title: Development of the athlete sleep behavior questionnaire: A tool for identifying maladaptive sleep practices in elite athletes

authors: Driller, Matthew W.

subjects: Surveys and Questionnaires

abstract: INTRODUCTION: Existing sleep questionnaires to assess sleep behaviors may not be sensitive in determining the unique sleep challenges faced by elite athletes. The purpose of the current study was to develop and validate the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ) to be used as a practical tool for support staff working with elite athletes. 
METHODS: 564 participants (242 athletes, 322 non-athletes) completed the 18-item ASBQ and three previously validated questionnaires; the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). A cohort of the studied population performed the ASBQ twice in one week to assess test-retest reliability, and also performed sleep monitoring via wrist-actigraphy. 
RESULTS: Comparison of the ASBQ with existing sleep questionnaires resulted in moderate to large correlations (r=0.32 - 0.69). There was a significant difference between athletes and non-athletes for the ASBQ global score (44±6 vs. 41±6, respectively, p<0.01) and for the PSQI, but not for the SHI or the ESS. The reliability of the ASBQ was acceptable (ICC=0.87) when re-tested within 7 days. There was a moderate relationship between ASBQ and total sleep time (r=-0.42). 
CONCLUSION: The ASBQ is a valid and reliable tool that can differentiate the sleep practices between athletes and non-athletes, and offers a practical instrument for practitioners and/or researchers wanting to evaluate the sleep behaviors of elite athletes. The ASBQ may provide information on areas where improvements to individual athletes' sleep habits could be made.

text: Development of the athlete sleep behavior questionnaire: A tool for identifying maladaptive sleep practices in elite athletes INTRODUCTION: Existing sleep questionnaires to assess sleep behaviors may not be sensitive in determining the unique sleep challenges faced by elite athletes. The purpose of the current study was to develop and validate the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ) to be used as a practical tool for support staff working with elite athletes. 
METHODS: 564 participants (242 athletes, 322 non-athletes) completed the 18-item ASBQ and three previously validated questionnaires; the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). A cohort of the studied population performed the ASBQ twice in one week to assess test-retest reliability, and also performed sleep monitoring via wrist-actigraphy. 
RESULTS: Comparison of the ASBQ with existing sleep questionnaires resulted in moderate to large correlations (r=0.32 - 0.69). There was a significant difference between athletes and non-athletes for the ASBQ global score (44±6 vs. 41±6, respectively, p<0.01) and for the PSQI, but not for the SHI or the ESS. The reliability of the ASBQ was acceptable (ICC=0.87) when re-tested within 7 days. There was a moderate relationship between ASBQ and total sleep time (r=-0.42). 
CONCLUSION: The ASBQ is a valid and reliable tool that can differentiate the sleep practices between athletes and non-athletes, and offers a practical instrument for practitioners and/or researchers wanting to evaluate the sleep behaviors of elite athletes. The ASBQ may provide information on areas where improvements to individual athletes' sleep habits could be made.

year: 2018

title: The use of the sediment fingerprinting technique to quantify the different sediment sources entering the Whangapoua Estuary, North Island, in New Zealand

authors: Roddy, Brendan Patrick

subjects: sediment fingerprinting

abstract: New Zealand estuaries are sites of ecological, economic, and recreational significance. Estuaries are vulnerable to the impacts of increased erosion as they act as natural sediment traps. The objectives of this study were to; 1) quantify the relative amounts of sediment entering the estuary from the native forest, exotic forest, and agricultural landscape units in the Whangapoua catchment, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand; 2) identify the dominant processes generating the sediment within the native forest, exotic forest, and pastoral landscape units; and 3) assess the utility of the sediment fingerprinting technique in New Zealand by comparing the results with other sediment measurement techniques. Sediment fingerprinting, which uses geochemical elements to link potential source areas to the estuary sediment, was used to identify sediment sources in the Whangapoua catchment. Three landscape units (referred to as native forest, exotic forest, and agriculture), and three erosion positions (surface, subsurface, and streambanks) were investigated. A radionuclide tracing study, a stream suspended sediment monitoring programme, and catchment modelling were undertaken to compare with the sediment fingerprinting results. An initial pilot study was undertaken which confirmed that sediment fingerprinting could distinguish sediment derived from the three landscape units and three erosion positions. In a full sampling programme, the landscape units and erosion positions in the Whangapoua catchment were each characterised by analysing 50 samples using ICP-MS to determine the concentrations of 29 elements. The elements Si, P, Se, V, U, In, and Bi were identified as forming a composite fingerprint to distinguish landscape units. The native forest landscape unit (21% of the catchment area) contributed 62% of estuary sediment, with 23% from the exotic forest (61% of the catchment area), and 15% from the agricultural landscape unit (18% of the catchment area). The elements Se, Fe, Ba, Mn, P, and Ca formed a composite fingerprint to distinguish erosion positions and showed that most of the estuary sediment was derived from subsurface (79%), followed by streambanks (13%), and then surface sources (8%). A radionuclide tracing study was undertaken and 15 samples were used to characterise each of the surface, subsurface, and streambank erosion positions. 137Cs was effective at distinguishing the surface (0-2cm) from other erosion positions, but could not distinguish the subsurface (>20cm) from the streambank sediment. The 137Cs results indicated that up to 98% of the estuary sediment was derived from subsurface and streambank sources. Stream suspended sediment monitoring was undertaken at four small subcatchment sites over a two year period. Monitoring commenced at the four sites as follows; immediately harvested exotic pines, six month post harvested pines, ten year re-growth pines, and agricultural pastures. The erosion rates were high in pines after harvesting (48 t km-2 yr -1), but dropped to 28 t km-2 yr -1 six months post harvesting and then to 2 t km-2 yr -1 ten years post harvesting. The agricultural erosion rate was calculated at 7 t km-2 yr -1. The lack of a native forest monitoring site, lack of replication, data capture problems, and inherent errors limit confidence in the stream suspended sediment monitoring results which should only be considered indicative. A stream bed sampling programme used 18 sampling points to estimate how much fine sediment was stored within the rivers and streams. Less than 4% of the annual estuary fine sediment budget was stored within the stream and river beds, indicating that sediment was efficiently conducted from the native forest landscape unit into the estuary. Two catchment models (Sediment Yield Estimator and the New Zealand Empirical Erosion Model) gave results that were contradictory to the sediment fingerprinting results as they suggested that deforested areas (such as agriculture and harvested pines) were sediment generating areas. This thesis demonstrated that the use of sediment fingerprinting in New Zealand was an effective means of quantifying various sediment sources based on landscape unit and erosion position. The current pattern of landuse within the Whangapoua catchment is appropriate in providing an economic return while minimising the levels of sediment delivery to the Whangapoua estuary.

text: The use of the sediment fingerprinting technique to quantify the different sediment sources entering the Whangapoua Estuary, North Island, in New Zealand New Zealand estuaries are sites of ecological, economic, and recreational significance. Estuaries are vulnerable to the impacts of increased erosion as they act as natural sediment traps. The objectives of this study were to; 1) quantify the relative amounts of sediment entering the estuary from the native forest, exotic forest, and agricultural landscape units in the Whangapoua catchment, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand; 2) identify the dominant processes generating the sediment within the native forest, exotic forest, and pastoral landscape units; and 3) assess the utility of the sediment fingerprinting technique in New Zealand by comparing the results with other sediment measurement techniques. Sediment fingerprinting, which uses geochemical elements to link potential source areas to the estuary sediment, was used to identify sediment sources in the Whangapoua catchment. Three landscape units (referred to as native forest, exotic forest, and agriculture), and three erosion positions (surface, subsurface, and streambanks) were investigated. A radionuclide tracing study, a stream suspended sediment monitoring programme, and catchment modelling were undertaken to compare with the sediment fingerprinting results. An initial pilot study was undertaken which confirmed that sediment fingerprinting could distinguish sediment derived from the three landscape units and three erosion positions. In a full sampling programme, the landscape units and erosion positions in the Whangapoua catchment were each characterised by analysing 50 samples using ICP-MS to determine the concentrations of 29 elements. The elements Si, P, Se, V, U, In, and Bi were identified as forming a composite fingerprint to distinguish landscape units. The native forest landscape unit (21% of the catchment area) contributed 62% of estuary sediment, with 23% from the exotic forest (61% of the catchment area), and 15% from the agricultural landscape unit (18% of the catchment area). The elements Se, Fe, Ba, Mn, P, and Ca formed a composite fingerprint to distinguish erosion positions and showed that most of the estuary sediment was derived from subsurface (79%), followed by streambanks (13%), and then surface sources (8%). A radionuclide tracing study was undertaken and 15 samples were used to characterise each of the surface, subsurface, and streambank erosion positions. 137Cs was effective at distinguishing the surface (0-2cm) from other erosion positions, but could not distinguish the subsurface (>20cm) from the streambank sediment. The 137Cs results indicated that up to 98% of the estuary sediment was derived from subsurface and streambank sources. Stream suspended sediment monitoring was undertaken at four small subcatchment sites over a two year period. Monitoring commenced at the four sites as follows; immediately harvested exotic pines, six month post harvested pines, ten year re-growth pines, and agricultural pastures. The erosion rates were high in pines after harvesting (48 t km-2 yr -1), but dropped to 28 t km-2 yr -1 six months post harvesting and then to 2 t km-2 yr -1 ten years post harvesting. The agricultural erosion rate was calculated at 7 t km-2 yr -1. The lack of a native forest monitoring site, lack of replication, data capture problems, and inherent errors limit confidence in the stream suspended sediment monitoring results which should only be considered indicative. A stream bed sampling programme used 18 sampling points to estimate how much fine sediment was stored within the rivers and streams. Less than 4% of the annual estuary fine sediment budget was stored within the stream and river beds, indicating that sediment was efficiently conducted from the native forest landscape unit into the estuary. Two catchment models (Sediment Yield Estimator and the New Zealand Empirical Erosion Model) gave results that were contradictory to the sediment fingerprinting results as they suggested that deforested areas (such as agriculture and harvested pines) were sediment generating areas. This thesis demonstrated that the use of sediment fingerprinting in New Zealand was an effective means of quantifying various sediment sources based on landscape unit and erosion position. The current pattern of landuse within the Whangapoua catchment is appropriate in providing an economic return while minimising the levels of sediment delivery to the Whangapoua estuary.

year: 2010

title: Reduplication in Maori

authors: Keegan, Peter J.

subjects: Te reo Māori

abstract: This thesis is a study of reduplication in Māori. The aim of the thesis is to make a thorough study of both the formal and semantic properties of reduplication in Māori. This is done by reviewing the relevant literature on reduplication, and collating reduplication data. Most data are from textual sources. Some data have been provided by native-speaker informants. 
The first chapter looks at previous attempts to describe reduplication in Māori. It begins with some definitions of the term reduplication. This is followed by a review of the attempts made by previous authors to describe reduplication in Māori. Aspects of reduplication not covered by those attempts are noted.
The second chapter looks at reduplication in Māori within a Generative framework. The units of reduplication in Māori are given in prosodic terms. This is followed by an overview of Marantz (1982), and a critique of two very recent attempts to account for reduplication in Māori within Optimality Theory. Aspects of Māori reduplication that poses difficulties for Optimality Theory are noted.
The third chapter describes the semantics of reduplication in Māori. An illustration is given of some of the common meanings of reduplication attested across languages. The various meanings of reduplication in Māori are described. Also, the semantics of reduplication in Māori are compared to the semantics of reduplication in Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian) languages within the framework suggested by Kiyomi (1995).
The fourth chapter comments on descriptive aspects of reduplication in Māori not covered by the previous three chapters.
The fifth chapter provides statistics on the reduplication data collated in the appendices. Reduplication data are divided according to the number of mora in the stem (or base) of origin. Statistics are given on the occurrence of various patterns of reduplication in Māori.

text: Reduplication in Maori This thesis is a study of reduplication in Māori. The aim of the thesis is to make a thorough study of both the formal and semantic properties of reduplication in Māori. This is done by reviewing the relevant literature on reduplication, and collating reduplication data. Most data are from textual sources. Some data have been provided by native-speaker informants. 
The first chapter looks at previous attempts to describe reduplication in Māori. It begins with some definitions of the term reduplication. This is followed by a review of the attempts made by previous authors to describe reduplication in Māori. Aspects of reduplication not covered by those attempts are noted.
The second chapter looks at reduplication in Māori within a Generative framework. The units of reduplication in Māori are given in prosodic terms. This is followed by an overview of Marantz (1982), and a critique of two very recent attempts to account for reduplication in Māori within Optimality Theory. Aspects of Māori reduplication that poses difficulties for Optimality Theory are noted.
The third chapter describes the semantics of reduplication in Māori. An illustration is given of some of the common meanings of reduplication attested across languages. The various meanings of reduplication in Māori are described. Also, the semantics of reduplication in Māori are compared to the semantics of reduplication in Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian) languages within the framework suggested by Kiyomi (1995).
The fourth chapter comments on descriptive aspects of reduplication in Māori not covered by the previous three chapters.
The fifth chapter provides statistics on the reduplication data collated in the appendices. Reduplication data are divided according to the number of mora in the stem (or base) of origin. Statistics are given on the occurrence of various patterns of reduplication in Māori.

year: 1996