Título: Immanuel Kant
Seção: Political philosophy
Background: Immanuel Kant (; German: [I'ma:nue:l kant]; 22 April 1724 - 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy. Kant argues that the human mind creates the structure of human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of human sensibility, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is independent of humanity's concepts of it. Kant took himself to have effected a "Copernican revolution" in philosophy, akin to Copernicus' reversal of the age-old belief that the sun revolves around the earth.

Conteúdo: In "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch", Kant listed several conditions that he thought necessary for ending wars and creating a lasting peace. They included a world of constitutional republics. His classical republican theory was extended in the Science of Right, the first part of the Metaphysics of Morals (1797). Kant believed that universal history leads to the ultimate world of republican states at peace, but his theory was not pragmatic. The process was described in "Perpetual Peace" as natural rather than rational:  The guarantee of perpetual peace is nothing less than that great artist, nature...In her mechanical course we see that her aim is to produce a harmony among men, against their will, and indeed through their discord. As a necessity working according to laws we do not know, we call it destiny. But, considering its designs in universal history, we call it "providence," inasmuch as we discern in it the profound wisdom of a higher cause which predetermines the course of nature and directs it to the objective final end of the human race.  Kant's political thought can be summarized as republican government and international organization. "In more characteristically Kantian terms, it is doctrine of the state based upon the law (Rechtsstaat) and of eternal peace. Indeed, in each of these formulations, both terms express the same idea: that of legal constitution or of 'peace through law'. Taken simply by itself, Kant's political philosophy, being essentially a le

user: What was his stance on major political ideals?

assistant: ", Kant listed several conditions that he thought necessary for ending wars and creating a lasting peace. They included a world of constitutional republics.

user: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

assistant: Kant believed that universal history leads to the ultimate world of republican states at peace, but his theory was not pragmatic.

user: Were the problems with his theory

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: Was he criticized?

assistant: In her mechanical course we see that her aim is to produce a harmony among men, against their will, and indeed through their discord.

user: Did the public take to his philosophy?

assistant: Kant's political philosophy, being essentially a legal doctrine, rejects by definition the opposition between moral education and the play of passions as alternate foundations for social life.

user: Did he have any other political stances?

assistant: The state is defined as the union of men under law.

user: Was this challenged?

assistant: The state rightly so called is constituted by laws which are necessary a priori because they flow from the very concept of law.