title: Soil horizon variation: a review

authors: Hartemink, A.E.

subjects: pedology

abstract: Soil horizons reflect soil processes and convey information about past and present soil conditions. The identification and delineation of soil horizons are affected by lateral and vertical variation in soil properties. Early studies focused on the variation of horizon thickness and the waviness of horizon boundaries, but did not consider within-horizon lateral and vertical variation. Here we review studies that investigated variation in the master horizons O, A, E, B, and C. We summarize what is known about soil horizon variation, quantify the variation in different horizons, and investigate whether the variation increases or decreases with depth. The variation within horizons differs among soils, and the magnitude of the variation varies for different soil properties. Variation within soil horizons or laterally within a few square meters may be considerable, and the within-horizon variation changes with depth. Horizon thickness does not seem to be related to the variation of soil chemical and physical properties within the horizon, i.e., thicker horizons do not necessarily have higher variation in their soil properties. Three case studies are presented: Spodosols and Histosols (Russia), Alfisol and Mollisol (USA), and Oxisol (Brazil). Factors that affect the within-horizon variations include landscape position, parent material, vegetation, fertilization, tillage, drainage, and time. The vertical distribution of soil properties can be quantified using soil depth functions. Digital soil morphometrics techniques can assist in the quantification of two-dimensional soil profile properties and variations.

text: Soil horizon variation: a review Soil horizons reflect soil processes and convey information about past and present soil conditions. The identification and delineation of soil horizons are affected by lateral and vertical variation in soil properties. Early studies focused on the variation of horizon thickness and the waviness of horizon boundaries, but did not consider within-horizon lateral and vertical variation. Here we review studies that investigated variation in the master horizons O, A, E, B, and C. We summarize what is known about soil horizon variation, quantify the variation in different horizons, and investigate whether the variation increases or decreases with depth. The variation within horizons differs among soils, and the magnitude of the variation varies for different soil properties. Variation within soil horizons or laterally within a few square meters may be considerable, and the within-horizon variation changes with depth. Horizon thickness does not seem to be related to the variation of soil chemical and physical properties within the horizon, i.e., thicker horizons do not necessarily have higher variation in their soil properties. Three case studies are presented: Spodosols and Histosols (Russia), Alfisol and Mollisol (USA), and Oxisol (Brazil). Factors that affect the within-horizon variations include landscape position, parent material, vegetation, fertilization, tillage, drainage, and time. The vertical distribution of soil properties can be quantified using soil depth functions. Digital soil morphometrics techniques can assist in the quantification of two-dimensional soil profile properties and variations.

year: 2020

title: CatchIt: Capturing Cues of Bookmarked Moment to Feed Digital Parrot

authors: Alyamani, Hasan Jamal

subjects: Augmented memory system

abstract: CatchIt is a mobile application which aims to capture information about moments in a user’s life in a semi-automatic way. The captured moments are then ready to be fed into an augmented memory system for later retrieval.

In CatchIt, the time and location contexts of the captured moment will be saved automatically from the system and GPS respectively once the user bookmarks the moment with the ability of modifying them later; whereas the desired other context, people, will be saved manually. The user of CatchIt also can capture further details (contents) of the moments by different ways: taking notes (textual information), taking photo, recording video, and recording audio. Additionally, the user can revise an earlier moment if the user wishes to. Later on, the user can transfer the selective bookmarked moments into the augmented memory system called the Digital Parrot.
The implementation of CatchIt is the central focus of this study. To do so, the requirements of CatchIt are specified based on results of a previous study and from a scenario. The conceptual architecture and the user interface of CatchIt are designed according to the CatchIt requirements. The user interface is implemented in addition to the database where is the captured information from the user interface will be stored in and retrieved from.
Evaluating the usability of CatchIt will come next. In the evaluation, the study will involve three sessions: (1) initial questionnaire to know more about the preferred capturing ways of different scenarios, (2) testing the applications where an existing mobile application, Hansel, will be tested for the same length of testing CatchIt (one week for each) and (3) a guided interview which will extract the usability of CatchIt comparing with Hansel on one hand and adding a new contact to the phone using the application Contacts. An additional goal of the last session of the study will be to extract the feeling and the interests of using CatchIt.
The results of this study indicated the user interface of CatchIt needs to be even easier to use. The findings of the study form the foundation for further work to improve the user interface of CatchIt and to understand more of the user needs of such mobile capturing application.

text: CatchIt: Capturing Cues of Bookmarked Moment to Feed Digital Parrot CatchIt is a mobile application which aims to capture information about moments in a user’s life in a semi-automatic way. The captured moments are then ready to be fed into an augmented memory system for later retrieval.

In CatchIt, the time and location contexts of the captured moment will be saved automatically from the system and GPS respectively once the user bookmarks the moment with the ability of modifying them later; whereas the desired other context, people, will be saved manually. The user of CatchIt also can capture further details (contents) of the moments by different ways: taking notes (textual information), taking photo, recording video, and recording audio. Additionally, the user can revise an earlier moment if the user wishes to. Later on, the user can transfer the selective bookmarked moments into the augmented memory system called the Digital Parrot.
The implementation of CatchIt is the central focus of this study. To do so, the requirements of CatchIt are specified based on results of a previous study and from a scenario. The conceptual architecture and the user interface of CatchIt are designed according to the CatchIt requirements. The user interface is implemented in addition to the database where is the captured information from the user interface will be stored in and retrieved from.
Evaluating the usability of CatchIt will come next. In the evaluation, the study will involve three sessions: (1) initial questionnaire to know more about the preferred capturing ways of different scenarios, (2) testing the applications where an existing mobile application, Hansel, will be tested for the same length of testing CatchIt (one week for each) and (3) a guided interview which will extract the usability of CatchIt comparing with Hansel on one hand and adding a new contact to the phone using the application Contacts. An additional goal of the last session of the study will be to extract the feeling and the interests of using CatchIt.
The results of this study indicated the user interface of CatchIt needs to be even easier to use. The findings of the study form the foundation for further work to improve the user interface of CatchIt and to understand more of the user needs of such mobile capturing application.

year: 2012

title: Te Whare Tāhuhu Kōrero o Hauraki Revitalising 'Traditional' Māori Language of Hauraki

authors: Ngāpō, Korohere Crossley Bishop Lloyd

subjects: Hauraki Reo

abstract: He nui ngā tūmomo reo o te Māori. Ko te reo tuauriuri whāioio tērā, ko te reo ōkawa tērā, ko te reo ōpaki tērā, ko ngā mita, ko ngā kīwaha, ko ngā whakataukī me ngā whakatauākī a ngā iwi puta noa i te motu. I roto i ngā tau maha kua taha ake, kua tāharahara te reo Māori, kua mimiti haere. Hei ātete i tēnei āhua, kua kāpunipuni ngā tohunga me ngā kaupapa ki te whakahaumanu i te reo, kia tangata whenua anō ai te reo Māori ki te ngākau o te iwi. Ka whai take te mihi ki te hunga i upoko pakaru, i toka tū moana ki te whakarangatira i te reo Māori.
Otirā, i hāngai ngā kaupapa whakamāui reo ki te reo ōpaki, ki te reo kōrero, ki te reo kāuta. Ko tāku e whakapae nei, ko te reo e ngaro nei i roto i ngā mahi whakaora reo, ko te reo kāmehameha o ngā toi huarewa, ko te reo tapu o ngā manumea, ko te reo tau ukiuki o te marae. Koinei te pūtake o tēnei tuhinga roa. He kohikohinga kōrero, he whakamoana whakaaro ki te whakatakoto i te rautaki whakaora i te reo ōkawa o Hauraki.

Me hoki ake au ki te mauri o ōku waka o Hauraki, o ōku maunga o Moehau, o Te Aroha, o te tupuna Marutūāhu, o Te Tara o Te-Ika-a-Māui. Me hoki ahau ki te oneone tapu o ōku mātua tūpuna ki te whakatū i Te Whare Tāhuhu Kōrero o Hauraki hei whare pupuru i te mana o ngā taonga kairangi a ngā tūpuna, kia ora ake ai ēnei tikanga mō ake tonu atu. Ko tā tēnei tuhinga roa, he whakatakoto i te mahere whakatū i ngā pakitara, i ngā poupou, i te tāhū, i te tuanui, i ngā wāhanga katoa o tōku whare wānanga. Ko te tūmanako, ka tū tōku whare, ka huaki te kūaha, ka rere te reo pōwhiri ki tōku iwi.

“Hauraki, nau mai ki ngā taonga a koro mā, a kui mā. Nau mai ki te reo ōkawa, ki te reo tapu. Haere mai ki Te Whare Tāhuhu Kōrero o Hauraki.”

text: Te Whare Tāhuhu Kōrero o Hauraki Revitalising 'Traditional' Māori Language of Hauraki He nui ngā tūmomo reo o te Māori. Ko te reo tuauriuri whāioio tērā, ko te reo ōkawa tērā, ko te reo ōpaki tērā, ko ngā mita, ko ngā kīwaha, ko ngā whakataukī me ngā whakatauākī a ngā iwi puta noa i te motu. I roto i ngā tau maha kua taha ake, kua tāharahara te reo Māori, kua mimiti haere. Hei ātete i tēnei āhua, kua kāpunipuni ngā tohunga me ngā kaupapa ki te whakahaumanu i te reo, kia tangata whenua anō ai te reo Māori ki te ngākau o te iwi. Ka whai take te mihi ki te hunga i upoko pakaru, i toka tū moana ki te whakarangatira i te reo Māori.
Otirā, i hāngai ngā kaupapa whakamāui reo ki te reo ōpaki, ki te reo kōrero, ki te reo kāuta. Ko tāku e whakapae nei, ko te reo e ngaro nei i roto i ngā mahi whakaora reo, ko te reo kāmehameha o ngā toi huarewa, ko te reo tapu o ngā manumea, ko te reo tau ukiuki o te marae. Koinei te pūtake o tēnei tuhinga roa. He kohikohinga kōrero, he whakamoana whakaaro ki te whakatakoto i te rautaki whakaora i te reo ōkawa o Hauraki.

Me hoki ake au ki te mauri o ōku waka o Hauraki, o ōku maunga o Moehau, o Te Aroha, o te tupuna Marutūāhu, o Te Tara o Te-Ika-a-Māui. Me hoki ahau ki te oneone tapu o ōku mātua tūpuna ki te whakatū i Te Whare Tāhuhu Kōrero o Hauraki hei whare pupuru i te mana o ngā taonga kairangi a ngā tūpuna, kia ora ake ai ēnei tikanga mō ake tonu atu. Ko tā tēnei tuhinga roa, he whakatakoto i te mahere whakatū i ngā pakitara, i ngā poupou, i te tāhū, i te tuanui, i ngā wāhanga katoa o tōku whare wānanga. Ko te tūmanako, ka tū tōku whare, ka huaki te kūaha, ka rere te reo pōwhiri ki tōku iwi.

“Hauraki, nau mai ki ngā taonga a koro mā, a kui mā. Nau mai ki te reo ōkawa, ki te reo tapu. Haere mai ki Te Whare Tāhuhu Kōrero o Hauraki.”

year: 2012