Título: James Watt
Seção: Chemical experiments
Background: James Watt  (30 January 1736 (19 January 1736 OS) - 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1781, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world. While working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines. He realised that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and reheating the cylinder. Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of steam engines.

Conteúdo: From an early age Watt was very interested in chemistry. In late 1786, while in Paris, he witnessed an experiment by Berthollet in which he reacted hydrochloric acid with manganese dioxide to produce chlorine. He had already found that an aqueous solution of chlorine could bleach textiles, and had published his findings, which aroused great interest among many potential rivals. When Watt returned to Britain, he began experiments along these lines with hopes of finding a commercially viable process. He discovered that a mixture of salt, manganese dioxide and sulphuric acid could produce chlorine, which Watt believed might be a cheaper method. He passed the chlorine into a weak solution of alkali, and obtained a turbid solution that appeared to have good bleaching properties. He soon communicated these results to James McGrigor, his father-in-law, who was a bleacher in Glasgow. Otherwise he tried to keep his method a secret.  With McGrigor and his wife Annie, he started to scale up the process, and in March 1788, McGrigor was able to bleach 1500 yards of cloth to his satisfaction. About this time Berthollet discovered the salt and sulphuric acid process, and published it so it became public knowledge. Many others began to experiment with improving the process, which still had many shortcomings, not the least of which was the problem of transporting the liquid product. Watt's rivals soon overtook him in developing the process, and he dropped out of the race. It was not until 179

user: What did James Watt go to school for?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: What can you tell me about the chemical experiments?

assistant: He discovered that a mixture of salt, manganese dioxide and sulphuric acid could produce chlorine,

user: Did he use this mixture to power his engines?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: How does he discover this mixture?

assistant: When Watt returned to Britain, he began experiments along these lines with hopes of finding a commercially viable process.

user: Was he working with someone else at the time?

assistant: With McGrigor and his wife Annie, he started to scale up the process,

user: When was this mixture discovered?

assistant: in March 1788,

user: Who is McGrigor?

assistant: his father-in-law,

user: What did Watt do in Europe?

assistant: By 1794 Watt had been chosen by Thomas Beddoes to manufacture apparatus to produce,

user: What did he produce for Beddoes?

assistant: store gases for use in the new Pneumatic Institution at Hotwells in Bristol.