derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
Researchers include biologists, geologists, oceanographers, physicists, astronomers, glaciologists, and meteorologists. Geologists tend to study plate tectonics, meteorites from outer space, and resources from the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. Biologists, in addition to examining the wildlife, are interested in how harsh temperatures and the presence of people affect adaptation and survival strategies in a wide variety of organisms. Medical physicians have made discoveries concerning the spreading of viruses and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures. Astrophysicists at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station study the celestial dome and cosmic microwave background radiation. Many astronomical observations are better made from the interior of Antarctica than from most surface locations because of the high elevation, which results in a thin atmosphere; low temperature, which minimizes the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere; and absence of light pollution, thus allowing for a view of space clearer than anywhere else on Earth. Antarctic ice serves as both the shield and the detection medium for the largest neutrino telescope in the world, built 2 km (1.2 mi) below Amundsen–Scott station.

Question: What group of scientists study tectonics? Question: Which science is concerned with the study of the dynamics of ice? Question: Who is interested in the effects of harsh environment on humans? Question: What kind of observations use  the high elevations and thin atmosphere for viewing space? Question: Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth?
According to the apocryphal Gospel of James, Mary was the daughter of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. Before Mary's conception, Anne had been barren and was far advanced in years. Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old, much like Hannah took Samuel to the Tabernacle as recorded in the Old Testament. Some apocryphal accounts state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph, Mary was 12–14 years old, and he was thirty years old, but such accounts are unreliable.

Question: Who were Mary's parents? Question: Where was Mary consecrated as a virgin? Question: How old was Mary when she was consecrated as a virgin? Question: Who was Mary betrothed to? Question: When she was betrothed to Joseph, approximately how old was Mary?
The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary's life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to gospel accounts, Mary was present at the Crucifixion of Jesus and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. According to Apocryphal writings, at some time soon after her death, her incorrupt body was assumed directly into Heaven, to be reunited with her soul, and the apostles thereupon found the tomb empty; this is known in Christian teaching as the Assumption.

Question: Which goespel begins its story of Mary with the Annunciation? Question: Which angel appeared to Mary? Question: What did Gabriel announce to Mary at the Annunciation? Question: How was Mary related to Jesus? Question: What happened to Mary's body at death?
The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven. The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus. Whether the Virgin Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary are made in Munificentissimus Deus. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her Dormition, where they believe she died.

Question: What is another name for the Assumption of Mary? Question: When was the Assumption dogmatically define by the Catholic Church? Question: Which pope authored Munifentissimus Deus? Question: In which papal document was the dogma of the Assumption defined? Question: Other than the Roman Catholic Church, which church holds the doctrine of the Assumption to be true?
After Mary continued in the "blood of her purifying" another 33 days for a total of 40 days, she brought her burnt offering and sin offering to the Temple in Jerusalem,[Luke 2:22] so the priest could make atonement for her sins, being cleansed from her blood.[Leviticus 12:1-8] They also presented Jesus –  "As it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord" (Luke 2:23other verses). After the prophecies of Simeon and the prophetess Anna in Luke 2:25-38 concluded, Joseph and Mary took Jesus and "returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth".[Luke 2:39]

Question: How long in total was the "blood of her purifying" for Mary? Question: Where did Mary bring a burnt offering and sin offering? Question: Who was presented at the Temple in Jerusalem? Question: Who prophesized in Luke 2:25-38? Question: To which Galilean city did Joseph and Mary take Jesus?
According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah, who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi.[Luke 1:5;1:36] Some of those who consider that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, consider that Mary, like Joseph, to whom she was betrothed, was of the House of David and so of the Tribe of Judah, and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan, third son of David and Bathsheba, is in fact the genealogy of Mary,[need quotation to verify] while the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is that of Joseph. (Aaron's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah, so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah.)[Num.1:7 & Ex.6:23]

Question: What was Zechariah's occupation? Question: Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to? Question: Who was the third son of David and Bathsheba? Question: Who was Aaron's wife? Question: Which tribe did Elisheba belong to?
Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near "the disciple whom Jesus loved" along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene,[Jn 19:25-26] to which list Matthew 27:56 adds "the mother of the sons of Zebedee", presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40. This representation is called a Stabat Mater. While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a "pietà" or "pity".

Question: Name the two women present with Mary at the Crucifixion of Jesus? Question: In Matthew, who else besides Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene are with Mary at the Crucifixion? Question: What is a representation of Mary at the Crucifixion called? Question: In art, what is the name for the motif of Mary cradling the body of Jesus? Question: What does pieta mean?
The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there is a distinct iconographic relationship between Isis and Mary. In fact, some scholars have gone even further, and have suggested, on the basis of this relationship, a direct link between the cult of Mary and that of Isis."

Question: What type of goddess is Isis? Question: Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to? Question: What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis and Mary?
In the 19th century, a house near Ephesus in Turkey was found, based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich, an Augustinian nun in Germany. It has since been visited as the House of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholic pilgrims who consider it the place where Mary lived until her assumption. The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with the Disciple whom Jesus loved,[Jn 19:27] identified as John the Evangelist.[citation needed] Irenaeus and Eusebius of Caesarea wrote in their histories that John later went to Ephesus, which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary also lived in Ephesus with John.

Question: In which century was the House of the Virgin Mary found? Question: In which country is Ephesus? Question: Whose visions led to the identification of the House of the Virgin Mary? Question: Which disciple is known as "the Disciple whom Jesus loved?" Question: With whom is it believed that Mary lived with in Ephesus?
Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions. There is a long tradition of Roman Catholic Marian art and no image permeates Catholic art as does the image of Madonna and Child. The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is without doubt the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church. Both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians venerate images and icons of Mary, given that the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 permitted their veneration with the understanding that those who venerate the image are venerating the reality of the person it represents, and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same. According to Orthodox piety and traditional practice, however, believers ought to pray before and venerate only flat, two-dimensional icons, and not three-dimensional statues.

Question: What is the name given to artistic depictions of Mary? Question: Which icon is most venerated in the Orthodox Church? Question: In which year was the Second Council of Nicea? Question: In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary? Question: In the Orthodox church, what types of icons are allowed to be venerated and prayed before?
Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary, the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis a virgin goddess. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus being regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th Century. According to William E. Phipps, in the book Survivals of Roman Religion "Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary."

Question: Where is the site of the first Church dedicated to Mary? Question: Where was Mary rumored to have died? Question: Which goddess was worshipped in Ephesus before Mary? Question: Which Queen furthered the cult of Mary in the 6th Century? Question: Who was the author of the book, "Survivals of Roman Religion?"
Some titles have a Biblical basis, for instance the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, who was sometimes referred to as the "King of Kings" due to his lineage of King David. The biblical basis for the term Queen can be seen in the Gospel of Luke 1:32 and the Book of Isaiah 9:6, and Queen Mother from 1 Kings 2:19-20 and Jeremiah 13:18-19. Other titles have arisen from reported miracles, special appeals or occasions for calling on Mary, e.g., Our Lady of Good Counsel, Our Lady of Navigators or Our Lady of Ransom who protects captives.

Question: Who was the mother of Jesus? Question: Jesus was known as the "King of Kings" because of his lieage from who? Question: Which New Testament book provides a basis for the term Queen when referring to Mary? Question: Which name is given to Mary because of her role as a protector of captives?
Despite Martin Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the Theotokos or Mother of God. Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some three-hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. "Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety." Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the "Papists" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry. His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death:

Question: Who wrote polemics regarding Roman Catholic beliefs about Mary? Question: What does Theotokos mean? Question: Which pope was responsible for the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception? Question: In which year was the Immaculate Conception dogmatized? Question: Where did Martin Luther preach a sermon on Marian devotion a month before his death?
Differences in feasts may also originate from doctrinal issues—the Feast of the Assumption is such an example. Given that there is no agreement among all Christians on the circumstances of the death, Dormition or Assumption of Mary, the feast of assumption is celebrated among some denominations and not others.  While the Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15, some Eastern Catholics celebrate it as Dormition of the Theotokos, and may do so on August 28, if they follow the Julian calendar. The Eastern Orthodox also celebrate it as the Dormition of the Theotokos, one of their 12 Great Feasts. Protestants do not celebrate this, or any other Marian feasts.

Question: On what date does the Catholic Church celebrate the Feast of the Assumption? Question: What do Eastern Catholics call the Feast of the Assumption? Question: On what date of the Julian calendar do Eastern Catholics celebrate the Domition of the Theotokos? Question: How many Great Feasts does the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate? Question: Do Protestants celebrate Marian feasts or not?
In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from c.500 AD, where blue was "the colour of an empress". A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli, a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold. Beyond a painter's retainer, patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting. Hence, it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue.

Question: Which color is traditionally used to portray Mary in paintings? Question: Which ancient empire is thought to have started the tradition of portraying Mary in paintings using the color blue? Question: What rock was used as the source of blue pigment in paints in Medieval and Renaissance Europe? Question: From which country was lapis lazuli imported? Question: Lapis lazuli was thought to be more valuable than which precious metal?
Nontrinitarians, such as Unitarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but do not recognise Marian titles such as "Mother of God" as these groups generally reject Christ's divinity. Since Nontrinitarian churches are typically also mortalist, the issue of praying to Mary, whom they would consider "asleep", awaiting resurrection, does not arise. Emanuel Swedenborg says God as he is in himself could not directly approach evil spirits to redeem those spirits without destroying them (Exodus 33:20, John 1:18), so God impregnated Mary, who gave Jesus Christ access to the evil heredity of the human race, which he could approach, redeem and save.

Question: Unittarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses are examples of what kind of church? Question: According to Nontrinitarian belief, what is Mary's relationship to Jesus? Question: "Mother of God" is an example of what kind of title? Question: Which Nontrinitarian theologian says that God cannot approach eveil spirits to redeem them?
The Qur'an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places, Qur'an 3:35–47 and 19:16–34. These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the Virgin birth of Jesus. The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke, and both of these (Luke, Sura 19) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya (Zecharias) and Good News of the birth of Yahya (John), followed by the account of the annunciation. It mentions how Mary was informed by an angel that she would become the mother of Jesus through the actions of God alone.

Question: By what name is Mary referred to in the Qur'an? Question: In how many places does the Qur'an give detailed accounts of Mary? Question: Which Sura in the Qur'an describes the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya? Question: Which Gospel provides an identical account of the Virgin Birth as Sura 19 in the Qur'an? Question: Who was visited by an angel in Sura 19 of the Qur'an?
The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary's real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. The term Ever-Virgin (Greek ἀειπάρθενος) is applied in this case, stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her biological and only son, whose conception and birth are held to be miraculous. While the Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the Protoevangelium of James that Jesus' brothers and sisters are older children of Joseph the Betrothed, step-siblings from an earlier marriage that left him widowed, Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father Jerome in considering them Jesus' cousins.

Question: Which doctrine describes the belief that Mary remained a virgin, even though she gave birth to Jesus? Question: What term is used to describe the belief that Mary remained a virgin for her entire life? Question: Which churches teach that Jesus' brothers and sister were step-siblings from a previous marriage of Joseph the Betrothed? Question: What document teaches that Jesus' brothers and sisters were older children of Joseph from a previous marriage? Question: Which Latin father described the belief that Jesus' siblings were his cousins?
Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the "Lady of the Angels".

Question: What do the Orthodox believe Mary remained to be before and after she gave birth to Christ? Question: What are hymns to the Theotokos called in Orthodox tradition? Question: In the liturgical sequences of the Eastern Church, who is placed next in prominence after Christ? Question: In Orthodox tradition, what comes next in precdence after The Theotokos in the order of the saints? Question: What is Mary proclaimed to be in the Orthodox tradition?
The multiple churches that form the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church (the Church of England) understands itself to be both "catholic" and "Reformed". Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large, the Anglican Communion (which includes the Episcopal Church in the United States) includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary.

Question: What is the mother church of the Angican Communion? Question: What branch of Christianity does the Angican Communion fall under? Question: Which church in the United States is associated with the Angican Communion? Question: What practice differentiates the Angican Communon from Protestant churches at large?
Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her.

Question: For what practice did the first Protestants criticize the Roman Catholics? Question: In which century did the Council of Trent occur? Question: Marian veneration became associated with which Christians after the Council of Trent? Question: During which historical era did Protestant interest in Mary almost disappear? Question: Which Protestant churches still honor Mary?
In Methodism, Mary is honored as the Mother of God. Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists believe that Mary was conceived in her womb through the Holy Ghost and accept the doctrine of the Virgin Birth, although they, along with Orthodox Christians and other Protestant Christians, reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. John Wesley, the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England, believed that Mary "continued a pure and unspotted virgin", thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary. Contemporary Methodism does hold that Mary was a virgin before, during, and immediately after the birth of Christ. In addition, some Methodists also hold the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary as a pious opinion.

Question: What are the sources of beliefs about Mary held by Methodists? Question: Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject? Question: Who was the founder of the Methodist movement? Question: The Methodist movement began in which church? Question: Which Marian doctrine did John Wesley uphold in founding Methodism?
She is the only woman directly named in the Qur'an; declared (uniquely along with Jesus) to be a Sign of God to humanity; as one who "guarded her chastity"; an obedient one; chosen of her mother and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb; uniquely (amongst women) Accepted into service by God; cared for by (one of the prophets as per Islam) Zakariya (Zacharias); that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-Mihrab (understood to be the Holy of Holies), and was provided with heavenly "provisions" by God.

Question: To whom was Mary dedicated while still in the womb? Question: Which prophet cared for Mary? Question: Where did Mary reside in her chilhood? Question: What is understood to be the Holy of Holies in Islam? Question: What did God provide for Mary?