Título: Fernand Braudel
Seção: La Mediterranee
Background: Fernand Braudel (French: [bRodel]; 24 August 1902 - 27 November 1985) was a French historian and a leader of the Annales School. His scholarship focused on three main projects: The Mediterranean (1923-49, then 1949-66), Civilization and Capitalism (1955-79), and the unfinished Identity of France (1970-85). His reputation stems in part from his writings, but even more from his success in making the Annales School the most important engine of historical research in France and much of the world after 1950. As the dominant leader of the Annales School of historiography in the 1950s and 1960s, he exerted enormous influence on historical writing in France and other countries.

Conteúdo: His first book, La Mediterranee et le Monde Mediterraneen a l'Epoque de Philippe II (1949) (The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II) was his most influential. For Braudel there is no single Mediterranean Sea. There are many seas--indeed a "vast, complex expanse" within which men operate. Life is conducted on the Mediterranean: people travel, fish, fight wars, and drown in its various contexts. And the sea articulates with the plains and islands. Life on the plains is diverse and complex; the poorer south is affected by religious diversity (Catholicism and Islam), as well as by intrusions - both cultural and economic - from the wealthier north. In other words, the Mediterranean cannot be understood independently from what is exterior to it. Any rigid adherence to boundaries falsifies the situation. The first level of time, geographical time, is that of the environment, with its slow, almost imperceptible change, its repetition and cycles. Such change may be slow, but it is irresistible. The second level of time comprises long-term social, economic, and cultural history, where Braudel discusses the Mediterranean economy, social groupings, empires and civilizations. Change at this level is much more rapid than that of the environment; Braudel looks at two or three centuries in order to spot a particular pattern, such as the rise and fall of various aristocracies. The third level of time is that of events (histoire evenementielle). This is the histor

user: What is La Mediteranee?

assistant: His first book, La Mediterranee et le Monde Mediterraneen a l'Epoque de Philippe II (1949) (

user: what was the topic?

assistant: ) (The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II) was his most influential.

user: what time period was he studying?

assistant: The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II

user: what patterns did he discover?

assistant: such as the rise and fall of various aristocracies.

user: what other levels did he study?

assistant: The first level of time, geographical time, is that of the environment, with its slow, almost imperceptible change, its repetition and cycles.

user: is there a third level of time?

assistant: The third level of time is that of events (histoire evenementielle).

user: what major events or people were examined?

assistant: Life on the plains is diverse and complex; the poorer south is affected by religious diversity (Catholicism and Islam