title: Pani me te rawakore: Home-making and Maori homelessness without hope or a home

authors: Groot, Shiloh Ann Maree

subjects: Social Science

abstract: The authors draw from interviews with Maori homeless people and relevant local and international literature to show homemaking practices by Maori for those living on the streets. The proposition is that Maori cultural practices shape a person's efforts to retain a positive sense of self and place, and to engage in home-making while dwelling on the streets. We consider colonialism and societal, developments that have impacted whanau (extended family) economically, culturally and socially, contributing to high rates of homelessness among Maori today. We argue that homelessness is endemic to experiences of colonialism, not only at the personal, but also at the iwi (tribe) level where many Maori have experienced over 150 years of being rendered out of place in their hau kainga (tribal homelands). Finally, we present a case study entitled 'Maia' to show common aspects of various Maori people who are homeless and who access services in Auckland.

text: Pani me te rawakore: Home-making and Maori homelessness without hope or a home The authors draw from interviews with Maori homeless people and relevant local and international literature to show homemaking practices by Maori for those living on the streets. The proposition is that Maori cultural practices shape a person's efforts to retain a positive sense of self and place, and to engage in home-making while dwelling on the streets. We consider colonialism and societal, developments that have impacted whanau (extended family) economically, culturally and socially, contributing to high rates of homelessness among Maori today. We argue that homelessness is endemic to experiences of colonialism, not only at the personal, but also at the iwi (tribe) level where many Maori have experienced over 150 years of being rendered out of place in their hau kainga (tribal homelands). Finally, we present a case study entitled 'Maia' to show common aspects of various Maori people who are homeless and who access services in Auckland.

year: 2015

title: Words on walls: The linguistic landscape of Kirikiriroa primary school classrooms

authors: Burnette, Jessie

abstract: Language contact between te reo Māori and English has resulted in one of the central features of New Zealand English (NZE): the integration of loanwords from the Indigenous, donor language, te reo Māori, into a dominant Lingua Franca (Hay et al., 2008). Previous works have analysed the presence and presentation of these loanwords across a number of mediums. Our study, however, examines data directed at a previously unexamined demographic: primary school-aged children.

We aim to establish which loanwords children are regularly exposed to, and thus examine a most relevant domain: the classroom. Considering the linguistic landscape of classrooms (schoolscapes) offers insight into the language use that occurs within them. Further, the classroom is educational in the traditional sense, but also in the developmental sense, in the acquisition of broader social meaning. Previous schoolscapes research has highlighted not only their pedagogical importance, but their influence in the construction and transmission of language ideologies (Pzymus and Huddleston 2021; Brown 2012), making these particularly valuable spaces to study.

This study presents a schoolscape investigation of nine Waikato classrooms by analysing loanwords arising in educational artefacts directed at primary-aged children (7-11) in an English-medium school setting. We make the following contributions: (1) a systematic schoolscape method for analysing contact-induced language phenomena; (2) quantitative and qualitative analyses of loanwords identified in our data; (3) a detailed taxonomic expansion of te reo Māori loanword categories (semantic and syntactic) in present day NZE.

In this talk, we ask the following questions:

RQ1) What type of te reo Māori (loan)words are children regularly exposed to through schoolscapes in A/NZ?

RQ2) What is their distribution across schools/classrooms/years?

We find that, in the classes examined, children encounter both high levels of exposure to te reo Māori (loan)words and high levels of variation in the types of words present. On average, children encounter one te reo Māori token for every ten English tokens. As in previously identified trends (Macalister, 2006b), most loanwords found are nouns belonging to semantic categories pertaining to the environment, place names and social culture items. However, we also identify prominently occurring words and word types that have not previously been identified in corpora. We show that, within classrooms, children regularly encounter a landscape richer in te reo Māori (loan)words than previously seen, but also one characterised by substantial variation.

text: Words on walls: The linguistic landscape of Kirikiriroa primary school classrooms Language contact between te reo Māori and English has resulted in one of the central features of New Zealand English (NZE): the integration of loanwords from the Indigenous, donor language, te reo Māori, into a dominant Lingua Franca (Hay et al., 2008). Previous works have analysed the presence and presentation of these loanwords across a number of mediums. Our study, however, examines data directed at a previously unexamined demographic: primary school-aged children.

We aim to establish which loanwords children are regularly exposed to, and thus examine a most relevant domain: the classroom. Considering the linguistic landscape of classrooms (schoolscapes) offers insight into the language use that occurs within them. Further, the classroom is educational in the traditional sense, but also in the developmental sense, in the acquisition of broader social meaning. Previous schoolscapes research has highlighted not only their pedagogical importance, but their influence in the construction and transmission of language ideologies (Pzymus and Huddleston 2021; Brown 2012), making these particularly valuable spaces to study.

This study presents a schoolscape investigation of nine Waikato classrooms by analysing loanwords arising in educational artefacts directed at primary-aged children (7-11) in an English-medium school setting. We make the following contributions: (1) a systematic schoolscape method for analysing contact-induced language phenomena; (2) quantitative and qualitative analyses of loanwords identified in our data; (3) a detailed taxonomic expansion of te reo Māori loanword categories (semantic and syntactic) in present day NZE.

In this talk, we ask the following questions:

RQ1) What type of te reo Māori (loan)words are children regularly exposed to through schoolscapes in A/NZ?

RQ2) What is their distribution across schools/classrooms/years?

We find that, in the classes examined, children encounter both high levels of exposure to te reo Māori (loan)words and high levels of variation in the types of words present. On average, children encounter one te reo Māori token for every ten English tokens. As in previously identified trends (Macalister, 2006b), most loanwords found are nouns belonging to semantic categories pertaining to the environment, place names and social culture items. However, we also identify prominently occurring words and word types that have not previously been identified in corpora. We show that, within classrooms, children regularly encounter a landscape richer in te reo Māori (loan)words than previously seen, but also one characterised by substantial variation.

year: 2024

title: The cost-effectiveness of active surveillance compared to watchful waiting and radical prostatectomy for low risk localised prostate cancer

authors: Lao, Chunhuan

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Background
Radical prostatectomy is the most common treatment for localised prostate cancer in New Zealand. Active surveillance was introduced to prevent overtreatment and reduce costs while preserving the option of radical prostatectomy. This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of active surveillance compared to watchful waiting and radical prostatectomy.

Methods
Markov models were constructed to estimate the life-time cost-effectiveness of active surveillance compared to watchful waiting and radical prostatectomy for low risk localised prostate cancer patients aged 45–70 years, using national datasets in New Zealand and published studies including the SPCG-4 study. This study was from the perspective of the Ministry of Health in New Zealand.

Results
Radical prostatectomy is less costly than active surveillance in men aged 45–55 years with low risk localised prostate cancer, but more costly for men aged 60–70 years. Scenario analyses demonstrated significant uncertainty as to the most cost-effective option in all age groups because of the unavailability of good quality of life data for men under active surveillance. Uncertainties around the likelihood of having radical prostatectomy when managed with active surveillance also affect the cost-effectiveness of active surveillance against radical prostatectomy.

Conclusions
Active surveillance is less likely to be cost-effective compared to radical prostatectomy for younger men diagnosed with low risk localised prostate cancer. The cost-effectiveness of active surveillance compared to radical prostatectomy is critically dependent on the ‘trigger’ for radical prostatectomy and the quality of life in men on active surveillance. Research on the latter would be beneficial.

text: The cost-effectiveness of active surveillance compared to watchful waiting and radical prostatectomy for low risk localised prostate cancer Background
Radical prostatectomy is the most common treatment for localised prostate cancer in New Zealand. Active surveillance was introduced to prevent overtreatment and reduce costs while preserving the option of radical prostatectomy. This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of active surveillance compared to watchful waiting and radical prostatectomy.

Methods
Markov models were constructed to estimate the life-time cost-effectiveness of active surveillance compared to watchful waiting and radical prostatectomy for low risk localised prostate cancer patients aged 45–70 years, using national datasets in New Zealand and published studies including the SPCG-4 study. This study was from the perspective of the Ministry of Health in New Zealand.

Results
Radical prostatectomy is less costly than active surveillance in men aged 45–55 years with low risk localised prostate cancer, but more costly for men aged 60–70 years. Scenario analyses demonstrated significant uncertainty as to the most cost-effective option in all age groups because of the unavailability of good quality of life data for men under active surveillance. Uncertainties around the likelihood of having radical prostatectomy when managed with active surveillance also affect the cost-effectiveness of active surveillance against radical prostatectomy.

Conclusions
Active surveillance is less likely to be cost-effective compared to radical prostatectomy for younger men diagnosed with low risk localised prostate cancer. The cost-effectiveness of active surveillance compared to radical prostatectomy is critically dependent on the ‘trigger’ for radical prostatectomy and the quality of life in men on active surveillance. Research on the latter would be beneficial.

year: 2017