dgand84/projgand huggingface dataset:
Título: North American fur trade
Seção: Effect of the deerskin trade on Native Americans
Background: The North American fur trade was the industry and activities related to the acquisition, trade, exchange, and sale of animal furs in North America. Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Native Americans in the United States of different regions traded among themselves in the Pre-Columbian Era, but Europeans participated in the trade beginning from the time of their arrival in the New World and extended its reach to Europe. The French started trading in the 16th century, the English established trading posts on Hudson Bay in present-day Canada in the 17th century, and the Dutch had trade by the same time in New Netherland. The 19th-century North American fur trade, when the industry was at its peak of economic importance, involved the development of elaborate trade networks.

Conteúdo: Native American--specifically the Creek's--beliefs revolved around respecting the environment. The Creek believed they had a unique relationship with the animals they hunted. The Creek had several rules surround how a hunt could occur, particularly prohibiting needless killing of deer. There were specific taboos against taking the skins of unhealthy deer. However, the lucrative deerskin trade prompted hunters to act past the point of restraint they had operated under before. The hunting economy collapsed due to the scarcity of deer as they were over-hunted and lost their lands to white settlers. Due to the decline of deer populations, and the governmental pressure to switch to the colonists' way of life, animal husbandry replaced deer hunting both as an income and in the diet.  Rum was first introduced in the early 1700s as a trading item, and quickly became an inelastic good. While Native Americans were for the most part acted conservatively in trading deals, they consumed a surplus of alcohol. Traders used rum to help form partnerships. Rum had a significant effect on the social behavior of Native Americans. Under the influence of rum, the younger generation did not obey the elders of the tribe, and became involved with more skirmishes with other tribes and white settlers. Rum also disrupted the amount of time the younger generation of males spent on labor. Alcohol was one of the goods provided on credit, and led to a debt trap for many Native Americans. Native Americans di

user: What was the effect of the deerskin trade on Native Americans?

assistant: Native American--specifically the Creek's--beliefs revolved around respecting the environment.

user: Why was the Creek really affected by the deerskin trade?

assistant: The Creek believed they had a unique relationship with the animals they hunted.
Título: Brian Statham
Seção: Fading from the heights
Background: John Brian "George" Statham, CBE (17 June 1930 - 10 June 2000) was one of the leading English fast bowlers in 20th century English cricket. Initially a bowler of a brisk fast-medium pace, Statham was able to remodel his action to generate enough speed to become genuinely fast. This, together with unflagging accuracy and the ability to make the ball - new or old - break back, made Statham a consistent force both for Lancashire in the County Championship and in Test cricket, where his strikepower helped give England perhaps its strongest attack of the 20th century during the 1950s and early 1960s. He overtook Alec Bedser's record of 236 Test wickets in the Fourth Test at the Adelaide Oval in 1962-63.

Conteúdo: Despite a record benefit against the Australians and a few wonderful performances in 1961 (notably 8 for 47 against Hampshire), decline set in for the previously incomparable bowler. His haul of wickets fell from 97 at 10.91 to 78 at 17.93 and Lancashire became a weak county for the first time in Championship history. In 1962, though he was as good as ever in the Tests against Pakistan, with little support for him and Higgs, Statham fell further and only just reached 100 wickets, with Lancashire only just escaping finishing last.  When Fred Trueman and Statham toured Australia for the 1962-63 Ashes series they had 216 and 229 wickets respectively were poised to overtake the record of 236 Test wickets set by the assistant-manager Alec Bedser. The Australian captain Richie Benaud was another contender with 219 wickets, but it was Statham who broke the record in the Fourth Test at Adelaide. Trueman caught Barry Shepherd in the gully to give him his record 237th wicket. Despite the record Statham rarely shined on the tour, taking 13 wickets (44.61), and was used as a steady stock bowler. Statham took his record to 242 wickets, but returned to England while Trueman continued to New Zealand, where he broke Statham's record after only two months.  In 1963, whilst his county form on overgrassed pitches was back to something close to his best, on the less grassy surfaces in the First Test against the West Indies his bowling lacked its old venom, and he was surprisingly replaced by the

user: Did his career start to go downhill?

assistant: decline set in for the previously incomparable bowler.

user: What were some of the things that caused his decline?

assistant: His haul of wickets fell from 97 at 10.91 to 78 at 17.93

user: Did he have an injury or illness that caused his decline?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
Título: Pat Neshek
Seção: Pitching style
Background: Patrick John Neshek (born September 4, 1980) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Minnesota Twins, San Diego Padres, Oakland Athletics, St. Louis Cardinals, Houston Astros, and Colorado Rockies. The Twins selected him in the sixth round of the 2002 MLB draft from Butler University. Neshek made his MLB debut for the Twins on July 7, 2006, and played for them until 2010, except 2009, which he missed due to Tommy John surgery.

Conteúdo: Neshek has a very unorthodox style of delivery that transitions from starting at a submarine angle to finishing sidearm with an explosive thrusting motion. Near the release of the pitch, his torso and arm angle in a moderate "V" shape. He developed the delivery after being struck in the forearm with a ball in high school by C. J. Woodrow (a former Philadelphia Phillies farmhand). He then began to throw side arm and play shortstop due to his injury. When it healed, he could not change back to over the shoulder and his unique delivery stayed the way it is. He still has a lump in his forearm where he was struck.  The delivery has earned mention on SportsCenter as well as Baseball Tonight. Professional baseball scouts have had a divided opinion on the issue. Some were worried that this violent-looking delivery would lead to arm problems. Others considered the delivery to be an asset, as right-handed batters have a very difficult time seeing the ball. For example, Jose Marzan, his former manager with the Single-A Fort Myers Miracle believes that one of Neshek's greatest strengths is his ability to have enough strength to throw hard from such an angle, as his fastball used to top out around 96 mph (154 km/h) prior to his Tommy John surgery. Neshek has had great success in both the minor and major leagues as a reliever, averaging more than a strikeout per inning pitched.  After joining the Cardinals in 2014, Neshek's sinking fastball showed effectiveness well-above expectations thro

user: what was his pitching style

assistant: Neshek has a very unorthodox style of delivery that transitions from starting at a submarine angle to finishing sidearm with an explosive thrusting motion.

user: was he right or left handed

assistant: Others considered the delivery to be an asset, as right-handed batters have a very difficult time seeing the ball.

user: did he break any records

assistant: Neshek has had great success in both the minor and major leagues as a reliever, averaging more than a strikeout per inning pitched.
Título: Late Night with Conan O'Brien
Seção: Debut
Background: Late Night with Conan O'Brien is an American late-night talk show hosted by Conan O'Brien that aired 2,725 episodes on NBC between 1993 and 2009. The show featured varied comedic material, celebrity interviews, and musical and comedy performances. Late Night aired weeknights at 12:37 am Eastern/11:37 pm Central and 12:37 am Mountain in the United States.

Conteúdo: O'Brien's Late Night debuted on September 13, 1993, with Andy Richter chosen as O'Brien's sidekick. The premiere episode featured John Goodman (who received a "First Guest" medal for his appearance), Drew Barrymore, and Tony Randall. The episode featured a cold open of O'Brien's walk to the studio with constant reminders that he was expected to live up to Letterman, parodying a popular sentiment expressed in the media at the time. After seeming to be unaffected by the comments, O'Brien arrives at his dressing room and cheerfully prepares to hang himself. However, a warning that the show is about to start causes him to abandon his plans.  O'Brien's inexperience was apparent and the show was generally considered mediocre by critics in terms of the host's ability. The Chicago Sun-Times' Lon Grankhe called O'Brien "nervous, unprepared and generally geeky" and Tom Shales wrote "As for O'Brien, the young man is a living collage of annoying nervous habits. He giggles and titters, jiggles about and fiddles with his cuffs. He has dark, beady little eyes like a rabbit. He's one of the whitest white men ever." (O'Brien wrote for The New York Times a satirical review of the first episode the day it aired titled "O'Brien Flops!", in which he told readers "Frankly, I was not impressed".) The originality and quality of the comedy, however, led by original head writer Robert Smigel, was widely praised. Although O'Brien benefited by comparison from the quick critical and commercial failure of

user: when did the show debut?

assistant: September 13, 1993,
Título: Kenneth Anger
Seção: 2000-present: Return to filmmaking
Background: Kenneth Anger (born Kenneth Wilbur Anglemyer; February 3, 1927) is an American underground experimental filmmaker, actor and author. Working exclusively in short films, he has produced almost forty works since 1937, nine of which have been grouped together as the "Magick Lantern Cycle". His films variously merge surrealism with homoeroticism and the occult, and have been described as containing "elements of erotica, documentary, psychodrama, and spectacle". Anger himself has been described as "one of America's first openly gay filmmakers, and certainly the first whose work addressed homosexuality in an undisguised, self-implicating manner", and his "role in rendering gay culture visible within American cinema, commercial or otherwise, is impossible to overestimate", with several being released prior to the legalization of homosexuality in the United States.

Conteúdo: For twenty years from the early 1980s, Anger released no new material. In 2000, at the dawn of the new millennium, Anger began screening a new short film, the anti-smoking Don't Smoke That Cigarette, followed a year later by The Man We Want to Hang, which comprised images of Aleister Crowley's paintings that had been exhibited at a temporary exhibition in Bloomsbury, London. In 2004, he began showing Anger Sees Red, a short surrealistic film starring himself, and the same year also began showing another work, Patriotic Penis. He soon followed this with a flurry of other shorts, including Mouse Heaven, which consisted of images of Mickey Mouse memorabilia, Ich Will! and Uniform Attraction, all of which he showed at various public appearances. Anger's most recent project has been the Technicolor Skull with musician Brian Butler, described as a "magick ritual of light and sound in the context of a live performance", in which Anger plays the theremin, and Butler plays the guitar and other electronic instruments, behind a psychedelic backdrop of colors and skulls.  Anger makes an appearance in the 2008 feature documentary by Nik Sheehan about Brion Gysin and the Dreamachine titled FLicKeR. Anger also appears alongside Vincent Gallo in the 2009 short film "Night of Pan" written and directed by Brian Butler. In 2009 his work was featured in a retrospective exhibition at the MoMA PS1 in New York City, and the following year a similar exhibition took place in London.  Anger has finish

user: Why did he return?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
Título: Lynyrd Skynyrd
Seção: Early years
Background: Lynyrd Skynyrd ( LEN-@rd-SKIN-@rd) is an American rock band best known for having popularized the Southern rock genre during the 1970s. Originally formed in 1964 as My Backyard in Jacksonville, Florida, the band was also known by names such as The Noble Five and One Percent, before finally deciding on "Lynyrd Skynyrd" in 1969. The band gained worldwide recognition for its live performances and signature songs "Sweet Home Alabama" and "Free Bird". At the peak of their success, band members Ronnie Van Zant and Steve Gaines, and backup singer Cassie Gaines, died in an airplane crash in 1977, putting an abrupt end to the 1970s era of the band.

Conteúdo: In the summer of 1964, teenage friends Ronnie Van Zant, Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Gary Rossington, and Larry Junstrom formed the earliest incarnation of the band in Jacksonville, Florida as My Backyard. The band then changed its name to The Noble Five. The band used different names before using One Percent during 1968.  In 1969, Van Zant sought a new name. The group settled on Leonard Skinnerd, a mocking tribute to physical education teacher Leonard Skinner at Robert E. Lee High School. Skinner was notorious for strictly enforcing the school's policy against boys having long hair. Rossington dropped out of school, tired of being hassled about his hair. The more distinctive spelling "Lynyrd Skynyrd" was being used at least as early as 1970. Despite their high school acrimony, the band developed a friendlier relationship with Skinner in later years, and invited him to introduce them at a concert in the Jacksonville Memorial Coliseum. Skinner also allowed the band to use a photo of his Leonard Skinner Realty sign for the inside of their third album.  By 1970, Lynyrd Skynyrd had become a top band in Jacksonville, headlining at some local concerts, and opening for several national acts. Pat Armstrong, a Jacksonville native and partner in Macon, Georgia-based Hustlers Inc. with Phil Walden's younger brother, Alan Walden, became the band's managers. Armstrong left Hustlers shortly thereafter to start his own agency. Walden stayed with the band until 1974, when management was turned 

user: Who started the band?

assistant: Ronnie Van Zant, Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Gary Rossington, and Larry Junstrom formed the earliest incarnation of the band

user: Why did they choose the name Lynyrd Skynyrd?

assistant: a mocking tribute to physical education teacher Leonard Skinner

user: Why were they mocking the teacher?

assistant: Skinner was notorious for strictly enforcing the school's policy against boys having long hair.
How to get my own driving record (abstract)[1] 


What is a Standard driving record (abstract)? 
See an explanation of' Standard' driving record abstracts [2] issued by the New York DMV, and a Description of Abstract of Driving Record PDF [3] DS-242.1, which also shows a sample abstract. Standard driver records contain information related to your record for the past few years. If you need a record of all information DMV has , see lifetime driving records [4]. There is no difference between an abstract you order online, at an office or by mail. They are certified DMV records. They all include a certification statement and the signature of the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, as well as the same security watermark. 

What is a Lifetime driving record? 
See an explanation of " lifetime " driving records [5] issued by the New York DMV, and a Description of Abstract of Lifetime Driving Record PDF [6] DS-242.3, which also shows a sample record. 

What is a Commercial (CDL) driving record (abstract)? 
See an explanation of CDL driving record abstracts [7]. You can order them online or have your employer order them through the License Event Notification Service LENS [8]. 

Get Standard, Lifetime and CDL abstracts online through MyDMV 
You can save and print a PDF version of your record. You will have 5 days after your order to download it. The fee is $7. To create a MyDMV account , you will need your most recent New York State driver license, permit, or non - driver ID. Sorry , you must order by mail if you do not have a New York State license, permit, or non - driver ID or yourNew York State license , permit , or non - driver ID 1 Make sure your computer and web browser have all recent updates to avoid problems downloading your record [9]. [10] 

Get Standard and Lifetime abstracts by mail 
To request your Standard driving record by mail , send a completed Request for DMV Records PDF [11] MV-15 a photocopy of your proof of identity 2 a personal check or money order for $1

user: I need standard driving record info

assistant: Do you need to know what a Standard driving record has in it?
Título: Michael Bloomberg
Seção: Environmental issues
Background: Michael Bloomberg was born at St. Elizabeth's Hospital, in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, on February 14, 1942. Bloomberg's family is Jewish. Bloomberg's father, William Henry Bloomberg (1906-1963), was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts and worked as an accountant for a dairy company. He was the son of Alexander "Elick" Bloomberg, an immigrant from Russia.

Conteúdo: During his second term as the mayor of New York City, Bloomberg unveiled PlaNYC: A Greener, Greater New York on April 22, 2007, to fight global warming, protect the environment and prepare for the projected 1 million additional people expected to be living in the city by the year 2030.  Under PlaNYC, in just 6 years New York City reduced citywide greenhouse gas emissions by 19% since 2005 and was on track to achieve a 30% reduction ahead of the PlaNYC 2030 goal. In October 2007 as part of PlaNYC, Bloomberg launched the Million Trees NYC initiative, which aimed to plant and care for one million trees throughout the city in the next decade. In November 2015, New York City planted its one millionth tree, two years ahead of the original 10-year schedule.  In 2008, Bloomberg convened the New York City Panel on Climate Change (NPCC), an effort to prepare the city for climate change. In 2012, Travel + Leisure readers voted New York City the "Dirtiest American City," for having the most extant litter. Bloomberg has been involved in motivating other cities to make changes and has spoken about reducing carbon dioxide emissions, using cleaner and more efficient fuels, using congestion pricing in New York City, and encouraging public transportation.  Bloomberg unveiled the Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Resiliency (SIRR) in June 2013, after the city was affected by Hurricane Sandy in October 2012. The $20-billion initiative laid out extensive plans to protect New York City against

user: WHat is the plan called

assistant: PlaNYC:

user: What was it based on

assistant: to fight global warming, protect the environment and prepare for the projected 1 million additional people expected to be living in the city by the year 2030.

user: What didit call for

assistant: Under PlaNYC, in just 6 years New York City reduced citywide greenhouse gas emissions by 19

user: What else did they do

assistant: Million Trees NYC initiative, which aimed to plant and care for one million trees throughout the city in the next decade.

user: What was the next goal of his

assistant: Bloomberg convened the New York City Panel on Climate Change (NPCC),

user: What was said about the city

assistant: Travel + Leisure readers voted New York City the "Dirtiest American City," for having the most extant litter.

user: When was this saud

assistant: 2012,

user: What happened next

assistant: Bloomberg unveiled the Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Resiliency (SIRR) in June 2013,
Título: Grandaddy
Seção: Reunion
Background: Grandaddy is an American indie rock band from Modesto, California. The group was formed in 1992, and featured Jason Lytle, Aaron Burtch, Jim Fairchild, Kevin Garcia and Tim Dryden. After several self-released records and cassettes, the band signed to Will Records in the US and later the V2 subsidiary Big Cat Records in the UK, going on to sign an exclusive deal with V2. The bulk of the band's recorded output was the work of Lytle, who worked primarily in home studios.

Conteúdo: In March 2012, it was announced that Grandaddy had reformed and were to play a limited number of shows, including London on September 4, and headlining the End of the Road Festival in the UK. Grandaddy also played San Francisco's Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival and Paris's Rock en Seine Festival in August 2012. On August 7, 2012, to kick off their reunion tour, they played a "secret" show at the Partisan venue in Merced, California, but were billed as "The Arm of Roger". The next day they played as Grandaddy at the Henry Miller Library, Big Sur.  Regarding the band's reunion, Lytle noted, "The bargain I made myself regarding the 'brief reunion and couple of shows' situation was that I wasn't gonna talk too much about it. I was just gonna stew on it, and then do it. That's the good thing about festivals. No need for me to sell anything here. Get in, rock out, get paid, get out. There are just going to be a few shows. Festival-type thingies. Perhaps the odd 'warm up gig' in someone's hair salon or something. Money was a motivating factor (resurfacing my indoor tennis court, oil change for my 4x4 Ferrari) but the idea of playing and hanging out with each other is something all of the guys are pretty stoked about."  Lytle later noted, "It was actually Jim [Fairchild]'s fault. He suggested that we consider playing some shows, and I went, 'No', [but] he convinced me it might be a good idea. We talked about it for a little while. I didn't think anyone else in the band would be

user: When was the reunion set to begin?

assistant: In March 2012, it was announced that Grandaddy had reformed and were to play a limited number of shows, including London on September 4,

user: Where were they going to play?

assistant: were to play a limited number of shows, including London

user: Did they play other venues as well?

assistant: San Francisco's Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival and Paris's Rock en Seine Festival in August 2012.

user: Did the band enjoy playing together again?

assistant: the idea of playing and hanging out with each other is something all of the guys are pretty stoked about."
What must I do if I get a NOTICE OF NON-COMPLIANCE AND LICENSE DOWNGRADE? 
If the cause is You must immediately submit a copy of your USDOT Medical Examiners Certificate to the Medical Certification Unit. If the cause is You must immediately submit an updated copy of your USDOT Medical Examiners Certificate to the Medical Certification Unit. If the cause is You must contact the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FMCSA or your Medical Examiner to have this issue resolved. You can send the required documents to DMV by mail, fax or e - mail. Mailing address : NYS DMVMedical Certification UnitPO Box 2601Albany , NY 12220 - 0601 Fax : 518 486 - 4421 / 518 486 - 3260 e - mail : [ email protected] [1 ] Drivers can monitor their own CLP / CDL medical certification status through MyDMV [2] and subscribe for text and/or email notifications [3]. 

What will happen if I don't respond to the NOTICE OF NON-COMPLIANCE AND LICENSE DOWNGRADE? 
Failure to respond to the NOTICE OF NON - COMPLIANCE AND LICENSE DOWNGRADE will result in your Commercial Driver License automatically being downgraded to a Non - CDL class and/or your Commercial Learner Permit being cancelled as of the effective date on the notice. We strongly recommend that you submit your required information to the Medical Certification Unit at least 20 days before the effective date of the downgrade. This will allow for receipt and processing time. If the downgrade / cancellation occurs , your must complete and present an application to reinstate your commercial privileges in person at a DMV office. All normal transaction fees will apply. If you are a Commercial Learner Permit holder , you will need to retake any applicable knowledge tests you passed more than 180 days from the date you apply for reinstatement. If you no longer want a Commercial Driver License/ Commercial Learner Permit , you can get a non - commercial duplicate license online [4] after the Effective Date on the downgrade notice. The commercial

user: I have received a notice of non compliance and license downgrade what do I do?

assistant: You need to respont to the notice at least 20 days  before the effective date of the downgrade
What is the I-PIRP/ADM Program? 
I - PIRP / ADM is an acronym for the Internet Point & Insurance Reduction Program / Alternate Delivery Method. This program permits approved sponsors to provide Defensive Driving / Accident Prevention courses via the Internet or other alternate delivery methods, such as DVD or digital cable. 

Who offers the I-PIRP courses? 
You must be sure any course you take for point and insurance reduction in New York State is a course approved by the NY State DMV. See the list of DMV approved sponsors for I - PIRP courses [1]. 

Do I receive point and insurance reduction if I take an I-PIRP course? 
Yes. When you complete an I - PIRP course , you receive the same benefits as when you complete a classroom PIRP course. You can reduce your driver violation point total by a maximum of four points , and you can save ten percent on your auto liability and collision insurance premiums. 

How long does it take to complete an I-PIRP course? 
The I - PIRP course requires a minimum of 320 minutes of instruction time. The instruction time does not include the time required to register, validate your identity and your participation, or to download and take any tests. The course site has controls to ensure you meet all the requirements and you have at least 320 minutes of instruction. 

How does the I-PIRP course compare to the classroom course? 
Both the classroom PIRP course and the I - PIRP course have very similar content and information , and both courses include 320 minutes of instruction. The classroom course is given in one daytime session or two evening sessions. You can take the I - PIRP course from home, at a convenient time for you. You must complete the I - PIRP course within 30 days of the date you register for the course. You can take the I - PIRP course at your own speed within the 30-day period. 

Can I log off and continue an I-PIRP course at a later time or use different computers for separate course sessions? 
Yes. You can complete the 

user: Hi, what happens if I fail the course? Can I get a refund of the course fee?

assistant: Do you meet the minimum test score requirements?

user: Yes

assistant: If you do not meet all the requirements to complete the course or do not meet the minimum test score requirements, you cannot receive credit for completing the course and you cannot receive points and insurance reduction for the course.
Título: Sam Harris
Seção: Early life and education
Background: Sam Benjamin Harris (born April 9, 1967) is an American author, philosopher, neuroscientist, blogger, and podcast host. He is a critic of religion and proponent of the liberty to criticize religion. He is concerned with matters that touch on spirituality, morality, neuroscience, free will, and terrorism. He is described as one of the "Four Horsemen of atheism", with Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens and Daniel Dennett.

Conteúdo: Harris was born on April 9, 1967 in Los Angeles, the son of actor Berkeley Harris and TV producer Susan Harris (nee Spivak), who created The Golden Girls. His father came from a Quaker background and his mother is a secular Jew. He was raised by his mother following his parents' divorce when he was aged two. Harris has stated that his upbringing was entirely secular, and his parents rarely discussed religion, though it was always a subject that interested him. Fellow critic of religion Christopher Hitchens once referred to Harris as a "Jewish warrior against theocracy and bigotry of all stripes". While a student at Stanford University, Harris experimented with MDMA, and has written and spoken about the insights he experienced under its influence.  Though his original major was in English, he became interested in philosophical questions while at Stanford University after an experience with the psychedelic drug MDMA. The experience led him to be interested in the idea that he might be able to achieve spiritual insights without the use of drugs. Leaving Stanford in his second year, a quarter after his psychedelic experience, he went to India and Nepal, where he studied meditation with Buddhist and Hindu religious teachers, including Dilgo Khyentse. Eleven years later, in 1997, he returned to Stanford, completing a B.A. degree in philosophy in 2000. Harris began writing his first book, The End of Faith, immediately after the September 11 attacks.  He received a Ph.D. degree in co

user: Where did Sam Harris grow up?

assistant: Los Angeles,
What is Government Pension Offset (GPO)? 
If you will receive a pension for work not covered by Social Security such as government employment , any Social Security benefits you may be eligible to receive on your spouse's record may be reduced. This type of benefit reduction is called GPO. Some individuals are exempt from the offset. If you want to know if you meet the requirements for an exemption , please read the " When won't my Social Security benefits be reduced? " section of our " Government Pension Offset " factsheet. 

Information You Need to Calculate Your Benefits If You Are Affected by the GPO 
To estimate your future spouse's, widow's, or widower's benefits under the GPO , you need two things : The estimated " gross " monthly amount of your pension from your government job not covered by Social Security. The estimated monthly amount of your Social Security benefit as a spouse, widow, or widower before the effect of GPO. 

If you will be eligible for spouse's benefits and have access to your spouse's estimate: 
Find the estimated amount of the retirement benefit your spouse would be eligible to receive at full retirement age. If your spouse already receives benefits , ask them what their benefit would be if it started at their full or normal retirement age. Divide this amount in half and round down to the nearest dollar. This is your estimated spouse's benefit if you retire at full retirement age. 

If you will be eligible for a Social Security retirement benefit based on your own earnings: 
As well as a higher benefit based on your spouse's earnings , it will also affect your benefits as a spouse, widow, or widower. To get a more accurate estimate of how the government pension you will receive for work not covered by Social Security will affect the part of your benefit based on your spouse's work : Enter the estimated " gross " monthly amount of the government pension in today's dollars you will receive for work not covered by Social Security in Step #1

user: how do I get an estimate of what my wife will get in benefits?

assistant: Did you want to find the estimated amount of the retirement benefit your spouse would be eligible to receive at full retirement age?

user: yes that's exactly what I'm looking for

assistant: If your wife already receives benefits ask her what her benefit would be if it started at her full or normal retirement age. Divide this amount in half and round down to the nearest dollar.  This is your estimated wife's benefit if you retire at full retirement age.
Título: Patrice Lumumba
Seção: Deposition
Background: Patrice Emery Lumumba (alternatively styled Patrice Hemery Lumumba; 2 July 1925 - 17 January 1961) was a Congolese politician and independence leader who served as the first Prime Minister of the independent Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Republic of the Congo) from June until September 1960. He played a significant role in the transformation of the Congo from a colony of Belgium into an independent republic. Ideologically an African nationalist and Pan-Africanist, he led the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) party from 1958 until his death. Shortly after Congolese independence in 1960, a mutiny broke out in the army, marking the beginning of the Congo Crisis.

Conteúdo: President Kasa-Vubu began fearing a Lumumbist coup d'etat would take place. On the evening of 5 September, Kasa-Vubu announced over radio that he had dismissed Lumumba and six of his ministers from the government for the massacres in South Kasai and for involving the Soviets in the Congo. Upon hearing the broadcast, Lumumba made his way to the national radio station, which was under UN guard. Though they had been ordered to bar Lumumba's entry, the UN troops allowed the prime minister in, as they had no specific instructions to use force against him. Lumumba denounced his dismissal over the radio as illegitimate, and in turn labeled Kasa-Vubu a traitor and declared him deposed.  He proceeded to Parliament and launched into a debate in which he, in the words of American Ambassador Clare Timberlake, "devastated the points raised by the opposition" and "made Kasa-Vubu look ridiculous." The newly appointed prime minister, Senate leader Joseph Ileo, failed to secure a vote of confidence, which Lumumba won in the Senate on 8 September, 41 to 2 (with 6 abstentions). Still, Parliament did not back Lumumba's dismissal of Kasa-Vubu, creating a constitutional crisis. Numerous African diplomats and newly appointed ONUC head Rajeshwar Dayal attempted to get the president and prime minister to reconcile their differences, but failed. On 13 September, the Parliament held a joint session between the Senate and the Assembly. Though several members short of a quorum, they voted to grant Lumumb

user: What happened with the deposition?

assistant: Lumumba denounced his dismissal over the radio as illegitimate, and in turn labeled Kasa-Vubu a traitor and declared him deposed.

user: Did Kasa-Vubu depose him?

assistant: Still, Parliament did not back Lumumba's dismissal of Kasa-Vubu, creating a constitutional crisis.
Título: Hilary Putnam
Seção: Epistemology
Background: Hilary Whitehall Putnam (; July 31, 1926 - March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist, and a major figure in analytic philosophy in the second half of the 20th century. He made significant contributions to philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of science. At the time of his death, Putnam was Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University. He was known for his willingness to apply an equal degree of scrutiny to his own philosophical positions as to those of others, subjecting each position to rigorous analysis until he exposed its flaws.

Conteúdo: In the field of epistemology, Putnam is known for his "brain in a vat" thought experiment (a modernized version of Descartes's evil demon hypothesis). The argument is that one cannot coherently state that one is a disembodied "brain in a vat" placed there by some "mad scientist".  This follows from the causal theory of reference. Words always refer to the kinds of things they were coined to refer to, thus the kinds of things their user, or the user's ancestors, experienced. So, if some person, Mary, were a "brain in a vat", whose every experience is received through wiring and other gadgetry created by the "mad scientist", then Mary's idea of a "brain" would not refer to a "real" brain, since she and her linguistic community have never seen such a thing. Rather, she saw something that looked like a brain, but was actually an image fed to her through the wiring. Similarly, her idea of a "vat" would not refer to a "real" vat. So, if, as a brain in a vat, she were to say "I'm a brain in a vat", she would actually be saying "I'm a brain-image in a vat-image", which is incoherent. On the other hand, if she is not a brain in a vat, then saying that she is a brain in a vat is still incoherent, but now because she actually means the opposite. This is a form of epistemological externalism: knowledge or justification depends on factors outside the mind and is not solely determined internally.  Putnam has clarified that his real target in this argument was never skepticism, but metaphys

user: What is Epistemology?

assistant: In the field of epistemology, Putnam is known for his "brain in a vat" thought experiment (a modernized version of Descartes's evil demon hypothesis).

user: What was Putnam's "brain in a vat" experiment?

assistant: if some person, Mary, were a "brain in a vat", whose every experience is received through wiring and other gadgetry created by the "mad scientist

user: What did the experiment prove?

assistant: Putnam has clarified that his real target in this argument was never skepticism, but metaphysical realism.

user: How did it explain metaphysical realism?

assistant: such a scenario is impossible, attempts to show that this notion of a gap between man's concept of the world and the way it is, is in itself absurd.

user: When was this experiment performed?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
Disability is a subject you may read about in the newspaper, but not think of as something that might actually happen to you. But your chances of becoming disabled are probably greater than you realize. Studies show that just over one in four of today's 20-year - olds will become disabled before reaching age 67. While we spend a lot of time working to succeed in our jobs and careers , few of us think about ensuring that we have a safety net to fall back on should we become disabled. This is an area where Social Security can provide valuable help to you. This disability planner helps you find out : how you can qualify and apply for benefits ; what happens if your application is approved ; who can receive benefits on your earnings record ; what you need to know about receiving disability benefits ; when Medicare coverage starts for Social Security disability beneficiaries ; and what happens if you go back to work. 

Disability and Supplemental Security Income 
We pay disability benefits under two programs : The Social Security disability insurance program pays benefits to you and certain family members if you worked long enough and paid Social Security taxes. Your adult child also may qualify for benefits on your earnings record if he or she has a disability that started before age 22. The Supplemental Security Income SSI program pays benefits to disabled adults and children who have limited income and resources. For most people , the medical requirements are the same under both programs and disability is determined by the same process. Whether you apply for Social Security disability or SSI , we ask you for information about your medical condition, work, and education history to help us decide if you are disabled under our rules. Additional information about SSI can be found at " What Is Supplemental Security Income? " 

Information for Advocates, Attorneys, and Third Parties 
If you are an Advocate, Attorney, or Third Party Representative and you are helping someone

user: Can someone else do the application for me?

assistant: Yes, advocates, attorneys and representatives can fill out the application for someone else.

user: Yes, I need someone to help me fill it out.

assistant: You can have someone help you.  There are a few things they will need to know.

user: Are medical requirements the same for SSI and Disability?

assistant: Yes, both programs have the same requirements for medical.

user: What kinds of things do you ask?

assistant: We need information about about your medical, work and educational history.

user: What does the disability planner do?

assistant: It tells you how to qualify and apply for benefits and tells what to do if you're approved.

user: How do I know what will happen if I go back to work?

assistant: The planner can explain all of it for you.
Título: Ted DiBiase
Seção: Million Dollar Corporation (1994-1996)
Background: DiBiase was born in Miami, Florida. He is the biological son of wrestler Helen Nevins and Ted Wills, an entertainer and singer. He is the adopted son of wrestler "Iron" Mike DiBiase, who was Italian-American. DiBiase is of mostly German and English ancestry.

Conteúdo: DiBiase returned to the WWF at the Royal Rumble as a guest commentator. DiBiase then began working as a commentator and manager for the WWF. Later in 1994, DiBiase purchased the contracts of many wrestlers for his Million Dollar Corporation stable in the WWF, which over time included I.R.S., Bam Bam Bigelow, Nikolai Volkoff, Kama, King Kong Bundy, Sycho Sid, 1-2-3 Kid, and in a swerve, Tatanka. DiBiase also renewed his connection with the Undertaker after the latter's six-month hiatus after the January Royal Rumble. Saying that he had originally brought the Undertaker to the WWF, and he was going to bring him back, DiBiase debuted a new Undertaker under his control. This Undertaker however proved to be an impostor played by Brian Lee, and was subsequently defeated by the real Undertaker at SummerSlam.  DiBiase also had a place in the main event of WrestleMania XI as the manager of Bam Bam Bigelow in his match versus Lawrence Taylor. Surrounding the ring were members of DiBiase's corporation to offset Taylor's entourage of NFL All-Pros on the opposite side. After Taylor defeated Bigelow, DiBiase publicly referred to Bigelow as an embarrassment. This culminated in Bigelow quitting The Corporation after DiBiase fired him following a loss to Diesel in a WWF Championship match. Bigelow aligned himself with Diesel in a feud versus members of DiBiase's corporation.  As a manager, DiBiase also later introduced "The Ringmaster", who eventually became Stone Cold Steve Austin, to the WW

user: What happened in 1994?

assistant: Later in 1994, DiBiase purchased the contracts of many wrestlers for his Million Dollar Corporation stable in the WWF,

user: Anything else happen in 1994?

assistant: DiBiase also renewed his connection with the Undertaker after the latter's six-month hiatus after the January Royal Rumble.

user: What did that lead to?

assistant: This Undertaker however proved to be an impostor played by Brian Lee, and was subsequently defeated by the real Undertaker at SummerSlam.

user: What did he do next?

assistant: DiBiase also had a place in the main event of WrestleMania XI as the manager of Bam Bam Bigelow in his match versus Lawrence Taylor.
How To Apply Online For Just Medicare 
You can apply online for Medicare even if you are not ready to retire. Use our online application to sign up for Medicare. It takes less than 10 minutes. In most cases , once your application is submitted electronically , you re done. There are no forms to sign and usually no documentation is required. Social Security will process your application and contact you if we need more information. Otherwise , you ll receive your Medicare card in the mail. Learn more about your Medicare card. Apply for Medicare Only Return to Saved Application|Check Application Status|Replace Medicare Card Medicare is managed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services CMS. Social Security works with CMS by enrolling people in Medicare. For more information about applying for Medicare only and delaying retirement benefits , visit Applying for Medicare Only Before You Decide. To find out what documents and information you need to apply , go to the Checklist For The Online Medicare, Retirement, And Spouses Application. 

New Medicare Cards 
To help protect your identity , Medicare has sent you a new Medicare card. Your new card will have a new Medicare Number that s unique to you, instead of your Social Security Number. If you did not receive your new Medicare card , there may be something that needs to be corrected, like your mailing address. You can update your mailing address by logging in to or creating your personal my Social Security account. 

Learn about Medicare 
Medicare is our country s health insurance program for people age 65 or older. Certain people younger than age 65 can qualify for Medicare, too, including those with disabilities and those who have permanent kidney failure. To learn more , read our Medicare publication. 

Already Enrolled in Medicare 
If you already have Medicare , you can get information and services online. Find out how to manage your benefits. If you already have Medicare Part A and wish to sign up for Medic

user: If I am not ready to retire, can I still apply?

assistant: You can apply online for Medicare even if you are not ready to retire

user: Do I need to enroll in part a and B?

assistant: You should sign up for Medicare three months before reaching age 65 , even if you are not ready to start receiving retirement benefits
Título: Devika Rani
Seção: Background and education
Background: Devika Rani Chaudhuri, usually known as Devika Rani (30 March 1908 - 9 March 1994), was an actress in Indian films who was active during the 1930s and 1940s. Widely acknowledged as the first lady of Indian cinema, Devika Rani had a successful film career that spanned 10 years. Born into a wealthy, anglicized Indian family, Devika Rani was sent to boarding school in England at age nine and grew up in that country. In 1928, she met Himanshu Rai, an Indian film-producer, and married him the following year.

Conteúdo: Devika Rani Chaudhuri was born into a Bengali family in Waltair near Visakhapatnam in present-day Andhra Pradesh, into an extremely affluent and educated Bengali family. Her father, Colonel Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, was the first Indian Surgeon-General of Madras Presidency and a nephew of Rabindranath Tagore.  Her mother, Leela Devi Choudhary, came from an educated family and was a grand-niece of Tagore. Devika's father's brothers were Ashutosh Chaudhuri, Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court, Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri, a prominent Kolkata-based barrister and Pramatha Chaudhuri, the famous Bengali writer.  Devika Rani was related through both her parents to the poet and Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore. Her father, Manmathnath Choudhary, was the son of Sukumari Devi Choudhary, sister of Rabindranath Tagore. Devika's mother, Leela Devi Chaudhuri, was the daughter of Indumati Devi Chattopadhyay, whose mother Saudamini Devi Gangopadhyay was another sister of the Nobel laureate. Devika's father and maternal grandmothers were first cousins to each other, being the children of two sisters of Rabindranath Tagore.  Further, two of her father's brothers had also married their cousins: Prativa Devi Choudhury, wife of Ashutosh Choudhary, was the daughter of Hemendranath Tagore, and Indira Devi Choudhary, wife of Promatho Choudhary, was the daughter of Satyendranath Tagore. Devika thus had strong ties to Jarasanko, seat of the Tagore family in Kolkata and a major crucible of the Bengali r

user: Where was Rani born?

assistant: in Waltair near Visakhapatnam in present-day Andhra Pradesh,

user: When was Rani born?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: Who are her parents?

assistant: Her mother, Leela Devi Choudhary, came from an educated family and was a grand-niece of Tagore.

user: Who is her father?

assistant: Her father, Colonel Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, was the first Indian Surgeon-General of Madras Presidency and a nephew of Rabindranath Tagore.

user: Where did she attend school?

assistant: Devika Rani was sent to boarding school in England at the age of nine, and grew up there.