derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant.

Question: When did the French obtain Algeria? Question: Where did the Algiers immigrants come from? Question: What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called? Question: How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911? Question: When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia?
Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education.

Question: What is the official language of France? Question: Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language? Question: What language does the General Council want to promote? Question: Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?
The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation.

Question: What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries? Question: Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession? Question: Where did Catalan experience defeat? Question: What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation? Question: When was the war of Spanish Succession?
In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama).

Question: What is Renaixenca? Question: What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature? Question: When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland? Question: When did this revival period begin? Question: In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?
Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students.  There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.

Question: Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools? Question: Since the transition, what is the official language? Question: Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language? Question: Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?
In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

Question: Where has Catalan always been the only language? Question: What is the only language of Andorra? Question: When was the Andorran constitution produced? Question: What policies are the Andorrans enforcing? Question: What is an Andorran school policy?
On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

Question: What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas? Question: What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language? Question: How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia? Question: When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older? Question: What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?
In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

Question: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province? Question: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante? Question: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero? Question: What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza? Question: What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?
The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal.

Question: To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed? Question: Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch? Question: What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category?
Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

Question: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages? Question: What is Catalan a variety of? Question: What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan? Question: Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages? Question: What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?
Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

Question: What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages? Question: To what group is Catalan most closely related? Question: Where is the Catalan language mostly located? Question: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from? Question: What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?
According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.

Question: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian? Question: Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese? Question: What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish? Question: What is the relationship similarity to Ladin? Question: How related is Sardinian to Catalan?
During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

Question: During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect? Question: What has Catalan often been considered?
There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

Question: What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from? Question: What language branch did Catalan share a history with? Question: What is Occitan a branch of?
The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.

Question: What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish? Question: What has different results in Spanish and Catalan? Question: What is the origin of some Spanish words?
The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

Question: What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan? Question: Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from? Question: In which language is the Arabic element stand out more? Question: What is the origin of the Spanish word teja? Question: What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?
Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".

Question: What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between? Question: What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have? Question: What type of unique choices does Catalan have? Question: What is the Catalan to miss somebody?
These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

Question: What is the term for Catalan Countries? Question: What are the Paisos Catalans Question: What is that determination based on? Question: What status does Catalan Countries have? Question: What is the interpretation of the term?
In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

Question: How is Catalan different from other Romance languages? Question: What other type of endings do Catalan words have? Question: What kind of final devoicing does the language have? Question: What do many words feature?
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

Question: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan? Question: What is Central Catalan? Question: What are the descriptions for? Question: Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Question: Where does Catalan get its vowel system? Question: How many stressed phenoms are there? Question: Where is this a common feature? Question: What is the exception to this common characteristic? Question: What differs in vowel reduction?
In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

Question: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three? Question: How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan? Question: What vowel stays distinct? Question: What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have? Question: Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?
Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

Question: What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world? Question: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan? Question: What is this a subdiscipline of? Question: What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality? Question: What outside affects does this study include?
The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

Question: What do the dialects of Catalan feature? Question: In comparison to what are the dialects uniform? Question: What is high among dialects? Question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects? Question: What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?
Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

Question: What is the major difference between the two blocks? Question: What have a and e done in eastern dialects? Question: How are a and e in western dialects?
Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

Question: What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to? Question: What two dialects does Western Catalan include? Question: To what division does Central Catalan belong? Question: How many dialects are in the eastern group? Question: What other divisions can be made of dialects?
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

Question: What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan? Question: Where are the most speakers found? Question: In what densely populated area is it spoken? Question: What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Question: What is the vowel system of Catalan? Question: How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan? Question: Where is this system common? Question: What language is the exception? Question: What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?
In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].

Question: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three? Question: What is the exception to this reduction? Question: Which vowel remains distinct?
In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

Question: In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four? Question: What reduction pattern do some vowels follow? Question: What letter remains distinct? Question: What other pattern do other vowels follow? Question: /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?
In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

Question: What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan? Question: Which letters remain distinct? Question: Where did this pattern come from? Question: In what other languages is this pattern found? Question: What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?
Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

Question: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western? Question: What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of? Question: What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?
In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

Question: What language is parle or tem ? Question: What language  is parlo or temo ? Question: What language is parl? Question: What language form is parli?
In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.

Question: Where do you find medieval plurals? Question: What letter is lost in some words? Question: What kind of plural words lose /n/? Question: When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word? Question: The medieval jovens becomes what what word?
Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.

Question: What are the two blocks of Catalan? Question: What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in? Question: What does an archaism explain? Question: How can you explain differences in the language groups? Question: What form is innovative?
Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.

Question: What form is excepted by most speakers? Question: What is Standard based on? Question: What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?
The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy').

Question: What common Valencian forms are used? Question: What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan? Question: What is jo compro changed to ?
In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep').

Question: Where is IEC's standard used? Question: How is the standard used there? Question: What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard?
In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.

Question: Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect? Question: What dialect employs many archaic words? Question: What definite article is found rather than el? Question: What is -v- used for? Question: What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?
In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja.

Question: When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator? Question: What language is the regulator meant to standardize? Question: Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon? Question: Where is the language to be regulated located?
Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

Question: How is Valencian classified? Question: What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia? Question: Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona? Question: What forms are mutually intelligible? Question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?