title: New Zealand's national security framework: A recommendation for the development of a national security strategy

authors: Rothery, Christopher Dean

subjects: Government

abstract: New Zealand’s national security system is based upon a collection of siloed plans and policies. New Zealand has adopted an ‘all-hazards/all-risks’ approach to national security that is based upon a reactive system. There does not exist a national security strategy that seeks to address emerging security threats. In essence, New Zealand’s approach is oriented to ‘wait for the crisis to occur before acting’. Much of the literature relating to national security is overly theoretical, which does not assist in the development of a New Zealand national security strategy. This research examines academic theory and New Zealand’s policies and plans that relate to national security in order to identify the gap between theory and policy. It is recommended that New Zealand develop a national security strategy that is based on a concept of the protection of a citizens ‘normal way of life’. This concept provides the strategy with ‘what should be protected’. By successfully focusing on this concept, it will allow New Zealand citizens to go about their daily business free from fear. Building upon this concept, a national security strategy is proposed that would take a forward-looking risk reduction approach to five emerging security threats facing New Zealand. These are: The Cyber threat, the Terrorist threat, Climate Change, Biosecurity, and threats to Territorial Security. This would enable the New Zealand government agencies responsible for supporting national security the ability to develop capabilities to meet these threats. Although New Zealand articulates a whole-of-government approach to national security, the individual plans and policies relating to national security are not connected. There is a deficiency in collaboration and commonality between government agencies within the national security framework, which could be improved with the implementation of a national security strategy that is focussed on emerging threats and allowing New Zealanders to live free from fear.

text: New Zealand's national security framework: A recommendation for the development of a national security strategy New Zealand’s national security system is based upon a collection of siloed plans and policies. New Zealand has adopted an ‘all-hazards/all-risks’ approach to national security that is based upon a reactive system. There does not exist a national security strategy that seeks to address emerging security threats. In essence, New Zealand’s approach is oriented to ‘wait for the crisis to occur before acting’. Much of the literature relating to national security is overly theoretical, which does not assist in the development of a New Zealand national security strategy. This research examines academic theory and New Zealand’s policies and plans that relate to national security in order to identify the gap between theory and policy. It is recommended that New Zealand develop a national security strategy that is based on a concept of the protection of a citizens ‘normal way of life’. This concept provides the strategy with ‘what should be protected’. By successfully focusing on this concept, it will allow New Zealand citizens to go about their daily business free from fear. Building upon this concept, a national security strategy is proposed that would take a forward-looking risk reduction approach to five emerging security threats facing New Zealand. These are: The Cyber threat, the Terrorist threat, Climate Change, Biosecurity, and threats to Territorial Security. This would enable the New Zealand government agencies responsible for supporting national security the ability to develop capabilities to meet these threats. Although New Zealand articulates a whole-of-government approach to national security, the individual plans and policies relating to national security are not connected. There is a deficiency in collaboration and commonality between government agencies within the national security framework, which could be improved with the implementation of a national security strategy that is focussed on emerging threats and allowing New Zealanders to live free from fear.

year: 2018

title: Ulvan: A systematic review of extraction, composition and function

authors: Kidgell, Joel T.

subjects: Science & Technology

abstract: Species of green macroalgae (Chlorophyta) of the genus Ulva are edible seaweeds with a range of health promoting bioactive components. Ulva is high in dietary fibre which promotes gastrointestinal health and is linked to a reduction in the incidence of chronic diseases. The fundamental active constituent of Ulva is the soluble fibre ulvan, a gelling sulfated polysaccharide with biological activities including immunomodulating, antiviral, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and anticancer. Ulvan also has the capacity to modulate cellular signalling processes in both plant and animal systems leading to beneficial effects on productivity and health. Consequently, ulvan is of significant interest as a constituent in human health, agricultural, and biomaterial products. This comprehensive systematic review investigates and recommends acid extraction, ultrafiltration, sugar constituent and molecular weight analysis for the extraction, purification, and characterisation of ulvan, respectively. The biological activities of ulvans are then critically reviewed.

text: Ulvan: A systematic review of extraction, composition and function Species of green macroalgae (Chlorophyta) of the genus Ulva are edible seaweeds with a range of health promoting bioactive components. Ulva is high in dietary fibre which promotes gastrointestinal health and is linked to a reduction in the incidence of chronic diseases. The fundamental active constituent of Ulva is the soluble fibre ulvan, a gelling sulfated polysaccharide with biological activities including immunomodulating, antiviral, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and anticancer. Ulvan also has the capacity to modulate cellular signalling processes in both plant and animal systems leading to beneficial effects on productivity and health. Consequently, ulvan is of significant interest as a constituent in human health, agricultural, and biomaterial products. This comprehensive systematic review investigates and recommends acid extraction, ultrafiltration, sugar constituent and molecular weight analysis for the extraction, purification, and characterisation of ulvan, respectively. The biological activities of ulvans are then critically reviewed.

year: 2019

title: Waitangi Soda Springs alum dosing – Bioavailability of aluminium 2011-2020

authors: Ling, Nicholas

abstract: Continuous alum dosing of the Waitangi Soda Springs at Lake Rotoehu commenced in 2011 to reduce inflows of dissolved reactive phosphorus to Lake Rotoehu. Analyses of bioaccumulation in the tissues of kōura and goldfish from Lake Rotoehu were undertaken on animals collected annually since 2013 to determine the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of aluminium. Lake Rotoehu kōura and goldfish collected in 2013 showed slightly elevated aluminium concentrations in the gills indicating enhanced exposure to aluminium but little evidence for significant bioaccumulation in tissues. Concentrations in goldfish liver and gills were highest in 2016, but not significantly different to goldfish collected from Lake Rotorua in 2013 and flesh concentrations were low. Analyses of animals collected in 2020 confirm these earlier findings with no evidence of enhanced bioaccumulation of aluminium in Lake Rotoehu biota.

text: Waitangi Soda Springs alum dosing – Bioavailability of aluminium 2011-2020 Continuous alum dosing of the Waitangi Soda Springs at Lake Rotoehu commenced in 2011 to reduce inflows of dissolved reactive phosphorus to Lake Rotoehu. Analyses of bioaccumulation in the tissues of kōura and goldfish from Lake Rotoehu were undertaken on animals collected annually since 2013 to determine the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of aluminium. Lake Rotoehu kōura and goldfish collected in 2013 showed slightly elevated aluminium concentrations in the gills indicating enhanced exposure to aluminium but little evidence for significant bioaccumulation in tissues. Concentrations in goldfish liver and gills were highest in 2016, but not significantly different to goldfish collected from Lake Rotorua in 2013 and flesh concentrations were low. Analyses of animals collected in 2020 confirm these earlier findings with no evidence of enhanced bioaccumulation of aluminium in Lake Rotoehu biota.

year: 2021