Título: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Seção: Evaluation
Background: Frederick II (26 December 1194 - 13 December 1250; Sicilian: Fidiricu, Italian: Federico, German: Friedrich) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. His mother Constance was Queen of Sicily and his father was Henry VI of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. Frederick's reign saw the Holy Roman Empire reaching its all time territorial peak.

Conteúdo: Historians rate Frederick II as a highly significant European monarch of the Middle Ages. This reputation was present even in Frederick's era. Lansing and English, two British historians, argue that medieval Palermo has been overlooked in favor of Paris and London:  One effect of this approach has been to privilege historical winners, [and] aspects of medieval Europe that became important in later centuries, above all the nation state.... Arguably the liveliest cultural innovation in the 13th century was Mediterranean, centered on Frederick II's polyglot court and administration in Palermo.... Sicily and the Italian South in later centuries suffered a long slide into overtaxed poverty and marginality. Textbook narratives therefore focus not on medieval Palermo, with its Muslim and Jewish bureaucracies and Arabic-speaking monarch, but on the historical winners, Paris and London.  Modern medievalists no longer accept the notion, sponsored by the popes, of Frederick as an anti-Christian. They argue that Frederick understood himself as a Christian monarch in the sense of a Byzantine emperor, thus as God's "viceroy" on earth. Whatever his personal feelings toward religion, certainly submission to the pope did not enter into the matter in the slightest. This was in line with the Hohenstaufen Kaiser-Idee, the ideology claiming the Holy Roman Emperor to be the legitimate successor to the Roman Emperors.  20th century treatments of Frederick vary from the sober (Wolfgang Sturner) to t

user: What is the Evaluation of Frederick II?

assistant: Historians rate Frederick II as a highly significant European monarch of the Middle Ages.

user: What is one noteworthy accomplishment that Frederick did?

assistant: Arguably the liveliest cultural innovation in the 13th century was Mediterranean, centered on Frederick II's polyglot court and administration in Palermo....

user: What else did he achieve?

assistant: continuity between Frederick and his predecessors as Kings of Sicily and Holy Roman Emperors,

user: Were there any attempts to overthrow Frederick as EMperor?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: How did Frederick II achieve continuity as Holy ROman Emperor?

assistant: This was in line with the Hohenstaufen Kaiser-Idee, the ideology claiming the Holy Roman Emperor to be the legitimate successor to the Roman Emperors.

user: What are some negatives or failures of Frederick's reign?

assistant: Frederick's extensive concessions to German princes--which he made in the hopes of securing his base for his Italian projects--

user: What were some of the concessions he gave to German princes?

assistant: undid the political power of his predecessors and postponed German unity for centuries.

user: Tell me more about his Italian projects?

assistant: Sicily and the Italian South in later centuries suffered a long slide into overtaxed poverty and marginality.