dgand84/projgand huggingface dataset:
Título: P.M. Dawn
Seção: Early history
Background: P.M. Dawn was an American hip hop act, formed in 1988 by the brothers Attrell Cordes (known by his stage name Prince Be, sometimes credited as Prince Be the Nocturnal) and Jarrett Cordes (known as DJ Minutemix) in Jersey City, New Jersey. They earned significant crossover success in the early 1990s with music that merged hip hop, older soul, and more pop-oriented urban R&B. After recording their debut single "Ode to a Forgetful Mind" in 1988, P.M. Dawn released their first album Of the Heart, of the Soul and of the Cross: The Utopian Experience in 1991 to critical acclaim.

Conteúdo: The Cordes brothers' father died of pneumonia when they were children. Further family tragedy occurred when their baby brother, Duncan, drowned at the age of two. The two elder brothers were raised by their mother and their stepfather George Brown, a founding member of Kool & the Gang.  Attrell Cordes began DJing parties and composing songs in ninth grade. Cordes, known by his stage name Prince Be, and his younger brother, Jarrett Cordes, known as DJ Minutemix, formed P.M. Dawn in 1988. The group's first demo tape was created using $600 that Prince Be had earned through his job as a night security guard at a homeless shelter.  They first approached Tommy Boy Records, the rap music subsidiary of Warner Brothers, with their demo, but they were told that they were too much like alternative hip-hoppers De La Soul, and not hardcore or ghetto, and were turned away. Eventually, Warlock, an independent record label, issued a debut single, "Ode to a Forgetful Mind", in 1989, but it went unnoticed.  The record label that released the single in the United Kingdom, Gee Street Records, found greater success. Gee Street mixed and marketed the song so that it earned considerable attention from music reviewers, and P.M. Dawn found themselves courted not just by Gee Street's head, Jon Baker, but also by most of the major UK record labels. Gee Street brought the brothers to London in 1990 to record tracks for an album; however, the label found itself facing bankruptcy during the recording. The

user: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

assistant: The Cordes brothers' father died of pneumonia when they were children.

user: who was his mother?

assistant: The two elder brothers were raised by their mother and their stepfather George Brown,

user: Where did they grow up?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: What was their childhood like?

assistant: Attrell Cordes began DJing parties and composing songs in ninth grade.

user: When was their first performance?

assistant: Prince Be, and his younger brother, Jarrett Cordes, known as DJ Minutemix, formed P.M. Dawn in 1988.

user: What was their first song?

assistant: issued a debut single, "Ode to a Forgetful Mind",

user: When was this released?

assistant: ", in 1989, but it went unnoticed.
Título: Vampire Weekend
Seção: Modern Vampires of the City (2011 - 2014)
Background: Vampire Weekend are an American rock band from New York City, formed in 2006. They are currently signed to Columbia Records. The band consists of lead vocalist and guitarist Ezra Koenig, drummer and percussionist Chris Tomson and bassist and backing vocalist Chris Baio. The band's first album Vampire Weekend (2008) - which included the singles "Mansard Roof", "A-Punk", "Oxford Comma", "Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa" and "The Kids Don't Stand a Chance" - was acclaimed by critics for its world music influences.

Conteúdo: On November 11, 2011, it was revealed that Vampire Weekend had been in the studio, writing and recording material for their third album. On April 26, 2012, Rolling Stone reported that the new album could be released by the end of the year. Koenig said, "We do have a ton of stuff. It would be cool if it was [released] this year...We just never want to be in a position [where] when we put out something, we feel could've benefited from more time." Until its release, the band was discreet about the details of the next album, stating that a band "can give a bunch of interviews when they're working on stuff" but they "don't want something [they] said six months ago to influence how people hear it when it's done."  Modern Vampires of the City was released in May 2013, and written and recorded in various locations including SlowDeath Studios in New York, Echo Park "Back House" in Los Angeles, Vox Recording Studios in Hollywood, Rostam Batmanglij's New York apartment and a guest house on Martha's Vineyard. The album was co-produced by Batmanglij and Ariel Rechtshaid. After Batmanglij produced the first two albums himself, this marked the first time the band worked with an outside producer on any of their records.  In an interview for the February 2013 edition of Q (released in mid-January), Koenig described the upcoming album as "darker and more organic" and "very much the last of a trilogy". Says Koenig, "Things that we might have found boring in the past, we've started to find more 

user: what happened in 2011

assistant: On November 11, 2011, it was revealed that Vampire Weekend had been in the studio, writing and recording material for their third album.
Título: Dion DiMucci
Seção: With the Belmonts: 1957-1960
Background: Dion Francis DiMucci (born July 18, 1939), better known mononymously as Dion, is an American singer, songwriter whose work has incorporated elements of doo-wop, rock and R&B styles--and, most recently, straight blues. He was one of the most popular American rock and roll performers of the pre-British Invasion era. He had 39 Top 40 hits in the late 1950s and early 1960s as a solo performer, with the Belmonts or with the Del Satins. He is best remembered for the singles "Runaround Sue", "The Wanderer", "Ruby Baby" and "Lovers Who Wander", among his other hits.

Conteúdo: Bob and Gene Schwartz also signed Dion's friends, the Belmonts, (Carlo Mastrangelo, Fred Milano, and Angelo D'Aleo), a vocal group named for nearby Belmont Avenue, and teamed them, with Dion singing lead. The new group's breakthrough came in early 1958, when "I Wonder Why" (on their newly formed "Laurie" label) made No. 22 on the U.S. charts. Dion said of the Belmonts; "I'd give 'em sounds. I'd give 'em parts and stuff. That's what 'I Wonder Why' was about. We kind of invented this percussive rhythmic sound. If you listen to that song, everybody was doing something different. There's four guys, one guy was doing bass, I was singing lead, one guy's going 'ooh wah ooh,' and another guy's doing tenor. It was totally amazing. When I listen to it today, oftentimes I think, 'man, those kids are talented.'"  Their initial hit was followed by "No One Knows" and "Don't Pity Me," which also charted the Billboard Top 100. This success won a place for Dion and the Belmonts on the ill-fated "The Winter Dance Party" tour with Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, the Big Bopper (J.P. Richardson), Frankie Sardo, and other performers. On February 3, 1959, after a concert stop in Clear Lake, Iowa, Holly and others decided to charter a flight to the next venue rather than travel on the tour bus. Dion was invited to accompany the group but decided that he did not want to spend $36 for the flight, as it was the same monthly rent his parents paid for his childhood apartment and he couldn't justify the ind

user: Who were The Belmonts?

assistant: ), a vocal group

user: Who were the members?

assistant: Bob and Gene Schwartz

user: What happened in 1957?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: Did they collaborate with anyone else?

assistant: Frankie Sardo,

user: Did The Belmonts tour?

assistant: Dion and the Belmonts continued on the tour,

user: Did anything happen in 1960?

assistant: Dion checked into hospital

user: Why did he check into the hospital?

assistant: for heroin addiction,

user: Did he make it out of the hospital?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
Título: Janet Jackson
Seção: 2006-2007: 20 Y.O. and Why Did I Get Married?
Background: Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress. Known for sonically innovative, socially conscious and sexually provocative records, and elaborate stage shows, she has been a prominent figure in popular culture for over thirty years. The youngest child of the Jackson family, she began her career with the variety television series The Jacksons in 1976 and went on to appear in other television shows throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, including Good Times and Fame. After signing a recording contract with A&M Records in 1982, she became a pop icon following the release of her third studio album Control (1986).

Conteúdo: Jackson began recording her ninth studio album, 20 Y.O., in 2005. She recorded with producers Dupri, Jam and Lewis for several months during the following year. The album's title was a reference to the two decades since the release of her breakthrough album Control, representing the album's "celebration of the joyful liberation and history-making musical style."  To promote the album, Jackson appeared in various magazines, and performed on the Today Show and Billboard Awards. Jackson's Us Weekly cover, revealing her slim figure after heavy media focus was placed on her fluctuations in weight, became the magazine's best-selling issue in history. 20 Y.O. was released in September 2006 and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200. The album received mixed reviews, with multiple critics chastising the production and involvement of Jermaine Dupri. Rolling Stone disagreed with the album's reference to Control, saying "If we were her, we wouldn't make the comparison."  Jackson's airplay and music channel blacklist remained persistent, massively affecting her chart performance and exposure. However, lead single "Call on Me", which featured rapper Nelly, peaked at number twenty-five on the Hot 100, number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and number six in the United Kingdom. The video for the album's second single, "So Excited", was directed by Joseph Kahn and portrayed Jackson's clothes disappearing through a complex dance routine.  20 Y.O. was certified platinum by the RIAA

user: Was this Janet's first album?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: Who did she with for this album?

assistant: producers Dupri, Jam and Lewis

user: How did she come up with the name of the album?

assistant: The album's title was a reference to the two decades since the release of her breakthrough album Control,

user: Did the album do well after being released?

assistant: was released in September 2006 and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200.

user: What other charts was the song on?

assistant: at number twenty-five on the Hot 100,
Título: Pete Rose
Seção: Early years
Background: Rose was born April 14, 1941, in Cincinnati, Ohio, one of four children born to Harry Francis "Pete" and LaVerne Rose. He was a member of the Order of DeMolay as a young boy and was encouraged by his parents to participate in sports. He played baseball and football at Western Hills High School. Although Rose was small for his age, he earned the starting running back position on his freshman football team.

Conteúdo: On April 23, 1964, Rose reached first base on an error in the top of the ninth inning of a scoreless game in Colt Stadium and scored on another error. The Colt .45s lost the game in the bottom of the ninth inning and Ken Johnson became the first pitcher to lose a complete game no-hitter. Rose slumped late in the season and was benched; he finished with a .269 average. In order to improve his batting, Rose played in the Venezuelan Winter League with Leones del Caracas team during 1964-1965 season. Rose came back in 1965, leading the league in hits (209) and at-bats (670), and finishing sixth in NL MVP balloting. It was the first of his ten seasons with 200-plus hits, and his .312 batting average was the first of nine consecutive .300 seasons. He hit a career-high 16 home runs in 1966, then switched positions from second base to right field the following year.  In 1968, Rose started the season with a 22-game hitting streak, missed three weeks (including the All-Star Game) with a broken thumb, then had a 19-game hit streak late in the season. He had to finish the season 6-for-9 to beat out Matty Alou and win the first of two close NL batting-title races with a .335 average. He finished second to St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Bob Gibson for the NL MVP award, earning six first place votes.  Rose had his best offensive season in 1969 (the year of the Miracle Mets), when he set a career-high in batting (.348) and tied his career-best 16 homers. As the Reds' leadoff man, he was the tea

user: What were his early years like?

assistant: On April 23, 1964, Rose reached first base on an error in the top of the ninth inning of a scoreless game in Colt Stadium and scored on another error.

user: What were the reactions to that?

assistant: The Colt .45s lost the game in the bottom of the ninth inning and Ken Johnson became the first pitcher to lose a complete game no-hitter.

user: What were his major accomplishments in his early years?

assistant: Rose slumped late in the season and was benched; he finished with a .269 average. In order to improve his batting, Rose played in the Venezuelan Winter League

user: How did he do in the Venezuelan Winter League?

assistant: Rose came back in 1965, leading the league in hits (209) and at-bats (670), and finishing sixth in NL MVP balloting.
Título: Slayer
Seção: Reign in Blood (1986-1987)
Background: Slayer is an American thrash metal band from Huntington Park, California. The band was formed in 1981 by vocalist/bassist Tom Araya and guitarists Kerry King and Jeff Hanneman. Slayer's fast and aggressive musical style made them one of the founding "big four" bands of thrash metal, alongside Metallica, Megadeth and Anthrax. Slayer's current lineup comprises King, Araya, drummer Paul Bostaph and guitarist Gary Holt.

Conteúdo: Following the success of Hell Awaits, Slayer was offered a recording contract with Russell Simmons and Rick Rubin's newly founded Def Jam Records, a largely hip hop-based label. The band accepted and with an experienced producer and major label recording budget, the band underwent a sonic makeover for their third album Reign in Blood resulting in shorter, faster songs with clearer production. Gone were the complex arrangements and long songs featured on Hell Awaits, ditched in favor of stripped down, hardcore punk influenced song structures.  Def Jam's distributor, Columbia Records, refused to release the album due to the song "Angel of Death" which detailed Holocaust concentration camps and the human experiments conducted by Nazi physician Josef Mengele. The album was distributed by Geffen Records on October 7, 1986. However, due to the controversy, Reign in Blood did not appear on Geffen Records' release schedule. Although the album received virtually no radio airplay, it became the band's first to enter the Billboard 200, debuting at number 94, and the band's first album certified gold in the United States.  In October 1986, Slayer embarked on the Reign in Pain world tour, with Overkill in the US, and Malice in Europe. The band was added as the opening act on W.A.S.P.'s US tour, but just one month in, drummer Lombardo left the band: "I wasn't making any money. I figured if we were gonna be doing this professionally, on a major label, I wanted my rent and utilities paid." T

user: What record label were they with?

assistant: Def Jam Records, a largely hip hop-based label.
Título: William Desmond Taylor
Seção: Henry Peavey
Background: William Cunningham Deane-Tanner was born into the Anglo-Irish gentry on 26 April 1872, at Evington House, County Carlow, Ireland, one of five children of a retired British Army officer, Major Kearns Deane-Tanner of the Carlow Rifles, and his wife, Jane O'Brien. His siblings were Denis Gage Deane-Tanner, Ellen "Nell" Deane-Tanner Faudel-Phillips, Lizzie "Daisy" Deane-Tanner, and Oswald Kearns Deane-Tanner. The Home Rule MP Charles Kearns Deane Tanner was his father's youngest brother. From 1885-1887 Taylor attended Marlborough College in England.

Conteúdo: Henry Peavey, who replaced Sands as valet, found Taylor's body. Newspapers noted that Peavey wore flashy golf costumes, but did not own any golf clubs. Three days before Taylor's murder, Peavey had been arrested for "social vagrancy" and charged with being "lewd and dissolute".  According to Robert Giroux,  "Even though the police decided, after severe questioning, that Peavey was not the murderer, the Hollywood correspondent of the New York Daily News, Florabel Muir, came to a private conclusion that Peavey was the murderer. In that era of ingenious women reporters, Muir thought she could engineer a scoop by tricking Peavey into a confession. She knew (from the movies) that blacks were deathly afraid of ghosts. With the help of two confederates, Frank Carson and Al Weinshank, she offered Peavey ten dollars if he would identify Taylor's grave in the Hollywood Park Cemetery (which she had already visited). Weinshank had gone on ahead with a white sheet, and Muir and Carson drove Peavey to the site. Weinshank, who came from a tough section of Chicago, spoke with the accents of a hoodlum. When he loomed up in the sheet and cried out, "I am the ghost of William Desmond Taylor. You murdered me. Confess, Peavey!" Henry laughed out loud. Then he cursed them roundly. Unfortunately for Muir, she was unaware that Taylor had a distinctive British accent. Weinshank, as Muir revealed in her memoirs, not only spoke like a hoodlum, but also was one of the Chicago mobsters who were later gun

user: Who is Henry Peavey?

assistant: Henry Peavey, who replaced Sands as valet, found Taylor's body.

user: Where did he find it?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: How did he know Taylor?

assistant: Henry Peavey, who replaced Sands as valet,

user: How long had he worked for him?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
Título: Orson Scott Card
Seção: Pseudonyms
Background: Card is the son of Willard Richards Card and Peggy Jane (nee Park), the third of six children and the older brother of composer and arranger Arlen Card. Card was born in Richland, Washington, and grew up in Santa Clara, California as well as Mesa, Arizona and Orem, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Brazil and graduated from Brigham Young University (BYU) and the University of Utah; he also spent a year in a Ph.D. program at the University of Notre Dame. For part of the 1970s Card worked as an associate editor of the Ensign, an official magazine of the LDS Church.

Conteúdo: Over the years Orson Scott Card has used at least seven pseudonyms.  He used the names Frederick Bliss and P.Q. Gump when he was asked to write an overview of Mormon playwrights "Mormon Shakespeares: A Study of Contemporary Mormon Theatre" for Spring 1976 issue of Sunstone magazine. According to Card he used these pseudonyms because the article included a brief reference to himself and his play "Stone Tables".  The name Byron Walley was used by Card on his first published piece of fiction "Gert Fram" which appeared in the July 1977 fine arts issue of Ensign magazine. According to Card he used this name because he had a non-fiction article, "Family Art", a poem, "Looking West", and a short play, "The Rag Mission", appearing in the same issue. Card also used the name Byron Walley in stories he published in Friend magazine, New Era magazine and in the anthology Dragons of Darkness. Stories by Byron Walley include: "Gert Fram", Ensign magazine, July 1977; "Bicicleta", Friend magazine, October 1977; "The Best Family Home Evening Ever", Friend magazine, January 1978; "Billy's Box", Friend magazine, February 1978; "I Think Mom and Dad Are Going Crazy, Jerry", New Era magazine, May 1979; and "Middle Woman", Dragons of Darkness, Ace Books, 1982.  He used the name Brian Green in the July 1977 fine arts issue of Ensign magazine. He used this name for his short play "The Rag Mission" because he had three other pieces appearing in the same issue. The name Dinah Kirkham was used to write t

user: what are pseudonyms?

assistant: He used the names Frederick Bliss and P.Q. Gump when he was asked to write

user: did he win anything for them?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: how many did he do?

assistant: Over the years Orson Scott Card has used at least seven pseudonyms.

user: did he win anything for them?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: who did he work with?

assistant: He used the name Brian Green in the July 1977 fine arts issue of Ensign magazine.
Título: Shinee
Seção: 2009-2010: Rising popularity and Lucifer
Background: Shinee ( SHY-nee; Korean: syaini; Japanese: shiyaini; stylized as SHINee) is a South Korean boy group formed by S.M. Entertainment in 2008. The group is composed of four members: Onew, Key, Minho, and Taemin. Originally a five-piece group, vocalist Jonghyun died in December 2017. Shinee were introduced as a contemporary R&B boy group by their company with the goal to be trendsetters in all areas of music, fashion, dance, etc. and debuted in May 2008 with their first EP, Replay on SBS' Inkigayo with their single "Replay".

Conteúdo: In early February 2009, Shinee won the "Best Newcomer" award along with Davichi and Mighty Mouth at the 18th Seoul Music Awards. Shinee's second extended play, Romeo, was released on May 25. Its lead single, "Juliette", was released earlier on May 18. The song is an instrumental remake of Corbin Bleu's "Deal with It". Shinee had their first stage performance for the song on KBS's Music Bank in June, 2009, where the group also received the award for the first place.  Shinee released the digital version of their third extended play, 2009, Year of Us on October 19, 2009, with a physical release on October 22. The lead single, "Ring Ding Dong", was released digitally on October 14 and charted atop of several Korean music charts and gained popularity all over Asia. In early December 2009, the group was also awarded with the "Popularity" award along with Super Junior at the 24th Golden Disk Awards.  On July 19, 2010, the group released their second full length studio album, Lucifer, which topped various physical and digital sales charts in South Korea. The songs on the album "were more carefully selected than ever," and the album is said to "[give] listeners a great chance to experience the diverse musical characters and more mature vocal skills of the members." The group made their comeback on July 23, 2010 at KBS Music Bank. For its outstanding choreography, "Lucifer", was nominated for the Best Dance Performance Award at the Mnet Asian Music Awards. Lucifer became the 6th best-s

user: What is Rising popularity about?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: What interesting fact about the article can you tell me about?

assistant: In early February 2009, Shinee won the "Best Newcomer" award along with Davichi and Mighty Mouth at the 18th Seoul Music Awards.

user: did they win any other awards?

assistant: awarded with the "Popularity" award along with Super Junior at the 24th Golden Disk Awards.

user: What can you tell me about Lucifer?

assistant: On July 19, 2010, the group released their second full length studio album, Lucifer,

user: how did that do?

assistant: which topped various physical and digital sales charts in South Korea.

user: Did they have any other albums during that time?

assistant: the group also participated in the SMTown Live '10 World Tour on August 21, 2010. On December 26, 2010,

user: What other aspects of the article did you like?

assistant: The event was attended by approximately 24,000 people.
Benefits By Year Of Birth 
Full retirement age is the age at which a person may first become entitled to full or unreduced retirement benefits. No matter what your full retirement age also called " normal retirement age " is , you may start receiving benefits as early as age 62 or as late as age 70. 

If You Retire Early 
You can retire at any time between age 62 and full retirement age. However , if you start benefits early , your benefits are reduced a fraction of a percent for each month before your full retirement age. The chart below lists age 62 reduction amounts and includes examples based on an estimated monthly benefit of $1000 at full retirement age. Select your year of birth to find out how much your benefit will be reduced if you retire between age 62 and full retirement age. 

Full Retirement and Age 62 Benefit By Year Of Birth 


Pros And Cons 
There are advantages and disadvantages to taking your benefit before your full retirement age. The advantage is that you collect benefits for a longer period of time. The disadvantage is your benefit is reduced. Each person's situation is different. It is important to remember : if you delay your benefits until after full retirement age , you may be eligible for delayed retirement credits that would increase your monthly benefit ; that there are other things to consider when making the correct decision about your retirement benefits ; and to contact Social Security before you decide when to retire. 

user: Are their repercussions for retiring early?

assistant: While you can retire between age 62 and full retirement age, there can be penalties for starting benefits early.

assistant: Are you planning on starting your benefits early?

user: No, I am not wanting to start my benefits at an earlier age.

user: Are there any rewards for delaying my benefits until after full retirement age?

assistant: Yes, you may be eligible for delayed retirement credits that would increase your monthly benefit.

user: What happens to my benefits if I decide to start receiving them early?

assistant: If you receive your benefits early they will be reduced a fraction of a percent for each month before your full retirement age.

user: What is an advantage for taking your benefits before your full retirement age?

assistant: The advantage is that you get to collect benefits over a longer period of time.

user: What is the earliest age that I can start receiving benefits?

assistant: You can receive benefits as early as 62 years old.
Título: Eunhyuk
Seção: 2011-2012: Oppa, Oppa and comeback with Super Junior
Background: Eunhyuk was born Lee Hyuk-jae in Seoul, South Korea. He has an older sister Lee So-ra. Raised in a family that struggled financially, he was interested in street performing as a child. Inspired by the likes of H.O.T's Jang Woo-hyuk, Michael Jackson and singer-dancer Yoo Seung-jun, Eunhyuk trained himself at a young age.

Conteúdo: On 16 December 2011 Eunhyuk and Donghae released digital single Oppa, Oppa, where they first performed it at Super Junior's Super Show 4 Seoul concert on 19 November 2011. This marks the first release of their collaborations. The single was also released in Japanese with an original Japanese music video on 4 April 2012. On the day of its release, it reached number two on Oricon Daily Chart with 42,114 copies sold. While also preparing for Super Junior's first world tour Super Show 4, the pair held a fan meeting, Premium Mini Live Event, in support of the single on 11 April at Shibuya-AX, Tokyo.  Eunhyuk is MC for MBC every1's Super Junior Foresight, along with fellow members Leeteuk, Kyuhyun, Yesung and Shindong. From 23 March 2012, he took over as MC for the last three live shows of singing-survival program Great Birth 2, better known as MBC Star Audition, on MBC. As of the 10 April 2012 broadcast, following the change in MCs and the departure of Shindong from Strong Heart, the show was re-vamped with Leeteuk and Eunhyuk billed as two of the 'six-fixed guests'.  In June 2012, Eunhyuk reunited with his Super Junior bandmates for their sixth studio album, Sexy, Free & Single released on 4 July. On 21 June 2012, the first teaser photo of Eunhyuk was released showing him in a white shirt, blue jeans, styled with a mullet-like hairstyle and blindfolded with white and pink flowers. In October SM Entertainment and Hyundai partnered up to release the "Maxstep" featuring Eunhyuk and 

user: What was Oppa Oppa?

assistant: Eunhyuk and Donghae released digital single Oppa, Oppa,

user: When was it released?

assistant: On 16 December 2011

user: How did it  do on the charts?

assistant: it reached number two on Oricon Daily Chart with 42,114 copies sold.
Título: Terry Nation
Seção: Doctor Who
Background: Terence Joseph "Terry" Nation (8 August 1930 - 9 March 1997) was a Welsh television writer and novelist. Nation first made his name as a comedy writer before becoming a prolific writer for drama, working on many of the most popular British series of the 1960s and 1970s. He made a significant contribution to the long-running BBC science-fiction series Doctor Who from its outset, creating the villainous Daleks which established its early popularity and later devising the recurring character of Davros.

Conteúdo: Prior to this, Nation had declined an offer from scriptwriter David Whitaker to write for a new science-fiction programme that was entering production at the BBC; Whitaker had been impressed by a script that Nation had written for the ABC anthology series Out of this World. Now unemployed, and with a young family to support, Nation contacted Whitaker and accepted the offer, writing the second Doctor Who serial, The Daleks (also known as The Mutants and The Dead Planet). The serial introduced the eponymous extraterrestrial villains that would quickly become the series' most popular and enduring monsters, and resulted in a major merchandising success for the BBC.  Having risen in the public consciousness, Nation went on to contribute further scripts to Doctor Who. In 1965, Nation and Dennis Spooner co-wrote the 12-part serial The Daleks' Master Plan, after which Nation, who still held the copyright to the Daleks, attempted to launch a Dalek spin-off TV series in the United States. Various other Dalek tie-in material appeared, including comic strips in the children's weekly TV Century 21 and annuals; such material was frequently credited to Nation, even when written by others. Between 1966 and 1972, appearances by the Daleks in Doctor Who became less frequent and were written for the series by other authors.  In 1973, following an eight-year absence from scriptwriting for the series, Nation returned to writing for the Daleks on Doctor Who with the Third Doctor serial Planet of t

user: What did Nation contribute to Doctor Who?

assistant: writing the second Doctor Who
Título: Marie Stopes
Seção: Scientific research
Background: Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes (15 October 1880 - 2 October 1958) was a British author, palaeobotanist and campaigner for eugenics and women's rights. She made significant contributions to plant palaeontology and coal classification, and was the first female academic on the faculty of the University of Manchester. With her second husband, Humphrey Verdon Roe, Stopes founded the first birth control clinic in Britain. Stopes edited the newsletter Birth Control News, which gave explicit practical advice.

Conteúdo: During Stopes's time at Manchester, she studied coal and coal balls and researched the collection of Glossopteris (Permian seed ferns). This was an attempt to prove the theory of Eduard Suess concerning the existence of Gondwana or Pangaea. A chance meeting with Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott during one of his fund-raising lectures in 1904 brought a possibility of proving Suess's theory. Stopes's passion to prove Suess's theory led her to discuss the possibility of joining Scott's next expedition to Antarctica. She did not join the expedition, but Scott promised to bring back samples of fossils to provide evidence for the theory. Scott died during the 1912 Terra Nova Expedition, but fossils of plants from the Queen Maud Mountains found near Scott's and his companions' bodies provided this evidence.  In 1907, Stopes went to Japan on a scientific mission. She spent eighteen months at the Imperial University, Tokyo and explored coal mines on Hokkaido for fossilised plants. She published her Japanese experiences as a diary, called "Journal from Japan: a daily record of life as seen by a scientist", in 1910.  In 1910, the Geological Survey of Canada commissioned Stopes to determine the age of the Fern Ledges, a geological structure at Saint John, New Brunswick. It is part of the Early Pennsylvanian epoch Lancaster Formation. Canadian scholars were divided between dating it to the Devonian period or to the Pennsylvanian/Upper Carboniferous period. Stopes arrived in North Am

user: What did Marie Stopes research ?

assistant: During Stopes's time at Manchester, she studied coal and coal balls and researched the collection of Glossopteris

user: Did someone help her with her research ?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: Did she meet anyone of note during the time of her research ?

assistant: A chance meeting with Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott during one of his fund-raising lectures in 1904 brought a possibility of proving Suess's theory.

user: What did she do with Robert Falcon Scott ?

assistant: Scott died during the 1912 Terra Nova Expedition,

user: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

assistant: During the First World War, Stopes was engaged in studies of coal for the British government, which culminated in the writing of "Monograph on the constitution of coal"
Título: George Steiner
Seção: Biography
Background: Francis George Steiner, FBA (born April 23, 1929) is a French-born American literary critic, essayist, philosopher, novelist, and educator. He has written extensively about the relationship between language, literature and society, and the impact of the Holocaust. An article in The Guardian described Steiner as a "polyglot and polymath", saying that he is either "often credited with recasting the role of the critic", or a "pretentious namedropper" whose "range comes at the price of inaccuracy" and "complacency". Among his admirers, Steiner is ranked "among the great minds in today's literary world."

Conteúdo: George Steiner was born in 1929 in Paris, to Viennese Jewish parents Dr Frederick George Steiner and Mrs Else Steiner (nee Franzos). He has an elder sister, Ruth Lilian, who was born in Vienna in 1922. Frederick Steiner was a senior lawyer in the Austrian Central Bank, and Else Steiner was a Viennese grande dame.  Five years before George Steiner's birth, his father had moved his family from Austria to France to escape the growing threat of Nazism. He believed that Jews were "endangered guests wherever they went" and equipped his children with languages. Steiner grew up with three mother tongues: German, English, and French; his mother was multilingual and would often "begin a sentence in one language and end it in another."  When he was six years old, his father who believed in the importance of classical education taught him to read the Iliad in the original Greek. His mother, for whom "self-pity was nauseating", helped Steiner overcome a handicap he had been born with, a withered right arm. Instead of allowing him to become left-handed, she insisted he use his right hand as an able-bodied person would.  Steiner's first formal education took place at the Lycee Janson-de-Sailly in Paris. In 1940, during World War II, Steiner's father once again relocated his family, this time to New York City. Within a month of their move, the Nazis occupied Paris, and of the many Jewish children in Steiner's class at school, he was one of only two who survived the war. Again his father's in

user: when was he born?

assistant: George Steiner was born in 1929

user: where was he born?

assistant: Paris,

user: who were his parents?

assistant: Viennese Jewish parents Dr Frederick George Steiner and Mrs Else Steiner

user: was he an only child?

assistant: He has an elder sister, Ruth Lilian,

user: where di he go to school?

assistant: Steiner's first formal education took place at the Lycee Janson-de-Sailly in Paris.

user: did he go to college?

assistant: He spent the rest of his school years at the Lycee Francais de New York in Manhattan,

user: what did he study?

assistant: When he was six years old, his father who believed in the importance of classical education
Título: Ashkenazi Jews
Seção: Etymology
Background: Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or simply Ashkenazim (Hebrew: ash@k@'nazi'ym, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: [,aSk@'nazim], singular: [,aSk@'nazi], Modern Hebrew: [aSkena'zim, aSkena'zi]; also y@hv'dey ash@k@'naz Y'hudey Ashkenaz), are a Jewish diaspora population who coalesced as a distinct community in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium. The traditional diaspora language of Ashkenazi Jews is Yiddish (a Germanic language which incorporates several dialects), with Hebrew used only as a sacred language until relatively recently. Throughout their time in Europe, Ashkenazim have made many important contributions to philosophy, scholarship, literature, art, music and science. Ashkenazim originate from the Jews who settled along the Rhine River, in Western Germany and in Northern France.

Conteúdo: The name Ashkenazi derives from the biblical figure of Ashkenaz, the first son of Gomer, son of Japhet, son of Noah, and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10). The name of Gomer has often been linked to the ethnonym Cimmerians. Biblical Ashkenaz is usually derived from Assyrian Askuza (cuneiform Askuzai/Iskuzai), a people who expelled the Cimmerians from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates, whose name is usually associated with the name of the Scythians. The intrusive n in the Biblical name is likely due to a scribal error confusing a waw v with a nun n.  In Jeremiah 51:27, Ashkenaz figures as one of three kingdoms in the far north, the others being Minni and Ararat, perhaps corresponding to Urartu, called on by God to resist Babylon.  In the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, as early as a 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In the 10th-century History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertc'i (1.15) Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia, as it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Crimea and areas to the east. His contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories, and such usage 

user: What is the etymology?

assistant: The name Ashkenazi derives from the biblical figure of Ashkenaz, the first son of Gomer, son of Japhet, son of Noah, and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations
You might be eligible for a discharge of your federal student loans based on false certification. 
Learn more about false certification discharge to see whether you might qualify. You might be eligible for a discharge of your loan made under the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Direct Loan Program or Federal Family Education Loan FFEL Program if your school falsely certified your eligibility to receive a loan. 

What are the eligibility requirements to qualify for a loan discharge based on false certification? 
There are three categories of false certification through which you might be eligible for a discharge of your Direct Loans or FFEL Program loans : Ability to benefit: The school falsely certified your eligibility to receive the loan based on your ability to benefit from its training , and you didn t meet the ability - to - benefit student eligibility requirements that were in effect at the time the school determined your eligibility. Disqualifying status: The school certified your eligibility to receive the loan , but at the time of the certification, you had a status physical or mental condition, age, criminal record, or other circumstance that disqualified you from meeting the legal requirements for employment in your state of residence in the occupation for which the program of study was preparing you. Unauthorized signature or unauthorized payment : The school signed your name on the loan application or promissory note without your authorization or the school endorsed your loan check or signed your authorization for electronic funds transfer without your knowledge , and the loan money wasn t given to you or applied to charges you owed to the school. 

How do I apply for a loan discharge? 
If you have a Direct Loan or FFEL Program loan and you re ready to apply for the false certification discharge , you must complete the loan discharge application that applies to your circumstance : Loan Discharge Application : False Certification Ability to Benefit 

user: How can I find out if I am eligible for a discharge of me federal student loan due to false certification?

assistant: There is a section on the website dedicated to this topic which will tell you if you are eligible for this 

user: What is the best way for me to apply for a loan discharge?

assistant: You will need to contact your loan servicer to pursue this 

user: Is it easy to apply for a loan discharge?

assistant: Do you have a Direct Loan or FFEL Program loan and wish to apply for a loan discharge due to false certification?
Learn About Retirement Benefits 
We want you to know what Social Security can mean for you and your family s financial future. In this section , you can learn how Social Security works, who s eligible for retirement benefits, and what to consider before applying. Read on to understand how Social Security fits into your retirement plan. 

Ready To Retire? 
Start your application today Apply Online For Retirement Benefits Jump to a topic on this page : How Retirement Benefits Work / Planning For Retirement / Deciding When To Start Retirement Benefits / What Else Affects Your Retirement Benefits 

How Retirement Benefits Work 
Social Security replaces a percentage of a worker s pre - retirement income based on their lifetime earnings. The portion of your pre - retirement wages that Social Security replaces is based on your highest 35 years of earnings and varies depending on how much you earn and when you choose to start benefits. The Social Security system works like this : when you work, you pay taxes into Social Security. We use the tax money to pay benefits to : People who have already retired. People who are disabled. Survivors of workers who have died. Dependents of beneficiaries. The money you pay in taxes isn t held in a personal account for you to use when you get benefits. We use your taxes to pay people who are getting benefits right now. Any unused money goes to a Social Security trust fund that pays monthly benefits to you and your family when you start receiving retirement benefits. 

Additional Information 
An Overview Of Retirement Benefits Your Retirement Benefit : How It s Figured Benefits For Your Family 

FAQs 
What is the current maximum amount of taxable earnings for Social Security? 

Planning For Retirement 
Planning is the key to creating your best retirement. You ll need to plan and save for years to achieve your retirement goals. While many factors affect retirement planning , we want you to understand what Social Security can mean to you a

user: hi i would like to know if it is possible to decide when to start retirement benefits

assistant: Of course Choosing when to start receiving retirement benefits is a personal decision.

assistant: do you want to retire?

user: yes

assistant: You will receive the full amount of your benefits. We will reduce your benefit amount if you retire before you reach full retirement age.

user: What if the person was born in 1960 or later?

assistant: For anyone born in 1960 or later, full retirement benefits are paid at age 67.

user: How do I know how much benefit I will receive?

assistant: The Retirement Calculator within my Social Security allows you to obtain personalized retirement benefit estimates based on your actual earnings.
Título: Sam Harris
Seção: Islam
Background: Sam Benjamin Harris (born April 9, 1967) is an American author, philosopher, neuroscientist, blogger, and podcast host. He is a critic of religion and proponent of the liberty to criticize religion. He is concerned with matters that touch on spirituality, morality, neuroscience, free will, and terrorism. He is described as one of the "Four Horsemen of atheism", with Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens and Daniel Dennett.

Conteúdo: Harris considers Islam to be "especially belligerent and inimical to the norms of civil discourse," relative to other world religions. He asserts that the "dogmatic commitment to using violence to defend one's faith, both from within and without" to varying degrees, is a central Islamic doctrine that is found in few other religions to the same degree, and that "this difference has consequences in the real world."  In 2006, after the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, Harris wrote, "The idea that Islam is a 'peaceful religion hijacked by extremists' is a dangerous fantasy--and it is now a particularly dangerous fantasy for Muslims to indulge. It is not at all clear how we should proceed in our dialogue with the Muslim world, but deluding ourselves with euphemisms is not the answer. It now appears to be a truism in foreign policy circles that real reform in the Muslim world cannot be imposed from the outside. But it is important to recognize why this is so--it is so because the Muslim world is utterly deranged by its religious tribalism. In confronting the religious literalism and ignorance of the Muslim world, we must appreciate how terrifyingly isolated Muslims have become in intellectual terms." He states that his criticism of the religion is aimed not at Muslims as people, but at the doctrine of Islam.  Harris wrote a response to controversy over his criticism of Islam, which also aired on a debate hosted by The Huffington Post on whether critics of Islam are un

user: what are his feelings towards Islam?

assistant: Harris considers Islam to be "especially belligerent and inimical to the norms of civil discourse," relative to other world religions.

user: has his views gotten him into trouble?

assistant: Harris wrote a response to controversy over his criticism of Islam, which also aired on a debate hosted by The Huffington Post

user: what did it say?

assistant: on whether critics of Islam are unfairly labeled as bigots:

user: do people agree with his thoughts on Islam?

assistant: ". "My criticism of Islam is a criticism of beliefs and their consequences," he wrote following a controversial clash with Ben Affleck in October 2014

user: does he think that other religions are better?

assistant: At this moment in history, there is only one religion that systematically stifles free expression with credible threats of violence.

user: what is an interesting fact regarding Islam ?

assistant: we must appreciate how terrifyingly isolated Muslims have become in intellectual terms."

user: why do they feel this way?

assistant: it is so because the Muslim world is utterly deranged by its religious tribalism.