Subfield: Optics

Thermoacoustic Engine

A thermoacoustic engine is a device that converts heat into acoustic power, or sound waves - a form of mechanical work. Like many other heat machines, it can be operated in reverse to become a refrigerator, using sound to pump heat from a cold to a hot reservoir. The high operating frequencies reduce heat conduction and eliminate the need for any working chamber confinement. Unlike many other engine types, the thermoacoustic engine has no moving parts except the working fluid itself.

The efficiencies of thermoacoustic machines are typically lower than other engine types, but they have advantages in set up and maintenance costs. This creates opportunities for renewable energy applications, such as solar-thermal power plants and utilization of waste heat. Our analysis will focus on the creation of acoustic energy within the system, ignoring the extraction or conversion for powering external devices.

Part A: Sound wave in a closed tube

Consider a thermally insulating tube of length $L$ and cross-sectional area $S$, whose axis lies along the $x$ direction. The two ends of the tube are located at $x=0$ and $x=L$. The tube is filled with an ideal gas and is sealed on both ends. At equilibrium, the gas has temperature $T_{0}$, pressure $p_{0}$ and mass density $\rho_{0}$. Assume that viscosity can be ignored and that the gas motion is only in the $x$ direction. The gas properties are uniform in the perpendicular $y$ and $z$ directions.

<img_4558>

Figure 1
Context question:
A.1 When a standing sound wave forms, the gas elements oscillate in the $x$ direction with angular frequency $\omega$. The amplitude of the oscillations depends on each element's equilibrium position $x$ along the tube. The longitudinal displacement of each gas element from its equilibrium position $x$ is given by

$$
u(x, t)=a \sin (k x) \cos (\omega t)=u_{1}(x) \cos (\omega t)
\tag{1}
$$

(please note the $u$ here describes the displacement of a gas element)

where $a \ll L$ is a positive constant, $k=2 \pi / \lambda$ is the wavenumber and $\lambda$ is the wavelength. What is the maximum possible wavelength $\lambda_{\max }$ in this system?
Context answer:
\boxed{$\lambda_{\max }=2 L$}


Extra Supplementary Reading Materials:

We will assume throughout the question an oscillation mode of $\lambda=\lambda_{\max }$.

Now, consider a narrow parcel of gas, located at rest between $x$ and $x+\Delta x(\Delta x \ll L)$. As a result of the displacement wave of Task A.1, the parcel oscillates along the $x$ axis and undergoes a change in volume and other thermodynamic properties.

Throughout the following tasks assume all these changes to the thermodynamic properties to be small compared to the unperturbed values.
Context question:
A.2 The parcel volume $V(x, t)$ oscillates around the equilibrium value of $V_{0}=S \Delta x$ and has the form

$$
V(x, t)=V_{0}+V_{1}(x) \cos (\omega t) .
\tag{2}
$$

Obtain an expression for $V_{1}(x)$ in terms of $V_{0}, a, k$ and $x$.
Context answer:
\boxed{$V_{1}(x)=a k V_{0} \cos (k x)$}


Context question:
A.3 Assume that the total pressure of the gas, as a result of the sound wave, takes the approximate form

$$
p(x, t)=p_{0}-p_{1}(x) \cos (\omega t) .
\tag{3}
$$

Considering the forces acting on the parcel of gas, compute the amplitude $p_{1}(x)$ of the pressure oscillation to leading order, in terms of the position $x$, the equilibrium density $\rho_{0}$, the displacement amplitude $a$ and the wave parameters $k$ and $\omega$.
Context answer:
\boxed{$p_{1}(x)=a \frac{\omega^{2}}{k} \rho_{0} \cos (k x)$}


Extra Supplementary Reading Materials:

At acoustic frequencies, the thermal conductivity of the gas can be neglected. We will treat the expansion and contraction of gas parcels as purely adiabatic, satisfying the relation $p V^{\gamma}=$ const, where $\gamma$ is the adiabatic constant.
Context question:
A.4 Use the relation above and the results of the previous tasks to obtain an expression for the speed of sound waves $c=\omega / k$ in the tube, to first order. Express your answer in terms of $p_{0}, \rho_{0}$ and the adiabatic constant $\gamma$.
Context answer:
\boxed{$c=\sqrt{\frac{\gamma p_{0}}{\rho_{0}}}$}


Context question:
A.5 The change in the gas temperature due to the adiabatic expansion and contraction, as a result of the sound wave, takes the form:

$$
T(x, t)=T_{0}-T_{1}(x) \cos (\omega t)
\tag{4}
$$

Compute the amplitude $T_{1}(x)$ of the temperature oscillations in terms of $T_{0}, \gamma$, $a, k$ and $x$.
Context answer:
\boxed{$a k(\gamma-1) T_{0} \cos (k x)$}


Question: A.6 For the purpose of this task only, we assume a weak thermal interaction between the tube and the gas. As a result, the standing sound wave remains almost unchanged, but the gas can exchange a small amount of heat with the tube. The heating due to viscosity can be neglected.

For each of the points in Figure 2 (A, C at the edges of the tube, B at the center) state whether the temperature of the tube at that point will increase, decrease or remain the same over a long time.

<img_4517>

Figure 2

Solution:
The movement of the gas parcels inside the tube conveys heat along its boundary. To determine the direction of the convection, we combining the result of Task A. 5 and the expression (1) for $u(x, t)$. We see that when $0<x<\frac{L}{2}$, the gas is colder when the displacement $u(x, t)$ is positive. Likewise, when $\frac{L}{2}<x<L$, the gas is colder when the displacement $u(x, t)$ is negative. Hence, heat flows into the gas near the point $B$, cooling it down, and out of the gas near the points $A$ and $C$, heating them up.