derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
Mutual exchange and sharing of resources (i.e., meat gained from hunting) are important in the economic systems of hunter-gatherer societies. Therefore, these societies can be described as based on a "gift economy."

Question: What other characteristic of group behavior is needed in a hunter-gatherer society? Question: What is the basis of a hunting an gathering economy?
Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on climate zone/life zone, available technology and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard et al. (2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard et al.'s results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter-gatherer toolkits.

Question: What is the threat that extreme temperature causes in environment? Question: What does climate produce in hunter-gatherer societies? Question: What is the only important factor in hunter-gatherer tool choices? Question: What does temperature impact on tool kits? Question: What is Torrence's 1989 theory about that ties into tool kit variability ?
One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories "immediate return" hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and "delayed return" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed return foragers store the surplus food (Kelly, 31).

Question: Which group eats their acquired food in a day or two? Question: What  does the immediate return system mean? Question: To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong?
Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples.

Question: What do modern hunter-gatherers not reflect? Question: How do modern hunters and gathers differ from early ones? Question: What type of conditions are not present in modern societies? Question: Where do you find groups that represent pristine conditions?
The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not necessarily a one way process. It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an adaptive strategy, which may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists. In fact, it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies, especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years.[citation needed] This anthropological view has remained unchanged since the 1960s.[clarification needed][citation needed]

Question: What change from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not easy to mark? Question: What is hunting and gathering argued to be? Question: What situation can cause food stresses that make hunting-gathering necessary? Question: Besides the use of agriculture, what other factor clouds the issue of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture? Question: How long has this cultural diffusion been happening?
In the early 1980s, a small but vocal segment of anthropologists and archaeologists attempted to demonstrate that contemporary groups usually identified as hunter-gatherers do not, in most cases, have a continuous history of hunting and gathering, and that in many cases their ancestors were agriculturalists and/or pastoralists[citation needed] who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations, economic exploitation, and/or violent conflict (see, for example, the Kalahari Debate). The result of their effort has been the general acknowledgement that there has been complex interaction between hunter-gatherers and non-hunter-gatherers for millennia.[citation needed]

Question: If they're not purely hunter-gatherers, then what do they have a history of being? Question: What caused these one-time agriculturalists to become foragers?? Question: What kind of upset could force agriculturalists into being foragers? Question: Besides economic troubles, what else could push a people into foraging?
Some of the theorists who advocate this "revisionist" critique imply that, because the "pure hunter-gatherer" disappeared not long after colonial (or even agricultural) contact began, nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones (Kelly, 24-29; see Wilmsen)

Question: Who thinks that it is useless to study modern foragers since the real ones are gone? Question: What type of hunter-gatherer has disappeared ? Question: What can be learned from the study of modern hunter-gatherers?
Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.

Question: Who has rejected Wilmsen's arguments? Question: Who has offered arguments that Lee and Guenther disliked? Question: Whose lifestyle does Shultziner think we can learn about? Question: What is it about prehistoric hunter-gatherers that impresses Shultziner?
Many hunter-gatherers consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning undesirable plants while encouraging desirable ones, some even going to the extent of slash-and-burn to create habitat for game animals. These activities are on an entirely different scale to those associated with agriculture, but they are nevertheless domestication on some level. Today, almost all hunter-gatherers depend to some extent upon domesticated food sources either produced part-time or traded for products acquired in the wild.

Question: What do hunter-gathers intentionally manipulate? Question: How do they manage the landscape? Question: What technique do they use to make animal habitats? Question: What is the manipulation of the landscape associated with? Question: What do modern hunter-gatherers depend on at least somewhat?
Some agriculturalists also regularly hunt and gather (e.g., farming during the frost-free season and hunting during the winter). Still others in developed countries go hunting, primarily for leisure. In the Brazilian rainforest, those groups that recently did, or even continue to, rely on hunting and gathering techniques seem to have adopted this lifestyle, abandoning most agriculture, as a way to escape colonial control and as a result of the introduction of European diseases reducing their populations to levels where agriculture became difficult.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]

Question: What do some agriculturalists often do? Question: What do they sometimes do for entertainment? Question: Why would they leave agricultural lifestyle? Question: Besides avoiding government controls, what other reason could they have?
There are nevertheless a number of contemporary hunter-gatherer peoples who, after contact with other societies, continue their ways of life with very little external influence. One such group is the Pila Nguru (Spinifex people) of Western Australia, whose habitat in the Great Victoria Desert has proved unsuitable for European agriculture (and even pastoralism).[citation needed] Another are the Sentinelese of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean, who live on North Sentinel Island and to date have maintained their independent existence, repelling attempts to engage with and contact them.[citation needed]

Question: What is the name of the Spinifex people? Question: Where do the Pila Nguru people live? Question: Who refuses contact with outsiders on Sentinel Island? Question: Where are the Sentinelese and the Andaman Islands?
Evidence suggests big-game hunter gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (Beringia), that existed between 47,000–14,000 years ago. Around 18,500-15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.

Question: These ancient hunter-gathers followed what path in pursuit of game? Question: Between what ice sheets were the corridors located? Question: What other way could they have crossed on to this continent?
Hunter-gatherers would eventually flourish all over the Americas, primarily based in the Great Plains of the United States and Canada, with offshoots as far east as the Gaspé Peninsula on the Atlantic coast, and as far south as Chile, Monte Verde.[citation needed] American hunter-gatherers were spread over a wide geographical area, thus there were regional variations in lifestyles. However, all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production, making knapping styles and progress identifiable. This early Paleo-Indian period lithic reduction tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family.

Question: Where did the North American hunter-gathers mostly live? Question: What is it about the tool styles that is remarkable? Question: What basic trait do all hunter-gatherers share? Question: Where have early Paleo -Indian tools been found? Question: How many members did the mobile tool-making hunters often have?
The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like, the Southwest, Arctic, Poverty, Dalton and Plano traditions. This regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, with a more mixed economy of small game, fish, seasonally wild vegetables and harvested plant foods.

Question: What kind of climate occurred in the Americas? Question: What disappeared during the Archaic period? Question: What was there a pattern of in this period? Question: What became the norm for the mobile bands? Question: What did they rely less and less on?
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN organization. The UNFPA says it "is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled."  Their work involves the improvement of reproductive health; including creation of national strategies and protocols, and providing supplies and services. The organization has recently been known for its worldwide campaign against obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation.

Question: What is the current name of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities? Question: One of UNFPA's goals is to make all pregnancies what? Question: Another of UNFPA's goals is to make all childbirths what? Question: UNFPA's work concerns what general area? Question: What, in addition to its work against obstetric fistula, is UNFPA campaigning against?
The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries, territories and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee.

Question: In how many geographic regions does UNFPA operate? Question: UNFPA groups what area in the same geographic region as the Arab States? Question: About what fraction of UNFPA's staff do field work? Question: UNFPA is part of what larger U.N. group?
UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund. In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly.

Question: When did UNFPA begin its work? Question: What was UNFPA's original name? Question: When did the organization change its name? Question: UNFPA was originally administered by what U.N. body? Question: When was UNFPA moved to being under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly?
In September 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years. These goals are designed to eliminate poverty, discrimination, abuse and preventable deaths, address environmental destruction, and usher in an era of development for all people, everywhere.

Question: When did the U.N. vote to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals? Question: How many countries adopted the Sustainable Development Goals? Question: How many Sustainable Development Goals are there? Question: The Sustainable Development Goals are intended to change the world over what time period?
The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest.

Question: Are the Sustainable Development Goals considered ambitious or modest in scope? Question: The third of the goals concerns what? Question: What does the fourth goal focus on improving? Question: What is the topic of the fifth goal?
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN
2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria)
2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia)
1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)
1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)

Question: Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country? Question: Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010? Question: Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000? Question: Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987?
UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:

Question: UNFPA is the largest worldwide funder of what type of programs? Question: In addition to working directly with governments, with whom does UNFPA work? Question: In how many countries does UNFPA operate? Question: What supports UNFPA's work? Question: The Fund's programs support women, men, and who else?
According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of "reproductive health", that is physical, mental, and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system.

Question: UNFPA lists elements that promote what human right? Question: What is the third element? Question: These elements concern health related to reproduction and what else?
The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries, advocates close attention to population concerns, and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development. Dr. Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011. The Fund is also represented by UNFPA Goodwill Ambassadors and a Patron.

Question: Where does The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support? Question: To what does The Fund advocate that close attention be paid? Question: What two things does The Fund help developing nations formulate to support sustainable development? Question: Who took up leadership of The Fund in January 2011? Question: The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else?
UNFPA works in partnership with governments, along with other United Nations agencies, communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector, to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people.

Question: With whom does UNFPA work in partnership? Question: With what sort of agencies does UNFPA work? Question: Who does UNFPA work with in addition to government and U.N. agencies? Question: In addition to mobilizing support and resources, what does UNFPA do with its partners? Question: UNFPA's mission is to promote the rights and health of whom?
UNFPA has been falsely accused by anti-family planning groups of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations. Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and three presidential administrations, that of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, withholding funding from the UNFPA.

Question: What groups have made these accusations against UNFPA? Question: UNFPA has  been accused of supporting what type of abortion? Question: UNFPA has been accused of supporting programs that coerce what? Question: Controversy regarding these accusations has caused conflict with how many presidential administrations?
Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization’s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.

Question: Who contributes to UNFPA? Question: Contributions exceeded how much in 2014? Question: What was the amount of funding for UNFPA's core resources? Question: How much of its funding was earmarked?
UNFPA provided aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '90s. When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations, UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance. UNFPA was not involved in the scandal, but continued work with the country after the abuses had become public to help end the abuses and reform laws and practices.

Question: During what period did UNFPA aid Peru's reproductive health program? Question: Peru was found to have been coercing what? Question: UNFPA responded to Peruvian abuses by calling for what? Question: UNFPA's goal in Peru was to protect whose rights? Question: After the scandal became public, what did UNFPA work to reform in Peru?
From 2002 through 2008, the Bush Administration denied funding to UNFPA that had already been allocated by the US Congress, partly on the refuted claims that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations. In a letter from the Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns to Congress, the administration said it had determined that UNFPA’s support for China’s population program “facilitates (its) government’s coercive abortion program”, thus violating the Kemp-Kasten Amendment, which bans the use of United States aid to finance organizations that support or take part in managing a program of coercive abortion of sterilization.

Question: During what period did the administration deny funding? Question: Which 21st century administration denied funding to UNFPA? Question: Who allocates UNFPA funding in the U.S.? Question: What in the Chinese program caused trouble for UNFPA? Question: What amendment did the administration believe the UNFPA funding violated?
UNFPA's connection to China's administration of forced abortions was refuted by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China. Specifically, a three-person U.S State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China. It wrote in a report to the State Department that it found "no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China," as has been charged by critics.

Question: Which country was administering forced abortions? Question: How many people were on the U.S. fact-finding team? Question: Which U.S. department investigated the allegations?
However, according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population control policies. However, both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else.

Question: What was this official's position at the time? Question: Who was the official that accused UNFPA? Question: What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program? Question: What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of helping China carry out? Question: What papers reported on this incident?
Rep. Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ), criticized the State Department investigation, saying the investigators were shown "Potemkin Villages" where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program. Dr. Nafis Sadik, former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China's coercive population control methods, but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the United States State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese, casting doubt upon Sadik's statements.

Question: Which representative criticized the the State Department investigation? Question: The representative said that inspectors had been show what sort of villages? Question: Which former director defended UNFPA? Question: Which NGO investigated the Chinese program in 2005? Question: What sort of techniques did the State Department conclude were still being employed by China?
But Amnesty International found no evidence that UNFPA had supported the coercion. A 2001 study conducted by the pro-life Population Research Institute (PRI) falsely claimed that the UNFPA shared an office with the Chinese family planning officials who were carrying out forced abortions. "We located the family planning offices, and in that family planning office, we located the UNFPA office, and we confirmed from family planning officials there that there is no distinction between what the UNFPA does and what the Chinese Family Planning Office does," said Scott Weinberg, a spokesman for PRI. However, United Nations Members disagreed and approved UNFPA’s new country program me in January 2006. The more than 130 members of the “Group of 77” developing countries in the United Nations expressed support for the UNFPA programmes. In addition, speaking for European democracies -- Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Switzerland and Germany -- the United Kingdom stated, ”UNFPA’s activities in China, as in the rest of the world, are in strict conformity with the unanimously adopted Programme of Action of the ICPD, and play a key role in supporting our common endeavor, the promotion and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

Question: What organization found no evidence that UNFPA had supported Chinese coercion? Question: In 2001, what organization accused UNFPA of sharing office space with Chinese family planning officials? Question: In January 2006, who approved UNFPA's new country programme? Question: How many members does the “Group of 77” have? Question: Who, speaking for the European democracies, also defended UNFPA?