title: Joins of subalgebras and normals in 0-regular varieties

authors: Stokes, Tim E.

abstract: In any 0-normal variety (0-regular variety in which {0} is a subalgebra), every congruence class containing 0 is a subalgebra. These “normal subalgebras” of a fixed algebra constitute a lattice, isomorphic to its congruence lattice. We are interested in those 0-normal varieties for which the join of two normal subalgebras in the lattice of normal subalgebras of an algebra equals their join in the lattice of subalgebras, as happens with groups and rings. We characterise this property in terms of a Mal’cev condition, and use examples to show it is strictly stronger than being ideal determined but strictly weaker than being 0-coherent (classically ideal determined) and does not imply congruence permutability.

text: Joins of subalgebras and normals in 0-regular varieties In any 0-normal variety (0-regular variety in which {0} is a subalgebra), every congruence class containing 0 is a subalgebra. These “normal subalgebras” of a fixed algebra constitute a lattice, isomorphic to its congruence lattice. We are interested in those 0-normal varieties for which the join of two normal subalgebras in the lattice of normal subalgebras of an algebra equals their join in the lattice of subalgebras, as happens with groups and rings. We characterise this property in terms of a Mal’cev condition, and use examples to show it is strictly stronger than being ideal determined but strictly weaker than being 0-coherent (classically ideal determined) and does not imply congruence permutability.

year: 2015

title: Identification, cloning and characterisation of interleukin-1F5 (IL-36RN) in the chicken

authors: Gibson, Mark S.

subjects: Chicken

abstract: The human IL-1 family contains eleven genes encoded at three separate loci. Nine, including IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36RN), also known as IL-1F5, are present at a single locus on chromosome 2, whereas IL-18 and IL-33 lie on chromosomes 11 and 9 respectively. There are currently only three known orthologues in the chicken - IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-1RN - which are encoded on chromosomes 22, 24 and unplaced, respectively. A novel chicken IL-1 family sequence representing IL-36RN (IL-1F5) was initially identified from an expressed sequence tag (EST) library by its similarity to both chicken IL-1RN and chicken IL-1β. Following isolation of the cDNA from the liver of an uninfected bird, a number of unique sequence features were identified. The predicted protein has a longer NH ₂-terminus than the human protein; however, as in mammals, this region contains neither a prodomain nor a signal peptide. A putative nuclear export sequence is also apparent, yet a similar motif is absent in mammalian IL-36RN. Although chIL-36RN exhibits low homology with its mammalian orthologues, it encodes a predicted β-trefoil structure whose β-strands are conserved with those of the mouse sequence.Unlike in mammals, chIL-36RN expression was constitutive in all tissues and cell subsets examined. In response to viral infection, expression was significantly downregulated in a line of birds which are susceptible to the virus.Chicken IL-36RN, like chIL-1RN, is not encoded at the chIL-1β locus, further emphasising the genomic fragmentation of the large IL-1 gene cluster found in mammals. This suggests differential evolution of this cytokine family since the divergence of birds and mammals from a common ancestor, and underlines the difficulty of determining the full repertoire of chIL-1 family members.

text: Identification, cloning and characterisation of interleukin-1F5 (IL-36RN) in the chicken The human IL-1 family contains eleven genes encoded at three separate loci. Nine, including IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36RN), also known as IL-1F5, are present at a single locus on chromosome 2, whereas IL-18 and IL-33 lie on chromosomes 11 and 9 respectively. There are currently only three known orthologues in the chicken - IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-1RN - which are encoded on chromosomes 22, 24 and unplaced, respectively. A novel chicken IL-1 family sequence representing IL-36RN (IL-1F5) was initially identified from an expressed sequence tag (EST) library by its similarity to both chicken IL-1RN and chicken IL-1β. Following isolation of the cDNA from the liver of an uninfected bird, a number of unique sequence features were identified. The predicted protein has a longer NH ₂-terminus than the human protein; however, as in mammals, this region contains neither a prodomain nor a signal peptide. A putative nuclear export sequence is also apparent, yet a similar motif is absent in mammalian IL-36RN. Although chIL-36RN exhibits low homology with its mammalian orthologues, it encodes a predicted β-trefoil structure whose β-strands are conserved with those of the mouse sequence.Unlike in mammals, chIL-36RN expression was constitutive in all tissues and cell subsets examined. In response to viral infection, expression was significantly downregulated in a line of birds which are susceptible to the virus.Chicken IL-36RN, like chIL-1RN, is not encoded at the chIL-1β locus, further emphasising the genomic fragmentation of the large IL-1 gene cluster found in mammals. This suggests differential evolution of this cytokine family since the divergence of birds and mammals from a common ancestor, and underlines the difficulty of determining the full repertoire of chIL-1 family members.

year: 2012

title: Maori sustainable resource development: The challenge posed by the New Zealand media

authors: Crombie, Winifred

subjects: Maori

abstract: We report here on a small-scale research project in which a number of articles and editorials dealing with governance and resource management problems were analysed. All of these articles and editorials appeared in the same national New Zealand newspaper. Half of them were concerned with a Māori organisation, the other half were not. Our conclusion is that there are fundamental differences between the two groups of articles/editorials, differences that are attributable to attempts to reinforce a normative/paternalistic agenda that stigmatises cultural difference.

text: Maori sustainable resource development: The challenge posed by the New Zealand media We report here on a small-scale research project in which a number of articles and editorials dealing with governance and resource management problems were analysed. All of these articles and editorials appeared in the same national New Zealand newspaper. Half of them were concerned with a Māori organisation, the other half were not. Our conclusion is that there are fundamental differences between the two groups of articles/editorials, differences that are attributable to attempts to reinforce a normative/paternalistic agenda that stigmatises cultural difference.

year: 2002-09