derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British "returned" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic.

Question: In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia? Question: Along with the Haud, what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British? Question: The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader? Question: In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia? Question: What people constituted almost the entire population of the Northern Frontier District?
A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977–1991).

Question: What was Djibouti called in 1958? Question: In what year did Somalia become independent? Question: What was Mahmoud Harbi's title? Question: When did Djibouti achieve independence? Question: Who was the first president of Djibouti?
British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as the President of the Somali Republic and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become President from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, the people of Somalia ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Egal would later become the President of the autonomous Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia.

Question: On what date did British Somaliland gain independence? Question: What was British Somaliland known as upon achieving independence? Question: What state formed the Somali Republic with British Somaliland? Question: On what date did the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland unite? Question: Who was the first President of the Somali Republic?
On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army.

Question: On what date was Abdirashid Ali Shermarke assassinated? Question: Who assassinated Abdirashid Ali Shermarke? Question: On what day, the day after the funeral of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, did a coup occur? Question: What was Mohamed Siad Barre's rank? Question: Who was the commander of the army when the coup occurred?
Alongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.

Question: What was the military rank of Salaad Gabeyre Kediye? Question: Along with Jama Korshel, who led the Supreme Revolutionary Council? Question: What was Jama Korshel's title? Question: What name did the Supreme Revolutionary Council give to Somalia? Question: Along with dissolving the Supreme Court and parliament, what action did the Supreme Revolutionary Council take?
The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League (AL) in 1974. That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union (AU).

Question: What rate did the new government's programs significantly increase? Question: What did the new government nationalize along with land? Question: What international body did the new government join? Question: In what year did the new government enter the Arab League? Question: What organization would the Organization of African Unity later become?
Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other.

Question: Along with Kenya, Djibouti and Somalia, in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live? Question: In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found? Question: What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country? Question: What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union, Cuba and Ethiopia? Question: Along with the Soviet Union, what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia?
According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of Ethiopians, Sudanese, Egyptians, Berbers, North African Arabs, as well as many Mediterranean populations. Sanchez et al. (2005) observed the M78 subclade of E1b1b in about 77% of their Somali male samples. According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from Egypt/Libya. After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroup among Somalis is the West Asian haplogroup T (M70). It is observed in slightly more than 10% of Somali males. Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among populations of Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Near East and the Mediterranean.

Question: In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity? Question: What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to? Question: What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis? Question: What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b? Question: Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated?
According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family:

Question: Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005? Question: When did Richards publish his mtDNA research? Question: Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup? Question: On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated? Question: What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?
According to an autosomal DNA study by Hodgson et al. (2014), the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population(s) carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component, which the researchers dub the "Ethio-Somali". This Ethio-Somali component is today most common among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in the Horn of Africa. It reaches a frequency peak among ethnic Somalis, representing the majority of their ancestry. The Ethio-Somali component is most closely related to the Maghrebi non-African genetic component, and is believed to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries at least 23,000 years ago. On this basis, the researchers suggest that the original Ethio-Somali carrying population(s) probably arrived in the pre-agricultural period from the Near East, having crossed over into northeastern Africa via the Sinai Peninsula. The population then likely split into two branches, with one group heading westward toward the Maghreb and the other moving south into the Horn.

Question: When did Hodgson publish his DNA study? Question: According to Hodgson, what ancestral people spread the Afro-Asiatic languages? Question: According to Hodgson, what people is mostly descended from Ethio-Somalis? Question: According to Hodgson, how long ago did the Ethio-Somalis diverge from other non-African ancestries? Question: According to Hodgson, where did the Ethio-Somalis originate?
The analysis of HLA antigens has also helped clarify the possible background of the Somali people, as the distribution of haplotype frequencies vary among population groups. According to Mohamoud et al. (2006):

Question: In what year did Mahamoud publish his research?
The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination.

Question: In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located? Question: From whom were the early Muslims fleeing? Question: Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong? Question: What is the majority religion in Somalia? Question: A small minority of Somalis belong to what branch of Islam?
Qur'anic schools (also known as dugsi) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Qur'anic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to other educational sub-sectors, is oftentimes the only system accessible to Somalis in nomadic as compared to urban areas. A study from 1993 found, among other things, that "unlike in primary schools where gender disparity is enormous, around 40 per cent of Qur'anic school pupils are girls; but the teaching staff have minimum or no qualification necessary to ensure intellectual development of children." To address these concerns, the Somali government on its own part subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, under which Qur'anic education is now regulated.

Question: What is another name for a Qur'anic school? Question: What percentage of students at Qur'anic schools are female? Question: What government body regulates Qur'anic education?
In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia, to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts, or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque, which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities.

Question: Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis? Question: Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising? Question: Along with floods, what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising? Question: What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis?
In addition, the Somali community has produced numerous important Muslim figures over the centuries, many of whom have significantly shaped the course of Islamic learning and practice in the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and well beyond.

Question: Along with the Horn of Africa, what is a notable location where Somali Islamic figures have been influential?
The clan groupings of the Somali people are important social units, and clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. The tombs of the founders of the Darod, Dir and Isaaq major clans as well as the Abgaal sub-clan of the Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia. Tradition holds this general area as an ancestral homeland of the Somali people.

Question: What is a basic social unit of Somali society? Question: Of what clan is the Abgaal a sub-clan? Question: In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located?
Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family (Majerteen 2, Ogaden 1).

Question: What practice is often used to bind different clans together? Question: According to a recent study, how many Dhulbahante men married women of a different Dhulbahante sub-clan? Question: According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan? Question: What percentage of Dhulbahante men married women of the Majerteen or Ogaden? Question: To what clan family do the Ogaden belong?
In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce and the exclusive right to control by each spouse over his or her personal property.

Question: What was the official name of the country in which the 1975 Somali Family Law was passed? Question: What law gave Somali husbands and wives equal rights over personal property? Question: In addition to giving spouses equal rights over their personal property during marriage, what did the Somali Family Law give them?
Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants. They are traditionally nomads, but since the late 20th century, many have moved to urban areas. While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper, large numbers also live in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Yemen, the Middle East, South Asia and Europe due to their seafaring tradition.

Question: What is the biggest ethnic group in Somalia? Question: What percentage of Somalians are ethnic Somalis? Question: During what century did the nomad lifestyle decline among Somalis? Question: Along with Djibouti and Ethiopia, in what African country outside Somalia can Somalis be found? Question: Why do many Somalis live in South Asia and Europe?
Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America. In Canada, the cities of Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Hamilton all harbor Somali populations. Statistics Canada's 2006 census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada.

Question: What led to an increase in the number of Somalis leaving the country? Question: Along with the Middle East and North America, to what continent did the Somali diaspora go in the 1990s? Question: Along with Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipeg, Hamilton and Vancouver, what Canadian city has a significant Somali population? Question: As of 2006, where did Somalis rank in terms of population by ethnicity in Canada?
While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Leicester, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population. There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden: 57,906 (2014); the Netherlands: 37,432 (2014); Norway: 38,413 (2015); Denmark: 18,645 (2014); and Finland: 16,721 (2014).

Question: About how many Somalis live in the UK? Question: What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London? Question: As of 2014, how many Somalis lived in Sweden? Question: In 2014, how many Somalis resided in Norway? Question: How many Somalis lived in Finland as of 2014?
In the United States, Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Columbus, San Diego, Seattle, Washington, D.C., Houston, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Portland, Denver, Nashville, Green Bay, Lewiston, Portland, Maine and Cedar Rapids have the largest Somali populations.

Question: What country is Cedar Rapids located in?
An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of Minnesota some ten years ago and the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and Saint Paul) now have the highest population of Somalis in North America. The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products, including leather shoes, jewelry and other fashion items, halal meat, and hawala or money transfer services. Community-based video rental stores likewise carry the latest Somali films and music. The number of Somalis has especially surged in the Cedar-Riverside area of Minneapolis.

Question: About how many Somalis moved to Minnesota ten years ago? Question: Along with Saint Paul, what city constitutes the Twin Cities? Question: What sort of meat is sold in Somali businesses in Minneapolis? Question: What is hawala? Question: What area of Minneapolis contains a notable number of Somalis?
There is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira, the Dubai city centre, with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large. Internet cafés, hotels, coffee shops, restaurants and import-export businesses are all testimony to the Somalis' entrepreneurial spirit. Star African Air is also one of three Somali-owned airlines which are based in Dubai.

Question: In what Middle Eastern country is there a notable Somali population? Question: What is another name for the city center of Dubai? Question: People of what nationality export more products from Dubai than Somalis? Question: What is the name of an airline owned by Dubai-based Somalis? Question: How many Dubai-based airlines are owned by Somalis?
Besides their traditional areas of inhabitation in Greater Somalia, a Somali community mainly consisting of entrepreneurs, academics, and students also exists in Egypt. In addition, there is an historical Somali community in the general Sudan area. Primarily concentrated in the north and Khartoum, the expatriate community mainly consists of students as well as some businesspeople. More recently, Somali entrepreneurs have established themselves in Kenya, investing over $1.5 billion in the Somali enclave of Eastleigh alone. In South Africa, Somali businesspeople also provide most of the retail trade in informal settlements around the Western Cape province.

Question: In what geographical portion of Sudan do some Somalis live? Question: Near what city in Sudan do many Somalis reside? Question: Along with businesspeople, what sort of Somalis live in Sudan? Question: In what Somali enclave in Kenya have Somalis invested over $1.5 billion? Question: In what province of South Africa do Somalis congregate?
The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.

Question: Among the Cushitic languages, which is the most well-documented? Question: What branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family does the Somali language belong to? Question: What language family does the Somali language belong to? Question: Along with Saho, what language is closely related to Somali? Question: Before what year did studies on the Somali language exist?