FAO 2018-2021 FAO 2018-2021 - FAO 2018-2020 ekon FN:s Livsmedels- och jordbruksorganisation (FAO), inrättades 1945 med uppgift att trygga livsmedelsförsörjningen för målet en värld utan hunger, och har 194 medlemsländer och en medlemsorganisation (EU). FAO är en kunskapsorganisation och ett forum för policydialog med ett normativt och standardsättande uppdrag. FAO arbetar med att samla in, analysera, vidareutveckla och distribuera information om jordbruk, skog, fiske, nutrition och livsmedel. Arbetet sker bl.a. genom FAO:s publikationer, statistikinsamling och publicering, informationsspridning och tekniskt stöd. FAO har också en betydande humanitär verksamhet och bidrar till att utveckla synergier mellan humanitära insatser och långsiktig utveckling. FAO utformar även system för att utrota, hindra och mildra effekterna av gränsöverskridande sjukdomar hos växter och djur. FAO:s verksamhet finns i över 130 länder.

FAO:s övergripande mål är: utrotande av hunger, otrygg livsmedelsförsörjning och undernäring, utrotande av fattigdom och främjande av ekonomiska och sociala framsteg för alla samt hållbart bevarande och nyttjande av naturresurser inklusive land, vatten, luft, klimat och genetiska resurser för framtida generationers gagn. FAO har utifrån detta formulerat fem strategiska mål: 
1) Bidra till att utrota hunger, motverka otrygg livsmedelsförsörjning och felnäring
2) Göra jordbruk, skogsbruk och fiske mer produktivt och hållbart
3) Minska fattigdomen på landsbygden
4) Möjliggöra inkluderande och effektiva jordbruks- och livsmedelssystem, samt
5) Öka motståndskraften vid hot och kriser för att trygga försörjningsmöjligheterna.
Därutöver har FAO formulerat ett sjätte horisontellt mål som tar sikte på teknisk kvalitet, statistik och horisontella teman (klimat, jämställdhet, styrning och nutrition).

FAO:s totala budget för åren 2017–2018 är på ca 2,6 miljarder dollar, varav ungefär 60 procent finansieras genom frivilliga bidrag och resterande 40 procent utgör medlemsavgifter. Sveriges medlemsavgift är ca 40 miljoner kronor per år. Det svenska stöd som kanaliseras genom Sida till FAO:s varierar något men uppgår till ca 150 miljoner kronor årligen. Detta globala samarbete med FAO utgör mindre än 0,5% av den totala FAO-budgeten, men bedöms ha katalytiska effekter och bidrar till strategiska partnerskap med exempelvis andra FN-organ och civilsamhällsorganisationer.

Det beslutade stödet kommer att stödja FAO i genomförandet av den överenskomna strategiska planen för 2018-21 (Medium Term Plan - MTP -  2018-21) samt arbetsprogram och budget (Programme of Work and Budget - PWB) och består av fyra komponenter: 
1. Den flexibla multi-partnermekanismen (FMM), max 37 miljoner kronor per år 
2. Småskaligt fiske (SSF), max 20 miljoner kronor per år 
3. Anständiga jobb för ungdomar (ICA), max 12 miljoner kronor per år, samt 
4. Internationellt fördrag om växtgenetiska resurser för livsmedel och jordbruk (ITPGRFA), högst 1 miljon kronor per år. 

Flexibel multi-partner mekanism (FMM)
Det mest flexibla, minst öronmärkta finansieringsfönstret till FAO är FMM, där Nederländerna, Belgien, Flandern, Schweiz och Sverige har stött under tidigare faser. Detta är den tredje generationen FMM och de tidigare faserna har utvärderats vederbörligen. Nuvarande FMM är en tydlig förbättring bland annat vad gäller styrning, kriterier för allokering av medel, och tydligare koppling till FAO:s resultatramverk. 

Syftet, omfattningen och de allmänna principerna bakom FMM är nu: 
a) Stöd till realiseringen av FAO: s arbetsprogram, anpassning till organisationens prioriteringar och fokus på resultat
b) Flexibel finansiering 
c) Bidrag till organisationsramverket 
d) Främjande av kapacitetsutveckling
e) Politisk rådgivning och partnerskap
f) Stöd till aktiviteter på landnivå som är helt anpassade till FN:s landprogram (UNDAF) och/eller FAO:s landprogram (CPF), samt
g) främja katalytisk effekt, innovation och transformativ påverkan. 

FMM har inom ramen för FAO:s strategiska ramverk (MTP 2018–21), givit prioritet till följande sex områden: Evidensbaserad politik och globala instrument relaterade till klimatförändringar; anständigt landsbygdsarbete (med inriktning på kvinnors egenmakt och jämställdhet mellan kvinnor och män, ungdomsarbete och barnarbete); Migration; Hållbara livsmedelssystem; samt Hav och blå tillväxt. 

Småskaligt fiske (SSF)
Livsmedelsotrygghet och fattigdom i småskaliga fiskesamhällen är av multidimensionell karaktär och orsakas inte bara av minskande fiskeresurser och låga inkomster utan också av faktorer som hindrar fullt åtnjutande av mänskliga rättigheter inklusive civila, politiska, ekonomiska, sociala och kulturella rättigheter. Småskaligt fiske tenderar att hanteras på ett otillfredsställande sätt, både vad gäller resurshantering och ett bredare socialt och ekonomiskt utvecklingsperspektiv, inklusive livsmedelstrygghet. Projektet ger stöd för att skapa en möjlig miljö för utveckling av kapacitet, organisatorisk förmåga och kunskaper och det har ett starkt genderfokus. Den täcker småskaligt fiske i både hav och insjöar längs värdekedjan, inklusive förädlingsledet. Länder där programmet kommer att fokusera kommer att utvecklas under en inceptionsfas. Projektets förväntade inverkan är, en förbättrad styrning av småskaligt fiske som bidrar till att utrota svält och fattigdom, hållbar utveckling och hållbar användning av naturresurser. Projektet kommer att bidra till att säkerställa ett säkert och hållbart småskaligt fiske till gagn för småskaliga fiskare, fiskeriarbetare och deras samhällen samt för samhället som helhet. Projektet stärker genomförandet av FAO:s frivilliga riktlinjer för att säkra hållbart småskaligt fiske inom ramen för livsmedelssäkerhet och fattigdomsutrotning (SSF-riktlinjer).


Anständiga jobb för ungdomar (ICA)
Sida har tidigare stött FAO: s arbete inom anständig sysselsättning på landsbygden (Decent rural employment, DRE) och har ansett arbetet som framgångsrikt och relevant. FAO har samarbetat med ILO på ett bra sätt och Sida har därför en öronmärkning till detta område för att säkerställa tillräckliga resurser för ett gott genomförande. Projektet ”Den integrerade landsstrategin för anständiga arbetstillfällen för ungdomar i livsmedelssystemen” kommer att stödja länder i att anta och genomföra fler utvecklingspolitiska strategier, strategier och program för ungdomsmiljöutveckling. Dess yttersta mål är att minska fattigdomen på landsbygden och migrationsströmmar bland unga kvinnor och män på landsbygden genom att minska arbetslösheten. Med mer än 70 miljoner arbetslösa ungdomar över hela världen och 156 miljoner unga arbetstagare som lever i fattigdom är ungdomssysselsättning ett toppolitiskt problem.


Internationellt fördrag om växtgenetiska resurser för livsmedel och jordbruk (ITPGRFA)
Det internationella växtfördraget ger en global plattform för att göra det möjligt för länder att få tillgång till den växtgenetisk mångfald de behöver för att utveckla nya växtsorter, så att de kan möta framtida behov och klara av framtida utmaningar när det gäller livsmedel och nutrition. De 144 länder som är parter i det internationella växtfördraget åtar sig att dela växtgenetiskt material, inklusive frön och viktig information, enligt ett gemensamt system och regler. Målen för fördraget är bevarande och hållbar användning av växtgenetiska resurser för livsmedel och jordbruk och en rättvis fördelning av fördelar som uppstår till följd av deras användning, i överensstämmelse med konventionen om biologisk mångfald, för hållbart jordbruk och livsmedelstrygghet (CBD). FAO’s overarching goals are: the eradication of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition; the elimination of poverty and the driving forward of economic and social progress for all, as well as the sustainable management and utilisation of natural resources, including land, water, air, climate and genetic resources for the benefit of future generations. Based on these, FAO has formulated five strategic objectives: 1. help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition, 2. make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and sustainable, 3. reduce rural poverty, 4. enable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems, 5. increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises. In addition, FAO has formulated a sixth horizontal objective focusing on technical quality, statistics and cross-cutting themes (climate change, gender, governance and nutrition). Sweden’s part of the assessed contributions is approximately SEK 40 million per year. The total FAO budget for 2017–2018 is USD 2.6 billion, and roughly 60 per cent is mobilised through voluntary contributions and 40 per cent comes from assessed contributions paid by members. The support from Sida to FAO programmes varies but is approximately SEK 150 million per year. The support presented here supports FAO in its implementation of its agreed Medium Term Plan 2018-21 and Programme of Work and Budget, and consists of four parts: Flexible multi-partner mechanism (FMM), max 37 Millions SEK per year; Small-scale fisheries (SSF), max 20 Millions SEK per year; Boosting decent jobs for youth, max 12 Millions SEK per year; International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), max 1 Millions SEK per year. FAO Strategic framework
The contribution will support FAO, in implementing its Medium Term Plan 2018-21 and Programme of Work and Budget 2018-19 (C 2017/3). The strategic objectives of FAO are:
Strategic Objective 1: FAO’s contribution to the sustainable eradication of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition gives stronger attention to country capacity for effective implementation of policies, strategies and investment programmes. All forms of malnutrition are addressed, including undernourishment, micronutrient deficiencies and problems of overweight, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases. The SO-level indicators comprise five indicators of SDGs 2 and 3 to track progress on reducing food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms, with one more SDG 2 indicator adopted at Outcome level, to monitor progress on level of government financing.
Strategic Objective 2: FAO will focus on building a stronger dialogue and integration within and across sectors and stakeholders to sustainably increase production and productivity, address climate change, biodiversity and environmental degradation in agriculture, forestry and fisheries in the context of nutrition and gender-sensitive food systems. Support to enhance countries’ capacities to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, and to develop or implement national adaptation plan for Nationally Determined Contributions is very prominent. The SO-level indicators comprise 12 indicators of SDGs 2, 6, 14 and 15 to track progress in sustainable productivity, environment degradation and climate change adaptation by sector, and genetic resources conservation. Four additional SDG indicators (SDGs 13, 14 and 15) are included at Outcome level to monitor progress on climate change adaptation and mitigation, implementation of international instruments for fisheries, and level of financing for sustainable use of ecosystems.
Strategic Objective 3: FAO’s contribution to reducing rural poverty will focus on support to broad, multi-sectoral pro-poor policies and strategies at country and regional level that target the diverse spectrum of livelihoods. This requires broadening FAO’s engagement beyond traditional partners in Ministries of Agriculture, as well as efforts to embed FAO’s technical work within the processes of rural poverty reduction policies at country level. The SO-level indicators comprise nine indicators of SDGs 1, 2, 8, and 10 and the Outcome-level indicators include seven SDG indicators (SDGs 1, 5, 8 and 14) to measure poverty and access to productive resources, income and decent employment, and gender equality.
Strategic Objective 4: In contributing to the development of agricultural and food systems, FAO supports countries in increasing their inclusiveness of small-scale actors and more vulnerable groups, while at the same time continuing to take advantage of opportunities for efficiency gains. Focus will be on enhancing countries’ capacities to participate in the formulation of international standards and trade agreements, to design and implement supportive policies and regulations, and in the development of value chain. The SO-level indicators comprise four indicators of SDGs 2, 12 and 17, and Outcomes include seven SDG indicators (SDGs 2, 8, 9, 10 and 14), on financing and investments, loans or credit, exports subsidies, tariff lines applied to imports from developing countries and implementation of international instruments on illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing.
Strategic Objective 5: To reflect the recent global political commitments, FAO’s contribution to increasing the resilience of agricultural livelihoods and responding to threats and crises gives focus to climate change and induced extreme weather events, risks to ecosystem health, food chain threats and One Health, and damage and losses, conflict prevention, peace and stability and displacements. SO-level indicators comprise nine indicators of SDGs 1, 2, 11, 13, 15 and 16, and Outcome indicators include five indicators of SDGs 1, 5, and 13.
Sida Supported Subcomponents
As stated the contribution will have four components: Flexible multi-partner mechanism (FMM), Small-scale fisheries (SSF), Boosting decent jobs for youth, and International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA)
All the cooperation areas are priorities of the organisation and well integrated in the results framework. All FAO activities at HQ or in the field, funded with voluntary or assessed contributions are classified supporting specific FAO strategic objectives and sub-objectives.
- Flexible multi-partner mechanism (FMM), previously called FAO Multipartner Programme Support Mechanism (FMM);
The most flexible, least earmarked FAO voluntary funding window where so far Netherlands, Belgium, Flanders and Switzerland have done contributions. This is the third generation of FMM and the previous phases have been duly evaluated, and the present FMM is much improved.
The purpose, scope and general principles underlying the FMM are now: a) support to the realization of FAO’s Programme of Work, alignment with the Organization’s priorities and focus on results; b) flexible funding; c) contribution to corporate reporting; d) promotion of capacity development, e) policy advice and partnership; f) support to country level activities fully aligned with UNDAF and/or CPF; and g) fostering catalytic effect, innovation and transformative impact.
The programmes and sub programmes given priority were identified through the business development process, giving consideration to resource partners’ indicative priorities, and priorities that FAO considers to be important to achieving the SDGs and its Medium-Term Plan (2018-21). These six areas are as follows: 1. Evidence-based Policy and Global Instruments on FSN; 2. Climate Change (especially Climate-Smart Agricultural Approaches, and NDCs; 3. Generational Gaps and Decent Rural Employment (focusing on Women empowerment and Gender equality, Youth employment and Child labour issues); 4.Migration and Fragility; 5. Resilient and Sustainable Food Systems; 6. Oceans and Blue Growth (Fisheries and Aquaculture).
The final version of the Governance Document for the Flexible Multi-Partner Mechanism (FMM) has just been released so there is some further work on how to define the focus of our FMM cooperation, but a probable soft Swedish earmarking will likely be done towards: Support the FAO's work to follow up the 21 SDG indicators for which FAO are responsible; Sustainable productivity growth in agriculture; Activities in the framework of the implementation of Voluntary Guidelines for Responsible Land, Fisheries and Forest Management in the Field of National Food Supply (VGGT), and Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems (RAI); Gender, including strengthened women's economic empowerment; Strengthened capacity to address the positive effects of migration
 - Creating an enabling environment for securing sustainable small-scale fisheries within, Enhancing the contribution of small-scale fisheries to food security and sustainable livelihoods under the FAO Umbrella Programme for the Promotion and Application of the SSF Guidelines (SSF) 
Food insecurity and poverty in small-scale fishing communities is of a multidimensional nature and is not only caused by dwindling fishery resources and low incomes but also due to factors that impede full enjoyment of human rights including civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. Small-scale fisheries tend to be inadequately addressed, both with regard to resource management and from a broader social and economic development perspective, including for food security and poverty eradication. The Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (SSF Guidelines), endorsed by the FAO Committee on Fisheries (COFI) in 2014, were developed to address this situation.
The project provides support to creating an enabling environment through the development of supportive policies, capacity, organisational skills and knowledge and it has a strong gender focus. It covers small-scale fisheries in both marine and inland waters along the value chain, including the postharvest sector. The expected impact of the project is “Improved governance of small-scale fisheries contributes to the eradication of hunger and poverty, to sustainable development and to the sustainable use of the environment”. Accordingly, the project will contribute to ensuring secure and sustainable small-scale fisheries for the benefit of small-scale fishers, fish workers and their communities as well as for society at large in the context of the Agenda 2030 and grounded in a human-rights based approach. Out of the planned total budget of 8,9 Million USD, FAO will forward 3Million USD to fisherfolks organisation to facilitate their work and activities for the benefit of their members.
The programme is part of "FAO Umbrella Programme for the Promotion and Application of the SSF Guidelines" which is also co-funded by Norway.
 - Integrated Country Approach (ICA) for boosting decent jobs for youth in the agri-food system; 
Sida has previously supported FAO work within Decent rural employment (DRE), and has deemed the work as successful and relevant. FAO has cooperated with ILO in a good way. Sida have therefore the intension to earmark to this area, to safeguard sufficient resources for the good implementation.
The Integrated Country Approach for boosting decent jobs for youth in the agri-food system “ICA project” will support countries in adopting and implementing more youth-inclusive agri-food system development policies, strategies and programmes. Its ultimate objective is to reduce rural poverty and distress migration among rural young women and men by reducing unemployment and underemployment. With more than 70 million unemployed youth worldwide and 156 million young workers living in poverty, youth employment is a top policy concern.
Improving young people’s access to productive resources, pursuing strategies aiming to make agriculture more productive and “greener” and helping small-scale producers and enterprises to cluster and shift into higher value-added activities in the supply chain can have significant potential to generate decent jobs and reduce poverty. Through this project, in collaboration with its partners, FAO will pool knowledge, expertise and resources to effectively catalyse a more programmatic response to the rural youth employment challenge and optimize the rural job creation potential of the agri-food system. The approach proposed will look at both the demand and supply sides in the rural labour markets. It will increase the employability and entrepreneurship capacity of rural young women and men on the one hand and promote youth-inclusive food system development on the other hand. The project proposes an integrated approach structured in main outputs: mappings and priority setting; Knowledge generation for evidence base policy development; Awareness raising and capacity development for youth-inclusive and employment-centred planning; Policy and programme development, with focus on agroterritorial processes of job creation; as well as Boosting FAO tools and internal capacity to promote youth employment in agri-food systems in a gender-sensitive manner
The project expects to directly benefit around 4,000 youth (of which 50% are young women) across 12 countries (Ethiopia, Senegal, Uganda, Rwanda, Nigeria, Tanzania, and/or Kenya; Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and /or Paraguay; Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam) in terms of capacity building and access to employment and entrepreneurship support. In the long term, the policies, strategies and investments to be established through the project are expected to benefit a total of some 2 to 5 million youth.
The drivers and impacts of migration are intimately linked to FAO’s global goals of fighting hunger and achieving food security, reducing rural poverty and promoting the sustainable use of natural resources. FAO has a unique role to play in reducing rural migration, in view of its experience in supporting the creation of better conditions and resilient livelihoods in rural areas. Together with its partners, FAO also commits to further expand its work towards strengthening the positive contribution that migrants, refugees and IDPs are bringing for poverty reduction, food security and nutrition, and resilience of rural households.
FAO has considerable experience in addressing migration in both developmental contexts and protracted crises. Agricultural and rural development can contribute to address the root causes of migration and build the resilience of both displaced and host communities, laying the ground for long-term recovery. 
FAO works with relevant stakeholders to strengthen their capacities to provide viable livelihood opportunities in agriculture and rural areas in countries in protracted crises. It also protects the right to food of all people on the move, while fostering their integration and strengthening the social and economic resilience of host communities. Working with its partners and using resilient agricultural livelihoods as a key instrument, FAO plays an important role in: i) addressing the factors that compel people to move, especially those linked to natural disasters, conflicts over natural resources and environmental and livelihood deterioration in rural areas; ii) strengthening resilience of both displaced people and host communities and iii) harnessing the positive contribution of migrants and displaced people and fostering their integration.
The world population is young: 1.2 billion youth aged 15-24 live in the world today and almost 88% of them are in developing countries. Globally, nearly two-thirds of youth are found in a state of extreme, moderate or near poverty, reaching over 90% in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. They increasingly perceive migration as the only opportunity to make a living: one third of all international migrants are youth in the 15-34 age group. 
Although the world's youth population is expected to grow, employment and entrepreneurial opportunities for young women and men remain limited – particularly for those living in economically stagnant rural areas of developing countries. Hence, creating more productive and beneficial jobs for the rural youth is particularly urgent. Rapid population growth and urbanization, as well as rising household income, will have a dramatic effect on the increased demand for jobs, food, energy, clean water, infrastructure, and social services. 
Food and agriculture can contribute substantially to solve the youth employment challenge. There is a largely untapped reservoir of farm and non-farm employment opportunities in the agriculture sector and within food systems. Advancing decent jobs for youth in rural areas will also contribute to effectively achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, considering the strong links between employment, agricultural development, food security and poverty reduction. To be successful, an approach to promote decent rural employment at country level should aim to build synergies across different interventions, such as capacity development, institutional support, knowledge generation and partnership creation. For example, providing skills development for youth without facilitating their access to markets and credit may result in a failure. Each intervention should be tailored to the local needs and capacities. This is what FAO is doing through its Integrated Country Approach (ICA) for promoting decent rural employment. The last publication The State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) 2018 had as an annual team Migration, agriculture and rural development, and gives extensive policy recommendations in areas like the need for policy coherence between migration and agriculture and rural development policies is essential to ensure safe, orderly, and regular migration. Policies should not aim to reduce or accelerate migratory flows, but rather to maximize the economic and social benefits while minimizing the costs to migrants and societies.
- International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), Core Administrative Budget and the special fund for agreed purposes.
FAO’s International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture aims to ensure that the wealth of the world’s food crop diversity in conserved, shared and sustainably used so that farmers can continue to grow the food needed to feed our growing world population. The Treaty now has 144 Contracting Parties.
The International Plant Treaty provides a global platform for solution by enabling countries to access the plant diversity they need to develop new varieties so they can address future needs and withstand future challenges regarding food and nutrition security. Contracting Parties of the International Plant Treaty undertake to share plant genetic material, including seeds and vital information, under a common system and set of rules.
Main Components & Mechanisms: 1. Encouraging conservation and sustainable use of the world’s plant genetic material for food and agriculture (PGRFA), so that current and future generations can have the food they need.; 2. Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing (MLS), providing Contracting Parties global access to germplasm from each other to further develop crops that are more resilient to pests, diseases and adverse climate conditions, and crops that produce more, taste better and are more nutritious.; 3. Global Information System, which allows Contracting Parties to share information plant breeders and scientists need to track PGRFA around the world.; 4. Funding Strategy for the implementation of the Treaty that includes the Benefit-sharing Fund, which supports agricultural projects dealing with PGRFA in developing countries.; and 5. Farmers’ Rights acknowledge the tremendous contributions of smallholder and traditional farmers as innovators and custodians of the world’s crops. The International Treaty encourages Contracting Parties to take actions to ensure the protection of farmers’ rights, both in terms of national decision-making and in terms of ensuring their rights on their traditional seeds.