derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike. In the 2nd century, as part of the earliest anti-Christian polemics, Celsus suggested that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera. The views of Celsus drew responses from Origen, the Church Father in Alexandria, Egypt, who considered it a fabricated story. How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion.

Question: For what purpose did detractors use the idea of Mary's virginity and the virgin conception of Jesus? Question: In which century did Celsus suggest that Jesus' father was a Roman soldier? Question: Who suggested that Jesus was the son of a Roman soldier? Question: What was the name of the Roman soldier said by Celsus to be the father of Jesus? Question: Origen was a Church Father in which Egyptian city?
Mary had been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches believe that Mary, as Mother of Jesus, is the Mother of God and the Theotokos, literally "Giver of birth to God". There is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas; namely her status as the mother of God; her Immaculate Conception; her perpetual virginity; and her Assumption into heaven. Many Protestants minimize Mary's role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary (Maryam) also has a revered position in Islam, where a whole chapter of the Qur'an is devoted to her, also describing the birth of Jesus.

Question: Which two Protestant churches, along with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, believe that Mary is the Mother of God? Question: What is the literal meaning of Theotokos? Question: Which branch of Christianity gives a diminished role to Mary? Question: What is the basis for Mary's diminished role in Protestantism? Question: What is Mary called in Islam?
Mary resided in "her own house"[Lk.1:56] in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal — the first stage of a Jewish marriage — the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and she responded, "I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word." After a number of months, when Joseph was told of her conception in a dream by "an angel of the Lord", he planned to divorce her; but the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites.[Mt 1:18-25]

Question: Where did Mary live when she was visited by the angel Gabriel? Question: What is the first stage of Jewish marriage? Question: Which angel announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah? Question: In his dream, who told Joseph about Mary's conception? Question: What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary's coneption in a dream?
The Virgin birth of Jesus was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century. It is included in the two most widely used Christian creeds, which state that Jesus "was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary" (the Nicene Creed in what is now its familiar form) and the Apostles' Creed. The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14, mistranslating the Hebrew word alma ("young woman") in Isaiah 7:14 as "virgin", though.[citation needed] The authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus' conception not the result of intercourse and assert that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' birth.[Mt 1:18] [Mt 1:25] [Lk 1:34] This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit, and not through intercourse with Joseph or anyone else.

Question: Until which century was the Virgin birth of Jesus held almost universally among Christians? Question: Along with the Nicene Creed, which other Christian creed asserts the Virgin birth of Jesus? Question: Which Gospel says that Mary fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah? Question: What Hebrew word is used to describe Mary in Isaiah 7:14? Question: Which verse in Luke states that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' birth?
In the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title "Blessed", (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek μακάριος, makarios and Latin facere, make) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, they are answered by God. The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are: Mother of God, Perpetual virginity of Mary, Immaculate Conception (of Mary) and Assumption of Mary.

Question: What title is given to Mary in the Catholic Church? Question: What is the Latin word from which Mary's title of Blessed is derived? Question: How many Catholic dogmas are there regarding Mary? Question: Along with Mother of God, Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary, what is the other Catholic dogma related to Mary?
The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological, rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists (i.e. standing hymns) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn. Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary. The Sunday of Orthodoxy directly links the Virgin Mary's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration. A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos.

Question: What are Akathists? Question: What is name of the Orthodox hymn devoted to Mary? Question: How many of the Orthodox Great Feasts dedicated to Mary? Question: Which event on the Orthodox calendar is related to Mary and icon veneration?
Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as "God-bearer" (Theotokos) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple. This feast is called in older prayer books the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 2. The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on March 25 was from before the time of Bede until the 18th century New Year's Day in England. The Annunciation is called the "Annunciation of our Lady" in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. Anglicans also celebrate in the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin on 31 May, though in some provinces the traditional date of July 2 is kept. The feast of the St. Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption, August 15. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin is kept on September 8.

Question: What is another name for the feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple in the Anglican Communion? Question: On what date is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple celebrated by Anglicans? Question: On what day was the Annunciation tradtionally celebrated in England until the 18th century? Question: What is the name given to the Annunciation in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer? Question: On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin?
Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints.:1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus, but was an ordinary woman devoted to God. Therefore, there is virtually no Marian veneration, Marian feasts, Marian pilgrimages, Marian art, Marian music or Marian spirituality in today's Protestant communities. Within these views, Roman Catholic beliefs and practices are at times rejected, e.g., theologian Karl Barth wrote that "the heresy of the Catholic Church is its Mariology".

Question: Protestants reject what practices in relation to the Saints? Question: Protestants hold that Mary had what relationship to Jesus? Question: Protestants describe Mary as devoted to whom? Question: Which theologian described Mariology as "the heresy of the Catholic Church?"
The statement that Joseph "knew her not till she brought forth her first born son" (Matthew 1:25 DouayRheims) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos (i.e., until) denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus. According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as parthenos, which only means virgin, in Isaiah 7:14, which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23. While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus's father.

Question: What is the meaning of the Greek word "heos?" Question: What is the English tranlation of the Greek word "parthenos?" Question: Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14? Question: Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prohecy of the Virgin Mary? Question: Which Gospel writer provided a version of the virgin birth that was different than Matthew's?
The hagiography of Mary and the Holy Family can be contrasted with other material in the Gospels. These references include an incident which can be interpreted as Jesus rejecting his family in the New Testament: "And his mother and his brothers arrived, and standing outside, they sent in a message asking for him ... And looking at those who sat in a circle around him, Jesus said, 'These are my mother and my brothers. Whoever does the will of God is my brother, and sister, and mother'."[3:31-35] Other verses suggest a conflict between Jesus and his family, including an attempt to have Jesus restrained because "he is out of his mind", and the famous quote: "A prophet is not without honor except in his own town, among his relatives and in his own home." A leading Biblical scholar commented: "there are clear signs not only that Jesus's family rejected his message during his public ministry but that he in turn spurned them publicly".

Question: Who did Jesus say were his "brother, and sister, and mother?" Question: According to Jesus, who is "without honor except in his own town?" Question: What do some Biblical scholars claim that Jesus' family did with his message during his ministry?
Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as "superior to all created beings" and "ceaselessly pray for her intercession". However, she is not considered a "substitute for the One Mediator" who is Christ. "Let Mary be in honor, but let worship be given to the Lord", he wrote. Similarly, Catholics do not worship Mary as a divine being, but rather "hyper-venerate" her. In Roman Catholic theology, the term hyperdulia is reserved for Marian veneration, latria for the worship of God, and dulia for the veneration of other saints and angels. The definition of the three level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia goes back to the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.

Question: Which theologian wrote that Mary is considered to be "superior to all created beings," but is not to be the object of worhip? Question: What is the term used for veneration of Mary in Roman Catholic theology? Question: What is the Roman Catholic term used to denote the worship of God? Question: Who is venerated in the Roman Catholic practice of dulia? Question: In what year was the hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia established?
Mary is referred to by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Anglican Church, and all Eastern Catholic Churches as Theotokos, a title recognized at the Third Ecumenical Council (held at Ephesus to address the teachings of Nestorius, in 431). Theotokos (and its Latin equivalents, "Deipara" and "Dei genetrix") literally means "Godbearer". The equivalent phrase "Mater Dei" (Mother of God) is more common in Latin and so also in the other languages used in the Western Catholic Church, but this same phrase in Greek (Μήτηρ Θεοῦ), in the abbreviated form of the first and last letter of the two words (ΜΡ ΘΥ), is the indication attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers "did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God".

Question: Whose teachings were addressed at the Third Ecumenical Council? Question: In what year did the Third Ecumenical Council occur in Ephesus? Question: What are the two Latin equivalents of the Greek term "Theokotos?" Question: What is the literal translation of Theokotos? Question: What does the phrase "Mater Dei" mean?
Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary, as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church has a liturgical feast by that name, kept on December 8. Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin (the Greek term corresponding to the Latin "original sin") differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Roman Catholic Church.

Question: Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary? Question: In what year did Pope Pius IX make his Ex Cathedra proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary? Question: According to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, where was Mary when she first become filled with grace? Question: On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church? Question: What is the Greek term that means the same thing as "original sin?"
The Protoevangelium of James, an extra-canonical book, has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary. The account of Mary's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three. The High Priest Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations. Zachariah placed Mary on the third step of the altar, whereby God gave her grace. While in the temple, Mary was miraculously fed by an angel, until she was twelve years old. At that point an angel told Zachariah to betroth Mary to a widower in Israel, who would be indicated. This story provides the theme of many hymns for the Feast of Presentation of Mary, and icons of the feast depict the story. The Orthodox believe that Mary was instrumental in the growth of Christianity during the life of Jesus, and after his Crucifixion, and Orthodox Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote: "The Virgin Mary is the center, invisible, but real, of the Apostolic Church."

Question: What book is considered to be the source of many Orthodox beliefs regarding Mary? Question: At what age was Mary consecrated? Question: Which priest officiated at Mary's consecration? Question: While Mary lived in the temple, who was said to have fed her?
In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan. According to author Shabbir Akhtar, the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic. "O People of the Book! Do not go beyond the bounds in your religion, and do not say anything of Allah but the truth. The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was but a Messenger of God, and a Word of His (Power) which He conveyed to Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah (as the One, Unique God), and His Messengers (including Jesus, as Messenger); and do not say: (Allah is one of) a trinity. Give up (this assertion) â€" (it is) for your own good (to do so). Allah is but One Allah ; All-Glorified He is in that He is absolutely above having a son. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah suffices as the One to be relied on, to Whom affairs should be referred." Quran 4/171

Question: Which religion believes that God put a veil between Satan and Mary? Question: What term is used to refer to Christains by author Shabbir Akhtar? Question: According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold? Question: Who does the Islamic religion hold to be the One, Unique God?
The issue of the parentage of Jesus in the Talmud affects also the view of his mother. However the Talmud does not mention Mary by name and is considerate rather than only polemic. The story about Panthera is also found in the Toledot Yeshu, the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century, it is far too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus. The Blackwell Companion to Jesus states that the Toledot Yeshu has no historical facts as such, and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity. The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term parthenos (virgin) and Raymond E. Brown considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus which includes very little historical evidence. Robert Van Voorst states that given that Toledot Yeshu is a medieval document and due to its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience, it is "most unlikely" to have reliable historical information.

Question: Where in Jewish literature is the story about Panthera found? Question: According to the Blackwell Companion to Jesus, for what purpose was the Toledot Yeshu written? Question: What is the meaning of the term "parthenos?" Question: What event does Raymond E. Brown believe the Toledot Yeshu describes? Question: During what historical period was the Toledot Yeshu written?
The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport), which is the second busiest in Australia, and the Port of Melbourne is Australia's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo. Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station. Melbourne is also home to Australia's most extensive freeway network and has the world's largest urban tram network.

Question: What is the second busiest airport in Australia? Question: What airport serves Melbourne? Question: What passenger airport serves Melbourne? Question: Which airport is the second busiest in Australia? Question: What is another name Melbourne Airport is called? Question: What is another name for Melborne Airport? Question: What is Australia's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo? Question: What is the busiest seaport in Melbourne? Question: Which port in Melborne is the busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo? Question: What is Melbourne's main metropolitan train terminus called? Question: What is the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne? Question: What is the name of the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne? Question: What is Melborne's main metropolitan train terminus? Question: What is Melbourne's main regional train and coach terminus called? Question: What is the main regional train and coach terminus in Melbourne? Question: What is the name of the coach terminus in Melbourne? Question: What city is known to be home to Australia's most extensive freeway network? Question: Where is the world's largest urban tram network located? Question: What country has the world's largest urban tram network? Question: Who has the most extensive freeway network?
Between 1836 and 1842 Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed[by whom?] of their land. By January 1844, there were said to be 675 Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne. The British Colonial Office appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria, in 1839, however their work was nullified by a land policy that favoured squatters to take possession of Aboriginal lands. By 1845, fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans held all the pastoral licences then issued in Victoria and became a powerful political and economic force in Victoria for generations to come.

Question: Between what year's did Victorian aboriginal groups dispossessed? Question: During what years were Victorian Aboriginal groups largely displaced from their land? Question: In 1844 how many Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne? Question: How many Aborigines were said to be resident in squalid camps in Melbourne in January 1844? Question: Who appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria in 1839? Question: How many Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria were appointed in 1839? Question: By what year did fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans hold all the pastoral licenses? Question: Who were the people that were power political and economic force in Victoria in 1845?
With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne and spreading out across the suburbs and into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands.

Question: When was the gold rush over in Melbourne? Question: By what year was the gold rush largely over? Question: How did Melbourne grow as major port for exporting the agricultural products? Question: What was protected by high tarriffs? Question: What was one of the major agricultural products of Victoria around 1860? Question: The Aboriginal population declined by what estimated percentage by 1863? Question: What were some of the reasons the Aboriginal population continued to recline? Question: In 1863, why was Aboriginal population declining? Question: Which disease in particular caused the Aboriginal population to continue a decline?