derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
A weather phenomenon known as the föhn (with an identical effect to the chinook wind) can occur at all times of the year and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind, bringing air of very low relative humidity to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the southern face of the Alps. This works both ways across the alps but is more efficient if blowing from the south due to the steeper step for oncoming wind from the south. Valleys running south to north trigger the best effect. The driest conditions persist in all inner alpine valleys that receive less rain because arriving clouds lose a lot of their content while crossing the mountains before reaching these areas. Large alpine areas such as Graubünden remain drier than pre-alpine areas and as in the main valley of the Valais wine grapes are grown there.

Question: What is the weather phenomena characterized by an unexpected warm wind bringing low reletive humidity to the northern Alps during rainfall in the southern Alps? Question: At what time of year can the fohn occur? Question: During the fohn, from which direction is the blowing wind more efficient? Question: Where do clouds lose most of their content before getting to the inner alpine valleys? Question: What type of grapes are grown in the valley of Valais?
Switzerland's ecosystems can be particularly fragile, because the many delicate valleys separated by high mountains often form unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves are also vulnerable, with a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes, and experience some pressure from visitors and grazing. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a very fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change. Nevertheless, according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its control of greenhouse gas emissions.

Question: What do mountainous regions have that make their ecosystems particularly fragile? Question: What is the ecosystem in the alpine region particularly sensitive to? Question: What rank was Switzerland in safeguarding the environment according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index? Question: What sources of energy does Switzerland heavily rely on?
The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of the modern federal state. It is among the oldest constitutions in the world. A new Constitution was adopted in 1999, but did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines basic and political rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. There are three main governing bodies on the federal level: the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial).

Question: When was Switzerland's Federal Constitution adopted? Question: When was a new Constitution adopted in Switzerland? Question: How many main governing bodies are on the federal level in Switzerland? Question: What is the legislative body of the Swiss government called? Question: What is the executive body of the Swiss government called?
The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation, depending on the population of each canton. Members of both houses serve for 4 years. When both houses are in joint session, they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly. Through referendums, citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and through initiatives, introduce amendments to the federal constitution, thus making Switzerland a direct democracy.

Question: How many members are on the National Council? Question: How long do members of both houses of the Swiss Parliament serve? Question: What are both houses of the Swiss Parliament collectively known as when both are in joint session? Question: What can citizens use to challenge any law passed by Parliament? Question: What can citizens use to introduce amendments to the federal constitution?
The Federal Council constitutes the federal government, directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions. However, the president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers, and remains the head of a department within the administration.

Question: What serves as the collective Head of State? Question: How many members are in the Federal Council? Question: Who elects the members of the Federal Council? Question: Who elects the President of the Confederation from its 7 members? Question: What is the traditional term for the President of the Confederation?
Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system. Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions: the commune, canton and federal levels. The 1848 federal constitution defines a system of direct democracy (sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it is aided by the more commonplace institutions of a representative democracy). The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as civic rights (Volksrechte, droits civiques), include the right to submit a constitutional initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.

Question: What are the two hallmarks of the Swiss political system? Question: How many legal jurisdictions are Swiss citizens subject to? Question: What are the legal jurisdictions that Swiss citizens are subject to? Question: What type of democracy was defined in the 1848 federal constitution? Question: What two things do citizens have the right to submit to overturn parliamentary decisions?
Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.[note 8] Parliament can supplement the proposed amendment with a counter-proposal, and then voters must indicate a preference on the ballot in case both proposals are accepted. Constitutional amendments, whether introduced by initiative or in Parliament, must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular votes.[note 9]

Question: How many voters are needed to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote? Question: How long do citizens have to collect enough votes for a national vote on a constitutional amendment? Question: What can Parliament supplement the amendment proposed by the citizens with? Question: What must voters do on the ballot when Parliament adds a supplement? Question: How much of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular vote is needed to pass a constitutional amendment?
The cantons have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with the situation in other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status. Each canton has its own constitution, and its own parliament, government and courts. However, there are considerable differences between the individual cantons, most particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,253,500 (Zürich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Graubünden). The Cantons comprise a total of 2,485 municipalities. Within Switzerland there are two enclaves: Büsingen belongs to Germany, Campione d'Italia belongs to Italy.

Question: According to the Federal Constitution, how many cantons are equal in status? Question: What are the two major differences between cantons? Question: What is the population of the smallest canton? Question: What is the population of the largest canton? Question: How large is the smallest canton?
Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Only in 2002 did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations and it was the first state to join it by referendum. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states. Switzerland is not a member of the European Union; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s. However, Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area.

Question: How does Switzerland treat alliances that might entail military or political action? Question: How long has Switzerland traditionally been neutral? Question: When was Switzerland's policy of neutrality internationally recognized? Question: What was Switzerland the first state to join the U.N. by? Question: What have the Swiss people continually rejected membership in since the 1990's?
A large number of international institutions have their seats in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to have joined the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York, and Switzerland was a founding member and home to the League of Nations.

Question: Where did the Red Crescent Movement begin? Question: How long has Switzerland hosted the United Nations Human Rights Council? Question: What is the second biggest centre for the U.N.? Question: Where is the League of Nations located?
Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world, including health and the environment. Additionally the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) are located in Basel since 1930.

Question: Besides the U.N. Headquarters, who hosts many U.N. agencies? Question: What does the ILO stand for? Question: What does UNHCR stand for? Question: What is disucussed at the World Economic Forum in Davos? Question: What does BIS stand for?
The structure of the Swiss militia system stipulates that the soldiers keep their Army issued equipment, including all personal weapons, at home. Some organizations and political parties find this practice controversial but mainstream Swiss opinion is in favour of the system. Compulsory military service concerns all male Swiss citizens; women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18. About two thirds of the young Swiss are found suited for service; for those found unsuited, various forms of alternative service exist. Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for a duration from 18 to 21 weeks. The reform "Army XXI" was adopted by popular vote in 2003, it replaced the previous model "Army 95", reducing the effectives from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training and 80,000 are non-training reserves.

Question: Where do Swiss militia keep their Army issued equipment? Question: Who has compulsory military service in Switzerland? Question: Who can serve in the Swiss military voluntarily? Question: What replaced Army 95 in 2003? Question: In Army XXI, how many are active in periodic army training?
Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with "wealth" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook).

Question: How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by nominal GDP? Question: How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by purchasing power parity? Question: Which rating was assigned to Switzerland by the Index of Economic Freedom of 2010? Question: What ranking does Switzerland hold in terms of GDP per capita, adjusting for purchasing power, according to the World Bank?
The World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland's economy as the most competitive in the world, while ranked by the European Union as Europe's most innovative country. For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (by GDP – per capita). In 2007 the gross median household income in Switzerland was an estimated 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity while the median income was 95,824 USD. Switzerland also has one of the world's largest account balances as a percentage of GDP.

Question: What did the World Economic Forum's Global Competetiveness Report Rank Switzerland's economy as? Question: How did the European Union rank Switzerland's economy? Question: What was the gross median estimate of household income in Switzerland in 2007? Question: What was Switzerland's median income in 2007?
Switzerland's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%). Exported services amount to a third of exports. The service sector – especially banking and insurance, tourism, and international organisations – is another important industry for Switzerland.

Question: What is Switzerland's most important economic sector? Question: What accounts for 34% of Switzerland's exported goods? Question: What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods? Question: What accounts for 16.9% of Switzerland's exported goods? Question: What percentage of exports are exported services?
Around 3.8 million people work in Switzerland; about 25% of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004. Switzerland has a more flexible job market than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is very low. The unemployment rate increased from a low of 1.7% in June 2000 to a peak of 4.4% in December 2009. The unemployment rate is 3.2% in 2014. Population growth from net immigration is quite high, at 0.52% of population in 2004. The foreign citizen population was 21.8% in 2004, about the same as in Australia. GDP per hour worked is the world's 16th highest, at 49.46 international dollars in 2012.

Question: How many people work in Switzerland? Question: What percentage of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004? Question: What was the peak unemployment rate reached in December, 2009? Question: What was the unemployment rate in Switzerland in 2014? Question: What was the foreign citizen population percentage in Switzerland in 2014?
Switzerland has an overwhelmingly private sector economy and low tax rates by Western World standards; overall taxation is one of the smallest of developed countries. Switzerland is a relatively easy place to do business, currently ranking 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. The slow growth Switzerland experienced in the 1990s and the early 2000s has brought greater support for economic reforms and harmonization with the European Union. According to Credit Suisse, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.

Question: How do Switzerland's tax rates compare by Western World standards? Question: How is Switzerland ranked of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index? Question: According to Credit Suisse, what percentage of residents own their homes?
The Swiss Federal budget had a size of 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010, which is an equivalent 11.35% of the country's GDP in that year; however, the regional (canton) budgets and the budgets of the municipalities are not counted as part of the federal budget and the total rate of government spending is closer to 33.8% of GDP. The main sources of income for the federal government are the value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%) and the main expenditure is located in the areas of social welfare and finance & tax. The expenditures of the Swiss Confederation have been growing from 7% of GDP in 1960 to 9.7% in 1990 and to 10.7% in 2010. While the sectors social welfare and finance & tax have been growing from 35% in 1990 to 48.2% in 2010, a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in the sectors of agriculture and national defense; from 26.5% in to 12.4% (estimation for the year 2015).

Question: What size was the Swiss Federal budget in 2010? Question: What are the two main sources of income for the federal government? Question: Which sectors are the main source of expenditures for the federal government? Question: Which sectors have experienced a reduction in federal government expenditures? Question: How much were expenditures estimated to be cut in agriculture and national defense in 2015?
Agricultural protectionism—a rare exception to Switzerland's free trade policies—has contributed to high food prices. Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD. Nevertheless, domestic purchasing power is one of the best in the world. Apart from agriculture, economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal and Switzerland has free trade agreements worldwide. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

Question: What has contributed to high food prices in Switzerland? Question: According to the OECD, what is Switzerland lagging behind many EU countries in? Question: What is Switzerland's world ranking in domestic purchasing power? Question: What type of trade agreements does Switzerland have worldwide? Question: What is the EFTA?
Education in Switzerland is very diverse because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the authority for the school system to the cantons. There are both public and private schools, including many private international schools. The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons, but most cantons provide a free "children's school" starting at four or five years old. Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school. Traditionally, the first foreign language in school was always one of the other national languages, although recently (2000) English was introduced first in a few cantons.

Question: Who has authority of school systems in Switzerland? Question: What is the minimum age for primary school in all cantons? Question: What do most cantons provide for free when children are 4 or 5 years old? Question: How long does primary school continue? Question: When was English introduced as a first foreign language in many cantons?
There are 12 universities in Switzerland, ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer a range of non-technical subjects. The first university in Switzerland was founded in 1460 in Basel (with a faculty of medicine) and has a tradition of chemical and medical research in Switzerland. The biggest university in Switzerland is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students. The two institutes sponsored by the federal government are the ETHZ in Zürich (founded 1855) and the EPFL in Lausanne (founded 1969 as such, formerly an institute associated with the University of Lausanne) which both have an excellent international reputation.[note 10]

Question: How many universities are in Switzerland? Question: How many of the 12 Swiss universities are maintained at the cantonal level? Question: When was the first university in Switzerland founded? Question: What is the biggest university in Switzerland? Question: How many students attend the University of Zurich?
Many Nobel prizes have been awarded to Swiss scientists, for example to the world-famous physicist Albert Einstein in the field of physics who developed his Special relativity while working in Bern. More recently Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel and Kurt Wüthrich received Nobel prizes in the sciences. In total, 113 Nobel Prize winners in all fields stand in relation to Switzerland[note 11] and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations residing in Switzerland.

Question: What Swiss world famous physicist developed his Special relativity while working in Bern? Question: How many total Nobel prizes were awarded to Swiss scientists? Question: How many times has the Nobel Peace Prize been awarded to organisations residing in Switzerland?
Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world's largest laboratory, CERN, dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research center is the Paul Scherrer Institute. Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), the scanning tunneling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurized balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world's oceans.

Question: Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain? Question: What is the world's largest laboratory? Question: What research is CERN dedicated to? Question: What notable Swiss invention won the nobel prize? Question: Who invented the pressurized balloon?