derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London. The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689, the largest of any municipality in the European Union, and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population. London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census. The city's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants,[note 4] while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a large part of the south east) as 22.7 million. London was the world's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925.

Question: Approximately how many languages are spoken in the Greater London area? Question: How many different languages are spoken in London? Question: What was the population in London in 2014? Question: As of mid-2014, London's population forms what percentage of the entire United Kingdom population? Question: Where does London's urban area rank in terms of population within the EU? Question: From the 2011 census, London is second in population in the EU to which city? Question: How many people are in London's Metropolitan area? Question: What is the population of metropolitan London? Question: During what time did London have the world's largest population, city-wise? Question: What years was London considered the world's most populous city?
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT). Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End theatres. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.

Question: How many World Heritage Sites can be found in London? Question: What is one of London's World Heritage Sites? Question: Where does Greenwich Mean Time marked? Question: What famous palace is located in London? Question: Are there any bridges located in London? Question: Where is the British Museum located? Question: What is the name of one of the libraries located in London? Question: How many theaters does London's West End have? Question: What is the name of the oldest underground railway in the world? Question: What is the name of the world's oldest underground railway?
From 1898, it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos; this explanation has since been rejected. Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London; from this, the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name, *Lowonidonjon; this requires quite a serious amendment however. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *(h)lōndinion (as opposed to *londīnion), from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name.

Question: Early consensus was that London's name originated in what language? Question: Who came up with an explanation of the origins of London's name that contradicted earlier assumptions Question: In what year did Richard Coates offer a differing explanation as to the origins of London's name? Question: What is the meaning of the later-believed pre-Celtic Old European origin of London's name? Question: What is the modern Welsh form o the word London?
Two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area. In 1999, the remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the foreshore north of Vauxhall Bridge. This bridge either crossed the Thames, or went to a now lost island in the river. Dendrology dated the timbers to 1500 BC. In 2010 the foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4500 BC, were found on the Thames foreshore, south of Vauxhall Bridge. The function of the mesolithic structure is not known. Both structures are on South Bank, at a natural crossing point where the River Effra flows into the River Thames.

Question: How many ancient structures' ruins have been found near the River Thames in recent history? Question: The remains of an ancient bridge found on the shore of the River Thames was dated back to what archaeological period? Question: The remains of an unknown ancient structure found on the River Thames foreshore dated back to approximately what year? Question: The remains of what type of structure from the mesolithic period was found on the River Thames's foreshore? Question: What river flows into the River Thames?
Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans after the invasion of 43 AD. This lasted only until around 61, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it to the ground. The next, heavily planned, incarnation of Londinium prospered, and it superseded Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000.

Question: The Romans invaded what is now London and established its first major settlement in what year? Question: Who invaded and destroyed the first major settlement of Roman London in 61 AD? Question: Who was the leader of the Iceni tribe? Question: What was the capital of Britannia before Londinium? Question: What was Roman London's population in the 2nd century?
With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be a capital and the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin-in-the-Fields area until around 450. From around 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in the same area, slightly to the west of the old Roman city. By about 680, it had revived sufficiently to become a major port, although there is little evidence of large-scale production of goods. From the 820s the town declined because of repeated Viking invasions. There are three recorded Viking assaults on London; two of which were successful in 851 and 886 AD, although they were defeated during the attack of 994 AD.

Question: What area continued to exist after Londinium was abandoned following the end of Roman rule? Question: By the late 7th century, what was a main function of Lundenwic? Question: What was responsible for the decline of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Lundenwic? Question: How many known attacks on London did the Vikings commit? Question: Of the three recorded Viking assaults on London, how many were successful?
The Vikings established Danelaw over much of the eastern and northern part of England with its boundary roughly stretching from London to Chester. It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions which was formally agreed to by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and west-Saxon king, Alfred the Great in 886 AD. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that London was "refounded" by Alfred the Great in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until about 950, after which activity increased dramatically.

Question: Danelaw, established by the Vikings, covered what  geographical area? Question: What was Danelaw? Question: What was the name of the Danish warlord who played a major role in establishing Danelaw? Question: According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, who reestablished London in 886 AD? Question: Following the Viking invasion, when did London begin to significantly grow and expand?
By the 11th century, London was beyond all comparison the largest town in England. Westminster Abbey, rebuilt in the Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time on, London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital."

Question: By which century had London started becoming a prominent capital city? Question: What architectural style was Westminster Abbey rebuilt in? Question: Who rebuilt Westminster Abbey? Question: Prior to the 11th century, what was Anglo-Saxon England's capital? Question: What historian was quoted as saying that London had all the necessary characteristics to be a major capital city?
Following his victory in the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy, was crowned King of England in the newly finished Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. William constructed the Tower of London, the first of the many Norman castles in England to be rebuilt in stone, in the southeastern corner of the city, to intimidate the native inhabitants. In 1097, William II began the building of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. The hall became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster.

Question: In which famous battle did Duke William II of Normandy see victory? Question: On what day did Duke William II of Normandy become King of England? Question: In what area of London was the Tower of London built? Question: Who built Westminster Hall? Question: The Palace of Westminster originated from what building?
During the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place. In most cases this was Westminster, although the royal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.

Question: Before being centrally located, how was the English government handled in terms of location? Question: In the 12th century, where were the various bodies of English government centrally located for the most part? Question: Where was the royal treasury housed? Question: What was the administration which governed the City of London called?
During the Tudor period the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism, much of London passing from church to private ownership. The traffic in woollen cloths shipped undyed and undressed from London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries, where it was considered indispensable. But the tentacles of English maritime enterprise hardly extended beyond the seas of north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean Sea normally lay through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan. Upon the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565, there ensued a strong outburst of commercial activity. The Royal Exchange was founded. Mercantilism grew, and monopoly trading companies such as the East India Company were established, with trade expanding to the New World. London became the principal North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.

Question: In what era did the Protestant Reformation occur? Question: What phenomenon did the Reformation bring about? Question: Typically what were the nationalities of ships that traveled to and from England via the Straight of Gibraltar? Question: What event greatly boosted English shipping and commerce? Question: When was England again able to ship to the Netherlands?
During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.

Question: What was the defensive wall that encircled London in 1642 called? Question: Approximately how many workers did it take to build the Lines of Communication? Question: How long did it take to build the Lines of Communication? Question: Who did the Lines of Communication wall fail to prevent from coming into London?
In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was dogged by crime, and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force. In total, more than 200 offences were punishable by death, including petty theft. Most children born in the city died before reaching their third birthday. The coffeehouse became a popular place to debate ideas, with growing literacy and the development of the printing press making news widely available; and Fleet Street became the centre of the British press.

Question: What was King George II's royal residence beginning in 1762? Question: What was the name of the police force established in London in 1750? Question: How many crimes in 18th century London could result in the death penalty? Question: On average, when did children born in the City of London die? Question: What was the London hub of the British press?
London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925. London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866. Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the world's first local urban rail network. The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some of the surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of those areas of the counties surrounding the capital. London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War while during the Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe, killed over 30,000 Londoners and destroyed large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city. Immediately after the war, the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, at a time when London had barely recovered from the war.

Question: What was the primary cause of the cholera outbreak in 19th century London? Question: How many people died of cholera in London in 1848? Question: Who bombed London in both World War I and World War II? Question: When did London host its first Summer Olympics? Question: Where did the 1948 Summer Olympics in London take place?
Primarily starting in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for the worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London subculture associated with the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street. The role of trendsetter was revived during the punk era. In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded to take into account the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created. During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was subjected to bombing attacks by the Provisional IRA. Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.

Question: In what period was London a symbol of trend-setting and youth? Question: In what year was the Greater London Council formed? Question: Why was the Greater London Council established? Question: During "The Troubles", who waged assaults via bombings on London? Question: What was the root cause of the Brixton riot in 1981?
Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was borne out of London's ever-increasing role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.

Question: What event preceded a substantial decrease in the average population in London? Question: What was London's estimated population in the 1980s? Question: The main ports for London were relocated to where? Question: When was construction on the Thames Barrier completed? Question: What was the primary function of the Thames Barrier?
The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, which left London as the only large metropolis in the world without a central administration. In 2000, London-wide government was restored, with the creation of the Greater London Authority. To celebrate the start of the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed. On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, making London the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times. In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, the highest level since 1939.

Question: What government entity was abolished in 1986? Question: What replaced the long-abolished Greater London Council in 2000? Question: What were the Millennium Dome, the London Eye, and the Millennium Bridge created to honor? Question: London was honored with what in July, 2005? Question: The population of Greater London in January 2015 was its greatest since what year?
The administration of London is formed of two tiers—a city-wide, strategic tier and a local tier. City-wide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. The GLA consists of two elected components; the Mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Southwark; the mayor is Boris Johnson. The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011. The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation. They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).

Question: London's government administration is comprised of how many tiers? Question: What governmental entity oversees London's city-wide administrative tier? Question: What group of elected officials provides checks and balances on the Mayor's executive authority? Question: Who is the current Mayor of London? Question: How many boroughs does London consist of?
The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London. It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the third largest fire service in the world. National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world. The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.

Question: What agency provides fire fighting and rescue service in London? Question: Who oversees and manages the London Fire Brigade? Question: The world's largest "free-at-the-point-of-use" ambulance service is known as what? Question: What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed? Question: What area of the River Thames does the Port of London Authority's jurisdiction cover?
London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall, including the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street. The British Parliament is often referred to as the "Mother of Parliaments" (although this sobriquet was first applied to England itself by John Bright) because it has been the model for most other parliamentary systems. There are 73 Members of Parliament (MPs) from London, who correspond to local parliamentary constituencies in the national Parliament. As of May 2015, 45 are from the Labour Party, 27 are Conservatives, and one is a Liberal Democrat.

Question: What is the Prime Minister of the UK's official residence? Question: Who first dubbed the British Parliament the "Mother of Parliaments?" Question: How many Members of Parliament are from London? Question: As of May 2015, which party holds the majority of seats in Parliament? Question: As of May 2015, how many Liberal Democrats sit in Parliament?
Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public.

Question: What area of London does the Metropolitan Police Service cover? Question: What department runs the Metropolitan Police Service? Question: What is the name of the City of London's police force? Question: What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London? Question: Which police force in London does not typically engage in police activity with the general public?
Outward urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resulting in a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt. Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London. The city is split by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area in its interior. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally considered to be the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are approximately 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W﻿ / ﻿51.50722°N 0.12750°W﻿ / 51.50722; -0.12750.

Question: What statutory policy minimizes outward expansion of urban London? Question: What metropolitan area lies beyond the Metropolitan Green Belt? Question: Greater London is divided into what two groups of boroughs? Question: In which directions does the River Thames divide the City of London? Question: Where is the centre of London said to be located?