devinitorg/iati-policy-markers huggingface dataset:
After Exit: Assessing the Consequences of United Nations Peacekeeping Withdrawal In this project, we aim to address this empirical gap by addressing two questions.
We first ask, 'What are the trajectories of state capacity following the withdrawal of peacekeeping missions and associated peacekeeping forces?' This question invites an empirical descriptive response, which we will produce by gathering original
data on the functionality of formerly peace kept states after exit. Our data collection effort will involve an aggregation of cross-national quantitative and qualitative data, as well as large-scale surveys in Liberia and Haiti after long-standing UN
missions close in those countries.
Our second question moves from description to explanation by asking 'Under what conditions are state functions sustained after exit, and under what conditions is there a shift in state functionality?' This question rests on the assumption that we
will observe variation in the degree to which states are able to deliver public services after the withdrawal of UN peacekeeping support. Where such variation is indeed observed, we will explore three sets of factors that may shape post exit state capacity: (1) the strength and scope of domestic institutions before, and during, the period of PKO deployment; (2) the scope of international intervention and strategy of international withdrawal; (3) the degree to which diverse domestic and international actors step in and substitute for the roles previously played by the UN PKO, after exit.
To assess the relative impact of these possible causal factors, we will compare quantitative and qualitative measures of state functions before and during periods of UN PKO deployment with indicators of state functionality during the five years
that follow the withdrawal of UN forces. We will focus on four state functions, in particular: security capacity, governmental/administrative capacity, productive/extractive capacity, and external relations. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.
Inclusive higher education learning outcomes for rural and township youth: developing a multi-dimensional capabilities-based higher education index South African higher education (HE) is characterised by inequalities of access, participation and success, and hence youth disadvantage, yet it is also seen as central to economic development and social mobility. The aim of the research, captured in the production of an innovative HE Index, is to develop an integrated, policy-oriented theorisation of pathways to learning outcomes that foregrounds equality and quality for young people from rural areas and townships when they are preparing for university, their experiences at university, and their graduate outcomes, and to understand what enables the realization of the transformative potential of HE for them. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.
Blood Bricks: Examining the Climate Change-Modern Slavery Nexus in the Cambodian Construction Industry Climate change and slavery: the perfect storm?' - this was the prescient headline of The Guardian (2013) which called for more international conversation on the links between these urgent threats to environmental and human security. This study forwards this call by examining the inter-linkages between climate change, different axes of structural inequality (e.g. gender, age), and vulnerability to trafficking into modern slavery. The project asks who is most at the 'receiving end' of climate change, is most likely to enter into modern slavery, and who has fewer capabilities and resources than others to adapt to climate change in alternative ways?

The research is based in Cambodia, the world's second most climate vulnerable country in 2014. This status derives not only from the heightened climate risks its faces in the form of floods and droughts, but also the lack of capacity to adapt and respond. Eighty percent of the population lives in rural areas with limited knowledge, infrastructure and opportunities; and more than 70 percent rely on agriculture that is heavily sensitive to climate change (UNDP 2014). In 2016, Cambodia also recorded the third highest proportion of modern slaves per capita in the world. Under these compelling set of circumstances then, the project focuses on the Cambodian construction industry as a means to examine how climate change facilitates trafficking into modern slavery and ongoing livelihoods within it.

UK and Cambodian scholars will undertake challenging research that aims to combine qualitative interviews with construction industry informants and victims of modern slavery working in brick-kilns and construction sites; agro-ecological profiling, a quantitative household survey, and interviews in brick-kiln sender villages; and analysis of longitudinal secondary data (Cambodia Socio-Economic Study 2014). Findings will improve understanding of the 'deadly dance' of environmental destruction and modern slavery. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.
Application of the Teacher Instructional Practices and Processes System (TIPPS) observation tool in Rural Honduran Secondary Schools Our research findings from the previous RLO grant, augmented by this opportunity to extend this work, will allow us to understand what makes SAT an effective system of secondary schools in rural Honduras, particularly in terms of the recruitment, professional development and ongoing support of teachers. Through our research on SAT, we will generate key insights that can inform interventions to improve teaching and learning outcomes in developing countries (Murphy-Graham, 2018). This is a key area of interest for policy-makers and others in the international education community, who in support of Sustainable Development Goal 4: Quality Education, seek models of high quality secondary education that can inform the design, delivery and expansion of grades 7-12. SAT responds to a number of key challenges identified that prevent quality teaching, including that there are two few teachers in rural areas, and that they lack knowledge and skills to teach effectively (DFID, 2018). The supplemental funds we are applying for will allow us to extend our work in Honduras to enhance research impact and build capacity among key researchers and education stakeholders. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.
Consuming Urban Poverty Impact Enhancement Project The proposed project follows on from the Consuming Urban Poverty Project, which sought to alleviate poverty through the governance of food systems in secondary cities in Africa. While the project was able to demonstrate some impact on local government officials attitudes towards urban food systems, and engage in the shaping of global urban food policies and programmes, the project team realised that to increase commitment to addressing urban food issues in the interest of poverty alleviation it was essential to target external actors who play a pivotal role in shaping local government policy and planning.
The project identified three key issues limiting action at the local government scale that can only be addressed by working with external actors. The first was that there was deeply entrenched thinking from planners which hindered pro-poor food planning. Planners no sense of how to act differently, and limited formal training opportunities. The project found limited engagement in food issues by powerful informal economy advocacy groups. Finally, it found a strong bias against informality amongst policy makers, which was unchallenged the global discourses on urban food governance as found in the SDGs, New Urban Agenda and documents from various UN Agencies. Therefore, a three-pronged strategy to affect change in planning, policy through civil society advocacy and global policy discourses. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.
Safe and sustainable cities: human security, migration, and well-being This project seeks to incorporate migrant perspectives and sources of innovation into urban planning to build safer and more sustainable cities. The project represents frontier research in framing new migrant populations as sources of innovation and sustainability, and in using multiple methods to incorporate new migrant population perspectives into sustainable places.

The research addresses environmental sustainability by examining the environmental risks to new populations in cities, including exposure to environmental hazards and access to environmental services such as water. Its addresses poverty by examining social exclusion of migrant populations that are often invisible in policy and planning. It addresses conflict and security by conceptualizing the human security of migrant populations as their ability to create secure lives, overcome discrimination, and build social cohesion in destination areas.

The research design involves examining human security and overcoming exclusion with example groups in a rapidly expanding city in a low-income country; working directly with migrant populations and urban planners to generate new priorities; and learning lessons that can be generalized and applied across the Global South. The planned research involves planners in Chittagong in coastal Bangladesh and its new migrant populations, including some displaced because of environmental hazards, and ethnic minority groups. The research involves multiple methods: surveys of migrants focusing on their well-being, their sources of insecurity, and their potential to build attachment to sustainable places; photo-elicitation with both planners and migrants as participants; and deliberative workshops to build empathy between migrants and planners and designing new interventions. The research builds on and seeks new directions for the fields of human security, migration, urban planning, and development studies. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.
Labour Outmigration, Agricultural Productivity and Food Security With an estimated 214 million people l--mostly from poor agricultural regions to more industrialized countries-international migration is a key concern in scholarly and policy arenas. This unprecedented phenomenon has wide-ranging consequences both for migrant-sending and receiving locations. This study focuses on one specific, but crucial consequence - the impact of labor outmigration on agricultural productivity in migrant-sending areas. As the agriculture productivity in poor subsistence economies is closely connected with one of the world's epidemic problems: food security. FAO estimated about 870 million people were undernourished in the period 2010-12. The vast majority of these - 852 million live in developing countries. Thus, increased agricultural productivity in poor countries is a key tool for alleviating this problem. This proposed project aims to better understand the relationship between labor outmigration and agriculture, providing crucial information for scientific and policy development of food security concerns.
Understanding the link between outmigration and agriculture is complicated by the fact that migration does not happen randomly. Additionally, changes in agricultural practices and migration are likely to influence each other. Thus, the empirical demands for adjudicating potential reciprocal relationships are high, limiting the ability of previous research to speak to these questions. To address this complication, we will leverage the Chitwan Valley Family Study (CVFS), a case control comparison design at the community level with a 15-year panel study of a stratified systematic sample of communities, households, and individuals in Nepal. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.
Peacemaking  What's Law Got to Do with It? In response to demands from practice, this project aims to clarify the role of international law in peace negotiations in 3 ways. First, it assesses whether the 'norms' suggested by the literature in fact amount to international law. Most of the proposed norms are based on moral philosophy or a review of practice. But these are not sources of international law. This project is the first to examine through an interpretive empirical study whether the putative norms find support in the sources of international law. This will not only advance the discipline of international law, but also assist practising negotiators.
Secondly, this project aims to clarify the existing scholarship on the 'law' of peacemaking by developing a taxonomy of the various concepts of 'law' that are currently used in this body of literature. This clarity is also important to practising negotiators. If the 'law' of peacemaking is 'law' in the sense of 'model law', then it can be ignored at will. Ignoring binding 'international law', however, can lead to international responsibility.
Finally, evaluating the empirical findings, the project will explore what drives attempts to govern peacemaking by more international law. In doing so, it will contribute to a literature on possible changes in the sources of international law and to scholarship on the more general phenomenon of legalisation in society. It will also assist those who make international law in the evaluation of proposals towards further legalisation. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.
Growth Research - Synthesis reports 2016 The funders wish to commission a number of short (c 20 pages) reports, to include a stand-alone summary, which synthesise the emerging evidence from the programme to date. While it is essential that the reports are based on academically rigorous analysis, they will be aimed primarily at the policy community and other interested users and written in appropriately accessible language. The reports would be expected to:
•	summarise emerging evidence from the DEGRP research conducted to date within a workable thematic organising  framework (see below);
•	set this evidence in the context of the existing research landscape, identifying, for example, where established findings are confirmed or challenged by new research;
•	highlight the resulting implications for policy and, where appropriate, for the future research agenda in the relevant area. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.
Rethinking Environment and Development in an Era of Global Norms: Exploring international politics of justice on carbon forestry and hydropower The proposed research expands the political ecology approach through attention to notions of environmental justice and cross-scale environmental politics. Notions of justice are at the core of many environmental struggles, as they inform people's claims and practices in relation to natural resources. Justice conceptions are also an integral component of international environmental politics and global environmental norms. Thus ideas about justice are an integral element of environmental politics across scales, connecting local struggles to mobilizations at national and international levels as well as the conceptions informing global norms - or causing dissonances between them. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.
Political Remittances: The Migration of Ideas, Identities and Practices Our project begins by explaining the challenges that secondary patents present, developing a typology of approaches to restrict secondary patenting, and mapping countries according to this typology. Our empirical analyses will focus on five countries that have adopted pre-emptive approaches to limit secondary patenting (with variation in the types of pre-emptive mechanisms adopted), and two that have not. We will assemble novel datasets of pharmaceutical patents filed in the seven developing countries, read and code each of these patent applications to identify which are primary and which are secondary, and undertake analysis of patent prosecution histories to determine the outcomes of these applications. In doing so we consider not just the outcomes per se (i.e. was a given patent granted or rejected), but also the role that the pre-emptive mechanisms played in producing the outcomes. Our analysis allows us to assess the effectiveness of different national patent policy approaches. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.
Turning livelihoods to rubbish? Assessing the impacts of formalization and technologization of waste management on the urban poor The research will look at four interventions in South Africa: i) The technologization of waste and opposition from informal recyclers and environmentalists. We do this through an examination of opposition to an incinerator based on the claim that recycling is better for the environment and the poor. ii) The internationalisation of waste finance. We will study a group of actors trying to harness international climate finance to fund this development. iii) Inner city formalization and criminalization of waste collection. The vision of many policy makers and business interests of a 'proper city' often contrasts with the way that informal workers use the city. In trying to establish this vision, informal workers are often excluded from the city, however, many oppose such removals. iv) Cooperative governance for waste management. A government-funded waste awareness campaign seeks to develop partnerships with communities and businesses to improve waste management. However, community participation has challenged the framing of win-win solutions, pushing for greater consideration of social and political concerns.

In each case, we seek to understand competing claims over what waste is, who should benefit from its management, and how decisions are made to allocate costs and benefits. We will also examine how changing political and institutional conditions shape different actors' abilities to garner benefits from waste and achieve sustainable pathways out of poverty. This has direct policy implications, as the work will inform policy-makers regarding what types of waste interventions can improve conditions for the urban poor as well as build capacity with waste workers regarding effective strategies for asserting claims to the benefits of waste. Theoretically, we use an urban political ecology framework which draws attention to questions of social justice, inequality, and the connection between political economy and everyday material lives. We
situate our research in the context of Southern theory which seeks to understand Southern cities on their own terms, not through theories developed in the Global North.

We seek to learn from South Africa because many patterns here are indicative of future possibilities and challenges for other cities in the Global South. Consumption is growing as incomes rise for the middle and upper class, and inequality increases. While problematic in many ways, this polarisation creates opportunities for waste collection. Additionally, South Africa already has progressive regulation, but this results in competing mandates. It suggests that more is needed than simply passing more policies. Finally, South Africa is in many ways at the forefront of technological innovation, but there is a growing trend towards the use of high tech solutions throughout the Global South. For these reasons, there are many lessons which can be learned in South Africa which will have a wider impact. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.
Raising Learning Outcomes (RLO) - Evidence and Policy Directorate (EPD) Evidence and Policy Directorate (EPD) which will maximise the impact of research they jointly fund on policy and practice relevant to developing countries. 
The EPD will be delivered by a consortium from the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) and the University of Cambridge’s Faculty of Education. It will design and deliver a strategic programme of work to support and enhance the uptake and impact of research from two research programme’s jointly funded by ESRC and DFID: the Joint Fund for Poverty Alleviation Research (www.esrc.ac.uk/dfid); and the Raising Learning Outcomes in Education Systems Research Programme (www.esrc.ac.uk/eddev).
These programmes provide a rich source of research evidence which aims to be useful to, taken up and applied by policymakers and other stakeholders to address international development goals. As the portfolio of research the programmes have funded grows, there is an opportunity to add value to the successful impact-promoting activities already being undertaken by individual research teams. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.
Chinese national oil companies and the economic development of African oil producers This project will be the first to assess whether and how such developmental benefits may be occurring. We will start by investigating the Chinese NOCs and their relationships to key state and semi-private agencies in China, before undertaking field research in Africa. Important here are the complex 'packages' of aid, trade and investment in Africa through Chinese NOCs, banks and ministries. Chinese NOCs are active across Africa but three countries - Ghana, Angola and Sudan - represent different aspects of their engagement with the continent. These countries are also unique so these contextual differences allow us to examine the role that African agency plays in shaping the nature of and benefits from this new investment in their oil sectors. We will also assess their impacts and the extent to which the growth they generate - directly, through oil-backed infrastructure, and via state revenue - trickles down to Africa's poorest.

Data collection will be both quantitative and qualitative; the former being data sets on Chinese FDI and African social indicators, and the latter interviews with key Chinese and African actors. To successfully carry out this data collection in countries and an industrial sector renowned for lacking transparency we will work with partners who have track-records of research in this area, and are embedded in key policy circles which will maximise the impact of our research. Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges.