title: Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction in New Zealand Transport Sector

authors: Chand, Alvin Vikash

subjects: Carbon dioxide emissons

abstract: Carbon dioxide reduction from New Zealand transport sector can be reduced to 1990 levels if a wide range of methods are adopted such as fuel mix, electrification of vehicles and rail, and cycling. A comprehensive analysis of carbon dioxide emissions from electric, plug-in electric hybrid, hybrid and internal combustion engine vehicles was done under different scenarios. Five different models including each type of vehicle were chosen in this analysis. The main exercise for this analysis is to determine how much CO₂ can be reduced by PHEV’s and EV’s from the light passenger vehicles in New Zealand. It was found that that Toyota Prius, a plug-in hybrid vehicle, emits less CO₂ when compared to all different types of models. Since these vehicles are not manufactured in New Zealand the CO₂ emission due to manufacturing of the batteries and vehicles can be ignored. 

This means that if only the tail pipe CO₂ emission is taken into consideration, then there can be a reduction of 50 to 60 percent of CO₂ emission from transport sector in New Zealand if all light passenger vehicles are PHEV’s or EV’s. The uptake of PHEV’s and EV’s depends on the number of initiatives taken by the local and central government. 

Further analysis was done to determine the total ownership cost (TOC) of these vehicles. It was found that the capital cost and the battery cost plays a significant role in determining the total ownership cost for PHEV’s and EV’s. Based on estimates from the International Energy Agency there will be about 106 million PHEV’s and EV’s that will be sold in a year by 2050. With the current projected rate of lithium production, it will be difficult to meet the demand to manufacture lithium-ion batteries. 

A survey was also carried out at Hamilton Girl’s High School to determine the number of students that cycle to school. 450 students were surveyed, questions such as the mode of transport, the distance from school to their home, barriers to cycling, the engine size of the vehicle used to come to school and the suburb they live in were asked. This was done to estimate how much CO₂ emission can be reduced if students who are keen to cycle and live within 10km radius of the school cycle to school in Hamilton City area. About 20 percent of the students at Hamilton Girls’ High School are willing to cycle to school, however, according to them the major barrier to cycling was the safety followed by distance and cost of bicycles. If these barriers are minimised and they start cycling to school, about 60 tonnes of CO₂ can be reduced in a year only from HGHS students. If the sample size is applied to all the schools in the city and 20 percent of all secondary and intermediate students started cycling to school there would be a reduction of 6 percent CO₂ emissions from light passenger vehicles in Hamilton City

text: Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction in New Zealand Transport Sector Carbon dioxide reduction from New Zealand transport sector can be reduced to 1990 levels if a wide range of methods are adopted such as fuel mix, electrification of vehicles and rail, and cycling. A comprehensive analysis of carbon dioxide emissions from electric, plug-in electric hybrid, hybrid and internal combustion engine vehicles was done under different scenarios. Five different models including each type of vehicle were chosen in this analysis. The main exercise for this analysis is to determine how much CO₂ can be reduced by PHEV’s and EV’s from the light passenger vehicles in New Zealand. It was found that that Toyota Prius, a plug-in hybrid vehicle, emits less CO₂ when compared to all different types of models. Since these vehicles are not manufactured in New Zealand the CO₂ emission due to manufacturing of the batteries and vehicles can be ignored. 

This means that if only the tail pipe CO₂ emission is taken into consideration, then there can be a reduction of 50 to 60 percent of CO₂ emission from transport sector in New Zealand if all light passenger vehicles are PHEV’s or EV’s. The uptake of PHEV’s and EV’s depends on the number of initiatives taken by the local and central government. 

Further analysis was done to determine the total ownership cost (TOC) of these vehicles. It was found that the capital cost and the battery cost plays a significant role in determining the total ownership cost for PHEV’s and EV’s. Based on estimates from the International Energy Agency there will be about 106 million PHEV’s and EV’s that will be sold in a year by 2050. With the current projected rate of lithium production, it will be difficult to meet the demand to manufacture lithium-ion batteries. 

A survey was also carried out at Hamilton Girl’s High School to determine the number of students that cycle to school. 450 students were surveyed, questions such as the mode of transport, the distance from school to their home, barriers to cycling, the engine size of the vehicle used to come to school and the suburb they live in were asked. This was done to estimate how much CO₂ emission can be reduced if students who are keen to cycle and live within 10km radius of the school cycle to school in Hamilton City area. About 20 percent of the students at Hamilton Girls’ High School are willing to cycle to school, however, according to them the major barrier to cycling was the safety followed by distance and cost of bicycles. If these barriers are minimised and they start cycling to school, about 60 tonnes of CO₂ can be reduced in a year only from HGHS students. If the sample size is applied to all the schools in the city and 20 percent of all secondary and intermediate students started cycling to school there would be a reduction of 6 percent CO₂ emissions from light passenger vehicles in Hamilton City

year: 2016

title: Protein intercalated bentonite recovered using adsorption from stickwater

authors: Verbeek, Casparus Johan R.

subjects: bentonite

abstract: Wastewater from the meat rendering industry is called stickwater and contains about 4 wt% protein and has a high biological oxygen demand (approximately 150,000 mg/l). Large volumes require treatment prior to disposal, leading to a potentially useful source of protein being lost. In this study the organic fraction of stickwater (largely protein) was recovered by adsorption onto bentonite followed by centrifugation. Adsorption behavior was examined for a range of pH and clay concentrations. Equilibrium behaviour was described using the Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm. 25% organics can be recovered from stickwater without clay at pH below 5. Organic matter recovery was between 75 and 90% at 1 g clay per 20 g solution. Recovery decreased with increasing pH above pH 7–25% at pH 12, but was independent of pH at higher clay concentrations. Bentonite basal spacing increased from 13 to 23.5 Å for all pHs showing that protein had intercalated between clay layers. At high pH, bentonite had a positive charge on its edges, giving an expanded structure with a low pellet density at 17% solids, whereas at pH below 5 pellet density was between 25 and 33% solids. This has implications for downstream processing because more water would need to be removed, increasing downstream processing costs. Using between 5 and 10 g clay/200 g solution, adsorption was sufficient to give greater than 60% organics recovery. Processing would therefore be a trade off between using as as little as possible clay to minimise cost and maximise percentage organics adsorbed per gram of clay, while maximising recovery and maintaining small process volumes.

text: Protein intercalated bentonite recovered using adsorption from stickwater Wastewater from the meat rendering industry is called stickwater and contains about 4 wt% protein and has a high biological oxygen demand (approximately 150,000 mg/l). Large volumes require treatment prior to disposal, leading to a potentially useful source of protein being lost. In this study the organic fraction of stickwater (largely protein) was recovered by adsorption onto bentonite followed by centrifugation. Adsorption behavior was examined for a range of pH and clay concentrations. Equilibrium behaviour was described using the Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm. 25% organics can be recovered from stickwater without clay at pH below 5. Organic matter recovery was between 75 and 90% at 1 g clay per 20 g solution. Recovery decreased with increasing pH above pH 7–25% at pH 12, but was independent of pH at higher clay concentrations. Bentonite basal spacing increased from 13 to 23.5 Å for all pHs showing that protein had intercalated between clay layers. At high pH, bentonite had a positive charge on its edges, giving an expanded structure with a low pellet density at 17% solids, whereas at pH below 5 pellet density was between 25 and 33% solids. This has implications for downstream processing because more water would need to be removed, increasing downstream processing costs. Using between 5 and 10 g clay/200 g solution, adsorption was sufficient to give greater than 60% organics recovery. Processing would therefore be a trade off between using as as little as possible clay to minimise cost and maximise percentage organics adsorbed per gram of clay, while maximising recovery and maintaining small process volumes.

year: 2011

title: Te Ukaipo

authors: Maxwell, Te Kahautu

subjects: waiata Māori

abstract: I titoa tēnei waiata apakura mō Tipene August he uri nō Ngāti Kahungunu. He tauira a Tipene ki Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato mai i te tau 1993 ki te tau 2000. I piki ake ia i te ara o Tawhaki ki te rapu i te mātauranga, i tae ia ki te Pae Kairangi, a, ka haukoti ohoreretia tōna hā ka riro koia ki te pō tē whakaarahia. Moe mai e te hoa ki roto i te huinga o te kahurangi ki runga o Tamakurangi te nōhanga nui o te kāhui wairua, haere, haere, haere atu ra. 

"This song of mourning is dedicated to the memory of Tipene August of the Ngāti Kahungunu people. Tipene was a student at the University of Waikato, from 1993-2000. He ascended the pathway of his ancestor Tāwhaki in search of the sacred baskets of knowledge. Tipene was enrolled as a Doctoral Student when he passed away suddenly into the night of no awakening. Therefore my friend rest in peace within the myriad’s of the noble, upon Tamakurangi where the spirits reside. Farewell."

text: Te Ukaipo I titoa tēnei waiata apakura mō Tipene August he uri nō Ngāti Kahungunu. He tauira a Tipene ki Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato mai i te tau 1993 ki te tau 2000. I piki ake ia i te ara o Tawhaki ki te rapu i te mātauranga, i tae ia ki te Pae Kairangi, a, ka haukoti ohoreretia tōna hā ka riro koia ki te pō tē whakaarahia. Moe mai e te hoa ki roto i te huinga o te kahurangi ki runga o Tamakurangi te nōhanga nui o te kāhui wairua, haere, haere, haere atu ra. 

"This song of mourning is dedicated to the memory of Tipene August of the Ngāti Kahungunu people. Tipene was a student at the University of Waikato, from 1993-2000. He ascended the pathway of his ancestor Tāwhaki in search of the sacred baskets of knowledge. Tipene was enrolled as a Doctoral Student when he passed away suddenly into the night of no awakening. Therefore my friend rest in peace within the myriad’s of the noble, upon Tamakurangi where the spirits reside. Farewell."

year: 2001