G-quadruplex biology in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum The proposed research concerns the most important human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria is one of the world's most debilitating infectious diseases, killing over half a million people every year and affecting several hundred million. Most of the deaths occur in young children in sub-Saharan Africa, but adults can also suffer from malaria throughout their lives, reducing quality of life and retarding economic development in endemic countries. The lack of an effective vaccine and the emergence of drug-resistant parasites mean that there is now an urgent need for research leading to a better understanding of the malaria parasite, and hence to new vaccine targets and treatment strategies for this disease.  The malaria parasite causes illness via the infection of red blood cells. It multiplies inside these cells and modifies their surfaces with proteins called PfEMP1s that bind to the walls of blood vessels. This is crucial for parasite survival as it removes infected cells from the circulating blood and protects them from passing through the spleen, which might recognize and destroy them. It also contributes to disease, with severe malaria being particularly associated with the accumulation of infected cells in vessels of the brain and placenta. It is therefore of great interest to malaria biologists to understand the mechanisms that control the expression of these adhesive PfEMP1 proteins. PfEMP1s are not expressed uniformly by all malaria parasites: instead, individual parasites regularly switch between different variants. This allows them to stay ahead of the immune system and sustain a chronic infection for months or even years. The parasites have a large, variable family of 'var' genes for different PfEMP1 proteins and they vary the expression of these genes by so-called 'epigenetic switching'. Furthermore, var genes recombine very readily to generate new variants, so each parasite strain - of which there are many hundreds circulating in endemic areas - has a unique repertoire of possible surface proteins. This is one reason why immunity to repeated malaria infections is slow to develop in humans: every new parasite strain looks different to the immune system, so people can be re-infected repeatedly throughout their lives.  Understanding and ultimately interfering with the expression, switching and recombination of var genes, and thus the variant expression of PfEMP1 proteins, could be a key to more effective immune control of malaria. Therefore, this research focuses on a new biological mechanism that the parasite may use for switching between var genes and for generating new variants. Our recent work has showed that an unusual DNA structure called a G-quadruplex that is concentrated around var genes seems to affect both these processes. To investigate this further, we now propose to map the G-quadruplexes throughout the Plasmodium genome, both in DNA and also in the messenger molecule, RNA. We will use a range of cutting-edge genome-wide technologies to do this, and will then check whether the distribution of the structures changes when the enzymes that unwind them are removed.  These studies will lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying var gene dynamics, and may ultimately inform new strategies to combat malaria, since var genes - and the adhesive proteins that they encode - are central to malarial disease. The outcomes of the research will be published in open-access scientific journals and presented at international conferences. They will be communicated to the general public via summaries on appropriate websites and via science writing in magazines and/or online. Work such as this remains vital as long as the malaria parasite continues to cause an immense burden of human disease. The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world.