derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instruments with strings included the harpsichord and the virginal. Percussion instruments include the triangle, the Jew's harp, the tambourine, the bells, the rumble-pot, and various kinds of drums. Woodwind instruments included the double reed shawm, the reed pipe, the bagpipe, the transverse flute and the recorder.

Question: Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era? Question: Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument? Question: The virginal is what type of instrument? Question: The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument? Question: The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument?
Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms (such as the madrigal) for their own designs. Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody, the madrigal comedy, and the intermedio are seen.

Question: Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what? Question: What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period? Question: Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what?
Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g, the cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings included the violin, viol, viola, viola d'amore, cello, contrabass, lute, theorbo (which often played the basso continuo parts), mandolin, cittern, Baroque guitar, harp and hurdy-gurdy. Woodwinds included the Baroque flute, Baroque oboe, rackett, recorder and the bassoon. Brass instruments included the cornett, natural horn, Baroque trumpet, serpent and the trombone. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord, tangent piano, the fortepiano (an early version of the piano), the harpsichord and the pipe organ. Percussion instruments included the timpani, snare drum, tambourine and the castanets.

Question: The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period? Question: What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period? Question: Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts? Question: The serpent is what type of instrument? Question: The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument?
One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in ensembles were much less standardized. Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins, a viola and a cello, a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments (e.g., pipe organ, harpsichord, or clavichord), additional stringed chordal instruments (e.g., a lute) and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo bassline, including bowed strings, woodwinds and brass instruments (e.g., a cello, contrabass, viol, bassoon, serpent, etc.).

Question: What was less standardized during the Baroque era? Question: Two violins, a viola, and a cello make up what type of group? Question: Keyboard instruments included the pip organ, harpsichord and what other instrument? Question: What is an example of a stringed chordal instrument during the Baroque period?
The term "classical music" has two meanings: the broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to today, and the specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1830s—the era of Mozart and Haydn. This section is about the more specific meaning.

Question: The broad meaning of classical music stretches back from today to what era? Question: Classical music can mean all Western art music or more specifically from the 1750's to when? Question: From the 1750's to the early 1830's is the era of Mozart and what other composer?
Classical musicians continued to use many of instruments from the Baroque era, such as the cello, contrabass, recorder, trombone, timpani, fortepiano and organ. While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse (e.g., the theorbo and rackett), many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions that are still in use today, such as the Baroque violin (which became the violin), the Baroque oboe (which became the oboe) and the Baroque trumpet, which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet.

Question: Classical musicians continued to use many instruments from what era? Question: The theorbo and what other Baroque instrument fell into disuse? Question: The Baroque violin became what modern instrument? Question: What did the Baroque trumpet become?
The Classical era stringed instruments were the four instruments which form the string section of the orchestra: the violin, viola, cello and contrabass. Woodwinds included the basset clarinet, basset horn, clarinette d'amour, the Classical clarinet, the chalumeau, the flute, oboe and bassoon. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord and the fortepiano. While the harpsichord was still used in basso continuo accompaniment in the 1750s and 1760s, it fell out of use in the end of the century. Brass instruments included the buccin, the ophicleide (a serpent replacement which was the precursor of tuba) and the natural horn.

Question: The violin, cello, contrabass and what other instrument form the string section of the orchestra? Question: The flute, oboe and bassoon are all what type of instrument? Question: What instrument fell out of use after the 1760s? Question: What instrument was the precursor of the tuba?
The "standard complement" of double winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to Beethoven. The exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No. 4, which each specify a single flute. The composer's instrumentation usually included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns and trumpets. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral "palette" in Symphonies 3, 5, 6, and 9 for an innovative effect. The third horn in the "Eroica" Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of "choral" brass in the Trio. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finale of his Symphony No. 5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver "storm" and "sunshine" in the Sixth. The Ninth asks for a second pair of horns, for reasons similar to the "Eroica" (four horns has since become standard); Beethoven's use of piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones, and untuned percussion—plus chorus and vocal soloists—in his finale, are his earliest suggestion that the timbral boundaries of symphony should be expanded. For several decades after he died, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethoven's well-established model, with few exceptions.

Question: To whom is the "standard complement" attributed to? Question: What did Beethoven expand in his Symphonies, 3, 5, 6 and 9? Question: PIccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finales of what piece by Beethoven? Question: A Piccolo and trombones provides the illusion of storm and what in Beethoven's Sixth Symphony? Question: How long was symphonic instrumentation faithful to Beethoven's after he died?
In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. "As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers."  New woodwind instruments were added, such as the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo and new percussion instruments were added, including xylophones, drums, celestes (a bell-like keyboard instrument), large orchestral harps, bells, and triangles  and even wind machines for sound effects.

Question: What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era? Question: Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what? Question: How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra? Question: What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers? Question: What is a celestes?
Saxophones appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's Boléro, Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2 and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben.

Question: When do saxophones first appear in scores? Question: Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece? Question: How is the saxophone features in Ravel's Bolero? Question: The euphonium usually played parts marked as what? Question: Who wrote The Planets?
The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage), orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters.

Question: What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss? Question: Which symphony of Anton Bruckner's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in? Question: Who wrote the ballet Swan Lake? Question: What Debussy piece features a cornet? Question: What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters?
Electric instruments such as the electric guitar, the electric bass and the ondes Martenot appear occasionally in the classical music of the 20th and 21st centuries. Both classical and popular musicians have experimented in recent decades with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, electric and digital techniques such as the use of sampled or computer-generated sounds, and instruments from other cultures such as the gamelan.

Question: What type of instrument appears occasionally in the 20th and 21st century styles of classical music? Question: What type of musicians besides classical have experimented with electronic instruments? Question: What type of instrument is the gamelan?
Many instruments today associated with popular music filled important roles in early classical music, such as bagpipes, vihuelas, hurdy-gurdies, and some woodwind instruments. On the other hand, instruments such as the acoustic guitar, once associated mainly with popular music, gained prominence in classical music in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Question: Vihuelas and hurdy-gurdies are currently associated with what type of music? Question: In what did the bagpipe fill an important role? Question: What instrument gained prominence in the 19th and 20th century?
While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament.

Question: What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century? Question: When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament? Question: What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in?
Performers who have studied classical music extensively are said to be "classically trained". This training may be from private lessons from instrument or voice teachers or from completion of a formal program offered by a Conservatory, college or university, such as a B.mus. or M.mus. degree (which includes individual lessons from professors). In classical music, "...extensive formal music education and training, often to postgraduate [Master's degree] level" is required.

Question: What have classical trained performers done extensively? Question: What does a B.mus. or M.mus. degree include? Question: To what level is training for classical music often required?
Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing, harmonic principles, strong ear training (to correct and adjust pitches by ear), knowledge of performance practice (e.g., Baroque ornamentation), and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work (e.g., a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto).

Question: Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance? Question: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading? Question: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles?
Some "popular" genre musicians have had significant classical training, such as Billy Joel, Elton John, the Van Halen brothers, Randy Rhoads and Ritchie Blackmore. Moreover, formal training is not unique to the classical genre. Many rock and pop musicians have completed degrees in commercial music programs such as those offered by the Berklee College of Music and many jazz musicians have completed degrees in music from universities with jazz programs, such as the Manhattan School of Music and McGill University.

Question: Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training? Question: What brothers have had significant classical training? Question: Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music?
Historically, major professional orchestras have been mostly or entirely composed of male musicians. Some of the earliest cases of women being hired in professional orchestras was in the position of harpist. The Vienna Philharmonic, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than the other orchestras ranked among the world's top five by Gramophone in 2008. The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the Berlin Philharmonic. As late as February 1996, the Vienna Philharmonic's principal flute, Dieter Flury, told Westdeutscher Rundfunk that accepting women would be "gambling with the emotional unity (emotionelle Geschlossenheit) that this organism currently has". In April 1996, the orchestra's press secretary wrote that "compensating for the expected leaves of absence" of maternity leave would be a problem.

Question: What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras? Question: Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position? Question: What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women? Question: Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position? Question: Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996?
In 1997, the Vienna Philharmonic was "facing protests during a [US] tour" by the National Organization for Women and the International Alliance for Women in Music. Finally, "after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria, members of the orchestra gathered [on 28 February 1997] in an extraordinary meeting on the eve of their departure and agreed to admit a woman, Anna Lelkes, as harpist." As of 2013, the orchestra has six female members; one of them, violinist Albena Danailova became one of the orchestra's concertmasters in 2008, the first woman to hold that position. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the orchestra's membership. VPO president Clemens Hellsberg said the VPO now uses completely screened blind auditions.

Question: In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US? Question: Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic? Question: What instrument did Anna Lelkes play? Question: How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013? Question: Who was the Vienna Philharmonic's first female concertmaster?
In 2013, an article in Mother Jones stated that while "[m]any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership—women outnumber men in the New York Philharmonic's violin section—and several renowned ensembles, including the National Symphony Orchestra, the Detroit Symphony, and the Minnesota Symphony, are led by women violinists", the double bass, brass, and percussion sections of major orchestras "...are still predominantly male." A 2014 BBC article stated that the "...introduction of 'blind' auditions, where a prospective instrumentalist performs behind a screen so that the judging panel can exercise no gender or racial prejudice, has seen the gender balance of traditionally male-dominated symphony orchestras gradually shift."

Question: The National Symphony Orchestra is led by what gender of violinist? Question: In what section of the New York Philharmonic do women outnumber men? Question: The double bass, brass and percussion sections are predominately what gender? Question: What type of audition are expected to eliminator gender or racial prejudice?
Works of classical repertoire often exhibit complexity in their use of orchestration, counterpoint, harmony, musical development, rhythm, phrasing, texture, and form. Whereas most popular styles are usually written in song forms, classical music is noted for its development of highly sophisticated musical forms, like the concerto, symphony, sonata, and opera.

Question: Works of classical repertoire exhibit what in their use of orchestration and harmony, and form? Question: What is usually written in song forms? Question: The concerto, symphony, sonata and opera are examples of what type of musical forms?
Longer works are often divided into self-contained pieces, called movements, often with contrasting characters or moods. For instance, symphonies written during the Classical period are usually divided into four movements: (1) an opening Allegro in sonata form, (2) a slow movement, (3) a minuet or scherzo, and (4) a final Allegro. These movements can then be further broken down into a hierarchy of smaller units: first sections, then periods, and finally phrases.

Question: What are self-contained pieces in longer works called? Question: How many movements are symphonies written in the Classical period usually divided into? Question: What, typically, is the speed of the second movement in a classical piece? Question: The final movement of a classical piece is usually called what? Question: A movement broken up further is called what?
The major time divisions of classical music up to 1900 are the early music period, which includes Medieval (500–1400) and Renaissance (1400–1600) eras, and the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600–1750), Classical (1750–1830) and Romantic (1804–1910) eras. Since 1900, classical periods have been reckoned more by calendar century than by particular stylistic movements that have become fragmented and difficult to define. The 20th century calendar period (1901–2000) includes most of the early modern musical era (1890–1930), the entire high modern (mid 20th-century), and the first 25 years of the contemporary or postmodern musical era (1975–current). The 21st century has so far been characterized by a continuation of the contemporary/postmodern musical era.

Question: What period was from 500-1400? Question: What years dictate the Baroque period? Question: The years 1804-1910 marked what era? Question: How have periods been reckoned Since 1900? Question: What era has the 21st century has been characterized by?
The dates are generalizations, since the periods and eras overlap and the categories are somewhat arbitrary, to the point that some authorities reverse terminologies and refer to a common practice "era" comprising baroque, classical, and romantic "periods". For example, the use of counterpoint and fugue, which is considered characteristic of the Baroque era (or period), was continued by Haydn, who is classified as typical of the Classical era. Beethoven, who is often described as a founder of the Romantic era, and Brahms, who is classified as Romantic, also used counterpoint and fugue, but other characteristics of their music define their era.

Question: Some authorities reverse terminologies to refer to the common practice period as a what? Question: What composer continued the counterpoint and fugue? Question: Haydn is classified as typical of what era? Question: Who is described as a founder of the Romantic era? Question: Who is classified as Romantic, but also uses counterpoint and fugue?
The prefix neo is used to describe a 20th-century or contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era, such as Classical or Romantic. Stravinsky's Pulcinella, for example, is a neoclassical composition because it is stylistically similar to works of the Classical era.

Question: A Contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era is described with what prefix? Question: What century were Neoclassical compositions written in? Question: Who wrote Pulcinella? Question: What era is Pulcinella similar to?
Burgh (2006), suggests that the roots of Western classical music ultimately lie in ancient Egyptian art music via cheironomy and the ancient Egyptian orchestra, which dates to 2695 BC. This was followed by early Christian liturgical music, which itself dates back to the Ancient Greeks[citation needed]. The development of individual tones and scales was made by ancient Greeks such as Aristoxenus and Pythagoras. Pythagoras created a tuning system and helped to codify musical notation. Ancient Greek instruments such as the aulos (a reed instrument) and the lyre (a stringed instrument similar to a small harp) eventually led to the modern-day instruments of a classical orchestra. The antecedent to the early period was the era of ancient music before the fall of the Roman Empire (476 AD). Very little music survives from this time, most of it from ancient Greece.

Question: Who suggested that Western classical music is rooted to ancient Egyptian art music? Question: When does the Egyptian orchestra date to? Question: What music followed ancient Egyptian art music? Question: Which ancient society developed individual tones and scales? Question: Who helped codify musical notation?