title: Jitter extraction in a noisy signal by fast Fourier transform and time lag correlation

authors: Anthonys, Gehan

abstract: Jitter in an electronic signal is any deviation in, or displacement of, the signal in time. This paper investigates on decomposition of two types of jitter, namely, periodic and random jitter in noisy signals. Generally, an oscilloscope generates an eye diagram by overlaying sweeps of different segments of a long data stream driven by the reference clock signal. We use the fast Fourier transform with time lag correlation of the signal since we do not have a clock reference signal and apply this technique to simulated noisy signals. We separately injected a random jitter (of known amount), periodic jitter (with known frequency and amount), and both together to various modulation frequencies of sinusoidal signals. The approach is validated by several experiments with numerous values in jitter parameters. When we separately inject random jitter (5 ps) and periodic jitter (5 ps at 4.37 MHz) to the signal, we obtained the results (4.52±0.25 ps) and (4.93±0.04 ps at 4.40±0.04 MHz), respectively.

text: Jitter extraction in a noisy signal by fast Fourier transform and time lag correlation Jitter in an electronic signal is any deviation in, or displacement of, the signal in time. This paper investigates on decomposition of two types of jitter, namely, periodic and random jitter in noisy signals. Generally, an oscilloscope generates an eye diagram by overlaying sweeps of different segments of a long data stream driven by the reference clock signal. We use the fast Fourier transform with time lag correlation of the signal since we do not have a clock reference signal and apply this technique to simulated noisy signals. We separately injected a random jitter (of known amount), periodic jitter (with known frequency and amount), and both together to various modulation frequencies of sinusoidal signals. The approach is validated by several experiments with numerous values in jitter parameters. When we separately inject random jitter (5 ps) and periodic jitter (5 ps at 4.37 MHz) to the signal, we obtained the results (4.52±0.25 ps) and (4.93±0.04 ps at 4.40±0.04 MHz), respectively.

year: 2018

title: Limits to corporate social responsibility: The challenge of HIV/Aids to sustainable business in South Africa

authors: Samkin, Grant

subjects: accounting

abstract: The legacy of apartheid in South Africa is a divided society with extremes of wealth and poverty. The ANC government has resisted the temptation to overthrow all the institutions established under the apartheid regime and has opted for a slow transformation of society and gradual empowerment of the Black population. The government has attempted to foster private sector initiatives for economic growth, job creation and black empowerment. It has adopted a neoliberal economic policy aiming for growth rather than re-distribution. This paper examines the role and conduct of government and business in contributing to improving general social well-being in a post-apartheid social democracy. In particular establishing what individual firms were doing and the extent of their involvement and reporting of socially responsible activities related to HIV/AIDS in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Interviews were held with representatives from a wide range of influential groups such as the Institute of Directors of SA, Chambers of Commerce, SA Institute of Chartered Accountants and, Trade Unions. In addition, site visits were made to three companies. The evidence suggests that although a changing consciousness on the part of individual enterprises in South Africa is taking place, greater rather than lesser inequality is emerging, with an economic apartheid replacing a racial one. This may be a surprising result in the post-apartheid South African social democracy.

text: Limits to corporate social responsibility: The challenge of HIV/Aids to sustainable business in South Africa The legacy of apartheid in South Africa is a divided society with extremes of wealth and poverty. The ANC government has resisted the temptation to overthrow all the institutions established under the apartheid regime and has opted for a slow transformation of society and gradual empowerment of the Black population. The government has attempted to foster private sector initiatives for economic growth, job creation and black empowerment. It has adopted a neoliberal economic policy aiming for growth rather than re-distribution. This paper examines the role and conduct of government and business in contributing to improving general social well-being in a post-apartheid social democracy. In particular establishing what individual firms were doing and the extent of their involvement and reporting of socially responsible activities related to HIV/AIDS in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Interviews were held with representatives from a wide range of influential groups such as the Institute of Directors of SA, Chambers of Commerce, SA Institute of Chartered Accountants and, Trade Unions. In addition, site visits were made to three companies. The evidence suggests that although a changing consciousness on the part of individual enterprises in South Africa is taking place, greater rather than lesser inequality is emerging, with an economic apartheid replacing a racial one. This may be a surprising result in the post-apartheid South African social democracy.

year: 2005-11

title: The government of themselves: Indigenous peoples' internal self-determination, effective self-governance and authentic representation - Waikato-Tainui, Ngāi Tahu and Nisga'a

authors: Joseph, Robert

abstract: The present thesis analyses the recognition and realisation of the international legal, human and the inherent right of Indigenous Peoples to exercise internal self-determination through effective self-governance within the nation-states of Canada and New Zealand. The following areas are reviewed in depth: first, internal self-determination which is, inter alia, about international fora and national governments recognising this fundamental right of Indigenous Peoples to self-govern as nations within; second, effective self-government which is, inter alia, about Indigenous Peoples having the authority and capability to govern themselves; and third, authentic representation which is, inter alia, a manifestation of internal self-determination and effective self-government at the indigenous local, regional and national operational levels. The challenges and issues that emerge at all levels, that is, between governments and indigenous entities, and within indigenous communities themselves, are examined extensively. The thesis findings highlight that the frequency and complexity of these challenges, as well as the inadequate and inappropriate fora and processes for resolution offered, make it incredibly difficult for Indigenous Peoples to recognise, realise and actualise the government of themselves.

text: The government of themselves: Indigenous peoples' internal self-determination, effective self-governance and authentic representation - Waikato-Tainui, Ngāi Tahu and Nisga'a The present thesis analyses the recognition and realisation of the international legal, human and the inherent right of Indigenous Peoples to exercise internal self-determination through effective self-governance within the nation-states of Canada and New Zealand. The following areas are reviewed in depth: first, internal self-determination which is, inter alia, about international fora and national governments recognising this fundamental right of Indigenous Peoples to self-govern as nations within; second, effective self-government which is, inter alia, about Indigenous Peoples having the authority and capability to govern themselves; and third, authentic representation which is, inter alia, a manifestation of internal self-determination and effective self-government at the indigenous local, regional and national operational levels. The challenges and issues that emerge at all levels, that is, between governments and indigenous entities, and within indigenous communities themselves, are examined extensively. The thesis findings highlight that the frequency and complexity of these challenges, as well as the inadequate and inappropriate fora and processes for resolution offered, make it incredibly difficult for Indigenous Peoples to recognise, realise and actualise the government of themselves.

year: 2005