Humanitarian WASH Assistance for Pakistani Refugees in Tani District, Khost Province, Afghanistan In April and August 2016, NCA and its local partner, the Cooperation for Afghan Relief (CoAR), carried out needs assessments on the urgent and unmet water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) needs of Pakistani refugees, from North Waziristan, who have sought refuge in Tani district, Khost province, in eastern Afghanistan.  Eight villages in Tani district were identified (Chary, Kochan, Loya Mana, Pakhi, Sanaki, Shin Kondal, Shirkhil, and Singary) where refugees are living and do not have access to sufficient quantities of clean and safe water, engage in open defecation (OD) due to the lack of suitable sanitation facilities, and have little knowledge on proper hygiene practices in emergency situations.  The proposed project will reach 13,195 refugees living in spontaneous settlements and host communities, ensuring that they have:  1) improved access to a safe water supply 2) improved access to adequate sanitation facilities and, 3) an increased understanding of the key public health risks related to poor WASH conditions, are mobilised to adopt measures to prevent the deterioration of hygienic conditions, and to use and maintain the WASH facilities provided.  Water sources in the target areas are unsafe, insufficient and located at a distance (more than 500 metres and up to 3500 metres) from refugee shelters.  To meet the need for a sufficient and safe water supply, surface springs will be protected and gravity pipe schemes will be constructed within the target communities to direct the water to a series of single tap stands conveniently located near beneficiary shelters.  On average, 13 families will have access to each tap stand.  The placement of the tap stands within the communities will reduce the burden on women and girls, who spend many hours collecting water.  To ensure the continued sustainability of the water systems, local volunteer mechanics will be identified and trained in the maintenance of the networks and each tap stand will be appointed a care taker.  Appropriate types of jerry cans will be distributed to assist the women and children in water collection.  The installation of lockable latrines, with hand washing facilities, in refugee shelters will mitigate the incidence of waterborne diseases, ensure the privacy and security of women and children, and provide easy access for disabled persons and the elderly.  As they are practically non-existent in the target locations, bathing facilities will also be constructed to ensure personal hygiene, health, dignity and well-being.  Awareness campaigns will promote good hygiene knowledge and practices that will contribute to reducing health risks and to foster the wellbeing of the beneficiaries.  Employing participatory methodologies, hygiene campaigns will raise awareness on diarrhoea prevention strategies, discourage open defecation, the critical times to wash hands with soap, menstrual hygiene and management, water treatment, correct food storage, and proper solid waste disposal.  Beneficiaries will receive hygiene kits and during the distribution, they will receive orientation how to correctly utilise the various items included in the kits.  WASH Committees will be created, encouraging the active membership and participation of both men and women.  Where possible, joint WASH Committees will be established, with a gender ratio of 30% women and 70% men.  Throughout the project period, beneficiaries will be actively consulted, particularly during the implementation of activities, to get their feedback on any concerns they may have. This application is a joint proposal in line with NCAs partnership approach to build the capacity of national civil society organisations and to ensure oversight and accountability during project implementation. Further justification of NCA's role is contained in grant request justification section.