derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
In the Southern Netherlands (now Belgium and Luxembourg) developments were different. Under Spanish, then Austrian, and then French rule standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill. The state, law, and increasingly education used French, yet more than half the Belgian population were speaking a Dutch dialect. In the course of the nineteenth century the Flemish movement stood up for the rights of Dutch, mostly called Flemish. But in competing with the French language the variation in dialects was a serious disadvantage. Since standardisation is a lengthy process, Dutch-speaking Belgium associated itself with the standard language that had already developed in the Netherlands over the centuries. Therefore, the situation in Belgium is essentially no different from that in the Netherlands, although there are recognisable differences in pronunciation, comparable to the pronunciation differences between standard British and standard American English. In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty. This treaty lays down the principle that the two countries must gear their language policy to each other, among other things, for a common system of spelling.

Question: What was the old name for the geographical region that's now Belgium and Luxembourg? Question: What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians? Question: The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language? Question: What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other's language? Question: What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?
Dutch belongs to its own West Germanic sub-group, West Low Franconian, paired with its sister language Limburgish, or East Low Franconian. Closest relative is the mutual intelligible daughter language Afrikaans. Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are German, English and the Frisian languages, and the non standardised languages Low German and Yiddish. Dutch stands out in combining a small degree of Ingvaeonic characteristics (occurring consistently in English and Frisian and reduced in intensity from 'west to east' over the continental West Germanic plane) with mostly Istvaeonic characteristics, of which some of them are also incorporated in German. Unlike German, Dutch (apart from Limburgish) has not been influenced at all by the 'south to north' movement of the High German sound shift, and had some changes of its own. The cumulation of these changes resulted over time in separate, but related standard languages with various degrees of similarities and differences between them. For a comparison between the West Germanic languages, see the sections Morphology, Grammar and Vocabulary.

Question: What's the "cheesy" name for East Low Franconian? Question: What language has the most in common with the East Low Franconian dialect of Dutch? Question: Along with German and English, what standardized West Germanic language is similar to Dutch? Question: Non-standardized languages similar to Dutch include Yiddish and what other West Germanic language? Question: As opposed to Dutch, what language was influenced by the High German sound shift?
In the east there is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect area, comprising the provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel, and parts of the province of Gelderland as well. The IJssel river roughly forms the linguistic watershed here. This group, though not being Low Franconian and being close to the neighbouring Low German, is regarded as Dutch, because of a number of reasons. From the 14th to 15th century onward, its urban centers (Deventer, Zwolle and Kampen as well as Zutphen and Doesburg) have been increasingly influenced by the western written Dutch and became a linguistically mixed area. From the 17th century onward, it was gradually integrated into the Dutch language area. In other words, this group is Dutch synchronically but not diachronically.[citation needed]

Question: What dialect of Dutch is spoken in Drenthe? Question: Which Dutch province is only partially comprised of speakers of Dutch low Saxon? Question: What's the name of the river that marks a dialect divide in the Netherlands? Question: When did cities like Diventer and Zutphen start becoming more linguistically diverse? Question: Although Dutch Low Saxon is similar to Low German, it's synchronically included with which language?
Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%).

Question: What organization researched the use of regional Dutch dialects and found their usage declining? Question: What percentage of adults in the Netherlands spoke a dialect or regional language in 1995? Question: How many primary school aged children were found to speak a dialect or regional language by 2011? Question: What's the most commonly spoken regional language in the Netherlands? Question: In 2011, what percentage of Dutch adults spoke Frisian?
The different dialects show many sound shifts in different vowels (even shifting between diphthongs and monophthongs), and in some cases consonants also shift pronunciation. For example, an oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, the voiced velar fricative (written as "g" in Dutch) shifts to a voiced glottal fricative (written as "h" in Dutch), while the letter "h" in West Flemish becomes mute (just like in French). As a result, when West Flemish try to talk Standard Dutch, they're often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound. This leaves f.e. no difference between "held" (hero) and "geld" (money). Or in some cases, they are aware of the problem, and hyper-correct the "h" into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound, again leaving no difference.

Question: West Flemings pronounce the Dutch "g" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch? Question: What other European language has a mute "h" like the West Flemings do? Question: What word that means "hero" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as "geld"? Question: What's the Dutch word for "money"? Question: If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent "h," they might over-correct into what sound?
Next to sound shifts, there are ample examples of suffix differences. Often simple suffix shifts (like switching between -the, -ske, -ke, -je, ...), sometimes the suffixes even depend on quite specific grammar rules for a certain dialect. Again taking West Flemish as an example. In that language, the words "ja" (yes) and "nee" (no) are also conjugated to the (often implicit) subject of the sentence. These separate grammar rules are a lot more difficult to imitate correctly than simple sound shifts, making it easy to recognise people who didn't grow up in a certain region, even decades after they moved.

Question: How would you tell a West Flemish speaker "yes"? Question: What's the West Flemish word for "no"? Question: What piece of a sentence does West Flemish match the case of a "yes" or "no" to? Question: Which is easier for a non-native speaker to imitate: grammar rules or sound shifts? Question: Would linguistic differences make it difficult or easy to point out someone who moved from a different region of the Netherlands?
Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions. The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in French Flanders (a small area that borders Belgium).

Question: What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often considered a language variant? Question: What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend, reflecting medieval divisions? Question: Along with Limburgish, what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands? Question: What province is Zeelandic Flanders in? Question: What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish?
Many native speakers of Dutch, both in Belgium and the Netherlands, assume that Afrikaans and West Frisian are dialects of Dutch but are considered separate and distinct from Dutch: a daughter language and a sister language, respectively. Afrikaans evolved mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects, but had influences from various other languages in South Africa. However, it is still largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. (West) Frisian evolved from the same West Germanic branch as Old English and is less akin to Dutch.

Question: Which Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often called a daughter language? Question: What dialect is considered a sister language to Dutch? Question: Afrikaans is mostly derived from the Dutch spoken in what century? Question: The Dutch influence on Afrikaans was seasoned with languages from what country? Question: What two-word phrase describes the relationship whereby Dutch and Afrikaans speakers can understand each other?
In Europe, Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands (96%) and Belgium (59%) as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France's French Flanders, where it is in the ultimate stage of language death. Though Belgium as a whole is multilingual, the two regions into which the country is divided (Flanders, francophone Wallonia, bilingual Brussels and small 'facility' zones) are largely monolingual. The Netherlands and Belgium produce the vast majority of music, films, books and other media written or spoken in Dutch. Dutch is a monocentric language, with all speakers using the same standard form (authorized by the Dutch Language Union) based on a Dutch orthography employing the Latin alphabet when writing. In stark contrast to its written uniformity, Dutch lacks a prestige dialect and has a large dialectal continuum consisting of 28 main dialects, which can themselves be further divided into at least 600 distinguishable varieties.

Question: What country in Europe has the highest percentage of Dutch speakers? Question: What percentage of people in Belgium speak Dutch? Question: What region in France is experiencing Dutch language death? Question: What's the name of the institution that ensures Dutch is monocentric? Question: How many different major dialects of Dutch are there?
Outside of the Netherlands and Belgium, the dialect around the German town of Kleve (South Guelderish) both historically and genetically belongs to the Dutch language. In Northeastern France, the area around Calais was historically Dutch-speaking (West Flemish) of which an estimated 20,000 daily speakers. The cities of Dunkirk, Gravelines and Bourbourg only became predominantly French-speaking by the end of the 19th century. In the countryside, until World War I, many elementary schools continued to teach in Dutch, and the Catholic Church continued to preach and teach the catechism in Flemish in many parishes.

Question: What town in Germany has always had mostly Dutch speakers? Question: In what area of France is Calais located? Question: About how many people around Calais, France speak Dutch every day? Question: It took until the end of what century for people in French cities like Gravelines to finally switch over to French from Dutch? Question: Which church often preached in Flemish prior to World War I?
During the second half of the 19th century Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language. In both Germany and France the Dutch standard language is largely absent and speakers of these Dutch dialects will use German or French in everyday speech. Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany, either by the central or regional public authorities and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations.

Question: What language did France and Prussia ban from use in education in the late 19th century? Question: In what country other than France did Dutch lose most of it usage in the 19th century? Question: In France and Germany, what languages will often be substituted by native speakers of Dutch dialects? Question: Other than France, what country does not give Dutch legal status as a language? Question: In what segment of the population is the decline in usage of Dutch most prominent?
As a foreign language, Dutch is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools in areas adjacent to the Netherlands and Flanders. In French-speaking Belgium, over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses, followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (of which 4,550 are in primary school). At an academic level, the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany (30 universities), followed by France (20 universities) and the United Kingdom (5 universities).

Question: About how many students in Belgium are studying Dutch? Question: Besides North Rhine-Westphalia, which German state has the most pupils of Dutch? Question: How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais? Question: What country has the most universities offering courses in neerlandistiek? Question: How many universities in France offer neerlandistiek courses?
Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, as the Asian bulk of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession, as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch. Dutch is taught in various educational centres in Indonesia, the most important of which is the Erasmus Language Centre (ETC) in Jakarta. Each year, some 1,500 to 2,000 students take Dutch courses there. In total, several thousand Indonesians study Dutch as a foreign language. Owing to centuries of Dutch rule in Indonesia, many old documents are written in Dutch. Many universities therefore include Dutch as a source language, mainly for law and history students. In Indonesia this involves about 35,000 students.

Question: For how long have there been Dutch speakers in Indonesia? Question: In what profession is Dutch often required in the Dutch East Indies? Question: What institution in Jakarta still teaches Dutch? Question: In addition to students pursuing law degrees, what other course of study often includes Dutch? Question: About how many pupils in all of Indonesia study Dutch as part of their coursework?
Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies. In the last quarter of the 19th century, however, a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business. Nevertheless, the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony. Dutch, the language of power, was supposed to remain in the hands of the leading elite.

Question: Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch? Question: What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government? Question: What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch? Question: Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it's the language of what?
After independence, Dutch was dropped as an official language and replaced by Malay. Yet the Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch: words for everyday life as well as scientific and technological terms. One scholar argues that 20% of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words, many of which are transliterated to reflect phonetic pronunciation e.g. kantoor (Dutch for "office") in Indonesian is kantor, while bus ("bus") becomes bis. In addition, many Indonesian words are calques on Dutch, for example, rumah sakit (Indonesian for "hospital") is calqued on the Dutch ziekenhuis (literally "house of the sick"), kebun binatang ("zoo") on dierentuin (literally "animal garden"), undang-undang dasar ("constitution") from grondwet (literally "ground law"). These account for some of the differences in vocabulary between Indonesian and Malay.

Question: What became the official language of Indonesia after they declared their independence? Question: What's the Indonesian word for "office"? Question: What term describes the literally translated Indonesian versions of Dutch terms that have become standard? Question: What Dutch word for a hospital was calqued into the Indonesian "rumah sakit"? Question: What is the Indonesian calque for the Dutch word that literally translates as "animal garden"?
In Suriname today, Dutch is the sole official language, and over 60 percent of the population speaks it as a mother tongue. Dutch is the obligatory medium of instruction in schools in Suriname, even for non-native speakers. A further twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a second language. Suriname gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1975 and has been an associate member of the Dutch Language Union since 2004. The lingua franca of Suriname, however, is Sranan Tongo, spoken natively by about a fifth of the population.

Question: About what percentage of residents of Suriname speak Dutch? Question: What language would you hear teachers speak if you attended school in Suriname? Question: When did Suriname officially become independent from the Netherlands? Question: What year did Suriname join the Dutch Language Union? Question: What's the common language that around 20% of Suriname's people speak?
In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921. Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch (in Albany, New York), Berbice (in Guyana), Skepi (in Essequibo, Guyana) and Negerhollands (in the United States Virgin Islands). Pennsylvania Dutch is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called Pennsylvania German.

Question: What's the year that Jersey Dutch was last spoken, according to records? Question: What Dutch-based language popped up in the area of Albany, New York? Question: In what country were the Berbice and Skepi dialects spoken? Question: Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands? Question: What's a more accurate name for Pennsylvania Dutch since it's not a Dutch dialect?
European Dutch remained the literary language until the start of the 1920s, when under pressure of Afrikaner nationalism the local "African" Dutch was preferred over the written, European-based standard. In 1925, section 137 of the 1909 constitution of the Union of South Africa was amended by Act 8 of 1925, stating "the word Dutch in article 137 [...] is hereby declared to include Afrikaans". The constitution of 1983 only listed English and Afrikaans as official languages. It is estimated that between 90% to 95% of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin.

Question: In what decade did European Dutch yield to the local dialect in South Africa? Question: What pressure influenced the shift in South Africa from the use of European Dutch in the 1920s? Question: What section of the constitution was changed by Act 8 of 1925 to include Afrikaans with Dutch? Question: What South African document from 1983 doesn't list Dutch as an official language? Question: At the high end, what percentage of Afrikaans words come from Dutch?
Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch. Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch, and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner, e.g. vogel becomes voël ("bird") and regen becomes reën ("rain"). In South Africa, the number of students following Dutch at university, is difficult to estimate, since the academic study of Afrikaans inevitably includes the study of Dutch. Elsewhere in the world, the number of people learning Dutch is relatively small.

Question: Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers? Question: Is Afrikaans more or less complex compared to Dutch? Question: What's the Dutch word for "bird"? Question: What is the Afrikaans word for "rain"? Question: Is it difficult or easy to estimate the number of students in South Africa who study Dutch?
It is the third language of South Africa in terms of native speakers (~13.5%), of whom 53 percent are Coloureds and 42.4 percent Whites. In 1996, 40 percent of South Africans reported to know Afrikaans at least at a very basic level of communication. It is the lingua franca in Namibia, where it is spoken natively in 11 percent of households. In total, Afrikaans is the first language in South Africa alone of about 6.8 million people and is estimated to be a second language for at least 10 million people worldwide, compared to over 23 million and 5 million respectively, for Dutch.

Question: Approximately what percentage of South Africans are native Afrikaans speakers? Question: How many of the South Africans surveyed in 1996 said they speak at least a little Afrikaans? Question: Which country has 11% of households who speak Afrikaans? Question: About how many South Africans speak Afrikaans as their primary language? Question: Approximately how many people in the world speak Dutch as a second language?
Unlike other Germanic languages, Dutch doesn't have phonological aspiration of consonants. Like English, Dutch did not participate in the second consonant shift. Like most Germanic languages, the Dutch consonant system did not undergo the High German consonant shift and has a syllable structure that allows fairly complex consonant clusters. Dutch also retains full use of the velar fricatives that were present in Proto-Germanic, but lost or modified in many other Germanic languages. Dutch has final-obstruent devoicing: at the end of a word, voicing distinction is neutralised and all obstruents are pronounced voiceless. For example, goede ("good") is /ˈɣudə/ but the related form goed is /ɣut/. Dutch shares with German Final-obstruent devoicing (Du brood [broːt] and German Brot vs Eng bread).

Question: Along with English, what pronunciation shift did Dutch not undergo? Question: What sound does Dutch still use from Proto-Germanic that was phased out in other Germanic languages? Question: How are obstruents pronounced at the end of Dutch words? Question: How would you say "good" in Dutch? Question: What language other than Dutch also employs final-obstruent devoicing?