derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
On March 17, 1991, an all-Russian referendum created the post of President of the RSFSR. On June 12, Boris Yeltsin was elected President of Russia by popular vote. During an unsuccessful coup attempt on August 19–21, 1991 in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union and Russia, President of Russia Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev.

Question: On what date was the office of President of the RSFSR created? Question: On what date did the first election for President of the RSFSR occur? Question: Who was the first President of the RSFSR? Question: During what period was there an attempted coup in Moscow? Question: Who was the President of the Soviet Union in 1991?
On August 23, after the failure of GKChP, in the presence of Gorbachev, Yeltsin signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia. On November 6, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR from the territory of the RSFSR.

Question: On what date was the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR suspended? Question: Aside from Yeltsin, what notable figure was present at the signing of the August 23 decree? Question: Who signed the decree suspending the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR? Question: On what date was the Communist Parties of the USSR banned from operating in the RSFSR?
On December 8, 1991, at Viskuli near Brest (Belarus), the President of the Russian SFSR and the heads of Byelorussian SSR and Ukrainian SSR signed the "Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States" (known in media as Belavezha Accords). The document, consisting of a preamble and fourteen articles, stated that the Soviet Union ceased to exist as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality. However, based on the historical community of peoples, relations between them, given the bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR by an overwhelming majority: 188 votes for, 6 against, 7 abstentions. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and recalled all Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The legality of this act is the subject of discussions because, according to the 1978 Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian SFSR, the Russian Supreme Soviet had no right to do so. However, by this time the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent, and was in no position to object. Although the December 12 vote is sometimes reckoned as the moment that the RSFSR seceded from the collapsing Soviet Union, this is not the case. It appears that the RSFSR took the line that it was not possible to secede from an entity that no longer existed.

Question: On what date was the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed? Question: In what country is Viskuli located? Question: What is another name for the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States? Question: The Belavezha Accords consisted of how many articles? Question: What body ratified the Belavezha Accords on December 12?
On December 24, Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including permanent membership in the UN Security Council). Thus, Russia is considered to be an original member of the UN (since October 24, 1945) along with Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR) and Belarus (Byelorussian SSR). On December 25—just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union—the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency. The change was originally published on January 6, 1992 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals and stamps). The Russian Federation's Constitution (Fundamental Law) of 1978, though with the 1991–1992 Amendements, remained in effect until the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis.

Question: When did the Russian Federation assume the Soviet Union's membership in the UN? Question: Who was the first president of the Russian Federation? Question: On what day did Gorbachev give up the presidency of the Soviet Union? Question: What was the new name given to the Russian SFSR after the resignation of Gorbachev? Question: In what periodical was the new sovereign status of the Russian Federation first published?
The Government was known officially as the Council of People's Commissars (1917–1946), Council of Ministers (1946–1978) and Council of Ministers–Government (1978–1991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as "Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR" and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title "President".

Question: What was the government of the RSFSR called up to 1946? Question: What was the RSFSR government called starting in 1946? Question: When the Soviet Union ended in 1991, what was the RSFSR government called? Question: Who led the first government of the RSFSR? Question: Who led the final government of the RSFSR?
The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, until the abortive 1991 August coup, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Question: What political organization controlled the RSFSR up to 1991? Question: What event prompted the end to the control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the RSFSR? Question: Who suspended the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?
Universal Studios Inc. (also known as Universal Pictures) is an American film studio, owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal, and is one of Hollywood's "Big Six" film studios. Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Distribution and other corporate offices are in New York City. Universal Studios is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Universal was founded in 1912 by the German Carl Laemmle (pronounced "LEM-lee"), Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, and Jules Brulatour.

Question: What is another name for Universal Studios Inc.? Question: Which company runs NBC Universal? Question: Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios? Question: Which company is directly above Universal Studios? Question: What is the nickname given to the large studios of which Universal is a part? Question: What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios? Question: Where does Universal's filming take place? Question: In what city and state are its production studios located? Question: In what city are Universal Studios' corporate offices located? Question: When was Universal Studios created?
It is the world's fourth oldest major film studio, after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, and the Danish Nordisk Film company.

Question: What rank does Universal Studios have in terms of age? Question: Among major film studies, where does Universal Studios rank in terms of age? Question: What is the nationality of Pathé? Question: Which French companies are older than Universal? Question: Which film studio from Denmark is older than Universal? Question: Along with Pathé and the Gaumont Film Company, what major film studio is older then Universal Studios?
Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane[a] and Jules Brulatour. One story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the day's takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons. For Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Based on the Latham Loop used in cameras and projectors, along with other patents, the Trust collected fees on all aspects of movie production and exhibition, and attempted to enforce a monopoly on distribution.

Question: After a trip to what city did Carl Laemmle leave the dry goods business? Question: In what year was the Motion Picture Trust created? Question: What notable historical figure was involved in the Motion Picture Trust? Question: For what part of a motion picture projector did the Motion Picture Trust hold a patent?
Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures. In June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. That company quickly evolved into the Independent Moving Pictures Company (IMP), with studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey, where many early films in America's first motion picture industry were produced in the early 20th century. Laemmle broke with Edison's custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers. By naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as "The Biograph Girl", and actor King Baggot, in what may be the first instance of a studio using stars in its marketing.

Question: What company did Laemmle found in June 1909? Question: Who were Laemmle's business partners in the Yankee Film Company? Question: In what city and state was the Independent Moving Pictures Company based? Question: What was a nickname of Florence Lawrence? Question: What actor did Laemmle promote?
The Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30, 1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the primary figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley, and Brulatour. Eventually all would be bought out by Laemmle. The new Universal studio was a vertically integrated company, with movie production, distribution and exhibition venues all linked in the same corporate entity, the central element of the Studio system era.

Question: In what state was the Universal Film Manufacturing Company incorporated? Question: On what date was the incorporation of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company? Question: Who was the president of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company circa July 1912? Question: What was the fate of the other partners of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company? Question: Along with exhibition and distribution, what business did the Universal Film Manufacturing Company engage in?
On March 15, 1915,:8 Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a 230-acre (0.9-km²) converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood. Studio management became the third facet of Universal's operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists. Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in small towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns and serials.

Question: On what date did Universal City Studios open? Question: What was the biggest Hollywood studio during this period? Question: In square kilometers, what was the size of Universal City Studios? Question: What geographical feature separated Universal City Studios from Hollywood?
In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers; Bluebird, more ambitious productions; and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, one of the few women directing films in Hollywood.:13

Question: What sort of films were produced by Red Feather? Question: What type of movies came out of Bluebird? Question: What motion pictures were made by Jewel? Question: What was the profession of George Marshall? Question: Who was one of the few female Hollywood directors in this era?
Despite Laemmle's role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew, Laemmle chose not to develop a theater chain. He also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. This policy nearly bankrupted the studio when actor-director Erich von Stroheim insisted on excessively lavish production values for his films Blind Husbands (1919) and Foolish Wives (1922), but Universal shrewdly gained a return on some of the expenditure by launching a sensational ad campaign that attracted moviegoers. Character actor Lon Chaney became a drawing card for Universal in the 1920s, appearing steadily in dramas. His two biggest hits for Universal were The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) and The Phantom of the Opera (1925). During this period Laemmle entrusted most of the production policy decisions to Irving Thalberg. Thalberg had been Laemmle's personal secretary, and Laemmle was impressed by his cogent observations of how efficiently the studio could be operated. Promoted to studio chief, Thalberg was giving Universal's product a touch of class, but MGM's head of production Louis B. Mayer lured Thalberg away from Universal with a promise of better pay. Without his guidance Universal became a second-tier studio, and would remain so for several decades.

Question: Who directed Blind Husbands? Question: In what year was Foolish Wives produced? Question: Who starred in The Phantom of the Opera? Question: What year saw a film version of The Hunchback of Notre Dame? Question: Who was at one time Laemmle's personal secretary?
In 1926, Universal opened a production unit in Germany, Deutsche Universal-Film AG, under the direction of Joe Pasternak. This unit produced three to four films per year until 1936, migrating to Hungary and then Austria in the face of Hitler's increasing domination of central Europe. With the advent of sound, these productions were made in the German language or, occasionally, Hungarian or Polish. In the U.S., Universal Pictures did not distribute any of this subsidiary's films, but at least some of them were exhibited through other, independent, foreign-language film distributors based in New York, without benefit of English subtitles. Nazi persecution and a change in ownership for the parent Universal Pictures organization resulted in the dissolution of this subsidiary.

Question: In what year did Deutsche Universal-Film AG open? Question: What was the name of Universal's German production unit? Question: Who ran Universal's German production unit? Question: How many films did Universal's German subsidiary make yearly? Question: Along with Germany and Austria, where was Deutsche Universal-Film AG at one time based?
In the early years, Universal had a "clean picture" policy. However, by April 1927, Carl Laemmle considered this to be a mistake as "unclean pictures" from other studios were generating more profit while Universal was losing money.

Question: what was the policy that Universal followed in its early years? Question: By what month and year did Laemmle change his opinion on "unclean pictures"? Question: Why did Laemmle change his position on "unclean pictures"?
Universal owned the rights to the "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit" character, although Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks had created Oswald, and their films had enjoyed a successful theatrical run. After Charles Mintz had unsuccessfully demanded that Disney accept a lower fee for producing the property, Mintz produced the films with his own group of animators. Instead, Disney and Iwerks created Mickey Mouse who in 1928 stared in the first "sync" sound animated short, Steamboat Willie. This moment effectively launched Walt Disney Studios' foothold, while Universal became a minor player in film animation. Universal subsequently severed its link to Mintz and formed its own in-house animation studio to produce Oswald cartoons headed by Walter Lantz.

Question: Who owned the rights to Oswald? Question: Along with Walt Disney, who created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit? Question: Who produced an Oswald the Lucky Rabbit motion picture? Question: What character did Walt Disney create in 1928? Question: What was the first animated short with synchronized sound?
In 2006, after almost 80 years, NBC Universal sold all Walt Disney-produced Oswald cartoons, along with the rights to the character himself, back to Disney. In return, Disney released ABC sportscaster Al Michaels from his contract so he could work on NBC's Sunday night NFL football package. However, Universal retained ownership of Oswald cartoons produced for them by Walter Lantz from 1929 to 1943.

Question: Who was 2006 seller of the Oswald cartoons? Question: Who bought the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons in 2006? Question: What notable figure worked as a sportscaster for ABC? Question: Who began producing Oswald cartoons for Universal in 1929? Question: In what year did Walter Lantz cease producing Oswald cartoons for Universal?
In 1928, Laemmle, Sr. made his son, Carl, Jr. head of Universal Pictures as a 21st birthday present. Universal already had a reputation for nepotism—at one time, 70 of Carl, Sr.'s relatives were supposedly on the payroll. Many of them were nephews, resulting in Carl, Sr. being known around the studios as "Uncle Carl." Ogden Nash famously quipped in rhyme, "Uncle Carl Laemmle/Has a very large faemmle." Among these relatives was future Academy Award winning director/producer William Wyler.

Question: At what age did Carl Laemmle, Jr. become president of Universal? Question: How many of Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s relatives were working for Universal as of 1928? Question: What was Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s nickname at Universal? Question: What poet wrote a notable rhyme about Laemmle? Question: What Academy Award-winning director was a relative of Carl Laemmle's?
"Junior" Laemmle persuaded his father to bring Universal up to date. He bought and built theaters, converted the studio to sound production, and made several forays into high-quality production. His early efforts included the critically mauled part-talkie version of Edna Ferber's novel Show Boat (1929), the lavish musical Broadway (1929) which included Technicolor sequences; and the first all-color musical feature (for Universal), King of Jazz (1930). The more serious All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), won its year's Best Picture Oscar.

Question: What was Carl Laemmle Jr.'s nickname? Question: What movie was based on an Edna Ferber novel? Question: In what year was the musical Broadway produced? Question: What all-color musical did Universal make in 1930? Question: What movie won the 1930 Academy Award for Best Picture?
Laemmle, Jr. created a niche for the studio, beginning a series of horror films which extended into the 1940s, affectionately dubbed Universal Horror. Among them are Frankenstein (1931), Dracula ( also in 1931), The Mummy (1932) and The Invisible Man (1933). Other Laemmle productions of this period include Imitation of Life (1934) and My Man Godfrey (1936).

Question: In what year did Universal make a film version of Dracula? Question: When was Universal's version of Frankenstein made? Question: In what year was The Invisible Man made? Question: What film was produced by Laemmle in 1934? Question: In what year did My Man Godfrey premiere?
Universal's forays into high-quality production spelled the end of the Laemmle era at the studio. Taking on the task of modernizing and upgrading a film conglomerate in the depths of the depression was risky, and for a time Universal slipped into receivership. The theater chain was scrapped, but Carl, Jr. held fast to distribution, studio and production operations.

Question: What part of Universal's business was terminated while it was in bankruptcy? Question: Along with distribution and studio operations, what part of Universal was retained by Carl Laemmle, Jr. during bankruptcy?
The end for the Laemmles came with a lavish version of Show Boat (1936), a remake of its earlier 1929 part-talkie production, and produced as a high-quality, big-budget film rather than as a B-picture. The new film featured several stars from the Broadway stage version, which began production in late 1935, and unlike the 1929 film was based on the Broadway musical rather than the novel. Carl, Jr.'s spending habits alarmed company stockholders. They would not allow production to start on Show Boat unless the Laemmles obtained a loan. Universal was forced to seek a $750,000 production loan from the Standard Capital Corporation, pledging the Laemmle family's controlling interest in Universal as collateral. It was the first time Universal had borrowed money for a production in its 26-year history. The production went $300,000 over budget; Standard called in the loan, cash-strapped Universal could not pay, Standard foreclosed and seized control of the studio on April 2, 1936.

Question: In what year was Universal's ill-fated film version of Show Boat released? Question: In what year had Universal previously made a version of Show Boat? Question: What was the amount of the production loan Universal sought to complete Show Boat? Question: Who granted Universal the production loan? Question: When did the Standard Capital Corporation take control of Universal?
Universal's 1936 Show Boat (released a little over a month later) became a critical and financial success, it was not enough to save the Laemmles' involvement with the studio. They were unceremoniously removed from the company they had founded. Because the Laemmles personally oversaw production, Show Boat was released (despite the takeover) with Carl Laemmle and Carl Laemmle Jr.'s names on the credits and in the advertising campaign of the film. Standard Capital's J. Cheever Cowdin had taken over as president and chairman of the board of directors, and instituted severe cuts in production budgets. Gone were the big ambitions, and though Universal had a few big names under contract, those it had been cultivating, like William Wyler and Margaret Sullavan, left.

Question: In what year was Show Boat released? Question: Who became president of Universal after the Standard Capital takeover? Question: Who was Universal's chairman of the board of directors after the Standard Captial takeover? Question: Along with Margaret Sullavan, what notable film talent left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover? Question: What notable female star left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?
Meanwhile, producer Joe Pasternak, who had been successfully producing light musicals with young sopranos for Universal's German subsidiary, repeated his formula in America. Teenage singer Deanna Durbin starred in Pasternak's first American film, Three Smart Girls (1936). The film was a box-office hit and reputedly restored the studio's solvency. The success of the film led Universal to offer her a contract, which for the first five years of her career produced her most successful pictures.

Question: Who produced the film Three Smart Girls? Question: What type of films did Joe Pasternak produce in Germany? Question: Prior to his work in America, where was Joe Pasternak employed? Question: Who starred in the film Three Smart Girls? Question: In what year was Three Smart Girls made?