title: Transnational Tongans:The Profile and Re-integration of Return Migrants

authors: Liava'a, Viliami Tupou Futuna

subjects: voluntary return migration

abstract: This study contributes to the 'unwritten chapter' in migration studies, namely transnational return migration, with specific reference to Tongan migrants who have voluntarily returned to live in Tonga.  Return migration of transnational Tongans is not 'permanent' as their mobility pre and post-return is characterised by circulation or repeated return rather than staying at 'home'.  

In examining the circulation of transnational Tongans, two new forms of return migration are identified -- 'return for career advancement' and 'ancestral return'.  These additions to a new typology of return migration represent better the contemporary mobility system of transnational Tongans and suggest a means for addressing 'brain drain' through strengthening the 'Tongan-ness' of the diaspora while simultaneously stimulating economic development in the Kingdom.  Despite these positive dimensions of return, re-integration is a 'bumpy' process, and there needs to be a holistic migration strategy if greater numbers in the Tongan diaspora are to return and make their potential contribution to sustainable development in the Island Kingdom.

text: Transnational Tongans:The Profile and Re-integration of Return Migrants This study contributes to the 'unwritten chapter' in migration studies, namely transnational return migration, with specific reference to Tongan migrants who have voluntarily returned to live in Tonga.  Return migration of transnational Tongans is not 'permanent' as their mobility pre and post-return is characterised by circulation or repeated return rather than staying at 'home'.  

In examining the circulation of transnational Tongans, two new forms of return migration are identified -- 'return for career advancement' and 'ancestral return'.  These additions to a new typology of return migration represent better the contemporary mobility system of transnational Tongans and suggest a means for addressing 'brain drain' through strengthening the 'Tongan-ness' of the diaspora while simultaneously stimulating economic development in the Kingdom.  Despite these positive dimensions of return, re-integration is a 'bumpy' process, and there needs to be a holistic migration strategy if greater numbers in the Tongan diaspora are to return and make their potential contribution to sustainable development in the Island Kingdom.

year: 2007

title: Income uncertainty and consumer spending during the great depression

authors: Greasley, David

abstract: Romer's (1990) influential hypothesis argues that uncertainty associated with the stock market crash in October 1929 caused a collapse in durable goods spending in 1930. On the basis of alternative indicators of uncertainty, new measures of expenditures, and two models of consumption, we contend that income uncertainty also reduced nondurable spending and had powerful detrimental effects beyond 1930. Income uncertainty peaked in the year following the gold standard crisis of September 1931 and contributed substantially to the more severe durable and nondurable spending declines of 1932.

text: Income uncertainty and consumer spending during the great depression Romer's (1990) influential hypothesis argues that uncertainty associated with the stock market crash in October 1929 caused a collapse in durable goods spending in 1930. On the basis of alternative indicators of uncertainty, new measures of expenditures, and two models of consumption, we contend that income uncertainty also reduced nondurable spending and had powerful detrimental effects beyond 1930. Income uncertainty peaked in the year following the gold standard crisis of September 1931 and contributed substantially to the more severe durable and nondurable spending declines of 1932.

year: 2001

title: Empowering Pacific and Māori students via Zoom

authors: Brown, Georgia

abstract: When discussing online teaching, a common refrain is that online teaching doesn’t suit Pacific and Māori students: they learn kanohi ki te kanohi. We present some experiences from students who attended a Zoom tutorial for Pacific students in 2023. These experiences show that a quality online learning experience is possible, and that Pacific and Māori students value and appreciate online options.

text: Empowering Pacific and Māori students via Zoom When discussing online teaching, a common refrain is that online teaching doesn’t suit Pacific and Māori students: they learn kanohi ki te kanohi. We present some experiences from students who attended a Zoom tutorial for Pacific students in 2023. These experiences show that a quality online learning experience is possible, and that Pacific and Māori students value and appreciate online options.

year: 2023