Title: Undulatory locomotion
Content: bend as a simple, homogenous beam during swimming via contractions of longitudinal red muscle fibers and obliquely oriented white muscle fibers within the segmented axial musculature. The fiber strain (εf) experienced by the longitudinal red muscle fibers is equivalent to the longitudinal strain (εx). The deeper white muscle fibers fishes show diversity in arrangement. These fibers are organized into cone-shaped structures and attach to connective tissue sheets known as myosepta; each fiber shows a characteristic dorsoventral (α) and mediolateral (φ) trajectory. The segmented architecture theory predicts that, εx > εf. This phenomenon results in an architectural gear ratio, determined as

Title: Melanopsin
Content: the reception of images, patterns, motion, and color, melanopsin-containing ipRGCs contribute to various reflexive responses of the brain and body to the presence of light. Evidence for melanopsin's physiological light detection has been tested in mice. A mouse cell line that is not normally photosensitive, Neuro-2a, is rendered light-sensitive by the addition of human melanopsin. The photoresponse is selectively sensitive to short-wavelength light (peak absorption ~479 nm), and has an intrinsic photoisomerase regeneration function that is chromatically shifted to longer wavelengths. Melanopsin photoreceptors are sensitive to a range of wavelengths and reach peak light absorption at blue light wavelengths around

Title: Retinylidene protein
Content: amino acids resulting in a shift of their light absorption spectra. The three human photopsins absorb yellowish-green (photopsin I), green (photopsin II), and bluish-violet (photopsin III) light and are the basis of color vision, whereas the more light-sensitive "visual purple" is responsible for the monochromatic vision in the dark. Light signal transduction involves an enzyme cascade of G-proteins (transducin), cGMP phosphodiesterase, closure of a cation channel and ultimately hyperpolarization of the visual photoreceptor cell. The visual rhodopsins of arthropods and molluscs differ from the vertebrate proteins in their signal transduction cascade involving G-proteins, phospholipase C, and ultimately depolarization of the

Title: White Collar-1
Content: genes that they transcriptionally activate. WC-1 has been shown to be a blue-light photoreceptor, and is a necessary component of the "Neurospora" light-induced response pathway. Genetic screens of light-insensitive "Neurospora" mutant strains have repeatedly demonstrated abnormalities in the "wc-1" gene. In functional "Neurospora", the WC-1 LOV domain binds to the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) chromophore, which is responsible for the conversion of light to mechanical energy. FAD displays maximum absorption of light at 450 nm, thus explaining WC-1's maximal sensitivity to blue light. Light-induced responses are completely eliminated in WC-1 LOV knockout "Neurospora" mutants, although WC-1's transcription activation role persists

Title: Fish physiology
Content: on ocean migrations. White muscles are used for bursts of activity, such as jumping or sudden bursts of speed for catching prey. Mostly fish have white muscles, but the muscles of some fishes, such as scombroids and salmonids, range from pink to dark red. The red myotomal muscles derive their colour from myoglobin, an oxygen-binding molecule, which tuna express in quantities far higher than most other fish. The oxygen-rich blood further enables energy delivery to their muscles. Most fish move by alternately contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone. These contractions form S-shaped curves that move

Question: What is the colored muscle that responds involuntarily to light?
Answer: Iris