derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops.

Question: What people introduced gin to England? Question: After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England? Question: In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur? Question: How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740? Question: In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops?
The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates.

Question: What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane? Question: What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots? Question: When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated? Question: What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?
By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or "Gin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835–1836) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes.

Question: In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain? Question: What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century? Question: In what British city did gin houses first appear? Question: What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments? Question: Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?
Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went.

Question: What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830? Question: What law allowed the existence of beer houses? Question: In what way did small beer differ from regular beer? Question: What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?
Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers.

Question: What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830? Question: What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home? Question: What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses? Question: On what day were beer houses closed? Question: Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?
In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to obtain permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated.

Question: How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act? Question: How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act? Question: In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses?
Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to continue and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act.

Question: By the end of what century were most beer houses closed? Question: What establishments did beer houses become after buying an additional license? Question: Where are purpose-built pubs typically located? Question: What modern brewers often first began as beer houses?
The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like The Crown, The Red Lion, The Royal Oak etc. and, if they did not simply name their place Smith's Beer House, they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times.

Question: Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub? Question: What is an example of a name for a beer house?
There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries,[citation needed] and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown. Tavern owners were required to possess a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits.

Question: In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England? Question: What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses? Question: In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell?
From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005.

Question: In what century were the operating hours of drinking establishments first limited? Question: In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened? Question: What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005?
The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and undesirable conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market. Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours, and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even "Occasional Licences" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as fêtes would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections might be made by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours.

Question: What law mandated a license from the local magistrate to sell beer? Question: At what locations were public house licenses granted? Question: Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs? Question: What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises?
Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years[citation needed]. Many of these records survive and can be viewed, for example, at the London Metropolitan Archives centre.

Question: Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records? Question: Where can historical licensing records be examined?
The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire.

Question: What law further restricted public houses? Question: In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed? Question: Along with the period 6:30 pm–9:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act? Question: What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act? Question: What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act?
There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for "Last Orders" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially "dry" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins.

Question: In what year did the State Management Scheme cease? Question: What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government? Question: What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s? Question: What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s? Question: On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'?
However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets.

Question: In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday? Question: In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays? Question: Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday? Question: What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000? Question: How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open?
Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976.

Question: What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible? Question: When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland?
The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to "24-hour drinking". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am.

Question: When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect? Question: After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs? Question: Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs? Question: How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7? Question: How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day?
A "lock-in" is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.

Question: What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed? Question: A law of what year prompted the existence of the "lock-in"? Question: What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm? Question: What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?
In March 2006, a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.

Question: In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland? Question: When did Wales outlaw smoking in public? Question: What was the month and year when England banned public smoking? Question: What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009? Question: What company took over Scottish & Newcastle's pubs?
By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).

Question: In what century did saloons become established? Question: What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball? Question: What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon? Question: On what street was the Grecian Saloon located? Question: What is rhyming slang for 'coat'?
A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.[citation needed]

Question: Along with cabaret, striptease, bands and drama, what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs? Question: Along with karaoke, what type of prerecorded music is often found in pubs?
By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]—carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as "spit and sawdust"), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]

Question: What is another name for the lounge bar? Question: What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century? Question: What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room? Question: What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called? Question: In pence, what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar?
Later, the public bars gradually improved until sometimes almost the only difference was in the prices, so that customers could choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age, or a jukebox or dartboard).[citation needed] With the blurring of class divisions in the 1960s and 1970s,[citation needed] the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic,[citation needed] and was frequently abolished, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition.[citation needed] While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises, and many pubs now comprise one large room. However the modern importance of dining in pubs encourages some establishments to maintain distinct rooms or areas.

Question: In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain? Question: What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?
The "snug", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small, very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.

Question: What is another name for the smoke room? Question: What were the windows in the snug made out of? Question: What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar? Question: Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?
CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved.

Question: How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey? Question: According to CAMRA, how many pubs in Britain possess classic snugs?