derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture.

Question: Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal? Question: Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who? Question: Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what? Question: Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to? Question: Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf?
Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.

Question: What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other? Question: Dogs are considered to be predators and what else? Question: Dogs originated as predators and what? Question: What bones in dog legs are fused? Question: A dog's heart and vascular ability if best suited for sprinting and what else? Question: What are dog teeth best suited for? Question: What are a dog's teeth mainly used for?
Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and was 250 cm (98 in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (42.0 in) at the shoulder.

Question: Dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics? Question: What breed was the largest dog known to have lived? Question: What is the biggest known dog?
The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only.

Question: Which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates? Question: What is the more common coat for dogs from colder climates? Question: Along with a gruff guard hair, what else makes up the double coat? Question: What is a single coat?
Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside.

Question: When a dog has a camouflage pattern on its coat, this is called what? Question: A natural camo pattern is known as what? Question: What color is on a dogs upper surfaces if it has countershading? Question: A dog with countershading has dark coloring where? Question: What is reduced when a dog has countershading?
There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all.

Question: What part of a dog can be straight, curly or cork-screwed? Question: What part of a dog can be straight, curled, or cork-screwed? Question: What does a dog communicate with its tail?
Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms.

Question: What are some dogs prone to? Question: Pyometra usually affects what type of female dog? Question: Who does pyometra affect? Question: What are all dogs susceptible to? Question: What are fleas, ticks and mites called?
A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.

Question: Some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs? Question: Some human foods can be what to dogs? Question: What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs? Question: What type of nut is poisonous to dogs? Question: Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs? Question: What in tobacco can hurt dogs? Question: What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs?
In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan).

Question: When was a study done that discovered mixed breeds tend to live longer than pure breeds? Question: Mutts, dogs that have several breed characteristics, live how much longer than purebred dogs? Question: Typically, how much longer do mixed breeds live? Question: Do bigger dogs typically have longer or shorter lives?
The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed.

Question: What is the median lifespan of canines?
The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years.

Question: What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan? Question: Which dog has the shortest lifespan? Question: What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years? Question: What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux? Question: What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound?
The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months.

Question: What is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans? Question: What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest? Question: What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years? Question: What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book? Question: When did Bluey die? Question: What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived? Question: Who did the Guinness Book of World Records say was the oldest dog in 2011?
In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male.

Question: How many times per year do female dogs go into heat? Question: Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature? Question: What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity? Question: What does going into heat (estrous) prepare a female dog for?
Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.

Question: How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies? Question: What is the average length of dog pregnancy? Question: What is the average for a dog to bear her litter? Question: What is the average number of pups in a litter? Question: What is the average number of pups per litter? Question: For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter? Question: Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?
Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized.

Question: What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation? Question: What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation? Question: In neutering, what is removed in a male dog? Question: What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy? Question: In neutering, what is removed in female dogs? Question: According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies? Question: What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?
Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.

Question: Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what? Question: Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens? Question: According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog? Question: What is increased in female dogs with neutering? Question: What is increased in male dogs with neutering?
Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.

Question: Perceiving information and retaining it is what? Question: What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things? Question: How many labels does Rico the dog know? Question: What kind of memory skills do dogs have? Question: What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words? Question: How many words did Chaser know? Question: In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things? Question: What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment? Question: What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?
Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children.

Question: What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as? Question: Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar? Question: Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species? Question: Dogs are  very well attuned to what other species' behaviors? Question: Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species? Question: More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people? Question: What do some dog skills parallel in human beings? Question: Dogs have some social skills that parallel what?
Dog communication is about how dogs "speak" to each other, how they understand messages that humans send to them, and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit.:xii These communication behaviors include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture.

Question: Eye gaze, vocalization and body posture are examples of what? Question: What is gustatory communication include in dogs? Question: People communicate with dogs by voice commands, body language or posture and what else? Question: In addition to vocalization and body posture, how do people communicate with dogs?
Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.:35 The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs. Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.

Question: What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs? Question: Which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves? Question: How often do female wolves enter estrus? Question: Dogs having ears that are not erect may be due to what?
Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.

Question: Most domestic animals were selected for what traits? Question: Why were dogs initially selected? Question: Instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what? Question: How many "fixed" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog? Question: For wolves and dogs, how many fixed genes show a variation? Question: The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication? Question: What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding? Question: What do most dogs show less of than wolves? Question: Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves?
The global dog population is estimated at 525 million:225 based on a transparent methodology, as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available – all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses.

Question: What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet? Question: How many dogs are estimated to be in the world? Question: What are dog population estimates based on other than land uses?
Although large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators, they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals. Furthermore, in areas where both dogs and other large predators live, dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines. Reports from Croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep. Wolves in Russia apparently limit feral dog populations. In Wisconsin, more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock. Some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.

Question: What animal is reported to be killed more often than sheep by wolves in Croatia? Question: Like wolves, big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator? Question: Like wolves, what kind of predators are large dogs? Question: Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal? Question: What limits the feral dog population in Russia? Question: Wolves may act in what behavioral manner when attacking dogs?
Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards. Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs.

Question: What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs? Question: What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs? Question: What large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is? Question: What is a typical predator of dogs in places such as Turkmenistan? Question: What is a known predator of village dogs in India? Question: What two reptiles kill dogs and consume them? Question: What type of reptiles eat dogs?
Despite their descent from wolves and classification as Carnivora, dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine, dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements. Dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods, including vegetables and grains, and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Comparing dogs and wolves, dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.

Question: Because of what they eat, dogs are classified as what? Question: Dogs exhibit carnivore as well as what other type of dietary behavior? Question: Cats are known as what type of carnivore? Question: Dogs do not require a very high level of what when eating? Question: Dogs can digest meat as well as what else? Question: Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves, who cannot?