Título: Women in Israel
Seção: Political leadership
Background: Women in Israel are women who live in or who are from the State of Israel, established in 1948. Israel does not have a constitution, but the Israeli Declaration of Independence states: "The State of Israel (...) will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex." Israeli law prohibits discrimination based on gender in employment and wages, and provides for class action suits; nonetheless, there are complaints of significant wage disparities between men and women. In 2012, Israel ranked eleventh out of 59 developed nations for participation of women in the workplace.

Conteúdo: Since the founding of the State of Israel, relatively few women have served in the Israeli government, and fewer still have served in the leading ministerial offices. While Israel is one of a small number of countries where a woman--Golda Meir--has served as Prime Minister, it is behind most Western countries in the representation of women in both the parliament and government.  Although the Israeli Declaration of Independence states: "The State of Israel (...) will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex," the Haredi political parties (Shas and United Torah Judaism) have never allowed women on their lists for Knesset elections. However, in December 2014, women activists in the Haredi community have threatened a boycott of Haredi parties in upcoming elections if women are not included in election slates.  As of 2016, women comprised 26.7% of Israel's 120-member Knesset, placing it 54th of 185 countries in which women are included in the legislature. For comparison, the female ratio in Scandinavia is over 40%, the European Union average is 17.6%, while in the Arab world it is 6.4%. Female representation varies significantly by demographics: most female politicians have represented secular parties, while very few have come from religious Jewish or Arab parties.  In January 1986 Israeli female teacher Leah Shakdiel was granted membership in the religious council of Yeruham, but the Minister of Religious

user: Who was the first female in leadership in Israel?

assistant: While Israel is one of a small number of countries where a woman--Golda Meir--has served as Prime Minister,

user: Have women served in any other levels of government?

assistant: As of 2016, women comprised 26.7% of Israel's 120-member Knesset,

user: Do any names stand out in the history of women in plitical positions in Israel?

assistant:   In January 1986 Israeli female teacher Leah Shakdiel was granted membership in the religious council of Yeruham,

user: Any other women that stand out in the history?

assistant: in 1988 Shakdiel became the first woman in Israel to serve in a religious council.

user: What was Shakdiel's position?

assistant: the religious council of Yeruham,

user: Are there any other aspects of the article I should know?

assistant: but the Minister of Religious Affairs Zvulun Hammer canceled her membership on the grounds that women should not serve in that capacity.

user: What was the reaction from Shakdiel?

assistant: In early 1987 a petition was submitted to the Israeli Supreme Court regarding this incident.

user: What was the final outcome?

assistant: The Supreme Court precedent-setting ruling was unanimously accepted in Shakdiel's favor,

user: Did she return to her position?

assistant: in 1988 Shakdiel became the first woman in Israel to serve in a religious council.