title: Sheltering from cyber insecurity? A comparative analysis of New Zealand and Singapore

authors: Smith, Jessica Sarah Hong

abstract: Although there is increasing academic research on cybersecurity, very few scholars have investigated the cybersecurity approaches of small states, particularly those in the AsiaPacific region. This thesis attempts to contribute to the ongoing discussion by analysing how New Zealand and Singapore, as two important small states in the Asia-Pacific, are seeking shelter from cyber insecurity. Drawing upon small state and shelter theory literature, the thesis begins by outlining the key concepts and arguments that guide small state behaviour in the international security environment. These theoretical and conceptual understandings are applied to New Zealand and Singapore’s cybersecurity approaches. It is argued that the small states face significant resource challenges necessary to address cyber issues. Given the transboundary nature of the cyber phenomenon, it becomes apparent that domestically focused foreign policy is insufficient to attain cybersecurity. The thesis then explores the role of international and regional arrangements of strategic importance to New Zealand and Singapore to facilitate cyber cooperation. The thesis finds that larger powers, regional and international arrangements, and the use of internationally recognised rules and norms provide New Zealand and Singapore shelter from cyber insecurity. Ultimately, the nature and degree of shelter acquired is informed by New Zealand and Singapore’s existing capabilities and capacity to respond to cyber threats.

text: Sheltering from cyber insecurity? A comparative analysis of New Zealand and Singapore Although there is increasing academic research on cybersecurity, very few scholars have investigated the cybersecurity approaches of small states, particularly those in the AsiaPacific region. This thesis attempts to contribute to the ongoing discussion by analysing how New Zealand and Singapore, as two important small states in the Asia-Pacific, are seeking shelter from cyber insecurity. Drawing upon small state and shelter theory literature, the thesis begins by outlining the key concepts and arguments that guide small state behaviour in the international security environment. These theoretical and conceptual understandings are applied to New Zealand and Singapore’s cybersecurity approaches. It is argued that the small states face significant resource challenges necessary to address cyber issues. Given the transboundary nature of the cyber phenomenon, it becomes apparent that domestically focused foreign policy is insufficient to attain cybersecurity. The thesis then explores the role of international and regional arrangements of strategic importance to New Zealand and Singapore to facilitate cyber cooperation. The thesis finds that larger powers, regional and international arrangements, and the use of internationally recognised rules and norms provide New Zealand and Singapore shelter from cyber insecurity. Ultimately, the nature and degree of shelter acquired is informed by New Zealand and Singapore’s existing capabilities and capacity to respond to cyber threats.

year: 2022

title: The connection between biodiversity and well-being: A New Zealand case study

authors: Yao, Richard

subjects: native biodiversity

abstract: The link between human well-being and biodiversity has not been well studied and was therefore the goal of this research  project. Focus was placed on an increase in New Zealand native biodiversity, by an increase in the number of native trees and shrubs being planted on public lands. An increase in well-being occurred in response to an increase in native biodiversity for urban residents that have lived in their current home for less than six years. Responses were also affected by household income, whether a person was self employed and their level of education. We believe this information will be useful in targeting future community participants for voluntary biodiversity projects.

text: The connection between biodiversity and well-being: A New Zealand case study The link between human well-being and biodiversity has not been well studied and was therefore the goal of this research  project. Focus was placed on an increase in New Zealand native biodiversity, by an increase in the number of native trees and shrubs being planted on public lands. An increase in well-being occurred in response to an increase in native biodiversity for urban residents that have lived in their current home for less than six years. Responses were also affected by household income, whether a person was self employed and their level of education. We believe this information will be useful in targeting future community participants for voluntary biodiversity projects.

year: 2009-02

title: Ya got ta know when ta hold ‘em: Maori women and gambling

authors: Morrison, Laurie Elena

subjects: Maori

abstract: Gambling among Maori women is under-researched. In this study, I interviewed thirty Maori
women to investigate how they got involved in gambling, what maintained their gambling and
what they thought might help to moderate their gambling. I found that the whanau was central
to understanding these issues. As children, my participants were exposed to gambling within
their whanau. As adults, whanau and other social support relationships were an integral part of
their gambling, which most commonly occurred in the context of card schools and housie. A
sense of reciprocity was important in both forms of gambling. Card schools were reported to be
close-knit groups within which the money circulated, giving all a chance to win. By playing
housie, the women felt that they were contributing to the welfare of their marae. Through the
social bonds of gambling and the acquisition of skills, gambling contributed to these women’s
sense of identity. On the other hand, financial and relationship difficulties were identified as
negative consequences of gambling. The women felt there was a need for Maori-focused
services for problem gambling.

text: Ya got ta know when ta hold ‘em: Maori women and gambling Gambling among Maori women is under-researched. In this study, I interviewed thirty Maori
women to investigate how they got involved in gambling, what maintained their gambling and
what they thought might help to moderate their gambling. I found that the whanau was central
to understanding these issues. As children, my participants were exposed to gambling within
their whanau. As adults, whanau and other social support relationships were an integral part of
their gambling, which most commonly occurred in the context of card schools and housie. A
sense of reciprocity was important in both forms of gambling. Card schools were reported to be
close-knit groups within which the money circulated, giving all a chance to win. By playing
housie, the women felt that they were contributing to the welfare of their marae. Through the
social bonds of gambling and the acquisition of skills, gambling contributed to these women’s
sense of identity. On the other hand, financial and relationship difficulties were identified as
negative consequences of gambling. The women felt there was a need for Maori-focused
services for problem gambling.

year: 1999