title: Remote coastal monitoring of beach usage on Tairua Beach

authors: May-Stanley, Bridgette Petra

subjects: Remote Sensing

abstract: Research that gathers data from public reporting is susceptible to population bias, which arises from a lack of knowledge on the probability of a person’s ability to witness an event. Data collection based on public reporting is often used in coastal research relating to litter, stranded marine animals or bird spotting. It is biased by the probability of a person being in the vicinity, noticing and informing the appropriate organizations about the event. There is potential to improve population biased data by correcting for the probability of a person being present in a particular coastal vicinity. This thesis aims to better understand spatial and temporal beach usage at Tairua Beach in New Zealand. Building on existing literature, this research incorporates modern techniques to detect people on beaches from images taken every hour, during daylight, over a six-year period (2008 to 2013) from Tairua Beach, New Zealand. These methods include histogram matching, signal detection, machine learning-based classification, image registration and rectification, and various data cleaning techniques.
Analysis of the data showed that patterns of beach usage varied on scales of hours, days, months, seasons, and years, and variations followed general expected trends, such as there were more beach users over weekends and summer, reported in the literature. However, annual variations in beach usage did not behave as expected, having a couple of extreme values, likely caused by a change in camera equipment that improved image quality. Annual variations in beach usage were distributed spatially in a way that reflected changes in beach morphology, particularly in 2008 to 2010. Interpretation of spatial patterns in beach usage was obscured by resolution bias that required correction. Images were taken from a fixed position east of Tairua Beach with a scope of approximately 1.2 km of beach area. Naturally, the east end, which was closest to the camera, had higher resolution thus more people were detected on that end of the beach. The relative probability that someone occupied a position on the beach was derived from spatial distribution of the number of people counted in each image.

text: Remote coastal monitoring of beach usage on Tairua Beach Research that gathers data from public reporting is susceptible to population bias, which arises from a lack of knowledge on the probability of a person’s ability to witness an event. Data collection based on public reporting is often used in coastal research relating to litter, stranded marine animals or bird spotting. It is biased by the probability of a person being in the vicinity, noticing and informing the appropriate organizations about the event. There is potential to improve population biased data by correcting for the probability of a person being present in a particular coastal vicinity. This thesis aims to better understand spatial and temporal beach usage at Tairua Beach in New Zealand. Building on existing literature, this research incorporates modern techniques to detect people on beaches from images taken every hour, during daylight, over a six-year period (2008 to 2013) from Tairua Beach, New Zealand. These methods include histogram matching, signal detection, machine learning-based classification, image registration and rectification, and various data cleaning techniques.
Analysis of the data showed that patterns of beach usage varied on scales of hours, days, months, seasons, and years, and variations followed general expected trends, such as there were more beach users over weekends and summer, reported in the literature. However, annual variations in beach usage did not behave as expected, having a couple of extreme values, likely caused by a change in camera equipment that improved image quality. Annual variations in beach usage were distributed spatially in a way that reflected changes in beach morphology, particularly in 2008 to 2010. Interpretation of spatial patterns in beach usage was obscured by resolution bias that required correction. Images were taken from a fixed position east of Tairua Beach with a scope of approximately 1.2 km of beach area. Naturally, the east end, which was closest to the camera, had higher resolution thus more people were detected on that end of the beach. The relative probability that someone occupied a position on the beach was derived from spatial distribution of the number of people counted in each image.

year: 2021

title: The use of otolith microchemistry  to investigate natal origins and movement of  lacustrine wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common smelt (Retropinna retropinna)

authors: Riceman, Matthew Sean

subjects: otolith

abstract: Otolith microchemistry can be used to determine the natal origins of fish.  Solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of water samples from tributary streams and beach locations around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti, Rotorua lakes district, New Zealand, indicate different and unique water isotopic chemistries at sample locations  The concentrations of 24Mg, 43Ca, 55Mn, 85Rb, 88Sr and 137Ba differed significantly between tributary streams.  The concentrations of 43Ca, 85Rb and 88Sr differed significantly between beaches.  Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to classify the stream water samples from six tributary streams around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti with 100% accuracy.  Beach water samples from seven sample locations around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti were classified with 64% accuracy. When grouped by lake, the water samples could be classified with 93% accuracy.  The ambient water chemistry is a major influence on the otolith chemical composition.  The water results indicate unique water chemistries and suggest using the microchemistry of otoliths to determine natal origins. 
Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used for single spot analysis of otoliths of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common smelt (Retropinna retropinna) to determine concentrations of Mn, Zn, Rb, Sr and Ba. Juvenile trout otoliths from six spawning tributaries around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti could be classified to lake of origin with 98% accuracy overall.  Using the DFA of 43 juvenile trout from spawning tributaries as the training set, classification coefficients were applied to analyses of elemental concentrations in the otolith nucleus of 92 adult wild rainbow of unknown natal origin captured in lakes Rotoiti and Rotorua and the Ohau Channel.  Classification results suggest that the tributary streams of Lake Rotorua contribute the majority of individuals to the wild populations of adult rainbow trout of both lakes, comprising 88% of Lake Rotorua fish, 86% of Lake Rotoiti fish, and 100% of Ohau Channel fish. 
LA-ICP-MS spot analysis of common smelt otolith at the nuclei and edges provided information related to the movements between different chemical habitats across the fishes life.  The concentrations of Mn, Zn, Rb, Sr and Ba differed significantly between the nucleus and edge spots in the smelt samples suggesting movement for some individuals.  The scores from lake DFA classification functions showed two classes of smelt.  Approximately 70% of smelt were lake residents and approximately 30% of smelt had migrated between the lakes.  The nucleus results were compared with the known smelt capture location and the results are similar to the otolith analyses. 
The results of this investigation can be used to determine fish migration and assist with fisheries management decisions. Otolith microchemistry suggests that the construction of the wall diverting Lake Rotorua water into the Okere Arm of Lake Rotoiti is likely to impede migrations of wild rainbow trout from Lake Rotorua into Lake Rotoiti. Disruption of common smelt, migrations is likely to be less severe than for trout, but the prediction of smelt migration is less reliable because of the lower accuracy of classification.

text: The use of otolith microchemistry  to investigate natal origins and movement of  lacustrine wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common smelt (Retropinna retropinna) Otolith microchemistry can be used to determine the natal origins of fish.  Solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of water samples from tributary streams and beach locations around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti, Rotorua lakes district, New Zealand, indicate different and unique water isotopic chemistries at sample locations  The concentrations of 24Mg, 43Ca, 55Mn, 85Rb, 88Sr and 137Ba differed significantly between tributary streams.  The concentrations of 43Ca, 85Rb and 88Sr differed significantly between beaches.  Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to classify the stream water samples from six tributary streams around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti with 100% accuracy.  Beach water samples from seven sample locations around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti were classified with 64% accuracy. When grouped by lake, the water samples could be classified with 93% accuracy.  The ambient water chemistry is a major influence on the otolith chemical composition.  The water results indicate unique water chemistries and suggest using the microchemistry of otoliths to determine natal origins. 
Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used for single spot analysis of otoliths of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common smelt (Retropinna retropinna) to determine concentrations of Mn, Zn, Rb, Sr and Ba. Juvenile trout otoliths from six spawning tributaries around Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti could be classified to lake of origin with 98% accuracy overall.  Using the DFA of 43 juvenile trout from spawning tributaries as the training set, classification coefficients were applied to analyses of elemental concentrations in the otolith nucleus of 92 adult wild rainbow of unknown natal origin captured in lakes Rotoiti and Rotorua and the Ohau Channel.  Classification results suggest that the tributary streams of Lake Rotorua contribute the majority of individuals to the wild populations of adult rainbow trout of both lakes, comprising 88% of Lake Rotorua fish, 86% of Lake Rotoiti fish, and 100% of Ohau Channel fish. 
LA-ICP-MS spot analysis of common smelt otolith at the nuclei and edges provided information related to the movements between different chemical habitats across the fishes life.  The concentrations of Mn, Zn, Rb, Sr and Ba differed significantly between the nucleus and edge spots in the smelt samples suggesting movement for some individuals.  The scores from lake DFA classification functions showed two classes of smelt.  Approximately 70% of smelt were lake residents and approximately 30% of smelt had migrated between the lakes.  The nucleus results were compared with the known smelt capture location and the results are similar to the otolith analyses. 
The results of this investigation can be used to determine fish migration and assist with fisheries management decisions. Otolith microchemistry suggests that the construction of the wall diverting Lake Rotorua water into the Okere Arm of Lake Rotoiti is likely to impede migrations of wild rainbow trout from Lake Rotorua into Lake Rotoiti. Disruption of common smelt, migrations is likely to be less severe than for trout, but the prediction of smelt migration is less reliable because of the lower accuracy of classification.

year: 2008

title: Te Whare Tāhuhu Kōrero o Hauraki Revitalising 'Traditional' Māori Language of Hauraki

authors: Ngāpō, Korohere Crossley Bishop Lloyd

subjects: Hauraki Reo

abstract: He nui ngā tūmomo reo o te Māori. Ko te reo tuauriuri whāioio tērā, ko te reo ōkawa tērā, ko te reo ōpaki tērā, ko ngā mita, ko ngā kīwaha, ko ngā whakataukī me ngā whakatauākī a ngā iwi puta noa i te motu. I roto i ngā tau maha kua taha ake, kua tāharahara te reo Māori, kua mimiti haere. Hei ātete i tēnei āhua, kua kāpunipuni ngā tohunga me ngā kaupapa ki te whakahaumanu i te reo, kia tangata whenua anō ai te reo Māori ki te ngākau o te iwi. Ka whai take te mihi ki te hunga i upoko pakaru, i toka tū moana ki te whakarangatira i te reo Māori.
Otirā, i hāngai ngā kaupapa whakamāui reo ki te reo ōpaki, ki te reo kōrero, ki te reo kāuta. Ko tāku e whakapae nei, ko te reo e ngaro nei i roto i ngā mahi whakaora reo, ko te reo kāmehameha o ngā toi huarewa, ko te reo tapu o ngā manumea, ko te reo tau ukiuki o te marae. Koinei te pūtake o tēnei tuhinga roa. He kohikohinga kōrero, he whakamoana whakaaro ki te whakatakoto i te rautaki whakaora i te reo ōkawa o Hauraki.

Me hoki ake au ki te mauri o ōku waka o Hauraki, o ōku maunga o Moehau, o Te Aroha, o te tupuna Marutūāhu, o Te Tara o Te-Ika-a-Māui. Me hoki ahau ki te oneone tapu o ōku mātua tūpuna ki te whakatū i Te Whare Tāhuhu Kōrero o Hauraki hei whare pupuru i te mana o ngā taonga kairangi a ngā tūpuna, kia ora ake ai ēnei tikanga mō ake tonu atu. Ko tā tēnei tuhinga roa, he whakatakoto i te mahere whakatū i ngā pakitara, i ngā poupou, i te tāhū, i te tuanui, i ngā wāhanga katoa o tōku whare wānanga. Ko te tūmanako, ka tū tōku whare, ka huaki te kūaha, ka rere te reo pōwhiri ki tōku iwi.

“Hauraki, nau mai ki ngā taonga a koro mā, a kui mā. Nau mai ki te reo ōkawa, ki te reo tapu. Haere mai ki Te Whare Tāhuhu Kōrero o Hauraki.”

text: Te Whare Tāhuhu Kōrero o Hauraki Revitalising 'Traditional' Māori Language of Hauraki He nui ngā tūmomo reo o te Māori. Ko te reo tuauriuri whāioio tērā, ko te reo ōkawa tērā, ko te reo ōpaki tērā, ko ngā mita, ko ngā kīwaha, ko ngā whakataukī me ngā whakatauākī a ngā iwi puta noa i te motu. I roto i ngā tau maha kua taha ake, kua tāharahara te reo Māori, kua mimiti haere. Hei ātete i tēnei āhua, kua kāpunipuni ngā tohunga me ngā kaupapa ki te whakahaumanu i te reo, kia tangata whenua anō ai te reo Māori ki te ngākau o te iwi. Ka whai take te mihi ki te hunga i upoko pakaru, i toka tū moana ki te whakarangatira i te reo Māori.
Otirā, i hāngai ngā kaupapa whakamāui reo ki te reo ōpaki, ki te reo kōrero, ki te reo kāuta. Ko tāku e whakapae nei, ko te reo e ngaro nei i roto i ngā mahi whakaora reo, ko te reo kāmehameha o ngā toi huarewa, ko te reo tapu o ngā manumea, ko te reo tau ukiuki o te marae. Koinei te pūtake o tēnei tuhinga roa. He kohikohinga kōrero, he whakamoana whakaaro ki te whakatakoto i te rautaki whakaora i te reo ōkawa o Hauraki.

Me hoki ake au ki te mauri o ōku waka o Hauraki, o ōku maunga o Moehau, o Te Aroha, o te tupuna Marutūāhu, o Te Tara o Te-Ika-a-Māui. Me hoki ahau ki te oneone tapu o ōku mātua tūpuna ki te whakatū i Te Whare Tāhuhu Kōrero o Hauraki hei whare pupuru i te mana o ngā taonga kairangi a ngā tūpuna, kia ora ake ai ēnei tikanga mō ake tonu atu. Ko tā tēnei tuhinga roa, he whakatakoto i te mahere whakatū i ngā pakitara, i ngā poupou, i te tāhū, i te tuanui, i ngā wāhanga katoa o tōku whare wānanga. Ko te tūmanako, ka tū tōku whare, ka huaki te kūaha, ka rere te reo pōwhiri ki tōku iwi.

“Hauraki, nau mai ki ngā taonga a koro mā, a kui mā. Nau mai ki te reo ōkawa, ki te reo tapu. Haere mai ki Te Whare Tāhuhu Kōrero o Hauraki.”

year: 2012