title: The impact of immigration on the geographic mobility of New Zealanders

authors: Maré, David C.

subjects: migrant

abstract: We use data from the New Zealand Census to examine how the arrival of new migrants affects the geographic mobility of the New Zealand (NZ)-born and earlier migrants. We identify the impact of recent migration by exploiting the fact that immigration is spatially concentrated, and therefore a change in the local supply of migrants in a particular skill-group should have an impact on the mobility of similarly skilled non-migrants in that local labour market. Overall, our results provide little support for the hypothesis that migrant inflows displace either the NZ-born or earlier migrants with similar skills in the areas that new migrants are settling.

text: The impact of immigration on the geographic mobility of New Zealanders We use data from the New Zealand Census to examine how the arrival of new migrants affects the geographic mobility of the New Zealand (NZ)-born and earlier migrants. We identify the impact of recent migration by exploiting the fact that immigration is spatially concentrated, and therefore a change in the local supply of migrants in a particular skill-group should have an impact on the mobility of similarly skilled non-migrants in that local labour market. Overall, our results provide little support for the hypothesis that migrant inflows displace either the NZ-born or earlier migrants with similar skills in the areas that new migrants are settling.

year: 2010

title: Identifying control points of excessive nitrate load in a pastoral catchment to support lake management

authors: Yulianti, Meti

subjects: Nitrate isotope

abstract: Excessive leaching of nitrogen (N) from pasture grazing catchments continues to challenge sustainable freshwater and lake management. However, managing contaminant export from diffuse agricultural sources is difficult due to the lack of detailed knowledge of specific sources and delivery mechanisms controlling contaminant transport over various spatial and temporal scales. This study systematically investigated nitrate dynamic flow from a small pastoral catchment into a eutrophic lake located in the central plateau of New Zealand’s North Island. This study aimed to determine where and when hot spots and hot moments can be characterised as control points for freshwater contaminant losses in the pastoral catchment. Multi-isotope analysis, high-frequency data collection, and modelling were utilised in identifying and describing potential nitrate sources and biogeochemical transformations involved that affect nitrate export from catchment to receiving waters. A distinct difference in the isotopic signature of nitrate taken during high flow compared to nitrate from low flow conditions highlights the importance of considering hydrological conditions when determining the source and dominant biogeochemical processes of N within the catchment. Nitrate in the stream was mainly derived from the mineralisation of soil organic N during low flow conditions; however, the contribution from urine and urea fertiliser sources was dominant during high flow conditions. Antecedent catchment wetness of ~95 mm was identified as a hydrological threshold influencing different sources and transport mechanisms of nutrients in the lake catchment. Above the threshold, rainfall events led to the mobilisation of nitrogen from the overland flow pathway. In contrast, events below the threshold led to pronounced organic N release from subsurface runoff. The catchment model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate hydrological processes, simulate nutrient load, and investigate whether incorporating insights from isotope data in parameterisation can improve the performance of the model. Findings indicated that using isotope data as soft calibration resulted in improved simulated model output and better represented nitrogen balance in the catchment. The annual average of water yield varied from 617 – 856 mm and nitrate loads varied from 0.2 to 5.9 kg ha⁻¹. A range of scenario simulations suggest that a 50% fertiliser reduction scenario effectively reduced nitrate load by 86.4% compared to the baseline scenario. These results indicate that better management of fertiliser application is essential to control the excessive nutrient load flowing from the catchment to Lake Ōkaro. The combined analysis in this study is useful for improving the understanding of complex water flow and contaminant dynamics in the pastoral catchment, and for indicating directions and challenges for future measurements and modelling of pastoral contaminants. The integrated approach presented in this study combines stable isotope hydrology and water quality monitoring programs thereby enabling consideration and management of the dominant controlling mechanisms of different contaminant losses from land to receiving water bodies, particularly for nitrate. Such an approach provides a framework that can aid in developing water quality mitigation strategies that better anticipate the impacts of significant rainfall events.

text: Identifying control points of excessive nitrate load in a pastoral catchment to support lake management Excessive leaching of nitrogen (N) from pasture grazing catchments continues to challenge sustainable freshwater and lake management. However, managing contaminant export from diffuse agricultural sources is difficult due to the lack of detailed knowledge of specific sources and delivery mechanisms controlling contaminant transport over various spatial and temporal scales. This study systematically investigated nitrate dynamic flow from a small pastoral catchment into a eutrophic lake located in the central plateau of New Zealand’s North Island. This study aimed to determine where and when hot spots and hot moments can be characterised as control points for freshwater contaminant losses in the pastoral catchment. Multi-isotope analysis, high-frequency data collection, and modelling were utilised in identifying and describing potential nitrate sources and biogeochemical transformations involved that affect nitrate export from catchment to receiving waters. A distinct difference in the isotopic signature of nitrate taken during high flow compared to nitrate from low flow conditions highlights the importance of considering hydrological conditions when determining the source and dominant biogeochemical processes of N within the catchment. Nitrate in the stream was mainly derived from the mineralisation of soil organic N during low flow conditions; however, the contribution from urine and urea fertiliser sources was dominant during high flow conditions. Antecedent catchment wetness of ~95 mm was identified as a hydrological threshold influencing different sources and transport mechanisms of nutrients in the lake catchment. Above the threshold, rainfall events led to the mobilisation of nitrogen from the overland flow pathway. In contrast, events below the threshold led to pronounced organic N release from subsurface runoff. The catchment model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate hydrological processes, simulate nutrient load, and investigate whether incorporating insights from isotope data in parameterisation can improve the performance of the model. Findings indicated that using isotope data as soft calibration resulted in improved simulated model output and better represented nitrogen balance in the catchment. The annual average of water yield varied from 617 – 856 mm and nitrate loads varied from 0.2 to 5.9 kg ha⁻¹. A range of scenario simulations suggest that a 50% fertiliser reduction scenario effectively reduced nitrate load by 86.4% compared to the baseline scenario. These results indicate that better management of fertiliser application is essential to control the excessive nutrient load flowing from the catchment to Lake Ōkaro. The combined analysis in this study is useful for improving the understanding of complex water flow and contaminant dynamics in the pastoral catchment, and for indicating directions and challenges for future measurements and modelling of pastoral contaminants. The integrated approach presented in this study combines stable isotope hydrology and water quality monitoring programs thereby enabling consideration and management of the dominant controlling mechanisms of different contaminant losses from land to receiving water bodies, particularly for nitrate. Such an approach provides a framework that can aid in developing water quality mitigation strategies that better anticipate the impacts of significant rainfall events.

year: 2023

title: Te Reo Tātai: The Development of a Mathematics Register for Māori-Medium Schooling

authors: Trinick, Anthony

subjects: Indigenous Mathematics education

abstract: This thesis investigates the development of a lexicon and register to facilitate the teaching of mathematics in the medium of te reo Māori. This sociolinguistic development is situated within the wider Māori language revitalisation movement in Aotearoa/New Zealand, of which Māori-medium education is a central component. 
Lexication of a language is a subdomain of corpus planning. Corpus, status and language-in-education planning are considered the three major interconnected domains of language planning and policy (LPP). For decades, the primary focus of LPP research has been on the activities of states and their agencies at the macro (national) level. The significance of this study is that it addresses this gap in the research, by investigating the development of LPP at the meso/micro-level—in this case, with respect to the development of a mathematics register for an endangered indigenous language, te reo Māori.
The thesis draws on two major participant data sources. The first is the narratives of key individuals at the forefront of lexical development for Māori-medium mathematics who recounted their experiences. The second is interviews with principals and teachers from two Māori-medium case study schools to examine their own learning and usage of the standardised pāngarau lexicon.
Two complementary theoretical frameworks were used to investigate the topic. First, an LPP theoretical framework was applied to investigate the complex relationships between the various levels of LPP that have impacted on the evolution of te reo Māori and Māori-medium schooling. Second, a linguistic framework, systemic functional linguistics (SFL), was used to investigate the linguistic and pedagogical issues.
Thesis findings show that the status of te reo Māori was variously affected by linguistic ideologies such as assimilation, which in turn led to such policies as English only in schooling. As a consequence, at the micro-level of LPP, Māori-medium mathematics development went into a hiatus for over 100 years, and at the macro-level, considerable language shift occurred to English, causing te reo Maori to become endangered.
In response to language revitalisation efforts, the (re) vernacularisation of te reo Māori over the past 30 years has exhibited a complex combination of both bottom-up and top-down LPP. Within this, early pāngarau lexical developments were largely driven by local schools and their communities, which sometimes centred on the maintenance of their tribal dialects, often in conflict with later LPP agency language goals. 
Subsequently, lexication for pāngarau was influenced by macro-level sociolinguistic beliefs such as linguistic purism, which in turn have influenced the technical approach to creating terms and may have created particular pedagogical issues, such as a lack of intertranslatability between te reo Māori and English at the higher levels of mathematics study. 
While Māori-medium schooling has contributed significantly to language revitalisation in the past 30 years, its development has been very ad hoc. In the absence of a “formal” language plan for Māori-medium education, policy has been significantly driven by national education (English-medium) imperatives since the late 1970s to the present day. On the other hand, these policies have favoured mathematics education and directly supported the development of the Māori-medium specialised lexicon and register.

text: Te Reo Tātai: The Development of a Mathematics Register for Māori-Medium Schooling This thesis investigates the development of a lexicon and register to facilitate the teaching of mathematics in the medium of te reo Māori. This sociolinguistic development is situated within the wider Māori language revitalisation movement in Aotearoa/New Zealand, of which Māori-medium education is a central component. 
Lexication of a language is a subdomain of corpus planning. Corpus, status and language-in-education planning are considered the three major interconnected domains of language planning and policy (LPP). For decades, the primary focus of LPP research has been on the activities of states and their agencies at the macro (national) level. The significance of this study is that it addresses this gap in the research, by investigating the development of LPP at the meso/micro-level—in this case, with respect to the development of a mathematics register for an endangered indigenous language, te reo Māori.
The thesis draws on two major participant data sources. The first is the narratives of key individuals at the forefront of lexical development for Māori-medium mathematics who recounted their experiences. The second is interviews with principals and teachers from two Māori-medium case study schools to examine their own learning and usage of the standardised pāngarau lexicon.
Two complementary theoretical frameworks were used to investigate the topic. First, an LPP theoretical framework was applied to investigate the complex relationships between the various levels of LPP that have impacted on the evolution of te reo Māori and Māori-medium schooling. Second, a linguistic framework, systemic functional linguistics (SFL), was used to investigate the linguistic and pedagogical issues.
Thesis findings show that the status of te reo Māori was variously affected by linguistic ideologies such as assimilation, which in turn led to such policies as English only in schooling. As a consequence, at the micro-level of LPP, Māori-medium mathematics development went into a hiatus for over 100 years, and at the macro-level, considerable language shift occurred to English, causing te reo Maori to become endangered.
In response to language revitalisation efforts, the (re) vernacularisation of te reo Māori over the past 30 years has exhibited a complex combination of both bottom-up and top-down LPP. Within this, early pāngarau lexical developments were largely driven by local schools and their communities, which sometimes centred on the maintenance of their tribal dialects, often in conflict with later LPP agency language goals. 
Subsequently, lexication for pāngarau was influenced by macro-level sociolinguistic beliefs such as linguistic purism, which in turn have influenced the technical approach to creating terms and may have created particular pedagogical issues, such as a lack of intertranslatability between te reo Māori and English at the higher levels of mathematics study. 
While Māori-medium schooling has contributed significantly to language revitalisation in the past 30 years, its development has been very ad hoc. In the absence of a “formal” language plan for Māori-medium education, policy has been significantly driven by national education (English-medium) imperatives since the late 1970s to the present day. On the other hand, these policies have favoured mathematics education and directly supported the development of the Māori-medium specialised lexicon and register.

year: 2015