derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action led to the discovery of phenobarbital at Bayer in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, and as of 2014, remains on the World Health Organizations list of essential medications. The 1950s and 1960s saw increased awareness of the addictive properties and abuse potential of barbiturates and amphetamines and led to increasing restrictions on their use and growing government oversight of prescribers. Today, amphetamine is largely restricted to use in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy.

Question: Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs? Question: What compound was discovered to induce sleep? Question: What sleep aid was marketed in 1904? Question: What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid? Question: What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market? Question: In what year was phenobarbital discovered? Question: Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted? Question: What is amphetamine used for today? Question: What is phenobarbital used for? Question: What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today?
In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes by bacteria, hypothesized that an arsenic-containing dye with similar selective absorption properties could be used to treat bacterial infections. Arsphenamine was prepared as part of a campaign to synthesize a series of such compounds, and found to exhibit partially selective toxicity. Arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis, a disease which prior to that time was incurable and led inexorably to severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death.[citation needed]

Question: In what year was arsphenamine discovered? Question: What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug? Question: Who developed Arsphenamine? Question: What is Amphetamine's market name? Question: Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located? Question: What was the commercial name of arsphenamine? Question: Bacterial infections could be treated with medicines containing what kind of dye? Question: What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis? Question: Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease? Question: What complications are associated with Syphilis?
The modern pharmaceutical industry traces its roots to two sources. The first of these were local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to wholesale manufacture in the mid 1800s. Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the isolation of morphine, analgesic and sleep-inducing agent from opium, by the German apothecary assistant Friedrich Sertürner, who named the compound after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus. Multinational corporations including Merck, Hoffman-La Roche, Burroughs-Wellcome (now part of Glaxo Smith Kline), Abbott Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Upjohn (now part of Pfizer) began as local apothecary shops in the mid-1800s. By the late 1880s, German dye manufacturers had perfected the purification of individual organic compounds from coal tar and other mineral sources and had also established rudimentary methods in organic chemical synthesis. The development of synthetic chemical methods allowed scientists to systematically vary the structure of chemical substances, and growth in the emerging science of pharmacology expanded their ability to evaluate the biological effects of these structural changes.

Question: When was Morphine and Quinine first available? Question: Where were was Morphine extracted from? Question: What is the name of the plant that produces morphine? Question: Who came up with the name Morphine? Question: Who discovered morphine? Question: Who was the compound named after? Question: Morphine was named after what Greek god? Question: Burroughs-Wellcome is now part of what medical company? Question: Who is responsible for purification of compounds found in mineral sources?
Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk. This work, also based in the testing of compounds available from the German dye industry, led to the development of Prontosil, the first representative of the sulfonamide class of antibiotics. Compared to arsphenamine, the sulfonamides had a broader spectrum of activity and were far less toxic, rendering them useful for infections caused by pathogens such as streptococci. In 1939, Domagk received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery. Nonetheless, the dramatic decrease in deaths from infectious diseases that occurred prior to World War II was primarily the result of improved public health measures such as clean water and less crowded housing, and the impact of anti-infective drugs and vaccines was significant mainly after World War II.

Question: Who is responsible for creating Prontosil? Question: Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1939? Question: What was the name of the first sulfonamine antibiotic? Question: Prontosil is in what drug class? Question: Streptococci and other pathogens could be treated by what type of antibiotics? Question: Were sulfonamides more or less toxic than arsphenamine? Question: What causes Streptococci? Question: What award did Domagk receive in 1939? Question: Many deaths occurred before World War II due to what? Question: Anti-infective drugs became more prominent after what war?
Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first rabies vaccine. The first diphtheria vaccines were produced in 1914 from a mixture of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin (produced from the serum of an inoculated animal), but the safety of the inoculation was marginal and it was not widely used. The United States recorded 206,000 cases of diphtheria in 1921 resulting in 15,520 deaths. In 1923 parallel efforts by Gaston Ramon at the Pasteur Institute and Alexander Glenny at the Wellcome Research Laboratories (later part of GlaxoSmithKline) led to the discovery that a safer vaccine could be produced by treating diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde. In 1944, Maurice Hilleman of Squibb Pharmaceuticals developed the first vaccine against Japanese encephelitis. Hilleman would later move to Merck where he would play a key role in the development of vaccines against measles, mumps, chickenpox, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and meningitis.

Question: The rabies vaccine was created in what year? Question: Who created the first rabies vaccine? Question: In what year was the diphtheria vaccine made? Question: How many cases of Diphtheria were there in 1921? Question: How many deaths occurred due to Diphtheria? Question: In 1923, what was discovered to be safer to treat Diphtheria Toxin? Question: What compound made the diphtheria vaccine safer to use? Question: Who created a vaccine to treat Japanese Encephalitis? Question: Who developed the first encephalitis vaccine? Question: What company did Hilleman later work for?
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol. In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.

Question: What drug killed 100 people in 1937? Question: What drug killed over 100 people in 1937? Question: Who manufactured "Elixir Sulfanilamide"? Question: What company manufactured Elixir Sulfanilamide? Question: What is Diethylene Glycol commonly used for now? Question: Diethylene glycol is mainly used today as what liquid? Question: The name "elixir" implied a solution in what liquid? Question: What law did Congress pass following the Elixir Sulfanilamide incident? Question: What year did Congress pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act? Question: What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act do?
The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), the tetracyclines (discovered at Lederle Laboratories, now a part of Pfizer), erythromycin (discovered at Eli Lilly and Co.) and their extension to an increasingly wide range of bacterial pathogens. Streptomycin, discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers in 1943, became the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. At the time of its discovery, sanitoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were an ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries, with 50% dying within 5 years of admission.

Question: Many more antibiotics were made following the end of what war? Question: Who was Eli Lilly's work based off of? Question: What company funded the research that led to the discovery of streptomycin? Question: Where was Tetracyclines discovered? Question: What drug effectively treated Tuberculosis? Question: What was the first treatment for tuberculosis? Question: When was the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis discovered? Question: In what year was streptomycin discovered? Question: 50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where? Question: What percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis died within 5 years?
During the years 1940-1955, the rate of decline in the U.S. death rate accelerated from 2% per year to 8% per year, then returned to the historical rate of 2% per year. The dramatic decline in the immediate post-war years has been attributed to the rapid development of new treatments and vaccines for infectious disease that occurred during these years. Vaccine development continued to accelerate, with the most notable achievement of the period being Jonas Salk's 1954 development of the polio vaccine under the funding of the non-profit National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. The vaccine process was never patented, but was instead given to pharmaceutical companies to manufacture as a low-cost generic. In 1960 Maurice Hilleman of Merck Sharp & Dohme identified the SV40 virus, which was later shown to cause tumors in many mammalian species. It was later determined that SV40 was present as a contaminant in polio vaccine lots that had been administered to 90% of the children in the United States. The contamination appears to have originated both in the original cell stock and in monkey tissue used for production. In 2004 the United States Cancer Institute announced that it had concluded that SV40 is not associated with cancer in people.

Question: Who created the polio vaccine? Question: When was the Polio vaccine created? Question: In what year was the polio vaccine created? Question: Who funded the Polio vaccine? Question: Who identified the SV40 virus? Question: Who identified the SV40 virus? Question: What virus caused tumors in most mammals? Question: What was a complication of the SV40 virus? Question: SV40 was present in what vaccine? Question: Who announced that SV40 was not associated with cancer?
On 2 July 2012, GlaxoSmithKline pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a $3 billion settlement of the largest health-care fraud case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company. The settlement is related to the company's illegal promotion of prescription drugs, its failure to report safety data, bribing doctors, and promoting medicines for uses for which they were not licensed. The drugs involved were Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran for off-label, non-covered uses. Those and the drugs Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex were involved in the kickback scheme.

Question: When did GlaxoSmithKline plead guilty? Question: In what year did GlaxoSmithKline pay a $3 billion dollar settlement? Question: What company was sued for promoting medicines for unlicensed uses and bribing doctors? Question: How much was the settlement GlaxoSmithKline agree to? Question: How much was the largest healthcare fraud case in the US settled for? Question: What was one of the causes of the health-care fraud case? Question: What drugs were used for off-label uses? Question: What drugs were related to a kickback scheme?
In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations in order to report information about their financial relationships with physicians and hospitals. Data are made public in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website. The expectation is that relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent.

Question: When did Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services have to start collecting information? Question: In what year were Medicaid and Medicare required to disclose information about their relationships with doctors and hospitals? Question: What is the Physician Financial Transparency Report part of? Question: The Physician Financial Transparency Reports was part of what other act? Question: What information is collected by Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services? Question: Where can you obtain information about the Sunshine Act? Question: Where can financial relationships between Medicaid, Medicare and pharmaceutical companies be found? Question: What is expected when the relationships are made public? Question: What is the speculation of the relationship between doctors and the drug industry?
A Federal Trade Commission report issued in 1958 attempted to quantify the effect of antibiotic development on American public health. The report found that over the period 1946-1955, there was a 42% drop in the incidence of diseases for which antibiotics were effective and only a 20% drop in those for which antibiotics were not effective. The report concluded that "it appears that the use of antibiotics, early diagnosis, and other factors have limited the epidemic spread and thus the number of these diseases which have occurred". The study further examined mortality rates for eight common diseases for which antibiotics offered effective therapy (syphilis, tuberculosis, dysentery, scarlet fever, whooping cough, meningococcal infections, and pneumonia), and found a 56% decline over the same period. Notable among these was a 75% decline in deaths due to tuberculosis.

Question: Who issued the report in 1958? Question: Who issued a report describing the effects of antibiotic developments? Question: In what year was the FTC's report issued? Question: What period was the report issued in 1958 cover? Question: What was responsible for the decline in spreading diseases? Question: What were eight diseases examined for? Question: How much did the mortality rate of common bacterial infections decline between 1946-1955? Question: How much did the mortality rate of tuberculosis drop between 1946-1955? Question: What disease had the biggest decline of deaths?
In March 2001, 40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies brought litigation against South Africa for its Medicines Act, which allowed the generic production of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for treating HIV, despite the fact that these drugs were on-patent. HIV was and is an epidemic in South Africa, and ARVs at the time cost between 10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year. This was unaffordable for most South African citizens, and so the South African government committed to providing ARVs at prices closer to what people could afford. To do so, they would need to ignore the patents on drugs and produce generics within the country (using a compulsory license), or import them from abroad. After international protest in favour of public health rights (including the collection of 250,000 signatures by MSF), the governments of several developed countries (including The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US) backed the South African government, and the case was dropped in April of that year.

Question: When was litigation brought to South Africa? Question: Who brought litigation to South Africa? Question: How many companies sued South Africa for its Medicines Act? Question: South Africa's Medicines Act allowed for the generic production of what kind of drugs? Question: How much did ARV drugs cost patients yearly? Question: How much did treatment for each patient in Africa cost? Question: How many signatures were collected by MSF? Question: How many signatures were collected supporting public health rights? Question: Who backed the South African government which caused the case to be dropped?
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy. To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax. In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin. The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs. This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs. A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs. The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.

Question: What caused a Tetanus outbreak? Question: What act allowed premarket approval for drugs? Question: What was the name of the law that required premarket approval for producing drugs? Question: When did the Pure Food and Drugs Act get implemented? Question: In what year was the Pure Food and Drugs Act passed? Question: What Act forbade misbranded drugs? Question: What law banned the interstate distribution of mislabeled food and drugs? Question: Who restricted the federal government's enforcement powers?
Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrimination. Moreover, under the TRIPS agreement of the World Trade Organization, countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented. In 2001, the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration, which indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies: via compulsory licensing or parallel imports, even before patent expiration.

Question: What has been accused of reducing access to medicines in developing countries? Question: Why are patents criticized? Question: Who adopted the Doha Declaration? Question: What did the TRIPS agreement accomplish? Question: When was the Doha Declaration adopted? Question: When did the World Trade Organization adopt the Doha Declaration? Question: What did the Doha Declaration do? Question: The Doha Declaration allows for what ways for monopolies to be bypassed?
Pharmaceutical fraud involves deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company. It affects individuals and public and private insurers. There are several different schemes used to defraud the health care system which are particular to the pharmaceutical industry. These include: Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Violations, Off Label Marketing, Best Price Fraud, CME Fraud, Medicaid Price Reporting, and Manufactured Compound Drugs. Of this amount $2.5 billion was recovered through False Claims Act cases in FY 2010. Examples of fraud cases include the GlaxoSmithKline $3 billion settlement, Pfizer $2.3 billion settlement and Merck & Co. $650 million settlement. Damages from fraud can be recovered by use of the False Claims Act, most commonly under the qui tam provisions which rewards an individual for being a "whistleblower", or relator (law).

Question: What kind of fraud financially benefits a drug company? Question: What is pharmaceutical fraud? Question: Who is affected by pharmaceutical fraud? Question: What are some of the schemes used to defraud the health care system? Question: How much money was recovered through the False Claims? Question: How much money lost to pharmaceutical fraud was recovered in 2010? Question: Who had the biggest fraud case settlement? Question: Which act allows whistleblowers to recover money lost from pharmaceutical fraud? Question: What provision rewards "whistle-blowers"?
A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke (RR 0.63), coronary heart disease (RR 0.84), and cardiovascular events (RR 0.70) in people with high blood pressure. In the ensuring years other classes of antihypertensive drug were developed and found wide acceptance in combination therapy, including loop diuretics (Lasix/furosemide, Hoechst Pharmaceuticals, 1963), beta blockers (ICI Pharmaceuticals, 1964) ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. ACE inhibitors reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in diabetic patients, irrespective of whether they have hypertension.

Question: In what year did Cochrane release the report? Question: In what year was thiazide antihypertensive drugs shown to help those with heart problems? Question: Who conducted the review on Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs? Question: What drugs reduce the risk of death and other events in people with high blood pressure? Question: What type of drugs reduced the risk of strokes and heart disease for people with high blood pressure? Question: What were Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs used with? Question: What reduces the risk of new onset kidney diseases and death? Question: What do ACE inhibitors do?