title: Environmental impact assessments in international law

authors: Gillespie, Alexander

subjects: environmental impact assessments

abstract: The purpose of this article is to assess what the current state of play with regard to environmental impact assessments (EIAs) is in international law. This question is posed because of the casual use of the term, and the often fundamental misunderstandings of what EIAs can and cannot do. This paper aims to clarify the current strength of EIAs in the international context, and provide guidance on how they may be applied.

text: Environmental impact assessments in international law The purpose of this article is to assess what the current state of play with regard to environmental impact assessments (EIAs) is in international law. This question is posed because of the casual use of the term, and the often fundamental misunderstandings of what EIAs can and cannot do. This paper aims to clarify the current strength of EIAs in the international context, and provide guidance on how they may be applied.

year: 2008

title: Green space justice amid COVID-19: Unequal access to public green space across American neighborhoods

authors: Gao, Shuqi

subjects: COVID-19

abstract: Countries around the world have resorted to issuing stay-at-home orders to slow viral transmission since the COVID-19 pandemic. During the lockdown, access to public park plays a central role in the public health of surrounding communities. However, we know little about how such an unprecedented policy may exacerbate the preexisting unequal access to green space (i.e., green space justice). To address this research void, we used difference-in-difference models to examine socioeconomic disparities, urban-rural disparities, and mobility disparities in terms of public park access in the United States. Our national analysis using the weekly mobile phone movement data robustly suggests the following three key findings during COVID-19: (1) The elderly, non-college-educated people, poor people, and blacks are less likely to visit public parks frequently, while unemployed people appear to be the opposite. (2) Compared to rural areas, populations in urban neighborhoods appear to visit public parks more frequently and they generally go to larger parks to minimize the risk of infection. (3) Populations in neighborhoods with higher private vehicle ownership or those with a higher density of transit stops would more frequently visit and travel a longer distance to public parks during the stay-at-home order. Our results imply that conventional inequality in green space access may still exist and even become worse during COVID-19, which could negatively impact people's health during isolation. We suggest that special attention should be paid to park-poor neighborhoods during the pandemic and in the post-pandemic recovery phase.

text: Green space justice amid COVID-19: Unequal access to public green space across American neighborhoods Countries around the world have resorted to issuing stay-at-home orders to slow viral transmission since the COVID-19 pandemic. During the lockdown, access to public park plays a central role in the public health of surrounding communities. However, we know little about how such an unprecedented policy may exacerbate the preexisting unequal access to green space (i.e., green space justice). To address this research void, we used difference-in-difference models to examine socioeconomic disparities, urban-rural disparities, and mobility disparities in terms of public park access in the United States. Our national analysis using the weekly mobile phone movement data robustly suggests the following three key findings during COVID-19: (1) The elderly, non-college-educated people, poor people, and blacks are less likely to visit public parks frequently, while unemployed people appear to be the opposite. (2) Compared to rural areas, populations in urban neighborhoods appear to visit public parks more frequently and they generally go to larger parks to minimize the risk of infection. (3) Populations in neighborhoods with higher private vehicle ownership or those with a higher density of transit stops would more frequently visit and travel a longer distance to public parks during the stay-at-home order. Our results imply that conventional inequality in green space access may still exist and even become worse during COVID-19, which could negatively impact people's health during isolation. We suggest that special attention should be paid to park-poor neighborhoods during the pandemic and in the post-pandemic recovery phase.

year: 2023-02-02

title: An analysis of typical errors of young learners of te reo Maori

authors: Houia, Waldo

subjects: te reo Maori

abstract: In 1999, the New Zealand Ministry of Education commissioned the development of a draft proficiency test for learners of Māori in bilingual and immersion settings in Year 5 of schooling (aged 8 - 10). That test was, along with a range of survey materials, produced and piloted in a very short time - 13 weeks. Although it provided a starting point for further development of a proficiency battery, it did not prove sufficiently robust in itself to retain. What it did do, however, was provide a range of useful samples of the speaking and writing of Year 5 students (70 samples were collected from five different schools). These samples revealed a number of common errors, errors which were analysed and are discussed here.

text: An analysis of typical errors of young learners of te reo Maori In 1999, the New Zealand Ministry of Education commissioned the development of a draft proficiency test for learners of Māori in bilingual and immersion settings in Year 5 of schooling (aged 8 - 10). That test was, along with a range of survey materials, produced and piloted in a very short time - 13 weeks. Although it provided a starting point for further development of a proficiency battery, it did not prove sufficiently robust in itself to retain. What it did do, however, was provide a range of useful samples of the speaking and writing of Year 5 students (70 samples were collected from five different schools). These samples revealed a number of common errors, errors which were analysed and are discussed here.

year: 2002-02