dgand84/projgand huggingface dataset:
Título: Native Americans in the United States
Seção: World War II
Background: Native Americans, also known as American Indians, Indians, Indigenous Americans and other terms, are the indigenous peoples of the United States. There are over 500 federally recognized tribes within the U.S., about half of which are associated with Indian reservations. The term excludes Native Hawaiians and some Alaska Natives. The ancestors of modern Native Americans arrived in what is now the United States at least 15,000 years ago, possibly much earlier, from Asia via Beringia.

Conteúdo: Iroquois Culture: The Iroquois League of Nations or "People of the Long House", based in present-day upstate and western New York, had a confederacy model from the mid-15th century. It has been suggested that their culture contributed to political thinking during the development of the later United States government. Their system of affiliation was a kind of federation, different from the strong, centralized European monarchies.Leadership was restricted to a group of 50 sachem chiefs, each representing one clan within a tribe. The Oneida and Mohawk people had nine seats each; the Onondagas held fourteen; the Cayuga had ten seats; and the Seneca had eight. Representation was not based on population numbers, as the Seneca tribe greatly outnumbered the others. When a sachem chief died, his successor was chosen by the senior woman of his tribe in consultation with other female members of the clan; property and hereditary leadership were passed matrilineally. Decisions were not made through voting but through consensus decision making, with each sachem chief holding theoretical veto power. The Onondaga were the "firekeepers", responsible for raising topics to be discussed. They occupied one side of a three-sided fire (the Mohawk and Seneca sat on one side of the fire, the Oneida and Cayuga sat on the third side.)  Elizabeth Tooker, an anthropologist, has said that it was unlikely the US founding fathers were inspired by the confederacy, as it bears little resemblance to the system

user: What can you tell me about WWII?

assistant: World War II brought younger Indians in contact with the broader society through military service and work in the munitions industries.

user: How did it do this?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

assistant: Some 44,000 Native Americans served in the United States military during World War II:

user: How many were lost?

assistant: a total of 1,200 Pueblo men served in World War II; only about half came home alive.

user: Is there anyone of note that the article talks about?

assistant: Elizabeth Tooker, an anthropologist, has said that it was unlikely the US founding fathers were inspired by the confederacy,

user: Why did she say this?

assistant: as it bears little resemblance to the system of governance adopted in the United States.

user: Was anyone else mentioned?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
Título: Richard III of England
Seção: In culture
Background: Richard was born on 2 October 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle, the twelfth of thirteen children of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville at the beginning of what has traditionally been labelled the "Wars of the Roses", a period of "three or four decades of political instability and periodic open civil war in the second half of the fifteenth century", between supporters of Richard's father (a potential claimant to the throne of King Henry VI from birth)--"Yorkists"--in opposition to the regime of Henry VI and his wife, Margaret of Anjou, and those loyal to the crown ("Lancastrians"). When his father and the Nevilles were forced to flee to Ludlow in 1459, Richard and his older brother, George (later Duke of Clarence), were placed in the custody of the Duchess of Buckingham, and the Archbishop of Canterbury. When his father and elder brother Edmund, Earl of Rutland, were killed at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460, Richard, who was eight years old, and George were sent by his mother, the Duchess of York, to the Low Countries. They returned to England following the defeat of the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton and participated in the coronation of Richard's eldest brother as King Edward IV in June 1461.

Conteúdo: Apart from Shakespeare, Richard appears in many other works of literature. Two other plays of the Elizabethan era predated Shakespeare's work. The Latin-language drama Richardus Tertius (first known performance in 1580) by Thomas Legge is believed to be the first history play written in England. The anonymous play The True Tragedy of Richard III (c. 1590), performed in the same decade as Shakespeare's work, was probably an influence on Shakespeare. Neither of the two plays places any emphasis on Richard's physical appearance, though the True Tragedy briefly mentions that he is "A man ill shaped, crooked backed, lame armed" adding that he is "valiantly minded, but tyrannous in authority". Both portray him as a man motivated by personal ambition, who uses everyone around him to get his way. Ben Jonson is also known to have written a play Richard Crookback in 1602, but it was never published and nothing is known about its portrayal of the king.  Marjorie Bowen's 1929 novel Dickon set the trend for pro-Ricardian literature. Particularly influential was The Daughter of Time (1951) by Josephine Tey, in which a modern detective concludes that Richard III is innocent in the death of the Princes. Other novelists such as Valerie Anand in the novel Crown of Roses (1989) have also offered alternative versions to the theory that he murdered them. Sharon Kay Penman, in her historical novel The Sunne in Splendour, attributes the death of the Princes to the Duke of Buckingham. In the mystery

user: What affect did Richard III have on culture?

assistant: Richard appears in many other works of literature.
What To Do If You Receive A Traffic Ticket 


INTRODUCTION 
If you are issued a ticket for a non - criminal moving traffic violation in the five boroughs of New York City , it will be handled by a New York State Department of Motor Vehicles DMV Traffic Violations Bureau TVB. This allows courts in these areas to concentrate on criminal cases, including driving offenses, such as driving while intoxicated and driving while suspended or revoked aggravated unlicensed operation. However , TVBs do not handle parking violations. If you plead not guilty to a traffic ticket in one of these TVB areas , your case will be heard by a DMV Administrative Law Judge ALJ, an experienced attorney with special training in the Vehicle and Traffic Law. An ALJ has the authority to decide whether or not you are guilty and to set a fine if you are found guilty. An ALJ also has the authority to revoke or suspend your driver license and/or auto registration when required by law or when the ALJ believes it is in the interest of traffic safety. Just as in traffic courts in other areas of the state , you may present witnesses and evidence at a hearing before an ALJ and be represented by an attorney. 

IF YOU ARE ISSUED A TICKET 
Follow the instructions on the ticket for the plea you wish to make, and act promptly. If you don't answer the ticket in the time allowed , your driver license will be suspended. Later , you could be found guilty of the charge because of your failure to respond a default conviction. Your license would be suspended for not paying the fine and a judgment would be entered against you. Driving with a suspended license is a crime. A felony conviction may result in fines of up to $5,000, jail, probation, or confiscation of your vehicle. As the number of suspensions you have increases , the penalties also increase. A driver is suspended for ticket not answered and fine not paid. To Plead Not Guilty - Use the Traffic Ticket Pleas, Hearings and Payments online transaction [1] or

user: I have received a traffic ticket and would like to know what that implies.

user: How do I attend my hearing?

assistant:  Hearings are open to the public. If you want to know what the hearings are like, you can go to any hearing in any TVB office so you have an idea of how yours will be.

user: What would happen if the evidence against me is not clear?

assistant: You will be declared innocent.

user: I don't speak English very well and I don't understand it much either, what can I do?

assistant: You can bring an interpreter and inform the ALJ that he is there to help you.

user: I have hearing problems, will this be a problem during the hearing?

assistant: You must request an interpreter when you send your innocence statement and it will be assigned at no cost.

user: I want to postpone again the same ticket, what should I do?

assistant: At least one day before your hearing, make your request at the correct TVB office. Your request for a second must include a "good cause", which is the reason you want the hearing rescheduled. Your "good cause" is subject to approval by a TVB Administrative Law Judge.
Título: Robert Mueller
Seção: Marine Corps service
Background: Robert Swan Mueller III (; born August 7, 1944) is an American attorney who served as the sixth Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 2001 to 2013. A Republican, he was appointed by President George W. Bush; President Barack Obama gave his original ten-year term a two-year extension, making him the longest-serving FBI director since J. Edgar Hoover. He is currently head of the Special Counsel investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and related matters. A graduate of Princeton University, Mueller served as a Marine Corps officer during the Vietnam War, receiving the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" for heroism and the Purple Heart Medal.

Conteúdo: Mueller was accepted for officer training in the United States Marine Corps in 1968, attending training at Parris Island, Officer Candidate School, Army Ranger School, and Army jump school.  In July 1968, he was sent to South Vietnam, where he served as a rifle platoon leader with Second Platoon, H Company, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, 3rd Marine Division. In December 1968, he earned the Bronze Star with 'V' distinction for combat valor for rescuing a wounded Marine under enemy fire during an ambush that saw half of his platoon become casualties. In April 1969, he received an enemy gunshot wound in the thigh, recovered, and returned to lead his platoon until June 1969. For his service in and during the Vietnam War, his military decorations and awards include: the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V", Purple Heart Medal, two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals with Combat "V", Combat Action Ribbon, National Defense Service Medal, Vietnam Service Medal with three service stars, Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross, Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal, and Parachutist Badge.  Mueller eventually became aide-de-camp to 3rd Marine Division's commanding general, then-Major General William K. Jones, where he "significantly contributed to the rapport" Jones had with other officers, according to one report.  Reflecting on his service in the Vietnam War, Mueller said, "I consider myself exceptionally lucky to have made it out of Vietnam. There were many--many--who did not. And perhaps b

user: When did he serve with the Marines?

assistant: Mueller was accepted for officer training in the United States Marine Corps in 1968, attending training at Parris Island, Officer Candidate School, Army Ranger School,

user: Did he receive any awards at that time?

assistant: In July 1968, he was sent to South Vietnam, where he served as a rifle platoon leader with Second Platoon, H Company, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, 3rd Marine Division.
Título: Lea Salonga
Seção: 1989-1992: Miss Saigon and Aladdin
Background: Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga, KLD (born February 22, 1971), known as Lea Salonga (), is a Filipina singer and actress best known for her roles in musical theatre, for supplying the singing voices of two Disney Princesses, and as a recording artist and television performer. At age 18, she originated the lead role of Kim in the musical Miss Saigon, first in the West End and then on Broadway, winning the Olivier and Theatre World Awards, and becoming the first Asian woman to win a Tony Award. Salonga is the first Filipino artist to sign with an international record label (Atlantic Records in 1993). She is also the first Philippine-based artist to have received a major album release and distribution deal in the United States, and one of the best-selling Filipino artists of all time, having sold over 19 million copies of her albums worldwide.

Conteúdo: In 1989 Salonga was selected to play Kim in the debut production of the musical Miss Saigon in London. Unable to find a strong enough East Asian actress/singer in the United Kingdom, the producers scoured many countries looking for the lead. For her audition, the then 17-year-old Salonga chose to sing Boublil and Claude-Michel Schonberg's "On My Own" from Les Miserables and was later asked to sing "Sun and Moon", impressing the audition panel. Salonga has sometimes credited "On My Own" as the starting point of her international career. She competed for the role with childhood friend and fellow Repertory Philippines performer Monique Wilson. Salonga won the lead role, while Wilson was named her understudy and given the role of the bar girl Mimi.  For her performance as Kim, Salonga won the 1990 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Musical. When Miss Saigon opened on Broadway in 1991, she again played the role of Kim, winning the Drama Desk, Outer Critics Circle and Theatre World Awards and becoming the first woman of Asian descent to win a Tony Award. In 1993 and 1996, she returned to play Kim on Broadway. In 1999, she was invited back to London to close the West End production, and in 2001, at the age of 29 and after finishing the Manila run of the musical, Salonga returned to Broadway to close that production.  In 1990, Salonga performed in a homecoming concert in Manila entitled A Miss Called Lea. She also received a Presidential Award of Merit fro

user: Who is Miss Saigon?

assistant: In 1989 Salonga was selected to play Kim in the debut production of the musical Miss Saigon in London.

user: How long did she protrat that positon?

assistant: When Miss Saigon opened on Broadway in 1991, she again played the role of Kim,

user: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

assistant: In 1991, she was named as one of People magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People.
Título: George Stephanopoulos
Seção: Real estate loan controversy
Background: George Robert Stephanopoulos (born February 10, 1961) is an American journalist, political commentator and former Democratic political operative and advisor. Stephanopoulos is currently the chief anchor and the chief political correspondent for ABC News, a co-anchor of Good Morning America, and the host of ABC's Sunday morning This Week. Stephanopoulos is a regular substitute anchor for ABC World News Tonight. Prior to his career as a journalist, Stephanopoulos was an advisor to the Democratic Party.

Conteúdo: In 1994, columnist Jack Anderson reported that Stephanopoulos sealed an $835,000 commercial real estate deal consisting of a two-story apartment, including an eyewear retailer, with a below-market loan rate from a bank owned by Hugh McColl, who had been called by President Clinton "the most enlightened banker in America". A NationsBank commercial loan officer said that this loan did "not fit our product matrix" as banks typically offer such loans for only those customers who have deep pockets and on a short-term adjustable rate basis. Stephanopoulos's real estate agent explained that "nobody making $125,000 could qualify for the property without the commercial property (lease)." One former senior bank regulator told Anderson that, "If his name were George Smith, and he didn't work in the White House, this loan wouldn't have gotten made."  Regarding the controversy, NationsBank stated, "The loan described by Jack Anderson as a commercial loan to George Stephanopoulos was, in fact, a residential mortgage loan. At the time the loan commitment was made, Mr. Anderson (or his imaginary 'George Smith' who 'doesn't work in the White House') could have walked into any NationsBank Mortgage Company office in the D.C. area and received the same excellent rate and term for the same deal."  However, Stephanopoulos's realtor states that he would not have qualified for the loan without the commercial property rent. One NationsBank source states that the issuance of a residential loan on mixe

user: What year did this occur?

assistant: In 1994,

user: Was he directly involved?

assistant: Stephanopoulos sealed an $835,000 commercial real estate deal consisting of a two-story apartment, including an eyewear retailer, with a below-market loan rate from a bank

user: Was this something he was charged criminally with?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: Did he end up paying a fine?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: What happened to him because of this?

assistant: source claims that NationsBank told the listing agent that, "We're not (interested in mixed-use properties

user: Did this hurt his career?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
Título: Caitlyn Jenner
Seção: Olympic success
Background: Caitlyn Marie Jenner was born William Bruce Jenner on October 28, 1949, in Mount Kisco, New York, to Esther Ruth (nee McGuire) and William Hugh Jenner. Her father was an arborist. She has two sisters, Lisa and Pam. Her younger brother, Burt, was killed in a car accident in Canton, Connecticut on November 30, 1976, shortly after Jenner's success at the Olympic Games.

Conteúdo: Jenner was the American champion in the men's decathlon event in 1974, and was featured on the cover of Track & Field News magazine's August 1974 issue. While on tour in 1975, Jenner won the French national championship, and a gold medal at the 1975 Pan American Games, earning the tournament record with 8,045 points. This was followed by new world records of 8,524 points at the U.S.A./U.S.S.R./Poland triangular meet in Eugene, Oregon on August 9-10, 1975, breaking Avilov's record, and 8,538 points at the 1976 Olympic trials, also in Eugene. The record in Eugene was a hybrid score because a timing system failure and wind aided marks. Still, Jenner was proud of "A nice little workout, huh?"  "We got what we wanted. We scared the hell out of everybody in the world only a month away from the Games."  Of the 13 decathlons Jenner competed in between 1973 and 1976, the only loss was at the 1975 AAU National Championships, when a "no height" in the pole vault marred the score.  At the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, Jenner achieved five personal bests on the first day of the men's decathlon - a "home run" - despite being in second place behind Guido Kratschmer of West Germany. Jenner was confident: "The second day has all my good events. If everything works out all right, we should be ahead after it's all over." Following a rainstorm on the second day, Jenner watched teammate Fred Dixon get injured in the 110 meter hurdles, so took a cautious approach to the hurdles and discus, then 

user: How many medals did they win?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: What sort of Olympic Success did Caitlyn Jenner have?

assistant: Jenner set a new personal best time and won the gold medal with a world-record score of 8,618 points.

user: Did Jenner set any other records as an Olympian?

assistant: At the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, Jenner achieved five personal bests on the first day of the men's decathlon
Título: Bernard Herrmann
Seção: Compositional style and philosophy
Background: Bernard Herrmann (born Max Herman; June 29, 1911 - December 24, 1975) was an American composer best known for his work in composing for motion pictures. As a conductor, he championed the music of lesser-known composers. An Academy Award-winner (for The Devil and Daniel Webster, 1941; later renamed All That Money Can Buy), Herrmann is particularly known for his collaborations with director Alfred Hitchcock, most famously Psycho, North by Northwest, The Man Who Knew Too Much, and Vertigo. He also composed scores for many other movies, including Citizen Kane, The Day the Earth Stood Still, The Ghost and Mrs. Muir, Cape Fear, and Taxi Driver.

Conteúdo: Herrmann's music is typified by frequent use of ostinati (short repeating patterns), novel orchestration and, in his film scores, an ability to portray character traits not altogether obvious from other elements of the film.  Early in his life, Herrmann committed himself to a creed of personal integrity at the price of unpopularity: the quintessential artist. His philosophy is summarized by a favorite Tolstoy quote: 'Eagles fly alone and sparrows fly in flocks.' Thus, Herrmann would only compose music for films when he was allowed the artistic liberty to compose what he wished without the director getting in the way: the cause of the split with Hitchcock after over a decade of composing scores for the director's films.  His philosophy of orchestrating film was based on the assumption that the musicians were selected and hired for the recording session -- that this music was not constrained to the musical forces of the concert hall. For example, his use of nine harps in Beneath the 12 Mile Reef created an extraordinary underwater-like sonic landscape; his use of four alto flutes in Citizen Kane contributed to the creepy opening, only matched by the use of 12 flutes in his unused Torn Curtain score; and his use of the serpent in White Witch Doctor is possibly the first use of that instrument in a film score.  Herrmann said: "To orchestrate is like a thumbprint. I can't understand having someone else do it. It would be like someone putting color to your paintings."  Herrmann sub

user: What was his compositional style?

assistant: Herrmann's music is typified by frequent use of ostinati (short repeating patterns), novel orchestration and, in his film scores, an ability to portray character traits not altogether obvious

user: was it well-received?

assistant: To this end, he made several well-known recordings for Decca of arrangements of his own film music as well as music of other prominent composers.

user: what were some of the well-known recordings?

assistant: use of nine harps in Beneath the 12 Mile Reef created an extraordinary underwater-like sonic landscape; his use of four alto flutes in Citizen Kane contributed to the creepy opening,
To bring a vehicle from another state to register in New York 
If you purchase a vehicle in another state , you will need to go through that state's DMV office to get a temporary plate and registration to transport the vehicle to New York. Once the vehicle is in New York , you will need to follow the steps to register and title a vehicle [1] here. 

To bring a vehicle purchased in New York State to another state 
You can apply for an in - transit permit, which will allow you to transport a vehicle from a location in New York State to a location outside of New York State. 

To bring a vehicle purchased in New York State to another part of New York State to register 
You can apply for an an in - transit permit, which will allow you to transport a vehicle from a location within New York to another location within New York. 

In-transit permits duration 
They are valid 30 days. 

Fee 
$12.50. 

Apply for an in-transit permit 
Bring these items to a DMV office [2 ] a completed In - Transit Permit / Title Application pdf [3] MV-82ITP proof of ownership 1 proof of identity 2 payment for in - transit permit fee 3 proof of insurance 4 Print this checklist [4 ] 

Acceptable proof of insurance if you are not a resident of New York State 
If you are a resident of New York State , you may submit one of these proofs of insurance name of insurance company policy number and expiration date effective date insured's name and address vehicle information including year, make and VIN the name and address of the producer the name and address of the insured the name of the insurance company the effective and expiration dates of the policy a complete vehicle description including year, make and VIN Any Auto All Owned Autos Scheduled Autos 

Not all vehicles need proof of insurance to apply for a vehicle permit 
Vehicles that do not require insurance in New York State (e.g. light trailers) are not required to present proof of insurance. 

Original insurance cards 
All Insurance ID Cards m

user: what do i need to do if i bring a vehicle from another state to register in new york?

assistant: if you purchase a vehicle in another state. does this apply to you?

user: yes

assistant: you will need to go through the states dmv office to get a temporary plate and registration to transport the vehicle to new york
Título: Narendra Modi
Seção: 2014 Indian general election
Background: Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: ['n@re:ndr@ da:mo:d@r'da:s 'mo:di:] ( listen); born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician serving as the 16th and current Prime Minister of India since 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi.

Conteúdo: In September 2013 Modi was named the BJP's candidate for prime minister in the 2014 Lok Sabha election. Several BJP leaders expressed opposition to Modi's candidature, including BJP founding member L. K. Advani, who cited concern with leaders who were "concerned with their personal agendas". Modi played a dominant role in the BJP's election campaign. Several people who voted for the BJP stated that if Modi had not been the prime-ministerial candidate, they would have voted for another party. The focus on Modi as an individual was unusual for a BJP election campaign. The election was described as a referendum on Narendra Modi.  During the campaign, Modi focused on the corruption scandals under the previous INC government, and played on his image as a politician who had created a high rate of GDP growth in Gujarat. Modi projected himself as a person who could bring about "development," without focus on any specific policies. His message found support among young Indians and among middle-class citizens. The BJP under Modi was able to downplay concerns about the protection of religious minorities and Modi's commitment to secularism, areas in which he had previously received criticism. Prior to the election Modi's image in the media had centered around his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots, but during the campaign the BJP was able to shift this to a focus on Modi's neoliberal ideology and the Gujarat model of development. Although the BJP avoided issues of Hindu nationalism to an ext

user: in what month was the election?

assistant: the 2014 Lok Sabha election.

user: what position did he run for in the election?

assistant: prime minister

user: what political party was he in?

assistant: the BJP's candidate

user: did he win the election?

assistant: Modi's tweet announcing his victory was described as being emblematic of the political realignment
Título: Havelock Ellis
Seção: Sexual impulse in youth
Background: Henry Havelock Ellis, known as Havelock Ellis (2 February 1859 - 8 July 1939), was an English physician, writer, progressive intellectual and social reformer who studied human sexuality. He co-authored the first medical textbook in English on homosexuality in 1897, and also published works on a variety of sexual practices and inclinations, as well as on transgender psychology. He is credited with introducing the notions of narcissism and autoeroticism, later adopted by psychoanalysis. Ellis was among the pioneering investigators of psychedelic drugs and the author of one of the first written reports to the public about an experience with mescaline, which he conducted on himself in 1896.

Conteúdo: Dr. Havelock Ellis' 1933 book, Psychology of Sex, is one of the many manifestations of his interest in human sexuality. In this book, he goes into vivid detail of how children can experience sexuality differently in terms of time and intensity. He mentions that it was previously believed that, in childhood, humans had no sex impulse at all. "If it is possible to maintain that the sex impulse has no normal existence in early life, then every manifestation of it at that period must be 'perverse,'" he adds. He continues by stating that, even in the early development and lower function levels of the genitalia, there is a wide range of variation in terms of sexual stimulation. He claims that the ability of some infants producing genital reactions, seen as "reflex signs of irritation" are typically not vividly remembered. Since the details of these manifestations are not remembered, there is no possible way to determine them as pleasurable. However, Ellis claims that many people of both sexes can recall having agreeable sensations with the genitalia as a child. "They are not (as is sometimes imagined) repressed." They are, however, not usually mentioned to adults. Ellis argues that they typically stand out and are remembered for the sole contrast of the intense encounter to any other ordinary experience.  Ellis claims that sexual self-excitement is known to happen at an early age. He references authors like Marc, Fonssagrives, and Perez in France who published their findings in the

user: Did she write any books about sexual impulse?

assistant: goes into vivid detail of how children can experience sexuality differently in terms of time and intensity.

user: What was the name of the book?

assistant: Psychology of Sex,

user: What did he say in the book?

assistant: "If it is possible to maintain that the sex impulse has no normal existence in early life, then every manifestation of it at that period must be 'perverse,'"

user: What age approximately did he say that this impulse developed?

assistant: studies that found twenty percent of males and fourteen percent of females have pleasurable experiences with their sex organs before the age of six.

user: Who is more likely to experience it, males or females?

assistant: These authors provide cases for children of both sexes who have masturbated from the age of three or four.
Título: Giambattista Vico
Seção: Response to the Cartesian Method
Background: Giambattista Vico (B. Giovan Battista Vico, 23 June 1668 - 23 January 1744) was an Italian political philosopher and rhetorician, historian and jurist, of the Age of Enlightenment. He criticized the expansion and development of modern rationalism, was an apologist for Classical Antiquity, a precursor of systematic and complex thought, in opposition to Cartesian analysis and other types of reductionism, and was the first expositor of the fundamentals of social science and of semiotics. The Latin aphorism Verum esse ipsum factum ("What is true is precisely what is made") coined by Vico is an early instance of constructivist epistemology. He inaugurated the modern field of the philosophy of history, and, although the term philosophy of history is not in his writings, Vico spoke of a "history of philosophy narrated philosophically."

Conteúdo: As he relates in his autobiography, Vico returned to Naples from Vatolla to find "the physics of Descartes at the height of its renown among the established men of letters." Developments in both metaphysics and the natural sciences abounded as the result of Cartesianism. Widely disseminated by the Port Royal Logic of Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole, Descartes's method was rooted in verification: the only path to truth, and thus knowledge, was through axioms derived from observation. Descartes's insistence that the "sure and indubitable" (or, "clear and distinct") should form the basis of reasoning had an obvious impact on the prevailing views of logic and discourse. Studies in rhetoric - indeed all studies concerned with civic discourse and the realm of probable truths - met with increasing disdain.  Vico's humanism and professional concerns prompted an obvious response that he would develop throughout the course of his writings: the realms of verifiable truth and human concern share only a slight overlap, yet reasoning is required in equal measure in both spheres. One of the clearest and earliest forms of this argument is available in the De Italorum Sapientia, where Vico argues that  to introduce geometrical method into practical life is "like trying to go mad with the rules of reason," attempting to proceed by a straight line among the tortuosities of life, as though human affairs were not ruled by capriciousness, temerity, opportunity, and chance. Similarly, to arrange 

user: How did he respond to the Cartesian method?

assistant: the realms of verifiable truth and human concern share only a slight overlap, yet reasoning is required in equal measure in both spheres.

user: Did he agree or disagree with De Cartes?

assistant: Vico's position here and in later works is not that the Cartesian method is irrelevant, but that its application cannot be extended to the civic sphere.

user: What did Vico propose in the civic sphere?

assistant: Vico suggests (along with the ancients) that appeals to phronesis (phronesis or practical wisdom) must also be made, and likewise appeals to the various components of persuasion that comprise rhetoric.
Título: Linus Pauling
Seção: Political criticism
Background: Linus Carl Pauling (; February 28, 1901 - August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, educator, and husband of American human rights activist Ava Helen Pauling. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics. New Scientist called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time, and as of 2000, he was rated the 16th most important scientist in history. Pauling was one of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology.

Conteúdo: Many of Pauling's critics, including scientists who appreciated the contributions that he had made in chemistry, disagreed with his political positions and saw him as a naive spokesman for Soviet communism. In 1960 he was ordered to appear before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, which termed him "the number one scientific name in virtually every major activity of the Communist peace offensive in this country." A headline in Life magazine characterized his 1962 Nobel Prize as "A Weird Insult from Norway".  Pauling was a frequent target of The National Review magazine. In an article entitled "The Collaborators" in the magazine's July 17, 1962 issue, Pauling was referred to not only as a collaborator, but as a "fellow traveler" of proponents of Soviet-style communism. In 1965, Pauling sued the magazine, its publisher William Rusher, and its editor William F. Buckley, Jr for $1 million. He lost both his libel suits and the 1968 appeal.  His peace activism, his frequent travels, and his enthusiastic expansion into chemical-biomedical research all aroused opposition at Caltech. In 1958, the Caltech Board of Trustees demanded that Pauling step down as chairman of the Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division. Although he had retained tenure as a full professor, Pauling chose to resign from Caltech after he received the Nobel peace prize money. He spent the next three years at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions (1963-1967). In 1967 he moved to the Univers

user: What types of things was he criticized for?

assistant: peace activism, his frequent travels, and his enthusiastic expansion into chemical-biomedical research all aroused opposition at Caltech.

user: Who opposed his works?

assistant: scientists who appreciated the contributions that he had made in chemistry, disagreed with his political positions and saw him as a naive spokesman for Soviet communism.
Título: Roberto Orci
Seção: Star Trek reboot
Background: Orci was born in Mexico City on July 20, 1973, to a Mexican father and a Cuban mother. His mother immigrated to the United States with her parents after Fidel Castro came to power. Orci grew up in Mexico, and moved with his family to the United States at the age of 10. He was raised in Texas, Los Angeles and Canada.

Conteúdo: Orci and Kurtzman were asked to write the script for a new Star Trek film, but initially turned it down despite Orci being a fan of the series. Orci suggested rebooting the timeline as seen previously in the films and television series, and adding the return of Leonard Nimoy as Spock from Star Trek: The Original Series. He considered the first two films in the reboot series to be the origin story for the crew, and that the third film would start where the crew was at the beginning of Star Trek: The Original Series. Orci felt that the relationship between the James T. Kirk and the younger Spock was reflective of the partnership of himself and Kurtzman, he said that "We didn't even realize we were writing about ourselves until we were halfway through the script, that was a little embarrassing.  Star Trek was profitable at the domestic box-office, resulting in a sequel being greenlit by the studio and Kurtzman and Orci being asked to write it. The studio set aside a larger budget for the sequel, which was revealed by Orci in an interview with TrekMovie.com. Orci ruled out the "hero quitting" staple of a second movie, which had featured in the Transformers sequel, saying that the crew of the Enterprise were committed and that type of story does not have to apply to all sequels. During the buildup to the film, called Star Trek Into Darkness, Orci was one of the production team who didn't give much away about the villain in the film and denied that Benedict Cumberbatch was to play 

user: What was the Star Trek reboot?

assistant: Orci suggested rebooting the timeline as seen previously in the films and television series, and adding the return of Leonard Nimoy

user: when did that happen?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: what was special about the reboot?

assistant: considered the first two films in the reboot series to be the origin story for the crew, and that the third film would start where the crew was
Título: Bobby Darin
Seção: Early years
Background: Bobby Darin (born Walden Robert Cassotto; May 14, 1936 - December 20, 1973) was an American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actor in film and television. He performed jazz, pop, rock and roll, folk, swing, and country music. He started his career as a songwriter for Connie Francis.

Conteúdo: Born Walden Robert Cassotto in the East Harlem neighborhood of New York City, Bobby Darin was reared by his maternal grandmother, whom he believed was his mother. Darin's birth mother, Vanina Juliette "Nina" Cassotto (born November 30, 1917), became pregnant with him in the summer of 1935 when she was 17. Presumably because of the scandalous nature of out-of-wedlock pregnancies in that era, Nina and her mother hatched a plan to pass her baby off as Nina's younger brother. Years later, when Nina finally told Darin the truth about his upbringing, she refused to reveal the identity of his biological father, and kept the secret to her death in 1983. Darin's maternal grandfather, Saverio Antonio "Big Sam Curly" Cassotto (born January 26, 1882), was of Italian descent and a would-be mobster who died in prison from pneumonia a year before Darin's birth. His maternal grandmother, Vivian Fern Walden (also born in 1882), who called herself Polly, was of English ancestry and a vaudeville singer. From his birth, Darin always believed Nina to be his older sister and Polly his mother. But in 1968, when he was 32, Nina told Darin the truth, reportedly devastating him.  By the time he was a teenager, Darin could play several instruments, including piano, drums, and guitar. He later added harmonica and xylophone.  Darin moved to the Bronx early in his life (with a rented summer home in Staten Island) and graduated from the prestigious Bronx High School of Science. In later years he attributed

user: What year was Bobby Darin born ?

assistant: Darin's birth mother, Vanina Juliette "Nina" Cassotto (born November 30, 1917), became pregnant with him in the summer of 1935 when she was 17.

user: Where was Bobby Darin from ?

assistant: East Harlem neighborhood of New York City,

user: What school did he graduated from ?

assistant: graduated from the prestigious Bronx High School of Science.

user: What year did he graduated from Bronx High School of Science ?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
Título: Emiliano Zapata
Seção: Zapata under pressure
Background: Emiliano Zapata Salazar (Spanish pronunciation: [emi'ljano sa'pata]; 8 August 1879 - 10 April 1919) was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, the main leader of the peasant revolution in the state of Morelos, and the inspiration of the agrarian movement called Zapatismo. Zapata was born in the rural village of Anenecuilco in Morelos State, where peasant communities were under increasing pressure from the small landowning class who monopolized land and water resources for sugar cane production with the support of dictator Porfirio Diaz. Zapata early on participated in political movements against Diaz and the landowning hacendados, and when the Revolution broke out in 1910 he was positioned as a central leader of the peasant revolt in Morelos. Cooperating with a number of other peasant leaders he formed the Liberation Army of the South of which he soon became the undisputed leader.

Conteúdo: Meanwhile, the disintegration of the revolution outside of Morelos put pressure on the Zapatistas. As General Arenas had turned over to the constitutionalists, he had secured peace for his region and he remained in control there. This suggested to many revolutionaries that perhaps the time had come to seek a peaceful conclusion to the struggle. A movement within the Zapatista ranks led by former General Vazquez and Zapata's erstwhile adviser and inspiration Otilio Montano moved against the Tlaltizapan headquarters demanding surrender to the Carrancistas. Reluctantly, Zapata had Montano tried for treason and executed (Womack 1983-86).  Zapata began looking for allies among the northern revolutionaries and the southern Felicistas, followers of the Liberalist Felix Diaz. He sent Gildardo Magana as an envoy to communicate with the Americans and other possible sources of support. In the fall of 1917 a force led by Gonzalez and the ex-Zapatista Sidronio Camacho, who had killed Zapata's brother Eufemio, moved into the eastern part of Morelos taking Cuautla, Zacualpan and Jonacatepec.  Zapata continued his work to try to unite with the national anti-Carrancista movement through the next year, and the constitutionalists did not make further advances. In the winter of 1918 a harsh cold and the onset of the Spanish flu decimated the population of Morelos, causing the loss of a quarter of the total population of the state, almost as many as had been lost to Huerta in 1914. (Womack 311). 

user: What kind of pressure was Zapata under?

assistant: As General Arenas had turned over to the constitutionalists, he had secured peace for his region and he remained in control there.

user: When was he in control of his region?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER
Fully developed claim for a VA pension 
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Learn more about the FDC program 


FDC program 
When turning in your claim under the FDC program , please send us all the supporting documents you have and provide information about supporting documents that you don t have. Fill out an Application for Pension. Application for Pension VA Form 21P-527EZ When you file your claim , turn in : All necessary income and net - worth information , and All private medical records you have that are related to your claim , and Information about any health records that are available at a federal facility, like a VA medical center or clinic Go to any VA medical appointments required to decide your claim. 

Standard claim process 
With a standard claim , you ll give us permission to gather evidence or records for you. You ll need to give us enough information about the evidence so we can request it from the right person or agency. If a person or agency refuses to turn over the evidence, asks for money for the evidence, or can t get the evidence , we ll ask you to try to get the evidence or records. It s your responsibility to make sure we receive all requested records that aren t at a federal agency or office. 

If you re claiming non-service-connected pension benefits 
The evidence must show that you meet the requirements listed below. This must be true : Your net worth and income are within certain limits. And at least one of these must be true about your service. You: Served on active du

user: Fully developed claim for a VA pension

assistant: The Fully Developed Claim FDC program is the fastest way to get your VA pension claim processed, and there s no risk to your taking part in it .

assistant: If you file a claim in the FDC program and we decide that additional documents exist that we need to decide your claim we ll remove your claim from the FDC program and process it as a standard claim .
Título: Pink Floyd – The Wall
Seção: Development
Background: Pink Floyd - The Wall is a 1982 British live-action/animated musical drama film directed by Alan Parker with animated segments by political cartoonist Gerald Scarfe, and is based on the 1979 Pink Floyd album of the same name. The film centers around a confined rocker named Pink, who, after being driven into insanity by the death of his father and many depressive moments during his lifetime, constructs a metaphorical (and sometimes physical) wall to be protected from the world and emotional situations around him. When this coping mechanism backfires he puts himself on trial and sets himself free. The screenplay was written by Pink Floyd vocalist and bassist Roger Waters.

Conteúdo: Even before the original Pink Floyd album was recorded, a film was intended to be made from it. However, the concept of the film was intended to be live footage from the album's tour, with Scarfe's animation and extra scenes. The film was going to star Waters himself. EMI did not intend to make the film, as they did not understand the concept.  Director Alan Parker, a Pink Floyd fan, asked EMI whether The Wall could be adapted to film. EMI suggested that Parker talk to Waters, who had asked Parker to direct the film. Parker instead suggested that he produce it and give the directing task to Gerald Scarfe and Michael Seresin, a cinematographer. Waters began work on the film's screenplay after studying scriptwriting books. He and Scarfe produced a special-edition book containing the screenplay and art to pitch the project to investors. While the book depicted Waters in the role of Pink, after screen tests, he was removed from the starring role and replaced with punk musician and frontman of the Boomtown Rats, Bob Geldof. In Behind the Wall, both Waters and Geldof later admitted to a story during casting where Geldof and his manager took a taxi to an airport, and Geldof's manager pitched the role to the singer, who continued to reject the offer and express his contempt for the project throughout the fare, unaware that the taxi driver was Waters' brother, who promptly proceeded to tell Waters about Geldof's opinion.  Since Waters was no longer in the starring role, it no longer m

user: How was delevpment influences?

assistant: CANNOTANSWER

user: can you tell me about the developement?

assistant: the concept of the film was intended to be live footage from the album's tour, with Scarfe's animation and extra scenes.

user: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

assistant: The film was going to star Waters himself. EMI did not intend to make the film, as they did not understand the concept.

user: can you tell me more about how it was made?

assistant: Since Waters was no longer in the starring role, it no longer made sense for the feature to include Pink Floyd footage, so the live film aspect was dropped.