Título: Native Americans in the United States
Seção: Self-determination
Background: Native Americans, also known as American Indians, Indians, Indigenous Americans and other terms, are the indigenous peoples of the United States. There are over 500 federally recognized tribes within the U.S., about half of which are associated with Indian reservations. The term excludes Native Hawaiians and some Alaska Natives. The ancestors of modern Native Americans arrived in what is now the United States at least 15,000 years ago, possibly much earlier, from Asia via Beringia.

Conteúdo: Military service and urban residency contributed to the rise of American Indian activism, particularly after the 1960s and the occupation of Alcatraz Island (1969-1971) by a student Indian group from San Francisco. In the same period, the American Indian Movement (AIM) was founded in Minneapolis, and chapters were established throughout the country, where American Indians combined spiritual and political activism. Political protests gained national media attention and the sympathy of the American public.  Through the mid-1970s, conflicts between governments and Native Americans occasionally erupted into violence. A notable late 20th-century event was the Wounded Knee incident on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Upset with tribal government and the failures of the federal government to enforce treaty rights, about 300 Oglala Lakota and AIM activists took control of Wounded Knee on February 27, 1973.  Indian activists from around the country joined them at Pine Ridge, and the occupation became a symbol of rising American Indian identity and power. Federal law enforcement officials and the national guard cordoned off the town, and the two sides had a standoff for 71 days. During much gunfire, one United States Marshal was wounded and paralyzed. In late April, a Cherokee and local Lakota man were killed by gunfire; the Lakota elders ended the occupation to ensure no more lives were lost.  In June 1975, two FBI agents seeking to make an armed robbery arrest at Pine Ridge Reserva

user: What is the self-determination?

assistant: Military service and urban residency contributed to the rise of American Indian activism, particularly after the 1960s and the occupation of Alcatraz Island (1969-1971)

user: Did it rise significantly after that?

assistant: Through the mid-1970s, conflicts between governments and Native Americans occasionally erupted into violence.

user: What was the governments response to the violence?

assistant: officials and the national guard cordoned off the town, and the two sides had a standoff for 71 days.

user: How did it end?

assistant: In late April, a Cherokee and local Lakota man were killed by gunfire; the Lakota elders ended the occupation to ensure no more lives were lost.

user: What was the governments response to the elders ending it?

assistant: In 1968, the government enacted the Indian Civil Rights Act.

user: What did that entail?

assistant: This gave tribal members most of the protections against abuses by tribal governments that the Bill of Rights accords to all U.S. citizens

user: What was the native american response to this act?

assistant: In 1975, the U.S. government passed the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, marking the culmination of fifteen years of policy changes.

user: What did this act include?

assistant: It resulted from American Indian activism, the Civil Rights Movement, and community development aspects of President Lyndon Johnson's social programs of the 1960s.