denis1699/rag_dataset_triviaqa_shuffled huggingface dataset:
Title: Duke of Windsor
Content: Duke of Windsor The Duke of Windsor was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 8 March 1937, for former King Edward VIII, following his abdication on 11 December 1936. The dukedom takes its name from the town where Windsor Castle, a residence of English monarchs since the time of Henry I, following the Norman Conquest, is situated. Windsor has been the house name of the royal family since 1917. King Edward VIII abdicated on 11 December 1936, so that he could marry the American divorcée Wallis Simpson. At the time of the abdication,

Title: English and British royal mistress
Content: crisis: morganatic marriages had not been known in Britain. On 11 December 1936, Edward abdicated and left the United Kingdom so that he could marry his mistress; he did so and lived as Duke of Windsor in exile until his death. Charles, Prince of Wales, although not a monarch of England, is next in line to the throne. He engaged in an on-and-off affair with Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (then Mrs. Parker-Bowles) and later announced that he had never loved his first wife, Diana, Princess of Wales, whom he felt obligated to marry. This created a generally bad public image

Title: Duke of Windsor
Content: make his brother the "Duke of Windsor" with the style of "Royal Highness". That declaration is recorded in the "London Gazette". The Dukedom was formalised by Letters Patent on 8 March 1937. Edward, as a royal duke, could neither stand for election to the House of Commons nor speak on political subjects in the House of Lords. On 3 June 1937, Edward married Wallis Simpson, who upon their marriage became the Duchess of Windsor. Following his abdication, Edward and Wallis Simpson lived in exile in Paris, France. The Dukedom of Windsor became extinct on the death of its first and

Title: Duke
Content: Cambridge, Duke of Rothesay, Duke of Albany, Duke of Ross, Duke of Edinburgh, Duke of Kent, Duke of Sussex, and Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. Following his abdication in 1936 the former King Edward VIII was given the title Duke of Windsor. In Belgium, the title of Duke of Brabant (historically the most prestigious in the Low Countries, and containing the federal capital Brussels), if still vacant, has been awarded preferentially to the eldest son and heir apparent of the king, other male dynasts receiving various lower historical titles (much older than Belgium, and in principle never fallen to the

Title: Duke of Windsor
Content: extinct. While there was some speculation that it would be recreated for Prince Harry before his wedding to Meghan Markle, press reports also noted that its association with King Edward VIII's abdication, marriage to the twice-divorced American Wallis Simpson, and pre-War Nazi ties made it unsuitable. Duke of Windsor The Duke of Windsor was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 8 March 1937, for former King Edward VIII, following his abdication on 11 December 1936. The dukedom takes its name from the town where Windsor Castle, a residence of English monarchs since the

Question: Which English king abdicated and became Duke of Windsor?
Answer: Edward VIII
Title: Alan Ladd
Content: star in the country. "When a star's off the screen he's 'dead'", Ladd later reflected. "I like my home and my security and I don't intend to jeopardize them by being difficult at work." Ladd's next film was a wartime thriller, "O.S.S." This was produced by Richard Maibaum who convinced Ladd that he should play the title role in an adaptation of "The Great Gatsby", to which Paramount held the film rights; Ladd became enthusiastic at the chance to change his image, but the project was delayed by a combination of censorship wrangles and studio reluctance. "The Blue Dahlia" was

Title: China (1943 film)
Content: Ladd's sidekick in "The Blue Dahlia" (1946), "Calcutta" (1947) and "The Deep Six" (1958). Except for the three leads and a small supporting role of Ladd's girlfriend, all of the cast were Chinese, causing the filmmakers to look outside normal casting avenues. Sen Yung, Philip Ahn and Richard Loo played lead supporting roles. Helena Kuo was meant to play a small role but did not end up appearing in the film. Filming started 27 October 1942. In December Hedda Hopper wrote in her gossip column "wonder why so many battles between producer, director, Loretta Young and Alan Ladd on "China"?

Title: The Blue Dahlia
Content: The Blue Dahlia The Blue Dahlia is a 1946 American crime film and film noir, directed by George Marshall based on an original screenplay by Raymond Chandler. The film marks the third pairing of stars Alan Ladd and Veronica Lake. It was Chandler's first original screenplay. Three discharged United States Navy aviators Johnny Morrison, Buzz Wanchek and George Copeland arrive in Hollywood, California. All three flew together in the same flight crew in the South Pacific. Buzz has shell shock and a metal plate in his head, above his ear. While George and Buzz get an apartment together, Johnny surprises

Title: The Blue Dahlia
Content: to impress newspaper reporters with her knowledge of a writer she had never read. Chandler developed an intense dislike for Lake and referred to her as "Moronica Lake". Lake later said about her role, "I'm not much of a motivating force, but the part is good." The staff at "Variety" magazine gave the film a positive review and wrote:Playing a discharged naval flier returning home from the Pacific first to find his wife unfaithful, then to find her murdered and himself in hiding as the suspect, Alan Ladd does a bangup job. Performance has a warm appeal, while in his

Title: The Blue Dahlia
Content: her sitting or lying down. Ladd had served for ten months in the army in 1943 before being honorably discharged due to illness; however, he was recently reclassified 1-A for the World War II military draft, and he might have had to go back into the Army. Paramount kept applying for deferments so he could make films but he was due for induction in May 1945; as a result, "The Blue Dahlia" was written and produced relatively quickly. (In the end, all men aged 30 or over would be released from the obligation.) Shooting began in March 1945 without a

Question: Which actress starred opposite Alan Ladd in the film "The Blue Dahlia"?
Answer: Veronica Lake
Title: Buphthalmum salicifolium
Content: at the tips and tubular yellow disc florets at the center. The fruit is a cypsela with a pappus of scales. Buphthalmum salicifolium Buphthalmum salicifolium is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. It is known by the common name ox-eye. It is native to Europe. This perennial herb reaches 50 to 70 centimeters in height with an erect, purple-red stem. The leaves are alternately arranged and vary in shape and size. The lower leaves are widest and the blades are borne on petioles, and the upper leaves are narrow and have no petioles. The flower head

Title: Dichelostemma ida-maia
Content: of the tubular flower in a corona, surrounding the small anthers and a stalked ovary. The flower hangs when it is in anthesis and holds itself erect as the fruit develops. One umbel may have some hanging flowers and some erect fruiting flowers at the same time. Dichelostemma ida-maia Dichelostemma ida-maia is a species of flowering plant known as firecracker flower. It is native to northern California and southern Oregon, where it grows in mountain forests, woodlands, and coastal meadows. It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental plant for its showy crimson and cream flowers. "Dichelostemma ida-maia" is a

Title: Buphthalmum salicifolium
Content: Buphthalmum salicifolium Buphthalmum salicifolium is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. It is known by the common name ox-eye. It is native to Europe. This perennial herb reaches 50 to 70 centimeters in height with an erect, purple-red stem. The leaves are alternately arranged and vary in shape and size. The lower leaves are widest and the blades are borne on petioles, and the upper leaves are narrow and have no petioles. The flower head is solitary atop the stem and at the ends of branches. It has yellow ray florets with 2 to 4 teeth

Title: Diaphragm (optics)
Content: photographic lens is called an iris diaphragm. In the early years of photography, a lens could be fitted with one of a set of interchangeable diaphragms , often as brass strips known as Waterhouse stops or Waterhouse diaphragms. The iris diaphragm in most modern still and video cameras is adjusted by movable blades, simulating the iris of the eye. The diaphragm has two to twenty blades (with most lenses today featuring between five and ten blades), depending on price and quality of the device in which it is used. Straight blades result in polygon shape of the diaphragm opening, while

Title: Diaphragm (optics)
Content: curved blades improve the roundness of the iris opening. In a photograph, the number of blades that the iris diaphragm has can be guessed by counting the number of diffraction spikes converging from a light source or bright reflection. For an odd number of blades, there are twice as many spikes as there are blades. In case of an even number of blades, the two spikes per blade will overlap each other, so the number of spikes visible will be the number of blades in the diaphragm used. This is most apparent in pictures taken in the dark with small

Question: Which flower has the same name as a diaphragm in the eye?
Answer: Iris
Title: Boiling
Content: The boiling point of water is 100 °C or 212 °F but is lower with the decreased atmospheric pressure found at higher altitudes. Boiling water is used as a method of making it potable by killing microbes that may be present. The sensitivity of different micro-organisms to heat varies, but if water is held at 70 °C (158 °F) for ten minutes, many organisms are killed, but some are more resistant to heat and require one minute at the boiling point of water. Boiling is also used in cooking. Foods suitable for boiling include vegetables, starchy foods such as rice,

Title: Boiling point
Content: boiling point of water" at a standard pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) is . For comparison, on top of Mount Everest, at elevation, the pressure is about and the boiling point of water is . The Celsius temperature scale was defined until 1954 by two points: 0 °C being defined by the water freezing point and 100 °C being defined by the water boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure. The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature, the lower the normal boiling point (i.e., the boiling point at atmospheric pressure) of the liquid. The vapor

Title: Boiling point
Content: Boiling point The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor. The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. A liquid at high pressure has a higher boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. For example, water boils at at sea level, but at at altitude. For a given pressure, different liquids

Title: Boiling point
Content: thermal energy (heat) is removed. Similarly, a liquid at saturation temperature and pressure will boil into its vapor phase as additional thermal energy is applied. The boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding environmental pressure. Thus, the boiling point is dependent on the pressure. Boiling points may be published with respect to the NIST, USA standard pressure of 101.325 kPa (or 1 atm), or the IUPAC standard pressure of 100.000 kPa. At higher elevations, where the atmospheric pressure is much lower, the boiling point is also lower. The boiling point

Title: Boiling
Content: can be seen without the help of a thermometer, and by this time, the water is disinfected. Though the boiling point decreases with increasing altitude, it is not enough to affect the disinfecting process. "Boiling" is the method of cooking food in boiling water or other water-based liquids such as stock or milk. Simmering is gentle boiling, while in poaching the cooking liquid moves but scarcely bubbles. The boiling point of water is typically considered to be 100 °C or 212 °F. Pressure and a change in the composition of the liquid may alter the boiling point of the liquid.

Question: What is the boiling point of water?
Answer: 100 degrees Celsius
Title: Special right triangle
Content: within a regular icosahedron of side length "c": the shortest line segment from any vertex "V" to the plane of its five neighbors has length "a", and the endpoints of this line segment together with any of the neighbors of "V" form the vertices of a right triangle with sides "a", "b", and "c". Special right triangle A special right triangle is a right triangle with some regular feature that makes calculations on the triangle easier, or for which simple formulas exist. For example, a right triangle may have angles that form simple relationships, such as 45°–45°–90°. This is called

Title: Pythagorean theorem
Content: a triangle is right, obtuse, or acute, as follows. Let "c" be chosen to be the longest of the three sides and (otherwise there is no triangle according to the triangle inequality). The following statements apply: Edsger W. Dijkstra has stated this proposition about acute, right, and obtuse triangles in this language: where "α" is the angle opposite to side "a", "β" is the angle opposite to side "b", "γ" is the angle opposite to side "c", and sgn is the sign function. A Pythagorean triple has three positive integers "a", "b", and "c", such that In other words, a

Title: Acute and obtuse triangles
Content: according to This implies that the longest side in an obtuse triangle is the one opposite the obtuse-angled vertex. An acute triangle has three inscribed squares, each with one side coinciding with part of a side of the triangle and with the square's other two vertices on the remaining two sides of the triangle. (In a right triangle two of these are merged into the same square, so there are only two distinct inscribed squares.) However, an obtuse triangle has only one inscribed square, one of whose sides coincides with part of the longest side of the triangle. All triangles

Title: Hypotenuse
Content: Hypotenuse In geometry, a hypotenuse is the longest side of a right-angled triangle, the side opposite of the right angle. The length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle can be found using the Pythagorean theorem, which states that the square of the length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides. For example, if one of the other sides has a length of 3 (when squared, 9) and the other has a length of 4 (when squared, 16), then their squares add up to 25. The length of the hypotenuse

Title: Right triangle
Content: Right triangle A right triangle (American English) or right-angled triangle (British English) is a triangle in which one angle is a right angle (that is, a 90-degree angle). The relation between the sides and angles of a right triangle is the basis for trigonometry. The side opposite the right angle is called the "hypotenuse" (side "c" in the figure). The sides adjacent to the right angle are called "legs" (or "catheti", singular: "cathetus"). Side "a" may be identified as the side "adjacent to angle B" and "opposed to" (or "opposite") "angle A", while side "b" is the side "adjacent to

Question: What is the name given to the longest side of a right-angled triangle?
Answer: Hypotenuse
Title: Joule heating
Content: current. This led Joule to reject the caloric theory (at that time the dominant theory) in favor of the mechanical theory of heat (according to which heat is another form of energy). Resistive heating was independently studied by Heinrich Lenz in 1842. The SI unit of energy was subsequently named the joule and given the symbol "J". The commonly known unit of power, the watt, is equivalent to one joule per second. Joule heating is caused by interactions between charge carriers (usually electrons) and the body of the conductor (usually atomic ions). A voltage difference between two points of a

Title: Heat
Content: of heat is the joule (J). The conventional symbol used to represent the amount of heat exchanged in a thermodynamic process is . Heat is measured by its effect on the states of interacting bodies, for example, by the amount of ice melted or a change in temperature. The quantification of heat via the temperature change of a body is called calorimetry. As a form of energy, heat has the unit joule (J) in the International System of Units (SI). However, in many applied fields in engineering the British thermal unit (BTU) and the calorie are often used. The standard

Title: Joule
Content: Joule The joule (; symbol: J) is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy transferred to (or work done on) an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of its motion through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or N⋅m). It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889). In terms firstly of base

Title: Electric current
Content: wire he deduced that the heat produced was proportional to the square of the current multiplied by the electrical resistance of the wire. This relationship is known as Joule's First Law. The SI unit of energy was subsequently named the joule and given the symbol "J". The commonly known unit of power, the watt, is equivalent to one joule per second. In an electromagnet a coil, of a large number of circular turns of insulated wire, wrapped on a cylindrical core, behaves like a magnet when an electric current flows through it. When the current is switched off, the coil

Title: Joule
Content: in "true" watt-seconds, and some specify their products in "nominal" watt-seconds. Joule The joule (; symbol: J) is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy transferred to (or work done on) an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of its motion through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or N⋅m). It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the

Question: What was the name of the unit of heat now replaced by the joule?
Answer: Calorie
Title: HSAB theory
Content: . The model assigned E and C parameters to many Lewis acids and bases. Each acid is characterized by an E and a C. Each base is likewise characterized by its own E and C. The E and C parameters refer, respectively, to the electrostatic and covalent contributions to the strength of the bonds that the acid and base will form. The equation is The W term represents a constant energy contribution for acid–base reaction such as the cleavage of a dimeric acid or base. The equation predicts reversal of acids and base strengths. The graphical presentations of the equation

Title: ECW model
Content: and C numbers is found in this article and the complete set is available in the literature. In the ECW model, a new term W was added to the equation. The W term represents a constant energy for cleavage of a dimeric acid or base. For example the enthalpy of cleavage the [Rh(CO)Cl] by base B involves two steps. The first step is cleavage of the dimer, which is "W": The second step is the binding of B to RhCl(CO) monomer. In this case, "W" = -10.39 kcal/mol. In other cases, W is the enthalpy needed to cleave the internal

Title: ECW model
Content: This equation reproduces and predicts the enthalpy, Δ"H", of a reaction between many acids and a bases. Δ"H" is a measure of strength of the bond between the acid and the base, both in the gas phase and in weakly solvating media. Entropy effects are ignored. A matrix presentation of the equation enhances its utility. Four values, two E and two C were assigned as references. E and C of I were chosen as standards. Since I has little tendency to undergo electrostatic bonding, the E parameter was assigned a small value, 0.5, while the value of C for the

Title: History of special relativity
Content: radiation or heat) of amount "E", its mass decreased by the amount "E" /"c". This led to the famous mass–energy equivalence formula: "E" = "mc". Einstein considered the equivalency equation to be of paramount importance because it showed that a massive particle possesses an energy, the "rest energy", distinct from its classical kinetic and potential energies. As it was shown above, many authors before Einstein arrived at similar formulas (including a 4/3-factor) for the relation of mass to energy. However, their work was focused on electromagnetic energy which (as we know today) only represents a small part of the entire

Title: Nernst equation
Content: r equals 1.5 in the formula below. The reason why we insert a factor r = 1.5 here is that current density "by electrochemical force" J(Na)+J(K) is no longer zero, but rather J(Na)+1.5J(K)=0 (as for both ions flux by electrochemical force is compensated by that by the pump, i.e. J=-J), altering the constraints for applying GHK equation. The other variables are the same as above. The following example includes two ions: potassium (K) and sodium (Na). Chloride is assumed to be in equilibrium. When chloride (Cl) is taken into account, For simplicity, we will consider a solution of redox-active molecules

Question: What does c represent in the equation e = mc*2?
Answer: Speed of light
Title: Geometrical optics
Content: points on either side that can be modeled using the lensmaker's equation. In general, two types of lenses exist: convex lenses, which cause parallel light rays to converge, and concave lenses, which cause parallel light rays to diverge. The detailed prediction of how images are produced by these lenses can be made using ray-tracing similar to curved mirrors. Similarly to curved mirrors, thin lenses follow a simple equation that determines the location of the images given a particular focal length (formula_9) and object distance (formula_10): where formula_12 is the distance associated with the image and is considered by convention to

Title: Kerr-lens modelocking
Content: beam-width on the way to the flat mirror. Thus diffraction is stronger. Because of the divergence the light is effectively coming from a point farther apart and leads to more convergence after the concave mirror. This convergence is balanced with diffraction. The pulsed light exits the end face with a smaller beam width and no divergence. Thus it illuminates a larger area on the concave mirror and is less convergent afterwards. So both cw and pulses light fronts are mirrored back onto themselves. A cavity close to a confocal one means to be close to instability, which means the beam

Title: Rainbow
Content: rays of light coming from a farther light source reflect to any point on axis of the concave mirror, they form concentric circles in that point. When it is supposed that the sun as a farther light source, the eye of viewer as a point on the axis of mirror and a cloud as a reflecting surface, then it can be observed the concentric circles are forming on the axis." He was not able to verify this because his theory that "light from the sun is reflected by a cloud before reaching the eye" did not allow for a possible

Title: Real image
Content: (such as the images on the right), real rays of light are always represented by full, solid lines; perceived or extrapolated rays of light are represented by dashed lines. A real image occurs where rays converge, whereas a virtual image occurs where rays only "appear" to converge. Real images can be produced by concave mirrors and converging lenses, only if the object is placed further away from the mirror/lens than the focal point and this real image is inverted. As the object approaches the focal point the image approaches infinity, and when the object passes the focal point the image

Title: Conoscopy
Content: evaluation of the optical properties of liquid crystalline phases (i.e., orientation of the optical axes) is in 1911 when it was used by Mauging to investigate the alignment of nematic and chiral-nematic phases. A beam of convergent (or divergent) light is known to be a linear superposition of many plane waves over a cone of solid angles. The raytracing of Figure 1 illustrates the basic concept of "conoscopy": transformation of a directional distribution of rays of light in the front focal plane into a lateral distribution ("directions image") appearing in the back focal plane (which is more or less curved).

Question: What diverges rays of light, if it is concave?
Answer: Lens
Title: Circular motion
Content: a vector cross product as which is a vector perpendicular to both ω and r("t"), tangential to the orbit, and of magnitude ω "r". Likewise, the acceleration is given by which is a vector perpendicular to both ω and v("t") of magnitude ω |v| = ω "r" and directed exactly opposite to r("t"). In the simplest case the speed, mass and radius are constant. Consider a body of one kilogram, moving in a circle of radius one metre, with an angular velocity of one radian per second. During circular motion the body moves on a curve that can be described

Title: Mass
Content: describe the same properties of physical bodies at the qualitative and quantitative level respectively, by other words, the mass quantitatively describes the inertia. According to Newton's second law of motion, if a body of fixed mass "m" is subjected to a single force "F", its acceleration "a" is given by "F"/"m". A body's mass also determines the degree to which it generates or is affected by a gravitational field. If a first body of mass "m" is placed at a distance "r" (center of mass to center of mass) from a second body of mass "m", each body is subject

Title: Two-body problem
Content: other always lies in a plane (in the center of mass frame). Proof: Defining the linear momentum p and the angular momentum L of the system, with respect to the center of mass, by the equations where μ is the reduced mass and r is the relative position r-r (with these written taking the center of mass as the origin, and thus both parallel to r) the rate of change of the angular momentum L equals the net torque N and using the property of the vector cross product that v × w = 0 for any vectors v and

Title: Newton's laws of motion
Content: mass "m" varies with time by either ejecting or accreting mass is obtained by applying the second law to the entire, constant-mass system consisting of the body and its ejected/accreted mass; the result is where u is the velocity of the escaping or incoming mass relative to the body. From this equation one can derive the equation of motion for a varying mass system, for example, the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation. Under some conventions, the quantity u d"m"/d"t" on the left-hand side, which represents the advection of momentum, is defined as a force (the force exerted on the body by the

Title: Spacetime
Content: as a redshift and analyze the effect in terms of scenarios (b) or (d). In classical mechanics, the state of motion of a particle is characterized by its mass and its velocity. Linear momentum, the product of a particle's mass and velocity, is a vector quantity, possessing the same direction as the velocity: p = "mv". It is a "conserved" quantity, meaning that if a closed system is not affected by external forces, its total linear momentum cannot change. In relativistic mechanics, the momentum vector is extended to four dimensions. Added to the momentum vector is a time component that

Question: What is the product of the mass of a body and its linear velocity?
Answer: Momentum
Title: Lucilia bufonivora
Content: Lucilia bufonivora Lucilia bufonivora is a member of the fly family Calliphoridae which are commonly known as blow flies. "L. bufonivora" is commonly referred to as a toadfly. The adult flies will typically feed on pollen and nectar of flowers, while the larvae are parasitoids that feed mainly on the living flesh of the common toad ("Bufo bufo"), leading to the toad's death, though they have been found as parasites on other frog and toad species. It is common in north west Europe. The adult toadfly has large brown compound eyes, a bright metallic green thorax and abdomen clad with

Title: Lucilia bufonivora
Content: bristly black hairs and a pair of membraneous, dark veined, translucent wings. The larvae are creamy white maggots similar to those of other blow flies that are found on dead animals and rotting meat. The adult toadfly lays its eggs on the skin at the entrance to the nostrils of the common toad although it has been known to infest other frog and toad species. It often preferentially chooses sick or injured individuals. On hatching, the larvae start to feed on the tissue of the nostrils and work their way into the nasal cavities. The larvae grow rapidly and as

Title: Lucilia bufonivora
Content: in the Netherlands, it was found that the fly selectively targeted larger toads, with no juveniles and very few one-year-olds being affected. Overall, 8% of the toads examined were hosts to the toadfly larvae and would later have died, indicating that the activities of this parasite have a significant effect on the toad population. Lucilia bufonivora Lucilia bufonivora is a member of the fly family Calliphoridae which are commonly known as blow flies. "L. bufonivora" is commonly referred to as a toadfly. The adult flies will typically feed on pollen and nectar of flowers, while the larvae are parasitoids that

Title: Lucilia silvarum
Content: also notorious for infesting necrotic tissue in animals and humans. In reference to the adults, members of this family typically feed on nectar, sweet liquids, and things of that nature. The specific distinction of the fly "Lucilia silvarum" that causes its common name to be the toad fly is the fact that at times the adult female will lay its eggs on toads and the larvae will become parasitic upon hatching. Studies have shown that typically parasitism by "Lucilia silvarum" has been fatal to their anuran host, but a recent study has found that there are two species of frog,

Title: Lucilia bufonivora
Content: their appetite increases, they start to consume the eyes, the brain and other tissues of the host. Alternatively, the eggs may be laid in wounds and eat the hosts flesh. When the toad has died and the larvae have totally consumed its tissues and finished their development, they make their way into the soil and pupate. The larvae are sensitive to temperature and only thrive between 14 °C and 29 °C. If they are cooled below this range they will stop feeding and attempt to leave the host and bury themselves shallowly in the soil to hibernate. In a study

Question: What is the larva of a toad called?
Answer: Tadpole
Title: Bird
Content: in their food. They may also have other adaptations such as allowing their body temperature to rise, saving on moisture loss from evaporative cooling or panting. Seabirds can drink seawater and have salt glands inside the head that eliminate excess salt out of the nostrils. Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the pigeon, finch, mousebird, button-quail and bustard families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depend on water sources

Title: Drinking bird
Content: initial state of the system is a bird with a wet head oriented vertically. The process operates as follows: If a glass of water is placed so that the beak dips into it on its descent, the bird will continue to absorb water and the cycle will continue as long as there is enough water in the glass to keep the head wet. However, the bird will continue to dip even without a source of water, as long as the head is wet, or as long as a temperature differential is maintained between the head and body. This differential can

Title: Black-necked grebe
Content: and then arches it forward into the water, with the body following and a slight springing. The legs only start moving when they are underwater. When swimming on the surface of the water, the body of this grebe is relatively high, although none of the underparts are seen. The neck is held straight up in a relaxed manner, with the bill being held forward and parallel to the water. Each of the feet perform strong alternating strokes. Large-scaled deaths (such as 150,000 birds on the Salton Sea in 1992) from erysipelas, avian cholera, avian botulism, and West Nile virus have

Title: Egyptian plover
Content: the job may be hasty. The chicks are precocial, and can run as soon as they are hatched and feed themselves shortly afterwards. The adults cool the chicks in the same way as with the eggs. The chicks may drink water from the adult's belly feathers. The adults bury the chicks in the sand temporarily if danger threatens. The bird is sometimes referred to as the crocodile bird for its alleged symbiotic relationship with crocodiles. According to Herodotus, the crocodiles lie on the shore with their mouths open and a bird called "trochilus" flies into the crocodiles' mouths so as

Title: Milky stork
Content: resuming foraging. Alternatively, the bird may stand passively at the water’s edge with its half-open bill steadily submerged in the water where waves are present, so that water flows through the bird’s mandibles. The milky stork also sometimes draws its bill through the water in an arc side-to-side when standing or walking, until the bill touches a prey item. Another common tactile feeding method in this stork is direct probing of its bill around deep holes in the mud. With partially open mandibles, the bird inserts and partially withdraws its bill from the mud for 5–32 seconds per hole. The

Question: Which bird feeds with its head upside-down and its beak held horizontally beneath the water?
Answer: Flamingo
Title: Okapi
Content: herbivores, feeding on tree leaves and buds, grasses, ferns, fruits, and fungi. They are unique in the Ituri Forest as they are the only known mammal that feeds solely on understory vegetation, where they use their 18 inch tongues to selectively browse for suitable plants. The tongue is also used to groom their ears and eyes. They prefer to feed in treefall gaps. The okapi has been known to feed on over 100 species of plants, some of which are known to be poisonous to humans and other animals. Fecal analysis shows that none of those 100 species dominates the

Title: Okapi
Content: to forage. Males visit female home ranges at breeding time. Although generally tranquil, the okapi can kick and butt with its head to show aggression. As the vocal cords are poorly developed, vocal communication is mainly restricted to three sounds — "chuff" (contact calls used by both sexes), "moan" (by females during courtship) and "bleat" (by infants under stress). Individuals may engage in Flehmen response, a visual expression in which the animal curls back its upper lips, displays the teeth, and inhales through the mouth for a few seconds. The leopard is the main predator of the okapi. Okapis are

Title: Okapi
Content: on the legs and white ankles. The striking stripes make it resemble a zebra. These features serve as an effective camouflage amidst dense vegetation. The face, throat, and chest are greyish white. Interdigital glands are present on all four feet, and are slightly larger on the front feet. Male okapis have short, hair-covered horns called ossicones, less than in length. The okapi exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females taller on average, slightly redder, and lacking prominent ossicones, instead possessing hair whorls. The okapi shows several adaptations to its tropical habitat. The large number of rod cells in the retina facilitate night

Title: Okapi
Content: vision, and an efficient olfactory system is present. The large auditory bullae allow a strong sense of hearing. The dental formula of the okapi is . Teeth are low-crowned and finely cusped, and efficiently cut tender foliage. The large caecum and colon help in microbial digestion, and a quick rate of food passage allows for lower cell wall digestion than in other ruminants. The okapi can be easily distinguished from its nearest extant relative, the giraffe. It is much smaller and shares more external similarities with the deer and bovids than with the giraffe. While both sexes possess horns in

Title: Okapi
Content: the giraffe, only males bear horns in the okapi. The okapi has large palatine sinuses, unique among the giraffids. Morphological similarities shared between the giraffe and the okapi include a similar gait – both use a pacing gait, stepping simultaneously with the front and the hind leg on the same side of the body, unlike other ungulates that walk by moving alternate legs on either side of the body – and a long, black tongue (longer in the okapi) useful in plucking buds and leaves, as well as for grooming. Okapis are primarily diurnal, but may be active for a

Question: What kind of a tongue does the okapi have?
Answer: Prehensile
Title: Turkey vulture
Content: bird, it has a wingspan of , a length of , and weight of . Birds in the northern limit of the species' range average larger in size than the vulture from the neotropics. 124 birds from Florida averaged while 65 and 130 birds from Venezuela were found to average , respectively. It displays minimal sexual dimorphism; sexes are identical in plumage and in coloration, and are similar in size. The body feathers are mostly brownish-black, but the flight feathers on the wings appear to be silvery-gray beneath, contrasting with the darker wing linings. The adult's head is small in

Title: Black vulture
Content: from North America and the Andes ranges from but in the smaller vultures of the tropical lowlands it is . 50 vultures in Texas were found to average while 119 birds in Venezuela were found to average . The extended wing bone measures , the shortish tail measures and the relatively long tarsus measures . Its plumage is mainly glossy black. The head and neck are featherless and the skin is dark gray and wrinkled. The iris of the eye is brown and has a single incomplete row of eyelashes on the upper lid and two rows on the lower

Title: New World vulture
Content: length and weigh 12 or more kilograms (26 or more pounds). Plumage is predominantly black or brown, and is sometimes marked with white. All species have featherless heads and necks. In some, this skin is brightly colored, and in the king vulture it is developed into colorful wattles and outgrowths. All New World vultures have long, broad wings and a stiff tail, suitable for soaring. They are the best adapted to soaring of all land birds. The feet are clawed but weak and not adapted to grasping. The front toes are long with small webs at their bases. No New

Title: Egyptian vulture
Content: about long while females are long. The wingspan is about 2.7 times the body length. Birds from Spain weigh about while birds of the Canary Island subspecies "majorensis", representing a case of island gigantism, are heavier with an average weight of . Egyptian vultures are widely distributed across the Old World with their breeding range from southern Europe to northern Africa east to western and southern Asia. They are rare vagrants in Sri Lanka. They occur mainly on the dry plains and lower hills. In the Himalayas, they go up to about in summer. In Armenia, breeding pairs have been

Title: Accipitridae
Content: deal of variation in size and shape. They range in size from the tiny pearl kite ("Gampsonyx swainsonii") and little sparrowhawk ("Accipiter minullus"), both of which are 23 cm (9 in) in length and weigh about 85 g (3 oz), to the cinereous vulture ("Aegypius monachus"), which measures up to 120 cm (47 in) and weighs up to 14 kg (31 lbs). Wingspan can vary from in the little sparrowhawk to more than in the cinereous and Himalayan vultures ("Gyps himalayensis"). In these extreme species, wing chord length can range from and culmen length from . Until the 14th century,

Question: Which South American vulture can have a wing span of up to 3 meters and a body weight of up to 13 kilos?
Answer: Condor
Title: Tail
Content: Tail The tail is the section at the rear end of an animal's body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso. It is the part of the body that corresponds roughly to the sacrum and coccyx in mammals, reptiles, and birds. While tails are primarily a feature of vertebrates, some invertebrates including scorpions and springtails, as well as snails and slugs, have tail-like appendages that are sometimes referred to as tails. Tailed objects are sometimes referred to as "caudate" and the part of the body associated with or proximal to the tail are given

Title: Tail
Content: tail, even when such an appendage is located where the tail would be expected. Humans have a "tail bone" (the coccyx) attached to the pelvis, formed of fused vertebrae, usually four, at the bottom of the vertebral column. It does not protrude externally. Tail The tail is the section at the rear end of an animal's body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso. It is the part of the body that corresponds roughly to the sacrum and coccyx in mammals, reptiles, and birds. While tails are primarily a feature of vertebrates, some invertebrates

Title: Rump (animal)
Content: hairs growing from the tailbone). In birds, similarly, the tail consists of tailbone and tailfan (tail fan). Some animals are subjected to docking, the amputation of the tailbone at or near the dock. These include dogs, cats, sheep, pigs, and horses. Humans have a remnant tail, the coccyx, and the human equivalent of docking is coccygectomy. Usage varies from animal to animal. Birds and cattle are said to have a rump and tailhead. Dogs are said to have a rump and dock. Horses are said to have a croup (sometimes rump), thigh or haunch, buttock, and dock. In bird anatomy,

Title: Tail
Content: them to brace themselves firmly against tree trunks. The tails of grazing animals, such as horses, are used both to sweep away insects and positioned or moved in ways that indicate the animal's physical or emotional state. Human embryos have a tail that measures about one-sixth of the size of the embryo itself. As the embryo develops into a fetus, the tail is absorbed by the growing body. Infrequently, a child is born with a ’"soft tail", which contains no vertebrae, but only blood vessels, muscles, and nerves, but this is regarded as an abnormality rather than a vestigial true

Title: Coccyx
Content: with "caudae", of the tail is attested. This Latin expression might be the source of the English, French language, German and Dutch terms "tailbone", "l'os de la queue", "Schwanzbein" and "staartbeen". In the current official anatomic Latin nomenclature, "Terminologia Anatomica", "coccyx" and "os coccygis" is used. Coccyx The coccyx, which is commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column in all apes, and analogous structures in certain other mammals such as horses. In tailless primates (e.g. humans and other great apes) since "Nacholapithecus" (a Miocene hominoid), the coccyx is the remnant of a vestigial

Question: What is the scientific name for the human ''tail'?
Answer: Coccyx
Title: Patella
Content: shallow dish. Patella The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. The patella is found in many tetrapods, such as mice, cats and birds, but not in whales, or most reptiles. In humans, the patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. Babies are born with a patella of soft cartilage which begins to ossify into bone at about three years of age. The patella is a sesamoid bone roughly triangular in shape, with the apex

Title: Patella
Content: Patella The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. The patella is found in many tetrapods, such as mice, cats and birds, but not in whales, or most reptiles. In humans, the patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. Babies are born with a patella of soft cartilage which begins to ossify into bone at about three years of age. The patella is a sesamoid bone roughly triangular in shape, with the apex of the

Title: Patella
Content: present in the living monotremes, the platypus and the echidna. In more primitive tetrapods, including living amphibians and most reptiles (except some Lepidosaurs), the muscle tendons from the upper leg are attached directly to the tibia, and a patella is not present. In 2017 it was discovered that frogs have kneecaps, contrary to what was thought. This raises the possibility that the kneecap arose 400 million years ago when tetrapods first appeared, but that it disappeared in some animals. The word "patella" originated in the late 17th century from the diminutive form of Latin ' or ' or "paten", meaning

Title: Kneecapping
Content: Kneecapping Kneecapping is a form of malicious wounding, often as torture, in which the victim is injured in the knee. The injury is typically inflicted by a low-velocity gunshot to the knee pit with a handgun. The term is considered a misnomer by medical professionals because only a very small minority of victims suffer damage to the kneecap. A review of eighty kneecapping victims found that only two had a fractured kneecap. Some victims have their elbows and ankles shot as well. The severity of the injury can vary from simple soft tissue damage to a knee joint fracture with

Title: Kneecapping
Content: prevents full freedom of movement or utilization of resources. Kneecapping Kneecapping is a form of malicious wounding, often as torture, in which the victim is injured in the knee. The injury is typically inflicted by a low-velocity gunshot to the knee pit with a handgun. The term is considered a misnomer by medical professionals because only a very small minority of victims suffer damage to the kneecap. A review of eighty kneecapping victims found that only two had a fractured kneecap. Some victims have their elbows and ankles shot as well. The severity of the injury can vary from simple

Question: What is the scientific name for the kneecap?
Answer: Patella