title: Carrying Capacity of Red-crowned Cranes in the National Yancheng Nature Reserve, Jiangsu, China

authors: Ke, Dong

subjects: Red-crowned Cranes

abstract: The coastal-zone wetland in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province is the largest winter habitat of the Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) in the world. The essential research question addressed in this paper is: What is the carrying capacity for Red-crowned Cranes in this habitat? Since water is ample in the salt marsh, the two vital limiting factors for the crane habitat are food and shelter. In this study, based upon crane numbers and their distribution during the winter of 2004-2005, the authors adopt the “Neu technique” to analyze habitat selection of Red-crowned Cranes to 8 types of tidal flat environments in the Yancheng Nature Reserve. Applying the “heat quantity method”, we find corn feed distributed by the nature reserve staff cannot support survival of wild cranes. Subsequently, using the “gravimetric method”, with the crane utilization of each habitat as a weighting, we estimate that total food supply in the nature reserve is far greater than required by the crane population in one winter season. This indicates that food supply is not a determining factor for this particular habitat selection. Moreover, from analysis of food selectivity it is evident that the preferred food comprises vegetal paddy chaff and supplemental corn feed, with natural vegetation occupying only a small proportion of their total food consumption. The spatial distribution of cranes was between 0.8-2.5 individuals per km2, so that an optimum habitat of 1000 km2 may contain 800-2500 cranes. Observations from the present study show that preferred spatial location has shrunk in the past 10 years toward a core area surrounded by a buffer area (641 km2 in all), so that potentially the entire nature reserve could support ~570-2000 cranes. In addition, some 500 cranes are contained within an artificial waterfowl lake. In total it appears that the carrying capacity of the Yancheng Nature Reserve is of order 2500-3000 cranes, and they prefer to roost in a coastal habitat of lower salinity where food supply is plentiful, and which is distant from human disturbance.

text: Carrying Capacity of Red-crowned Cranes in the National Yancheng Nature Reserve, Jiangsu, China The coastal-zone wetland in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province is the largest winter habitat of the Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) in the world. The essential research question addressed in this paper is: What is the carrying capacity for Red-crowned Cranes in this habitat? Since water is ample in the salt marsh, the two vital limiting factors for the crane habitat are food and shelter. In this study, based upon crane numbers and their distribution during the winter of 2004-2005, the authors adopt the “Neu technique” to analyze habitat selection of Red-crowned Cranes to 8 types of tidal flat environments in the Yancheng Nature Reserve. Applying the “heat quantity method”, we find corn feed distributed by the nature reserve staff cannot support survival of wild cranes. Subsequently, using the “gravimetric method”, with the crane utilization of each habitat as a weighting, we estimate that total food supply in the nature reserve is far greater than required by the crane population in one winter season. This indicates that food supply is not a determining factor for this particular habitat selection. Moreover, from analysis of food selectivity it is evident that the preferred food comprises vegetal paddy chaff and supplemental corn feed, with natural vegetation occupying only a small proportion of their total food consumption. The spatial distribution of cranes was between 0.8-2.5 individuals per km2, so that an optimum habitat of 1000 km2 may contain 800-2500 cranes. Observations from the present study show that preferred spatial location has shrunk in the past 10 years toward a core area surrounded by a buffer area (641 km2 in all), so that potentially the entire nature reserve could support ~570-2000 cranes. In addition, some 500 cranes are contained within an artificial waterfowl lake. In total it appears that the carrying capacity of the Yancheng Nature Reserve is of order 2500-3000 cranes, and they prefer to roost in a coastal habitat of lower salinity where food supply is plentiful, and which is distant from human disturbance.

year: 2009

title: An Evaluation of Document Keyphrase Sets

authors: Jones, Steve

subjects: computer science

abstract: Keywords and keyphrases have many useful roles as document surrogates and descriptors, but the manual production of keyphrase metadata for large digital library collections is at best expensive and time-consuming, and at worst logistically impossible. Algorithms for keyphrase extraction like Kea and Extractor produce a set of phrases that are associated with a document. Though these sets are often utilized as a group, keyphrase extraction is usually evaluated by measuring the quality of individual keyphrases. This paper reports an assessment that asks human assessors to rate entire sets of keyphrases produced by Kea, Extractor and document authors. The results provide further evidence that human assessors rate all three sources highly (with some caveats), but show that the relationship between the quality of the phrases in a set and the set as a whole is not always simple. Choosing the best individual phrases will not necessarily produce the best set; combinations of lesser phrases may result in better overall quality.

text: An Evaluation of Document Keyphrase Sets Keywords and keyphrases have many useful roles as document surrogates and descriptors, but the manual production of keyphrase metadata for large digital library collections is at best expensive and time-consuming, and at worst logistically impossible. Algorithms for keyphrase extraction like Kea and Extractor produce a set of phrases that are associated with a document. Though these sets are often utilized as a group, keyphrase extraction is usually evaluated by measuring the quality of individual keyphrases. This paper reports an assessment that asks human assessors to rate entire sets of keyphrases produced by Kea, Extractor and document authors. The results provide further evidence that human assessors rate all three sources highly (with some caveats), but show that the relationship between the quality of the phrases in a set and the set as a whole is not always simple. Choosing the best individual phrases will not necessarily produce the best set; combinations of lesser phrases may result in better overall quality.

year: 2003

title: Tariao Whitiwhitiora

authors: Totorewa, Te Oko Horoi

abstract: I te tau 1875 i tiihooka tahi atu a Kiingi Taawhiao ki Taranaki ka tau ki mua ki te aroaro o Te Uahaumeene. Matua raa ko te rongomau me te rangimaaria, te kotahitanga me te aroha o teetehi ki teetehi maa roto mai i te whakapono ki te atua te whaainga i haere ai ia.

Ka tutuki i a Kiingi Taawhiao te rongomau me te rangimaaria, te kotahitanga me te aroha o teetehi ki teetehi maa te whakakotahi i ngaa ngaa koorero, ngaa hiitori, ngaa whakapapa, ngaa maataapono mai o te taioretanga o ngoo taatou tuupuna ka toopuuria ki te whakapono Tariao.

He whakapono teenei i whakaorangia e ia, e Kiingi Taawhiao maa roto mai i te tongikura, “E Ua, e toru ngaa taonga kei te kapu o taku ringa, ko te Mihinare, ko te Katorika me te Weteriana. Homai taau ka whaa. Kopi katoa ngeenei taonga i au ki te kapu o taku ringa, ka puta ko te Paimaarire.” Ko te whakapono Tariao me ngaa karakia Paimaarie ka hikitia, ka haapaingia tonu e maatou ngaa mangainga, ngaa kaiwhakapuumau i te Kiingitanga inaa raa koia teenei te whakapono matua moo te Kiingitanga.

I teenei tuhinga whakapae ko te whakapono Tariao te taahuhu o ngaa koorero. I konei ngahere mai ai te kaupapa matua o teenei tuhinga.

“He kura Tariao he kura whakapapa, te herenga ki te whakaoranga o Waikato tangata”

Ko teenei kaupapa ka whakarukuhia maa te rangahau i te ahunga mai o te maatauranga kei aa teenei whakapono i whea. Ka rangahautia ko te whakapaparanga o Kiingi Taawhiao mai i te Kore, ki a Rangi raaua ko Papa heke iho mai ki a Hoturoa, aa, ka tau ki a ia ki a Kiingi Taawhiao inaa raa, ko ngeenei momo he mea e tauiratia ana ki roto ki ngaa karakia, ki ngaa Kura kei teenei whakapono.

Ka hereherea ko Te Uahaumeene ki koneki naa, ki ngaa koorero e kitea ai maa whea i puaawai mai ai te Tariao me ngaa karakia Paimaarire. Ko te Kiingitanga me ngaana pehonga kaupapa e taapae atu ana ki te oranga o teenei whakapono maa te whakamahi i teenei whakapono teeraa ka waahia. Taea noatia ki te puutakenga mai o te whakapono ake, ngoonaa koorero, ngoona tuuranga, ngoona karakia, ngoona kura, ngoona whakamaaramatanga, tau iho mai ki te reo
 
tupuna o roto. Ko ngaa aupiki me ngaa auheke, te whakaraakeiora hoki i waatea mai, i whaipaanga atu ki te whakapono Tariao ka whakamaaramahia. Ka whakamutua atu me te taatari i ngaa putanga ka puta e kite ake ai me he herenga too teenei whakapono ki te whakaoranga o Waikato tangata.

text: Tariao Whitiwhitiora I te tau 1875 i tiihooka tahi atu a Kiingi Taawhiao ki Taranaki ka tau ki mua ki te aroaro o Te Uahaumeene. Matua raa ko te rongomau me te rangimaaria, te kotahitanga me te aroha o teetehi ki teetehi maa roto mai i te whakapono ki te atua te whaainga i haere ai ia.

Ka tutuki i a Kiingi Taawhiao te rongomau me te rangimaaria, te kotahitanga me te aroha o teetehi ki teetehi maa te whakakotahi i ngaa ngaa koorero, ngaa hiitori, ngaa whakapapa, ngaa maataapono mai o te taioretanga o ngoo taatou tuupuna ka toopuuria ki te whakapono Tariao.

He whakapono teenei i whakaorangia e ia, e Kiingi Taawhiao maa roto mai i te tongikura, “E Ua, e toru ngaa taonga kei te kapu o taku ringa, ko te Mihinare, ko te Katorika me te Weteriana. Homai taau ka whaa. Kopi katoa ngeenei taonga i au ki te kapu o taku ringa, ka puta ko te Paimaarire.” Ko te whakapono Tariao me ngaa karakia Paimaarie ka hikitia, ka haapaingia tonu e maatou ngaa mangainga, ngaa kaiwhakapuumau i te Kiingitanga inaa raa koia teenei te whakapono matua moo te Kiingitanga.

I teenei tuhinga whakapae ko te whakapono Tariao te taahuhu o ngaa koorero. I konei ngahere mai ai te kaupapa matua o teenei tuhinga.

“He kura Tariao he kura whakapapa, te herenga ki te whakaoranga o Waikato tangata”

Ko teenei kaupapa ka whakarukuhia maa te rangahau i te ahunga mai o te maatauranga kei aa teenei whakapono i whea. Ka rangahautia ko te whakapaparanga o Kiingi Taawhiao mai i te Kore, ki a Rangi raaua ko Papa heke iho mai ki a Hoturoa, aa, ka tau ki a ia ki a Kiingi Taawhiao inaa raa, ko ngeenei momo he mea e tauiratia ana ki roto ki ngaa karakia, ki ngaa Kura kei teenei whakapono.

Ka hereherea ko Te Uahaumeene ki koneki naa, ki ngaa koorero e kitea ai maa whea i puaawai mai ai te Tariao me ngaa karakia Paimaarire. Ko te Kiingitanga me ngaana pehonga kaupapa e taapae atu ana ki te oranga o teenei whakapono maa te whakamahi i teenei whakapono teeraa ka waahia. Taea noatia ki te puutakenga mai o te whakapono ake, ngoonaa koorero, ngoona tuuranga, ngoona karakia, ngoona kura, ngoona whakamaaramatanga, tau iho mai ki te reo
 
tupuna o roto. Ko ngaa aupiki me ngaa auheke, te whakaraakeiora hoki i waatea mai, i whaipaanga atu ki te whakapono Tariao ka whakamaaramahia. Ka whakamutua atu me te taatari i ngaa putanga ka puta e kite ake ai me he herenga too teenei whakapono ki te whakaoranga o Waikato tangata.

year: 2022