Title: Air ioniser
Content: Air ioniser An air ioniser (or negative ion generator or Chizhevsky's chandelier) is a device that uses high voltage to ionise (electrically charge) air molecules. Negative ions, or anions, are particles with one or more extra electron, conferring a net negative charge to the particle. Cations are positive ions missing one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive charge. Some commercial air purifiers are designed to generate negative ions. Another type of air ioniser is the electrostatic discharge (ESD) ioniser (balanced ion generator) used to neutralise static charge. In 2002, in an obituary in "The Independent" newspaper, Cecil Alfred

Title: Degree of ionization
Content: incoming free electron (electron attachement). In both cases, the atom or molecule is no more a neutral particle and becomes a charge carrier. If the species has lost one or several electrons, it becomes positively charged and is called a positive ion, or cation. On the contrary, if the species has gained one or several additional electrons, it becomes negatively charged and is called a negative ion, or anion. Individual free electrons and ions in a plasma have very short lives typically inferior to the microsecond, as ionization and recombination, excitation and relaxation are collective continuous processes. The degree of

Title: Ionization chamber
Content: with a coaxially located internal anode wire. A voltage potential is applied between the electrodes to create an electric field in the fill gas. When gas between the electrodes is ionized by incident ionizing radiation, ion-pairs are created and the resultant positive ions and dissociated electrons move to the electrodes of the opposite polarity under the influence of the electric field. This generates an ionization current which is measured by an electrometer circuit. The electrometer must be capable of measuring the very small output current which is in the region of femtoamperes to picoamperes, depending on the chamber design, radiation

Title: Hot-filament ionization gauge
Content: in the enclosed volume, causing a fraction of them to be ionized. The gas ions formed by the electron collisions are attracted to the central ion collector wire by the negative voltage on the collector (typically −30 V). Ion currents are on the order of 1 mA/Pa. This current is amplified and displayed by a high-gain differential amplifier/electrometer. This ion current differs for different gases at the same pressure; that is, a hot-filament ionization gauge is composition-dependent. Over a wide range of molecular density, however, the ion current from a gas of constant composition is directly proportional to the molecular

Title: Paschen's law
Content: the pressure in pascals, formula_4 is the gap distance in meters, formula_5 is the secondary-electron-emission coefficient (the number of secondary electrons produced per incident positive ion), formula_6 is the saturation ionization in the gas at a particular formula_7 (electric field/pressure), and formula_8 is related to the excitation and ionization energies. The constants formula_6 and formula_8 are determined experimentally and found to be roughly constant over a restricted range of formula_7 for any given gas. For example, air with an formula_7 in the range of 450 to 7500 V/(kPa·cm), formula_6 = 112.50 (kPa·cm) and formula_8 = 2737.50 V/(kPa·cm). The graph of

Question: What is described as an ionized gas with approximately equal numbers of positive and negative charges?
Answer: Plasma