Título: Hohokam
Seção: Civano phase (AD 1300-1350/1375)
Background: The Hohokam () were an ancient Native American culture centered in the present US state of Arizona. The Hohokam are one of the four major cultures of the American Southwest and northern Mexico in Southwestern archaeology. Considered part of the Oasisamerica tradition, the Hohokam established significant trading centers such as at Snaketown, and are considered to be the builders of the original canal system around the Phoenix metropolitan area, which the Mormon pioneers rebuilt when they settled the Lehi area of Mesa near Red Mountain. Variant spellings in current, official usage include Hobokam, Huhugam, and Huhukam.

Conteúdo: Although Casa Grande red-on-buff continued to be produced, the pottery type that characterized this phase was Salado polychrome, primarily Gila polychrome. This ceramic type was either manufactured locally or procured as a trade ware. This phase also had the introduction the comal, similar to examples found in northern Mexico, and the production of bird-shaped effigy vessels. Examples of exotic stone and shell artifacts associated with high-status individuals - such as nose plugs, pendants, ear rings, bracelets, necklaces, and sophisticated shell inlays - indicate that the design and manufacture of jewelry reached its zenith during this phase. Other important developments were the significant increased procurement and manufacture of red ware, and the near-universal use of inhumation burial in the area north of the Gila River, both similar to the practices and traditions used by the historic O'odham. Immediately after AD 1300, Hohokam villages were reorganized along the lines experienced in the Lower Verde, Tonto Basin, and Safford Basin, in the 13th century. These compounds were composed of a large, rectangular exterior wall that either completely or more typically partially enclosed a series of contiguous courtyards and plazas delineated by interior partition walls. In turn, each courtyard may have contained one to as many as four large, rectangular, adobe-walled pitrooms, possibly associated with several utility structures. Overall, these communities were characterized by r

user: What happened during the Civiano phase?

assistant: Hohokam villages were reorganized along the lines experienced in the Lower Verde, Tonto Basin, and Safford Basin,

user: What happened after they reoganized?

assistant: the Hohokam tradition lost vitality and stability, and many of the largest settlements were abandoned.

user: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

assistant: Rapidly changing climatic conditions apparently substantially affected the Hohokam agricultural base

user: Why did they lose stability and vitality?

assistant: Rapidly changing climatic conditions apparently substantially affected the Hohokam agricultural base and subsequently prevented the cohesion of their large communities.

user: What are other interesting facts about the Civano phase?

assistant: the pottery type that characterized this phase was Salado polychrome, primarily Gila polychrome.

user: Did they have any particular dressing style?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: What other tribes were present at the time?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: What happened after 1375?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: What is relevant about the midum years of this period?

assistant: These compounds were composed of a large, rectangular exterior wall that either completely or more typically partially enclosed a series of contiguous courtyards and plazas delineated by interior partition walls.