derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of "other cultures", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the "Third World" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in "other cultures" looked for them far away and started to look "across the tracks" only in late 1960s.

Question: What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of? Question: A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect? Question: What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant? Question: Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, "Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology"? Question: When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to "look across the tracks"?
Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.

Question: What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s? Question: Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what? Question: What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond? Question: Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in? Question: What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?
Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759.

Question: What happened to Joseph I in 1758? Question: Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I? Question: Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I? Question: What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy? Question: In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?
Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.

Question: Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair? Question: In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal? Question: How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal? Question: What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty? Question: What was Pombal's "enlightenment" an apparatus for?
With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

Question: Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline? Question: How long did Portugal's decline last? Question: In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal? Question: To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court? Question: What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?
As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.

Question: What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus? Question: Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country? Question: By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon? Question: Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil? Question: Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?
With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.

Question: When was the Conference of Berlin held? Question: Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established? Question: During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped? Question: What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa? Question: When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?
On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 – causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional).

Question: On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered? Question: Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt? Question: Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king? Question: On what day was King Manuel II overthrown? Question: During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?
This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire.

Question: Who led the Estado Novo? Question: In what year was the Estado Novo established? Question: How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II? Question: What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?
Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy, and a high living standard, having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. It is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. However, drugs are still illegal in Portugal.

Question: What form of government does Portugal maintain? Question: What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking? Question: Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal? Question: What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to? Question: In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?
Pelayos' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the Moors. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD, Pelayos was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã.

Question: What was Pelayos' plan? Question: Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting? Question: In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors? Question: In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king? Question: What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?
After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália — the County of Portugal. Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms of León, Galicia and Asturias. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 (León and Galicia in 914, Asturias later) under the crown of León.

Question: Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias? Question: In which year was Vimara Peres knighted? Question: What was Vimara knighted as? Question: What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted? Question: Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?
During the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the Northern Christians kingdoms, the County of Portugal, formed the southern portion of the Kingdom of Galicia. At times the Kingdom of Galicia existed independently for short periods, but usually formed an important part of the Kingdom of Leon. Throughout this period, the people of County of Portugal as Galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture, whenever the status of the Kingdom of Galicia changed in relation to the Kingdom of Leon. As a result of political division, Galician-Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia (a dependent kingdom of Leon) to establish the Kingdom of Portugal. The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths. This began occurring when the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile united and the Castilian Language (known as Spanish) slowly over the centuries began influencing the Galician Language and then trying to replace it. The same thing happened to Astur-Leonese Language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the Castilian (Spanish Language).

Question: During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with? Question: The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what? Question: Portugese diverged from which language? Question: What is the Castilian Lanugage known as? Question: By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced?
In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Question: Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal? Question: What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold? Question: Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage? Question: Who was de Melo's second marriage to? Question: Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?
Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country.

Question: Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity? Question: What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist? Question: How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models? Question: What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions? Question: How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?
Portugal (Portuguese: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.

Question: What is the official name of Portugal? Question: What is the official name of Portugal? Question: Where is Portugal located? Question: Where is Portugal located? Question: Which ocean does Portugal border? Question: What ocean does Portugal border? Question: What other country does Portugal border? Question: What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union? Question: How long is the Portugal-Spain border? Question: What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?
The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from León. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers.

Question: Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal? Question: Which two groups followed the first inhabitants? Question: By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom? Question: In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire? Question: What age did Portugal pioneer?
Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the "Estado Novo" right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to all its colonies, with the exception of Macau, which was handed over to China in 1999. This marked the end of the longest-lived European colonial empire, leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today.

Question: In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake? Question: In which year did Brazel become independent? Question: In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed? Question: Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999? Question: How many Portugese speakers are there today?
The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by Suebi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer (old Germanic Alankerk, from Alan+kerk; meaning church of the Alan (people), Coimbra and Lisbon.

Question: From what name is Portugal derived? Question: By what group was the Portugal region settled? Question: To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise? Question: During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic? Question: From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?
In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga. There are still many ruins of castros (hill forts) all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal, some urban remains are quite large, like Conímbriga and Mirobriga. The former, beyond being one of the largest Roman settlements in Portugal, is also classified as a National Monument. Conímbriga lies 16 km from Coimbra which by its turn was the ancient Aeminium). The site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations.

Question: In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province? Question: What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as? Question: What are castros? Question: What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal? Question: How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?
After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent (now Pakistan) up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms.

Question: How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths? Question: In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire? Question: In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse? Question: Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence? Question: How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?
The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas, followed a century later in 1147, after the second period of Taifa, by the Almohads, also from Marrakesh.

Question: What were the governors of the taifas called? Question: Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations? Question: To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into? Question: In which year did the taifa period end? Question: Which battle took place in 1147?
The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called Muwallad or Muladi) and to a lesser extent Berbers and Arabs. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Oman; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads. In Portugal, the Muslim population (or "Moors"), relatively small in numbers, stayed in the Algarve region, and south of the Tagus. Today, there are approximately 800 words in the Portuguese language of Arabic origin. The Muslims were expelled from Portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring Spain, which is reflected both in Portuguese culture and the language, which is mostly Celtiberian and Vulgar Latin.

Question: What are converts to Islam called? Question: Who did the Arabs principally consist of? Question: Where were the Berbers originally from? Question: In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay? Question: How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?