title: Sedimentation in an artificial lake ‐ lake matahina, bay of plenty

authors: Phillips, Christopher J.

subjects: Lake Matahina

abstract: Lake Matahina, an 8 km long hydroelectric storage reservoir, is a small (2.5 km2), 50 m deep, warm monomictic, gorge‐type lake whose internal circulation is controlled by the inflowing Rangitaiki River which drains a greywacke and acid volcanic catchment. Three major proximal to distal subenvironments are defined for the lake on the basis of surficial sediment character and dominant depositional process: (a) fluvial‐glassy, quartzofeld‐spathic, and lithic gravel‐sand mixtures deposited from contact and saltation loads in less than 3 m depth; (b) (pro‐)deltaic‐quartzofeldspathic and glassy sand‐silt mixtures deposited from graded and uniform suspension loads in 3–20 m depth; and (c) basinal‐diatomaceous, argillaceous, and glassy silt‐clay mixtures deposited from uniform and pelagic suspension loads in 20–50 m depth. The delta face has been prograding into the lake at a rate of 35–40 m/year and vertical accretion rates in pro‐delta areas are 15–20 cm/year. Basinal deposits are fed mainly from river plume dispersion involving overflows, interflows, and underflows, and by pelagic settling, and sedimentation rates behind the dam have averaged about 2 cm/year. Occasional fine sand layers in muds of basinal cores attest to density currents or underflows generated during river flooding flowing the length of the lake along a sublacustrine channel marking the position of the now submerged channel of the Rangitaiki River. © 1981 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

text: Sedimentation in an artificial lake ‐ lake matahina, bay of plenty Lake Matahina, an 8 km long hydroelectric storage reservoir, is a small (2.5 km2), 50 m deep, warm monomictic, gorge‐type lake whose internal circulation is controlled by the inflowing Rangitaiki River which drains a greywacke and acid volcanic catchment. Three major proximal to distal subenvironments are defined for the lake on the basis of surficial sediment character and dominant depositional process: (a) fluvial‐glassy, quartzofeld‐spathic, and lithic gravel‐sand mixtures deposited from contact and saltation loads in less than 3 m depth; (b) (pro‐)deltaic‐quartzofeldspathic and glassy sand‐silt mixtures deposited from graded and uniform suspension loads in 3–20 m depth; and (c) basinal‐diatomaceous, argillaceous, and glassy silt‐clay mixtures deposited from uniform and pelagic suspension loads in 20–50 m depth. The delta face has been prograding into the lake at a rate of 35–40 m/year and vertical accretion rates in pro‐delta areas are 15–20 cm/year. Basinal deposits are fed mainly from river plume dispersion involving overflows, interflows, and underflows, and by pelagic settling, and sedimentation rates behind the dam have averaged about 2 cm/year. Occasional fine sand layers in muds of basinal cores attest to density currents or underflows generated during river flooding flowing the length of the lake along a sublacustrine channel marking the position of the now submerged channel of the Rangitaiki River. © 1981 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

year: 1981-12-01

title: Adaptive techniques for specification matching in embedded systems: A comparative study

authors: Malik, Robi

subjects: computer science

abstract: The specification matching problem in embedded systems is to determine whether an existing component may be adapted suitably to match the requirements of a new specification. Recently, a refinement called forced simulation has been introduced to formally address this problem. It has been established that when a forced similarity relation exists between a component and its specification, an adapter process can be constructed so that the composition of the adapter and the component fulfil the specification. This looks very similar to synthesis methods in supervisory control theory, where a controller is constructed to make a plant satisfy a desired specification. However, due to the need for state-based hiding in specification matching, supervisory control theory is not directly applicable. This paper develops a supervisory control based solution to the specification matching problem by modifying the problem representation. Subsequently, a comparison of the forced simulation and supervisory control based specification matching methods is made.

text: Adaptive techniques for specification matching in embedded systems: A comparative study The specification matching problem in embedded systems is to determine whether an existing component may be adapted suitably to match the requirements of a new specification. Recently, a refinement called forced simulation has been introduced to formally address this problem. It has been established that when a forced similarity relation exists between a component and its specification, an adapter process can be constructed so that the composition of the adapter and the component fulfil the specification. This looks very similar to synthesis methods in supervisory control theory, where a controller is constructed to make a plant satisfy a desired specification. However, due to the need for state-based hiding in specification matching, supervisory control theory is not directly applicable. This paper develops a supervisory control based solution to the specification matching problem by modifying the problem representation. Subsequently, a comparison of the forced simulation and supervisory control based specification matching methods is made.

year: 2005

title: Māori tourism geographies: Values, morals and diverse economies

authors: Ringham, Sandra Lee

subjects: Māori tourism

abstract: Māori working in tourism negotiate moral terrains of their own world and those of visiting tourists, all of which are layered with colonial and capitalist values of Aotearoa New Zealand and beyond. We draw on research with Māori tourism providers in the North Island’s central, coastal and northern regions to address the question: How and in what ways do Māori working in tourism (re)construct their places and identities through practising Māori values in Aotearoa New Zealand’s tourism spaces? It is argued, using empirical material from interviews and par­ticipant sensing—a more-than-seeing form of participant observation—that diverse Māori values and practices shape tourism terrains and vice versa. The participants, who work with or for Māori tourism providers, practise and integrate Māori values into their lived geographies, and in doing so challenge dominant understandings of tourism, many of which are based on colonial and capitalist values. In this way, the participants reclaim and perform self-determination within Aotearoa New Zealand’s tourism spaces. This article focuses on two key themes. First, we look back at how past experiences of colonisation shape contemporary tourism. Second, we discuss the diverse and powerful ways Māori values reshape tourism geographies with a view to the potentialities of Māori tourism’s diverse economies.

text: Māori tourism geographies: Values, morals and diverse economies Māori working in tourism negotiate moral terrains of their own world and those of visiting tourists, all of which are layered with colonial and capitalist values of Aotearoa New Zealand and beyond. We draw on research with Māori tourism providers in the North Island’s central, coastal and northern regions to address the question: How and in what ways do Māori working in tourism (re)construct their places and identities through practising Māori values in Aotearoa New Zealand’s tourism spaces? It is argued, using empirical material from interviews and par­ticipant sensing—a more-than-seeing form of participant observation—that diverse Māori values and practices shape tourism terrains and vice versa. The participants, who work with or for Māori tourism providers, practise and integrate Māori values into their lived geographies, and in doing so challenge dominant understandings of tourism, many of which are based on colonial and capitalist values. In this way, the participants reclaim and perform self-determination within Aotearoa New Zealand’s tourism spaces. This article focuses on two key themes. First, we look back at how past experiences of colonisation shape contemporary tourism. Second, we discuss the diverse and powerful ways Māori values reshape tourism geographies with a view to the potentialities of Māori tourism’s diverse economies.

year: 2016