derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete families into higher-level groups. In 1997 Greg Rouse and Kristian Fauchald attempted a "first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour", based on anatomical structures, and divided polychaetes into:

Question: What two groups are annelids traditionally divided among? Question: What subtype of clitellates contains earthworms? Question: What subtype of clitellates contains leeches? Question: How many polychaete families are there? Question: When did Greg Rouse begin trying to categorize polychaetes?
In 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa, of which 9 were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life. For a cross-check the study used an analysis of 11 genes (including the original 3) in 10 taxa. This analysis agreed that clitellates, pogonophorans and echiurans were on various branches of the polychaete family tree. It also concluded that the classification of polychaetes into Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata was useless, as the members of these alleged groups were scattered all over the family tree derived from comparing the 81 taxa. In addition, it also placed sipunculans, generally regarded at the time as a separate phylum, on another branch of the polychaete tree, and concluded that leeches were a sub-group of oligochaetes rather than their sister-group among the clitellates. Rouse accepted the analyses based on molecular phylogenetics, and their main conclusions are now the scientific consensus, although the details of the annelid family tree remain uncertain.

Question: Who compared annelid genes in 2007? Question: How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck first compare? Question: How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck compare for a cross-check? Question: What subtypes of polychaetes were useless classifications, according to the 2007 study? Question: What did Rouse decide leeches were a subgroup of?
In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies. It now seems that segmentation can appear and disappear much more easily in the course of evolution than was previously thought. The 2007 study also noted that the ladder-like nervous system, which is associated with segmentation, is less universal previously thought in both annelids and arthropods.[n 2]

Question: How many previously-separate phyla did the 2007 study reclassify? Question: What did the 2007 study decide was the parent group for annelids? Question: What offshoots of polychaetes are unsegmented? Question: What offshoots of polychaetes are only segmented in the rear? Question: What nervous system structure is less univeral among annelids than was thought before 2007?
Annelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals – the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata ("jointed animals"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla. However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids. Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented. It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies independently as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla. The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs, brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores (fan-like feeding structures) and/or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa. Bryzoa may be the most basal phylum (the one that first became distinctive) within the Lophotrochozoa, and the relationships between the other members are not yet known. Arthropods are now regarded as members of the Ecdysozoa ("animals that molt"), along with some phyla that are unsegmented.

Question: What superphylum are annelids in? Question: What is the other superphylum besides protostomes? Question: What superphylum are vertebrates in? Question: What does 'Articulata' mean? Question: What are lophophores?
The "Lophotrochozoa" hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg's development. When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern. In these phyla the "fates" of the embryo's cells, in other words the roles their descendants will play in the adult animal, are the same and can be predicted from a very early stage. Hence this development pattern is often described as "spiral determinate cleavage".

Question: Which Lophotrochozoa phyla have similar egg development? Question: How do the cells of Lophotrochozoa eggs arrange themselves? Question: What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called?
In monotheism and henotheism, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), omnibenevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. God is also usually defined as a non-corporeal being without any human biological gender, but the concept of God actively (as opposed to receptively) creating the universe has caused some religions to give "Him" the metaphorical name of "Father". Because God is conceived as not being a corporeal being, God cannot(some say should not) be portrayed in a literal visual image; some religious groups use a man (sometimes old and bearded) to symbolize God because of His deed of creating man's mind in the image of His own.

Question: What is a God in monotheism? Question: What is infinite knowledge classified as? Question: What is the extent of God's knowledge? Question: What does it mean to say that God is omnipotent? Question: What is the feeling of God being everywhere? Question: What is the benevolence of God called? Question: Does God have a gender? Question: What type of human is God portrayed as in some religions?
In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent". Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.

Question: In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe? Question: What is God in theism? Question: What does deism believe God's role in the universe is? Question: What is God in deism? Question: What is monotheism? Question: Which belief is that God is the universe? Question: What is pantheism? Question: Which belief system definitively believes in no Higher Power or Supreme Being? Question: What is atheism? Question: Which belief system belives in some form of higher powwer, or something, but not organized religion?
There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one "true" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, "He Who Is", "I Am that I Am", and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam, the name Allah, "Al-El", or "Al-Elah" ("the God") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bahá'í Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism.

Question: What was the first monotheistic religion? Question: In the time of Atenism, what was God called? Question: What is the God of the Hebrew Bible called? Question: What are vocalizations of the name of God, YHWH? Question: What is the Christian God called? Question: What is the Holy Trinity? Question: What are the 2 titular names of God in the Jewish religion? Question: Where do scholars believe the name Adonai came from? Question: What is the Islamic name for God? Question: What do members of the Bahá'í Faith call God?
The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant either "to call" or "to invoke". The Germanic words for God were originally neuter—applying to both genders—but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the words became a masculine syntactic form.

Question: What language does the English word God come from? Question: Where does the word God come from originally? Question: Where is the English word God derived from? Question: What did the gaelic root of the word for God mean? Question: Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine? Question: What gender where the original Germanic words meaning God in? Question: When did the Germanic words for God take on a masculine form? Question: What was practiced by the Germanic people before their Christianization?
In the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic "God" and "gods" in polytheism. The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. In many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton.

Question: What differentiates God from gods? Question: What form of the word God refers to polytheistic gods? Question: What belief has many gods? Question: No matter which religion, what is usually used as the name for the Supreme Being? Question: What is the tetragrammaton gor God? Question: What is the name of God in Judaism? Question: What does the all caps word LORD used in some bibles represent? Question: What does it mean to read the word LORD in all capitals in the Bible?
There is no clear consensus on the nature or even the existence of God. The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by region, sect, and caste, ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic. Divinity was recognized by the historical Buddha, particularly Śakra and Brahma. However, other sentient beings, including gods, can at best only play a supportive role in one's personal path to salvation. Conceptions of God in the latter developments of the Mahayana tradition give a more prominent place to notions of the divine.[citation needed]

Question: What view does the Jewish community take on God? Question: What type of religion is Judaism? Question: What type of view do Christians take on God? Question: What type of religion is Christianity? Question: What kind of religion is Hinduism considered? Question: How much can belief in God vary in Hinduism? Question: Does hinduism only believe in a single god? Question: How many gods do the Hindu's have?
Monotheists hold that there is only one god, and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in Hinduism and Sikhism. In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity describes God as one God in three persons. The Trinity comprises God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit. Islam's most fundamental concept is tawhid (meaning "oneness" or "uniqueness"). God is described in the Quran as: "Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him." Muslims repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus, comparing it to polytheism. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension or equal and does not resemble any of his creations in any way. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules, and are not expected to visualize God.

Question: What do monotheists believe? Question: What religion believes that all theist worship the same god? Question: What is the trinity in Christianity? Question: What is the most basic belief of the Muslim religion? Question: What is the meaning behind the Muslim concept of tawhid? Question: What religious text helps reinforce to Muslims that Christianity is more like polytheism? Question: What do Muslims think of Christianity? Question: What do Muslims believe that Trinitism too closely resembles? Question: Which belief is expected to never try and visualize God?
Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world. Not all theists subscribe to all of these propositions, but each usually subscribes to some of them (see, by way of comparison, family resemblance). Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.

Question: What ways can God interact with the universe? Question: What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time? Question: What is the basis behind Catholic theology? Question: What three points do most theists agree on? Question: Why is it sometimes hard to think of God as benevolent? Question: What is the suffix theism used for? Question: What does theism mean in general? Question: What are examples of different types of theism?
Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it. In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs. Pandeism is proposed to explain as to Deism why God would create a universe and then abandon it, and as to Pantheism, the origin and purpose of the universe.

Question: What type of religion believes that God is transcendent? Question: What is a deistic view of God? Question: In deism is God represented in human form? Question: What does a deistic God not do? Question: In deism, does God answer prayers? Question: What is deism? Question: How does a deistic God feel about us? Question: What is Pandeism?
Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe. It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church; Theosophy; some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism, which believes in panentheism; Sikhism; some divisions of Neopaganism and Taoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations. Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God—which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism, particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov—but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.[citation needed]

Question: What is Pantheism? Question: What is pantheism? Question: What is pantheism? Question: WHat is Panentheism? Question: What is Panentheism? Question: What from of Hinduism does not believe in panentheism? Question: What is another name for Jewish mysticism? Question: WHat is Kabbalah? Question: Who is the founder of Hasidic Judaism? Question: Who was the founder of Hasidic Judaism?
Even non-theist views about gods vary. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say "There is no God", because "the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation"; he said more specifically that he disbelieved in the Christian god. Stephen Jay Gould proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called "non-overlapping magisteria" (NOMA). In this view, questions of the supernatural, such as those relating to the existence and nature of God, are non-empirical and are the proper domain of theology. The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world, and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value. In this view, the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world.

Question: What do some non-theists view God as? Question: Although a proclaimed atheist, who was it that said "the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation"? Question: Name the nineteenth century English atheist? Question: What is NOMA? Question: What does Stephen Jay Gould call philosophy that deals in the supernatural? Question: In NOMA, what should be used to answer questions about the physical world? Question: What should be used to answer ultimate questions on morality and meaning? Question: What category does NOMA fall under?
Another view, advanced by Richard Dawkins, is that the existence of God is an empirical question, on the grounds that "a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference." Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a Creator would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old.

Question: Who argued that the existence of God is an empirical question? Question: What is Richard Dawkins belief about the existence of God? Question: What kind of difference does Dawkins believe would come from the existence of God? Question: Who stated that God was difficult both to prove or disprove? Question: What did Sagan argue was the only was to prove the existence of God? Question: How could science discover if there was not a creator?
Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book, The Grand Design, that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. Both authors claim however, that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science, and without invoking any divine beings. Neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas has proposed that questions of the existence of God are no different from questions of natural sciences. Following a biological comparative approach, he concludes that it is highly probable that God exists, and, although not visible, it is possible that we know some of his attributes.

Question: Who wrote The Grand Design? Question: Who was Hawking's co-author? Question: What is the name of Stephen Hawking's book? Question: What does Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow pose as a better question that "Is there a God"? Question: How do Hawking and Mlodinow believe the question of God can be answered? Question: What is Michael Nikoletseas profession? Question: Who says the that whether there is or isn't a God are just like questions in natural science?
Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general, supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion. He cites examples from Greek mythology, which is, in his opinion, more like a modern soap opera than other religious systems. Bertrand du Castel and Timothy Jurgensen demonstrate through formalization that Boyer's explanatory model matches physics' epistemology in positing not directly observable entities as intermediaries. Anthropologist Stewart Guthrie contends that people project human features onto non-human aspects of the world because it makes those aspects more familiar. Sigmund Freud also suggested that god concepts are projections of one's father.

Question: Who argues that there are lots of supernatural things in the world? Question: How does Pascal Boyer believe that gods and other supernatural beings behave? Question: How do supernatural entities act? Question: What is one of the most common traits of religion according to Boyer? Question: Which religion does Boyer equate with a modern soap opera? Question: Why does Stewart Guthrie believe that people project their human features onto non human things? Question: Who believed that gods are just projections of a person's father? Question: What did Frued believe about the belief in God?