title: Vegetation and peat characteristics of restiad bogs on Chatham Island (Rekohu), New Zealand

authors: Clarkson, Beverley R.

subjects: peat

abstract: Restiad bogs dominated by Sporadanthus traversii on Chatham Island, New Zealand, were sampled to correlate vegetation patterns and peat properties, and to compare with restiad systems dominated by Sporadanthus ferrugineus and Empodisma minus in the Waikato region, North Island, New Zealand. Classification and ordination resulted in five groups that reflected a disturbance gradient. The largest S. traversii group, which comprised plots from central, relatively intact bogs, had the lowest levels of total nitrogen (mean 1.20 mg cm-3), total phosphorus (mean 0.057 mg cm-3), total potassium (mean 0.083 mg cm-3), and available phosphorus (mean 18.6 μg cm-3). Modification by drainage, stock, and fires resulted in a decline of S. traversii and an increase of Gleichenia dicarpa fern cover, together with elevated peat nutrient levels and higher bulk density. Compared with peat dominated by Sporadanthus ferrugineus or Empodisma minus in relatively unmodified Waikato restiad bogs, Chatham Island peat under S. traversii has significantly higher total potassium, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, bulk density, and von Post decomposition indices, and significantly lower pH. Sporadanthus traversii and Empodisma minus have similar ecological roles in restiad bog development, occupying a relatively wide nutrient range, and regenerating readily from seed after fire. Despite differences in root morphology, S. traversii and E. minus are the major peat formers in raised restiad bogs on Chatham Island and in Waikato, respectively, and could be regarded as ecological equivalents.

text: Vegetation and peat characteristics of restiad bogs on Chatham Island (Rekohu), New Zealand Restiad bogs dominated by Sporadanthus traversii on Chatham Island, New Zealand, were sampled to correlate vegetation patterns and peat properties, and to compare with restiad systems dominated by Sporadanthus ferrugineus and Empodisma minus in the Waikato region, North Island, New Zealand. Classification and ordination resulted in five groups that reflected a disturbance gradient. The largest S. traversii group, which comprised plots from central, relatively intact bogs, had the lowest levels of total nitrogen (mean 1.20 mg cm-3), total phosphorus (mean 0.057 mg cm-3), total potassium (mean 0.083 mg cm-3), and available phosphorus (mean 18.6 μg cm-3). Modification by drainage, stock, and fires resulted in a decline of S. traversii and an increase of Gleichenia dicarpa fern cover, together with elevated peat nutrient levels and higher bulk density. Compared with peat dominated by Sporadanthus ferrugineus or Empodisma minus in relatively unmodified Waikato restiad bogs, Chatham Island peat under S. traversii has significantly higher total potassium, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, bulk density, and von Post decomposition indices, and significantly lower pH. Sporadanthus traversii and Empodisma minus have similar ecological roles in restiad bog development, occupying a relatively wide nutrient range, and regenerating readily from seed after fire. Despite differences in root morphology, S. traversii and E. minus are the major peat formers in raised restiad bogs on Chatham Island and in Waikato, respectively, and could be regarded as ecological equivalents.

year: 2004-06-01

title: The modern state and economic leadership: Canada, New Zealand and Australia’s trade and investment relations with Japan 1985-1998

authors: Holroyd, Carin Lee

abstract: Governments around the world are preoccupied with the confusing, uncertain and often chaotic influences of an expanding free market economy, increased globalization, major attempts to deregulate national regulatory systems, and the closely related development of powerful multi-national corporations. In the 1970s, free market western industrial nations partially, but by no means systematically, squared off against the USSR and China-led communist block, numerous socialist states, and a multitude of developing nations. Near the end of the 20ᵗʰ century, with communism in full-scale retreat and socialism largely politically discredited, the free market stands in the ascendency. While significant academic and political voices continue to express concern about a head-long rush into open markets, deregulation and business-driven economies, the rush of political and commercial sentiment appears to have shifted decisively away from government-led economic development.

The primary purpose of this study is to examine the role of the state in the management of national economies in an area of state liberalism. In the post-war period, when many governments had faith in their ability to lead economic planning, departments and agencies attempted to manage and shape national and regional development. In the current age of neo-classical economics, where country after country has publicly indicated their greater confidence in the ability of the free market to determine the best economic opportunities, governments have surrendered some, if not all, of their responsibility for managing the shape, direction and character of the national economic and commercial system. By accepting this limited role, the argument will be advanced - western industrial governments have not provided leadership and direction in a time of dramatic economic change.

Testing the proposition proposed above requires an examination of the acceptance of neo-classical ideas of the state by a national government or national governments and an assessment of the impact of this approach to state affairs on economic policy and outcomes. This study considers how three western governments, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, reacted to the pressure to liberalize the state. Each government adopted, to a greater or lesser degree, the proposition that the role of government in the economy should be reduced. The study then examines how these three countries responded to a major shift in economic prospects and opportunities and how national choices affected economic activity. The specific case under investigation is that of changes in national trade with Japan in the period 1985 to the present. Japan was selected for two main reasons. First, it is the largest (in the case of Australia) or second largest (for Canada and New Zealand) trading partner of the three countries under investigation. Second, Japan has undergone major changes in its internal and economic trade relationships over the past fifteen years, creating risks and opportunities for countries relying on access to the Japanese market. The transitions in the Japanese economy provide an opportunity to gauge the responsiveness of national governments and their ability and willingness to translate international market intelligence and understanding into concrete national economic policy and action.

Canada, New Zealand and Australia embrace, to greater or lesser degrees, a neo-classical mindset which promotes limited governmental involvement in the economy. The actions and initiatives that these governments could undertake, therefore, were constrained by the bounds of an approach to political economy which dictates that economic decisions should be made by the marketplace and not by governments. While the investigation is rooted in a consideration of the intellectual debates surrounding state involvement in economic planning, it seeks to examine the practical, political and administrative issues associated with international trade, the mobilization of national government action, and the shifting ground that lies under the business-government relationship in the late 20ᵗʰ century global economy.

text: The modern state and economic leadership: Canada, New Zealand and Australia’s trade and investment relations with Japan 1985-1998 Governments around the world are preoccupied with the confusing, uncertain and often chaotic influences of an expanding free market economy, increased globalization, major attempts to deregulate national regulatory systems, and the closely related development of powerful multi-national corporations. In the 1970s, free market western industrial nations partially, but by no means systematically, squared off against the USSR and China-led communist block, numerous socialist states, and a multitude of developing nations. Near the end of the 20ᵗʰ century, with communism in full-scale retreat and socialism largely politically discredited, the free market stands in the ascendency. While significant academic and political voices continue to express concern about a head-long rush into open markets, deregulation and business-driven economies, the rush of political and commercial sentiment appears to have shifted decisively away from government-led economic development.

The primary purpose of this study is to examine the role of the state in the management of national economies in an area of state liberalism. In the post-war period, when many governments had faith in their ability to lead economic planning, departments and agencies attempted to manage and shape national and regional development. In the current age of neo-classical economics, where country after country has publicly indicated their greater confidence in the ability of the free market to determine the best economic opportunities, governments have surrendered some, if not all, of their responsibility for managing the shape, direction and character of the national economic and commercial system. By accepting this limited role, the argument will be advanced - western industrial governments have not provided leadership and direction in a time of dramatic economic change.

Testing the proposition proposed above requires an examination of the acceptance of neo-classical ideas of the state by a national government or national governments and an assessment of the impact of this approach to state affairs on economic policy and outcomes. This study considers how three western governments, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, reacted to the pressure to liberalize the state. Each government adopted, to a greater or lesser degree, the proposition that the role of government in the economy should be reduced. The study then examines how these three countries responded to a major shift in economic prospects and opportunities and how national choices affected economic activity. The specific case under investigation is that of changes in national trade with Japan in the period 1985 to the present. Japan was selected for two main reasons. First, it is the largest (in the case of Australia) or second largest (for Canada and New Zealand) trading partner of the three countries under investigation. Second, Japan has undergone major changes in its internal and economic trade relationships over the past fifteen years, creating risks and opportunities for countries relying on access to the Japanese market. The transitions in the Japanese economy provide an opportunity to gauge the responsiveness of national governments and their ability and willingness to translate international market intelligence and understanding into concrete national economic policy and action.

Canada, New Zealand and Australia embrace, to greater or lesser degrees, a neo-classical mindset which promotes limited governmental involvement in the economy. The actions and initiatives that these governments could undertake, therefore, were constrained by the bounds of an approach to political economy which dictates that economic decisions should be made by the marketplace and not by governments. While the investigation is rooted in a consideration of the intellectual debates surrounding state involvement in economic planning, it seeks to examine the practical, political and administrative issues associated with international trade, the mobilization of national government action, and the shifting ground that lies under the business-government relationship in the late 20ᵗʰ century global economy.

year: 1999

title: Te whakatere waka hourua

authors: Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory

subjects: Waka hourua

abstract: Ko te whakaaturanga i te mahi whakatere waka hourua te kaupapa o tēnei tuhinga roa. 
I roto i te ruangahurutanga o ngā tau kua pahure ake nei he waka hourua kua hangaia i runga i ngā tauira tawhito. Ko ērā ētehi kaumoana ka akongia ngā mahi whakatere waka kia aratakina ai aua waka i runga anō i ngā tohutohu a te taiao anake. I pēnei ai hei whakaora mai anō ngā mātauranga Māori e pā ana ki te whakawhiti moana nui mā runga waka hourua. 
Arā rā tētehi rerenga o te waka hourua nō Aotearoa, ko Te Aurere, i te tau 1995. I wehe te waka whakahirahira nei i Hawai'i, i te 1 o Pipiri, ā, i ū rawa atu ki Rarotonga i te 30 o Pipiri. Ko te kaituhi nei tētehi o ngā kaumoana o runga. Nō reira, he wāhanga nui i roto i te tuhinga roa nei, hei tiro i te mahi whakatere waka hourua i mahingia i taua rerenga moana a Te Aurere. 
Hei whakaatu i te mahi whakatere waka hourua ka whakawehengia kia rima ngā kaupapa nui. He whakatakoto huarahi kia tere ai te waka o te kaipānui i te mahoranui o te tuhinga roa nei.
Tuatahi. He wehe i te tauranga, he peka atu ki te whanga o ngā pukapuka. He utanga ki reira e whakamārama ana i ngā whakapae, i ngā tautohetohe, i ngā whakahē, i ngā whakaae, kua tuhia, kua tāngia ki te pukapuka, kua whakaputaina ki te ao whānui.
Tuarua. He whai i ngā tapuwae o ngā waka hourua kua whakawhiti i ngā moana nui i te ao hou nei. Kua whakarārangitia noa ngā rerenga nei, kia kite ai te kaipānui i rere mā whea ngā waka hourua, i ēnei tau ruangahuru tata nei. 
Tuatoru. Ka whakaritea te waka o te kaipānui mō te whakawhitinga nui. Ka wānangangia ētehi tikanga a te mahi whakatere waka hourua, i te ao hou nei. He ara kia māmā mai ai ngā kōrero i te wāhanga e whai mai ana.
Tuawhā. Ka rere ngātahi mai i te taha o Te Aurere, i āna whakawhitinga mai i Hawai'i tae rawa atu ai ki tōna ūnga, ki Rarotonga. He tātaritanga i taua rerenga i takahia ai i te tau 1995. Ka kitea i pēwhea te mahi whakatere waka. 
Tuarima. Ka hoki kōmuri mai ki te tōpū o ngā whakaaro, ki te whakarāpopototanga o ngā kōrero, ki te whītiki o ngā kī, e whakamārama ana i ngā whakaponotanga i puta nā te tirohanga ki te mahi whakatere waka hourua.

text: Te whakatere waka hourua Ko te whakaaturanga i te mahi whakatere waka hourua te kaupapa o tēnei tuhinga roa. 
I roto i te ruangahurutanga o ngā tau kua pahure ake nei he waka hourua kua hangaia i runga i ngā tauira tawhito. Ko ērā ētehi kaumoana ka akongia ngā mahi whakatere waka kia aratakina ai aua waka i runga anō i ngā tohutohu a te taiao anake. I pēnei ai hei whakaora mai anō ngā mātauranga Māori e pā ana ki te whakawhiti moana nui mā runga waka hourua. 
Arā rā tētehi rerenga o te waka hourua nō Aotearoa, ko Te Aurere, i te tau 1995. I wehe te waka whakahirahira nei i Hawai'i, i te 1 o Pipiri, ā, i ū rawa atu ki Rarotonga i te 30 o Pipiri. Ko te kaituhi nei tētehi o ngā kaumoana o runga. Nō reira, he wāhanga nui i roto i te tuhinga roa nei, hei tiro i te mahi whakatere waka hourua i mahingia i taua rerenga moana a Te Aurere. 
Hei whakaatu i te mahi whakatere waka hourua ka whakawehengia kia rima ngā kaupapa nui. He whakatakoto huarahi kia tere ai te waka o te kaipānui i te mahoranui o te tuhinga roa nei.
Tuatahi. He wehe i te tauranga, he peka atu ki te whanga o ngā pukapuka. He utanga ki reira e whakamārama ana i ngā whakapae, i ngā tautohetohe, i ngā whakahē, i ngā whakaae, kua tuhia, kua tāngia ki te pukapuka, kua whakaputaina ki te ao whānui.
Tuarua. He whai i ngā tapuwae o ngā waka hourua kua whakawhiti i ngā moana nui i te ao hou nei. Kua whakarārangitia noa ngā rerenga nei, kia kite ai te kaipānui i rere mā whea ngā waka hourua, i ēnei tau ruangahuru tata nei. 
Tuatoru. Ka whakaritea te waka o te kaipānui mō te whakawhitinga nui. Ka wānangangia ētehi tikanga a te mahi whakatere waka hourua, i te ao hou nei. He ara kia māmā mai ai ngā kōrero i te wāhanga e whai mai ana.
Tuawhā. Ka rere ngātahi mai i te taha o Te Aurere, i āna whakawhitinga mai i Hawai'i tae rawa atu ai ki tōna ūnga, ki Rarotonga. He tātaritanga i taua rerenga i takahia ai i te tau 1995. Ka kitea i pēwhea te mahi whakatere waka. 
Tuarima. Ka hoki kōmuri mai ki te tōpū o ngā whakaaro, ki te whakarāpopototanga o ngā kōrero, ki te whītiki o ngā kī, e whakamārama ana i ngā whakaponotanga i puta nā te tirohanga ki te mahi whakatere waka hourua.

year: 1996