derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90–150 °C (194–302 °F). Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers. Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of 315 °C (599 °F) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun.

Question: What are solar cookers used for? Question: What are the 3 main categories of solar cookers? Question: Who created the box cooker? Question: Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year? Question: What is the typical temperature range for a box cooker? Question: Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what? Question: What do reflector cookers require to function?
Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory. This grid-connected cogeneration system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kW steam and 468 kW chilled water, and had a one-hour peak load thermal storage. Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams. Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the "right to dry" clothes. Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °C (40 °F) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45–60 °C (113–140 °F). The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft) had been installed worldwide, including an 860 m2 (9,300 sq ft) collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft) collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds.

Question: What are some examples of solar concentrating technologies? Question: What was the first commercial solar concentrating system? Question: The Solar Total Energy Project had a field of how many parabolic dishes? Question: What is one of the oldest uses of solar energy? Question: What are some items used to dry clothes without the use of electricity? Question: What are Unglazed transpired collectors? Question: Are transpired collectors more or less cost-effective than glazed collection systems?
Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2 (51,000 sq ft), could produce up to 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications.

Question: What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable? Question: By who was the first record of solar distillation done by? Question: In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas? Question: When was the first large solar distillation plant created? Question: How much water was produced by the plant? Question: What is an example of a solar distillation design?
Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water.

Question: How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection? Question: Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization? Question: What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection? Question: How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water?
Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable.

Question: For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond? Question: What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable? Question: What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds?
Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively.

Question: By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity? Question: When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?
Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Spain. The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the world’s largest photovoltaic plants. Solar projects exceeding 1 GW are being developed, but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kW, which are grid connected using net metering and/or a feed-in tariff. In 2013 solar generated less than 1% of the worlds total grid electricity.

Question: What is the largest solar power plant in the world? Question: The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert? Question: Where is the largest solar power plant in the world located? Question: What are the largest photovoltaic solar power plants? Question: Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year?
In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%. By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40%.

Question: What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years? Question: What is a solar cell? Question: In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell? Question: Who created the first solar cell? Question: Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide? Question: Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell? Question: In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed?
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage.

Question: What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use? Question: What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for? Question: What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies? Question: In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what? Question: What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common?
The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance.

Question: What is a common feature of passive solar architecture? Question: What is produced when the features of passive solar architecture are customized to the environment? Question: What is an example of passive solar design? Question: Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design? Question: What kind of equipment can improve system performance?
Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment. A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees. Using these methods, a hypothetical "cool communities" program in Los Angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 °C at an estimated cost of US$1 billion, giving estimated total annual benefits of US$530 million from reduced air-conditioning costs and healthcare savings.

Question: UHI is an abbreviation of what? Question: What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called? Question: What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials? Question: What is a way to reduce the high temperatures created in urban heat islands? Question: A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius?
Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of the Little Ice Age, French and English farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699, Nicolas Fatio de Duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the Sun. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. More recently the technology has been embraced by vinters, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses.

Question: Why do agriculture and horticulture seek to make the most use of the solar energy captured? Question: What are some techniques used to improve crop production? Question: What did French and English farmers do during the Little Ice Age to gain more solar energy? Question: During the Little Ice Age, what did English and French farmers use to increase collection of solar energy? Question: What was the purpose of the fruit walls built by French and English farmers? Question: Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what?
Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers.

Question: What do greenhouses do with solar energy? Question: What is one purpose of a greenhouse? Question: When were the first greenhouses used? Question: What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse? Question: Where were the first modern greenhouses built? Question: In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed?
Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour (42 mph) and by 2007 the winner's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph). The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles.

Question: What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years? Question: What is The World Solar Challenge? Question: When was The World Solar Challenge started? Question: What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car in 1987? Question: What was the winner of the World Solar Challenge's average speed in 2007 in km/h? Question: What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car by 2007? Question: What are some other similar car races that use solar powered vehicles?
In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006–2007. There were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010.

Question: The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year? Question: When was the first solar powered boat made? Question: Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat? Question: What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean?
In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the Solar Challenger which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power. Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with the Pathfinder (1997) and subsequent designs, culminating in the Helios which set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres (96,864 ft) in 2001. The Zephyr, developed by BAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights were envisioned by 2010. As of 2015, Solar Impulse, an electric aircraft, is currently circumnavigating the globe. It is a single-seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power. The designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours.

Question: When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made? Question: When was the first solar powered manned flight made? Question: What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet? Question: When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel? Question: Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990? Question: What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power? Question: How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air?
Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 –  the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.

Question: What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels? Question: What solar process can be used to produce different fuels? Question: What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?
Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures (2,300–2,600 °C or 4,200–4,700 °F). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above 1,200 °C (2,200 °F). This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen.

Question: What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s? Question: What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis? Question: What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute? Question: What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute? Question: The Solznic process produces what?
Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements.

Question: What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat? Question: In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy? Question: What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems? Question: What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system?
Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%.

Question: What are some examples of phase change materials? Question: Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media? Question: What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials? Question: The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where? Question: What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt? Question: Why are salts good  for thermal storage? Question: How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts?