Título: John D. Rockefeller
Seção: Strike of 1913-14 and the Ludlow Massacre
Background: Rockefeller was the second of six children and eldest son born in Richford, New York to con artist William Avery "Bill" Rockefeller (November 13, 1810 - May 11, 1906) and Eliza Davison (September 12, 1813 - March 28, 1889). His siblings were Lucy (1838-1878), William Jr. (1841-1922), Mary (1843-1925) and twins Franklin (Frank) (1845-1917) and Frances (1845-1847). His father was of English and German descent while his mother was of Scots-Irish descent. Bill was first a lumberman and then a traveling salesman who identified himself as a "botanic physician" and sold elixirs.

Conteúdo: The strike, called in September 1913 by the United Mine Workers, over the issue of union representation, was against coal mine operators in Huerfano and Las Animas counties of southern Colorado, where the majority of CF&I's coal and coke production was located. The strike was fought vigorously by the coal mine operators association and its steering committee, which included Welborn, president of CF&I, a spokesman for the coal operators. Rockefeller's operative, Lamont Montgomery Bowers, remained in the background. Few miners actually belonged to the union or participated in the strike call, but the majority honored it. Strikebreakers (called "scabs") were threatened and sometimes attacked. Both sides purchased substantial arms and ammunition. Striking miners were forced to abandon their homes in company towns and lived in tent cities erected by the union, such as the tent city at Ludlow, a railway stop north of Trinidad.  Under the protection of the National Guard, some miners returned to work and some strikebreakers, imported from the eastern coalfields, joined them as Guard troops protecting their movements. In February 1914, a substantial portion of the troops were withdrawn, but a large contingent remained at Ludlow. On April 20, 1914, a general fire-fight occurred between strikers and troops, which was antagonized by the troops and mine guards. The camp was burned, resulting in 15 women and children, who hid in tents at the camp, being burned to death. Costs to both mine

user: What was the strike of 1913-14?

assistant: The strike, called in September 1913 by the United Mine Workers, over the issue of union representation, was against coal mine operators in

user: What was the result?

assistant: The strike was fought vigorously by the coal mine operators association and its steering committee, which included Welborn, president of CF&I,

user: What was the Ludlow Massacre?

assistant: The camp was burned, resulting in 15 women and children, who hid in tents at the camp, being burned to death.

user: Why did this happen?

assistant: In February 1914, a substantial portion of the troops were withdrawn, but a large contingent remained at Ludlow. On April 20, 1914, a general

user: Who was responsive for this happening?

assistant: fire-fight occurred between strikers and troops, which was antagonized by the troops and mine guards. The camp was burned,

user: What was the result of all of this happening?

assistant: Costs to both mine operators and the union were high. This incident brought unwanted national attention to Colorado.

user: What was being said about Colorado?

assistant: The casualties suffered at Ludlow were successfully labeled a massacre and mobilized public opinion against the Rockefellers and the coal industry.

user: Was Rockefeller able to recover after this?

assistant: The United States Commission on Industrial Relations conducted extensive hearings, singling out John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the Rockefellers' relationship

user: What happened to Rockefeller?

assistant: Bowers was relieved of duty and Wellborn restored to control in 1915, then industrial relations improved. Rockefeller denied any responsibility

user: Was he ever jailed or fined?

assistant: minimized the seriousness of the event.