “wet” acetonitrile. When each of 1 and 2 are dissolved in solution, they exhibit comparable spectroscopic attributes (¹H, ¹³C, and ¹¹³Cd NMR and UV/vis), indicating the solution structures are the same. Both 1 and 2 are luminescent in the solid state with 1 being significantly brighter than 2. Greenockite CdS nanoparticles are generated by the thermal decomposition of both 1 and 2.

text: Supramolecular Isomerism in a Cadmium Bis(N-Hydroxyethyl, N-isopropyldithiocarbamate) Compound: Physiochemical Characterization of Ball (n = 2) and Chain (n = ∞) Forms of {Cd[S₂CN(iPr)CH₂CH₂OH] ₂•solvent}n Needles of [{Cd[S₂CN(iPr)CH₂CH₂OH] ₂}₃•MeCN]∞ (2) were harvested from a dry acetonitrile solution of Cd[S₂CN(iPr)CH₂CH₂OH] ₂ after one or two days and proved to be a coordination polymer in which all dithiocarbamate ligands are μ₂,κ²-tridentate, bridging two cadmium atoms and simultaneously chelating one of these. If the same solution was allowed to stand for at least several days, 2 is replaced by blocks comprising a supramolecular isomer of 2, dimeric 1, with formula {Cd[S₂CN(iPr)CH₂CH₂OH] ₂}₂•2H₂O•2MeCN, and two ligands coordinating μ₂,κ² as in 2 and the other two purely κ2-chelating. The time dependency correlates with the pivotal role of water in driving the conversion of “chain” 2 to “ball” 1; crystals of 2 could not be isolated from “wet” acetonitrile. When each of 1 and 2 are dissolved in solution, they exhibit comparable spectroscopic attributes (¹H, ¹³C, and ¹¹³Cd NMR and UV/vis), indicating the solution structures are the same. Both 1 and 2 are luminescent in the solid state with 1 being significantly brighter than 2. Greenockite CdS nanoparticles are generated by the thermal decomposition of both 1 and 2.

year: 2013

title: Cadastral reform of indigenous land information and environmental sustainability in New Zealand

authors: Jay, Grace Mairi M.

subjects: geography

abstract: New Zealand’s cadastral system has come under scrutiny in recent years, A sharp rise in the number of land claims by the country’s indigenous Maori, accompanied by historic environmental legislation, have prompted milk for cadastral reform. Although no consensus has yet emerged among experts about future cadastral reforms, land information mangers and Maori leaders generally concede the need for the overhaul of current land information management practices. However, any future reforms will have to reconcile seemingly incompatible goals, by being legally sound, culturally appropriate, and environmentally sustainable. Most of the land in New Zealand is subject to legislation enacted within the past decade, which incorporates concern for the issues of sustainability, as well as the Maori’s cultural values and ancestral rights. The presence of this legislation, and a growing capacity among Maori to be involved, both mean that Maori concepts of land management and sustainability are receiving increasing attention in New Zealand, and are likely to influence the shape of future cadastral reforms for Maori lands.

text: Cadastral reform of indigenous land information and environmental sustainability in New Zealand New Zealand’s cadastral system has come under scrutiny in recent years, A sharp rise in the number of land claims by the country’s indigenous Maori, accompanied by historic environmental legislation, have prompted milk for cadastral reform. Although no consensus has yet emerged among experts about future cadastral reforms, land information mangers and Maori leaders generally concede the need for the overhaul of current land information management practices. However, any future reforms will have to reconcile seemingly incompatible goals, by being legally sound, culturally appropriate, and environmentally sustainable. Most of the land in New Zealand is subject to legislation enacted within the past decade, which incorporates concern for the issues of sustainability, as well as the Maori’s cultural values and ancestral rights. The presence of this legislation, and a growing capacity among Maori to be involved, both mean that Maori concepts of land management and sustainability are receiving increasing attention in New Zealand, and are likely to influence the shape of future cadastral reforms for Maori lands.

year: 1997