derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
In September 2003, China intended to join the European Galileo positioning system project and was to invest €230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million) in Galileo over the next few years. At the time, it was believed that China's "BeiDou" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces. In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the "Galileo Joint Undertaking" (GJU) and the "National Remote Sensing Centre of China" (NRSCC). Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI), the prime contractor of the China’s involvement in Galileo programs, was founded in December 2004. By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and EU. However, the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post reported in January 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its role in the Galileo project and was to compete with Galileo in the Asian market.

Question: How much was China going to invest in the European Galileo positioning system project? Question: In 2003, what was the planned purpose of the BeiDou navigation system? Question: When did China join the Galileo project? Question: When was China Galileo Industries (CGI) founded? Question: Who said in 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its involvement in the Galileo project?
BeiDou-1 is an experimental regional navigation system, which consists of four satellites (three working satellites and one backup satellite). The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each.

Question: What is the BeiDou-1? Question: The BeiDou-1 is made up of how may satellites? Question: How many satellites in the BeiDou-1 system is used for back up? Question: What were the BeiDou-1 system satellites based on? Question: How much did each satellite for the BeiDou-1 system weigh?
Unlike the American GPS, Russian GLONASS, and European Galileo systems, which use medium Earth orbit satellites, BeiDou-1 uses satellites in geostationary orbit. This means that the system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible. The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70°E to 140°E and from latitude 5°N to 55°N. A frequency of the system is 2491.75 MHz.

Question: What type of satellites does the American GPS system use? Question: What type of satellites does the BeiDou-1 system use? Question: What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1 system using stallites in geostationary orbit? Question: What service area is covered by the BeiDou-1 system? Question: What is the frequency of the BeiDou-1 system?
The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on October 31, 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on December 21, 2000. The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on May 25, 2003.

Question: What was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called? Question: When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched? Question: What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called? Question: When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched? Question: When was the last satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?
In 2007, the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metres. With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20m (100m, uncalibrated).

Question: Who reported the resolution of the BeiDou system in 2007? Question: In 2007, what was the reported resolution of the BeiDou system? Question: What is the calibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system? Question: What is the uncalibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?
In 2008, a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929), almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal. The price of the terminals was explained as being due to the cost of imported microchips. At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of November 2009 in Shenzhen, a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥3,000RMB was presented.

Question: How much did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost in 2008? Question: How much more did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost than a current GPS terminal? Question: Why is a BeiDou-1 ground terminal so expensive? Question: Where was the ELEXCON fair held in 2009? Question: What was presented at the ELEXCON fair in 2009?
According to Sun Jiadong, the chief designer of the navigation system, "Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much."

Question: Who is the chief designer of the BeiDou navigation system? Question: Who is Sun Jiadong? Question: What did Sun Jiadong have to say about the BeiDou navigation system?
BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new system will be a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in medium Earth orbit and 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit), that will offer complete coverage of the globe.

Question: What was the BeiDou-2 system previously known as? Question: How may satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have? Question: How many geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have? Question: What is the purpose of the geostationary orbit satellites in the BeiDou-2 system? Question: How many non-geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?
The ranging signals are based on the CDMA principle and have complex structure typical of Galileo or modernized GPS. Similar to the other GNSS, there will be two levels of positioning service: open and restricted (military). The public service shall be available globally to general users. When all the currently planned GNSS systems are deployed, the users will benefit from the use of a total constellation of 75+ satellites, which will significantly improve all the aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in so-called urban canyons. The general designer of the COMPASS navigation system is Sun Jiadong, who is also the general designer of its predecessor, the original BeiDou navigation system.

Question: What are the ranging signals of the BeiDou system based on? Question: What positioning levels will the BeiDou system offer? Question: Where will the public service for the BeiDou system be available? Question: How many satellites will the COMPASS navigation system use? Question: Who designed the COMPASS navigation system?
There are two levels of service provided — a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan.

Question: What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system? Question: What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians? Question: What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military? Question: What is something the licensed military service can be used for? Question: As of right now, who uses the licensed military service?
Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Question: How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use? Question: What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called? Question: Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system? Question: Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service? Question: According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?
Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver.

Question: How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release? Question: What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do? Question: What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?
Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.

Question: What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite? Question: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launched? Question: The purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite is similar to the purpose of what other satellite? Question: What is the altitude of the Compass-M1 satellite? Question: What is the inclination of the Compass-M1 satellite?
Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

Question: What frequency bands does Compass-M1 transmit in? Question: What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by  Compass-M1? Question: What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as? Question: What is the intended purpose of the "I" component? Question: What is the intended purpose of the "Q" component?
The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

Question: When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin? Question: What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007? Question: Who reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components? Question: Who built the COMPASS receiver? Question: What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?
Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table.

Question: What is the difference between the "I" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?
In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

Question: When did the Compass system begin operation on a trial bases? Question: When did the Compass system begin offering navigation, positioning and timing data to China and nearby locations? Question: What will improve the positioning accuracy of the Compass system? Question: Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the location accuracy promised to users? Question: Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the speed promised to users?
The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N.

Question: Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012? Question: When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services? Question: At the time when BeiDou-2 system began offering services, what was the positioning data the system was able to provide?
In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.

Question: When did the Beidou system begin operating in China? Question: When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished? Question: As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system? Question: Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?
The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

Question: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced? Question: How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011? Question: What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011? Question: How many satellites were launched since 2007?
In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system.

Question: When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage? Question: How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?
On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

Question: When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched? Question: Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from? Question: What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with? Question: What is the Expedition-1?
The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready.

Question: How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling? Question: What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites? Question: What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?
Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

Question: What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church? Question: In what type of religion are canon laws applicable? Question: Which institutions make up the Catholic Church? Question: What body was first responsible for creating canon? Question: What does canon law consist of?
Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").

Question: What is the Greek term for canon? Question: What is the Arabic term meaning canon? Question: What is the Hebrew term for canon? Question: What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew? Question: Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?
The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

Question: What is another term for Apostolic Canons? Question: How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church? Question: How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church? Question: When was the First Council of Nicaea held? Question: What is the Greek definition of κανὠν?
In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.

Question: What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism? Question: Who enforces canon law in Catholicism? Question: What does management of canon law aim to regulate? Question: What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?
The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:

Question: Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff? Question: How many major rites exist? Question: What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff? Question: What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church? Question: Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?
In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

Question: What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law? Question: What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law? Question: What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader? Question: What is the pope's official title? Question: What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?
The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

Question: What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe? Question: What is a legal system older than Catholic law? Question: What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem? Question: When was the Council of Jerusalem held? Question: Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?
The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).

Question: Which period followed the jus antiquum? Question: What is the most recent era of Latin canon law? Question: What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?
The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.

Question: In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west? Question: What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches? Question: What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches? Question: When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted? Question: Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?