Strengthening Botswana Institute of Accountants The objective of this grant is to strengthen the architecture for financial management training and accreditation in The grant would have two components: Component 1: Strong Professional Accountancy Body The main objective of twinning arrangement is to assist the BIA in strengthening institutional capacity to function as a modern and effective professional accountancy body in line with the improved approaches recommended by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), and recent global developments in the corporate financial reporting regime. Component 2: Upgrading of Accounting and Auditing Curriculum and Training In view of the urgent need for improving knowledge of students, teachers, practitioners and regulators on practical aspects of IAS/IFRS, IPSAS, and ISA, it is necessary to upgrade accountancy curriculum at college and university levels, organize training of trainer program, and roll out training programs on practical application of these international standards. The participants of training of trainer program are expected to be actively involved in the future delivery of in-country training programs on practical implementation of IAS/IFRS, IPSAS and ISA. Following tasks will be carried out within this component: 1.   Carrying out activities for upgrading accounting and auditing curriculum at both undergraduate and graduate levels taking into account the need for teaching practical applications of IAS/IFRS, IPSAS and ISA. 2.   Developing an arrangement to help the accountancy students, teachers and trainee accountants in having timely and easy access to literature on IAS/IFRS, IPSAS, ISA and other related international publications. 3.   Designing, developing and delivering training programs for trainers; and rolling out training programs on IAS/IFRS, IPSAS and ISA specifically designed for accountants and auditors; officials of the Ministry of Finance, Auditor General#s office, Botswana Revenue Authorities, Bank of Botswana, and other relevant agencies/organizations. 4.   Preparing training materials for facilitating delivery of training programs on practical application of IAS/IFRS, IPSAS and ISA. The proposed activities are fully consistent with current initiatives in for improving financial management arrangements in public and private sectors of the economy. This is also consistent with World Bank development program for Africa in general and The main objective of this project is to strengthen the capacity of Botswana's national professional accountancy body - the Botswana Institute of Accountants (BIA) to more effectively carry out its functions i.e., provide professional accounting education and training, carry out licensing/accreditation of members, and ensure that its members maintain adequate professional standards. Specifically, the project aims to assist the BIA to: (i) strengthen its institutional structure so that it can more effectively set and enforce professional standards among its members; (ii) establish a national professional qualification/accreditation system; (iii) improve the country's accounting and auditing curriculum, working together with other national training institutes; and (iv) develop and carry out Continuous Professional Development programs for its members on the practical application of internationally accepted accounting and auditing standards (i.e., International Financial Reporting Standards - IFRS, International Public Sector Accounting Standards -IPSAS, and International Standards on Auditing -ISA).  This would enable the BIA to better meet its membership obligations of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC, the worldwide professional accountancy body).All of this would result in enhancing the quality of the accounting and auditing profession, and the financial accountability and governance arrangements in Botswana.