derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
The community was established by several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda (which lies due east of South Carolina, although at 1,030 km or 640 mi, it is closest to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina), under the leadership of governor William Sayle, on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present-day city center. It was soon predicted by the Earl of Shaftesbury, one of the Lords Proprietors, to become a "great port towne", a destiny the city quickly fulfilled. In 1680, the settlement was moved east of the Ashley River to the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. Not only was this location more defensible, but it also offered access to a fine natural harbor.

Question: Where did Charleston's original settlers come from? Question: Bermuda is located near which North Carolina town? Question: Who was the first governor of Charleston? Question: Who predicted Charleston would become a 'great port towne'? Question: The settlement was relocated east to what river?
The first settlers primarily came from England, its Caribbean colony of Barbados, and its Atlantic colony of Bermuda. Among these were free people of color, born in the West Indies of alliances and marriages between Africans and Englanders, when color lines were looser among the working class in the early colonial years, and some wealthy whites took black consorts or concubines. Charles Town attracted a mixture of ethnic and religious groups. French, Scottish, Irish, and Germans migrated to the developing seacoast town, representing numerous Protestant denominations. Because of the battles between English "royalty" and the Roman Catholic Church, practicing Catholics were not allowed to settle in South Carolina until after the American Revolution. Jews were allowed, and Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such numbers that by the beginning of the 19th century, the city was home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America—a status it held until about 1830.

Question: What European country did many of the first Charleston settlers come from? Question: Along with Bermuda, what other English colony did many settlers come from? Question: What religious group was not allowed to settle in South Carolina? Question: After what war did the state ban on Catholics end? Question: About what year did Charleston cease to have the wealthiest Jewish community in America?
The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land, including periodic assaults from Spain and France (both of whom contested England's claims to the region), and pirates. These were combined with raids by Native Americans, who tried to protect themselves from so-called European "settlers," who in turn wanted to expand the settlement. The heart of the city was fortified according to a 1704 plan by Governor Johnson. Except those fronting Cooper River, the walls were largely removed during the 1720s.

Question: Which country along with France contested England's claim to the Charleston region? Question: Beside European nations and Native Americans, who else attacked the Charleston settlement? Question: Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from settlers? Question: Whose 1704 plan was used to fortified the city? Question: The majority of the fort walls were removed in what decade?
Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle Passage, first as "servants", then as slaves. Ethnic groups transported here included especially Wolof, Yoruba, Fulani, Igbo, Malinke, and other people of the Windward Coast. An estimated 40% of the total 400,000 Africans transported and sold as slaves into North America are estimated to have landed at Sullivan's Island, just off the port of Charles Town; it is described as a "hellish Ellis Island of sorts .... Today nothing commemorates that ugly fact but a simple bench, established by the author Toni Morrison using private funds."

Question: What peoples were brought to Charles Town to be slaves? Question: What stage of the slave trade provided slaves to Charles Town? Question: Which African coast did many slaves that were sold in Charles Town come from? Question: What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan's Island? Question: What author paid for the simple bench at Sullivan's Island?
Colonial Lowcountry landowners experimented with cash crops ranging from tea to silkworms. African slaves brought knowledge of rice cultivation, which plantation owners cultivated and developed as a successful commodity crop by 1700. With the coerced help of African slaves from the Caribbean, Eliza Lucas, daughter of plantation owner George Lucas, learned how to raise and use indigo in the Lowcountry in 1747. Supported with subsidies from Britain, indigo was a leading export by 1750. Those and naval stores were exported in an extremely profitable shipping industry.

Question: African slaves had great knowledge of the cultivation of what product? Question: By what year was rice a successful commodity crop for the Lowcountry? Question: Which nation subsidized indigo crops from the Lowcountry? Question: By what year was indigo was a leading export for the Lowcountry? Question: What products were exported along with indigo from the Lowcountry?
By the mid-18th century, Charles Town had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of 11,000—slightly more than half of them slaves. By 1708, the majority of the colony's population was slaves, and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century.

Question: What lucrative trade contributed greatly to Charles Town's growth? Question: When did Charles Town become the fourth largest colonial port? Question: Who made up the majority of Charles Town population in 1708? Question: People of African descent were the majority in Charleston until what mass movement? Question: When did the Great Migration occur?
Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade, the basis of its early economy. Trade alliances with the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply of deer hides. Between 1699 and 1715, colonists exported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Europe through Charles Town. Between 1739 and 1761, the height of the deerskin trade era, an estimated 500,000 to 1,250,000 deer were slaughtered. During the same period, Charles Town records show an export of 5,239,350 pounds of deer skins. Deer skins were used in the production of men's fashionable and practical buckskin pantaloons, gloves, and book bindings.

Question: What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy? Question: What other Native American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation? Question: What was the average amount of deer skins  that Charles Town exported to Europe between 1699 to 1715? Question: What is the  estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1761? Question: Records indicate how many pounds of deer skins were exported from Charles Town during the height of its deerskin trade?
As Charles Town grew, so did the community's cultural and social opportunities, especially for the elite merchants and planters. The first theatre building in America was built in 1736 on the site of today's Dock Street Theatre. Benevolent societies were formed by different ethnic groups, from French Huguenots to free people of color to Germans to Jews. The Charles Towne Library Society was established in 1748 by well-born young men who wanted to share the financial cost to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day. This group also helped establish the College of Charles Towne in 1770, the oldest college in South Carolina. Until its transition to state ownership in 1970, this was the oldest municipally supported college in the United States.

Question: What is located where the first theatre building in Charles Town once stood? Question: What year was the Charles Towne Library Society established? Question: What is the oldest college in South Carolina? Question: When was the College of Charles Towe founded? Question: Charleston supported the College of Charles Towne until what year?
On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists attacked the town from the mainland side, as the British had hoped they would do. Col. Moultrie's men returned fire and inflicted heavy damage on several of the British ships. The British were forced to withdraw their forces, and the Americans renamed the defensive installation as Fort Moultrie in honor of its commander.

Question: When did General Clinton attack South Carolina? Question: Which general tried to seize Charles Town during the American Revolution? Question: What was the British hoping to inspire by their attack on Charles Town? Question: Who was the commander of the American forces defending South Carolina? Question: Fort Sullivan was renamed  what after the battle?
Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight, and the Siege of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the war. Several Americans who escaped the carnage joined other militias, including those of Francis Marion, the "Swamp Fox"; and Andrew Pickens. The British retained control of the city until December 1782. After the British left, the city's name was officially changed to Charleston in 1783.

Question: In what year did General Clinton return to Charles Towne? Question: How many soldiers did General Clinton return with? Question: Who was the leader of the American forces defending Charles Towne? Question: How many soldiers did General Lincoln lead? Question: What was the greatest American defeat of the American Revolution?
Although the city lost the status of state capital to Columbia in 1786, Charleston became even more prosperous in the plantation-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop, making short-staple cotton profitable. It was more easily grown in the upland areas, and cotton quickly became South Carolina's major export commodity. The Piedmont region was developed into cotton plantations, to which the sea islands and Lowcountry were already devoted. Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city, working as domestics, artisans, market workers, and laborers.

Question: What city became the state capital of South Carolina? Question: Charleston was the state capital of South Carolina until what year? Question: In what year was the cotton gin invented? Question: What became South Carolina's major export commodity after 1793? Question: Who made up most of the primary labor force of cotton plantations?
The city also had a large class of free people of color. By 1860, 3,785 free people of color were in Charleston, nearly 18% of the city's black population, and 8% of the total population. Free people of color were far more likely to be of mixed racial background than slaves. Many were educated, practiced skilled crafts, and some even owned substantial property, including slaves. In 1790, they established the Brown Fellowship Society for mutual aid, initially as a burial society. It continued until 1945.

Question: How many free people of color lived in Charleston in 1860? Question: What percentage of Charleston's black population were free people of color? Question: What percentage of Charleston's population were free people of color? Question: In what year was the Brown Fellowship Society created? Question: In what year did the Brown Fellowship Society end?
By 1820, Charleston's population had grown to 23,000, maintaining its black (and mostly slave) majority. When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey, a free black, was revealed in May 1822, whites reacted with intense fear, as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolution. Soon after, Vesey was tried and executed, hanged in early July with five slaves. Another 28 slaves were later hanged. Later, the state legislature passed laws requiring individual legislative approval for manumission (the freeing of a slave) and regulating activities of free blacks and slaves.

Question: What was planned by Denmark Vesey? Question: When was Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed? Question: What revolution made whites fearful of retribution of slaves? Question: How was Vesey executed in 1822? Question: How many slaves were executed with Vesey?
In Charleston, the African American population increased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city: from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880. Historian Eric Foner noted that blacks were glad to be relieved of the many regulations of slavery and to operate outside of white surveillance. Among other changes, most blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church, setting up their own black Baptist congregations or joining new African Methodist Episcopal Church and AME Zion churches, both independent black denominations first established in the North. Freedmen "acquired dogs, guns, and liquor (all barred to them under slavery), and refused to yield the sidewalks to whites".

Question: How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1860? Question: How many African American lived in Charleston in 1880? Question: Black left which religious denomination is great numbers after slavery? Question: AME Zion Churches were first established in what part of America? Question: What  barred product ,along with dogs and guns ,  did the Freemen want after slavery ended?
Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality and jobs attracted new residents. As the city's commerce improved, residents worked to restore or create community institutions. In 1865, the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston's African American population. General William T. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a university-preparatory school, Porter-Gaud School.

Question: What association founded the Avery Normal Institute? Question: What type of school was the Avery Normal Institute? Question: Who attended the Avery Normal Institute? Question: What general supported the conversion of a US Arsenal into Porter Military Academy? Question: Soldiers and boys helped by Porter Military Academy were affected by what?
In 1875, blacks made up 57% of the city's population, and 73% of Charleston County. With leadership by members of the antebellum free black community, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as "unique" in being able to defend themselves without provoking "massive white retaliation", as occurred in numerous other areas during Reconstruction. In the 1876 election cycle, two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city, in September and the day after the election in November, as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting.

Question: What percentage of Charleston's population was black in 1875? Question: What percentage of Charleston County's was black in 1875? Question: How many major riots between blacks and whites occurred in Charleston in 1876? Question: In 1876, Charleston's Black Republicans fought against whom? Question: The second riot of 1876 happened when?
Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups, known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks. The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature. Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election, when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed.

Question: What granted Freeman were American citizenship? Question: What were white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as? Question: The violent 1876 incident that took place on King's street happened on what day? Question: The Cainhoy Incident occurred on what day? Question: Who won the 1876 election as a result of voter intimidation?
On August 31, 1886, Charleston was nearly destroyed by an earthquake. The shock was estimated to have a moment magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). It was felt as far away as Boston to the north, Chicago and Milwaukee to the northwest, as far west as New Orleans, as far south as Cuba, and as far east as Bermuda. It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of damage ($133 million in 2006 dollars), at a time when all the city's buildings were valued around $24 million ($531 million in 2006 dollars).

Question: What date was the Charleston earthquake of 1886? Question: What nearly destroyed Charleston in 1886? Question: How many buildings were damaged by the 1886 earthquake in Charleston? Question: What was the cost of the damage of the 1886 earthquake to the city of Charleston? Question: What was the total value of all of Charleston's city buildings before the earthquake?
Investment in the city continued. The William Enston Home, a planned community for the city's aged and infirm, was built in 1889. An elaborate public building, the United States Post Office and Courthouse, was completed by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city. The Democrat-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1895 that disfranchised blacks, effectively excluding them entirely from the political process, a second-class status that was maintained for more than six decades in a state that was majority black until about 1930.

Question: The William Enston Home was built in what year? Question: What year was a new constitution passed that discriminated against blacks were passed? Question: A large post office and courthouse was built in what year? Question: Which party dominated South Carolina's state legislature? Question: Blacks were the majority in South Carolina until what year?
On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church during a Bible study and killed nine people. Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney, who also served as a state senator, was among those killed during the attack. The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jackson, 87; Rev. Daniel Simmons Sr., 74; Ethel Lance, 70; Myra Thompson, 59; Cynthia Hurd, 54; Rev. Depayne Middleton-Doctor, 49; Rev. Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, 45; and Tywanza Sanders, 26. The attack garnered national attention, and sparked a debate on historical racism, Confederate symbolism in Southern states, and gun violence. On July 10, 2015, the Confederate battle flag was removed from the South Carolina State House. A memorial service on the campus of the College of Charleston was attended by President Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Jill Biden, and Speaker of the House John Boehner.

Question: On what day were nine people killed in the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church? Question: What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina? Question: Clementa Pinckney served what public office for the state of South Carolina? Question: On what day was the Confederate flag removed from South Carolina State House? Question: A memorial service for the nine victims was held on which college's campus?
Charleston is known for its unique culture, which blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has gained a reputation for its art, music, local cuisine, and fashion. Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, has become one of the world's major performing arts festivals. It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy.

Question: What season is Spoleto Festival USA held? Question: What year was Spoleto Festival USA founded? Question: What major award did Gian Carlo Menotti win? Question: What  the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti? Question: Spoleto Festival USA is a counterpart to what Italian festival?
Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931. A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic Dock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients from across the nation. Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits. Rice is the staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements.

Question: What is Charleston's oldest community theater group? Question: The Footlight Players  started creating theatrical productions in what year? Question: Where is the  annual Charleston Fashion week held? Question: Charleston is known for what type of food? Question: Charleston cuisine is influenced by what two cultures?