Sentence:  After the confession, the lawsuits. Lance Armstrong's extended appearance on the Oprah Winfrey network, in which the man <WSD>stripped</WSD> of seven Tour de France wins finally admitted to doping, has opened him up to several multi-million dollar legal challenges. 
Meaning of the word marked with <WSD> tags:  To take away something from (someone or something); to plunder; to divest.