title: A Systematic review: Psychopathy and personality in subclinical populations

authors: Joubert, Kayla

subjects: Psychopathy

abstract: Literature concerning psychopathy has grown since the early 1940s, when it was described as a clinical psychological disorder by Cleckley, 1941. Psychopathy was defined by factors such as callousness, manipulativeness, superficial charm, egocentricity, impulsivity, risk-taking and antisocial behaviour. There has been a longstanding debate concerning the appropriate models and measures related to psychopathy, which encouraged the development of many measures to capture psychopathic personality factors.
Through the development of different measures and in addition to psychopathy’s clinical and criminal form, there have been advancements towards a subclinical form of psychopathy. The subclinical form of psychopathy involves factors which conceptualise psychopathy, however
rather than only existing in a clinical or criminal population, they also exist in subclinical populations. Subclinical populations are portrayed as the range of normal personalities in general populations also defined as noninstitutionalised populations, such as the workplace. In this systematic review, the term subclinical will be referred to as psychopathy in the workplace, due to the variety of definitions which exist, of the word ‘subclinical’.
In addition to the development of clinical and criminal measures of psychopathy, recent research has emerged in literature, prompting interest in subclinical psychopathy and its relationship with the Five-Factor Model of personality (FFM; McCrae & Costa, 1987). The concept of subclinical psychopathy and how it’s measured in subclinical populations using the (FFM) of personality is essential in highlighting the potential outcomes that occur at an interpersonal and organisational level (subclinical) when considering the workplace.
In exploring existing literature concerning psychopathy and personality as the Five-Factor Model (FFM), the current systematic review aims to investigate the relationship between clinical or criminal psychopathy and subclinical psychopathy, and how subclinical psychopathy is measured. An extensive systematic review was implemented using 7 databases and three key features; psychopathy, personality (FFM) and the workplace. After removing 7149 duplicates and studies which were deemed ineligible, 418 studies were appraised as being relevant to the inclusion and exclusion criteria with only 5 studies examining the relationship between psychopathy and personality, (FFM) and how psychopathy is measured in subclinical settings, such as the workplace.
These findings suggest future research should aim to develop a measure of subclinical psychopathy through the use of the FFM, to detect psychopathic factors in subclinical populations. The FFM is used within subclinical populations such as the workplace, measuring personality successfully through five factors; openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. The FFM factors overlap with constructs of clinical psychopathy, and therefore, could be used to measure subclinical psychopathic personality factors in subclinical populations.

text: A Systematic review: Psychopathy and personality in subclinical populations Literature concerning psychopathy has grown since the early 1940s, when it was described as a clinical psychological disorder by Cleckley, 1941. Psychopathy was defined by factors such as callousness, manipulativeness, superficial charm, egocentricity, impulsivity, risk-taking and antisocial behaviour. There has been a longstanding debate concerning the appropriate models and measures related to psychopathy, which encouraged the development of many measures to capture psychopathic personality factors.
Through the development of different measures and in addition to psychopathy’s clinical and criminal form, there have been advancements towards a subclinical form of psychopathy. The subclinical form of psychopathy involves factors which conceptualise psychopathy, however
rather than only existing in a clinical or criminal population, they also exist in subclinical populations. Subclinical populations are portrayed as the range of normal personalities in general populations also defined as noninstitutionalised populations, such as the workplace. In this systematic review, the term subclinical will be referred to as psychopathy in the workplace, due to the variety of definitions which exist, of the word ‘subclinical’.
In addition to the development of clinical and criminal measures of psychopathy, recent research has emerged in literature, prompting interest in subclinical psychopathy and its relationship with the Five-Factor Model of personality (FFM; McCrae & Costa, 1987). The concept of subclinical psychopathy and how it’s measured in subclinical populations using the (FFM) of personality is essential in highlighting the potential outcomes that occur at an interpersonal and organisational level (subclinical) when considering the workplace.
In exploring existing literature concerning psychopathy and personality as the Five-Factor Model (FFM), the current systematic review aims to investigate the relationship between clinical or criminal psychopathy and subclinical psychopathy, and how subclinical psychopathy is measured. An extensive systematic review was implemented using 7 databases and three key features; psychopathy, personality (FFM) and the workplace. After removing 7149 duplicates and studies which were deemed ineligible, 418 studies were appraised as being relevant to the inclusion and exclusion criteria with only 5 studies examining the relationship between psychopathy and personality, (FFM) and how psychopathy is measured in subclinical settings, such as the workplace.
These findings suggest future research should aim to develop a measure of subclinical psychopathy through the use of the FFM, to detect psychopathic factors in subclinical populations. The FFM is used within subclinical populations such as the workplace, measuring personality successfully through five factors; openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. The FFM factors overlap with constructs of clinical psychopathy, and therefore, could be used to measure subclinical psychopathic personality factors in subclinical populations.

year: 2022

title: Operation early-bird: Investigating altered light exposure in military barracks on sleep and performance-a placebo-controlled study.

authors: Edgar, David Thomas

subjects: blue-light wavelength

abstract: The manipulation of light exposure in the evening has been shown to modulate sleep, and may be beneficial in a military setting where sleep is reported to be problematic. This study investigated the efficacy of low-temperature lighting on objective sleep measures and physical performance in military trainees. Sixty-four officer-trainees (52 male/12 female, mean ± SD age: 25 ± 5 years) wore wrist-actigraphs for 6 weeks during military training to quantify sleep metrics. Trainee 2.4-km run time and upper-body muscular-endurance were assessed before and after the training course. Participants were randomly assigned to either: low-temperature lighting (LOW, n = 19), standard-temperature lighting with a placebo "sleep-enhancing" device (PLA, n = 17), or standard-temperature lighting (CON, n = 28) groups in their military barracks for the duration of the course. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were run to identify significant differences with post hoc analyses and effect size calculations performed where indicated. No significant interaction effect was observed for the sleep metrics; however, there was a significant effect of time for average sleep duration, and small benefits of LOW when compared with CON (d = 0.41-0.44). A significant interaction was observed for the 2.4-km run, with the improvement in LOW (Δ92.3 s) associated with a large improvement when compared with CON (Δ35.9 s; p = 0.003; d = 0.95 ± 0.60), but not PLA (Δ68.6 s). Similarly, curl-up improvement resulted in a moderate effect in favour of LOW (Δ14 repetitions) compared with CON (Δ6; p = 0.063; d = 0.68 ± 0.72). Chronic exposure to low-temperature lighting was associated with benefits to aerobic fitness across a 6-week training period, with minimal effects on sleep measures.

text: Operation early-bird: Investigating altered light exposure in military barracks on sleep and performance-a placebo-controlled study. The manipulation of light exposure in the evening has been shown to modulate sleep, and may be beneficial in a military setting where sleep is reported to be problematic. This study investigated the efficacy of low-temperature lighting on objective sleep measures and physical performance in military trainees. Sixty-four officer-trainees (52 male/12 female, mean ± SD age: 25 ± 5 years) wore wrist-actigraphs for 6 weeks during military training to quantify sleep metrics. Trainee 2.4-km run time and upper-body muscular-endurance were assessed before and after the training course. Participants were randomly assigned to either: low-temperature lighting (LOW, n = 19), standard-temperature lighting with a placebo "sleep-enhancing" device (PLA, n = 17), or standard-temperature lighting (CON, n = 28) groups in their military barracks for the duration of the course. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were run to identify significant differences with post hoc analyses and effect size calculations performed where indicated. No significant interaction effect was observed for the sleep metrics; however, there was a significant effect of time for average sleep duration, and small benefits of LOW when compared with CON (d = 0.41-0.44). A significant interaction was observed for the 2.4-km run, with the improvement in LOW (Δ92.3 s) associated with a large improvement when compared with CON (Δ35.9 s; p = 0.003; d = 0.95 ± 0.60), but not PLA (Δ68.6 s). Similarly, curl-up improvement resulted in a moderate effect in favour of LOW (Δ14 repetitions) compared with CON (Δ6; p = 0.063; d = 0.68 ± 0.72). Chronic exposure to low-temperature lighting was associated with benefits to aerobic fitness across a 6-week training period, with minimal effects on sleep measures.

year: 2023-02-15

title: 'Reclaiming the Ancient Feminine in Māori Society.' 'Kei wareware i a tātou te Ūkaipō!'

authors: Yates-Smith, Aroha

subjects: Atua wāhine

abstract: With our constant interface with the threat of globalisation, it is timely that we reflect on the words of an ancient god who advised his brother, Tāne, to return to their mother, Papatūānuku (Best, 1923, p. 111). His words, which translate loosely as ‘lest we forget the Mother who nurtured us at her breast,’ remind us of the importance of considering the feminine, respecting our Earth Mother, and not taking either for granted.

This paper addresses several issues pertaining to the Māori feminine. The discussion of these will begin with a brief reflection on the importance of balance between the male and female in Māori cosmogony and the marginalisation of the feminine as a result of two hundred years of colonisation. The principal focus of the article as a whole will be the last two decades and the efforts made to address some of the negative effects brought about by colonisation, which could be described as forming the first waves in the tide of globalisation.

The key for the ordering of Māori society lay within our cosmogonic beginnings. Recent studies of Māori cosmology reveal that both male and female deities held prominent positions in the pantheon of gods (Yates-Smith, 1998). There was a strong presence of the feminine at the embryonic stage of Māori society.

text: 'Reclaiming the Ancient Feminine in Māori Society.' 'Kei wareware i a tātou te Ūkaipō!' With our constant interface with the threat of globalisation, it is timely that we reflect on the words of an ancient god who advised his brother, Tāne, to return to their mother, Papatūānuku (Best, 1923, p. 111). His words, which translate loosely as ‘lest we forget the Mother who nurtured us at her breast,’ remind us of the importance of considering the feminine, respecting our Earth Mother, and not taking either for granted.

This paper addresses several issues pertaining to the Māori feminine. The discussion of these will begin with a brief reflection on the importance of balance between the male and female in Māori cosmogony and the marginalisation of the feminine as a result of two hundred years of colonisation. The principal focus of the article as a whole will be the last two decades and the efforts made to address some of the negative effects brought about by colonisation, which could be described as forming the first waves in the tide of globalisation.

The key for the ordering of Māori society lay within our cosmogonic beginnings. Recent studies of Māori cosmology reveal that both male and female deities held prominent positions in the pantheon of gods (Yates-Smith, 1998). There was a strong presence of the feminine at the embryonic stage of Māori society.

year: 2003