dgand84/projgand huggingface dataset:
Título: Napalm Death
Seção: The Code Is Red... to Time Waits for No Slave (2004-2011)
Background: Napalm Death are a British extreme metal band formed in Meriden, West Midlands, England, in 1981. While none of its original members remain in the group since December 1986, the lineup of vocalist Mark "Barney" Greenway, bassist Shane Embury, guitarist Mitch Harris and drummer Danny Herrera has remained consistent of the band's career since 1992's Utopia Banished, although, from 1989 to 2004, Napalm Death were a five-piece band after they added Jesse Pintado as the replacement of one-time guitarist Bill Steer; following Pintado's departure, the band reverted to a four-piece rather than replace him. Napalm Death are credited as pioneers of the grindcore genre by incorporating elements of crust punk and death metal, using a noise-filled sound that uses heavily distorted, down-tuned guitars, grinding overdrive bass, high speed tempo, blast beats, and vocals which consist of incomprehensible growls, or high-pitched shrieks, extremely short songs, fast tempos, and sociopolitical lyrics. The band's debut album Scum, released in 1987 by Earache Records, proved substantially influential throughout the global metal community.

Conteúdo: In April 2005, their next album The Code Is Red...Long Live the Code was released. It features guest appearances from Jeffrey Walker (Carcass), Jamey Jasta (Hatebreed vocalist) and Jello Biafra (formerly of Dead Kennedys, and Lard among many other bands). The album continued the band's progressive approach to their brutal brand of extreme metal, with their trademark grindcore sound retained. Also in 2005, Embury and Herrera joined the extreme metal band Anaal Nathrakh for one tour.  Napalm Death finished recording their follow-up album titled Smear Campaign in June 2006, and it was released on 15 September 2006 to strong reviews from fans and critics alike. The main lyrical focus is criticism of the United States Government and other governments who are strongly religious. The album features a guest appearance by Anneke van Giersbergen, vocalist for the Dutch rock band The Gathering. There is a limited edition digipak version of Smear Campaign, which has two new songs, "Call That an Option?" and "Atheist Runt". They played a series of headline shows in support of the release including the Koko in Camden with Gutworm.  In early 2006 Napalm Death headlined a tour with Kreator, A Perfect Murder, and Undying. On 27 August 2006, Jesse Pintado died in a hospital in the Netherlands due to liver failure, prompting Mitch Harris to express his sadness at the loss of someone he thought of as "a brother" on the band's official website. After the Smear Campaign tour, the band did a 2007 "

user: What is the code is red about?

assistant: The album continued the band's progressive approach to their brutal brand of extreme metal, with their trademark grindcore sound retained.
Título: Grigory Potemkin
Seção: Builder
Background: Prince Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin-Tavricheski (Russian: Grigorii Aleksandrovich Potiomkin-Tavricheskii; 'Potyomkin', r Grigoriy Aleksandrovich Potyomkin-Tavricheskiy; October 11 [O.S. September 30] 1739 - October 16 [O.S. October 5] 1791) was a Russian military leader, statesman, nobleman and favourite of Catherine the Great. He died during negotiations over the Treaty of Jassy, which ended a war with the Ottoman Empire that he had overseen. Potemkin was born into a family of middle-income noble landowners.

Conteúdo: Potemkin then embarked on a period of city-founding. Construction started at his first effort, Kherson, in 1778, as a base for a new Black Sea Fleet he intended to build. Potemkin approved every plan himself, but construction was slow, and the city proved costly and vulnerable to plague. Next was the port of Akhtiar, annexed with the Crimea, which became Sevastopol. Then he built Simferopol as the Crimean capital. His biggest failure, however, was his effort to build the city of Ekaterinoslav (lit. The glory of Catherine), now Dnipropetrovsk. The second most successful city of Potemkin's rule was Nikolayev (now better known as Mykolaiv), which he founded in 1789. Potemkin also initiated the redesign of Odessa after its capture from the Turks; it was to turn out to be the greatest.  Potemkin's Black Sea Fleet was a massive undertaking for its time. By 1787, the British ambassador reported twenty-seven battleships. It put Russia on a naval footing with Spain, though far behind the British Navy. The period represented the peak of Russia's naval power relative to other European states. Potemkin also rewarded hundreds of thousands of settlers who moved into his territories. It is estimated that by 1782 the populations of Novorossiya and Azov had doubled during a period of "exceptionally rapid" development. Immigrants included Russians, foreigners, British convicts diverted from Australia, Cossacks and controversially Jews. Though the immigrants were not always happy in their new s

user: What did Grigory Build?

assistant: Construction started at his first effort, Kherson, in 1778, as a base for a new Black Sea Fleet he intended to build.

user: Was he successful?

assistant: Potemkin approved every plan himself, but construction was slow, and the city proved costly and vulnerable to plague.

user: did he make any profitable projects?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
Título: Paul Cézanne
Seção: Exhibitions and subjects
Background: Paul Cezanne (US:  or UK: ; French: [pol sezan]; 19 January 1839 - 22 October 1906) was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th-century conception of artistic endeavor to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century. Cezanne's often repetitive, exploratory brushstrokes are highly characteristic and clearly recognizable. He used planes of colour and small brushstrokes that build up to form complex fields. The paintings convey Cezanne's intense study of his subjects.

Conteúdo: Cezanne's paintings were shown in the first exhibition of the Salon des Refuses in 1863, which displayed works not accepted by the jury of the official Paris Salon. The Salon rejected Cezanne's submissions every year from 1864 to 1869. He continued to submit works to the Salon until 1882. In that year, through the intervention of fellow artist Antoine Guillemet, he exhibited Portrait de M. L. A., probably Portrait of Louis-Auguste Cezanne, The Artist's Father, Reading "L'Evenement", 1866 (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), his first and last successful submission to the Salon.  Before 1895 Cezanne exhibited twice with the Impressionists (at the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874 and the third Impressionist exhibition in 1877). In later years a few individual paintings were shown at various venues, until 1895, when the Parisian dealer, Ambroise Vollard, gave the artist his first solo exhibition. Despite the increasing public recognition and financial success, Cezanne chose to work in increasing artistic isolation, usually painting in the south of France, in his beloved Provence, far from Paris.  He concentrated on a few subjects and was equally proficient in each of these genres: still lifes, portraits, landscapes and studies of bathers. For the last, Cezanne was compelled to design from his imagination, due to a lack of available nude models. Like the landscapes, his portraits were drawn from that which was familiar, so that not only his wife and son but local pe

user: What were some of Cezanne's subjects?

assistant: He concentrated on a few subjects and was equally proficient in each of these genres: still lifes, portraits, landscapes and studies of bathers.

user: Did he have a favorite subject?

assistant: Like the landscapes, his portraits were drawn from that which was familiar,

user: What exhibitions did he participate in?

assistant: Aix. In 1903 Henri Rochefort visited the auction of paintings that had been in Zola's possession and published on 9 March 1903

user: Who is Zola?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
Título: D'Angelo
Seção: 1991-1995: Brown Sugar
Background: D'Angelo was born Michael Eugene Archer, in Richmond, Virginia on February 11, 1974, to a Pentecostal preacher father. He was raised in an entirely Pentecostal family. Archer's musical talents were discovered very early on. At 3, he was spotted by his 10-year-old brother Luther, playing the house piano.

Conteúdo: D'Angelo signed a publishing deal with EMI Music in 1991 after catching the attention of record executives through a demo tape, which was originally by the group. After an impressive audition for EMI execs, a three-hour impromptu piano recital, D'Angelo was signed to a recording contract in 1993. A&R-man Gary Harris was primarily responsible for his signing, while manager Kedar Massenburg helped negotiate the contract as well. Massenburg became D'Angelo's manager after hearing of him through "the buzz on the streets". He had previously managed hip hop group Stetsasonic and formed the artist management-firm Kedar Entertainment in 1991, which he diversified into production, music publishing and publicity.  In 1994, his first significant success came in the form of the hit single "U Will Know". D'Angelo co-wrote and co-produced the song for the all-male R&B supergroup Black Men United, which featured R&B singers such as Brian McKnight, Usher, R. Kelly, Boyz II Men, Raphael Saadiq and Gerald Levert. D'Angelo composed the music for "U Will Know", while his brother, Luther Archer, wrote the lyrics. Originally featured on the soundtrack to the film Jason's Lyric (1994), the single peaked at number 5 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and at number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100. The music video for "U Will Know" featured D'Angelo as the group's choir director; he reprised the role for the live performance of the song at the Soul Train Music Awards. That same year, he wrote and pro

user: What happened in 1991?

assistant: D'Angelo signed a publishing deal with EMI Music in 1991

user: What was his first single?

assistant: In 1994, his first significant success came in the form of the hit single "U Will Know".

user: Did that single receive any awards?

assistant: he reprised the role for the live performance of the song at the Soul Train Music Awards.
Título: Duff McKagan
Seção: 1985-1997: Guns N' Roses, Believe in Me and Neurotic Outsiders
Background: Michael Andrew McKagan grew up in Seattle's largely working-class University District, the youngest of eight children born to Marie and Elmer "Mac" McKagan. He has been called "Duff" since toddlerhood, to which he once referred as "an Irish thing". Following his parents' divorce, his mother supported the family by taking a job as a medical stenographer. He was taught how to play bass by his brother Bruce, further developing his skills by playing along with the albums 1999 by Prince and Damaged by Black Flag.

Conteúdo: In April 1985, McKagan replaced bassist Ole Beich in Guns N' Roses, which was newly founded by singer Axl Rose and guitarist Izzy Stradlin of Hollywood Rose. McKagan's Road Crew bandmates Slash and Steven Adler joined the band two months later. After two days of rehearsal, the line-up played its debut gig at The Troubadour on June 6. In 1987, Guns N' Roses released its debut album, Appetite for Destruction, which to date has sold over 28 million copies worldwide, 18 million of which were in the United States, making it the best-selling debut album of all time in the U.S. The following year, the band released G N' R Lies, which sold over five million copies in the U.S. alone, despite containing only eight tracks, four of which were included on the previously released EP Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide.  In 1990, Steven Adler was fired from the band because of his heroin addiction; he was replaced by Matt Sorum of The Cult.  In May 1991, Guns N' Roses embarked on the two-and-a-half-year-long Use Your Illusion Tour. The following September, the band released the long-awaited albums Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II, which debuted at No. 2 and No. 1 respectively on the U.S. chart, a feat unachieved by any other group. In November 1991, Izzy Stradlin abruptly left the band; he was replaced by Gilby Clarke of Kill For Thrills. In 1993, the band released "The Spaghetti Incident?", a cover album of mostly punk songs, which proved less successful than its predecessors. McKagan too

user: Did McKagan play for Guns N Roses

assistant: McKagan replaced bassist Ole Beich in Guns N' Roses,

user: What year did he start with the band?

assistant: In April 1985,

user: Did he have to tryout?

assistant: replaced bassist Ole Beich in Guns N' Roses, which was newly founded by singer Axl Rose and guitarist Izzy Stradlin of Hollywood Rose.

user: Did he enjoy success with the band?

assistant: Guns N' Roses released its debut album, Appetite for Destruction, which to date has sold over 28 million copies worldwide, 18 million of which
Título: Future Islands
Seção: 2006-2007: Formation - Little Advances
Background: Future Islands is an American synthpop band based in Baltimore, Maryland, and signed to 4AD, currently comprising Gerrit Welmers (keyboards and programming), William Cashion (bass, acoustic and electric guitars), and Samuel T. Herring (lyrics and vocals). The band was formed in January 2006 by Welmers, Cashion and Herring--the remaining members of the performance art college band Art Lord & the Self-Portraits--and drummer Erick Murillo. Murillo left in November 2007, after which the band relocated to Baltimore, MD, and released the debut album Wave Like Home through British label

Conteúdo: When Art Lord & the Self Portraits disbanded in late 2005, its members forgot they had discussed with alt-country band The Texas Governor the possibility of touring together. Future Islands was formed in early 2006 to keep that commitment, with an original line-up consisting of Cashion, Herring, Welmers and Erick Murillo--bassist for The Kickass --who played an electronic drum kit.  Already as Art Lord & the Self-Portraits, the band wanted to change their image and took this opportunity to do so. William Cashion stated: "Me and Gerrit had been talking for a while about how we wanted to get rid of the gimmick. We wanted to be taken seriously. Our songs had outgrown the gimmick that the band was made on. The songs were starting to deal with bigger, personal, universal themes. We wanted to be taken seriously."  The band played their first show on February 12, 2006 at an anti-Valentine's Day party in a venue called the Turducken house, opening for about a dozen bands. After writing 6-7 songs in only one week, they had to come up with a new name quickly, narrowing it down to two choices--Future Shoes and Already Islands--and combining them into one. Future Islands self-released the EP Little Advances on April 28, 2006 which they recorded in March 2006.  A couple of months later, Herring dropped out college and left Greenville to deal with a substance abuse problem he had acquired: In June, I left town and didn't come back. It was just drug problems, man. I got sucked into the dark

user: When did Herring start making hip-hop music?

assistant: Future Islands was formed in early 2006 to keep that commitment,

user: When did the drummer leave?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: What type of music did the band play?

assistant: its members forgot they had discussed with alt-country band The Texas Governor the possibility of touring together. Future Islands was formed in early 2006 to keep that commitment,

user: What year did the band relocate to Baltimore?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
Título: Joe Biden
Seção: Characteristics as senator
Background: Biden was born on November 20, 1942, at St. Mary's Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to Catherine Eugenia "Jean" Biden (nee Finnegan) and Joseph Robinette "Joe" Biden Sr. He was the first of four siblings in a Catholic family, with a sister, Valerie, and two brothers, James and Frank, following. His mother was of Irish descent, with roots variously attributed to County Louth or County Londonderry. His paternal grandparents, Mary Elizabeth (Robinette) and Joseph H. Biden, an oil businessman from Baltimore, Maryland, were of English, French, and Irish ancestry.

Conteúdo: On August 27, 1966, while Biden was still a law student, he married Neilia Hunter. They overcame her parents' initial reluctance for her to wed a Roman Catholic, and the ceremony was held in a Catholic church in Skaneateles. They had three children, Joseph R. "Beau" Biden III in 1969, Robert Hunter in 1970, and Naomi Christina in 1971.  During 1968, Biden clerked for six months at a Wilmington law firm headed by prominent local Republican William Prickett and, as he later said, "thought of myself as a Republican". He disliked the conservative racial politics of incumbent Democratic Governor of Delaware Charles L. Terry and supported a more liberal Republican, Russell W. Peterson, who defeated Terry in 1968. The local Republicans tried to recruit him, but he resisted due to his distaste for Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon, and registered as an Independent instead.  In 1969, Biden resumed practicing law in Wilmington, first as a public defender and then at a firm headed by Sid Balick, a locally active Democrat. Balick named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party, and Biden switched his registration to Democrat. He also started his own firm, Biden and Walsh. Corporate law, however, did not appeal to him and criminal law did not pay well. He supplemented his income by managing properties.  Later in 1969, Biden ran as a Democrat for the New Castle County Council on a liberal platform that included support for public hou

user: What are Joe's characteristics as senator?

assistant: characterized Biden as "self-confident" and "compulsively ambitious".

user: Was Joe likable as senator?

assistant: "Biden is the kind of fundamentally happy person who can be as generous toward others as he is to himself."

user: Does Joe have a lot of friends in politics?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: When did he become senator?

assistant: 1969,

user: What State was he the Senator for?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
View your VA payment history 
Find out how to view your VA payment history online. 

You ll need to sign in to eBenefits to view your payment history. 
To use this feature , you'll need a Premium DS Logon account. Your My HealtheVet or ID.me credentials won t work on the eBenefits website. Go to eBenefits to sign in, register, or upgrade your DS Logon account to Premium. Go to eBenefits to view payments 

What VA payment information can I view when I sign in? 
If you re a Veteran , you ll see a history of your past VA payments for : Disability compensation Pension benefits Education benefits If you re the survivor of a Veteran or service member , you ll see a history of your past VA payments for : Survivors pension benefits Survivors' and Dependents' Educational Assistance Chapter 35 benefits Dependency and Indemnity Compensation DIC 

When can I expect my first disability compensation payment? 
If your decision notice shows at least a 10% disability rating , you ll get your first payment within 15 days. If you don t get a payment within 15 days , please call the Veterans Help Line at 800 - 827 - 1000 TTY : 800 - 829 - 4833. We re here Monday through Friday , 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. ET. 

What should I do if I need to change my direct deposit or contact information? 


Change your information in either of these ways 
Change your information online , or Contact your nearest VA regional benefit office or eligibility office 

Change your address through your VA.gov profile 
You can sign in to VA.gov and change your address and other contact information in your VA.gov profile. This will update your information across disability compensation, pension benefits, claims and appeals, Vocational Rehabilitation & Employment VR&E, and VA health care. Find out how to change your address on file with VA 

Should I contact VA if I have other changes to my information? 
Yes. It s important to update your information with us if you change your marital status, have a baby, adopt a c

user: I'm looking for information about my veteran payments, about my transaction history, please.

assistant: You can find that information via online.

assistant: You must have a eBenefits account, because you're a veteran. have you signed in lately?

user: Yeah, i went there but don't know how to locate that.

assistant: So you never has been able to see this feature?

user: No, i haven't been able to do that.

user: It doesn't matter. Look, what happens if i need to change some of my information, like my deposit address or my contact data?

assistant: Do you have access to the web or have a VA office near to your location?
Benefits Planner: Retirement 


Applying for Medicare Only 
If you are within three months of age 65 or older and not ready to start your monthly Social Security benefits yet , you can use our online retirement application to sign up just for Medicare and wait to apply for your retirement or spouses benefits later. Before you decide , you need to be sure that you understand how waiting until later will affect : the lifetime benefits we can pay on your account and your health insurance coverage. 

Lifetime Benefits We Can Pay On Your Record 
You can start your retirement benefit at any point from age 62 up until age 70. Your benefit amountwill be higher the longer you delay starting it. This adjustment is usually permanent. If you: Apply for benefits before full retirement age , your benefitswill be reduced because you are taking them earlier. (Full retirement age is 66 for people born between 1943 and 1954. Beginning with 1955, two months are added for every birth year until the full retirement age reaches 67 for people born in 1960 or later.) If your full retirement age is 66 and you decideto start your retirement benefits at age 65 , your benefit will be 93.33 percent of yourfull benefit amount. Delay receiving retirement benefits until after you reach full retirementage any month up to age 70 , you can increase your benefit by accumulating Delayed Retirement Credits. If your full retirement age is 66 and 2 months and you wait until age 70 , your benefitwill be 130.67 percent of your full retirement age benefit. Have family members who qualify for benefits, a delay meansyou would lose some of the benefits they might have received. However , delaying benefitsalso increases the maximum monthly survivors benefit your spouse may receive. 

If You Plan To Continue Working 
Even if you plan to continue working , you may still be able to receive some benefits. If you areunder full retirement age and you earn over a certain amount , we will deduct the excess earnings fr

user: how do I begin to apply for medicare only?

assistant: Are you  are within three months of age 65 or older 

user: yes

assistant: are you applying for medicare only?

user: yes

assistant: ok  great

user: Is there a Special Enrollment Period 

assistant: If you are age 65 or older and your medical insurance coverage is under a group health plan based on your , or your spouse 's , current employment ,  you may not need to applyfor Medicare supplementary medical insurance Part B at age 65 .
Título: Gary Barlow
Seção: Songwriting, producing and publishing
Background: Gary Barlow OBE (born 20 January 1971) is an English singer, songwriter and record producer. He is best known as the lead singer of the British pop group Take That. Barlow also served as head judge of The X Factor UK in 2011, 2012 and 2013 and Let It Shine in 2017. Barlow is one of Britain's most successful songwriters, having written fourteen number one singles and twenty-four top 10 hits.

Conteúdo: After leaving his career as a solo artist Barlow returned to his first love of writing music. He soon signed a song writing publishing deal with Sony and went to the US on a six-month songwriting project, residing in Nashville, Los Angeles and New York with his wife, Dawn and first child, Daniel. Upon his return he set up True North Productions with Eliot Kennedy and Tim Woodcock. In his autobiography 'My Take' Barlow partly blames his fall as a solo artist on his commitments to being a star in the United States. After his disappointing second album, Barlow remained out of the public eye for half a decade, choosing to continue to write and produce songs for other artists such as Shirley Bassey and Charlotte Church In October 2007, Barlow founded San Remo Live Publishings as an independently run management company to establish and support artists and songwriters.  In 2010 Barlow signed a new 5-year song writing publishing deal with Sony music. He has been voted as the greatest British songwriter of all time in a 2009 OnePoll, who surveyed 3,000 people John Lennon and Paul McCartney, of The Beatles, were placed second and third respectively.  In 2011, Barlow wrote the song "Run for Your Life" for The X Factor series 7 winner Matt Cardle's debut album. Cardle told The Sun: "We had 99% of the album finished then the track came through from Gary. I'd been trying to write a song like that for a long, long time, probably five or six years. As soon as I heard it I just felt the song 

user: Did he write any songs?

assistant: After leaving his career as a solo artist Barlow returned to his first love of writing music. He soon signed a song writing publishing deal with Sony
Título: Bobby Womack
Seção: 1972-1985: Solo success
Background: Born in Cleveland's Fairfax neighborhood, near East 85th Street and Quincy Avenue, to Naomi Womack and Friendly Womack, Bobby was the third of five brothers. Friendly Jr. and Curtis were the older brothers, Harry and Cecil were his younger brothers. They all grew up in the Cleveland slums, so poor that the family would fish pig snouts out of the local supermarket's trash. He had to share a bed with his brothers.

Conteúdo: Following Communication, Womack's profile was raised with two more albums, released in 1972. The first was Understanding, noted for the track "I Can Understand It", later covered by the funk band New Birth and a three-sibling lineup of Bobby's old group, the Valentinos, and two hit singles, "Woman's Gotta Have It" and "Harry Hippie". The latter song was written for Womack by Jim Ford in a country version, which Womack re-arranged in an R&B version. "Harry Hippie" later became Womack's first single to be certified gold. "Woman's Gotta Have It" became Womack's first single to hit number one on the R&B charts.  Another hit album released after Understanding was the soundtrack to the blaxploitation film Across 110th Street. The title track became popular during its initial 1972 release and later would be played during the opening and closing scenes of the 1997 film, Jackie Brown. In 1973, Womack released another hit album, Facts of Life, and had a top 40 hit with "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out," an older song Sam Cooke had done years before.  In 1974, Womack released his most successful single during this period with a remake of his first hit single, "Lookin' for a Love". His solo version of the song became even more successful than the original with the Valentinos, becoming his second number one hit on the R&B chart and peaking at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his only hit to reach that high on the pop chart. The song was featured on the album Lookin'

user: How did Womack achieve solo success?

assistant: Womack's profile was raised with two more albums, released in 1972.

user: What albums were released?

assistant: The first was Understanding, noted for the track "I Can Understand It",

user: What was the second album?

assistant: Another hit album released after Understanding was the soundtrack to the blaxploitation film Across 110th Street.

user: Did he receive any awards during this time?

assistant: In 1975, Womack collaborated with Rolling Stones member Ronnie Wood, on Wood's second solo album, Now Look.

user: What other achievements did he have during this time?

assistant: bringing him wider acclaim not only in the U.S. but also in Europe.

user: Did he tour?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: What other songs did he have?

assistant: 1976 single "Daylight" - with "If You Think You're Lonely Now"
Título: Stephen Toulmin
Seção: The revival of casuistry
Background: Stephen Edelston Toulmin (; 25 March 1922 - 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues.

Conteúdo: By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism. Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues. Although casuistry largely fell silent during the modern period, in The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), Toulmin collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to demonstrate the effectiveness of casuistry in practical argumentation during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, effectively reviving it as a permissible method of argument.  Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called "type cases" or "paradigm cases," without resorting to absolutism. It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case. Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case. If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed in order to arrive at a rational claim.  Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning: first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways; third, an unprecedented individual case occur

user: what was the revival of casuistry?

assistant: By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.
Título: John Marshall
Seção: McCulloch v. Maryland
Background: John Marshall (September 24, 1755 - July 6, 1835) was an American politician and the fourth Chief Justice of the United States (1801-1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and many say he made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801 and, at the age of 45, became the last of the chief justices to be born in Colonial America.

Conteúdo: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) was one of several decisions during the 1810s and 1820s involving the balance of power between the federal government and the states where Marshall affirmed federal supremacy. He established in McCulloch that states could not tax federal institutions, and upheld congressional authority to create the Second Bank of the United States, even though the authority to do this was not expressly stated in the Constitution.  While Marshall's opinion in McCulloch was consistent with Marbury v. Madison, it cut the other way by affirming the constitutionality of a federal statute while preventing states from passing laws that violate federal law. The opinion includes the famous statement, "We must never forget that it is a constitution we are expounding." Marshall laid down the basic theory of implied powers under a written Constitution; intended, as he said "to endure for ages to come, and, consequently, to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs ...." Marshall envisaged a federal government which, although governed by timeless principles, possessed the powers "on which the welfare of a nation essentially depends." It would be free in its choice of means, and open to change and growth.  The Court held that the bank was authorized by the clause of the Constitution that states that Congress can implement its powers by making laws that are "necessary and proper", which Marshall said does not refer to one single way that Congress is allowed to act, but 

user: When was McCulloch v Maryland?

assistant: 1819
Replacement Card for a U.S. Born Adult 
You can replace your Social Security card for free if it is lost or stolen. However , you may not need to get a replacement card. Knowing your Social Security number is what is important. You are limited to three replacement cards in a year and 10 during your lifetime. Legal name changes and other exceptions do not count toward these limits. For example , changes in immigration status that require card updates may not count toward these limits. Also , you may not be affected by these limits if you can prove you need the card to prevent a significant hardship. Important You must present original documents or copies certified by the agency that issued them. We cannot accept photocopies or notarized copies. All documents must be current not expired. We cannot accept a receipt showing you applied for the document. You may be able to request your replacement Social Security card online. Our online service is a fast and secure way to get a replacement. If you are age 18 or older with a U.S. mailing address and have amySocial Securityaccount , you can apply for a replacement card online. For more information about creating my Social Security account and getting a replacement card online , visit our Social Security Number and Card website. 

What original documents do I need? 
Citizenship If you have not already established your U.S. citizenship with us , we need to see proof of U.S. citizenship. We can accept only certain documents as proof of U.S. citizenship. These include a U.S. birth certificate or U.S. passport. Identity We can accept only certain documents as proof of identity. An acceptable document must be current not expired and show your name, identifying information date of birth or age and preferably a recent photograph. For example , as proof of identity Social Security must see your : U.S. driver's license ; State - issued non - driver identification card ; or U.S. passport. If you do not have one of these specific do

user: What do my documents need to reflect in order to get a replacement social security card?

assistant: Your documents need to reflect your proof of citizenship. 

assistant: Have you already established proof of your citizenship with us?

user: Yes, I have already confirmed this.

assistant: We would need to see proof of U.S. citizenship such as a U.S. birth certificate or a U.S. passport.

user: Do the documents have to be current?

assistant: Yes, in order for us to accept the documentation it must be current and not expired.

user: What forms of proof can I use to verify my identity?

assistant: You may use a U.S. driver's license, a U.S. passport, or a state issued ID card.

user: What happens if I don't have any of these forms of identification?

assistant: If you don't possess any of these id's, we will ask to see other documents that are current and that can verify your name, date of birth, and preferably a recent photo.
Título: Selim III
Seção: Reforms in law
Background: Selim III (Ottoman Turkish: slym thlth Selim-i salis) (24 December 1761 - 28 July 1808) was the reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. The Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as Mustafa IV. Selim was subsequently killed by a group of assassins.

Conteúdo: Selim introduced domestic reforms to strengthen his government. He solicited suggestions throughout the governing institutions. As a basis for change: he created a new treasury, filled in large part from confiscatory punishment leveled at fief holders who had ceased to respect their military obligations, schools were opened, attention was given to printing and to the circulation of Western translations, and young Turks were sent to Europe for further study. The most significant reforms, however, involved the military. The navy was strengthened, and a navigation school was opened. The army commissariat was changed, officer training was improved, the Bosphorus forts were strengthened, the artillery was revitalized, and the new engineering school was reorganized. The major innovation was the founding of a new body of regular troops known as the Nizam-i-Cedid (new regulation), a term also applied to the reforms as a whole. A former Turkish lieutenant in the Russian army formed the first of these new units, uniformed, well disciplined and drilled, in 1792. Other units followed, involving, in some instances, extensive barracks building with related town facilities, such as the mosques and baths of Scutari. Such buildings constitute Selim's major architectural legacy.  Before the reforms, education in the Ottoman Empire had not been a state responsibility but had been provided by the education for Muslims. The first inroads into the system had been made with the creation of naval en

user: what was one of the laws that he reformed?

assistant: new treasury, filled in large part from confiscatory punishment leveled at fief holders who

user: was there another law that was reformed?

assistant: obligations, schools were opened, attention was given to printing and to the circulation of Western translations,

user: were there any more laws that were reformed?

assistant: the military.

user: how was the military reformed?

assistant: The navy was strengthened, and a navigation school was opened.

user: where was the school opened?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: how were the schools reformed?

assistant: complete system of primary and secondary schools leading to the university level, all under the Ministry of Education.

user: how else were the schools reformed?

assistant: 1869, provided for free and compulsory primary education.
Fiduciary claims 


Mark your calendar 
You have 1 year from the date on your decision to request a decision review. 

Decision review options 


Add new and relevant evidence 
The Supplemental Claim option isn t available for fiduciary claims. You can file a new claim if you have new evidence. Please choose one of the options below for your next review. 

Ask for a new look from a senior reviewer 
Download VA Form 20 - 0996: Higher - Level Review PDF When you choose a Higher - Level Review , you re asking for another review of the same evidence. A senior reviewer will take another look at your case and determine whether the decision can be changed based on a difference of opinion or an error. Learn how to request a Higher - Level Review 

Can I request a Higher-Level Review? 
You can request a Higher - Level Review of an initial claim. This option isn t available after a Higher - Level Review or Board Appeal. 

Appeal to a Veterans Law Judge 
Download VA Form 10182: Board Appeal PDF A judge at the Board of Veterans Appeals in Washington, D.C., will review your case. Learn more about how to request a Board Appeal 

Can I request a Board Appeal? 
You can request a Board Appeal after an initial claim or Higher - Level Review decision. You can t request two Board Appeals in a row. 

After a Board decision 
If you disagree with the Board s decision and have new and relevant evidence that supports your case , you can file a Supplemental Claim. You can also appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims. Learn more about your options after a Board decision 

What happens next? 
Find out what happens after you request a decision review You don t need to do anything while you wait unless VA sends you a letter asking for more information. If VA schedules exams for you , be sure not to miss them. Track the status of your appeal 

What if I need help? 
A Veterans Service Organization or VA - accredited attorney or agent can help you request a decision review. Get he

user: Hello. I made an application for some benefits as a veteran, but I'm not happy with the decision they made about my case. I want to knw if is possible a second review of my case?

assistant: No problem. In this case you can ask for a decision review. Do you have new and relevant evidence that could help your case?

user: No, I don't. I got all the information I had.

assistant: Have you hear about the option of request a new look from a senior reviewer?

user: No, I haven't. 

assistant: Would you like to appeal to a veterans law judge?
Título: Spice Girls
Seção: Girl power
Background: The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group originally consisted of Melanie Brown ("Scary Spice"), Melanie Chisholm ("Sporty Spice"), Emma Bunton ("Baby Spice"), Geri Halliwell ("Ginger Spice"), and Victoria Beckham, nee Adams ("Posh Spice"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single "Wannabe" in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established them as a global phenomenon. Their debut album Spice sold more than 31 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history.

Conteúdo: The phrase "girl power" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions. The phrase was a label for the particular facet of post classical neo-feminist empowerment embraced by the band: that a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive. This concept was by no means original in the pop world: both Madonna and Bananarama had employed similar outlooks. The phrase itself had also appeared in a few songs by British girl groups and bands since at least 1987; most notably, it was the name of British pop duo Shampoo's 1996 single and album, later credited by Halliwell as the inspiration for the Spice Girls' mantra.  However, it was not until the emergence of the Spice Girls in 1996 with "Wannabe", that the concept of "girl power" exploded onto the common consciousness. The phrase was regularly uttered by all five members--although most closely associated with Halliwell--and was often delivered with a peace sign. The slogan also featured on official Spice Girls merchandise and on some of the outfits the group members wore. The Spice Girls' version was distinctive. Its message of empowerment appealed to young girls, adolescents and adult women, and it emphasised the importance of strong and loyal friendship among females.  In all, the focused, consistent presentation of "girl power" formed the centrepiece of their appeal as a band. Some commentators credit the Spice Girls with reinvigorating mainstream femin

user: What was Girl power?

assistant: The phrase "girl power" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions.

user: How was the spice girls related to girl power?

assistant: However, it was not until the emergence of the Spice Girls in 1996 with "Wannabe", that the concept of "girl power" exploded onto the common consciousness.
How to apply for the GI Bill and related benefits 
Find out how to apply for the GI Bill and other VA education benefits as a Veteran, service member, or qualified family member. 

How do I prepare before starting my application? 
Find out if you re eligible for VA education benefits Gather the documents and information listed below that you ll need to apply for education benefits. See what benefits you ll get at the school you want to attend. Use the GI Bill Comparison Tool Note: To apply for Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment also called Chapter 31 or educational and career counseling also called Chapter 36 benefits and services , you ll need to use a different application. Find out how to apply for Vocational Rehab and Employment Learn more about Educational and Career Counseling 

What documents and information do I need to apply? 
Social Security number Bank account direct deposit information Education and military history you want to attend or are attending now Basic information about the school or training facility 

You can also apply: 


By mail 
Call 888-GI - BILL-1 888 - 442 - 4551 , Monday through Friday , 8:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. ET , to request that we send the application to you. Fill it out and mail it to the VA regional claims processing office that s in the same location as your school. See a list of regional claims processing offices 

In person 
Go to a VA regional benefit office and have a VA employee help you. Find a VA regional benefit office near you Work with your school s certifying official. This person is usually in the Registrar or Financial Aid office at the school. 

With the help of a trained professional 
You can work with a trained professional called an accredited representative to get help applying for education benefits. Get help filing your claim 

What happens after I apply? 
Find out what happens after you apply You can t make changes to your application , but if you have questions about VA education benefits, please cal

user: Hi, good afternoon. Look, i'm interested on some info about GI Bill related benefits. Could you tell me what's next after application?

assistant: Well, one of the things is that you can't make changes to you application. More related information is available through our toll free numbers.

assistant: Have you been asked for documents from us?

user: No, i hadn't.

user: I doesn't matter. Moving on, then. Can you tell me what i need to apply for the benefits?

assistant: You would need the following: Social Security Number, Bank Account direct deposit information and Education and military History.

user: O.k, i'll get into those whenever i can. Do you offer any kind of assistance to apply?

assistant: Sure, indeed. We can provide you a trained professional called an accredited representative, so you can work with it and help you applying for education benefits.

user: That sound great, really. Look, what if i have more questions about these matters?

assistant: If you happen to have more questions, you can make use of our toll free numbers: 1-888-GI-BILL or 1-888-442-4551. That woudl be Monday through Friday, from 8 AM to 7 PM ET.
Título: Lamar Odom
Seção: College career
Background: Odom was born in South Jamaica, Queens, New York City, to Joe Odom and Cathy Mercer. His father was a heroin addict, and Odom's mother died of colon cancer when he was twelve years old. At her deathbed, Odom's mom told him: "Be nice to everybody". Afterwards, he was raised by his maternal grandmother, Mildred Mercer.

Conteúdo: Odom contemplated entering the NBA directly out of high school, and consulted with Bryant, who had made the jump a year earlier. He decided he was not ready, and decided to attend the University of Nevada at Las Vegas. However, after a Sports Illustrated report questioned his unexpectedly high score of 22 out of 36 in the ACT, the school released him in July 1997 before he ever played a game for them. That same summer, he received a citation for soliciting prostitution following an undercover operation by the Las Vegas police. Later, an NCAA inquiry found Odom received payments amounting to $5,600 from booster David Chapman. Coach Bill Bayno was fired and UNLV was placed on probation for four years.  Odom transferred to the University of Rhode Island but was forced to sit out the 1997-98 season. He was admitted as a non-matriculating student, and was not allowed to play intramural basketball. His room and board was paid for by his father, who was covered by the G.I. Bill. After two semesters and a summer session, Odom earned his eligibility to play basketball. His career at Rhode Island had been in jeopardy after the first semester, when he vanished before finals. However, Rhode Island coach Jim Harrick persuaded three of his four instructors to allow him to make up his work. The coach also had Odom work with DeGregorio, who had become a Rams assistant and was the player's closest friend in college. Odom was also inspired by his maternal grandmother, a nurse who had raised fi

user: Did Lamar go to college?

assistant: He decided he was not ready, and decided to attend the University of Nevada at Las Vegas.