derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
On December 21, 1968, Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8. They also became the first to leave low-Earth orbit and go to another celestial body, and entered lunar orbit on December 24. They made ten orbits in twenty hours, and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history, with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit, that concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis. Two and a half hours after the broadcast, they fired their engine to perform the first trans-Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth. Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific ocean on December 27, in NASA's first dawn splashdown and recovery.

Question: What date did Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders leave Earth on the Apollo 8 mission? Question: Which three people were the first to ride the Saturn V rocket into space? Question: During what holiday, was the Apollo 8 mission broadcast from orbit? Question: Which ocean did the Apolo 8 mission land in?
The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969. The next mission, Apollo 10, conducted a "dress rehearsal" for the first landing in May 1969, flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet (14.4 km) above the surface, the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin. With the LM proven to work well, the next step was to attempt the actual landing.

Question: The Lunar Module completed its first low Earth orbit on what date? Question: How close to the ground was the Lunar Module in May 1969 during its landing test?
Unknown to the Americans, the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble. After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969, Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay. The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969 was a significant setback. The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown, destroying itself and the launch facility. Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely.

Question: The Soviet, N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date?
Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility. The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. They trained for the mission until just before the actual launch day. On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket, AS-506, lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida.

Question: Apollo 11 mission was to land where on the Moon? Question: When was the crew chosen to participate on the Apollo 11 mission? Question: When did the Apollo 11 mission launch? Question: What state did the Saturn V rocket launch from?
The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named Eagle, and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module Columbia, began their descent. After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, and a slight downrange error, Armstrong took over manual flight control at about 180 meters (590 ft), and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20:18:04 UTC, July 20, 1969 (3:17:04 pm CDT). The first humans on the Moon would wait another six hours before they ventured out of their craft. At 02:56 UTC, July 21 (9:56 pm CDT July 20), Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon.

Question: How long did the trip to the Moon last for the crew of the Apollo 11? Question: Who was the first human to take a step on the Moon? Question: The Lunar Module of the Apollo 11 was named after what animal? Question: At what time on Earth did Armstrong first step onto the Moon?
The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft. The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with Columbia.

Question: How many people saw the first step onto the Moon? Question: When did they launch from the Moon to reattach to the Columbia?
Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969. When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with 161 days to spare. With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the Americans won the race to the Moon.

Question: Where did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth? Question: When did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?
The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named Skylab) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S-IVB upper stage, using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle. But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S-IVB (which was also the Saturn V third stage), which immediately removed Apollo 20. Belt-tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well, but keep three extended/Lunar Rover missions. Apollo 13 encountered an in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972).

Question: When was the second landing on the Moon successful? Question: When did the Apollo 14 mission land successfully? Question: Apollo 15 landed on the Moon on what date? Question: On what date was the Apollo 16 successful on landing on the Moon? Question: Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on which date?
Meanwhile, the USSR continued briefly trying to perfect their N1 rocket, finally canceling it in 1976, after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972.

Question: Which year did the USSR cancel the N1 rocket program after two failures that didn't launch?
Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempted to dock with it, but failed to achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station. The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7, and completed a record 22-day stay. The crew became the second in-flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30. They were asphyxiated when their spacecraft's cabin lost all pressure, shortly after undocking. The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve, that allowed all the air to vent into space. The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred.

Question: The USSR launched their first space station on what date? Question: Who made up the crew of the Soyuz 11?
Salyut 1's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry, but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem. The station re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on October 11, after 175 days in orbit. The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated Durable Orbital Station-2 (DOS-2) on July 29, 1972, but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit. After the DOS-2 failure, the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut-class stations through 1975, with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage, which punctured the station with shrapnel so that it wouldn't hold pressure. While all of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories, some of them were actually covers for the military Almaz reconnaissance stations.

Question: The station, Salyut 1, came back to Earth on which date? Question: How long did the station, Salyut 1, stay in orbit? Question: Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit?
The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed 169,950 pounds (77,090 kg), was 58 feet (18 m) long by 21.7 feet (6.6 m) in diameter, with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3). Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield. Subsequent manned missions repaired the station, and the final mission's crew, Skylab 4, set the Space Race endurance record with 84 days in orbit when the mission ended on February 8, 1974. Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11, 1979.

Question: The Skylab 1 was launched on which date? Question: How much did the Skylab 1 weigh? Question: When did the Skylab 1 finally come back to Earth?
In May 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente, creating a temporary "thaw" in the Cold War. In the spirit of good sportsmanship, the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition, and the notion of a continuing "race" began to subside.

Question: When did President Nixon and Brezhnev of the USSR end the Cold War? Question: Which two world leaders had negotiations that relieved the Cold War?
The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz, known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). To prepare, the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system, which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other (e.g. Soyuz/Soyuz as well as Soyuz/Salyut). The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other's craft, which had incompatible cabin atmospheres. The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP.

Question: ASTP stands for what? Question: Which Soyuz mission in December 1974 was to be used for the ASTP?
The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15, 1975 at 12:20 UTC, and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later. The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16:19 UTC. The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts, and the crew shook hands, exchanged gifts, and visited each other's craft.

Question: Soyuz 19 took off from Earth on what date?
In the 1970s, the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle, and launched a range of unmanned probes. The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ('Peace' or 'World', depending on the context) space station, supported by Soyuz spacecraft. They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program. However, the USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program were distributed to various Eastern European countries. The United States and Russia would work together in space with the Shuttle–Mir Program, and again with the International Space Station.

Question: What year did the USSR disband?
The Russian R-7 rocket family, which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the space race, is still in use today. It services the International Space Station (ISS) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station.

Question: Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station?
American concerns that they had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the race to space led quickly to a push by legislators and educators for greater emphasis on mathematics and the physical sciences in American schools. The United States' National Defense Education Act of 1958 increased funding for these goals from childhood education through the post-graduate level.

Question: The United States' National Defense Education Act was established in what year?
A pub /pʌb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England.

Question: What is the term 'pub' short for? Question: What is a pub licensed to sell? Question: Other than the United States, where in North America are pubs located? Question: What continental European country has pubs? Question: Where in the United States are pubs located? Question: Who said that pubs are the heart of England? Question: In many villages what establishment could be called the focal point of the community?
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century.

Question: How far back does the history of pubs go back? Question: What Roman businesses were analogous to modern day pubs? Question: What was the Anglo-Saxon pup called? Question: What similar establishments existed in the Anglo-Saxon world? Question: What is a pub tied to in the 19th century? Question: In what century did the tied house system develop?
Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from cafés, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, there has been a move towards clear glass, in keeping with brighter interiors.

Question: What fares do most pubs offer? Question: Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer? Question: What are traditional pub windows made out of? Question: Why were the windows of town pubs made of smoked or frosted glass traditionally? Question: What are the windows of 1990s and later pubs often made of?
The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.

Question: What is the owner, tenant or manager of a pub known as? Question: What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub? Question: What term came into use in Victorian times to designate the pub landlord? Question: What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times? Question: What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there? Question: Name one way  regulars choose their Pubs? Question: Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs? Question: What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?
Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle.

Question: In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking? Question: What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home? Question: Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s? Question: What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter? Question: What was the off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption often referred to as?
The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.

Question: When did the inhabitants of the British Isles begin drinking ale? Question: During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale? Question: In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain? Question: With the Roman road network, what were the first inns called? Question: What was the Latin term for the Roman inns? Question: In what century did the Romans leave Britain? Question: How did the alewife let people know that her brew was ready? Question: What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing? Question: What did King Edgar decree in 965?
A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders.

Question: In the early Middle Ages, where could a traveler obtain overnight accommodations? Question: Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings? Question: What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries? Question: When were the Hostellers of London were granted guild status? Question: When did the Hostellers of London become a guild? Question: In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders? Question: What name was taken by the Hostellers in 1514?
Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.

Question: Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns? Question: Where is an inn typically located? Question: What road is an inn often located near? Question: How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system? Question: How old are some of the inns in Europe? Question: About how old are the oldest inns in Europe? Question: In addition to providing for the needs of travelers what was another typical use for an inn? Question: What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?
In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland.

Question: What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not? Question: In what nation's pubs is food often served? Question: Aside from human beings, what creature's needs were traditionally seen to at inns? Question: Along with Southwark and The Tabard, what is a notable London inn? Question: In what country is "The Welcome Inn" frequently used as a name for pubs?
The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.

Question: What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges? Question: What is the main provision that pubs offer? Question: What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns? Question: What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America? Question: In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?
The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.

Question: Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business? Question: In what city are the Inns of Chancery located? Question: Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in?
Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.

Question: What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale? Question: What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production? Question: In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England? Question: In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England? Question: What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century?