title: Reinforcer magnitude and demand under fixed-ratio schedules with domestic hens

authors: Grant, Amber A.

subjects: fixed-ratio schedules

abstract: This study compared three methods of normalizing demand functions to allow comparison of demand for different commodities and examined how varying reinforcer magnitudes affected these analyses. Hens responded under fixed-ratio schedules in 40-min sessions with response requirement doubling each session and with 2-s, 8-s, and 12-s access to wheat. Over the smaller fixed ratios overall response rates generally increased and were higher the shorter the magazine duration. The logarithms of the number of reinforcers obtained (consumption) and the fixed ratio (price) were well fitted by curvilinear demand functions (Hursh et al., 1988. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 50, 419–440) that were inelastic (b negative) over small fixed-ratios. The fixed ratio with maximal response rate (Pmax) increased, and the rate of change of elasticity (a) and initial consumption (L) decreased with increased magazine duration. Normalizing consumption using measures of preference for various magazine durations (3-s vs. 3-s, 2-s vs. 8-s, and 2-s vs. 12-s), obtained using concurrent schedules, gave useful results as it removed the differences in L. Normalizing consumption and price (Hursh and Winger, 1995. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 64, 373–384) unified the data functions as intended by that analysis. The exponential function (Hursh and Silberberg, 2008. Psychological Review, 115, 186–198) gave an essential value that increased (i.e., α decreased significantly) as magazine duration decreased. This was not as predicted, since α should be constant over variations in magazine duration, but is similar to previous findings using a similar procedure with different food qualities (hens) and food quantities (rats).

text: Reinforcer magnitude and demand under fixed-ratio schedules with domestic hens This study compared three methods of normalizing demand functions to allow comparison of demand for different commodities and examined how varying reinforcer magnitudes affected these analyses. Hens responded under fixed-ratio schedules in 40-min sessions with response requirement doubling each session and with 2-s, 8-s, and 12-s access to wheat. Over the smaller fixed ratios overall response rates generally increased and were higher the shorter the magazine duration. The logarithms of the number of reinforcers obtained (consumption) and the fixed ratio (price) were well fitted by curvilinear demand functions (Hursh et al., 1988. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 50, 419–440) that were inelastic (b negative) over small fixed-ratios. The fixed ratio with maximal response rate (Pmax) increased, and the rate of change of elasticity (a) and initial consumption (L) decreased with increased magazine duration. Normalizing consumption using measures of preference for various magazine durations (3-s vs. 3-s, 2-s vs. 8-s, and 2-s vs. 12-s), obtained using concurrent schedules, gave useful results as it removed the differences in L. Normalizing consumption and price (Hursh and Winger, 1995. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 64, 373–384) unified the data functions as intended by that analysis. The exponential function (Hursh and Silberberg, 2008. Psychological Review, 115, 186–198) gave an essential value that increased (i.e., α decreased significantly) as magazine duration decreased. This was not as predicted, since α should be constant over variations in magazine duration, but is similar to previous findings using a similar procedure with different food qualities (hens) and food quantities (rats).

year: 2014

title: Have mobile eCommerce websites become too dependent on the hamburger menu? Navigation for mobile eCommerce websites

authors: Wyatt, Paige Amy

subjects: Design

abstract: Mobile phones have become a ubiquitous element in modern-day society, with many people using their mobile devices for online shopping. Mobile eCommerce websites specifically offer users the ability to view or purchase a product without entering a physical shop.
With the added implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, mobile eCommerce websites play a more prevalent role in consumerism than in the past. Given the popularity of mobile devices and extensive research into eCommerce design, it was surprising to see little research into navigation menu for mobile eCommerce websites
The navigation positioning, type of navigation, and user experience are areas investigated within this thesis. This research’s main goal was to look into navigation menus on mobile eCommerce websites and learn which approach offers the most optimal solution for a successful navigation experience. 
We learned that the hamburger menu in the top left-hand corner is the most commonly used form of navigation through a case study. We also identified that the hamburger menu in the top left-hand corner might not be the optimal solution. We then conducted a user study to investigate user preferences concerning navigation options on mobile devices. We used the case study findings and developed a secondary navigation option to test against the top-left hamburger menu. This secondary option was a menu bar navigation, with a hamburger incorporated on the bottom right. Results showed that in general users preferred the layout and experience that the bottom bar navigation option offered.
We could recommend the inclusion of a bottom bar navigation option in the development of mobile eCommerce websites. The research suggested that a bottom bar navigation option would offer a more user-friendly mobile eCommerce website experience. Finally, we identified the limitations of the study, as well as future work surrounding the topic.

text: Have mobile eCommerce websites become too dependent on the hamburger menu? Navigation for mobile eCommerce websites Mobile phones have become a ubiquitous element in modern-day society, with many people using their mobile devices for online shopping. Mobile eCommerce websites specifically offer users the ability to view or purchase a product without entering a physical shop.
With the added implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, mobile eCommerce websites play a more prevalent role in consumerism than in the past. Given the popularity of mobile devices and extensive research into eCommerce design, it was surprising to see little research into navigation menu for mobile eCommerce websites
The navigation positioning, type of navigation, and user experience are areas investigated within this thesis. This research’s main goal was to look into navigation menus on mobile eCommerce websites and learn which approach offers the most optimal solution for a successful navigation experience. 
We learned that the hamburger menu in the top left-hand corner is the most commonly used form of navigation through a case study. We also identified that the hamburger menu in the top left-hand corner might not be the optimal solution. We then conducted a user study to investigate user preferences concerning navigation options on mobile devices. We used the case study findings and developed a secondary navigation option to test against the top-left hamburger menu. This secondary option was a menu bar navigation, with a hamburger incorporated on the bottom right. Results showed that in general users preferred the layout and experience that the bottom bar navigation option offered.
We could recommend the inclusion of a bottom bar navigation option in the development of mobile eCommerce websites. The research suggested that a bottom bar navigation option would offer a more user-friendly mobile eCommerce website experience. Finally, we identified the limitations of the study, as well as future work surrounding the topic.

year: 2022

title: Eta Mokena, daughter of Mokena Hou, and her husband, Hare Renata

authors: Hart, Philip

abstract: The family backgrounds of both Eta Mokena and Hare Renata can be traced, but little is known about her life compared with that of her husband. From an early age he lived in various places in Hauraki, cultivating, running pigs, catching birds, fish, and eels, and selling some of these to Pakeha. Both owned interests in several blocks of land, and Eta, being childless, gifted some interests to her nephew and nieces. Hare Renata had to fight off other claimants for several blocks of land, not always successfully, and not always by giving truthful evidence. Despite selling some of their interests in land, they were never financially secure.
Renata held interests in three goldfields whereas Eta held only one, in a claim named after her family. They settled in several places, and only rarely lived at Te Aroha until their last years.

text: Eta Mokena, daughter of Mokena Hou, and her husband, Hare Renata The family backgrounds of both Eta Mokena and Hare Renata can be traced, but little is known about her life compared with that of her husband. From an early age he lived in various places in Hauraki, cultivating, running pigs, catching birds, fish, and eels, and selling some of these to Pakeha. Both owned interests in several blocks of land, and Eta, being childless, gifted some interests to her nephew and nieces. Hare Renata had to fight off other claimants for several blocks of land, not always successfully, and not always by giving truthful evidence. Despite selling some of their interests in land, they were never financially secure.
Renata held interests in three goldfields whereas Eta held only one, in a claim named after her family. They settled in several places, and only rarely lived at Te Aroha until their last years.

year: 2016