derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.

Question: The majority of dog breeds have only been around for how long? Question: How old are most dog breeds? Question: People selected dogs they wanted based on what two things? Question: Hundreds of different dog breeds exist because of what? Question: How many different breeds are there? Question: Height measurements in dogs go from six inches for Chihuahuas to 30 inches in what breed? Question: Gray color is often called what when referring to dogs?
While all dogs are genetically very similar, natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs, giving rise to dog types and dog breeds. Dog types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or characteristics. Dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species. Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.

Question: What is responsible for different dog types and breeds today? Question: Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways? Question: What distinguishes different types of dogs from one another? Question: Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what? Question: Modern dog breeds are what type of classification which is maintained by modern kennel clubs? Question: Who keeps classifications of different dog breeds?
Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. Systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct. These include the "old world dogs" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), "Mastiff"-type (e.g., English Mastiff), "herding"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and "all others" (also called "modern"- or "hunting"-type).

Question: The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what? Question: A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many  types of dogs being determinably distinct? Question: How many main types of dogs are there? Question: What type of dogs are Shar Peis? Question: What, according to the text, are two examples of "old world" dogs? Question: the Border collie is an example of what type of dog? Question: What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.:pages95-136

Question: What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves? Question: What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves? Question: What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people? Question: Higher social attributes  and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species?
The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.

Question: Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans? Question: Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide? Question: Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname? Question: Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?
Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.

Question: How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps? Question: What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean? Question: What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night? Question: What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night? Question: What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?
Anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.

Question: What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps? Question: The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what? Question: What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them? Question: What type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together?
Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.

Question: What did ancient people walk across from Siberia into North America? Question: What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago? Question: Evidence places dogs in North America when? Question: How old are the oldest findings of dogs in North America? Question: Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population? Question: Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago? Question: People still used dogs as pack animals even after what other animal began being used for this purpose?
"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression "in the doghouse" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced.

Question: What two species have the most widespread bonding? Question: Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions? Question: A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else? Question: When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets? Question: In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where? Question: Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today? Question: What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets? Question: When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?
There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.

Question: How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization? Question: The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what? Question: Shaping dogs to what people want is called what? Question: When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what? Question: A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?
There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.

Question: It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available? Question: What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping? Question: Dog training can be researched back to what century? Question: How far back can dog training be found? Question: How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned? Question: How do dogs mark their territory?
The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog–human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog–human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog–human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog–human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other.

Question: How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs? Question: Most people today describe their dogs as what? Question: What television show uses a dominance model of dog and human relationships? Question: What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?
Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.

Question: What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live? Question: Dogs often help clean in the kitchen by licking what? Question: What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors? Question: A study showed that a task dogs do is bringing in what from the lawn? Question: In addition to dog dancing, what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet?
According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States. The same survey shows nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are undergoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter.

Question: The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010? Question: How many people in the United States are said to own dog?
The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.

Question: What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs? Question: What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people? Question: An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what? Question: An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans? Question: Because dogs respond to voices the same way humans do, they are able to recognize what in human sounds, making them social? Question: Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname, "man's best friend", a phrase used in other languages as well. They have been bred for herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds), rodent control, guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions. In 1957, a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth.

Question: What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans? Question: What phrase describing dogs is used in different languages? Question: Pointers and hounds are bred to do what? Question: What dog types, in the text, are used for hunting? Question: Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what? Question: Some dogs help fishermen with what? Question: What year was the first dog sent into space? Question: What breed was Laika? Question: Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957? Question: What is the name of the dog to first orbit the Earth?
Service dogs such as guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities. Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.

Question: What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities? Question: Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety, get medication or what else?
In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.

Question: What are conformation shows also known as? Question: Who evaluates dogs at breed shows? Question: What is the evaluator called in a breed show? Question: What is the judge looking for in specific breeds? Question: What is the only standard judged? Question: The breed standard only is about what? Question: Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows? Question: What is another word for "breed shows"?
Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties—being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals.

Question: Where do some people eat dogs? Question: In addition to others, Western culture considers eating dog meat as what? Question: The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what? Question: In rural Poland areas, what is considered medicinal for lungs? Question: Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what? Question: What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture, since people there do eat many different animals?
The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk (also called bosintang), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of gaejang-guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork.

Question: What is the best known Korean dish made with dog meat? Question: What is Gaejang-guk? Question: Why do people eat Gaejang-guk in the summer months? Question: When is the Korean dog recipe usually eaten? Question: What is dog meat boiled with to create Gaejang-guk? Question: What are two other ingredients in the dog meat recipe in Korea?
Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.

Question: How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America? Question: According to a 2008 CDC report, how many are bitten in the United States annually? Question: During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites? Question: What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs? Question: In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?
A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.

Question: Where was the study done that showed dog bites were less serious in children than adults? Question: According to a Colorado study, dog bites are what in children as compared to adults? Question: Out of 10,000 people, how many people are bitten by dogs in the United States? Question: Out of 10,000 boys between five and nine years old, how many are bitten annually by dogs? Question: About 12.9 out of 10,000 are bit by dogs, but what is the number in 10,000 for young boys from 5 to 9? Question: Children are often bit where by dogs? Question: A dog scratch can lead to what medical condition? Question: According to the text, dog scratches can cause what?
In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.

Question: In addition to dogs, what other animal is responsible for over 86,000 falls every year? Question: Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle? Question: What sort of vehicle is most likely associated with accidents involving dogs?
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.

Question: What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis? Question: Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces? Question: How are Toxicara canis infections spread? Question: About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year? Question: How many Toxocara infection cases are reported annually in the US? Question: What percentage of people in America are infected with the Toxocara infection? Question: What percentage of soil contained T. canis eggs in Great Britain public parks? Question: Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans? Question: If toxocariasis is left untreated, what can happen to a person?