title: The interface between financial accounting and tax accounting: A summary of current research

authors: Alley, Clinton

subjects: accounting

abstract: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the more recent International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) form the basis of the accounting transactions and reports used in taxation accounting. However this has always been an uneasy relationship. One apparent factor contributing to this is that these two accounting processes serve different purposes. The aim of this study is to research international literature and experience to gain an insight into the basis and form of this divergence.

text: The interface between financial accounting and tax accounting: A summary of current research Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the more recent International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) form the basis of the accounting transactions and reports used in taxation accounting. However this has always been an uneasy relationship. One apparent factor contributing to this is that these two accounting processes serve different purposes. The aim of this study is to research international literature and experience to gain an insight into the basis and form of this divergence.

year: 2005-12

title: Trade and investment effects of free trade agreements: The case of Vietnam

authors: Duong, My Thi Dieu

subjects: thesis with publication

abstract: Regional trade agreements (RTAs) are reciprocal trade agreements between two or more partners. The relatively recent emergence of deep and comprehensive RTAs is expected to have substantial impacts on members, especially developing countries. For a particular country, the impacts of RTAs on trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) depend on various factors, with certain types of trade agreements working better in stimulating these flows. This thesis contributes four studies analysing the effects of RTAs that Vietnam has entered into, focusing on Vietnamese trade and investment. Based on econometric modelling, the first study investigates the effects of trade agreements and FDI on Vietnamese trade flows, while the second study explores whether Vietnam’s overall involvement in FTAs enhances its FDI inflows. The remaining two studies employ computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling to analyse the EU-Vietnam FTA (EVFTA) and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), with a focus on Vietnamese trade and investment. 

Using the random effects technique to estimate the gravity models, the first study reveals that the bilateral trade agreements with the US and Japan have resulted in the greatest expansion in Vietnamese exports and imports, while the impacts from other RTAs are more mixed. Furthermore, the impacts on Vietnamese trade flows of FDI inflows are not as strong as those of some of the trade agreements. Results also suggest that Vietnam’s exports have become more sensitive to FDI following the bilateral trade agreements with the US and Japan, whereas Vietnam’s imports have become less sensitive to FDI as a result of the trade agreement with Japan. 

The regression results from gravity models in the second study indicate that, overall, FTAs are associated with enhanced FDI flows in Vietnam. The results also indicate a dominance of vertical FDI in Vietnam. Further investigation of a recent sub-period reveals that FTAs also affect inward FDI flows to Vietnam through interaction terms with the real exchange rate, human capital, and factor endowments. 

The CGE modelling of the EVFTA provides strong evidence of trade diversion following the EVFTA because the bilateral trade between Vietnam and the EU experiences tremendous growth, compared with the growth of their total exports and imports. At the sectoral level, only the processed food, transport equipment, and labour-intensive manufacturing sectors in Vietnam witness significant export expansion, whereas the remaining sectors exhibit declines in exports. In terms of the investment effect of the EVFTA, the results indicate that Vietnam’s short-run current rates of return increase considerably, largely due to the rise in the rental price of capital. These findings explain Vietnam’s significant long-run capital gains. The results further suggest that Vietnam’s capital gains resulting from tariff elimination are much larger than those arising from other policy actions.

Finally, the CGE modelling of the impacts of RCEP indicates that Vietnam’s total real exports and imports both expand, with the growth rate of total exports slightly exceeding that of total imports. The results indicate strong evidence of trade diversion following RCEP, with the rise in Vietnam’s imports from other RCEP members being greater than the increase in its total imports in both relative and absolute terms. In addition, Vietnam benefits from export expansion in most of the sectors modelled, except for some agricultural sectors. With regard to the investment effects of RCEP, the simulation results indicate that among RCEP members, Vietnam’s short-run current rates of return experience the largest percentage increase, which explains the significant rise in the long-run capital stock in Vietnam. The findings also suggest that all the policy components modelled contribute to Vietnam’s capital growth, with goods NTMs contributing most in the scenario with the greatest liberalisation.

text: Trade and investment effects of free trade agreements: The case of Vietnam Regional trade agreements (RTAs) are reciprocal trade agreements between two or more partners. The relatively recent emergence of deep and comprehensive RTAs is expected to have substantial impacts on members, especially developing countries. For a particular country, the impacts of RTAs on trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) depend on various factors, with certain types of trade agreements working better in stimulating these flows. This thesis contributes four studies analysing the effects of RTAs that Vietnam has entered into, focusing on Vietnamese trade and investment. Based on econometric modelling, the first study investigates the effects of trade agreements and FDI on Vietnamese trade flows, while the second study explores whether Vietnam’s overall involvement in FTAs enhances its FDI inflows. The remaining two studies employ computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling to analyse the EU-Vietnam FTA (EVFTA) and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), with a focus on Vietnamese trade and investment. 

Using the random effects technique to estimate the gravity models, the first study reveals that the bilateral trade agreements with the US and Japan have resulted in the greatest expansion in Vietnamese exports and imports, while the impacts from other RTAs are more mixed. Furthermore, the impacts on Vietnamese trade flows of FDI inflows are not as strong as those of some of the trade agreements. Results also suggest that Vietnam’s exports have become more sensitive to FDI following the bilateral trade agreements with the US and Japan, whereas Vietnam’s imports have become less sensitive to FDI as a result of the trade agreement with Japan. 

The regression results from gravity models in the second study indicate that, overall, FTAs are associated with enhanced FDI flows in Vietnam. The results also indicate a dominance of vertical FDI in Vietnam. Further investigation of a recent sub-period reveals that FTAs also affect inward FDI flows to Vietnam through interaction terms with the real exchange rate, human capital, and factor endowments. 

The CGE modelling of the EVFTA provides strong evidence of trade diversion following the EVFTA because the bilateral trade between Vietnam and the EU experiences tremendous growth, compared with the growth of their total exports and imports. At the sectoral level, only the processed food, transport equipment, and labour-intensive manufacturing sectors in Vietnam witness significant export expansion, whereas the remaining sectors exhibit declines in exports. In terms of the investment effect of the EVFTA, the results indicate that Vietnam’s short-run current rates of return increase considerably, largely due to the rise in the rental price of capital. These findings explain Vietnam’s significant long-run capital gains. The results further suggest that Vietnam’s capital gains resulting from tariff elimination are much larger than those arising from other policy actions.

Finally, the CGE modelling of the impacts of RCEP indicates that Vietnam’s total real exports and imports both expand, with the growth rate of total exports slightly exceeding that of total imports. The results indicate strong evidence of trade diversion following RCEP, with the rise in Vietnam’s imports from other RCEP members being greater than the increase in its total imports in both relative and absolute terms. In addition, Vietnam benefits from export expansion in most of the sectors modelled, except for some agricultural sectors. With regard to the investment effects of RCEP, the simulation results indicate that among RCEP members, Vietnam’s short-run current rates of return experience the largest percentage increase, which explains the significant rise in the long-run capital stock in Vietnam. The findings also suggest that all the policy components modelled contribute to Vietnam’s capital growth, with goods NTMs contributing most in the scenario with the greatest liberalisation.

year: 2020

title: Rahui and marine construction: Potential for enhancement of taonga species

authors: Fox, Danielle

subjects: Maori

abstract: The aims of my study were to investigate whether marine reserves enhance intertidal species used by Māori in a traditional or contemporary sense, and whether artificial structures in the intertidal region (such as wharf and bridge pilings) provide suitable habitats for traditionally harvested species. Further, I investigated whether non-indigenous species were found in these habitats, which may affect traditionally used species.
The abundance of ataata (cat's eyes; Turbo smaragdus) and kina (sea urchin; Evechinus chloroticus) were quantified in three marine protected areas and nearby unprotected reference beaches. Results from Mann-Whitney U comparisons suggested that kina were significantly enhanced inside the two marine reserves with total protection. Kina are released from harvest pressure inside these reserves and possibly from the effects of predation and competition. In one reserve ataata abundance was significantly lower and no difference was found for ataata in the second reserve. This species is not as heavily harvested as kina and may even be negatively affected by trampling inside reserves. Both kina and ataata showed no response to a partially protected marine park. Abundance of both non-indigenous species was not sufficient enough to be sampled and statistically quantified at the marine reserve sites. Biotic resistance may restrict the proliferation of non-indigenous species in rocky intertidal marine reserves. 
Intertidal fauna were scraped from concrete and wooden structures and were compared with fauna inhabiting nearby natural rocky reefs. Multi-dimensional scaling and ANOSIM was used to explore trends in the community composition of different study sites, and to illustrate which habitat types are more associated with traditionally used and non-indigenous species. The main results conclude that diverse communities are associated with natural habitats whereas constructed structures have limited fauna. Of the traditionally used species, the native rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) was found in relatively equal frequencies on artificial habitats and rocky reefs, and the non-indigenous oyster (Crassostrea gigas) was predominantly recorded on artificial structures and rare on natural substrates. The construction of artificial structures around New Zealand's coastline may assist in the spread of non-indigenous species, to the detriment of species traditionally used by Māori.

text: Rahui and marine construction: Potential for enhancement of taonga species The aims of my study were to investigate whether marine reserves enhance intertidal species used by Māori in a traditional or contemporary sense, and whether artificial structures in the intertidal region (such as wharf and bridge pilings) provide suitable habitats for traditionally harvested species. Further, I investigated whether non-indigenous species were found in these habitats, which may affect traditionally used species.
The abundance of ataata (cat's eyes; Turbo smaragdus) and kina (sea urchin; Evechinus chloroticus) were quantified in three marine protected areas and nearby unprotected reference beaches. Results from Mann-Whitney U comparisons suggested that kina were significantly enhanced inside the two marine reserves with total protection. Kina are released from harvest pressure inside these reserves and possibly from the effects of predation and competition. In one reserve ataata abundance was significantly lower and no difference was found for ataata in the second reserve. This species is not as heavily harvested as kina and may even be negatively affected by trampling inside reserves. Both kina and ataata showed no response to a partially protected marine park. Abundance of both non-indigenous species was not sufficient enough to be sampled and statistically quantified at the marine reserve sites. Biotic resistance may restrict the proliferation of non-indigenous species in rocky intertidal marine reserves. 
Intertidal fauna were scraped from concrete and wooden structures and were compared with fauna inhabiting nearby natural rocky reefs. Multi-dimensional scaling and ANOSIM was used to explore trends in the community composition of different study sites, and to illustrate which habitat types are more associated with traditionally used and non-indigenous species. The main results conclude that diverse communities are associated with natural habitats whereas constructed structures have limited fauna. Of the traditionally used species, the native rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) was found in relatively equal frequencies on artificial habitats and rocky reefs, and the non-indigenous oyster (Crassostrea gigas) was predominantly recorded on artificial structures and rare on natural substrates. The construction of artificial structures around New Zealand's coastline may assist in the spread of non-indigenous species, to the detriment of species traditionally used by Māori.

year: 2010