Título: Joseph Conrad
Seção: Citizenship
Background: Joseph Conrad (Polish pronunciation: ['juzef ,kon.rad]; born Jozef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski; 3 December 1857 - 3 August 1924) was a Polish-British writer regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language. He joined the British merchant marine in 1878, and was granted British citizenship in 1886. Though he did not speak English fluently until his twenties, he was a master prose stylist who brought a non-English sensibility into English literature. He wrote stories and novels, many with a nautical setting, that depict trials of the human spirit in the midst of an impassive, inscrutable universe.

Conteúdo: Conrad was a Russian subject, having been born in the Russian part of what had once been the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In December 1867, with the Russian government's permission, his father Apollo had taken him to the Austrian part of the former Commonwealth, which enjoyed considerable internal freedom and a degree of self-government. After the father's death, Conrad's uncle Bobrowski had attempted to secure Austrian citizenship for him - to no avail, probably because Conrad had not received permission from Russian authorities to remain abroad permanently and had not been released from being a Russian subject. Conrad could not return to Ukraine, in the Russian Empire - he would have been liable to many years' military service and, as the son of political exiles, to harassment.  In a letter of 9 August 1877, Conrad's uncle Bobrowski broached two important subjects: the desirability of Conrad's naturalisation abroad (tantamount to release from being a Russian subject) and Conrad's plans to join the British merchant marine. "[D]o you speak English?... I never wished you to become naturalized in France, mainly because of the compulsory military service... I thought, however, of your getting naturalized in Switzerland..." In his next letter, Bobrowski supported Conrad's idea of seeking citizenship of the United States or of "one of the more important Southern Republics".  Eventually Conrad would make his home in England. On 2 July 1886 he applied for British nationality, whi

user: Where was Joseph Conrad a citizen?

assistant: Conrad was a Russian subject, having been born in the Russian part of what had once been the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

user: Did he have dual citizenship?

assistant: After the father's death, Conrad's uncle Bobrowski had attempted to secure Austrian citizenship for him -

user: Did he get Austrian citizenship?

assistant: to no avail, probably because Conrad had not received permission from Russian authorities to remain abroad permanently

user: Why would they not give him permission?

assistant: and had not been released from being a Russian subject.

user: Did he move back to Russia?

assistant: Conrad could not return to Ukraine, in the Russian Empire - he would have been liable to many years' military service and, as the son of political exiles, to harassment.

user: Did he ever serve in the military?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: Why did he want to move to Austria?

assistant: his father Apollo had taken him to the Austrian part of the former Commonwealth, which enjoyed considerable internal freedom and a degree of self-government.