derek-thomas/squad-v1.1-t5-question-generation huggingface dataset:
In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan (the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset), since the DST would delay the evening dinner. Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012. This concerns at least Morocco and Palestine, although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan. Most Muslim countries do not use DST, partially for this reason.

Question: What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown? Question: What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month? Question: When was Ramadan in 2012? Question: What Muslim country continues to observe DST during Ramadan?
The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would not turn its clocks back and stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus. The plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of wintertime morning, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to Standard Time on 26 October 2014 - and intends to stay there permanently.

Question: What year did Russia decide to never turn its clocks back? Question: Was Russia or Belarus first in their declaration? Question: What country other than Russia declared they'd stay in DST all year? Question: Which season's dark mornings led to people complaining about the switch from DST? Question: What year did Russia give up on the all-year DST and go back to Standard Time?
Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime, or is good for business. Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers, retail businesses, outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses, tourism operators, and others who benefit from increased light during the evening in summer.

Question: Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy? Question: If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity? Question: Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?
Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive, that DST increases health risks such as heart attack, that DST can disrupt morning activities, and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit. Farmers have tended to oppose DST.

Question: What adjective would those against DST use to describe the energy savings touted by supporters? Question: What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases? Question: What time of day do opponents of daylight savings believe is disrupted the most by the time shift? Question: What profession is more likely to want to repeal DST: farmers or shopkeepers?
Common agreement about the day's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts to get up earlier. The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate with television broadcasts or daylight. DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because its mornings are darker; workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and children may need to leave for school in the dark. Since DST is applied to many varying communities, its effects may be very different depending on their culture, light levels, geography, and climate; that is why it is hard to make generalized conclusions about the absolute effects of the practice. Some areas may adopt DST simply as a matter of coordination with others rather than for any direct benefits.

Question: Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own? Question: What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close attention to DST? Question: During what season is DST usually not observed because of the detriments of dark mornings? Question: What indirect benefit of DST might cause some areas to observe it even though they don't get any direct benefits like cost or energy savings?
DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity. Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then, and recent research is limited and reports contradictory results. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies.

Question: What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting? Question: DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day? Question: Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings? Question: When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity? Question: Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?
Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption. The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST.

Question: Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars? Question: What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published? Question: What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation?
Retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union's leisure sector by about 3%.

Question: What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST? Question: What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide? Question: How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST? Question: What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST? Question: According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union?
Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.

Question: Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun? Question: Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates? Question: Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier? Question: What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing? Question: What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?
Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $1.7 billion USD. Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges, the estimated numbers depend on the methodology. The results have been disputed, and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers.

Question: What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work? Question: Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes? Question: What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings? Question: What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000? Question: What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST?
In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.

Question: In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected? Question: What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%? Question: What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time? Question: In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents? Question: How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?
In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.

Question: In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST? Question: What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings? Question: How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion? Question: How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime?
In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.

Question: In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year? Question: There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm? Question: What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year? Question: What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly? Question: If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder?
DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.

Question: What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST? Question: What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb? Question: What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun? Question: Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what? Question: What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?
Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.

Question: What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes? Question: According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the "spring forward" do you have a higher risk of heart attack? Question: In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST? Question: Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?
An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.

Question: Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after? Question: Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn? Question: What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?
DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.

Question: What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST? Question: What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of? Question: During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59? Question: What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?
Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.

Question: What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST? Question: For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility? Question: Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change? Question: What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time? Question: What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?
Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.

Question: What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often? Question: Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often? Question: What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?
DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.

Question: Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time? Question: What does DST inherit from standard time? Question: When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence? Question: What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST? Question: Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.

Question: What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an "s" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English? Question: In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time? Question: Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications? Question: Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the "s" is still listed first in what dictionary? Question: Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?
In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.

Question: Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST? Question: What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation? Question: What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST? Question: What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as "legal time"? Question: What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?
The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).

Question: What usually changes when a place observes DST? Question: What word does American English swap out for "daylight" when referring to time zones? Question: In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time? Question: When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing? Question: What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?
The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.

Question: What is a language like "spring forward, fall back" that acts as a trigger for memory called? Question: What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST? Question: What does "spring forward, fall back" help people remember?