derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing, such as Les Menuires. Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began to see increases in winter visitors. From 1980 to the present, ski-lifts have been modernized and snow-making machines installed at many resorts, leading to concerns regarding the loss of traditional Alpine culture and questions regarding sustainable development as the winter ski industry continues to develop quickly and the number of summer tourists decline.

Question: When were ski-lifts built in Swiss and Austrian towns? Question: When were several new villages built in France almost exclusively for skiing? Question: Where is Les Menuires located?
The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway to build a 57 km (35 mi)-long sub-alpine tunnel connecting the older Lötschberg and Gotthard tunnels built in the 19th century.

Question: How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region? Question: How many vehicles use the roads? Question: Where are most of Europe's highest railways located? Question: How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be?
Some high mountain villages, such as Avoriaz (in France), Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains, and are car free. Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terrain.

Question: Where is the village of Avoriaz located? Question: Where are the villages of Wengen and Zermatt located? Question: Why are villages considering becoming car free zones?
The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the highest in Europe, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Many passes are closed in winter. A multitude of airports around the Alps (and some within), as well as long-distance rail links from all neighbouring countries, afford large numbers of travellers easy access from abroad.

Question: The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by what? Question: What can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes? Question: When are many passes in the Alps closed?
A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as the gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.

Question: What is a gene? Question: What is the basis of inheritance of phenotypic traits? Question: What influence are most biological traits under? Question: What is one instantly visible genetic trait? Question: What is one invisible genetic trait?
Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers to having a different allele of the gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles.

Question: What do mutations in a gene sequence lead to? Question: What do alleles do? Question: What do alleles cause? Question: What does "having a gene" or a "good gene" typically refer to? Question: What causes genes to evolve?
The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs. Therefore, a broad, modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression.

Question: What can regulatory regions of a gene be far removed from? Question: What can coding regions be split into? Question: What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA? Question: What are some gene products? Question: What is a broad, modern working definition of a gene?
The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas. Although he did not use the term gene, he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics. This description prefigured the distinction between genotype (the genetic material of an organism) and phenotype (the visible traits of that organism). Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance.

Question: Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units? Question: If a distinct trait in edible pea plants is mathematically described as a 2n combination, what does n represent? Question: What did Gregor Mendel explain his results in terms of? Question: What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate? Question: What is another thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?
Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, which used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction. Although Mendel's work was largely unrecognized after its first publication in 1866, it was 'rediscovered' in 1900 by three European scientists, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak, who claimed to have reached similar conclusions in their own research.

Question: What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work? Question: Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis? Question: What does the term gemmule describe? Question: What year was Mendel's work first published? Question: Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's?
The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905.

Question: What ancient Greek word is the word 'gene' derived from? Question: What does the ancient Greek word 'génos' mean? Question: What Danish botanist coined the word 'gene'? Question: What was the word 'gene' used to describe in 1909? Question: Who first used the word 'genetics' in 1905?
Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double-stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication. Collectively, this body of research established the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions, such as reverse transcription in retroviruses. The modern study of genetics at the level of DNA is known as molecular genetics.

Question: What was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s? Question: Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography? Question: What two scientists published a model of the double stranded DNA molecule? Question: What is one exception to the central dogma of molecular biology? Question: What is the modern study of genetics at the level of DNA known as?
In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool. An automated version of the Sanger method was used in early phases of the Human Genome Project.

Question: When was the first sequence of a gene determined? Question: What was the first gene to be sequenced? Question: Who developed chain termination DNA sequencing in 1977? Question: What did the devlopment of the chain termination DNA sequencing method do for the sequencing process? Question: What project used an automated version of the Sanger method in its early stages?
The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection with the definition: "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency.":24 In this view, the molecular gene transcribes as a unit, and the evolutionary gene inherits as a unit. Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins.

Question: In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed? Question: What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called? Question: Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection? Question: What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection? Question: Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution?
The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1

Question: What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in? Question: What does DNA consist of? Question: What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule? Question: Besides the sugar and the four bases, what else does DNA consist of? Question: What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits?
Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds. The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary, with their sequence of bases matching such that the adenines of one strand are paired with the thymines of the other strand, and so on.:4.1

Question: What is the backbone of a DNA double helix made of? Question: What base pairs with thymine? Question: What base does guanine pair with? Question: What causes the specificity of base pairing? Question: Due to the cause of the specificity of base pairing, what must be true of the two strands in a double helix?
Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a double-helix run in opposite directions. Nucleic acid synthesis, including DNA replication and transcription occurs in the 5'→3' direction, because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile.:27.2

Question: What causes the directionality of DNA strands? Question: What is known as the 3' end? Question: What is known as the 5' end? Question: What type of synthesis occurs in the 5'→3' direction? Question: Why does DNA replication and transcription occur in the 5'→3' direction?
The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically single-stranded. Genes that encode proteins are composed of a series of three-nucleotide sequences called codons, which serve as the "words" in the genetic "language". The genetic code specifies the correspondence during protein translation between codons and amino acids. The genetic code is nearly the same for all known organisms.:4.1

Question: How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin? Question: What is RNA? Question: What base does RNA have in place of thymine? Question: What are codons? Question: What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation?
The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each locus contains one allele of a gene; however, members of a population may have different alleles at the locus, each with a slightly different gene sequence.

Question: What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as? Question: What does a chromosome consist of? Question: What is encoded on a chromosome? Question: What is the region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located called? Question: What does each locus contain?
The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the histones, as well as chemical modifications of the histone itself, regulate whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression. In addition to genes, eukaryotic chromosomes contain sequences involved in ensuring that the DNA is copied without degradation of end regions and sorted into daughter cells during cell division: replication origins, telomeres and the centromere.:4.2 Replication origins are the sequence regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome. Telomeres are long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes and prevent degradation of coding and regulatory regions during DNA replication. The length of the telomeres decreases each time the genome is replicated and has been implicated in the aging process. The centromere is required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division.:18.2

Question: Where are the majority of eukaryotic genes stored? Question: Chromosomes that are packed within the nucleus in complex with histones are called what? Question: What does the manner of DNA storage on the histone and the chemical modifications of the histone itself regulate? Question: What are replication origins? Question: Long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes are called what?
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer.

Question: What are prokaryotes? Question: How do prokaryotes store their genomes? Question: What type of chromosome do some eukaryotic organelles contain? Question: Small circles of DNA that encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals are called what? Question: What allows genes for antibiotic resistance to be passed between individual cells?
Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as "junk DNA". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up barely 2% of the human genome, about 80% of the bases in the genome may be expressed, so the term "junk DNA" may be a misnomer.

Question: What type of organism has relatively gene dense chromosomes? Question: Regions of DNA that serve no obvious function are often found in what type of organism? Question: What is referred to as "junk DNA"? Question: What percentage of the human genome is made of protein coding DNA? Question: What percentage of bases in the human genome are expressed by protein coding DNA
The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA.

Question: What often plays only a small part in the structure of a gene? Question: Often, how large a part of the structure of a gene is the protein coding sequence? Question: What is one of the many elements that the structure of a gene consists of? Question: What elements does the structure of a gene consist of? Question: What is another element of the structure of a gene?
Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.:7.1 A gene can have more than one promoter, resulting in messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how far they extend in the 5' end. Promoter regions have a consensus sequence, however highly transcribed genes have "strong" promoter sequences that bind the transcription machinery well, whereas others have "weak" promoters that bind poorly and initiate transcription less frequently.:7.2 Eukaryotic promoter regions are much more complex and difficult to identify than prokaryotic promoters.:7.3

Question: What do all genes contain that is required for their expression? Question: How is a promoter sequence recognized? Question: What results when genes have more than one promoter? Question: What does a "strong" promoter sequence do? Question: What does a "weak" promoter sequence do?
Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter; conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase.

Question: How do regulatory regions act? Question: What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors? Question: How do enhancers increase transcription? Question: What happens after an enhancer binds an activator protein? Question: What causes DNA to be less available for RNA polymerase?
The transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the introns, dictate the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA which encodes the protein or RNA product.

Question: What is at both ends of the transcribed pre-mRNA? Question: Where are the ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons located on transcribed pre-mRNA? Question: What do most eukaryotic open reading frames contain? Question: What dictates the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA? Question: What encodes the protein or RNA product?
Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3

Question: What are most prokaryotic genes organized into? Question: What type of coding sequences do prokaryotic genes typically have? Question: What are multiple protein coding sequences transcribed as? Question: What sort of functions do the products of operon genes typically have? Question: What type of network are the products of operon genes typically involved with?
Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity. Similarly, a gene's introns can be much larger than its exons. Regulatory regions can even be on entirely different chromosomes and operate in trans to allow regulatory regions on one chromosome to come in contact with target genes on another chromosome.

Question: What is an example of a regulatory region of a gene that does not have to close to the coding sequence? Question: Why do some regulatory regions of a gene not have to be close to the coding sequence? Question: What part of a gene can be much larger than its exons? Question: Where can regulatory regions be found? Question: How do regulatory regions on different chromosomes operate in order to allow regions on different chromosomes to come into contact with one another?