Título: Herbert A. Simon
Seção: Artificial intelligence
Background: Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 - February 9, 2001) was an American economist and political scientist whose primary interest was decision-making within organizations and is best known for the theories of "bounded rationality" and "satisficing". He received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978 and the Turing Award in 1975. His research was noted for its interdisciplinary nature and spanned across the fields of cognitive science, computer science, public administration, management, and political science. He was at Carnegie Mellon University for most of his career, from 1949 to 2001.

Conteúdo: Simon was a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, creating with Allen Newell the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver (GPS) (1957) programs. GPS may possibly be the first method developed for separating problem solving strategy from information about particular problems. Both programs were developed using the Information Processing Language (IPL) (1956) developed by Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Simon. Donald Knuth mentions the development of list processing in IPL, with the linked list originally called "NSS memory" for its inventors. In 1957, Simon predicted that computer chess would surpass human chess abilities within "ten years" when, in reality, that transition took about forty years.  In the early 1960s psychologist Ulric Neisser asserted that while machines are capable of replicating "cold cognition" behaviors such as reasoning, planning, perceiving, and deciding, they would never be able to replicate "hot cognition" behaviors such as pain, pleasure, desire, and other emotions. Simon responded to Neisser's views in 1963 by writing a paper on emotional cognition, which he updated in 1967 and published in Psychological Review. Simon's work on emotional cognition was largely ignored by the artificial intelligence research community for several years, but subsequent work on emotions by Sloman and Picard helped refocus attention on Simon's paper and eventually, made it highly influential on the topic.  Simon also collaborated with James G. March 

user: What does Simon have to do with Artificial Intelligence?

assistant: Simon was a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, creating with Allen Newell

user: When was his first creation of AI?

assistant: intelligence, creating with Allen Newell the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver (GPS) (1957) programs. GPS may possibly

user: How does this relate to GPS?

assistant: GPS may possibly be the first method developed for separating problem solving strategy from

user: What was the Logic Theory Machine?

assistant: separating problem solving strategy from information about particular problems.

user: How did his AI progress from there?

assistant: Both programs were developed using the Information Processing Language (IPL) (1956) developed by Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Simon. Donald Knuth mentions

user: Were these programs used by others later on?

assistant: Donald Knuth mentions the development of list processing in IPL, with the linked list originally called "NSS memory" for its inventors. In 1957, Simon predicted

user: What did Simon predict?

assistant: Simon predicted that computer chess would surpass human chess abilities within "ten years" when, in reality, that transition took

user: When did computer chess surpass human chess?

assistant: in reality, that transition took about forty years.

user: What else did Simon invent or create?

assistant: Simon developed a theory for the simulation of human problem solving behavior using production rules. The study of human problem solving required

user: What did that require?

assistant: required new kinds of human measurements and, with Anders Ericsson, Simon developed