derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the "Nixon shock".

Question: When was the Bretton Woods system established? Question: What was the fixed value of gold? Question: What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to? Question: What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar? Question: In which year was gold convertability terminated?
The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar.

Question: What kind of money is the U.S. dollar? Question: Although for some countries the dollar is not their official currency, how do they use the currency? Question: Other than the British Virgin Islands, what other area in the Caribbean uses the dollar as it's sole currency? Question: For countries that use the dollar as their paper currency, what other currency do they make? Question: What is an example of a U.S. coin that can be used as payment in some countries?
Today, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The "large-sized notes" issued before 1928 measured 7.42 inches (188 mm) by 3.125 inches (79.4 mm); small-sized notes, introduced that year, measure 6.14 inches (156 mm) by 2.61 inches (66 mm) by 0.0043 inches (0.11 mm). When the current, smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine-sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency.

Question: What are dollar notes made from now adays? Question: What is most common paper made of? Question: Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes? Question: How long do the current notes measure? Question: What size currency are the new smaller notes similar to?
From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians[who?] erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold, respectively. The gold coins that were minted however, were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains (1.50 g), followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains (1.505 g) in 1837 (16:1 ratio).[citation needed]

Question: When was the Mint Act passed? Question: How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as? Question: Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed? Question: What market value were gold coins traded in relation to? Question: In what year did the shift in gold standard occur?
Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel. However, since 1992, the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard copper-nickel versions. In addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella) coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination.

Question: What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for? Question: What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays? Question: What was the only coin with any silver content in circulation from 1965 to 1970? Question: What was the Kennedy half dollar replaced with? Question: How much was the experimental Stella coin valued at?
Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States. Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in 1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin, featuring Sacagawea, (the Sacagawea dollar) was introduced, which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color, without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar. However, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support.

Question: When were silver dollars first minted? Question: Who was featured on the copper - nickel dollar? Question: In which century were gold dollars minted? Question: Which coin was introduced in 1979? Question: What did the new $1 coin minted in 2000 feature?
The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury, plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, and over 3000 billion in 2013. The amount of cash in circulation is increased (or decreased) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System. Eight times a year, the 12-person Federal Open Market Committee meet to determine U.S. monetary policy. Every business day, the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy. If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply, it will buy securities (such as U.S. Treasury Bonds) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars. Conversely, it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars, to take dollars out of circulation.

Question: What do coins, Federal Reserve Notes and deposits held by despository institutions make up? Question: What was the monetary base value in 1994? Question: How much did the monetar base value increase to in 2013? Question: How many times a year does the Federal Open Market Committee meet? Question: What would the Federal Reserve buy to try and increase money supply?
The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States. It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day-to-day living expenses. A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982–1984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is shown at right.

Question: What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to? Question: The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what? Question: What does CPI stand for? Question: Who publishes the Consumer Price Index? Question: What does the CPI estimate?
The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany. As a result of a movement earlier in the decade, many politicians donated funds to establish the college, including Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel. It was also supported by Prince Albert, who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor.

Question: When was the Royal College of Chemistry established? Question: When was the Royal College of Chemistry established? Question: What was not well taught that led to the founding of the Royal College of Chemistry? Question: Why was the Royal College of Chemistry founded? Question: Which country was ahead of the United Kingdom in the teaching of chemistry? Question: Which politicians donated funds to establish the Royal College of Chemistry? Question: Who supported the Royal College of Chemistry? Question: Which Prince supported the establishment of the college? Question: Who was the first professor of the Royal College of Chemistry? Question: Who was the first professor of the college?
City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. Faced with their continuing inability to find a substantial site, the Companies were eventually persuaded by the Secretary of the Science and Art Department, General Sir John Donnelly (who was also a Royal Engineer) to found their institution on the eighty-seven acre (350,000 m²) site at South Kensington bought by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners (for GBP 342,500) for 'purposes of art and science' in perpetuity. The latter two colleges were incorporated by Royal Charter into the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the CGLI Central Technical College was renamed the City and Guilds College in 1907, but not incorporated into Imperial College until 1910.

Question: Which college was founded in 1876? Question: When was the City and Guilds College founded? Question: How many livery companies were in the meeting that founded the college? Question: What does CGLI stand for? Question: What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded? Question: What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College? Question: Other than conducting a system of qualifying examinations, what was the other main objective of the meeting of CGLI? Question: How large was the land (in acres) that the institution was founded on? Question: How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College? Question: What was the former name of the City and Guilds College?
In December 2005, Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus, with extensive housing; however, this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and that the true scale of the scheme, which could have raised £110m for the College, was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public. One commentator observed that Imperial's scheme reflected "the state of democracy in Kent, the transformation of a renowned scientific college into a grasping, highly aggressive, neo-corporate institution, and the defence of the status of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty – throughout England, not just Wye – against rampant greed backed by the connivance of two important local authorities. Wye College campus was finally closed in September 2009.

Question: When did Imperial announce their science park program at the Wye Campus? Question: Where was Imperial planning on launching their science park program? Question: Where was Imperial's science park programme located? Question: When did Imperial abandon their science park program? Question: When was the science park programme abandoned? Question: How much money could the science park programme have raised for the college? Question: Who did not know about the potential revenue that the programme could have raised initially? Question: What was closed on September 2009? Question: When was the Wye College campus closed?
The College's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios: (i) Unitised Scheme – a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term; (ii) Non-Core Property – a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which College has determined are not core to the academic mission; and (iii) Strategic Asset Investments – containing College’s shareholding in Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings. During the year 2014/15, the market value of the endowment increased by £78 million (18%) to £512.4 million on 31 July 2015.

Question: How many distinct portfolios is the College's endownment divided into? Question: What is the term that represents a unit trust vehicle that allows endowments to be invested to produce returns for the lon term? Question: What is a "Unitised Scheme"? Question: The 120 operational and developmental properties within the college that are not core to the academic mission belong to which portfolio? Question: The College's restricted equity holdings would be considered a part of which portion of the portfolio? Question: How much did the market value of the college's endowment increase between 2014 and 2015? Question: How much did the market value of the endowment increase by during the year 2014/2015? Question: How many percent did the college's endowment market value increase from 2014 to 2015? Question: What was the market value of the endowment the college received on July 31, 2015?
Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment. In the REF results 46% of Imperial's submitted research was classified as 4*, 44% as 3*, 9% as 2* and 1% as 1*, giving an overall GPA of 3.36. In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results Imperial was ranked 2nd overall for GPA and 8th for "research power" (compared to 6th and 7th respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008).

Question: How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment? Question: How many staff members did Imperial claim to have in 2014? Question: How many units of assessment did Imperial submit? Question: What does REF stand for? Question: What was the percentage of Imperials research that was seemed to be 3*? Question: What did the REF give Imperial as an overall GPA? Question: In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education, what position was Imperial ranked for GPA? Question: What was Imperial's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education? Question: How highly was Imperial ranked in "research power" in 2014?
In September 2014, Professor Stefan Grimm, of the Department of Medicine, was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money. The College made its first public announcement of his death on 4 December 2014. Grimm's last email accused his employers of bullying by demanding that he should get grants worth at least £200,000 per year. His last email was viewed more than 100,000 times in the first four days after it was posted. The College has announced an internal inquiry into Stefan Grimm's death. The inquest on his death has not yet reported.

Question: When was Professor Stefan Grimm found dead? Question: Which Professor was found dead in September 2014? Question: To which department did the professor who passed in September 2014 belong? Question: What was the dead professor threatened with before his death? Question: When did Imperial College make its first public announcement of Stefan Grimm's death? Question: What did Professor Grimm's last email accuse Imperial College of before his death? Question: How much did the Grimm claim his employers said he should raise in grant money per year? Question: How many times was Professor Stefan Grimm's email viewed in the first four days after it was posted online? Question: How many views did Grimm's last email get in the first four days after it was posted? Question: What did Imperial College announce it would do after Professor Grimm's death?
Imperial College Boat Club
The Imperial College Boat Club was founded on 12 December 1919. The Gold medal winning GB 8+ at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial College's recently refurbished boathouse and included 3 alumni of the college along with their coach Martin McElroy. The club has been highly successful, with many wins at Henley Royal Regatta including most recently in 2013 with victory in The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event. The club has been home to numerous National Squad oarsmen and women and is open to all rowers not just students of Imperial College London.

Question: Which day was the Imperial College Boat Club formed on? Question: How many alumni from Imperial were a part of the Gold medal winning GB8+? Question: What was the name of the coach of the Gold medal winning GB8+? Question: Which event has the Boat Club been highly successful at? Question: Which event did the Boat Club claim victory in for 2013?
The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology, a collection of minerals, maps and mining equipment. He created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. Prince Albert was a patron and supporter of the later developments in science teaching, which led to the Royal College of Chemistry becoming part of the Royal School of Mines, to the creation of the Royal College of Science and eventually to these institutions becoming part of his plan for South Kensington being an educational region.

Question: What school was established in 1851? Question: Who established the Royal School of Mines? Question: A collection of miners, maps and mining equipment all belonged to what entity? Question: Which famous prince was a patron at the Royal School of Mines? Question: Which region did Prince Albert aim to make famous as an educational region?
In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a new Main Entrance on Exhibition Road were opened by The Queen. The UK Energy Research Centre was also established in 2004 and opened its headquarters at Imperial College. In November 2005 the Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged to become the Faculty of Natural Sciences.

Question: In which year was the London Centre for Nanotechnology established? Question: Who granted Imperial degree-awarding powers? Question: The Londre Centre for Nanotechnology was a joint effort between UCL and which college? Question: What is the old name of the Imperial College Business School? Question: The Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged in 2005 to become which faculty?
Imperial's main campus is located in the South Kensington area of central London. It is situated in an area of South Kensington, known as Albertopolis, which has a high concentration of cultural and academic institutions, adjacent to the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Royal College of Music, the Royal College of Art, the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Albert Hall. Nearby public attractions include the Kensington Palace, Hyde Park and the Kensington Gardens, the National Art Library, and the Brompton Oratory. The expansion of the South Kensington campus in the 1950s & 1960s absorbed the site of the former Imperial Institute, designed by Thomas Collcutt, of which only the 287 foot (87 m) high Queen's Tower remains among the more modern buildings.

Question: In which area in London is Imperial's main campus located? Question: What is the area inside of South Kensington where Imperial is located known as? Question: In which decade did the expansion of the South Kensington campus being? Question: Who designed the Imperial Institue that was a victim of Imperial's expansion in the 1950s & 1960s? Question: Which landmark still remains from the Imperial Institue after Imperial's expansion?
The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies provides elective subjects and language courses outside the field of science for students in the other faculties and departments. Students are encouraged to take these classes either for credit or in their own time, and in some departments this is mandatory. Courses exist in a wide range of topics including philosophy, ethics in science and technology, history, modern literature and drama, art in the 20th century, film studies. Language courses are available in French, German, Japanese, Italian, Russian, Spanish, Arabic and Mandarin Chinese. The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies is home to the Science Communication Unit which offers master's degrees in Science Communication and Science Media Production for science graduates.

Question: Which centre provides electives outside of science for students? Question: Outside of doing it on their own time, what other motivation could students have to take non mandatory electives? Question: Which unit is a part of the Co-Curricular Studies that offers master's degrees? Question: Scientists seeking a master's degree might be interested in which other degree besides Science Communication from the Science Communication Unit?