derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.

Question: What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ? Question: What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law? Question: What does J.C.B. stand for? Question: What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.? Question: What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?
Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.

Question: What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics? Question: What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts? Question: What is the English meaning of inquirere? Question: What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?
The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.

Question: What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church? Question: In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen? Question: Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions? Question: What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law? Question: What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?
Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term "law" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as "...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community" and reformulates it as "...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good."

Question: What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory? Question: What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church? Question: Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism? Question: What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working? Question: What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?
The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.

Question: Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system? Question: What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western? Question: What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws? Question: When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches? Question: During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?
The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.

Question: When was the original Code of Canon Law published? Question: For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published? Question: For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983? Question: During what years was the Second Vatican Council held? Question: When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?
The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion (Greek: Πηδάλιον, "Rudder"), so named because it is meant to "steer" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them nómoi/νόμοι (laws) rather than kanónes/κανόνες (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity.

Question: What language is used by members of the Orthodox denomination? Question: What are the constituents of the Pēdálion? Question: What does Pēdálion mean in English? Question: Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required? Question: Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?
In the Church of England, the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law, receiving a Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree from Oxford, or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Cambridge. Such lawyers (called "doctors" and "civilians") were centered at "Doctors Commons", a few streets south of St Paul's Cathedral in London, where they monopolized probate, matrimonial, and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid-19th century.

Question: In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society? Question: In what century did Saxons and Normans separate? Question: What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day? Question: At which universities were canon law degrees abolished? Question: Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?
Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world (e.g., the Episcopal Church in the United States, and the Anglican Church of Canada) still function under their own private systems of canon law.

Question: What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it? Question: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America? Question: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada? Question: What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with?
Currently, (2004), there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; their existence can be factually established; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion; these principles have a living force, and contain in themselves the possibility of further development; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion.

Question: As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share? Question: What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown? Question: Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? Question: What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion? Question: What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?
In Presbyterian and Reformed churches, canon law is known as "practice and procedure" or "church order", and includes the church's laws respecting its government, discipline, legal practice and worship.

Question: In what types of institutions are canon rules called "practice and procedure"? Question: What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations? Question: What aspect of management is covered by church order? Question: What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure? Question: What aspect of faith is covered by canon law?
Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.

Question: What group took issue with the Roman canons? Question: In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians? Question: To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572? Question: Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law? Question: For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?
The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. However, the Book of Concord is a confessional document (stating orthodox belief) rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline, like canon law. Each Lutheran national church establishes its own system of church order and discipline, though these are referred to as "canons."

Question: What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans? Question: Beginning in what century was the Book of Concord a central part of the Lutheran Church? Question: What kind of statement is the Book of Concord? Question: What kind of belief is the subject of the Book of Concord? Question: What are the legislative systems of various Lutheran institutions called?
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.

Question: Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector? Question: Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector? Question: Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector? Question: How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate? Question: How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run? Question: As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media? Question: What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases? Question: What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases? Question: What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched? Question: What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch? Question: In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.

Question: When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what? Question: Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia? Question: China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms. Question: What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent? Question: Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.

Question: Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what? Question: Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia? Question: aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people? Question: what is another word for availability of telephone lines? Question: How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?
In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.

Question: What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network? Question: Where is Somtal network located? Question: Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking? Question: The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks? Question: STC stands for what?
Investment in the telecom industry is held to be one of the clearest signs that Somalia's economy has continued to develop. The sector provides key communication services, and in the process facilitates job creation and income generation.

Question: Investing in what Industry is a sign that Somalia's economy is continuing to improve? Question: What sector provides key communication services?
On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery.

Question: What year was the national Communications act enacted? Question: What Act clears the way for a National Communications Regulator? Question: What types of stakeholders consulted on the bill to enact the National Communications Act? Question: The National Communications Act is expected to create and invironment favorable for what? Question: Continued infrastructure development results in more efficient what?
The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication.

Question: What is the name of the Somali postal service? Question: What is the name of the National postal service of Somalia?
The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war. In order to fill the vacuum, Somali Post signed an agreement in 2003 with the United Arab Emirates' Emirates Post to process mail to and from Somalia. Emirates Post's mail transit hub at the Dubai International Airport was then used to forward mail from Somalia to the UAE and various Western destinations, including Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada.

Question: When was the infrastructure of the postal service destroyed? Question: What airport is home to the Emirates post mail hub?
Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. As of March 2012, the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and taken part once again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involves the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016. Phase III is slated to begin in 2017, with the objective of creating 897 postal outlets by 2022.

Question: How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post? Question: Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover? Question: How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan? Question: How many branch offices will be creted in general bases? Question: What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?
On 1 November 2013, international postal services for Somalia officially resumed. The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment.

Question: What year did postal service in Somalia resume? Question: Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity? Question: What type of assistance does the postal union provide? Question: What type of equipment does the postal union provide?
There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English.

Question: When was Radio Mogadishu established? Question: What languages di Radio Mogadishu originally broadcast in? Question: What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize? Question: What type of services were offered in Somali, Amharic, and Oromo?
Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network, the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation, Reporters Without Borders (RSF). In total, about one short-wave and ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital, with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions.

Question: Mustaqbal Media Corporation is based where? Question: In what year was Shabelle Media network awarded the media of the year prize? Question: How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital?
The northeastern Puntland region has around six private radio stations, including Radio Garowe, Radio Daljir, Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug. Radio Gaalkacyo, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province. Additionally, the Somaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station.

Question: About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have? Question: What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo? Question: Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from? Question: What province is Galkayo located in? Question: How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region?