title: Characterization of fatty acid esters of okadaic acid and related toxins in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from Norway

authors: Torgersen, Trine

subjects: chemistry

abstract: Marine algal toxins of the okadaic acid group can occur as fatty acid esters in blue mussels, and are commonly determined indirectly by transformation to their parent toxins by alkaline hydrolysis. Some data are available regarding the identity of the fatty acid esters, mainly of palmitic acid (16:0) derivatives of okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2). Other fatty acid derivatives have been described, but with limited mass spectral data. In this paper, the mass spectral characterization of the [M H]- and [M+Na]+ ions of 16 fatty acid derivatives of each of OA, DTX1 and DTX2 is presented. The characteristic fragmentation of [M+Na]+ ions of OA analogues provided a useful tool for identifying these, and has not been described previously. In addition, a set of negative ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) methods was developed for direct determination of 16 fatty acid esters of OA, 16 fatty acid esters of DTX1 and 16 fatty acid esters of DTX2 in shellfish extracts. The MRM methods were employed to study the profiles of fatty acid esters of OA analogues in blue mussels and to compare these with fatty acid ester profiles reported for other groups of marine algal toxins. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

text: Characterization of fatty acid esters of okadaic acid and related toxins in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from Norway Marine algal toxins of the okadaic acid group can occur as fatty acid esters in blue mussels, and are commonly determined indirectly by transformation to their parent toxins by alkaline hydrolysis. Some data are available regarding the identity of the fatty acid esters, mainly of palmitic acid (16:0) derivatives of okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2). Other fatty acid derivatives have been described, but with limited mass spectral data. In this paper, the mass spectral characterization of the [M H]- and [M+Na]+ ions of 16 fatty acid derivatives of each of OA, DTX1 and DTX2 is presented. The characteristic fragmentation of [M+Na]+ ions of OA analogues provided a useful tool for identifying these, and has not been described previously. In addition, a set of negative ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) methods was developed for direct determination of 16 fatty acid esters of OA, 16 fatty acid esters of DTX1 and 16 fatty acid esters of DTX2 in shellfish extracts. The MRM methods were employed to study the profiles of fatty acid esters of OA analogues in blue mussels and to compare these with fatty acid ester profiles reported for other groups of marine algal toxins. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

year: 2008

title: Whispering Birds: Site-specific dance, affect and emotion

authors: Barbour, Karen

abstract: Researching embodied experiences of affect, feeling and emotion in site-specific dance offers understandings beyond the visual and aesthetic aspects of performance, opening consideration of both the performers’ and audiences’ participatory experiences. In this chapter, I discuss embodied experiences within site-specific dance for designed gardens. I draw on over ten years of site-specific work created for a regional arts festival, for which I have had the opportunity to investigate choreographic approaches to complement and enhance specific sites through embodiment. To begin, I provide an introduction to site-specific dance and discuss how live performance events allow affect, feeling and emotion to arise. Drawing on a range of writers from varied disciplines, I discuss affect as a fluid and relational, collective experience that extends beyond individual experiences as dancers, and may be shared with and between particular audiences at particular times and places.

text: Whispering Birds: Site-specific dance, affect and emotion Researching embodied experiences of affect, feeling and emotion in site-specific dance offers understandings beyond the visual and aesthetic aspects of performance, opening consideration of both the performers’ and audiences’ participatory experiences. In this chapter, I discuss embodied experiences within site-specific dance for designed gardens. I draw on over ten years of site-specific work created for a regional arts festival, for which I have had the opportunity to investigate choreographic approaches to complement and enhance specific sites through embodiment. To begin, I provide an introduction to site-specific dance and discuss how live performance events allow affect, feeling and emotion to arise. Drawing on a range of writers from varied disciplines, I discuss affect as a fluid and relational, collective experience that extends beyond individual experiences as dancers, and may be shared with and between particular audiences at particular times and places.

year: 2018

title: On the Role of Literature and Translation in Language Maintenance

authors: Harlow, Ray

subjects: literature

abstract: The paper investigates the actual and potential role which is played by the promotion of traditional and innovative literature in efforts to maintain minority language under threat from a dominant language. The arguments advanced in the controversy surrounding the incorporation of translated material in a minority language’s corpus are discussed, and the view represented that the appropriateness or otherwise of translating material into a minority language depends on the (sometimes implicit) ideological goals of the maintenance movement. Fishman’s (1991, 2001) Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale provides a framework for this discussion.

text: On the Role of Literature and Translation in Language Maintenance The paper investigates the actual and potential role which is played by the promotion of traditional and innovative literature in efforts to maintain minority language under threat from a dominant language. The arguments advanced in the controversy surrounding the incorporation of translated material in a minority language’s corpus are discussed, and the view represented that the appropriateness or otherwise of translating material into a minority language depends on the (sometimes implicit) ideological goals of the maintenance movement. Fishman’s (1991, 2001) Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale provides a framework for this discussion.

year: 2002-02