derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States.

Question: When was Eisenhower's resignation of Columbia turned down? Question: What role did Eisenhower fill after leaving Columbia? Question: On what date did Eisenhower leave active duty in the military? Question: When did Eisenhower become President of the United States? Question: What job did Eisenhower hold after his second tenure as president of Columbia?
President Truman, symbolizing a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president, again in 1951 pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat. It was at this time that Eisenhower voiced his disagreements with the Democratic party and declared himself and his family to be Republicans. A "Draft Eisenhower" movement in the Republican Party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of non-interventionist Senator Robert A. Taft. The effort was a long struggle; Eisenhower had to be convinced that political circumstances had created a genuine duty for him to offer himself as a candidate, and that there was a mandate from the populace for him to be their President. Henry Cabot Lodge, who served as his campaign manager, and others succeeded in convincing him, and in June 1952 he resigned his command at NATO to campaign full-time. Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination, having won critical delegate votes from Texas. Eisenhower's campaign was noted for the simple but effective slogan, "I Like Ike". It was essential to his success that Eisenhower express opposition to Roosevelt's policy at Yalta and against Truman's policies in Korea and China—matters in which he had once participated. In defeating Taft for the nomination, it became necessary for Eisenhower to appease the right wing Old Guard of the Republican Party; his selection of Richard M. Nixon as the Vice-President on the ticket was designed in part for that purpose. Nixon also provided a strong anti-communist presence as well as some youth to counter Ike's more advanced age.

Question: Who was President of the United States prior to Eisenhower? Question: Truman wanted Eisenhower to run for the presidency as a member of what party? Question: What was Taft's political office? Question: Who did the Republicans want to block with an Eisenhower candidacy in 1952? Question: Who was Eisenhower's campaign manager in 1952?
In the general election, against the advice of his advisors, Eisenhower insisted on campaigning in the South, refusing to surrender the region to the Democratic Party. The campaign strategy, dubbed "K1C2", was to focus on attacking the Truman and Roosevelt administrations on three issues: Korea, Communism and corruption. In an effort to accommodate the right, he stressed that the liberation of Eastern Europe should be by peaceful means only; he also distanced himself from his former boss President Truman.

Question: In what part of the country, previously neglected by Republican presidential candidates, did Eisenhower campaign? Question: What was the strategy called that was used by Eisenhower's campaign? Question: Along with Korea and Communism, what issue did Eisenhower attack Truman on? Question: How did Eisenhower claim Eastern Europe should be liberated?
Two controversies during the campaign tested him and his staff, but did not affect the campaign. One involved a report that Nixon had improperly received funds from a secret trust. Nixon spoke out adroitly to avoid potential damage, but the matter permanently alienated the two candidates. The second issue centered on Eisenhower's relented decision to confront the controversial methods of Joseph McCarthy on his home turf in a Wisconsin appearance. Just two weeks prior to the election, Eisenhower vowed to go to Korea and end the war there. He promised to maintain a strong commitment against Communism while avoiding the topic of NATO; finally, he stressed a corruption-free, frugal administration at home.

Question: During the campaign, from where was it claimed Nixon had received money improperly? Question: What was the home state of Joseph McCarthy? Question: Where did Eisenhower claim he would end the war? Question: What topic did Eisenhower not discuss during the campaign?
Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and at age 62, was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 (President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier). Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century and the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency (The other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Howard Taft and Herbert Hoover).

Question: In what century was Eisenhower born? Question: Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower? Question: How old was Truman in 1948? Question: How many times had Eisenhower been elected to office prior to becoming president? Question: What did Eisenhower have in common with presidents Taylor, Grant, Taft and Hoover?
Due to a complete estrangement between the two as a result of campaigning, Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations. After selecting his budget director, Joseph M. Dodge, Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. He accepted their recommendations without exception; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships, and one woman, Oveta Culp Hobby. Eisenhower's cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, "Eight millionaires and a plumber." The cabinet was notable for its lack of personal friends, office seekers, or experienced government administrators. He also upgraded the role of the National Security Council in planning all phases of the Cold War.

Question: Who was Eisenhower's budget director? Question: Along with Lucius Clay, who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments? Question: Along with George Humphrey, what cabinet official did Eisenhower have a close relationship with? Question: What woman was a member of Eisenhower's cabinet? Question: What quip was used to describe Eisenhower's cabinet?
Prior to his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues; agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term, to bring the Korean War to an end, to defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and to end price and wage controls. Eisenhower also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy. His inaugural address, as well, was exclusively devoted to foreign policy and included this same philosophy, as well as a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations.

Question: What war did Eisenhower want to end as president? Question: What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever? Question: Policy in regard to what country was discussed at Eisenhower's first cabinet meeting? Question: What type of policy was the focus of Eisenhower's inaugural address?
Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. A self-described "progressive conservative," he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. He implemented integration in the Armed Services in two years, which had not been completed under Truman.

Question: How did Eisenhower describe his political views? Question: What New deal program did Eisenhower particularly support? Question: What cabinet agency did Eisenhower make Social Security a part of? Question: How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower? Question: What policy in regard to the military did Eisenhower see to completion?
As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. Eisenhower then articulated his position as a moderate, progressive Republican: "I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it ... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore."

Question: In what year were the first federal elections after Eisenhower became president? Question: Prior to the 1954 elections, who had majorities in Congress? Question: What type of Republican did Eisenhower characterize himself as? Question: What wing of the GOP was Eisenhower opposed to?
Initially Eisenhower planned on serving only one term, but as with other decisions, he maintained a position of maximum flexibility in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again. During his recovery from a heart attack late in 1955, he huddled with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group, in addition to his doctor, concluded a second term was well advised, and he announced in February 1956 he would run again. Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about Nixon's repeating as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition. He personally favored Robert B. Anderson, a Democrat, who rejected his offer; Eisenhower then resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party. In 1956, Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6% of the popular vote. The level of campaigning was curtailed out of health considerations.

Question: Upon election, how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve? Question: In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack? Question: When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating that he would run for a second term? Question: Who did Eisenhower want as his 1956 running mate? Question: Who did Eisenhower defeat in the 1956 presidential election?
Eisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by difficulties encountered during his involvement in the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy. He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of U.S. Army vehicles coast to coast. His subsequent experience with encountering German autobahn limited-access road systems during the concluding stages of World War II convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System. Noticing the improved ability to move logistics throughout the country, he thought an Interstate Highway System in the U.S. would not only be beneficial for military operations, but provide a measure of continued economic growth. The legislation initially stalled in the Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project, but the legislative effort was renewed and the law was signed by Eisenhower in June 1956.

Question: What event led Eisenhower to want to improve highways in the US? Question: What German transportation project influenced Eisenhower on highways? Question: Along with military benefits, what did Eisenhower see as the benefit of the highway project? Question: Why did Congress hold up the highway bill? Question: When did Eisenhower sign the law to create the Interstate Highway System?
In 1953, the Republican Party's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch; however, the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point. At this time Eisenhower gave his Chance for Peace speech in which he attempted, unsuccessfully, to forestall the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union by suggesting multiple opportunities presented by peaceful uses of nuclear materials. Biographer Stephen Ambrose opined that this was the best speech of Eisenhower's presidency.

Question: What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon? Question: Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements? Question: What world leader died in March of 1953? Question: What speech did Eisenhower give after Stalin died? Question: Who called the Chance for Peace speech the best one Eisenhower gave as president?
The U.N. speech was well received but the Soviets never acted upon it, due to an overarching concern for the greater stockpiles of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal. Indeed, Eisenhower embarked upon a greater reliance on the use of nuclear weapons, while reducing conventional forces, and with them the overall defense budget, a policy formulated as a result of Project Solarium and expressed in NSC 162/2. This approach became known as the "New Look", and was initiated with defense cuts in late 1953.

Question: What did Eisenhower reduce as he increased nuclear weapons stockpiles? Question: Along with NSC 162/2, what influenced the development of the New Look policy? Question: What was the policy of increasing nuclear weapons while decreasing conventional forces called? Question: When did Eisenhower begin to cut the defense budget?
In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower, when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections. In May of that year the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria, and paved the way for a Geneva summit with the U.S., U.K. and France. At the Geneva Conference Eisenhower presented a proposal called "Open Skies" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev dismissed the proposal out of hand.

Question: Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955? Question: In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955? Question: Who refused to permit nuclear weapons inspections in the wake of the 1955 talks? Question: In May of 1955, a treaty was signed giving independence to what country? Question: What was the plan Eisenhower presented at the Geneva Conference called?
In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying "Long faces don't win wars". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner.

Question: In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected? Question: The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region? Question: According to Eisenhower, all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country? Question: What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala? Question: What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC?
With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out."

Question: Who was the director of the CIA? Question: What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government? Question: What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government? Question: What company made the U-2? Question: Under what president did the Bay of Pigs Invasion take place?
Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public and is the only remaining presidential aircraft left unrestored and not on public display.

Question: In what year was Eisenhower involved in an incident while flying? Question: What aircraft had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610? Question: What make and model aircraft was Air Force Flight 8610? Question: What was the name of the Lockheed C-121 Constellation that carried Eisenhower? Question: What call sign does an Air Force aircraft have when a president is traveling on it?
On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists.

Question: What caused Eisenhower to kickstart the US space program? Question: What was the legal status of the U-2 flyovers? Question: Along with the U-2 flyovers, what did Eisenhower try to legitimize with the Open Skies Policy? Question: What was the name of the civilian space agency created by Eisenhower? Question: With whom did Eisenhower try to improve relations?
In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China. With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.

Question: Where did the Chinese begin to increase forces after Eisenhower entered the White House? Question: What did Eisenhower threaten to do if there was no armistice in Korea? Question: Along with the Joint Chiefs and SAC, what body was involved with formulating plans for nuclear war with China? Question: What was SAC an abbreviation of? Question: What event led to decreased Russian support for China?
In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.

Question: In what month in 1953 did the armistice come into being? Question: The boundary line of what year formed the 1953 armistice line? Question: What American official notably opposed the armistice? Question: Who was the President of South Korea at the time of the armistice? Question: Who described the armistice as Eisenhower's greatest presidential accomplishment?
In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.

Question: Along with the British and Israelis, what forces invaded Egypt in 1956? Question: What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to? Question: Who was the leader of Egypt at the time of the Suez Crisis? Question: Who invaded Hungary in 1956? Question: What year saw the publication of Eisenhower's memoirs?
Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."

Question: Who was providing supplies to the Vietnamese communists fighting against France? Question: What war was being fought by France in 1953? Question: What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname? Question: Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam? Question: How large of a military deployment did Ridgway say would be necessary in Vietnam?
Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.

Question: Aside from bombers, what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French? Question: What did American bombers drop on Vietnam? Question: What arguably impossible conditions did Eisenhower set for further intervention on behalf of the French? Question: When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists? Question: Along with the Vice President and NCS head, who urged Eisenhower to intervene after the fall of Dien Bien Phu?