derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild. The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic, creating the Innuitian orogeny, the Brooks Range, the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia, and the Khingan Mountains in Manchuria. This orogeny was related to the opening of the Arctic Ocean and subduction of the North China and Siberian cratons under the Pacific Ocean. Nevertheless, the era featured the dramatic rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea. Pangaea gradually split into a northern continent, Laurasia, and a southern continent, Gondwana. This created the passive continental margin that characterizes most of the Atlantic coastline (such as along the U.S. East Coast) today.

Question: At what time was tectonic formation mild? Question: Where did the basic geological changes of this period occur? Question: What supercontinent split to form two smaller continents? Question: What was the northern continent split from Pangaea? Question: What was Pangaea's southern continent called?
Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems, with high biodiversity, complex food webs and a variety of niches, took much longer to reestablish, recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic, 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Animal life was then dominated by various archosaurian reptiles: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and aquatic reptiles such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs.

Question: What type of animals took longer to reestablish? Question: When did recovery of these diverse animals begin? Question: How many years after the extinction did animal recovery begin? Question: How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion? Question: What dominated animal life in the Triassic?
The era began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species. The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic, climate and evolutionary activity. The era witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses that would eventually move into their current positions. The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods. Overall, however, the Earth was hotter than it is today. Non-avian dinosaurs appeared in the Late Triassic and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates early in the Jurassic, occupying this position for about 135 million years until their demise at the end of the Cretaceous. Birds first appeared in the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs. The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic, but would remain small—less than 15 kg (33 lb)—until the Cenozoic.

Question: At what point did the Mesozoic era begin? Question: When did the Mesozoic end? Question: What kind of geologic activity occurred during the Mesozoic? Question: Besides climate changes, what other important activity occurred during the Mesozoic? Question: When mamals appeared they remained small until what period?
The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, and the beginning of the Tethys Sea. The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Phytoplankton, coral, and crustaceans all had recovered, and the reptiles began to get bigger and bigger. New aquatic reptiles evolved such as Ichthyosaurs and Nothosaurs. Meanwhile, on land, Pine forests flourished, bringing along mosquitoes and fruit flies. The first ancient crocodilians evolved, which sparked competition with the large amphibians that had since ruled the freshwater world.

Question: What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic? Question: What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic? Question: During the breakup of Pangaea, what sea was created? Question: From what had the ecosystem had to recover? Question: What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large?
The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago. The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction. Sea levels rose, destroying fern prairies and creating shallows in its wake. Ichthyosaurs went extinct whereas sauropods, as a whole, did not die out in the Jurassic; in fact, some species, like the Titanosaurus, lived up to the K-T extinction. The increase in sea-levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time. The divided world would give opportunity for the diversification of new dinosaurs.

Question: How many years did the Late Jurassic cover? Question: What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct? Question: What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called? Question: What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows? Question: What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways?
The Triassic was generally dry, a trend that began in the late Carboniferous, and highly seasonal, especially in the interior of Pangaea. Low sea levels may have also exacerbated temperature extremes. With its high specific heat capacity, water acts as a temperature-stabilizing heat reservoir, and land areas near large bodies of water—especially the oceans—experience less variation in temperature. Because much of the land that constituted Pangaea was distant from the oceans, temperatures fluctuated greatly, and the interior of Pangaea probably included expansive areas of desert. Abundant red beds and evaporites such as halite support these conclusions, but evidence exists that the generally dry climate of the Triassic was punctuated by episodes of increased rainfall. Most important humid episodes were the Carnian Pluvial Event and one in the Rhaetian, few million years before the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event.

Question: What was the general rainfall in the Triassic? Question: What could have made temperatures more extreme? Question: Because of distance form the sea and wide variance in temperatures, what was the interior of Pangaea like? Question: What were there periods of during the Triassic? Question: What was the Carnian Pluvial event?
The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant genus, Ginkgo, is thought to have evolved at this time and is represented today by a single species, Ginkgo biloba. As well, the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic.

Question: What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic? Question: What is an example of a gymnosperm? Question: What are the dominate plant species on Earth now? Question: What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic? Question: When did the Ginkgo evolve?
It was only in the 1980s that digital telephony transmission networks became possible, such as with ISDN networks, assuring a minimum bit rate (usually 128 kilobits/s) for compressed video and audio transmission. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the Media space, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear in the market as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from PictureTel Corp., which had an Initial Public Offering in November, 1984.

Question: In what decade was digital telephony transmission made possible? Question: What is the minimum bit rate for compressed video and audio transmission? Question: What is an example of an early form of digital video and audio communication? Question: In what form did the first dedicated videoconferencing system appear as? Question: What company offered the first commercial videoconferencing system?
The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources. While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference.

Question: What controls the conferencing while its active on the signaling plane? Question: Where does the videoconferencing system manage conferencing creation? Question: What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system? Question: On what plane does the MC operate? Question: What generates output streams from each endpoint?
High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available at a reasonable cost and the cost of video capture and display technology has decreased. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam, personal computer system, software compression and broadband Internet connectivity have become affordable to the general public. Also, the hardware used for this technology has continued to improve in quality, and prices have dropped dramatically. The availability of freeware (often as part of chat programs) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many.

Question: What technology has become more widely available and affordable? Question: What is an example of a personal videoconferencing system tool? Question: What has made videoconferencing accessible to many? Question: Videoconferencing freeware is widely available in what programs?
Videophone calls (also: videocalls, video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a video link.

Question: What is another name for videophone calls? Question: What is an example of a videophone call program? Question: Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way? Question: What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units? Question: What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as?
Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real-time over secure networks, independent of location. Mobile collaboration systems now allow multiple people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an off-shore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that allow for live and still image streaming.

Question: In what decade did developers extend the capabilities of videoconferencing to more devices? Question: What is an example of a place that videoconferencing can be used today? Question: What allows people in remote locations the ability to video-conference with colleagues far away? Question: What type of applications have videoconferencing manufacturers begun to offer? Question: What is one example of an application that videoconferencing manufacturers have begun to offer?
Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another, although language barriers will continue to persist. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze and share information and ideas with one another. Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers, and visit museums and educational facilities. Such virtual field trips can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those in geographically isolated locations, and to the economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.

Question: Who can benefit from two-way communication forums? Question: What can videoconferencing offer students? Question: What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities? Question: What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve? Question: What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing?
One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T's videophone (trademarked as the "Picturephone") was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair –two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including British Telecom's Martlesham facility, have also conducted extensive research on signing via videotelephony. The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow analogue copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN (data) phone lines. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient video codecs and the advent of lower cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s.

Question: What company introduced the first device to help deaf people communicate through telecommunications? Question: What was the name of AT&T's videophone device? Question: In what year was AT&T's "Picturephone" device introduced? Question: Where was AT&T's "Picturephone" device unveiled? Question: In what decade were more efficient ways of using sign language via video-telephony developed?
In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen, Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.

Question: In what industry has videoconferencing become useful? Question: What year was the movie Frozen released? Question: On what film was videoconferencing widely used? Question: In what city were the songwriting team of Frozen located? Question: How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing?
A videoconference system is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A videoconference (also known as a videoteleconference) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit (a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple party videoconferencing via web-based applications.

Question: What is a video-conference also known as? Question: How many locations can one use videoconferencing for? Question: What does a video-conference use that allows communication in live situations? Question: What is a multi-point control unit? Question: How does video-conferencing allow multiple parties to communicate with each other?
This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine, distance education, and business meetings. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by AT&T Corporation, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques. The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of the Picturephone in the 1970s also did not achieve commercial success, mostly due to its high cost, but also due to a lack of network effect —with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call to, and interoperability with other videophone systems would not exist for decades.

Question: What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used? Question: Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video? Question: When was the first slow-scan video systems researched? Question: What was the bandwidth of AT&T's Picturephone? Question: What was the bit rate of AT&T's Picturephone?
While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, Project DIANE (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, neighborhood centers, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, public assistance centers, and other community oriented organizations.

Question: What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place? Question: What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing? Question: What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on? Question: How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow? Question: What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?
Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software, and others which are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterised according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units.

Question: What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points? Question: What is one type of MCU bridge? Question: In what way can an MCU be characterized? Question: What feature enables an MCU to allow for multiple parties to be seen on screen at the same time? Question: Where can an MCU be embedded?
Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for telecommuting, in which employees work from home. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it “all of the time” or “frequently”.

Question: In what one way can videoconferencing help a person? Question: What technology can be used along with videoconferencing? Question: What is another use of VoIP? Question: What is telecommuting? Question: What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time?
Finally, in the 1990s, Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible, and more efficient video compression technologies were developed, permitting desktop, or personal computer (PC)-based videoconferencing. In 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place, linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town. At the Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Nagano, Japan, Seiji Ozawa conducted the Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony simultaneously across five continents in near-real time.

Question: In what decade was Internet video-conferencing made possible? Question: In what device was videoconferencing finally able to be used in? Question: In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed? Question: In what year did the first public video-conference take place? Question: What South African city participated in the first public video-conference?
The core technology used in a videoconferencing system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled packets, which are then transmitted through a digital network of some kind (usually ISDN or IP). The use of audio modems in the transmission line allow for the use of POTS, or the Plain Old Telephone System, in some low-speed applications, such as videotelephony, because they convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves in the audio spectrum range.

Question: What is the software that performs audio and/or video compression? Question: How high can compression rates go? Question: What is one digital network through which a digital stream can be transmitted? Question: What does POTS stand for? Question: What do POTS do?
Typical use of the various technologies described above include calling or conferencing on a one-on-one, one-to-many or many-to-many basis for personal, business, educational, deaf Video Relay Service and tele-medical, diagnostic and rehabilitative use or services. New services utilizing videocalling and videoconferencing, such as teachers and psychologists conducting online sessions, personal videocalls to inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries, and videoconferencing to resolve airline engineering issues at maintenance facilities, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis.

Question: What is a common use of conferencing technology? Question: What is a common use of conferencing technology? Question: What profession utilizes videoconferencing technology to conduct online sessions? Question: What is one way that videocalling can be used?