title: Development of a Method of Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Products of the Nitric Acid Oxidation of D-Glucose

authors: Mills, Heidi Clare Maria

subjects: Aminex HPX-87H

abstract: This thesis explored the development of a faster and more efficient means of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the products of the nitric acid oxidation of D-glucose and other simple sugars, for the Shafizadeh Rocky Mountain Center for Wood and Carbohydrate Chemistry.

During the research, analysis was carried out based on previous work completed in a similar area using two Aminex HPX-87H+ cation-exchange columns at different temperatures, and plumbed in series.  Standards were filtered and injected on to the columns, then eluted with 5 mM sulfuric acid.  A total run time of 33 minutes enabled the elution of all products and by-products of the reaction.  Retention times of standards and the use of spiking helped specify and quantify unknowns in samples from a series of oxidation reactions involving D-glucose and other aldoses.

The PrevailTM Organic acid (OA) column was said to provide 'unsurpassed resolution of organic acids'.  It was therefore investigated, and a method was developed and refined in order to optimise conditions enabling the column's use for the required analyses.  The optimised parameters were established as: ambient temperature with an eluent of 10 mM KH2PO4 adjusted to a pH of 2.1 with phosphoric acid.  The sample size was 5 uL with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, giving a total run time of approximately 13 minutes.

The Aminex HPX-87H+ column method and the PrevailTM OA method were compared to determine the superior method for the analyses intended.  While some improvements were made for detection in the PrevailTM OA method, results were not satisfactory.  This was due in part to limits imposed on the PrevailTM OA column method, which prevented the use of gradient elution.  The Aminex HPX-87H+ column method outlined herein provides superior resolution for the nitric acid oxidation of D-glucose to D-glucaric acid, and in conclusion it is suggested that the Aminex HPX-87H+ column method be used.

text: Development of a Method of Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Products of the Nitric Acid Oxidation of D-Glucose This thesis explored the development of a faster and more efficient means of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the products of the nitric acid oxidation of D-glucose and other simple sugars, for the Shafizadeh Rocky Mountain Center for Wood and Carbohydrate Chemistry.

During the research, analysis was carried out based on previous work completed in a similar area using two Aminex HPX-87H+ cation-exchange columns at different temperatures, and plumbed in series.  Standards were filtered and injected on to the columns, then eluted with 5 mM sulfuric acid.  A total run time of 33 minutes enabled the elution of all products and by-products of the reaction.  Retention times of standards and the use of spiking helped specify and quantify unknowns in samples from a series of oxidation reactions involving D-glucose and other aldoses.

The PrevailTM Organic acid (OA) column was said to provide 'unsurpassed resolution of organic acids'.  It was therefore investigated, and a method was developed and refined in order to optimise conditions enabling the column's use for the required analyses.  The optimised parameters were established as: ambient temperature with an eluent of 10 mM KH2PO4 adjusted to a pH of 2.1 with phosphoric acid.  The sample size was 5 uL with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, giving a total run time of approximately 13 minutes.

The Aminex HPX-87H+ column method and the PrevailTM OA method were compared to determine the superior method for the analyses intended.  While some improvements were made for detection in the PrevailTM OA method, results were not satisfactory.  This was due in part to limits imposed on the PrevailTM OA column method, which prevented the use of gradient elution.  The Aminex HPX-87H+ column method outlined herein provides superior resolution for the nitric acid oxidation of D-glucose to D-glucaric acid, and in conclusion it is suggested that the Aminex HPX-87H+ column method be used.

year: 2007

title: Accounting employers' expectations - the ideal accounting graduates

authors: Low, Mary

subjects: Accounting employers

abstract: This research examined what accounting employers are seeking in their ‘ideal’ accounting graduate and sought to provide clarification on the ‘expectation gap’ between what accounting employers require in their graduates, and the skills these graduates are exhibiting. Adopting a qualitative research method, this research paper draws on semi-structured interviews conducted face-to-face with participants from key accounting employers. This research found that, in terms of technical skills, employers require at least a sound understanding of the fundamental technical accounting skills. However, beyond this, little more is expected technically of graduates as the requisite technical skills are learned ‘on the job’. Findings also suggest that the touted ‘expectation gap’ is not as pervasive as prior literature has suggested. Over half of employers also believed universities are preparing students adequately for the workplace, although this seemed to be moderated by an opinion among employers that this is “as well as an academic institution can do.” Based on the findings, some key recommendations were made. These include a greater inclusion of non-technical skills in accounting education through the incorporation of practical case study problems into accounting curricula, involving group discussion and the production of written reports and business presentations for their ‘client’ as well as the continued encouragement of internship opportunities within university degrees.

text: Accounting employers' expectations - the ideal accounting graduates This research examined what accounting employers are seeking in their ‘ideal’ accounting graduate and sought to provide clarification on the ‘expectation gap’ between what accounting employers require in their graduates, and the skills these graduates are exhibiting. Adopting a qualitative research method, this research paper draws on semi-structured interviews conducted face-to-face with participants from key accounting employers. This research found that, in terms of technical skills, employers require at least a sound understanding of the fundamental technical accounting skills. However, beyond this, little more is expected technically of graduates as the requisite technical skills are learned ‘on the job’. Findings also suggest that the touted ‘expectation gap’ is not as pervasive as prior literature has suggested. Over half of employers also believed universities are preparing students adequately for the workplace, although this seemed to be moderated by an opinion among employers that this is “as well as an academic institution can do.” Based on the findings, some key recommendations were made. These include a greater inclusion of non-technical skills in accounting education through the incorporation of practical case study problems into accounting curricula, involving group discussion and the production of written reports and business presentations for their ‘client’ as well as the continued encouragement of internship opportunities within university degrees.

year: 2016

title: Taku Manawa: Patterns of alternative health care practices in Aotearoa/New Zealand

authors: Whangapirita, Laura

subjects: Maori

abstract: Currently, there are an increased
number of Māori people seeking alternative
solutions to their health needs. The use of
Rongoa Māori is not just an alternative
health practice, but also a traditional one,
making the practice far more significant
than one that simply meets health needs.

text: Taku Manawa: Patterns of alternative health care practices in Aotearoa/New Zealand Currently, there are an increased
number of Māori people seeking alternative
solutions to their health needs. The use of
Rongoa Māori is not just an alternative
health practice, but also a traditional one,
making the practice far more significant
than one that simply meets health needs.

year: 2003