title: An examination of white/Pākehā young adults changing their religious identity in New Zealand

authors: Furborough, Luke Paul

subjects: Secularisation theory

abstract: The examination of religion within the field of sociology in New Zealand (NZ) is a neglected area of research within academic scholarship. New Zealand is considered a secular society; therefore research examining changes in religiosity has been regarded to have little relevance. New Zealand census data from 2001 to 2018 demonstrates an overall decline in New Zealanders’ religiosity, particularly Christianity, with young adults aged 20 to 30 years demonstrating the greatest decline in affiliation with Christianity. This thesis seeks to examine factors influencing the decline in religious identity/affiliation with Christianity among white/Pākehā New Zealand young adults aged 20 to 30 years. Although researchers, historians and academics acknowledge the religious decline in New Zealand, little research has been conducted within the New Zealand context exploring why young adults are no longer self-identifying with Christianity. This study employed an online survey collecting qualitative and quantitative data. Fifty-two young adults aged 20 to 30 years who had previously self-identified as Christian, and at the time of surveying were no longer affiliated with Christianity responded. Data analysis revealed the overarching theme of cognitive dissonance, the inability to reconcile childhood religious teaching, and their subsequent life experiences, as the primary factor contributing to young adult disaffiliation with Christianity. Cognitive dissonance was demonstrated in three key areas of conflict: moral and political, general church and Christian, and scientific and intellectual. These findings highlight that responded idetitifed these issues as harmful, attributing to their disaffiliation with Christianity. Partiuclarly, respondants identified religious rhetoric with regard to gender roles, purity culture, treatment and judgement of LGBTQI communities, displaying manipulation and judgement, and the disrespect and disregard for scientific teachings as the primary drivers of their discontentment. In conclusion, Christianity was found to be both irrelevant and in conflict with lived experiences. Their life experiences within a secular New Zealand were not able to be reconciled with their religious teachings receive during childhood and within youth based Christian communities on the Christian view morals, science, intellectual thought, biblical and general Christian beliefs, and values. This research explores contemporary experiences of Christianity as it relates to young adults, thus having broader implications for future research seeking to unpack changing social and cultural values among young white/ Pākehā New Zealand populations.

text: An examination of white/Pākehā young adults changing their religious identity in New Zealand The examination of religion within the field of sociology in New Zealand (NZ) is a neglected area of research within academic scholarship. New Zealand is considered a secular society; therefore research examining changes in religiosity has been regarded to have little relevance. New Zealand census data from 2001 to 2018 demonstrates an overall decline in New Zealanders’ religiosity, particularly Christianity, with young adults aged 20 to 30 years demonstrating the greatest decline in affiliation with Christianity. This thesis seeks to examine factors influencing the decline in religious identity/affiliation with Christianity among white/Pākehā New Zealand young adults aged 20 to 30 years. Although researchers, historians and academics acknowledge the religious decline in New Zealand, little research has been conducted within the New Zealand context exploring why young adults are no longer self-identifying with Christianity. This study employed an online survey collecting qualitative and quantitative data. Fifty-two young adults aged 20 to 30 years who had previously self-identified as Christian, and at the time of surveying were no longer affiliated with Christianity responded. Data analysis revealed the overarching theme of cognitive dissonance, the inability to reconcile childhood religious teaching, and their subsequent life experiences, as the primary factor contributing to young adult disaffiliation with Christianity. Cognitive dissonance was demonstrated in three key areas of conflict: moral and political, general church and Christian, and scientific and intellectual. These findings highlight that responded idetitifed these issues as harmful, attributing to their disaffiliation with Christianity. Partiuclarly, respondants identified religious rhetoric with regard to gender roles, purity culture, treatment and judgement of LGBTQI communities, displaying manipulation and judgement, and the disrespect and disregard for scientific teachings as the primary drivers of their discontentment. In conclusion, Christianity was found to be both irrelevant and in conflict with lived experiences. Their life experiences within a secular New Zealand were not able to be reconciled with their religious teachings receive during childhood and within youth based Christian communities on the Christian view morals, science, intellectual thought, biblical and general Christian beliefs, and values. This research explores contemporary experiences of Christianity as it relates to young adults, thus having broader implications for future research seeking to unpack changing social and cultural values among young white/ Pākehā New Zealand populations.

year: 2021

title: An assessment of the corrosion resistance of powder sprayed titanium coatings

authors: Probert, Evan Guy Gray

subjects: Titanium

abstract: Aluminium and stainless steels are susceptible to pitting corrosion in sea water. Mild steel is susceptible to corrosion in general. Titanium however, has good corrosion resistance in chloride solutions and thus is not susceptible to pitting in sea water. The following is an assessment of the corrosion resistance of Titanium powder coatings. Potentiostatic electrochemical experiments were carried out on three substrates (stainless steel, mild steel and Aluminium) coated using two spray methods (plasma and HVOF). A discussion of the results was given with reference to the polarisation curves that were created, SEM images, XRD results, estimates of porosity, and Pourbaix diagrams. It was concluded that the plasma coating provides the best corrosion resistance due to the fact that it had less porosity than HVOF and that it is made up of Titanium oxides. Also, the corrosion mechanism for the coatings is pitting of the substrates at the end of pores. The extent of this is far greater for the HVOF than the plasma coating. It was found that features found in the polarisation curves for the substrates are present in the curves for coatings. This is more evident in the HVOF polarisation curves. Mild steel benefited the most from the Titanium coatings compared to the substrate (more so for the plasma coating). Finally, the plasma coating improves the substrate based on corrosion rate and thermodynamics, except for Aluminium which remains the same thermodynamically.

text: An assessment of the corrosion resistance of powder sprayed titanium coatings Aluminium and stainless steels are susceptible to pitting corrosion in sea water. Mild steel is susceptible to corrosion in general. Titanium however, has good corrosion resistance in chloride solutions and thus is not susceptible to pitting in sea water. The following is an assessment of the corrosion resistance of Titanium powder coatings. Potentiostatic electrochemical experiments were carried out on three substrates (stainless steel, mild steel and Aluminium) coated using two spray methods (plasma and HVOF). A discussion of the results was given with reference to the polarisation curves that were created, SEM images, XRD results, estimates of porosity, and Pourbaix diagrams. It was concluded that the plasma coating provides the best corrosion resistance due to the fact that it had less porosity than HVOF and that it is made up of Titanium oxides. Also, the corrosion mechanism for the coatings is pitting of the substrates at the end of pores. The extent of this is far greater for the HVOF than the plasma coating. It was found that features found in the polarisation curves for the substrates are present in the curves for coatings. This is more evident in the HVOF polarisation curves. Mild steel benefited the most from the Titanium coatings compared to the substrate (more so for the plasma coating). Finally, the plasma coating improves the substrate based on corrosion rate and thermodynamics, except for Aluminium which remains the same thermodynamically.

year: 2010

title: Maori identity within whanau: A review of literature.

authors: Moeke-Pickering, Taima Materangatira

subjects: Maori identity

abstract: The study of identities is an enormous and complex undertaking. Research on identity formation has revealed a clear link between family practices and identity development. In traditional Maori times, the whanau was the place where initial teaching and socialisation of things Maori took place. While there is no single exact measure of what constitutes Maori identity (Durie, 1994), that Maori identity is still being asserted today means that the shaping of Maori identity is still occurring. Rather than attempt to cover all aspects of how Maori shape their identities, I have chosen to focus on the shaping of Maori identity within whanau. Given that this paper is about both Maori identity and whanau identity it seemed logical to review and examine the literature surrounding these two notions. In this paper I also discuss the ecological threats and supports that influenced Maori and whanau identity. Then I review literature on whanau identity from traditional and contemporary works, and explore the concept of whanau identity as a management framework. The literature on whanau does not vary from what Maori authors have expressed regarding their conceptualisations of Maori identity. The tribal structures, descent and cultural practices provide integral pathways through which whanau and Maori identity can be developed and maintained. What is of significance, is that the formation of a secure whanau identity is likely to contribute toward an overall stable Maori identity. Creating an environment where a sense of secure wellbeing among members of a whanau is nurtured, leads to members constructing a whanau and Maori identity that is meaningful to them in their lives.

text: Maori identity within whanau: A review of literature. The study of identities is an enormous and complex undertaking. Research on identity formation has revealed a clear link between family practices and identity development. In traditional Maori times, the whanau was the place where initial teaching and socialisation of things Maori took place. While there is no single exact measure of what constitutes Maori identity (Durie, 1994), that Maori identity is still being asserted today means that the shaping of Maori identity is still occurring. Rather than attempt to cover all aspects of how Maori shape their identities, I have chosen to focus on the shaping of Maori identity within whanau. Given that this paper is about both Maori identity and whanau identity it seemed logical to review and examine the literature surrounding these two notions. In this paper I also discuss the ecological threats and supports that influenced Maori and whanau identity. Then I review literature on whanau identity from traditional and contemporary works, and explore the concept of whanau identity as a management framework. The literature on whanau does not vary from what Maori authors have expressed regarding their conceptualisations of Maori identity. The tribal structures, descent and cultural practices provide integral pathways through which whanau and Maori identity can be developed and maintained. What is of significance, is that the formation of a secure whanau identity is likely to contribute toward an overall stable Maori identity. Creating an environment where a sense of secure wellbeing among members of a whanau is nurtured, leads to members constructing a whanau and Maori identity that is meaningful to them in their lives.

year: 1996-01-01