title: Providing integrated support for multiple development notations

authors: Grundy, John C.

subjects: computer science

abstract: A new method for providing integrated support for multiple development notations (including analysis, design, and implementation) within Information Systems Engineering Environments (ISEEs) is described. This method supports both static integration of multiple notations and the implementation of dynamic support for them within an integrated ISEE. First, conceptual data models of different analysis and design notations are identified and modelled, which are then merged into an integrated conceptual data model. Second, mappings are derived from the integrated conceptual data model, which translate data changes in one notation to appropriate data changes in the other notations. Third, individual ISEEs for each notation are developed. Finally, the individual ISEEs are integrated via an integrated data dictionary based on the integrated conceptual data model and mappings. An environment supporting integrated tools for Object-Oriented Analysis and Extended Entity-Relationship diagrams is described, which has been built using this technique.

text: Providing integrated support for multiple development notations A new method for providing integrated support for multiple development notations (including analysis, design, and implementation) within Information Systems Engineering Environments (ISEEs) is described. This method supports both static integration of multiple notations and the implementation of dynamic support for them within an integrated ISEE. First, conceptual data models of different analysis and design notations are identified and modelled, which are then merged into an integrated conceptual data model. Second, mappings are derived from the integrated conceptual data model, which translate data changes in one notation to appropriate data changes in the other notations. Third, individual ISEEs for each notation are developed. Finally, the individual ISEEs are integrated via an integrated data dictionary based on the integrated conceptual data model and mappings. An environment supporting integrated tools for Object-Oriented Analysis and Extended Entity-Relationship diagrams is described, which has been built using this technique.

year: 1994-11

title: Contingency discriminability, matching, and bias in the concurrent-schedule responding of possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)

authors: Bron, Angela

subjects: concurrent schedules

abstract: Six possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) responded under dependent concurrent variable-interval variable- interval schedules of reinforcement. Over 15 conditions, barley–carob was one reinforcer with the other reinforcer consisting of Coco Popst, coconut, or a barley–carob mixture with 0%, 2%, 4%, or 6% salt added to the barley. The schedules were both variable-interval 40 s. As has been found with other species, behavior on the concurrent schedules was biased by the type of feed, with the 6% salt and the coconut giving the greatest biases towards the barley–carob mixture. The schedules were varied over 17 conditions using the barley–carob mixture alone or the barley–carob mixture versus the mixture with 4% or 6% salt. Both the contingency-discriminability model (Davison & Jenkins, 1985) and the generalized matching law described the data from the three sets of conditions equally well. Both gave similar measures of bias; however, some of the parameter values found with the contingency discriminability model were uninterpretable. Thus, any argument for this model based on the interpretability of the parameter values becomes weak. It is worth retaining the generalized matching law as a descriptor of such data.

text: Contingency discriminability, matching, and bias in the concurrent-schedule responding of possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) Six possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) responded under dependent concurrent variable-interval variable- interval schedules of reinforcement. Over 15 conditions, barley–carob was one reinforcer with the other reinforcer consisting of Coco Popst, coconut, or a barley–carob mixture with 0%, 2%, 4%, or 6% salt added to the barley. The schedules were both variable-interval 40 s. As has been found with other species, behavior on the concurrent schedules was biased by the type of feed, with the 6% salt and the coconut giving the greatest biases towards the barley–carob mixture. The schedules were varied over 17 conditions using the barley–carob mixture alone or the barley–carob mixture versus the mixture with 4% or 6% salt. Both the contingency-discriminability model (Davison & Jenkins, 1985) and the generalized matching law described the data from the three sets of conditions equally well. Both gave similar measures of bias; however, some of the parameter values found with the contingency discriminability model were uninterpretable. Thus, any argument for this model based on the interpretability of the parameter values becomes weak. It is worth retaining the generalized matching law as a descriptor of such data.

year: 2003

title: “Literacy is not a Māori thing": Debunking the deficit discourse

authors: Derby, Melissa

abstract: Literacy has been entrenched in Māori society for more than 200 years, meeting needs that range from serving a political purpose to reading purely for pleasure. Literacy is not solely a Western competency, and Māoristriving for excellence in literacy is not an act of modern-day colonisation. Instead, what the evidence shows is that literacy is a skill at which Māori have excelled, and can excel, without compromising their identity asMāori. I challenge us to be conscious of the discourses underpinning statements related to Māori learners, however well-meaning those statements might be, and reiterate that literacy is indeed “a Māori thing” – both historically and in contemporary times.

text: “Literacy is not a Māori thing": Debunking the deficit discourse Literacy has been entrenched in Māori society for more than 200 years, meeting needs that range from serving a political purpose to reading purely for pleasure. Literacy is not solely a Western competency, and Māoristriving for excellence in literacy is not an act of modern-day colonisation. Instead, what the evidence shows is that literacy is a skill at which Māori have excelled, and can excel, without compromising their identity asMāori. I challenge us to be conscious of the discourses underpinning statements related to Māori learners, however well-meaning those statements might be, and reiterate that literacy is indeed “a Māori thing” – both historically and in contemporary times.

year: 2022-03-22