derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
Incandescent light bulbs come in a range of shapes and sizes. The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions. Many of these shapes have a designation consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers, e.g. A55 or PAR38. The letters represent the shape of the bulb. The numbers represent the maximum diameter, either in 1⁄8 of an inch, or in millimeters, depending on the shape and the region. For example, 63 mm reflectors are designated R63, but in the US, they are known as R20 (2.5 in). However, in both regions, a PAR38 reflector is known as PAR38.

Question: Can the name of a certain bulb shape vary? Question: What do the letters identify in a bulb shape designation? Question: What do the numbers identify in a bulb shape designation? Question: What units are the bulb sizes measured in?
Very small lamps may have the filament support wires extended through the base of the lamp, and can be directly soldered to a printed circuit board for connections. Some reflector-type lamps include screw terminals for connection of wires. Most lamps have metal bases that fit in a socket to support the lamp and conduct current to the filament wires. In the late 19th century, manufacturers introduced a multitude of incompatible lamp bases. General Electric introduced standard base sizes for tungsten incandescent lamps under the Mazda trademark in 1909. This standard was soon adopted across the US, and the Mazda name was used by many manufacturers under license through 1945. Today most incandescent lamps for general lighting service use an Edison screw in candelabra, intermediate, or standard or mogul sizes, or double contact bayonet base. Technical standards for lamp bases include ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1 for common commercial lamp sizes, to ensure interchangeablitity between different manufacturer's products. Bayonet base lamps are frequently used in automotive lamps to resist loosening due to vibration. A bipin base is often used for halogen or reflector lamps.

Question: Which company introduced standard base sizes for incandescent lamps? Question: In what year were standard base sizes introduced for incandescent lamps? Question: What are some common technical standards for lamp bases? Question: What is the typical base type for automotive lamps? Question: What is the typical base type for halogen lamps?
This means that a 5% reduction in operating voltage will more than double the life of the bulb, at the expense of reducing its light output by about 16%. This may be a very acceptable trade off for a light bulb that is in a difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings). Long-life bulbs take advantage of this trade-off. Since the value of the electric power they consume is much more than the value of the lamp, general service lamps emphasize efficiency over long operating life. The objective is to minimize the cost of light, not the cost of lamps. Early bulbs had a life of up to 2500 hours, but in 1924 a cartel agreed to limit life to 1000 hours. When this was exposed in 1953, General Electric and other leading American manufacturers were banned from limiting the life.

Question: What level of voltage reduction is required to double the life of an incandescent bulb? Question: What is an example of a good application for a long-life bulb? Question: When did light bulb manufacturers establish a cartel to limit bulb life? Question: What was the artificially low limit on bulb life placed by the cartel? Question: When did authorities break up the light bulb cartel?
The relationships above are valid for only a few percent change of voltage around rated conditions, but they do indicate that a lamp operated at much lower than rated voltage could last for hundreds of times longer than at rated conditions, albeit with greatly reduced light output. The "Centennial Light" is a light bulb that is accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records as having been burning almost continuously at a fire station in Livermore, California, since 1901. However, the bulb emits the equivalent light of a four watt bulb. A similar story can be told of a 40-watt bulb in Texas that has been illuminated since 21 September 1908. It once resided in an opera house where notable celebrities stopped to take in its glow, and was moved to an area museum in 1977.

Question: When did the "Centennial Light" begin burning? Question: How much light does the bulb emit? Question: When did the long-lasting bulb in Texas begin continuing illumination? Question: Where did the Texas bulb begin its life?
In flood lamps used for photographic lighting, the tradeoff is made in the other direction. Compared to general-service bulbs, for the same power, these bulbs produce far more light, and (more importantly) light at a higher color temperature, at the expense of greatly reduced life (which may be as short as two hours for a type P1 lamp). The upper temperature limit for the filament is the melting point of the metal. Tungsten is the metal with the highest melting point, 3,695 K (6,191 °F). A 50-hour-life projection bulb, for instance, is designed to operate only 50 °C (122 °F) below that melting point. Such a lamp may achieve up to 22 lumens per watt, compared with 17.5 for a 750-hour general service lamp.

Question: How does the color temperature differ for photographic lighting? Question: What is the typical life of a P1 lamp? Question: Which metal has the highest melting point? Question: At what temperature does a typical 50-hour-life projection bulb operate?
Lamps designed for different voltages have different luminous efficacy. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp will produce about 17.1 lumens per watt. A lamp with the same rated lifetime but designed for 230 V would produce only around 12.8 lumens per watt, and a similar lamp designed for 30 volts (train lighting) would produce as much as 19.8 lumens per watt. Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament, for the same power rating. They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.

Question: How many lumens per watt does a typical 100-watt, 120-volt lamp produce? Question: How many lumens per watt does a typical train light produce? Question: How does filament size relate to voltage level? Question: What is the effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature?
In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. They conclude that Edison's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandescent material, a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve (by use of the Sprengel pump) and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable.

Question: Which historians wrote about the advantages of Edison's lamp over other early versions? Question: How many inventors came up with electric lamps before Thomas Edison? Question: How did Edison achieve a higher vacuum than other inventors? Question: What made power distribution economically viable in Edison's lamp?
Physically, clothing serves many purposes: it can serve as protection from the elements, and can enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking. It protects the wearer from rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns and prickles by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions. Further, they can provide a hygienic barrier, keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body. Clothing also provides protection from harmful UV radiation.

Question: What can clothing provide during hazardous activities? Question: What type of surfaces can clothing protect from? Question: What can insulate against cold or hot conditions? Question: What does clothing keep toxic materials away from? Question: What type of radiation can clothing provide some protection from?
There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 107,000 years ago, suggesting that clothing existed at that time. Another theory is that modern humans are the only survivors of several species of primates who may have worn clothes and that clothing may have been used as long ago as 650 thousand years ago. Other louse-based estimates put the introduction of clothing at around 42,000–72,000 BP.

Question: What isn't it easy to determine about clothing? Question: What habitat is the body louse specific to? Question: What organism has provided some information about the timeline of clothing? Question: What may modern humans be the only survivor of several species of? Question: How many thousands of years ago may have clothing been worn?
The most obvious function of clothing is to improve the comfort of the wearer, by protecting the wearer from the elements. In hot climates, clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage, while in cold climates its thermal insulation properties are generally more important. Shelter usually reduces the functional need for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves, and other superficial layers are normally removed when entering a warm home, particularly if one is residing or sleeping there. Similarly, clothing has seasonal and regional aspects, so that thinner materials and fewer layers of clothing are generally worn in warmer seasons and regions than in colder ones.

Question: What obvious improvement does clothing bestow upon the wearer? Question: In what type of climate does clothing protect against sunburn and wind damage? Question: What property of clothing is important in cold climates? Question: What has seasonal and regional aspects? Question: What type of material tends to be worn in warmer seasons?
Clothing can and has in history been made from a very wide variety of materials. Materials have ranged from leather and furs, to woven materials, to elaborate and exotic natural and synthetic fabrics. Not all body coverings are regarded as clothing. Articles carried rather than worn (such as purses), worn on a single part of the body and easily removed (scarves), worn purely for adornment (jewelry), or those that serve a function other than protection (eyeglasses), are normally considered accessories rather than clothing, as are footwear and hats.

Question: What variety has there been in the materials of clothing throughout history? Question: What is an article that is carried rather than worn that isn't regarded as clothing? Question: Jewelry isn't considered clothing because it's usually worn purely for what reason? Question: What is an example of something that serves a function other than protection? Question: What are footwear and hats both considered?
Clothing protects against many things that might injure the uncovered human body. Clothes protect people from the elements, including rain, snow, wind, and other weather, as well as from the sun. However, clothing that is too sheer, thin, small, tight, etc., offers less protection. Clothes also reduce risk during activities such as work or sport. Some clothing protects from specific environmental hazards, such as insects, noxious chemicals, weather, weapons, and contact with abrasive substances. Conversely, clothing may protect the environment from the clothing wearer, as with doctors wearing medical scrubs.

Question: What does clothing protect from things which may injure it? Question: Rain, snow, and wind are what class of things clothing protects the wearer from? Question: Clothing that is too sheer will offer less what? Question: What type of hazard is noxious chemicals? Question: What type of clothing do doctors wear to protect their surroundings?
Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to environmental hazards. Examples include: space suits, air conditioned clothing, armor, diving suits, swimsuits, bee-keeper gear, motorcycle leathers, high-visibility clothing, and other pieces of protective clothing. Meanwhile, the distinction between clothing and protective equipment is not always clear-cut—since clothes designed to be fashionable often have protective value and clothes designed for function often consider fashion in their design. Wearing clothes also has social implications. They cover parts of the body that social norms require to be covered, act as a form of adornment, and serve other social purposes.

Question: What animal has shown extreme inventiveness in the clothing it has devised? Question: What are space suits an example of a solution to? Question: What value may clothing designed to be fashionable also have? Question: What type of implication might a certain type of clothing have? Question: Why are some parts of the body covered?
Although dissertations on clothing and its function appear from the 19th century as colonising countries dealt with new environments, concerted scientific research into psycho-social, physiological and other functions of clothing (e.g. protective, cartage) occurred in the first half of the 20th century, with publications such as J. C. Flügel's Psychology of Clothes in 1930, and Newburgh's seminal Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing in 1949. By 1968, the field of environmental physiology had advanced and expanded significantly, but the science of clothing in relation to environmental physiology had changed little. While considerable research has since occurred and the knowledge-base has grown significantly, the main concepts remain unchanged, and indeed Newburgh's book is still cited by contemporary authors, including those attempting to develop thermoregulatory models of clothing development.

Question: What century do dissertation on clothing first appear from? Question: What year was J. C. Flügel's Psychology of Clothes published? Question: Whose book entitled Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing was published in 1949? Question: How much had the science of clothing in relation to environmental factors changed by 1968? Question: What have remained unchanged while the knowledge has grown?
In Western societies, skirts, dresses and high-heeled shoes are usually seen as women's clothing, while neckties are usually seen as men's clothing. Trousers were once seen as exclusively male clothing, but are nowadays worn by both genders. Male clothes are often more practical (that is, they can function well under a wide variety of situations), but a wider range of clothing styles are available for females. Males are typically allowed to bare their chests in a greater variety of public places. It is generally acceptable for a woman to wear traditionally male clothing, while the converse is unusual.

Question: What is an example of clothing that was once seen as exclusively for males? Question: What gender's clothing is often more practical? Question: What can males typically bare in more places? Question: What would be unlikely to raise eyebrows if a woman were to wear it? Question: What is a common opinion about men wearing women's clothing?
In some societies, clothing may be used to indicate rank or status. In ancient Rome, for example, only senators could wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple. In traditional Hawaiian society, only high-ranking chiefs could wear feather cloaks and palaoa, or carved whale teeth. Under the Travancore Kingdom of Kerala, (India), lower caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In China, before establishment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. History provides many examples of elaborate sumptuary laws that regulated what people could wear. In societies without such laws, which includes most modern societies, social status is instead signaled by the purchase of rare or luxury items that are limited by cost to those with wealth or status. In addition, peer pressure influences clothing choice.

Question: Who was allowed to wear gamrents dyed with Tyrian purple in ancient Rome? Question: Who was allowed to wear feather cloaks and palaoa in old school Hawaiian society? Question: What right were lower caste women required to pay a tax to acquire? Question: What country once only allowed their emperor to wear yellow? Question: What can peer pressure influence?
According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing likely consisted of fur, leather, leaves, or grass that were draped, wrapped, or tied around the body. Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential, since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts. Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near Kostenki, Russia in 1988. Dyed flax fibers that could have been used in clothing have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP.

Question: How was the earliest clothing kept on the body? Question: What does clothing materials do more quickly compared to stone and bone? Question: Who has identified needles from about 30,000 B.C.? Question: What dates back to 36,000 BP? Question: Where have flax fibers which may have been used in clothing found?
Scientists are still debating when people started wearing clothes. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that suggests clothing originated quite recently, around 170,000 years ago. Body lice is an indicator of clothes-wearing, since most humans have sparse body hair, and lice thus require human clothing to survive. Their research suggests the invention of clothing may have coincided with the northward migration of modern Homo sapiens away from the warm climate of Africa, thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers using similar genetic methods estimate that clothing originated around 540,000 years ago (Reed et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2(11): e340). For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.[citation needed]

Question: What group of people debate when humans stated wearing clothes? Question: What type of analysis has been conducted on human body lice? Question: What do lice require human clothing to do? Question: What may have the invention of clothing happened with? Question: What about the origin of clothing remains unanswered?
Different cultures have evolved various ways of creating clothes out of cloth. One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many people wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit – for example, the dhoti for men and the sari for women in the Indian subcontinent, the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong. The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment.

Question: Various cultures have come up with ways of making clothes from what? Question: Many people still wear clothes that are what shape? Question: What nationality wears kilts? Question: Pins or belts hold what in place? Question: What precious material may remain uncut?
By the early years of the 21st century, western clothing styles had, to some extent, become international styles. This process began hundreds of years earlier, during the periods of European colonialism. The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world, spreading Western culture and styles. Fast fashion clothing has also become a global phenomenon. These garments are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. Donated used clothing from Western countries are also delivered to people in poor countries by charity organizations.

Question: What had somewhat became an international style by the early 21st century? Question: Cultural dissemination has continued over the what? Question: Who has been spreading Western culture and styles? Question: What have Western corporations penetrated? Question: Who donates discard Western clothing to people in poor places?
Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons. Common sportswear garments include shorts, T-shirts, tennis shirts, leotards, tracksuits, and trainers. Specialized garments include wet suits (for swimming, diving or surfing), salopettes (for skiing) and leotards (for gymnastics). Also, spandex materials are often used as base layers to soak up sweat. Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments, such as volleyball, wrestling, track & field, dance, gymnastics and swimming.

Question: Safety reasons may be why someone wears this type of clothing. Question: Leotards are an example of what type of garment? Question: What does spandex soak up? Question: What's an example of a form fitting garment? Question: What type of sport is wrestling considered?
The world of clothing is always changing, as new cultural influences meet technological innovations. Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles, for example, clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature, repel bullets, project images, and generate electricity. Some practical advances already available to consumers are bullet-resistant garments made with kevlar and stain-resistant fabrics that are coated with chemical mixtures that reduce the absorption of liquids.

Question: Changes keep happening because new cultural stuff meets these type of innovations. Question: What have researchers in science labs been making? Question: What can garments made with kevlar resist? Question: What elementary force can some specialized fabrics generate? Question: Stain-resistant fabrics are coated with chemicals to reduce what?
Though mechanization transformed most aspects of human industry by the mid-20th century, garment workers have continued to labor under challenging conditions that demand repetitive manual labor. Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be sweatshops, typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation. While most examples of such conditions are found in developing countries, clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured similarly, often staffed by undocumented immigrants.[citation needed]

Question: What type of conditions do many garment works endure? Question: What type of clothing is frequently the product of sweatshops? Question: What is a feature of sweatshops beyond lack of benefits and representation? Question: Poor conditions found in developing countries may also be found in what type of nations? Question: What type of immigrant often staff sweatshops?
Outsourcing production to low wage countries like Bangladesh, China, India and Sri Lanka became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA, which placed quotas on textiles imports, was deemed a protectionist measure.[citation needed] Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor working conditions of garment workers. Although many countries recognize treaties like the International Labor Organization, which attempt to set standards for worker safety and rights, many countries have made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties or failed to thoroughly enforce them. India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty.[citation needed]

Question: The abolishing of the MFA made what possible? Question: What did the MFA put quotas on? Question: What is often identified as the reason for less than ideal working conditions for garment workers? Question: What treaty tries to set standards for worker safety and rights? Question: What country has failed to ratify sections 87 and 92 of the ILO?