deralili/clapnq huggingface dataset:
title: History of wolves in Yellowstone
text: Once the wolves were gone , elk populations began to rise . Over the next few years conditions of Yellowstone National Park declined drastically . A team of scientists visiting Yellowstone in 1929 and 1933 reported , `` The range was in deplorable conditions when we first saw it , and its deterioration has been progressing steadily since then . '' By this time many biologists were worried about eroding land and plants dying off . The elk were multiplying inside the park and deciduous , woody species such as aspen and cottonwood suffered from overgrazing . The park service started trapping and moving the elk and , when that was not effective , killing them . Elk population control methods continued for more than 30 years . Elk control prevented further degradation of the range , but did n't improve its overall condition . At times , people would mention bringing wolves back to Yellowstone to help control the elk population . Yellowstone 's managers were not eager to bring back wolves , especially after so successfully extirpating them from the park . Elk control continued into the 1960s . In the late 1960s , local hunters began to complain to their congressmen that there were too few elk , and the congressmen threatened to stop funding Yellowstone . Killing elk was given up as control method which allowed elk populations to again rise . As elk populations rose , the quality of the range decreased affecting many other animals . Without wolves , coyote populations increased dramatically which adversely impacted the pronghorn antelope population . However , it was the overly large elk populations that caused the most profound changes to the ecosystem of Yellowstone with the absence of wolves .

Question: what happened when wolves were removed from yellowstone

answer: Once the wolves were gone, elk populations began to rise. Over the next few years conditions of Yellowstone National Park declined drastically. Elk control prevented further degradation of the range, but didn't improve its overall condition. Without wolves, coyote populations increased dramatically which adversely impacted the pronghorn antelope population. However, it was the overly large elk populations that caused the most profound changes to the ecosystem of Yellowstone with the absence of wolves.
title: Law of demand
text: Generally the amount demanded of a good increases with a decrease in price of the good and vice versa . In some cases , however , this may not be true . There are certain goods which do not follow this law . These include ( Veblen goods ) and Giffen goods . Further exception and details are given in the sections below .

Question: according to the law of demand what will happen as the price of a good or service decreases

answer: Generally the amount demanded of a good increases with a decrease in price of the good and vice versa . There are certain goods which do not follow this law . These include ( Veblen goods ) and Giffen goods .
title: Air mass
text: Tropical and equatorial air masses are hot as they develop over lower latitudes . Those that develop over land ( continental ) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans , and travel poleward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses . Monsoon air masses are moist and unstable . Superior air masses are dry , and rarely reach the ground . They normally reside over maritime tropical air masses , forming a warmer and drier layer over the more moderate moist air mass below , forming what is known as a trade wind inversion over the maritime tropical air mass . Continental Polar air masses ( cP ) are air masses that are cold and dry due to their continental source region . Continental polar air masses that affect North America form over interior Canada . Continental Tropical air masses ( cT ) are a type of tropical air produced by the subtropical ridge over large areas of land and typically originate from low - latitude deserts such as the Sahara Desert in northern Africa , which is the major source of these air masses . Other less important sources producing cT air masses are the Arabian Peninsula , the central arid / semi-arid part of Australia and deserts lying in the Southwestern United States . Continental tropical air masses are extremely hot and dry .

Question: what are the characteristics of a maritime tropical air mass

answer: Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses.   Superior air masses are dry, and rarely reach the ground.  Superior air masses are dry and rarely reach the ground. They normally reside over maritime tropical air masses, forming a warmer and drier layer over the more moderate moist air mass below, forming what is known as a trade wind inversion over the maritime tropical air mass.
answer: Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses.  Monsoon air masses are moist and unstable and superior air masses are dry, and rarely reach the ground.  They normally reside over maritime tropical air masses, forming a warmer and drier layer over the more moderate moist air mass below, forming what is known as a trade wind inversion over the maritime tropical air mass.
title: History of the San Diego Chargers
text: Barron Hilton held a contest to find a name for his team . The prize was a trip to Mexico . A man from Hollywood named Gerald Courtney submitted the name `` Chargers '' and won . Conrad Hilton said , `` I liked ( the name ) because they were yelling `` charge '' and sounding the bugle at Dodger Stadium and at USC games `` . Hunt said he thought Hilton picked the team name from the first batch of letters as publicity for his new charge account business Carte Blanche .

Question: where did the san diego chargers name come from

answer: Barron Hilton held a contest to find a name for his team.  A man from Hollywood named Gerald Courtney submitted the name ``Chargers'' and won.
title: Macy Alexander
text: This time Macy found comfort in Deacon Sharpe ( Sean Kanan ) , a new friend and recovering alcoholic . What started as friendship soon turned more romantic , especially once Macy began helping Deacon pursue custody of his son `` little Eric '' ( Connor Carmody ) and his daughter Hope ( Rachel and Amanda Pace ) . In part , Macy helped Deacon because by him winning , Brooke Logan would suffer , and Macy had never forgiven Brooke for manipulating her way into her and Thorne 's marriage then tossing Thorne aside because he was n't Ridge . Deacon and Macy married and began raising Eric ( whom Deacon had won custody of ) together , and things were finally back on track . When Oscar Marone ( Brian Gaskill ) opened a new nightclub in town , Macy agreed to perform on opening night , but enemies from Oscar 's past tampered with the chandelier that night , which fell , severely injuring Macy . Although Macy hung on in the hospital in a coma for a few days , she never woke up , and her mother had to make the choice of whether or not to take her off life support ; Sally 's actual choice has never been revealed , but Macy is generally assumed to be dead , due to the funeral . When Thorne and Darla 's daughter was born a few weeks later , she was named Alexandria in honor of Macy .

Question: what happened to macy on bold and the beautiful

answer: This time Macy found comfort in Deacon Sharpe, a new friend and recovering alcoholic.  Deacon and Macy married and began raising Eric (whom Deacon had won custody of) together, and things were finally back on track.   When Oscar Marone opened a new nightclub in town, Macy agreed to perform on opening night, but enemies from Oscar's past tampered with the chandelier that night, which fell, severely injuring Macy.  Although Macy hung on in the hospital in a coma for a few days, she never woke up and assumed to be dead, due to the funeral.
answer: Macy found comfort in Deacon Sharpe, a new friend. Deacon and Macy married. When Oscar Marone opened a new nightclub in town, Macy agreed to perform on opening night, but enemies from Oscar's past tampered with the chandelier that night, which fell, severely injuring Macy. Although Macy hung on in the hospital in a coma for a few days, she never woke up and assumed to be dead, due to the funeral.
title: Gill slit
text: Most sharks and rays have five pairs of gill slits , but a few species have 6 or 7 pairs . Shark gill slits lie in a row behind the head . The anterior edge of a gill slit is motile , moving outward to allow water to exit , but closing to prevent reverse flow . A modified slit , called a spiracle , lies just behind the eye , which assists the shark with taking in water during respiration and plays a major role in bottom -- dwelling sharks . Spiracles are reduced or missing in active pelagic sharks . While the shark is moving , water passes through the mouth and over the gills in a process known as `` ram ventilation '' . While at rest , most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure a constant supply of oxygenated water . A small number of species have lost the ability to pump water through their gills and must swim without rest . These species are obligate ram ventilators and would presumably asphyxiate if unable to move . Obligate ram ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species .

Question: why is the number of pharyngeal gill slits in sharks

answer: Most sharks and rays have five pairs of gill slits, but a few species have 6 or 7 pairs. The anterior edge of a gill slit is motile, moving outward to allow water to exit, but closing to prevent reverse flow.
answer: Most sharks and rays have five pairs of gill slits, but a few species have 6 or 7 pairs. The anterior edge of a gill slit is motile, moving outward to allow water to exit, but closing to prevent reverse flow.  While the shark is moving, water passes through the mouth and over the gills in a process known as `` ram ventilation ''.  While at rest, most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure a constant supply of oxygenated water.
title: Belshazzar's feast
text: Belshazzar 's feast , or the story of the writing on the wall ( chapter 5 in the Book of Daniel ) tells how Belshazzar holds a great feast and drinks from the vessels that had been looted in the destruction of the First Temple . A hand appears and writes on the wall . The terrified Belshazzar calls for his wise men , but they are unable to read the writing . The queen advises him to send for Daniel , renowned for his wisdom . Daniel reminds Belshazzar that his father Nebuchadnezzar , when he became arrogant , was thrown down until he learned that God has sovereignty over the kingdom of men . Belshazzar had likewise blasphemed God , and so God sent this hand . Daniel then reads the message and interprets it : God has numbered Belshazzar 's days , he has been weighed and found wanting , and his kingdom will be given to the Medes and the Persians .

Question: where does the saying writing on the wall come from

answer: Belshazzar's feast, or the story of the writing on the wall tells how Belshazzar holds a great feast and drinks from the vessels that had been looted in the destruction of the First Temple.
 A hand appears and writes on the wall.
 Daniel then reads the message and interprets it: God has numbered Belshazzar 's days, he has been weighed and found wanting, and his kingdom will be given to the Medes and the Persians.
title: Climate of Alabama
text: Summers in Alabama are one of the hottest in the United States , with high temperatures averaging over 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) throughout the summer in many parts of the state . The heat of summer is tempered in the extreme south by the winds from the Gulf of Mexico which often blow inland by up to 10 -- 15 miles , and in the north by the elevation above the sea . Afternoon high temperatures are highest in Montgomery ( 92.4 degrees daily from June through August ) and in Tuscaloosa . The average nighttime humidity is highest in southwest Alabama , which results in the highest average ( high plus low temperature ) for reporting stations in the state . While afternoon highs in Mobile are cooler than their inland sister cities , the remaining warm air trapped near the Gulf at night results in the average annual temperature for Mobiles being the highest in the southwest along the coast . Cool morning temperatures help keep the northeast highlands among the more temperate locations in the state and lowest in the northeast among the highlands . Thus at Mobile the annual mean is 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , the mean for the summer 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) , and for the winter 52 ° F ( 11 ° C ) ; and at Valley Head , in De Kalb county , the annual mean is 59 ° F ( 15 ° C ) , the mean for the summer 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) , and for the winter 41 ° F ( 5 ° C ) . At Montgomery , in the central region , the average annual temperature is 66 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , with a winter average of 49 ° F ( 9 ° C ) , and a summer average of 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) . The average winter minimum for the entire state is 35 ° F ( 2 ° C ) , and there is an average of 35 days in each year in which the thermometer falls below the freezing - point . At extremely rare intervals the thermometer has fallen below zero ( - 18 ° C ) , as was the case in the remarkable cold wave of the 12th - 13 February 1899 , when an absolute minimum of - 17 ° F ( - 29 ° C ) was registered at Valley Head . The highest temperature ever recorded was 111 ° F ( 44 ° C ) in Centreville in 1925 . Close competing temperatures occurred in 2007 when during the August heat wave , three instances of official 108 degree heat were recorded at Maxwell AFB in Montgomery , each tying the all - time record for the capital city . Winters are generally mild in Alabama , as they are throughout most of the southeastern United States , with average January low temperatures around 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in Mobile , around 31 ° F ( − 1 ° C ) in Huntsville , around 35 ° F ( 2 ° C ) in Montgomery , and around 33 ° F ( 1 ° C ) in Birmingham .

Question: when does it get cold in south alabama

answer: The average winter minimum for the entire state is 35 ° F (2 ° C), and there is an average of 35 days in each year in which the thermometer falls below the freezing - point.   Winters are generally mild in Alabama with average January low temperatures around 40 ° F (4 ° C) in Mobile, around 31 ° F (− 1 ° C) in Huntsville, around 35 ° F (2 ° C) in Montgomery, and around 33 ° F (1 ° C) in Birmingham.
title: Hounded (The Walking Dead)
text: Rick ( Andrew Lincoln ) , still trying to cope with the death of his wife , Lori ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) after childbirth , is alone in the prison boiler room where she had died when the phone rings . He answers it to hear the voice of Amy ( Emma Bell ) telling him she is in a safe place and will call back later . Later , a second call from Jim ( Andrew Rothenberg ) asks him to explain his justification for killing other people and berates him for refusing to talk about Lori 's death before dropping the call . A third call from Jacqui ( Jeryl Prescott Sales ) draws Rick to try to explain his refusal to talk about Lori 's death . Finally , the last call is from Lori ; realization dawns on him that these calls have come from those that have died , and all imagined as part of his grief . He leaves the boiler room , cleans himself up , and goes to join the rest of the group , seeing his daughter for the first time since he saw Maggie carry her into the yard after she was born .

Question: who did rick speak to on the phone

answer: Rick answers it to hear the voice of Amy telling him she is in a safe place. A second call from Jim asks him to explain his justification for killing other people and berates him for refusing to talk about Lori's death before dropping the call. A third call from Jacqui draws Rick to try to explain his refusal to talk about Lori's death. Finally, the last call is from Lori; realization dawns on him that these calls have come from those that have died, and all imagined as part of his grief.
answer: Rick got calls from Amy ( Emma Bell ), Jim ( Andrew Rothenberg ), Jacqui ( Jeryl Prescott Sales ), and Lori.
title: Catalonia
text: Catalonia ( Catalan : Catalunya , Occitan : Catalonha , Spanish : Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain located on the northeastern extremity of the Iberian Peninsula . It is one of Spain 's eight communities which are designated as a nationality by their Statute of Autonomy . Catalonia consists of four provinces : Barcelona , Girona , Lleida , and Tarragona . The capital and largest city is Barcelona , the second-most populated municipality in Spain and the core of the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union . Catalonia comprises most of the territory of the former Principality of Catalonia ( with the remainder Roussillon now part of France 's Pyrénées - Orientales ) . It is bordered by France and Andorra to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the east , and the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon to the west and Valencia to the south . The official languages are Catalan , Spanish , and the Aranese dialect of Occitan .

Question: where is catalonia what is the most important city in catalonia

answer: Catalonia is located on the northeastern extremity of the Iberian Peninsula . The capital and largest city is Barcelona , the second-most populated municipality in Spain and the core of the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union .
answer: Catalonia is located on the northeastern extremity of the Iberian Peninsula. The capital and largest city is Barcelona. It is bordered by France and Andorra to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the east, and the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon to the west and Valencia to the south.
title: Luteinizing hormone
text: LH supports theca cells in the ovaries that provide androgens and hormonal precursors for estradiol production . At the time of menstruation , FSH initiates follicular growth , specifically affecting granulosa cells . With the rise in estrogens , LH receptors are also expressed on the maturing follicle , which causes it to produce more estradiol . Eventually , when the follicle has fully matured , a spike in 17α - hydroxyprogesterone production by the follicle inhibits the production of estrogens , leading to a decrease in estrogen - mediated negative feedback of GnRH in the hypothalamus , which then stimulates the release of LH from the anterior pituitary . However another theory of the LH peak is a positive feedback mechanism from estradiol . The levels keep rising through the follicular phase and when they reach an unknown threshold , this results in the peak of the LH . This effect is opposite from the usual negative feedback mechanism presented at lower levels . In other words , the mechanism ( s ) are not yet clear . The increase in LH production only lasts for 24 to 48 hours . This `` LH surge '' triggers ovulation , thereby not only releasing the egg from the follicle , but also initiating the conversion of the residual follicle into a corpus luteum that , in turn , produces progesterone to prepare the endometrium for a possible implantation . LH is necessary to maintain luteal function for the second two weeks of the menstrual cycle . If pregnancy occurs , LH levels will decrease , and luteal function will instead be maintained by the action of hCG ( human chorionic gonadotropin ) , a hormone very similar to LH but secreted from the new placenta .

Question: what does lh do in the menstrual cycle

answer: LH supports theca cells in the ovaries that provide androgens and hormonal precursors for estradiol production.
 LH is necessary to maintain luteal function for the second two weeks of the menstrual cycle.
title: Battle of Natural Bridge
text: The Battle of Natural Bridge was a battle during the American Civil War , fought in what is now Woodville , Florida , near Tallahassee , on March 6 , 1865 . A small band of Confederate troops and volunteers , mostly composed of teenagers from the nearby Florida Military and Collegiate Institute that would later become Florida State University , and the elderly , protected by breastworks , prevented a detachment of United States Colored Troops from crossing the Natural Bridge on the St. Marks River . The Natural Bridge is a one - quarter mile long stretch along which the St. Marks River runs underground , after dropping into a sinkhole . This action prevented the Union Army from capturing the Florida capital and made Tallahassee the only Confederate capital east of the Mississippi River not to be captured by Union forces during the war . The battle has been described as the last Confederate victory in the American Civil War , and it was the second largest American Civil War battle in Florida .

Question: why was the battle of natural bridge significant during the civil war

answer: A small band of Confederate troops and volunteers, mostly composed of teenagers, prevented a detachment of United States Colored Troops from crossing the Natural Bridge on the St. Marks River.  This action prevented the Union Army from capturing the Florida capital and made Tallahassee the only Confederate capital east of the Mississippi River not to be captured by Union forces during the war.
title: American Revolution
text: John Locke 's ( 1632 -- 1704 ) ideas on liberty influenced the political thinking behind the revolution , especially through his indirect influence on English writers such as John Trenchard , Thomas Gordon , and Benjamin Hoadly , whose political ideas in turn had a strong influence on the American revolutionaries . Locke is often referred to as `` the philosopher of the American Revolution '' due to his work in the Social Contract and Natural Rights theories that underpinned the Revolution 's political ideology . Locke 's Two Treatises of Government published in 1689 were especially influential . He argued that all humans were created equally free , and governments therefore needed the `` consent of the governed . '' In late eighteenth - century America , belief was still widespread in `` equality by creation '' and `` rights by creation '' .

Question: where did colonists get the belief in personal freedom

answer: John Locke's (1632 - 1704) ideas on liberty influenced the political thinking behind the revolution. He argued that all humans were created equally free, and governments therefore needed the ``consent of the governed''. In late eighteenth century America, belief was still widespread in ``equality by creation'' and ``rights by creation''.
title: Changeup
text: A changeup is a type of pitch in baseball and fastpitch softball . The changeup is the staple off - speed pitch , usually thrown to look like a fastball but arriving much more slowly to the plate . Its reduced speed coupled with its deceptive delivery is meant to confuse the batter 's timing . It is meant to be thrown the same as a fastball , but farther back in the hand , which makes it release from the hand slower while still retaining the look of a fastball . A changeup is generally thrown to be 8 -- 15 miles per hour slower than a fastball . If thrown correctly , the changeup will confuse the batter because the human eye can not discern that the ball is coming significantly slower until it is around 30 feet from the plate . For example , a batter swinging at the ball as if it were a 90 mph fastball when it is coming in at 75 mph means they are swinging too early to hit the ball well , making the changeup very effective .

Question: what is a change up ball in baseball

answer: A changeup is a type of pitch in baseball and fastpitch softball.
 A changeup is generally thrown to be 8--15 miles per hour slower than a fastball.
title: Japanese honorifics
text: Chan ( ちゃん ) is a diminutive suffix ; it expresses that the speaker finds a person endearing . It is seemingly said to have come from a `` cute '' pronouncing of - san ( in Japanese , replacing s sounds with ch sounds is seen as cute ) , although there is no evidence otherwise as this suffix has been used since the early days of ancient Japan . In general , chan is used for babies , young children , close friends , grandparents and sometimes female adolescents . It may also be used towards cute animals , lovers , close friends , or a youthful woman . Using chan with a superior 's name is considered to be condescending and rude .

Question: putting chan at the end of a name

answer: Chan is a diminutive suffix. In general, chan is used for babies, young children, close friends, grandparents and sometimes female adolescents. Using chan with a superior's name is considered to be condescending and rude.
title: Mr. Noodle
text: When Irwin became unavailable , Sherman asked Michael Jeter , who was her friend , to replace Irwin as Mr. Noodle 's brother Mister Noodle , which he accepted enthusiastically , calling it his favorite role in twenty years . Jeter was in the role beginning in 2000 , until his death in 2003 . Kristin Chenoweth played Mr. Noodle 's sister Ms. Noodle , and Sarah Jones played Mr. Noodle 's other sister Miss Noodle . As of January 2017 , Daveed Diggs and comedian Daniel Koren , have played two more of Mr. Noodle 's brothers . Five actors playing members of the Noodle family have won Tonys . Michael

Question: who plays mr noodle brother on sesame street

answer: When Irwin became unavailable , Sherman asked Michael Jeter , who was her friend , to replace Irwin as Mr. Noodle 's brother Mister Noodle , which he accepted enthusiastically , calling it his favorite role in twenty years . As of January 2017 , Daveed Diggs and comedian Daniel Koren , have played two more of Mr. Noodle 's brothers .
title: Monaco Coach Corporation
text: On March 5 , 2009 the company filed for Chapter 11 bankrutpcy . On April 24 , 2009 in U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Delaware , an attorney for Monaco said the company had signed an asset purchase agreement with Workhorse International Holding Co. , a Navistar International subsidiary . Monaco 's CEO was Kay Toolson . On June 23 , 2009 , Judge Kevin Carey agreed to the company 's request to convert its Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing to a Chapter 7 case so it could liquidate its remaining assets which included seven properties in Oregon , Indiana and Florida as well as RV resort properties in California , Nevada , Florida and Michigan were sold to multiple buyers . The order converting the case to Chapter 7 was effective June 30 . Navistar International Corp purchased the core assets of Monaco Coach Corporation 's factories , inventory , brands and intellectual property in June 2009 for $47 million and the company 's new name became Monaco RV LLC . Upon the sale of its remaining assets liquidated under Chapter 7 , `` the entity ceases to exist , '' said Andrea Coles - Bjerre , an assistant law professor at the University of Oregon and a former bankruptcy lawyer in New York .

Question: when did monaco coach go out of business

answer: On March 5, 2009 the Monaco Coach Corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The order converting the case to Chapter 7 was effective June 30.
title: Porus
text: Porus ( IPA : ( porus ) ) or Poros ( from Ancient Greek : Πῶρος , Pôros ) , was a king of the Pauravas , whose territory spanned the region between the Hydaspes ( River of Jhelum ) and Acesines ( Chenab River ) , in what is now the Punjabi region of the Indian subcontinent . He is credited to have been a legendary warrior with exceptional skills . Porus fought against Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes ( 326 BC ) , thought to be fought at the site of modern - day Mong , Punjab , Pakistan . Though not recorded in any available ancient Indian source , Ancient Greek historians describe the battle and the aftermath of Alexander 's victory . After the defeat and arrest of Porus in the war , Alexander asked Porus how he would like to be treated . Porus , although defeated , being a valiant , proud king , demanded that he be treated like a king . Alexander was reportedly so impressed by his adversary that he not only reinstated him as a satrap of his own kingdom , but also granted him dominion over lands to the south - east extending until the Hyphasis ( Beas ) . Porus reportedly died sometime between 321 and 315 BC .

Question: what is the story of alexander and porus

answer: Porus fought against Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC).   After the defeat and arrest of Porus in the war, Alexander asked Porus how he would like to be treated.  Porus, although defeated, being a valiant, proud king, demanded that he be treated like a king.  Alexander was reportedly so impressed by his adversary that he not only reinstated him as a satrap of his own kingdom, but also granted him dominion over lands to the south - east extending until the Hyphasis(Beas).
title: Species
text: In biology , a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank , as well as a unit of biodiversity , but it has proven difficult to find a satisfactory definition . Scientists and conservationists need a species definition which allows them to work , regardless of the theoretical difficulties . If as Linnaeus thought , species were fixed , there would be no problem , but evolutionary processes cause species to change continually , and to grade into one another . A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring , typically by sexual reproduction . While this definition is often adequate , when looked at more closely it is problematic . For example , with hybridisation , in a species complex of hundreds of similar microspecies , or in a ring species , the boundaries between closely related species become unclear . Among organisms that reproduce only asexually , the concept of a reproductive species breaks down , and each clone is potentially a microspecies . Problems also arise when dealing with fossils , since reproduction can not be examined ; the concept of the chronospecies is therefore used in palaeontology . Other ways of defining species include their karyotype , DNA sequence , morphology , behaviour or ecological niche .

Question: when are two organisms considered to belong to the same species

answer: A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.  Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour or ecological niche.
title: Articles of Confederation
text: The Articles of Confederation , formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution . It was approved , after much debate ( between July 1776 and November 1777 ) , by the Second Continental Congress on November 15 , 1777 , and sent to the states for ratification . The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1 , 1781 , after being ratified by all 13 states . A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states . The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament .

Question: who or what had most of the political power under the articles of confederation

answer: The Articles of Confederation was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America.  A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states.  The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament.
title: History of the Jews in Egypt
text: The Book of Genesis and Book of Exodus describe a period of Hebrew servitude in ancient Egypt , during decades of sojourn in Egypt , the escape of well over a million Israelites from the Delta , and the three - month journey through the wilderness to Sinai . The historical evidence does not support this account . Israelites first appear in the archeological record on the Merneptah Stele from between 1208 - 3 BCE at the end of the Bronze Age . A reasonably Bible - friendly interpretation is that they were a federation of Habiru tribes of the hill - country around the Jordan River . Presumably , this federation consolidated into the kingdom of Israel , and Judah split from that , during the dark age that followed the Bronze . The Bronze Age term `` Habiru '' was less specific than the Biblical `` Hebrew '' . The term referred simply to Levantine nomads , of any religion or ethnicity . Mesopotamian , Hittite , Canaanite , and Egyptian sources describe them largely as bandits , mercenaries , and slaves . Certainly , there were some Habiru slaves in ancient Egypt , but native Egyptian kingdoms were not heavily slave - based .

Question: how do historians believe that the hebrews arrived in egypt

answer: A reasonably Bible-friendly interpretation is that they were a federation of Habiru tribes of the hill-country around the Jordan River.  Presumably, this federation consolidated into the kingdom of Israel, and Judah split from that, during the dark age that followed the Bronze.
Certainly, there were some Habiru slaves in ancient Egypt, but native Egyptian kingdoms were not heavily slave-based.
title: One-child policy
text: The one - child policy , a part of the family planning policy , was a population planning policy of China . It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out near the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016 . The policy was only enforced on Han Chinese and allowed exceptions for many groups , including ethnic minorities . In 2007 , 36 % of China 's population was subject to a strict one - child restriction , with an additional 53 % being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl . Provincial governments imposed fines for violations , and the local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work .

Question: when was china's one child policy enforced

answer: It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out near the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016.
 In 200, 36 % of China's population was subject to a strict one-child restriction, with an additional 53 % being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl.
answer: It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out near the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016. In 2007, 36 % of China's population was subject to a strict one-child restriction, with an additional 53 % being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl.
title: Allegory of the Cave
text: Plato has Socrates describe a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives , facing a blank wall . The people watch shadows projected on the wall from objects passing in front of a fire behind them , and give names to these shadows . The shadows are the prisoners ' reality . Socrates explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall are not reality at all , for he can perceive the true form of reality rather than the manufactured reality that is the shadows seen by the prisoners . The inmates of this place do not even desire to leave their prison , for they know no better life . The prisoners manage to break their bonds one day , and discover that their reality was not what they thought it was . They discovered the sun , which Plato uses as an analogy for the fire that man can not see behind . Like the fire that cast light on the walls of the cave , the human condition is forever bound to the impressions that are received through the senses . Even if these interpretations ( or , in Kantian terminology , intuitions ) are an absurd misrepresentation of reality , we can not somehow break free from the bonds of our human condition -- we can not free ourselves from phenomenal state just as the prisoners could not free themselves from their chains . If , however , we were to miraculously escape our bondage , we would find a world that we could not understand -- the sun is incomprehensible for someone who has never seen it . In other words , we would encounter another `` realm '' , a place incomprehensible because , theoretically , it is the source of a higher reality than the one we have always known ; it is the realm of pure Form , pure fact .

Question: what is plato's analogy of the cave

answer: Plato has Socrates describe a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The prisoners manage to break their bonds one day, and discover that their reality was not what they thought it was. They discovered the sun, which Plato uses as an analogy for the fire that man can not see behind.
answer: Plato has Socrates describe a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall from objects passing in front of a fire behind them , and give names to these shadows . The prisoners manage to break their bonds one day, and discover that their reality was not what they thought it was. They discovered the sun, which Plato uses as an analogy for the fire that man can not see behind.
title: Peyton Sawyer
text: For season 7 , Mark Schwahn , the series ' creator , said Lucas and Peyton are traveling the world ; they are spending time with Karen and her husband Andy , and Lucas is writing a new book . They continue to be mentioned by characters on the series . Her and Lucas ' absence during Brooke and Julian 's wedding is mentioned by Brooke as being due to baby Sawyer being sick . Haley takes her place as Brooke 's maid of honor . In season nine , Haley sends Jamie and Lydia to live with Peyton and Lucas due to Nathan 's disappearance .

Question: what happens to peyton and lucas in one tree hill

answer: For season 7, Lucas and Peyton are traveling the world; they are spending time with Karen and her husband Andy, and Lucas is writing a new book.   In season nine, Haley sends Jamie and Lydia to live with Peyton and Lucas due to Nathan's disappearance.
title: Changshan
text: A changshan ( help info ) ( Chinese : 長 衫 ; pinyin : chángshān ; literally : `` long shirt '' ) is a traditional Chinese dress ( or robe , long jacket or tunic ) worn by men . In function , it is considered the male equivalent of the women 's cheongsam ( qipao ) . It is also known as a changpao ( chángpáo 長 袍 , `` long robe '' ) or dagua ( 大 褂 dàguà , `` great jacket '' ) . It was often worn by men with a magua or `` riding jacket '' . These types of dress were widely adopted beginning under the Manchu ( Chinese : 滿族 ) rulers of the Qing dynasty ( Chinese : 清朝 ) , who required that men in certain positions wear this style . It took more time for the majority of women to adopt the new style of qipao rather than hanfu ( Chinese : 漢服 ) .

Question: what is the name of traditional chinese male clothing

answer: A changshan ``long shirt'' is a traditional Chinese dress worn by men.   It is also known as a changpao``long robe'' or dagua ``great jacket.''
title: Ultraviolet
text: Ultraviolet ( UV ) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm , shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays . UV radiation is present in sunlight constituting about 10 % of the total light output of the Sun . It is also produced by electric arcs and specialized lights , such as mercury - vapor lamps , tanning lamps , and black lights . Although long - wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an ionizing radiation because its photons lack the energy to ionize atoms , it can cause chemical reactions and causes many substances to glow or fluoresce . Consequently , the chemical and biological effects of UV are greater than simple heating effects , and many practical applications of UV radiation derive from its interactions with organic molecules .

Question: what is meant by the wavelength of uv light

answer: Ultraviolet ( UV ) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm , shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays . Although long - wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an ionizing radiation because its photons lack the energy to ionize atoms , it can cause chemical reactions and causes many substances to glow or fluoresce .
title: Universal motor
text: The universal motor is a type of electric motor that can operate on either AC or DC power and uses an electromagnet as its stator to create its magnetic field . It is a commutated series - wound motor where the stator 's field coils are connected in series with the rotor windings through a commutator . It is often referred to as an AC series motor . The universal motor is very similar to a DC series motor in construction , but is modified slightly to allow the motor to operate properly on AC power . This type of electric motor can operate well on AC because the current in both the field coils and the armature ( and the resultant magnetic fields ) will alternate ( reverse polarity ) synchronously with the supply . Hence the resulting mechanical force will occur in a consistent direction of rotation , independent of the direction of applied voltage , but determined by the commutator and polarity of the field coils .

Question: difference between dc series motor and universal motor

answer: The universal motor is a type of electric motor that can operate on either AC or DC power.  The universal motor is very similar to a DC series motor in construction, but is modified slightly to allow the motor to operate properly on AC power.
title: The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)
text: `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' ( Roud 68 ) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas ( the twelve days that make up the Christmas season , starting with Christmas Day ) . The song , published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme , is thought to be French in origin . `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68 . The tunes of collected versions vary . The standard tune now associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin , who first introduced the now familiar prolongation of the verse `` five gold rings '' .

Question: who made the 12 days of christmas song

answer: The song ``The Twelve Days of Christmas'', published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme, is thought to be French in origin. The standard tune now associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin.
title: Chop Suey! (song)
text: In an interview , Daron Malakian explained , `` The song is about how we are regarded differently depending on how we pass . Everyone deserves to die . Like , if I were now to die from drug abuse , they might say I deserved it because I abused dangerous drugs . Hence the line , ' I cry when angels deserve to die ' . The lyric passages ' Father , into your hands I commend my spirit ' and ' why have you forsaken me ? ' are a reference to Jesus ' death on the cross , as , according to the Gospels , it was one of the seven things Jesus said while dying . ''

Question: what is the meaning behind the song chop suey

answer: In an interview, Daron Malakian explained, ``The song "Chop Suey!" is about how we are regarded differently depending on how we pass. Like, if I were now to die from drug abuse, they might say I deserved it because I abused dangerous drugs."
answer: In an interview, Daron Malakian explained, `` The song is about how we are regarded differently depending on how we pass. Everyone deserves to die. Hence the line, ' I cry when angels deserve to die'.  The lyric passages 'Father, into your hands I commend my spirit' and 'why have you forsaken me?'
title: Christmas decoration
text: Christmas decorations are typically put up in late November or early December , usually to coincide with the start of Advent . In the UK , Christmas lights on the high street are generally switched on in November . In the U.S. , the traditional start of Christmas time is Thanksgiving . Major retailers put their seasonal decorations out for sale after back to school sales , while smaller niche Christmas Stores sell Christmas decorations year round . A

Question: when does the average american put up their christmas tree

answer: Christmas decorations are typically put up in late November or early December, usually to coincide with the start of Advent.  In the U.S., the traditional start of Christmas time is Thanksgiving.
title: Hyundai Santa Fe
text: The next - generation 2007 Santa Fe debuted at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in Detroit . The first production Santa Fe rolled off Hyundai 's Montgomery , Alabama assembly line on April 18 , 2006 . It shares this assembly line with the current generation Hyundai Sonata . The new generation sheds the old style 's quirky design in favor of a more contemporary look . 2006

Question: what year did hyundai santa fe change body style

answer: The next - generation 2007 Santa Fe debuted at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in Detroit . The new generation sheds the old style 's quirky design in favor of a more contemporary look .
title: Sign of the cross
text: The sign of the cross is a prayer , a blessing , and a sacramental . As a sacramental , it prepares an individual to receive grace and disposes one to cooperate with it . The Christian begins his day , his prayers , and his activities with the Sign of the Cross : `` In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit . Amen . '' In this way a person dedicates the day to God and calls on him for strength in temptations and difficulties . John Vianney said a genuinely made Sign of the Cross `` makes all hell tremble . ''

Question: what does the sign of the cross mean in catholicism

answer: The sign of the cross is a prayer, a blessing, and a sacramental.
The Christian begins his day, his prayers, and his activities with the Sign of the Cross: `` In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.
title: Battle of Zama
text: Crossing the Alps , Hannibal reached the Italian peninsula in 218 BC and won several major victories against the Roman armies . The Romans failed to defeat him or drive him from Italy , but following Scipio 's decisive victory at the Battle of Ilipa in Spain in 206 BC , Iberia had been secured by the Romans . In 205 BC Scipio returned to Rome , where he was elected consul by unanimous vote . Scipio , now powerful enough , proposed to end the war by directly invading the Carthaginian homeland . The Senate initially opposed this ambitious design of Scipio , persuaded by Quintus Fabius Maximus that the enterprise was far too hazardous . However , Scipio and his supporters eventually convinced the Senate to ratify the plan , and Scipio was given the requisite authority to attempt the invasion .

Question: what was the cause of the battle of zama

answer: In 205 BC Scipio returned to Rome, now powerful enough, he proposed to end the war by directly invading the Carthaginian homeland.   Scipio and his supporters eventually convinced the Senate to ratify the plan, and Scipio was given the requisite authority to attempt the invasion.