derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems assume that general relativity is correct, but general relativity must break down before the universe reaches the Planck temperature, and a correct treatment of quantum gravity may avoid the singularity.

Question: The Big Bang model is solidly established in what? Question: Which theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of time? Question: How much is known about the early states of the universe? Question: These theorems have to assume what theory is correct? Question: These theorems state that general relatively must break down before what?
Time travel is the concept of moving backwards or forwards to different points in time, in a manner analogous to moving through space, and different from the normal "flow" of time to an earthbound observer. In this view, all points in time (including future times) "persist" in some way. Time travel has been a plot device in fiction since the 19th century. Traveling backwards in time has never been verified, presents many theoretic problems, and may be an impossibility. Any technological device, whether fictional or hypothetical, that is used to achieve time travel is known as a time machine.

Question: How long has time travel been a topic in science fiction? Question: Traveling which direction in time has never been verified and presents many problems? Question: A time machine is known as any technological devise that is used for what purpose?
Another solution to the problem of causality-based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen. As illustrated in numerous works of fiction, free will either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined. As such, it would not be possible to enact the grandfather paradox because it is a historical fact that your grandfather was not killed before his child (your parent) was conceived. This view doesn't simply hold that history is an unchangeable constant, but that any change made by a hypothetical future time traveler would already have happened in his or her past, resulting in the reality that the traveler moves from. More elaboration on this view can be found in the Novikov self-consistency principle.

Question: What is another solution to the problem of temporal paradoxes? Question: In several works of fiction, what ceases to exist in the past which causes paradoxes not to arise? Question: What paradox cannot be enacted because it is a fact that your grandfather was not killed before your parent was conceived? Question: What principle elaborates more on the view described?
Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals will either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons in the brain, with a greater firing rate allowing the brain to register the occurrence of more events within a given interval (speed up time) and a decreased firing rate reducing the brain's capacity to distinguish events occurring within a given interval (slow down time).

Question: What type of drugs can impair the judgement of time? Question: Stimulants lead humans to overestimate what? Question: What causes humans to underestimate time intervals? Question: The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of time? Question: Such chemicals do what to the firing of the brain's neurons?
The use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with technology, as the television or the Internet created new opportunities to use time in different ways. However, some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work, which despite major changes in transport, has been observed to be about 20–30 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period.

Question: The use of time is important in understanding what? Question: What is a developing field of time related study? Question: Time use is always changing with advances in what? Question: Travelling to work has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?
A sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in a single item, but effect never precedes cause. A sequence of events can be presented in text, tables, charts, or timelines. The description of the items or events may include a timestamp. A sequence of events that includes the time along with place or location information to describe a sequential path may be referred to as a world line.

Question: What is another way of phrasing "time order"? Question: What never precedes cause because of causality? Question: In what ways can a sequence of events be presented? Question: What may the description of events include? Question: A sequence of events used to describe a sequential path can be referred to as what?
Uses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past events (e.g., stories, history, chronology), on future events that must be in a predetermined order (e.g., plans, schedules, procedures, timetables), or focused on the observation of past events with the expectation that the events will occur in the future (e.g., processes). The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machines (cam timer), documentaries (Seconds From Disaster), law (choice of law), computer simulation (discrete event simulation), and electric power transmission (sequence of events recorder). A specific example of a sequence of events is the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

Question: Uses of sequences of events include what? Question: What may a sequence of events be used to describe? Question: The use of what occurs in fields as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation? Question: What is a specific example of a sequence of events?
The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) listed in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states.[dated info] The Treaty of Amsterdam established the bank in 1998, and it is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. As of 2015[update] the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi, former governor of the Bank of Italy, former member of the World Bank, and former managing director of the Goldman Sachs international division (2002–2005). The bank primarily occupied the Eurotower prior to, and during, the construction of the new headquarters.

Question: What is the official, central bank for the euro? Question: What is the Eurozone? Question: Who owns the capital stock of The European Central Bank? Question: What established The European Central Bank? Question: What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank?
The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, to take care of the foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks and operation of the financial market infrastructure under the TARGET2 payments system and the technical platform (currently being developed) for settlement of securities in Europe (TARGET2 Securities). The ECB has, under Article 16 of its Statute, the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coins, but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand.

Question: Where is the mission for the European Central Bank found? Question: What is the main mission of the ECB? Question: Where can the basic tasks of the European Central Bank be found? Question: What gives the ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes? Question: How can a member state use euro coins?
The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French government wanted Jean-Claude Trichet, former head of the French central bank, to be the ECB's first president. The French argued that since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French. This was opposed by the German, Dutch and Belgian governments who saw Duisenberg as a guarantor of a strong euro. Tensions were abated by a gentleman's agreement in which Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet.

Question: Who was the first president of the ECB? Question: What was Duisenberg's previous business experience? Question: Who did the French government think was best candidate for President of the ECB? Question: Why did the French want a French bank president? Question: What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments finally compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?
The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%” and added that price stability ”was to be maintained over the medium term”. (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices) Unlike for example the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the ECB has only one primary objective but this objective has never been defined in statutory law, and the HICP target can be termed ad-hoc.

Question: Where is the primary mission of the European Central Bank listed? Question: What is the primary goal of the ECB? Question: When did the Governing Council define price stability? Question: What is price stability defined as? Question: What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be maintained at?
The banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy. A decrease has the contrary effect. The contracts are carried on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet and the resulting deposits in member banks are carried as a liability. In layman terms, the liability of the central bank is money, and an increase in deposits in member banks, carried as a liability by the central bank, means that more money has been put into the economy.[a]

Question: What happens when a lot of repo notes come due? Question: What happens whe not as many repo notes are coming due? Question: Where are contracts recorded? Question: What is a good way to boost the economy? Question: What happens when members increase their deposits?
To qualify for participation in the auctions, banks must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities. These can be the public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted. The fairly stringent membership requirements for the European Union, especially with regard to sovereign debt as a percentage of each member state's gross domestic product, are designed to insure that assets offered to the bank as collateral are, at least in theory, all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation.

Question: How does a bank make sure that they can participate in auctions? Question: What kind of proof is acceptable for participation in auctions? Question: What must be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions? Question: What should all assets offered up as collateral be?
The Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of the President of the Bank (currently Mario Draghi), the Vice-President (currently Vitor Constâncio) and four other members. They are all appointed for non-renewable terms of eight years. They are appointed "from among persons of recognised standing and professional experience in monetary or banking matters by common accord of the governments of the Member States at the level of Heads of State or Government, on a recommendation from the Council, after it has consulted the European Parliament and the Governing Council of the ECB". The Executive Board normally meets every Tuesday.

Question: Who is responsible for overseeing all monetary policy? Question: Who is the current president of the ECB? Question: Who is the Vice-President of The European Central Bank? Question: Along with the President and Vice President, how many other members make up the Executive Board? Question: For how long are the other members of the Executive Board appointed?
José Manuel González-Páramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña, an ECB veteran who heads its legal department, as González-Páramo's replacement as early as January 2012 but alternatives from Luxembourg, Finland, and Slovenia were put forward and no decision made by May. After a long political battle, Luxembourg's Yves Mersch, was appointed as González-Páramo's replacement.

Question: When did González-Páramo take his seat on the Executive Board? Question: When was González-Páramo's supposed to leave his seat on the board? Question: Who did the Spanish want to take José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board? Question: Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be a suitable replacement for González-Páramo? Question: Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's replacement?
The Supervisory Board meets twice a month to discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks. It proposes draft decisions to the Governing Council under the non-objection procedure. It is composed of Chair (appointed for a non-renewable term of five years), Vice-Chair (chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board) four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors. If the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank (NCB), the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB. In such cases, the representatives are together considered as one member for the purposes of the voting procedure.

Question: What does the Supervisory Board discuss at it's meetings? Question: How long is the term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board? Question: How long is the term for Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board? Question: Besides the Chair and Vice-Chair, who else is on the Supervisory Board? Question: What happens if the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank?
Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national central banks of the member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the key is adjustable. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral.

Question: What governs the ECB? Question: How does the ECB mimic a corporation? Question: How much does the ECB have as capital? Question: Who holds the ECB's capital? Question: What determined the ECB's initial capital?
The internal working language of the ECB is generally English, and press conferences are usually held in English. External communications are handled flexibly: English is preferred (though not exclusively) for communication within the ESCB (i.e. with other central banks) and with financial markets; communication with other national bodies and with EU citizens is normally in their respective language, but the ECB website is predominantly English; official documents such as the Annual Report are in the official languages of the EU.

Question: What language does the ECB generally use? Question: When in communication with other nationalities, what language is generally used? Question: What language is the ECB website run in? Question: How are the languages of official documents handled?
The independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the European Council. The European Parliament also gets to question and then issue its opinion on candidates to the executive board.

Question: WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability? Question: Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB? Question: How is the ECB held accountable for it's actions? Question: Who gets to interview and question prospective board members?
From late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties. This so-called European debt crisis began after Greece's new elected government stopped masking its true indebtedness and budget deficit and openly communicated the imminent danger of a Greek sovereign default. Seeing a sovereign default in the eurozone as a shock, the general public, international and European institutions, and the financial community started to intensively reassess the economic situation and creditworthiness of eurozone states. Those eurozone states being assessed as not financially sustainable enough on their current path, faced waves of credit rating downgrades and rising borrowing costs including increasing interest rate spreads. As a consequence, the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced.

Question: When did the European debt Crisis begin? Question: Which country was the first to be at risk for soverign default? Question: Who brought Greece's financial crisis to the forefront? Question: What had Greece's previous government been hiding? Question: What did the eurozone states that were thought to not be able to repay their debt face as a consequence?
There is also a widespread view[vague][who?] that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness.[citation needed] There has also been a reluctance[citation needed] of financially stable eurozone states like Germany[citation needed] to further circumvent the no-bailout clause in the EU contracts and to generally take on the burden of financing or guaranteeing the debts of financially unstable or defaulting eurozone countries.[citation needed]

Question: What could keep the crisis states from trying to stand on their own? Question: What do most see raising the debt celing as doing? Question: Which countries didn't want to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts.
This has led to public discussions if Greece, Portugal, and even Italy would be better off leaving the eurozone to regain economical and financial stability if they would not implement reforms to strengthen their competitiveness as part of the eurozone in time. Greece had the greatest need for reforms but also most problems to implement those, so the Greek exit, also called "Grexit", has been widely discussed. Germany, as a large and financially stable state being in the focus to be asked to guarantee or repay other states debt, has never pushed those exits. Their position is to keep Greece within the eurozone, but not at any cost. If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.

Question: Which eurozone country has the biggest need for financial reform? Question: What term was coined when Greece left the eurozone? Question: As one of the financial powers, has Germany ever tried to force the crisis states into leaving the eurozone? Question: What is Germany's position on wether or not Greece should be in the eurozone?
However, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system. Another possible response is for wealthy member countries to guarantee or purchase the debt of countries that have defaulted or are likely to default. This alternative requires that the tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries be used to refinance the previous borrowing of the weaker member countries, and is politically controversial.

Question: What would cause the private banking system to weaken? Question: What happens when the private banking system is weakened? Question: Who purchases the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default? Question: What is to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment, by the banks assuming their debt? Question: Is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice?