dejp3/bronze-age-objects-pas huggingface dataset:
Object: Hammer (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1400 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Coniston Cold, Craven, North Yorkshire (Yorkshire and the Humber)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 71 mm
Thickness: 22.8 mm
Weight: 138.05 g
Description: A probable fragment of copper alloy Bronze Age socketed implement, probably a hammer, dating from about 1400 BC - 700 BC. Only the middle part of the hammer survives. One end is an incomplete socket os rounded rectangular cross-section. The socket tapers from the broken outer end where it is 32.9mm wide and 16mm thick to 29.4mm wide and 22.8mm thick at the end of the socket. One face of the socket is missing, showing the internal end to be rounded. The solid head of the hammer is irregular and uneven, and may have been mis-cast. It is broadly rectangular in cross-section, but with pieces missing from the edge. It terminates in an old break across a void or bubble in the metal. At the broken end, it is 25.4mm wide and 15.9mm thick. The solid head of th hammer is on a slightly different angle to the socket end. The metal has a light green patina, with a surface layer overlying it in places, of dark grey. The breaks are all patinated and worn. Length 71.0mm, weight 138.05g.



The PAS Bronze Age artefact guide (https://finds.org.uk/guides/bronzeage/objects/hammers) notes that socketed axes date from 1400 BC - 750 BC, but this one is similar to LANCUM-5AC798 which has been attributed to the Ewart Park phase, 1000 BC - 700 BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1300 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Wigglesworth, Craven, North Yorkshire (Yorkshire and the Humber)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 62.3 mm
Thickness: 11.5 mm
Weight: 74.62 g
Description: A fragment of the blade end of a copper alloy Bronze Age socketed axehead dating from 1300 BC - 800 BC, type unknown. Only the convex cutting edge survives, with concave sides tapering to a very worn break. The end of the socket is visible across the break. The axe has a pale green patina, with much of the original surface haveing flaked off.

It measures: Length 62.3mm, width 26.7mm, thickness 11.5mm, weight 74.62g. It is probably a Northern type of socketed axe.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Casting Waste (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Shamley Green and Cranleigh North, Waverley, Surrey (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 30.8 mm
Height: 16.1 mm
Weight: 28.15 g
Description: A corroded cast copper alloy casting jet or "gate" of flattened conical form with two scars from abraded (and now lost) sprue projections at the narrowest point. This type of object is the result of casting into a two piece mould and represents waste where molten bronze solidifies at the entrance of the mould around the gate and the two casting channels. Casting waste is difficult to date, but fragments with this shape are characteristic of the casting of socketed axes of late Bronze Age (c.1000-800 BC) type.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Palstave (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1600 to -1000)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Norton and Lenchwick, Wychavon, Worcestershire (West Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 29.5 mm
Thickness: 10.3 mm
Weight: 23.1 g
Description: An incomplete copper alloy palstave fragment, of Middle Bronze Age dating (1600 BC to 1000 BC).



Around 25% of the palstave is present, consisting of the butt of the axe. The fragment is rectangular with an H shaped cross section. Both front and reverse faces have raised flanges, which taper out towards the butt. No traces of decoration are visible. Air bubbles from the casting process are visible in the break.



It measures 29.5 mm in length, 26.4 mm wide and 10.3 mm thick (including flanges), 6.0 mm thick (not including flanges). The butt is 4.1 mm thick. It weighs 23.1 g.



The palstave is a mid to dark green colour, with an even surface patina. Abrasion, caused by movement whilst within the plough soil, has resulted in a loss of some of the original surface.



A couple of similar palstave butt fragments have been recorded on the PASdatabase, including WMID-B04587; NMS-86C152; LIN-A5DA60 and NMGW-FC4B96.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-2400 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Cornbury and Wychwood, West Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 31.52 mm
Thickness: 4.78 mm
Weight: 4.5 g
Description: A Bronze Age axe fragment that possibly dates to c.1150-800 cal BC.



The fragment represent the blade of an axehead. The blade edge is convex with a crescent blade and a pointed oval (vesica) in cross section. It narrows from this blade before terminating in a horizontal regular break that is now very abraded. 



The axehead has a thick layer of light brown green patination chipped away in places to reveal a medium green colour beneath.



The axehead is 31.5mm wide, 9.6mm long, 4.78mm thick and weighs 4.5 grams.



The fragment represents part of the blade end possibly of a rectangular bodied socketed axe dating to the Late Bronze Age, however the lack of diagnostic feature means that an the potential for this to have come from a flat, flanged or Palstave axe cannot be excluded.
Notes: Oxfordshire PAS Rally Record Sheet No: Y335
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Blade (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1500 to -1200)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Bradford Peverell, West Dorset, Dorset (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 49.59 mm
Thickness: 0.64 mm
Weight: 7.85 g
Description: A fragment of Middle Bronze Age copper-alloy blade dating to c 1500 - 1200 BC. The fragment is tapering to an old break. It has a low, wide mid-rib, creating a shallow lozengiform in cross section. It is possibly from a rapier.

Length: 49.59 mm

Width: 19.76 mm

Thickness: 3.64 mm

Weight: 7.85 g
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Unidentified Object (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to IRON AGE (-1600 to 40)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Dereham, Breckland, Norfolk (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 32 mm
Thickness: 14 mm
Weight: 10.96 g
Description: Copper alloy 'moustache-shaped' object, cast in one piece, of probable middle Bronze Age to Iron Age date. It has a central narrowed constriction, undecorated and with a vertical step down to it, which is curved on the top and has a rounded hollow on the underneath, c. 5mm in diameter. The constriction measures c. 5mm in thickness and 8mm in width. To either side is a thicker, tapering, drooping element, D-shaped in cross-section although slightly rounded rather than completely flat on the underside. The strongly curved upper surface of each half is decorated with worn ridges and grooves, which continue almost to the pointed ends; just before the end, they stop and the end is a little concave. In side view the object is widely angled, with the two halves extending outwards rather than downwards and joining each other at an angle of about a hundred degrees.



The whole object is worn and detail is hard to see. It is 32mm from end to end, 9.5mm wide when viewed from the top, and measures 14mm from top to bottom when viewed from the side. It weighs 10.96g. There is little dating evidence available for these enigmatic objects. An example was found with the Salisbury Hoard, indicating a Bronze or Iron Age date; the style might suggest an Iron Age date.



Compare NARC-6A4546, LVPL-B000C6, HAMP-6F4C45, PUBLIC-E9E1C5, NARC-925E14, WILT-616785, KENT-77A0BF and SF-722CF5.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Sword (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (1150 to 800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Cornbury and Wychwood, West Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 33.77 mm
Thickness: 8.21 mm
Weight: 30.21 g
Description: A Bronze Age fragment of a copper alloy sword which is lozenge shaped in cross section. The central or midrib part of the sword is circular with the blade extending out on each side; also on each side there are two deeply spaced lines, which would have extended the full length of the sword.



The fragment is a medium green colour and its edges are both chipped and worn.



The blade is 33.8mm long, 36.2mm wide, 8.2mm thick and weighs 30.21 grams.



Owing to the size of the fragment it in unclear what type of blade this object was attributed to and how long the original item would have been. However, as Domscheit (2014) discusses, 'Although swords have origins in the later part of the Middle Bronze Age of Taunton and Penard Metalworking Industries, occurrences of the types are comparatively unusual and leaf-shaped swords of Late Bronze Age date tend to be more commonly recovered'.
Notes: Oxfordshire PAS Rally Record Sheet No: Y345
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1100 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Coombe Bissett, Wiltshire, Wiltshire (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 59 mm
Thickness: 43.3 mm
Weight: 138.21 g
Description: A Late bronze Age copper alloy socketed axehead, probably dating to 1100-800BC. Only the upper section of the socket and mouth survives, the cutting edge lost to an old break. The axhead has an expanded socket mouth, with a less pronounced moulded collar below. The sopcket is sub-square in cross section. An integral loop projects from one edge, both lateral faces have pronounced casting seams. Neither face exhibits decoration.



Length 59.0mm; Width 41.0mm; Thickness 38.7mm; Thickness (including loop) 43.3mm; weight 138.21g.
Subsequent action: Donated to a museum
Object: Hoard (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1150 to -800)
Material: Gold 
Found: Calbourne, Isle of Wight, Isle of Wight (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Description: A small Late Bronze Age hoard: two complete gold penannular rings and a fragment of gold, possibly the remains of a bracelet. Treasure case no. 2020 T2. Addenda to 2018 T5.



1. (2020 T2-1) A complete gold penannular ring, circular in cross-section with flat terminals.15.0mm (outer diameter); 5.6mm (diameter in section); 2.0mm (maximum distance between the gap). Weight: 5.22g.



2. (2020 T2-2) A fragment of a possible bracelet in use as an ingot, curved in profile and circular in cross-section. One end has been chopped twice obliquely producing a splayed 'V' shape. The other end has a single oblique chop. 16.9mm (length); 4.7mm (diameter); 6.5mm (width at larger end). Weight: 3.65g.



3. (2020 T2-3) A complete copper-alloy gold plated penannular ring, circular in cross-section with flat terminals. 13.7mm (diameter); 3.9mm (diameter in section); 2.6mm (maximum distance between the gap). Weight: 5.62g.



'The penannular rings belongs to a class of artefact which has been termed 'hair-rings' and 'ring-money' (Taylor 1980; Green 1988; Eogan 1994; 1997; Varndell 2001; Hobbs 2003; Meeks et al 2008; O'Connor et al 2008). Their function remains uncertain, although it is likely that they were personal adornments, possibly worn on the ears or nose, rather than being hair-ornaments or items of exchange' (Mark Lodwick and Mary Davis in record NMGW-04216C; references therein).



Taylor, JJ. (1980) Bronze Age Goldwork of the British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Green, H.S. (1988) A Find of Bronze Age 'Ring Money' from Graianog, Llanllyfni, Gwynedd, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 35(1).



Eogan, G. (1997) 'Hair-rings' and European Late Bronze Age Society, Antiquity, 71.



Varndell, G. (2001) Ringing the changes: when terminology matters, Antiquity 75. 



Hobbs, R. (2003) Treasure: Finding our past, London: The British Museum Press.



Meeks, N.D., Craddock, P. & Needham, S.P. (2008) Bronze Age Penannular Gold Rings from the British Isles: Technology and Composition, Jewellery Studies 11. 



O'Connor, B., Cowie, T. & Worrell, S. (2008) Ring money: dernières nouvelles d,outré- manche, Bulletin de l'Association pour la Promotion des Reserches sur l'Age du Bronze 5.
Notes: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder after being disclaimed as Treasure
Object: Blade (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1600 to -800)
Material: Copper 
Found: Loddington, Kettering, Northamptonshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 18.37 mm
Thickness: 2.5 mm
Weight: 2.6 g
Description: A fragment of a copper alloy Blade, Dagger or Rapier, of Mid to Late Bronze Age date (1600-800 BC). The object is rectangular in plan and a pointed oval in cross section. It is incomplete on all sides but has come visible bevel along the left and right hand edges away from the mid-rib. The cutting edges have been extensively broken and abraded.



The metal is a dark brown in colour with a heavily pitted and corroded patina.



Length: 18.37mm, Width: 13.98mm, Thickness: 2.5mm, Weight: 2.6g
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-2200 to -1800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Cransley, Kettering, Northamptonshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 34.35 mm
Thickness: 10.09 mm
Weight: 31.6 g
Description: A fragment of a copper alloy Flat Axe of Early Bronze Age date (2200-1800 BC). The object is a fragment of an uncertain type of Flat or Developed Axe form. The object is composed of the butt end which is broken toward the blade end by an old, abraded and irregular break. The retained butt end is abraded but is rectangular in plan and section and tapers out toward the body of the object both in plan and section.  The sides are straight and slightly divergent for their short lengths to the break. There is no indication of flanges retained within the fragment.



The fragmentary nature of the axe makes typological identification difficult. The butt form, absence of flanges and the presumed bronze composition would be consistent with axes of Needham's type 3 and in relation to Schmidt and Burgess (1981) typology may have been of Migdale, Aylesford or allied types. Axes of these types are likely to be date to the Early Bronze Age, perhaps between c. 2200 - 1800BC.



The metal is dark to mid green in colour with some original smooth surface patina and large areas of pitting and abrasion.



Length: 34.35mm, Width: 27.52mm, Thickness: 10.09mm, Weight: 31.6g
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Blade (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1600 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Cransley, Kettering, Northamptonshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 95.25 mm
Thickness: 4.53 mm
Weight: 18.8 g
Description: A fragment of a copper alloy Blade, Dagger or Rapier, of Mid to Late Bronze Age date (1600-800 BC). The object is rectangular in plan and ovate in cross section. It is incomplete on all sides but has a visible bevel along the left and right hand edges away from the mid-rib. The cutting edges have been extensively broken and abraded.



The metal is a dark brown in colour with a slightly pitted patina.



Length: 95.25mm, Width: 11.91mm, Thickness: 4.53mm, Weight: 18.8g
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spearhead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1200 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Cransley, Kettering, Northamptonshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 72.44 mm
Thickness: 8.05 mm
Weight: 13.3 g
Description: A fragment of a cast copper alloy Socketed Spearhead, of Middle to Late Bronze Age date (1200-800 BC).



The blade is narrow and sub-triangular with a pronounced mid rib on both sides extending to both ends of the spear. In cross section the object is lozenge. The edges narrow and flare out from the mid-rib. All of the edges are broken and abraded. The fragment terminates in an old abraded transverse break at both ends. The socketed lower portion of the object is missing.



The metal is dark green in colour with a slightly pitted patina.



As this represents only a small fragment of the spear it is not possibly to classify the form of the complete object. It is probably of a later Middle Bronze Age to Late Bronze Age (c. 1200-c. 800 cal BC).



Similar objects can be found on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database: NLM-99D791, IOW-F3883D, SUR-BB2595



Length: 72.44mm, Width: 10.84mm, Thickness (at base): 8.05mm, Thickness (tip): 4.76mm, Weight: 13.3g
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Ring (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to ROMAN (-2350 to 409)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Trimingham, North Norfolk, Norfolk (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Diameter: 33 mm
Weight: 16.69 g
Description: Copper-alloy ring, very corroded, scuffed and battered externally so that little if any of the external surface survives. The cross-section is D-shaped, at most 5mm thick and 7mm wide. The inner face is much better preserved and appears very slightly convex. The internal diameter is very regular and 24mm in diameter. The external diameter was at least 33mm, but as so little of the surface now survives it may originally have been 35mm in external diameter or more. It weighs 16.69g. The patina is a pale green, characteristic of a Bronze Age to Roman date. Compare LIN-79D787.
Notes: 
Poorly located.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Hammer (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Barming, Maidstone, Kent (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 55.16 mm
Thickness: 29.75 mm
Weight: 166.75 g
Description: A complete, cast, socketed copper alloy hammer dating to the Late Bronze Age (1000-700 BC).



Description: The body of the hammer has been relatively crudely finished with the casting seems very prominent and unworn.  The socket is sub-square in cross-section at the mouth with a double moulding on the exterior. The main body of the hammer is narrow below the moulded collar and flares slightly to the working face. The face and body are as one unlike modern hammers so the bell/poll is from the socket to the working face. The face has a convex surface and is a rounded square in plan, with convex sides and smooth, rounded edges. The face is relatively smooth and its edges are marked by a range of numerous irregular and differently aligned indentations, some of which could be recent agricultural damage, but most of which are probably use wear.



The surface condition of the hammer is good, though there are several patches of surface loss where pale green corrosive products are visible. Otherwise the surface is patinated dark green.



Measurements:  55.16mm in length, 31.38mm wide, at the bell/poll; 29.75mm thick, and weight of 166.75g in weight.



Discussion: Socketed hammers are a rare find, especially when compared to socketed axeheads with, at the date of writing less than 60 examples reported to the PAS Database and only a small number of examples found in Kent;  KENT-FDBC44 and another in Crundale Hoard KENT-7C3863. The Bronze Age Guide on the PAS website comments that the "socketed (hammers are) only rarely found in Middle Bronze Age contexts and is a more defined feature of Late Bronze Age hoards. Rowlands (1976: 45) states that, for this very reason, 'it would be unwise to date stray finds to the MBA' With regard to decoration, they are found with or without a single rib band, and in the case of a few hoards in Brittany, some hammers were found with chevron decoration." Another example on the PAS database with decoration similar to this example is NMGW-475C27.



The YORYM-ABCCE1 record for another hammer discusses the dating of socketed hammers stating that 'early examples tend to be plain with no collar, whereas later examples have collars and moulding'. with this in mind this example appears to date to the Late Bronze Age. Other similar examples on the PAS database include: WAW-762B82; YORYM-86F1B4; and SF-B89096.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spearhead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE ( to )
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: , , Lincolnshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Description: Bronze Age spearhead



L. 10 (blade 6.5, socket part 3.5); w. blade 4.0 cm. Loop 2.2x0.75 cm, not actually perforated. Socket opening 1.9x1.5 cm. Y shaped socket, oval side-loops, convex in section. Patina; black, somewhat glossy on one side; well preserved, except for somewhat ragged blade edges; some reddish-brown deposit on face and inside socket.
Notes: 
This object has not been seen by the FLO. Information and illustrations kindly provided by Stijn Arnoldussen & Hannie Steegstra. 

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Knife (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -801)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Beeston St. Andrew, Broadland, Norfolk (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 43 mm
Thickness: 3.5 mm
Weight: 7.23 g
Description: Small copper-alloy blade, perhaps a small knife (as SOM-BCDC68) or possibly a fragment of rapier. It is very worn and corroded, with all edges worn away and a lot of corrosion bubbles on the pitted surface. It is a long oval in shape, with both ends broken and/or worn so that they run straight across. The cross-section is pointed-oval, a maximum of 3.5mm thick in the centre where there is a very slight bulge to a barely-visible midrib. It flattens away from the centre, with one end 3mm thick and the other 2.5mm thick. The surviving width, with all edges worn, is 14mm and the surviving length 43mm. It weighs 7.23g. The corroded areas are light green and the small areas of surviving surface have a mid grey patina.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spearhead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1400 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Crawley, Winchester, Hampshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 21.3 mm
Thickness: 8.4 mm
Weight: 5.11 g
Description: A fragment comprising the mid part of the blade from a late middle to late Bronze Age socketed spear, 21.3mm in length. The blade is narrow and was originally probably leaf shaped. It has a pronounced rib with lozengiform cross sectioned profile 8.4mm thick. The centre is hollow at the break on the lower part of the blade. Possibly of pegged or looped type. Circa 1400 BC - 800 BC.
Subsequent action: Finder applying for an export licence
Object: Arrowhead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1275 to -1140)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Bradenham, Breckland, Norfolk (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 22 mm
Thickness: 3 mm
Weight: 8 g
Description: Copper alloy arrowhead, of barbed and tanged form, now missing a barb and much of the outer edges, the tip is slightly bent, this is probably recent damage from agricultural machinery as it has lost some of its surface and a small patch of bare metal is just visible to one side. Both faces have a median ridge (some are cast with a ridge only on one side and are flat on the other side), this broadens out to a tang with a sub-rectangular section, both lateral edges are bevelled to sharpen the edges.



This example is part of a growing corpus of copper-alloy Bronze Age arrowheads from the UK, see PAS records: ESS-A41D75 WILT-8171F0  WILT-807272 SF-4014B0 SF-C931F4 SUR-4655A8 SWYOR-3A2CF7, another on the database is LIN-D95544  is certainly a razor, not and arrowhead, cf. Feltwell hoard, GB. 35 fig. 13 Inventaria Archeaologia 1958.



Previously very few had been recorded, but metal detecting has increased the number slowly over the years, once they were thought to be of Early Bronze Age date as a straight evolution from the flint barbed and tanged arrowheads. Another theory was that these could have come from abroad but no parallel has been noted from the continent of this distinct form, though there are variations on the barbed and tanged type.



Only one has come from a datable context, from the Penard hoard, type site for the Penard phase of the Middle Bronze Age: 



PENARD, GOWER, SWANSEA (SS 56 89)



Found in 1827 by a quarryman at Llangrove, Pennard. Comprises one Early



slender socketed axe, one plain pegged spearhead, three Ballintober Type sword



fragments, and one barbed and tanged bronze arrowhead.



Dillwyn 1840; Crawford & Wheeler 1920-1; Burgess 1962-4; 1968;



Jockenhovel 1975; Savory 1980; GCH; Schmidt & Burgess O'Connor 1980;



Northover in prep



NMGW 15.277/1-6



Acton Park –Wilburton



Sourced from: A Research Framework for the Archaeology of Wales



Key Sites, Southeast Wales, 22/12/2003



So a secure date range can now be assigned to these arrowheads 1275-1140 BCcal.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1100 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Eythorne, Dover, Kent (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 73.62 mm
Thickness: 31.05 mm
Weight: 75.9 g
Description: An incomplete and worn cast copper-alloy, plain socketed axe of the late Bronze Age (Wilburton/Ewart Park phase) dating c.1100-800BC.



Description: The axehead has a narrow sub-rectangular body, slightly narrower in the middle, with two concave faces flaring towards the blade end and slightly towards the haft end. In plan the blade remains very narrow for the type and the flaring a crescentic cutting edge appears to have been worn down. The socket of the axehead is sub-rectangular with curving corners . It has a raised double collar, the outer band of whcih is mostly worn or broken away, what remains is obscured by wear and corrosion as is the lower band. The casting seams on the sides of the axehead have been worked down either through hammering or filing/polishing, particularly towards the blade end perhaps suggesting extensive sharpening of the blade, perhaps indicating why the blade is so short. Part of side of the axehead is broken away and the axe has some advanced corrosion particularly towards the butt end of one of the faces. It has a more even patination towards the blade edge.



Measurements: Length of 73.62mm, with a width (at widest) 31.35mm wide, thickness 31.05mm and a weight: 75.9g
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1100 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Denny Lodge, New Forest, Hampshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 34.49 mm
Thickness: 15 mm
Weight: 68.16 g
Description: A heavily worn fragment of cast Late Bronze Age copper alloy socketed axe head, probably dating to 1100-800 BC.



Description: The fragment represents part of the blade end of the long rectangular socketed body of the axehead. No edge remains in tact so over all shape is based on known more complete examples. The blade runs in a very shallow convex curve and is heavily abraded, the blade tips likely flared slightly outwards. The surviving cross section of the socket is sub-oval. The remaining body appears to be undecorated although with such little remaining it is not possible to be sure although the casting seam is clearly visible . The axehead is patinated a mottled mid-light green and the breaks have led to more extensive corrosion and most surfaces are heavily pitted.



Measurements: Length: 34.49mm, Width: 37.92mm, Thickness: 15.03mm, Weight: 68.16g.



Discussion: Although, due to completeness it is not certain but this axehead probably fits into the Ewart park or Wilburton metal working groups, giving it a date of 1100-800 BC (Schmidt & Burgess 1981: 119).
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1150 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Essington, South Staffordshire, Staffordshire (West Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 20.83 mm
Thickness: 10.6 mm
Weight: 26.1 g
Description: An incomplete copper alloy socketed axehead, of Late Bronze Age dating (1150 BC to 800 BC).



The blade portion of axehead is present, consisting of the base of the socket and the blade edge. The fragment is sub rectangular in plan with curved ends to the blade, and triangular in section. The blade edge is worn and rough, and both sides are heavily corroded, with only a portion of the original surface intact on one side.  The remnants of the socket are rectangular in shape to a depth of 8.53 mm, 27.80 mm long and 5.57 mm in width.



The socketed axehead fragment measures 20.83 mm in length, 41.92 mm wide (at the blade), 27.80 mm wide (at the body), 10.60 mm thick (at the body), 2.21 mm thick (at the blade edge). It weighs 26.1 g.



The socketed axehead is a dark green to grey colour, with an uneven surface patina. Abrasion has resulted in a loss of some of the original surface. There is insufficient remnant to give a full identification.



Similar WMID-D9A2D5
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Flanged Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1400 to -1250)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Rylstone, Craven, North Yorkshire (Yorkshire and the Humber)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 164.29 mm
Thickness: 35.95 mm
Weight: 434 g
Description: A cast copper-alloy flanged axe dating from the Middle Bronze Age, about 1400-1250 BC. It is probably from Metalwork Stage IX, Needham Period 5; Taunton metalwork assemblage. There is a lozenge shaped flange on each side of the butt end. The blade tip is crescent shaped with a bevel on both faces of the cutting edge. The sides of the blade flare towards the currint edge, but are not curved. There is no obvious stop ridge for the handle to butt against, but the blade is thicker than the septum. There is a ridge between the blade and the butt on the external side faces, and along the centre line of each flange on the external faces. There may be slight damage to the butt. The axe has a brown patina, flaked off in places, greener on the cutting edge, and is in very good condition.



The object has a length of 164.29mm, a width of 69.54mm (across the blade) and a thickness of 35.95mm (across the apexes of the lozenge-shaped flanges). It weighs 434g. The butt is 22.7mm wide at the terminal and the axe is 29.1mm wide across the central ridges. The flanges extend along the full length of the butt end.



Compare LANCUM-B39815, LVPL-C9CBCE and SWYOR-036213. Winged axes of the Taunton assemblage are more common in Northern England.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1150 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Fawley, New Forest, Hampshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 19.8 mm
Thickness: 8.9 mm
Weight: 29.38 g
Description: A fragment of Late Bronze Age (1150-800 BC) socketed axehead, consisting of the cutting edge only and broken at the very end of the socket. The cutting edge is curved and the 'corners' of it splayed. Both faces are heavily pitted and a bluey-green in colour. The base of the socket measures 28.6mm in length and 1.5mm in width at the worn break, which shows a lentoid or elongated pointed-oval cross-section. The fragment measures 19.8mm in length, 49.8mm in max.width, 8.9mm in max.thickness (at the break), 1.3mm in min.thickness (at the cutting edge) and weighs 29.38g.
Notes: The socketed form of the axe suggests a Late Bronze Age date c.1150-800 BC, likely of the Wilburton or Ewart Park metalworking tradition. Without further diagnostic features it is difficult to assign the fragment to a specific type.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Awl (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1600 to -1000)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Shelland, Mid Suffolk, Suffolk (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 52 mm
Thickness: 3 mm
Weight: 3.17 g
Description: Bronze Age awl. One end is flat in cross-section, and gradually thickens to a circular cross-section of diameter 3mm about halfway down the object. It is slightly bent here, causing stress to the metal and loss of the surface. From here it tapers to a point. Where the surface is lost, the colour is a matt green; where the surface survives it is a polished dark brown. Length (as bent) 52mm, maximum width (at flat end) 5mm, maximum thickness 3mm, weight 3.17g.



Similar awls were made throughout the middle and late Bronze Age, but the dark brown patina suggests a middle Bronze Age date for this one. Parallels on the PAS database include PUBLIC-E1E3A8 and WMID-7999D4.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Awl (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1150 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Ruskington, North Kesteven, Lincolnshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 47.15 mm
Thickness: 3.02 mm
Weight: 4.88 g
Description: A copper alloy Late Bronze Age awl dating to the period 1150 - 800 BC. The awl is elongated and has four broadly rectangular facets tapering slightly to both ends. It is almost square in cross section and its widest point is approximately at the centre of it. One of the end has a pointed tip, circular in cross-section and probably used to pierce leather and similar materials. The other end is flat and sub-rectangular in cross section. The awl is smooth, udecorated and covered with a green patina. It measures 47.15 mm in length, 6.43 mm in width, 3.02  mm thick and weighs 4.88g.



A similar awl is illustrated in Read B. (2001), p. 94, no. 694. Similar awls are also recorded on PAS database as SWYOR-220A7C, LEIC-1EA9CB and SUR-660898 and WILT-BBA285.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Casting Waste (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to ROMAN (-1550 to 450)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Crediton Hamlets, Mid Devon, Devon ()
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 39.2 mm
Thickness: 21 mm
Weight: 82.2 g
Description: A fragment of copper alloy casting waste, probably a jet or mould, probably dating from the late Bronze Age but possibly dating from as late as the Roman period, c. 1500 BC to 450 AD.



The object is formed of a thick central bar which isbroadly rectilinear in plann, but which rises to an off centre ridge. At each end of the central bar, the object flares outwards creating two loosely triangular terminals. These are the result of two circular apertures, of different sizes, which give the impression of an overall hourglass shape. The larger of these is 35mm in width and the smaller is 25.4mm in width. The central bar narrows on the reverse, tapering from 13.7mm wide and ending as a slender rectilinear base of 7mm in width.The upper surface, while pitted and marked, is relatively regular, while on the reverse, there are depressions which hollow out a flaring rectilinear shape in the centre, and a further less regularly shaped semi triangular depression on the underside of the upper wide area. 



Casting waste is difficult to date in isolation but the patina and form are suggestive of a Bronze Age - Roman date.  The survival of casting waste is relatively rare as it is usually recycled swiftly as a bi-product of casting. The depressions are likely to have been caused by the product moulded cooling and contracting during casting (Reavill pers.comm). Like the first of the named examples below, it may have been from the neck (funnel / well) of a composite probably two part mould.



Relevant similar examples on the PAS database include LVPL-F7963B,  LVPL-3AAD50 and HESH-B55DB1. 



Measurements:  39.2mm length, 35mm width, 21mm thickness, weight 82.2g.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to IRON AGE (-800 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Brassington, Derbyshire Dales, Derbyshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 39.36 mm
Thickness: 3.21 mm
Weight: 25.05 g
Description: An incomplete copper-alloy looped, socketed axehead dating from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age c. 800 - 700 BC. The mouth of the axe-head has a prominent collar and indicates a rectangular shape with rounded edges, however only half the mouth remains, in addition to the single loop. To the side of the loop runs a longitudinal ridge with a darker green fill; this appears to be a casting fault, and a possible attempt at fixing the break: though this appears to be an old mend, it has not been established whether or not this feature is the result of recent intervention. With the exception of the collar, the edges of the highly fragmentary axehead are worn and all demonstrate an even, green patina, suggesting the breaks are old. Worn ridges on the surface of the front of the axehead suggest there may originally have been one or several ribs running from the collar towards the (now missing) blade. 



Weight: 25.05g, total object length: 39.96mm, width of extant mouth: 39.95mm, thickness of collar: 3.21mm.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Button (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to IRON AGE (-900 to 43)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Buriton, East Hampshire, Hampshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Height: 5.9 mm
Diameter: 15.8 mm
Weight: 2.51 g
Description: A probable Late Bronze Age to Iron Age cast copper alloy button, dating to c. 900 BC - AD 43. The button is discoidal and convex, with a central boss surrounded by a circular recessed band and three concentric circular ridges. The reverse is concave and spanned by an intact curved fixing loop.
Notes: See also WILT-BF5B3E, BH-E9F0E9 and WMID-498A82. As Read (2005) p1, no. 2.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Palstave (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1400 to -1100)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Hindolveston, North Norfolk, Norfolk (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 155 mm
Thickness: 32 mm
Weight: 420 g
Description: Copper-alloy palstave of type Carleton, middle Bronze Age date, Taunton phase (c. 1400-1100 BC), complete except for much of the cutting edge. When viewed from the side, the flanges are rounded. Down one side is a narrow casting seam with hammer marks across it; in the centre of the opposite side is a side-loop.



Viewed from the front or back, the butt and the septum are rectangular. One face has a small casting flaw, a hole in one side of the septum by the stop.On both of the main faces there is a trident moulding just below the stop; this consists of three relief lines, one vertical and two curving from the edge of the stop ridge to meet the end of the vertical line, together forming a shield shape. Below the stop, the sides curve out in concave curves to meet the convex curve of the cutting edge. 



It has a dark brown patina, worn away in places (notably on the stop ridge) to show the bright metal beneath; the breaks at the edge of the blade are not very worn and vary between a brown and a green patina. Length 155mm, width of blade 56mm, thickness at stop 32mm, weight c. 420g.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spearhead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE ( to )
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Giggleswick, Craven, North Yorkshire (Yorkshire and the Humber)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 70.06 mm
Thickness: 9.13 mm
Weight: 20.5 g
Description: An incomplete copper-alloy spearhead of Middle to Late Bronze Age date (c.1200-800BC). The spearhead has a prominent mid-rib extending to the tip. The blade extends either side of the mid-rib, terminating in abraded edges. The inner portion of the spear is hollow, into which a wooden shaft would have been fitted. The socket profile is circular at the bottom, becoming lozenge shape at the tip. The abrasions and missing portions of the edges have, in places, revealed the metal core. The metal has a green patina. 



In length it measures 79.06mm, in width 20.47mm, in thickness 9.13mm, and weighs 20.15g.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Chisel (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-950 to -850)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Sennen, Cornwall, Cornwall (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 52 mm
Diameter: 14 mm
Thickness: 14 mm
Weight: 18.14 g
Description: Incomplete cast copper alloy tanged chisel dating from the Ewart Park phase (c.950-850 BC) of the Late Bronze Age. The chisel measures 52 mm in length, 19 mm in width and 14 mm in thickness at the collar. Only 8 mm of the length of the tang remains which is square in section, 6 mm x 6 mm, above a transverse spheroid collar which is circular in plan, 14 mm in diameter and 10 mm in height, which separates the tang from the flattened blade, which is triangular in plan and in profile, and expands in width from 10 mm, below the collar, to 19 mm at the broken edge and narrows in thickness from 9 mm below the collar to 3 mm at the broken edge. There is some active bronze disease on the edges of the blade and on the surface of the collar which also has vertical cracks equidistant around the circumference of the collar.



Savory (1980) illustrates a similar tanged chisel with a spheroid collar, supposedly found in a hoard in 1850, but since discovered that they were not associated, with a socketed gouge and a Hallstatt B sword from Brogyntyn, Selattyn near Oswestry in Shropshire, on p.123, fig.44, no.288.3, which is dated from the Late Bronze Age (c.1050-800 BC). 



Pearce (1983) illustrates a similar complete tanged chisel from Kingston in Dorset on p.614, pl.53, no.416a which was found in association with a sword dating from the Ewart Park phase of the Late Bronze Age. 



Knight, Ormrod & Pearce (2015) illustrate a similar complete tanged chisel found in a hoard associated with Ewart Park phase swords in Gussage St. Michael, Dorset, on p.82, pl.9, no.250b.



For similar examples recorded on the database see: DEV-C3AD9B; DOR-F18347; DUR-5BADA1; IOW-2182C4; IOW-376E53; KENT-77798C; NMS-5059F9; SUR-101EF6; WILT-5D7742.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to IRON AGE (-800 to -600)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Welford, West Berkshire, West Berkshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 64.57 mm
Thickness: 2.54 mm
Weight: 47.1 g
Description: A cast copper-alloy Bronze Age (early Iron Age) axe fragment c. BC 800 – 600. The fragment consists of a quadrant part of the mouth, the attachment loop and a part of the body, excluding the blade section. The mouth has a double mouth moulding with the feintest trace of a vertical ridge, extending down the front of the casting. The loop is skewed at a slight angle to the vertical and the casting seam has not been removed. The axe, bearing a close resemblance to the Quay Fen Hoard (Cambridgeshire) Sompting type, Cardiff II variant (nos. 79+80) as seen in ‘The Early Iron Age socketed axes in Britain’ Volume 1 by I Dorothee Boughton. It is possible that this example was a non-functional variation with the walls thinning from 4.6mm to 2.54mm. The surface is eroded with a dark to mid green patina. Dimensions – length = 64.57mm, width = 27.8mm, thickness = 2.54mm, weight = 47.1gm.



See - http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/14716/1/Boughton%20Dot%20Final%20e-Thesis%20%28Master%20Copy%29.pdf
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Flat Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-2350 to -2050)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Slough, Nuneaton and Bedworth, Warwickshire (West Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 67.4 mm
Thickness: 10.9 mm
Weight: 59 g
Description: A complete copper alloy flat axehead, probably dating from the Early Bronze Age period (c. BC 2350 - c. BC 2050). 

The axe is broadly rectangular in plan with a slightly splayed crescentric blade. In profile and in section the object is broadly lentoid.

The sides of the axe gently taper outwards with a shallow curve, from the rounded butt to the blade. The curve is less shallow towards the blade. The axehead has suffered significant loss from corrosion on all surfaces, particularly at the blade and the butt.

The axehead measures 67.4 mm in length, the butt is 18.1 mm wide and the blade measures 27.3 mm wide. The butt has a thickness of 3.8 mm, the ridge measures 10.9 mm thick and the blade is 2.1 mm thick. The axehead weighs 59 g.



The axehead is best described as coming from the first phases of the Early Bronze Age and is comparable to (although not containing all the attributes of Migdale axes (many of these tend to have narrower butts which flare at the cutting edge).



These axes all fit within the earliest phases of metal working in Britain, metalworking stage II, which corresponds to Needham's (1996) Period 2 circa 2350- 2050 CAL. BC. This means that they are dated, broadly, to the same period as Beaker pottery, barbed and tanged flint arrowheads, copper halberds and gold lunulae.



Reference:



Needham, S. (1996) Chronology and Periodisation in the British Bronze Age. Acta Archaeologia, vol 67, pp121-140



Schmidt, P.K. & Burgess, C.B. 1981. The Axes of Scotland and Northern England. Prahistorische Bronzefunde. Abteilung IX. Band 7. C.H. Beck'Sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Munchen. p.46-47.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Awl (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1150 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Wylye, Wiltshire, Wiltshire (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 38.5 mm
Diameter: 5.9 mm
Thickness: 5.9 mm
Weight: 4.57 g
Description: An incomplete (probably later) Bronze Age (c.1150-800 BC) copper alloy awl, broken across a squarish cross-section measuring 4.5x3.8mm (recentish break). This expands over c.11mm to 5.7x5.1mm, with the two opposing wider sides being completely flat while one of the other two sides haa a shallow longitudinal indentation and the other a slightly raised area (perhaps a worn casting flash). Just beyond the awl becomes circular in cross-section, measuring 5.9mm in diameter. This end of the awl then narrows over c.26mm to a rounded tip, 1.5mm in diameter.

The object has a smooth greyish-green patina. It measures 38.5mm in incomplete length, 5.9mm in max.width and thickness and weighs 4.57g.
Notes: 
The form of the awl does not change much through time and similar objects are also noted in the Roman period and possibly later.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Belton, North Lincolnshire, North Lincolnshire (Yorkshire and the Humber)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 63 mm
Diameter: 21.1 mm
Weight: 103.48 g
Description: An incomplete copper alloy socketed Bronze Age axehead, probably dating from 1000 BC - 800 BC. The mouth of the axe is missing, the break is worn and patinated. The surviving opening is nearly square 26mm x 27mm. Part of the side loop survives. The axe has no decoration and the sides are only slightly flared, maintaining a steady and slight widening to the cutting edge. Dimensions: length 63.00 mm, width at blade 37.5 mm, width at socket including loop stub 29.6mm, internal width of socket  21.1mm and weight 103.48g.



It is possibly this is an Everthorpe type axe, the most commonly occuring plain socketed axe in the North, but it does not have any internal ribs.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Bead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE ( to )
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Barnston, Uttlesford, Essex (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Diameter: 18.4 mm
Thickness: 10 mm
Weight: 13.24 g
Description: Cast copper-alloy bead of Bronze Age date. The bead is bi-conical in shape with a circular hole slightly off-centre. This circular hole is 6.0mm in diameter. The patina is smooth and dark brown in colour with some small areas of surface wear.



Similar in form to ESS-975247



Dimensions



weight: 13.24g, diameter: 18.4mm, thickness: 10.0mm
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Sickle (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1500 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Broad Chalke, Wiltshire, Wiltshire (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 31.27 mm
Weight: 1.9 g
Description: A fragment of a Middle to Late Bronze Age copper alloy sickle dating to c 1500-800 BC. The fragment is sub trianglular in plan, and droops slightly towards the point. It is lenticular in cross section and still sharp. The sickle has a light green patina and is truncated by an old break. 



Dimensions: 31.27mm in length; 13.55mm in width (at the break); 1.55mm thick; 1.9g in weight.



cf. a similar, but more complete sickle found at Edington Burtle (Pearce 1983: 512-513, no. 648). The fragment is too incomplete to be further classified.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder