dgand84/projgand huggingface dataset:
Título: Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
Seção: Creeping flow
Background: Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet,  (; 13 August 1819 - 1 February 1903), was an Irish physicist and mathematician. Born in Ireland, Stokes spent all of his career at the University of Cambridge, where he served as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics from 1849 until his death in 1903. In physics, Stokes made seminal contributions to fluid dynamics (including the Navier-Stokes equations) and to physical optics. In mathematics he formulated the first version of what is now known as Stokes's theorem and contributed to the theory of asymptotic expansions.

Conteúdo: His work on fluid motion and viscosity led to his calculating the terminal velocity for a sphere falling in a viscous medium. This became known as Stokes's law. He derived an expression for the frictional force (also called drag force) exerted on spherical objects with very small Reynolds numbers.  His work is the basis of the falling sphere viscometer, in which the fluid is stationary in a vertical glass tube. A sphere of known size and density is allowed to descend through the liquid. If correctly selected, it reaches terminal velocity, which can be measured by the time it takes to pass two marks on the tube. Electronic sensing can be used for opaque fluids. Knowing the terminal velocity, the size and density of the sphere, and the density of the liquid, Stokes's law can be used to calculate the viscosity of the fluid. A series of steel ball bearings of different diameter is normally used in the classic experiment to improve the accuracy of the calculation. The school experiment uses glycerine as the fluid, and the technique is used industrially to check the viscosity of fluids used in processes.  The same theory explains why small water droplets (or ice crystals) can remain suspended in air (as clouds) until they grow to a critical size and start falling as rain (or snow and hail). Similar use of the equation can be made in the settlement of fine particles in water or other fluids.  The CGS unit of kinematic viscosity was named "stokes" in recognition of his work. CANNOTAN

user: What is creeping flow?

assistant: His work is the basis of the falling sphere viscometer, in which the fluid is stationary in a vertical glass tube.

user: Was this one of his biggest accomplishments?

assistant: The CGS unit of kinematic viscosity was named "stokes" in recognition of his work.

user: What else is important about this work?

assistant: His work on fluid motion and viscosity led to his calculating the terminal velocity for a sphere falling in a viscous medium.

user: What sort of applications does this have?

assistant: the technique is used industrially to check the viscosity of fluids used in processes.
Título: Phil Mickelson
Seção: 2010: Third Masters win
Background: Philip Alfred Mickelson (born June 16, 1970), nicknamed Lefty, is an American professional golfer. He has won 43 events on the PGA Tour, including five major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), a PGA Championship (2005), and an Open Championship (2013). Mickelson is one of 16 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors. He has won every major except the U.S. Open, where he has finished runner-up a record six times.

Conteúdo: In 2010, Mickelson won the Masters Tournament on April 11 with a 16-under-par performance, giving him a three-stroke win over Lee Westwood. The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall. Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at -12, led Westwood, at -11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par.  Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71. No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.  For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year. Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, "That's a win for the family," was see

user: What is Masters?

assistant: Masters Tournament

user: When was this?

assistant: April 11

user: Did he win the the tournament?

assistant: The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.

user: What was his final score?

assistant: he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at -11.

user: Who else was in the tournament?

assistant: Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round,

user: Who were other players in the tournament?

assistant: Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play
Título: Phonograph record
Seção: 78 rpm recording time
Background: A phonograph record (also known as a gramophone record, especially in British English, or record) is an analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. At first, the discs were commonly made from shellac; starting in the 1950s polyvinyl chloride became common. In recent decades, records have sometimes been called vinyl records, or simply vinyl, although this would exclude most records made until after World War II.

Conteúdo: The playing time of a phonograph record depends on the available groove length divided by the turntable speed. Total groove length in turn depends on how closely the grooves are spaced, in addition to the record diameter. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as cylinder records. The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes. Because the standard 10-inch 78 rpm record could hold about three minutes of sound per side, most popular recordings were limited to that duration. For example, when King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, including Louis Armstrong on his first recordings, recorded 13 sides at Gennett Records in Richmond, Indiana, in 1923, one side was 2:09 and four sides were 2:52-2:59.  In January 1938, Milt Gabler started recording for Commodore Records, and to allow for longer continuous performances, he recorded some 12-inch discs. Eddie Condon explained: "Gabler realized that a jam session needs room for development." The first two 12-inch recordings did not take advantage of their capability: "Carnegie Drag" was 3m 15s; "Carnegie Jump", 2m 41s. But at the second session, on April 30, the two 12-inch recordings were longer: "Embraceable You" was 4m 05s; "Serenade to a Shylock", 4m 32s. Another way to overcome the time limitation was to issue a selection extending to both sides of a single record. Vaudeville stars Gallagher and Shean recorded "Mr. Gallagher and Mr. Shea

user: What is a 78 rpm recording time?

assistant: The playing time of a phonograph record depends on the available groove length divided by the turntable speed.

user: When was the 78 rpm recording time discovered?

assistant: The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes.
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user: Hello, hope you are well, how do I change my address?

assistant: Thank you! I am well, hope you are too. Change your Address and Telephone number online 

user: ok

assistant: You need to change your address correct?

user: yes please.

assistant: you can update your contact information in a safe , quick , and convenient way by following these five steps : Log in to my Social Security .Select the My Profile link on the right side of the screen . Select the Update Contact Information button and enter your address information . Select when would you like to schedule the update , then select Next .
   Review and verify your information , select Submit .

user: ok thank you but that is not for me

user: How can I chekck my address?

assistant:  you can easily check your address we have on record via the My Profile Tab on my Social Security
You may be eligible to have all or a portion of your Federal Perkins Loan canceled (based on your employment or volunteer service) or discharged (under certain conditions). 
Learn more to see whether you are eligible and how to apply. Federal Perkins Loan cancellation is based on eligible employment or eligible volunteer service and the length of time that you were in such a position. Discharge of your Perkins Loan may occur under certain circumstances. 

Perkins Loan Teacher Cancellation 


What are the eligibility requirements? 
You qualify for cancellation of up to 100 percent of a Federal Perkins Loan if you have served full - time in a public or nonprofit elementary or secondary school system as a teacher in a school serving students from low - income families ; special education teacher , including teachers of infants, toddlers, children, or youth with disabilities ; or teacher in the fields of mathematics, science, foreign languages, or bilingual education, or in any other field of expertise determined by a state education agency to have a shortage of qualified teachers in that state. Eligibility for teacher cancellation is based on the duties presented in an official position description, not on the position title. To receive a cancellation , you must be directly employed by the school system. There is no provision for canceling Federal Perkins Loans for teaching in postsecondary schools. Note that you also qualify for deferment while you re performing teaching service that qualifies for cancellation. Contact your college or your college s Perkins Loan servicer for information on applying for deferment. 

Who is considered a teacher? 
A teacher is someone including for example, a school librarian or guidance counselor who provides elementary or secondary school students with direct services directly related to classroom teaching. You do not need to be certified or licensed to receive cancellation benefits. However , your employing school must consider you 

user: I need to know if I'm eligible to have all or a portion of my Federal Perkins Loan canceled

assistant: Please, learn more to see whether you are eligible and how to apply
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user: Hi I need help where do I get a letter?

assistant: You have questions about where to get your verification letter, correct?
Título: Diana, Princess of Wales
Seção: Engagement and wedding
Background: Diana Frances Spencer was born on 1 July 1961, in Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk. She was the fourth of five children of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp (1924-1992), and his first wife, Frances (nee Roche; 1936-2004). The Spencer family has been closely allied with the British royal family for several generations. Both of Diana's grandmothers had served as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth

Conteúdo: Their engagement became official on 24 February 1981. Diana selected a large engagement ring that consisted of 14 solitaire diamonds surrounding a 12-carat oval blue Ceylon sapphire set in 18-carat white gold, which was similar to her mother's engagement ring. The ring was made by the Crown jewellers Garrard. In 2010, it became the engagement ring of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. The Queen Mother gave Diana a sapphire and diamond brooch as an engagement present.  Following the engagement, Diana left her occupation as a kindergarten assistant and lived for a short period at Clarence House, which was the home of the Queen Mother. She then lived at Buckingham Palace until the wedding. Diana was the first Englishwoman in 300 years to become the spouse of an heir apparent, and she was also the first royal bride to have a paying job before her engagement. She made her first public appearance with Prince Charles in a charity ball in March 1981 at Goldsmiths' Hall, where she met the Princess of Monaco.  Twenty-year-old Diana became Princess of Wales when she married the Prince of Wales on 29 July 1981 at St Paul's Cathedral, which offered more seating than Westminster Abbey, a church that was generally used for royal nuptials. The service was widely described as a "fairytale wedding" and was watched by a global television audience of 750 million people while 600,000 spectators lined the streets to catch a glimpse of the couple en route to the ceremony. At the altar, Diana inadvert

user: When did she get engaged?

assistant: Their engagement became official on 24 February 1981.

user: Does it mention her ring size or kind of stone?

assistant: Diana selected a large engagement ring that consisted of 14 solitaire diamonds surrounding a 12-carat oval blue Ceylon sapphire set in 18-carat white gold,

user: Who made the ring?

assistant: The ring was made by the Crown jewellers Garrard.

user: What came after her engagement?

assistant: Following the engagement, Diana left her occupation as a kindergarten assistant and lived for a short period at Clarence House,

user: Where did she go after leaving the Clarence House?

assistant: She then lived at Buckingham Palace until the wedding. Diana was the first Englishwoman in 300 years to become the spouse of an heir apparent,
Título: Kit Carson
Seção: Third expedition, 1845
Background: Christopher Houston Carson (December 24, 1809 - May 23, 1868), better known as Kit Carson, was an American frontiersman. He was a mountain man (fur trapper), wilderness guide, Indian agent, and U.S. Army officer. Carson became a frontier legend in his own lifetime via biographies and news articles. Exaggerated versions of his exploits were the subject of dime novels.

Conteúdo: In 1845, Carson guided Fremont on their third and last expedition. They went to California and Oregon. Fremont made scientific plans, but the expedition appeared to be political in nature. Fremont may have been working under secret government orders. President Polk wanted the province of Alta California for the United States. Once in California, Fremont started to rouse the American settlers into a patriotic fever. The Mexican government ordered him to leave. Fremont went north to Oregon, though not before instigating the Sacramento River massacre, in which at least 150 Indians were killed in an unprovoked attack. The party moved up along the Sacramento River, continuing to kill Indians as they went, then camped near Klamath Lake. Messages from Washington, DC made it clear that President Polk wanted California.  At Klamath Lake in southern Oregon, Fremont's party was hit in a revenge attack by 15-20 Indians on the night of May 9, 1846. Two or three men in camp were killed. The attackers fled after a brief struggle. Carson was angry that his friends had been killed. He took an axe and avenged the death of his friends by chopping away at a dead Indian's face. Fremont wrote, "He knocked his head to pieces."  In retaliation for the attack, a few days later Fremont's party massacred a village of Klamath people along the Williamson River in the Klamath Lake massacre. The entire village was razed and at least 14 men, women and children were killed. There was no evidence that the vil

user: What was significant about Carson's third expedition?

assistant: In 1845, Carson guided Fremont on their third and last expedition. They went to California and Oregon.

user: Why did they go on their third expedition?

assistant: Fremont made scientific plans, but the expedition appeared to be political in nature.

user: How was it political?

assistant: Fremont may have been working under secret government orders.

user: What did Carson do when the expedition was complete?

assistant: Carson was angry that his friends had been killed. He took an axe and avenged the death of his friends by chopping away at a dead Indian's face.

user: How were his friends killed?

assistant: At Klamath Lake in southern Oregon, Fremont's party was hit in a revenge attack by 15-20 Indians on the night of May 9, 1846.

user: Was Carson injured in the attack?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

assistant: Fremont went north to Oregon, though not before instigating the Sacramento River massacre, in which at least 150 Indians were killed in an unprovoked attack.
Título: Sea Peoples
Seção: History of the concept
Background: The Sea Peoples are a purported seafaring confederation that attacked ancient Egypt and other regions of the East Mediterranean prior to and during the Late Bronze Age collapse (1200-900 BC). Following the creation of the concept in the nineteenth century, it became one of the most famous chapters of Egyptian history, given its connection with, in the words of Wilhelm Max Muller: "the most important questions of ethnography and the primitive history of classic nations." Their origins uncertain, the various Sea Peoples have been proposed to have originated from places that include western Asia Minor, the Aegean, the Mediterranean islands, and Southern Europe. Although the archaeological inscriptions do not include reference to a migration, the Sea Peoples are conjectured to have sailed around the eastern Mediterranean and invaded Anatolia, Syria, Canaan, Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Egypt toward the end of the Bronze Age.

Conteúdo: The concept of the Sea Peoples was first described by Emmanuel de Rouge in 1855, then curator of the Louvre, in his work Note on Some Hieroglyphic Texts Recently Published by Mr. Greene, describing the battles of Ramesses III described on the Second Pylon at Medinet Habu, and based upon recent photographs of the temple by John Beasley Greene. De Rouge noted that "in the crests of the conquered peoples the Sherden and the Teresh bear the designation of the 'peuples de la mer'", in a reference to the prisoners depicted at the base of the Fortified East Gate. In 1867, de Rouge published his Excerpts of a memoire on the attacks directed against Egypt by the peoples of the Mediterranean in the 14th century BCE, which focused primarily on the battles of Ramesses II and Merneptah, and which proposed translations for many of the geographic names included in the hieroglyphic inscriptions. De Rouge later became chair of Egyptology at the College de France, and was succeeded by Gaston Maspero. Maspero built upon de Rouge's work, and published The Struggle of the Nations, in which he described the theory of the seaborne migrations in detail in 1895-6 for a wider audience, at a time when the idea of population migrations would have felt familiar to the general population.  The theory was taken up by other scholars such as Eduard Meyer, and became the generally accepted theory amongst Egyptologists and orientalists. Since the early 1990s, however, the theory has been brought into question 

user: What is the History of the concept

assistant: The concept of the Sea Peoples was first described by Emmanuel de Rouge in 1855, then curator of the Louvre, in his work Note on Some Hieroglyphic Texts

user: What was his concept

assistant: "in the crests of the conquered peoples the Sherden and the Teresh bear the designation of the 'peuples de la mer'",
Título: Rodney Hide
Seção: Entry into Parliament
Background: Rodney Philip Hide was born in Oxford in Canterbury. His father, Philip Hide, owned a small mixed-farm at Cust and also drove trucks. In 1960, due to sickness, Philip Hide sold the small farm and moved to Rangiora, continuing to drive trucks until his retirement. Rodney Hide attended Rangiora High School, before gaining a degree in zoology and botany from the University of Canterbury.

Conteúdo: Hide held the seventh place on the ACT party list for the 1996 elections. ACT received enough votes for Hide to enter Parliament, making him one of the party's "founding" MPs. He gradually rose through the party's ranks, reaching second place in the ACT list for the 2002 elections.  In his maiden speech, Hide made a specific attack on "perks" enjoyed by MPs, and this "perk-busting" became a characteristic of his political career until he was himself exposed for taking advantage of such perks, in taking his girlfriend on a tax payer funded trip to London and Hawaii. Hide still however claims to have developed a substantial reputation for finding and exposing "scandals", whether they relate to MPs' perks or to other governmental matters. Hide's critics often claim that his "scandals" rely on sensationalism and exaggeration, and have as their only purpose the gaining of media attention; but his supporters believe that Hide's constant scrutiny "keeps the government honest" and ensures that the administration does not waste taxpayers' money.  Roger Douglas himself has emerged as one of Hide's more prominent critics, referring to Hide's "stunts" as detracting from ACT's core economic message, shifting focus to populist issues of law and order and to provocative race relations policies. At a party conference, Douglas condemned MPs "who run any fickle line capable of grabbing short-term votes and attention", a comment allegedly directed at Hide or at his supporters. Hide acknowledges

user: When did Hide go into Parliament?

assistant: Hide held the seventh place on the ACT party list for the 1996 elections. ACT received enough votes for Hide to enter Parliament,

user: What was his position?

assistant: making him one of the party's "founding" MPs. He gradually rose through the party's ranks, reaching second place in the ACT list for the 2002 elections.
Título: Edgeworth David
Seção: Australian Mining Corps
Background: David was born on 28 January 1858, in St. Fagans near Cardiff, Wales, the eldest son of the Rev. William David, a fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, a classical scholar and naturalist and his wife Margaret Harriette (nee Thomson). His mother's cousin, William A. E. Ussher of the Geological Survey, first interested David in what was to be his life work. At the age of 12, David went to Magdalen College School, Oxford in 1870. In 1876 he gained a classical scholarship to New College, Oxford.

Conteúdo: When World War I broke out in 1914, David was a strenuous supporter of the war effort, supporting the campaign for conscription. In August 1915, after reading reports about mining operations and tunnelling during the Gallipoli Campaign, along with Professor Ernest Skeats, a professor at the University of Melbourne, David wrote a proposal to Senator George Pearce, the Australian Defence Minister, suggesting that the government raise a military force to undertake mining and tunnelling. After the proposal was accepted, David used his advocacy and organisational abilities to set up the Australian Mining Corps, and on 25 October 1915 he was appointed as a major, at the age of 57.  The first contingent of the corps consisted of 1,300 officers and men that were initially organised into two battalions before being reorganised into three tunnelling companies, as well as an electrical and mechanical mining company. After departing Australia for the United Kingdom in February 1916, the corps arrived on the Western Front in May 1916. Given the title 'Geological Adviser to the Controllers of Mines in the First, Second and Third Armies', David became relatively independent and spent his time in geological investigations, using his expertise to advise on the construction of dugouts, trenches, and tunnels, the siting of wells for provision of pure drinking water from underground supplies, giving lectures, and producing maps. In September 1916 he fell to the bottom of a well he was examining,

user: How did the Australian Mining Corp start?

assistant: David used his advocacy and organisational abilities to set up the Australian Mining Corps,

user: What year did this happen?

assistant: August 1915,

user: Was this a military endeavor?

assistant: David wrote a proposal to Senator George Pearce, the Australian Defence Minister, suggesting that the government raise a military force to undertake mining and tunnelling.

user: Do you know how old he was when this happened?

assistant: 25 October 1915 he was appointed as a major, at the age of 57.
Student Loan Repayment 
Before repayment begins , develop a plan that puts you on track to pay back your loan on time and in full. Understanding the details of repayment on your federal student loan can save you time and money. Find out what repayment plan options are available , when you must begin making payments , how to make your payment , how to pay your loan off faster , and what to do if you have trouble making payments. 

I need more information about my loan servicer. 
Find out who services your federal student loan. Try This Resource Federal Student Loans: Repaying Your Loans Provides information about federal student loan repayment plan options, finding loan history and loan servicers, and making payments. 

I need more information about the types of repayment plans available. 
Learn more about Repayment Plans. When You Must Begin Payments The Grace Period Making Payments Having Your Student Loan Forgiven REMEMBER : Your federal student loans can t be canceled or forgiven because you didn t get the education or job you expected or you didn t complete your education unless you couldn t complete your education because your school closed. 

When You Must Begin Payments 
Once you graduate , drop below half - time enrollment , or leave school , your federal student loan goes into repayment. However , if you have a Direct Subsidized, Direct Unsubsidized, or Federal Family Education Loan , you have a six - month grace period before you are required to start making regular payments. You ll have a nine - month grace period if you ve got a Perkins Loan. (Got a PLUS loan? You ll go into repayment as soon as the loan is fully disbursed which means once it s paid out. But if you re a graduate and professional student PLUS borrower, you will be placed on an automatic deferment while in school and for six months after graduating, leaving school, or dropping below half-time enrollment.) Note: When your loan enters repayment , your servicer will automatically place you 

user: Hi there. I would like to get some information related to the repayment of loans.

assistant: Sure, we can help you to make a plan to successfully repay your loan.

user: Great. And when do I have to start paying this loan?

assistant: You start paying once you graduate. , drop below half-time enrollment or if you leave school.

assistant: Is your student loan a direct subsidized or unsubsidized one or a federal family education loan?

user: Not really... Well, I am not sure.

assistant: Is your loan a plus one?

user: Yes, the one I got is that one.

assistant: Great. If that's the case you'll start to repay your loan just before it's payout.

user: I see... But what will happens if by chance I miss any of the payments?

assistant: In that case, is very important to stay in touch with your loan servicer, specially if you have any struggles to make payments on your loans.

user: I see. And if I can't make payments at all?

assistant: In that case, you have to contact with your loan servicer to find out your options.
Título: Gnarls Barkley
Seção: Band name
Background: Gnarls Barkley is an American soul duo, composed of singer-songwriter CeeLo Green and producer Danger Mouse. They have released two studio albums, St. Elsewhere (2006) and The Odd Couple (2008). St. Elsewhere was recorded on the Warner Music UK label, and contained their hit single "Crazy" which topped at number two on the US Hot 100, and topped the charts in the UK. It was also nominated at the 2007 Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, and was platinum certified for shipping over 1,000,000 records.

Conteúdo: In 2006, Sanjiv Bhattacharya interviewed the duo for The Guardian and asked about where their band name came from, to which Green replied: "You ask me why we're called Gnarls Barkley and I'm asking you 'why not?'...The name Gnarls Barkley isn't anchored down. It's a drifter. A High Plains drifter, I might add". Danger Mouse said: "There's no story behind it...The name doesn't have anything to do with anything". Although many people believe that their name has something to do with former NBA player Charles Barkley, the duo dismiss that idea. Sanjiv asked them about it, saying "Not even Charles Barkley, the basketball player?", to which Danger Mouse replied: "Nope. It's just like everything else on this record. There was no conscious decision about stuff".  According to a Billboard article: "Burton and CeeLo have been cagey about what the name of the act means, and each live performance is an opportunity to play dress-up as tennis players, astronauts and chefs, among many other get-ups. The costuming extends to photo shoots, as Burton and Cee Lo would rather impersonate characters from such films as Back to the Future or Wayne's World. They also have dressed up as characters from films A Clockwork Orange and Napoleon Dynamite.  About Gnarls Barkley, Green said in an interview:  That is that electric industrial Euro soul, that's what I call it... if I can call it anything. It truly is shapeless and formless. My style and my approach is still water, and it runs so deep. So, with 

user: What does the band name mean?

assistant: we're called Gnarls Barkley and I'm asking you 'why not?'...The name Gnarls Barkley isn't anchored down. It's a drifter.

user: Who chose the band's name?

assistant: the duo

user: What else is significant about the band's name?

assistant: ". Danger Mouse said: "There's no story behind it...The name doesn't have anything to do with anything".

user: What did CeeLo say about the band name?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: What did critics think of the band name?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
Título: Aesop
Seção: Fabulist
Background: Aesop ( EE-sop; Greek: Aisopos, Aisopos; c. 620 - 564 BCE) was a Greek fabulist and storyteller credited with a number of fables now collectively known as Aesop's Fables. Although his existence remains unclear and no writings by him survive, numerous tales credited to him were gathered across the centuries and in many languages in a storytelling tradition that continues to this day. Many of the tales are characterized by animals and inanimate objects that speak, solve problems, and generally have human characteristics.

Conteúdo: Aesop may not have written his fables. The Aesop Romance claims that he wrote them down and deposited them in the library of Croesus; Herodotus calls Aesop a "writer of fables" and Aristophanes speaks of "reading" Aesop, but no writings by Aesop have survived. Scholars speculate that "there probably existed in the fifth century [BCE] a written book containing various fables of Aesop, set in a biographical framework." Sophocles in a poem addressed to Euripides made reference to Aesop's fable of the North Wind and the Sun. Socrates while in prison turned some of the fables into verse, of which Diogenes Laertius records a small fragment. The early Roman playwright and poet Ennius also rendered at least one of Aesop's fables in Latin verse, of which the last two lines still exist.  The body of work identified as Aesop's Fables was transmitted by a series of authors writing in both Greek and Latin. Demetrius of Phalerum made a collection in ten books, probably in prose (Aisopeion a) for the use of orators, which has been lost. Next appeared an edition in elegiac verse, cited by the Suda, but the author's name is unknown. Phaedrus, a freedman of Augustus, rendered the fables into Latin in the 1st century CE. At about the same time Babrius turned the fables into Greek choliambics. A 3rd-century author, Titianus, is said to have rendered the fables into prose in a work now lost. Avianus (of uncertain date, perhaps the 4th century) translated 42 of the fables into Latin elegiacs. The 

user: What did Aesop do as a fabulist?

assistant: The Aesop Romance claims that he wrote them down and deposited them in the library of Croesus;
Título: Madness (band)
Seção: 1976-78: Formation
Background: Madness are an English ska band from Camden Town, north London, who formed in 1976. One of the most prominent bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s 2 Tone ska revival, they continue to perform with six of the seven members of their classic line-up. Madness achieved most of their success in the early to mid-1980s. Both Madness and UB40 spent 214 weeks on the UK singles charts over the course of the decade, holding the record for most weeks spent by a group in the 1980s UK singles charts.

Conteúdo: The core of the band formed as The North London Invaders in 1976, and included Mike Barson (Monsieur Barso) on keyboards and vocals, Chris Foreman (Chrissy Boy) on guitar and Lee Thompson (Kix) on saxophone and vocals. They later recruited John Hasler on drums and Cathal Smyth (better known as Chas Smash) on bass guitar. Later in the year, they were joined by lead vocalist Dikron Tulane.  This six-piece line-up lasted until part way through 1977, when Graham McPherson (better known as Suggs) took over the lead vocals after seeing the band perform in a friend's garden. Dikron went on to be an actor under the name Dikran Tulaine. Smyth, who left after an argument with Barson, was replaced by Gavin Rodgers, Barson's girlfriend's brother. McPherson was kicked out of the band for too often choosing to watch Chelsea instead of rehearsing. Thompson left the band after Barson criticised his saxophone playing.  By 1978, the band had allowed McPherson to return, after filling in temporarily for Hasler (who had taken over vocals when McPherson was removed). Thompson returned after patching things up with Barson. Drummer Daniel Woodgate (Woody) and bass player Mark Bedford (Bedders) also joined the band, replacing Garry Dovey and Rodgers, respectively. After briefly changing their name to Morris and the Minors, the band renamed itself as Madness in 1979, paying homage to one of their favourite songs by ska/reggae artist Prince Buster. The band remained a sextet until late 1979, when Chas

user: where did they form

assistant: North London

user: Who was in the band

assistant: Mike Barson (Monsieur Barso) on keyboards and vocals, Chris Foreman (Chrissy Boy) on guitar and Lee Thompson (Kix) on saxophone and vocals.
Título: Tamar Braxton
Seção: 1977-99: Early life and career beginnings
Background: Tamar Estine Herbert (nee Braxton, born March 17, 1977), professionally known as Tamar Braxton, is an American singer, television personality and actress. Braxton had her first big break in music in 1990 as a founding member of the American R&B singing group The Braxtons, formed with her sisters. The Braxtons released their debut album, So Many Ways, as a trio in 1996.

Conteúdo: Tamar Estine Braxton was born in Severn, Maryland on March 17, 1977 to Michael and Evelyn Braxton. The youngest of the Braxtons' six children, Tamar started singing as a toddler. The Braxton children would eventually enter in their church choir, where their father Michael Braxton was a pastor. Sisters Toni, Traci, Towanda, Trina, and Tamar Braxton signed their first record deal with Arista Records in 1989. In 1990, they released their first single, "Good Life". "Good Life" was unsuccessful only peaking at No. 79 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. At the time of the single's release, the members' age differences created a problem with marketing. Subsequently, The Braxtons were dropped from Arista Records.  In 1991, during a showcase with L.A. Reid and Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, who were in the process of forming LaFace Records, Toni Braxton, minus her four sisters, was chosen and signed as the label's first female solo artist. At the time, the remaining members were told that LaFace was not looking for another girl group since it had just signed TLC. After Toni's departure from the group, the remaining Braxtons members became backup singers for Toni's first tour, music videos, and promotional appearances. Traci, Towanda, Trina, and Tamar were featured in the music video for Toni Braxton's third single, "Seven Whole Days", from her self-titled debut album.  In 1993, LaFace Records A&R Vice President, Bryant Reid, signed The Braxtons to LaFace. However, the group n

user: Where was Tamar Braxton born?

assistant: Tamar Estine Braxton was born in Severn, Maryland

user: When did Tamar Braxton started singing?

assistant: Tamar started singing as a toddler.

user: How many siblings does Tamar Braxton have?

assistant: The youngest of the Braxtons' six children,

user: When did Braxton release her first single?

assistant: In 1990, they released their first single,

user: Did the single do well on the charts?

assistant: ". "Good Life" was unsuccessful only peaking at No. 79 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.
Título: Edward Weston
Seção: Writings
Background: Edward Henry Weston (March 24, 1886 - January 1, 1958) was a 20th-century American photographer. He has been called "one of the most innovative and influential American photographers..." and "one of the masters of 20th century photography." Over the course of his 40-year career Weston photographed an increasingly expansive set of subjects, including landscapes, still lifes, nudes, portraits, genre scenes and even whimsical parodies. It is said that he developed a "quintessentially American, and specially Californian, approach to modern photography" because of his focus on the people and places of the American West.

Conteúdo: Weston was a prolific writer. His Daybooks were published in two volumes totaling more than 500 pages in the first edition. This does not include the years of the journal he kept between 1915 and 1923; for reasons he never made clear he destroyed those before leaving for Mexico. He also wrote dozens of articles and commentaries, beginning in 1906 and ending in 1957, and he hand-wrote or typed at least 5,000 letters to colleagues, friends, lovers, his wives and his children.  In addition, Weston kept very thorough notes on the technical and business aspects of his work. The Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona, which now houses most of Weston's archives, reports that it houses 75 linear feet of pages from his Daybooks, correspondence, financial records, memorabilia, and other personal documents in his possession when he died.  Among Weston's most important early writings are those that provide insights into his development of the concept of previsualization. He first spoke and wrote about the concept in 1922, at least a decade before Ansel Adams began utilizing the term, and he continued to expand upon this idea both in writing and in his teachings. Historian Beaumont Newhall noted the significance of Weston's innovation in his book The History of Photography, saying "The most important part of Edward Weston's approach was his insistence that the photographer should previsualize the final print before making the exposure."  In his Daybooks he provided a

user: Was Weston a writer or were things written about him?

assistant: Weston was a prolific writer.

user: What did Weston write about?

assistant: he hand-wrote or typed at least 5,000 letters to colleagues, friends, lovers, his wives and his children.

user: Was weston a published writer?

assistant: He also wrote dozens of articles and commentaries, beginning in 1906 and ending in 1957,
Título: Alan Menken
Seção: Disney Renaissance and later films
Background: Alan Irwin Menken was born on July 22, 1949, at French Hospital in New York City, to Judith and Norman Menken. His father was a boogie-woogie piano-playing dentist, and his mother was an actress, dancer and playwright. His family was Jewish. Menken developed an interest in music at an early age, taking piano and violin lessons.

Conteúdo: After graduating, Menken's plan was to become either a rock star or a recording artist. His interest in writing musicals increased when he joined the Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) Musical Theatre Workshop and was mentored by Lehman Engel. From 1974 to 1978, he showcased various BMI workshop works, such as Midnight, Apartment House (lyric by Muriel Robinson), Conversations with Pierre,Harry the Rat and Messiah on Mott Street (lyrics by David Zippel). According to Menken, during this period, he "worked as a ballet and modern dance accompanist, a musical director for club acts, a jingle writer, arranger, a songwriter for Sesame Street and a vocal coach. He performed his material at clubs like The Ballroom, Reno Sweeny and Tramps." In 1976, John Wilson reported for The New York Times that members of Engel's BMI Workshop began performing as part of the "Broadway at the Ballroom" series: "The opening workshop program ... featured Maury Yeston and Alan Menken, both playing their piano accompaniment and singing songs they have written for potential musicals." Wilson reviewed a performance at the Ballroom in 1977 where Menken accompanied a singer: "In the current cabaret world, a piano accompanist is no longer expected to merely play piano for a singer. More and more, pianists can be heard joining in vocally, harmonizing with the singer, creating a background of shouts and exclamations or even doing brief passages of solo singing."  Menken contributed material to revues like New York's 

user: What work did Alan do with Disney?

assistant: Menken and Ashman were hired by Walt Disney Studios to write the music for The Little Mermaid (1989).

user: How was his work on The Little Mermaid received?

assistant: The Little Mermaid opened to critical and commercial success and signaled a new Disney era called the Disney Renaissance.

user: What is the next Disney film that he worked on?

assistant: The two were working on Aladdin at the time of Ashman's death in 1991. Subsequently, Menken went to collaborate with Tim Rice to finish the songs for the film.

user: Did he win any awards for Aladdin?

assistant: The film won an Oscar in 1992 for Best Song: "A Whole New World". Menken also won the Oscar for Best Score.