title: Continuous radial flow chromatography

authors: Lay, Mark C.

abstract: A prototype of a continuous radial flow chromatograph (CRFC) was developed consisting of a rotating annular bed (14.6 cm O.D., 8.6 cm I.D. and 2 cm deep). A protein-laden feed, equilibration and elution buffer flow radially inwards from a feed chamber at the periphery towards an exit chamber at the axis. Bed movement past fixed feed and exit points allows continuous separation of components from a feed mixture. 
Continuity equations describing CRFC performance were developed using two resinsolute interaction models. Adsorption was described in both models by the multicomponent Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm (MLF). In the first model (NP) the resin was treated as non-porous and in the second (FD) the resin was porous and mass transfer between flowing solution and resin pores was described by film-diffusion. These models were solved using a finite difference method. 
Adsorption isotherm and rate parameters were obtained from batch equilibrium, kinetic and axial flow column breakthrough and elution experiments using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow resin. Because MLF caused model instability in breakthrough simulations, the multicomponent Langmuir isotherm (ML) was used. Good agreement was found with axial column breakthrough and elution experiments. NaCl breakthrough was best described by the FD-ML model. Bed dispersion was masked by extra-column dispersion effects. 
Breakthrough and elution experiments showed that the CRFC had poor resolution when operated in batch mode, due to slow solute distribution in the feed and exit chambers. BSA uptake rates determined by curve fitting were 30 times lower than those found in axial column experiments, indicating poor resolution. 
FD-ML parameters obtained from continuous extraction of BSA agreed well with data from axial column experiments. CRFC performance can be predicted from small axial column data. 
The CRFC was used to continuously separate BSA from lactoferrin. 85% of BSA was recovered from the mixture at 94% purity, with a separation factor of 4.8.

text: Continuous radial flow chromatography A prototype of a continuous radial flow chromatograph (CRFC) was developed consisting of a rotating annular bed (14.6 cm O.D., 8.6 cm I.D. and 2 cm deep). A protein-laden feed, equilibration and elution buffer flow radially inwards from a feed chamber at the periphery towards an exit chamber at the axis. Bed movement past fixed feed and exit points allows continuous separation of components from a feed mixture. 
Continuity equations describing CRFC performance were developed using two resinsolute interaction models. Adsorption was described in both models by the multicomponent Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm (MLF). In the first model (NP) the resin was treated as non-porous and in the second (FD) the resin was porous and mass transfer between flowing solution and resin pores was described by film-diffusion. These models were solved using a finite difference method. 
Adsorption isotherm and rate parameters were obtained from batch equilibrium, kinetic and axial flow column breakthrough and elution experiments using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow resin. Because MLF caused model instability in breakthrough simulations, the multicomponent Langmuir isotherm (ML) was used. Good agreement was found with axial column breakthrough and elution experiments. NaCl breakthrough was best described by the FD-ML model. Bed dispersion was masked by extra-column dispersion effects. 
Breakthrough and elution experiments showed that the CRFC had poor resolution when operated in batch mode, due to slow solute distribution in the feed and exit chambers. BSA uptake rates determined by curve fitting were 30 times lower than those found in axial column experiments, indicating poor resolution. 
FD-ML parameters obtained from continuous extraction of BSA agreed well with data from axial column experiments. CRFC performance can be predicted from small axial column data. 
The CRFC was used to continuously separate BSA from lactoferrin. 85% of BSA was recovered from the mixture at 94% purity, with a separation factor of 4.8.

year: 2005

title: New Zealand regions, 1986-2001: Dependency and development of social capital

authors: Pool, Ian

subjects: benefits

abstract: The development of social capital is significantly affected by benefit dependency of the population. This paper investigates measures of social cohesion and measures of dependency on society across the regions of New Zealand. Some of the measures looked at specifically are social security benefit use and convictions, custodial sentences and the prison muster across regions. The paper also focuses on housing and specifically considers overcrowding.

text: New Zealand regions, 1986-2001: Dependency and development of social capital The development of social capital is significantly affected by benefit dependency of the population. This paper investigates measures of social cohesion and measures of dependency on society across the regions of New Zealand. Some of the measures looked at specifically are social security benefit use and convictions, custodial sentences and the prison muster across regions. The paper also focuses on housing and specifically considers overcrowding.

year: 2006-03

title: Rangatahi of Ngāi Te Rangi Iwi: Cultural belonging and connectedness

authors: Benton, Chelsea

subjects: Māori

abstract: Rangatahi Māori (Māori youth) have one of the highest suicide rates in the OECD, they leave school earlier and with less qualifications, and suffer from higher rates of unemployment, hospitalisation and conduct and substance disorders and abuse than non-Māori. Sadly, many rangatahi move into adulthood only to experience poorer physical and mental health, shorter lifespans, and lower socioeconomic status compared to that of non-Māori. With these poor health outcomes for rangatahi Māori in mind this research explores the nature of Māori identities as a foundation for wellness, meaning, and flourishing. More importantly, this research takes into consideration the negative impacts of the colonisation of Māori and their cultural identity and the inter-generational effects of this long term systematic nature of disadvantage. I posit that cultural connectedness and belonging can foster healthy psychological and behavioural outcomes for rangatahi Māori. The mixed-method approach taken within this research sits within a Kaupapa Māori framework and draws upon accounts of 16 rangatahi Māori, aged between 10 and 14 years, who participated in a Ngāi Te Rangi Iwi based leadership development programme that reconnects rangatahi Māori with traditional customs and practices of their ancestors to enhance their health and wellbeing. Findings suggest that connectedness and belonging are manifest through practices such as Pēpeha, whakapapa, and Whakataukī/whakatauāki and rangatahi Māori draw on this cultural knowledge base and cultural practices to empower themselves, their whānau, hapū and Iwi. Rangatahi Māori in this sample also identified that whānau was most important in their lives followed by engagement in Māori culture. Findings highlight how Iwi organisations are stepping up to lead their people to a brighter future. For Māori, engaging with their Māoritanga and Te Ao Māori not only addresses the negative impacts of colonialism, but unlocks cultural potential, and an enhanced sense of self which serves to empower rangatahi Māori, their whānau, hapū and Iwi.

text: Rangatahi of Ngāi Te Rangi Iwi: Cultural belonging and connectedness Rangatahi Māori (Māori youth) have one of the highest suicide rates in the OECD, they leave school earlier and with less qualifications, and suffer from higher rates of unemployment, hospitalisation and conduct and substance disorders and abuse than non-Māori. Sadly, many rangatahi move into adulthood only to experience poorer physical and mental health, shorter lifespans, and lower socioeconomic status compared to that of non-Māori. With these poor health outcomes for rangatahi Māori in mind this research explores the nature of Māori identities as a foundation for wellness, meaning, and flourishing. More importantly, this research takes into consideration the negative impacts of the colonisation of Māori and their cultural identity and the inter-generational effects of this long term systematic nature of disadvantage. I posit that cultural connectedness and belonging can foster healthy psychological and behavioural outcomes for rangatahi Māori. The mixed-method approach taken within this research sits within a Kaupapa Māori framework and draws upon accounts of 16 rangatahi Māori, aged between 10 and 14 years, who participated in a Ngāi Te Rangi Iwi based leadership development programme that reconnects rangatahi Māori with traditional customs and practices of their ancestors to enhance their health and wellbeing. Findings suggest that connectedness and belonging are manifest through practices such as Pēpeha, whakapapa, and Whakataukī/whakatauāki and rangatahi Māori draw on this cultural knowledge base and cultural practices to empower themselves, their whānau, hapū and Iwi. Rangatahi Māori in this sample also identified that whānau was most important in their lives followed by engagement in Māori culture. Findings highlight how Iwi organisations are stepping up to lead their people to a brighter future. For Māori, engaging with their Māoritanga and Te Ao Māori not only addresses the negative impacts of colonialism, but unlocks cultural potential, and an enhanced sense of self which serves to empower rangatahi Māori, their whānau, hapū and Iwi.

year: 2019