derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form.[note 6]

Question: What areas within Greater London have city status? Question: For what reason are the City of London and Greater London considered to be counties? Question: What title regarding London has never been made official in law or by decree?
Greater London encompasses a total area of 1,583 square kilometres (611 sq mi), an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 8,382 square kilometres (3,236 sq mi) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 1,510 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,900/sq mi). Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.

Question: What was the population density of Greater London in 2001? Question: What is the population of the London Metropolitan Region? Question: What is the main geographical landmark in London? Question: In which direction does the River Thames run through the City of London? Question: In the past, how much wider was the River Thames than it is today?
Summers are generally warm and sometimes hot. London's average July high is 24 °C (75.2 °F). On average London will see 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) each year, and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) every year. During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 2 consecutive days where temperatures reached 38 °C (100.4 °F), leading to hundreds of heat related deaths. Winters are generally cool and damp with little temperature variation. Snowfall does occur from time to time, and can cause travel disruption when this happens. Spring and autumn are mixed seasons and can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect, making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. The effect of this can be seen below when comparing London Heathrow, 15 miles west of London, with the London Weather Centre, in the city centre.

Question: What is London's average high temperature in July? Question: Approximately how many days in a given year will London experience temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius (or 77 degrees Farenheit? Question: What occasional weather event causes problems for drivers in London? Question: What phenomenon causes the center of London to be warmer than its suburbs? Question: How far from the center of London is London Heathrow Airport?
London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the City. Further out is, for example, the Tudor period Hampton Court Palace, England's oldest surviving Tudor palace, built by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey c.1515.

Question: What, in part, is the reason for London's lack of a singularly characteristic architectural style among its buildings? Question: Of what material is London's National Gallery made? Question: The area west of London's city is characterized by what type of building? Question: When did the Great Fire of London occur? Question: What is England's oldest standing palace from the Tudor period?
The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick built, most commonly the yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety, often decorated with carvings and white plaster mouldings.

Question: The Monument, located in the City of London, was erected to commemorate what event? Question: Where are Marble Arch and Wellington Arch located? Question: Where in London are the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall located? Question: What famous monument is located in Trafalgar Square? Question: What was the most common type of brick used to construct London's older buildings?
In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Axe, Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings. Nevertheless, there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the European Union.

Question: Most of London's skyscrapers are located where? Question: What are the financial districts of London known as? Question: High-rise buildings may be restricted to prevent obstruction of what views? Question: How high does the Shard London Bridge rise? Question: What is the European Union's tallest building?
The London Natural History Society suggest that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40 percent green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish. They also state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two National Nature Reserves and 76 Local Nature Reserves.

Question: Green space and open water comprises what percent of London? Question: How many different species of plant life are known to grow in London? Question: How many species of fish live in the River Thames? Question: The London Natural History Society has document how many species of butterfly? Question: How many National Nature Reserves exist in the London area?
Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres) of London. These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins, sharing the pavement with pedestrians and raising cubs in people's backyards. Foxes have even sneaked into the Houses of Parliament, where one was found asleep on a filing cabinet. Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace, reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos. Generally, however, foxes and city folk appear to get along. A survey in 2001 by the London-based Mammal Society found that 80 percent of 3,779 respondents who volunteered to keep a diary of garden mammal visits liked having them around. This sample cannot be taken to represent Londoners as a whole.

Question: Approximately how many foxes live in the City of London? Question: What animal was seen sleeping in London's Parliament Building? Question: What is London's fox population density? Question: What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds? Question: In 2001, what organization conducted a survey of residents regarding London's fox population?
Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehogs, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and squirrels, In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found including hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to fox, squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city. Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius and common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's and leisler's.

Question: What animal was found dead at the Highway in Wapping, near the Tower Bridge? Question: It appears that otters may be returning to the city of London after how long an absence? Question: Epping Forest is home for how many species of bats? Question: How many species of bats exist in England?
Herds of red and fallow deer also roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained. Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of melanistic, black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer, which escaped from deer parks at the turn of the twentieth century, are also found in the forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole herds of fallow and white-tailed deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of the London's green spaces.

Question: Bushy Park in Richmond is home to what herds of animals? Question: When do culls to ensure sustainability of London's deer population occur? Question: What rare breed of deer is protected at the Deer Sanctuary at Theydon Bois? Question: Why are herds of deer starting to enter residential areas in London?
The 2011 census recorded that 2,998,264 people or 36.7% of London's population are foreign-born making London the city with the second largest immigrant population, behind New York City, in terms of absolute numbers. The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents. Note that some of the German-born population, in 18th position, are British citizens from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War, but had declined to 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. However, the population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, to reach 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.

Question: What percentage of London residents are foreign-born? Question: London is second only to what city in terms of its foreign population? Question: Many German-born Londoners were British citizens by birth due to what? Question: When did London see its highest population numbers? Question: What was London's estimated population at the time of the 2011 census?
The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres (610 sq mi). The population density is 5,177 inhabitants per square kilometre (13,410/sq mi), more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region in the world. As of 2014[update], London has the largest number of billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the world, with 72 residing in the city. London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.

Question: Where does London rank in terms of the world's largest cities? Question: About how many billionaires call London home? Question: With which two other cities is London named one of the most expensive in the world?
Across London, Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools. Altogether at the 2011 census, of London's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15, 46.4 per cent were White, 19.8 per cent were Asian, 19 per cent were Black, 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group. In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, in 2010[update], London's foreign-born population was 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up from 1,630,000 in 1997.

Question: What is the ratio of black and Asian schoolchildren to white schoolchildren? Question: What was the approximate population of London children aged 0 to 15 years at the time of the 2011 census? Question: The 2011 census in London found what percentage of children to be white? Question: According to the 2011 London census, what percentage of children were black? Question: A 2005 survey indicated that how many communities comprised of non-indigenous people existed in London?
The 2011 census showed that 36.7 per cent of Greater London's population were born outside the UK. The table to the right shows the 30 most common countries of birth of London residents in 2011, the date of the last published UK Census. A portion of the German-born population are likely to be British nationals born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. Estimates produced by the Office for National Statistics indicate that the five largest foreign-born groups living in London in the period July 2009 to June 2010 were those born in India, Poland, the Republic of Ireland, Bangladesh and Nigeria.

Question: When was the most recent UK census published? Question: What percentage of the Greater London population was said to be foreign-born according to the 2011 census? Question: What agency is responsible for compiling London's population data?
London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Jewish communities. Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park and the Baitul Futuh Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Following the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Hindus and Middle-Eastern Muslims have based themselves around Mayfair and Knightsbridge in West London. There are large Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham. Large Hindu communities are in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter of which is home to Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple. London is also home to 42 Hindu temples. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.

Question: Where is the East London Mosque located? Question: Which eastern boroughs host large Muslim populations? Question: What is the name of the largest Hindu temple in Europe? Question: How many Hindu temples exist in London? Question: Where is London's Sikh population primarily located?
The majority of British Jews live in London, with significant Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware in North London. Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the only synagogue in Europe which has held regular services continuously for over 300 years. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in the whole of Europe, overtaking Ilford synagogue (also in London) in 1998. The community set up the London Jewish Forum in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.

Question: The Sephardic Jewish community in London is affiliated with which Synagogue? Question: For how long has the Bevis Marks Synagogue in London been conducting religious services continuously? Question: Which Jewish synagogue boasts the largest membership in Europe? Question: London's Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue passed London's Ilford Synagogue in terms of membership in what year? Question: When was the London Jewish Forum established?
There are many accents that are traditionally thought of as London accents. The most well known of the London accents long ago acquired the Cockney label, which is heard both in London itself, and across the wider South East England region more generally. The accent of a 21st-century 'Londoner' varies widely; what is becoming more and more common amongst the under-30s however is some fusion of Cockney with a whole array of 'ethnic' accents, in particular Caribbean, which form an accent labelled Multicultural London English (MLE). The other widely heard and spoken accent is RP (Received Pronunciation) in various forms, which can often be heard in the media and many of other traditional professions and beyond, although this accent is not limited to London and South East England, and can also be heard selectively throughout the whole UK amongst certain social groupings.

Question: What is the best-known London accent known as? Question: Outside of London, where is the Cockney accent typically heard? Question: An increasingly popular London accent among younger people fuses Cockney with what? Question: What style of accent in London is commonly used by media and other professionals?
London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. Around 325,000 people were employed in financial services in London until mid-2007. London has over 480 overseas banks, more than any other city in the world. Over 85 percent (3.2 million) of the employed population of greater London works in the services industries. Because of its prominent global role, London's economy had been affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis. However, by 2010 the City has recovered; put in place new regulatory powers, proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London's economic dominance. The City of London is home to the Bank of England, London Stock Exchange, and Lloyd's of London insurance market.

Question: What is the largest industry in London? Question: Prior to mid-2007, approximately how many people in London had jobs in the financial sector? Question: How many banks does London operate overseas? Question: What is the UK's central bank known as? Question: What is the name of the world-famous insurance market based in London?
Along with professional services, media companies are concentrated in London and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector. The BBC is a significant employer, while other broadcasters also have headquarters around the City. Many national newspapers are edited in London. London is a major retail centre and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world, with a total spend of around £64.2 billion. The Port of London is the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year.

Question: What is London's second most competitive industry? Question: What corporation is the major player in London's media distribution industry? Question: Approximately how much was spent on non-food retail sales in London in 2010? Question: What is the second largest port in the UK? Question: How much cargo does the Port of London handle annually?
London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits. It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion in 2015 Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in 2003, and the city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spend in UK. As of 2016 London is rated as the world top ranked city destination by TripAdvisor users.

Question: According to 2015 data, how many how many visitors gave London its ranking as the number one visited city in the world? Question: How many US dollars are estimated to have been spent in London by visitors from other countries? Question: As of 2003, roughly how many full time workers were employed in the tourism industry? Question: What percentage of visitor money is estimated to be spent in London? Question: Which travel and tourism website's user activity has indicated that London is the number one travel destination?
Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London, however the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL) and is one of the most extensive in the world.

Question: Which elected official is financially responsible for public transportation in London, except for long-distance railways? Question: Along with the London Underground, buses and trans, what form of public rail transport was added in 2007 to the Mayor's responsibilities? Question: London's public transportation is overseen by which agency?
London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world. Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. London Heathrow Airport, in Hillingdon, West London, is the busiest airport in the world for international traffic, and is the major hub of the nation's flag carrier, British Airways. In March 2008 its fifth terminal was opened. There were plans for a third runway and a sixth terminal; however, these were cancelled by the Coalition Government on 12 May 2010.

Question: How many airports are affiliated with London and incorporate the word London in their names? Question: The majority of air traffic utilizes how many of the airports in and around London? Question: In terms of international travel, which airport is the world's busiest? Question: A fifth terminal was opened in 2008 for which UK airline? Question: In May 2010, who scrapped British Airways's plans to add a sixth terminal and another runway?
Stansted Airport, north east of London in Essex, is a local UK hub and Luton Airport to the north of London in Bedfordshire, caters mostly for cheap short-haul flights. London City Airport, the smallest and most central airport, in Newham, East London, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic. London Southend Airport, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights.

Question: Which local UK airport hub is located in Essex? Question: What is the smallest airport in the London area? Question: Where is London City Airport located? Question: London City Airport's clients are comprised chiefly of what? Question: London Southend Airport in Essex offers primarily what type of service?