dejp3/bronze-age-objects-pas huggingface dataset:
Object: Sword (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Apley, West Lindsey, Lincolnshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 22.96 mm
Thickness: 2.98 mm
Weight: 3.26 g
Description: Fragment of a blade from a sword, dagger, or rapier of Middle to Late Bronze Age date (1000 to 800 BC). The blade is made of copper alloy and now has a red-brown patina covering the entire surface, including the breaks. The fragment is lozenge-shaped in section but both of the 'edges' are worn and irregular.A clear apex runs down the centre of the blade on both sides. The fragment is slightly curved in section, suggesting that it was bent before having been broken. Both of the breaks are relatively straight, though somewhat worn, and this might suggest that the object was carefully cut into pieces in antiquity.



Length: 22.96mm, width and thickness at one end 12.14mm and 2.98mm respectively; at the other end 12.01mm and 2.77mm respectively.Weight 3.26g.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Sword (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Apley, West Lindsey, Lincolnshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 16.21 mm
Thickness: 4.02 mm
Weight: 4.06 g
Description: A possible fragment of a blade from a sword, dagger, or rapier of Middle to Late Bronze Age date (1000 to 800 BC). The blade is made of copper alloy and now has a red-brown patina covering much of the surface, including areas of the breaks. The fragment is sub-triangular in plan and lozenge-shaped in section but both of the 'edges' are worn and irregular. The fragment appears to taper quite rapidly, suggesting that this could be from towards the tip-end of the weapon. The break across the wider-end is straight and appears to have been carefully cut rather than having been snapped or broken. The shorter-end above is irregular.



Length: 16.21mm, width and thickness at one end 18.40mm and 4.02mm respectively; at the other end 13mm and 3.02mm respectively.Weight 4.06g.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spearhead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1600 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Lew, West Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire (South East)
Discovery method: Chance find during metal detecting
Length: 20.4 mm
Thickness: 3.1 mm
Weight: 2.7 g
Description: A fragment of a copper alloy Mid - Late Bronze Age spearhead. The fragment has lost all its diagnostic features and so the classification cannot be further refined. The fragment comprises a short section of the spear blade, including the lozenge sectioned central mid-rib and the incomplete blades to either side. There is a slight tapering of the mid rib visible. The rest of the spearhead including all of the socket is missing. The surface is pitted with corrosion, but a shiny brown patina remains over most surfaces.

Although only a fragment of the spearhead remains, the mid-rib is high and this is more common on spearheads of Middle Bronze Age date (c. 1600-1001 BC).
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Wilberfoss, East Riding of Yorkshire, East Riding of Yorkshire (Yorkshire and the Humber)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 55.3 mm
Thickness: 9.7 mm
Weight: 55.7 g
Description: A fragment of a copper alloy socketed axehead of late Bronze Age date. The fragment is the blade end which is trapezoidal in shape with a worn cutting edge and flared rounded corners. The cross-section is rectangular and the breaks are old and worn.



The metal has a dark brownish-green patina and is worn. The fragment is 55.3mm long, 32.9mm wide, 9.7mm thick and weighs 55.7g.



Due to the incomplete nature of the axehead it is not possible to ascribe it to a particular type series and it has therefore been dated broadly as late Bronze Age in date circa 1000 - 800BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Flat Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-2200 to -1700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Bampton and Clanfield, West Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 62.2 mm
Thickness: 5.9 mm
Weight: 71.7 g
Description: A complete cast copper-alloy Flat axe dating to the Early Bronze Age, c. 2200-1700 BC. The axe is sub-triangular in plan and lenticular in section, with thinning of the piece visible at the cutting edge and towards the butt of the axe. The cutting edge itself is convex, with the lateral edges gradually tapering in towards the butt end, which itself is squared off. The axe is relatively well preserved with an even light green patina interspered with darker green pitting covering all its surfaces. The object is broadly symmetrical, although some losses to the edges of the piece are in evidence resulting from post-depositional erosion. The axe is 62.2mm long from cutting edge to butt, it is 5.9mm thick at its midpoint, 38.7mm wide at the cutting edge and 18.7mm wide at the butt end. It weighs 71.7 grammes.


This axe is similar both in proportions and form to Migdale and Hopton type axes, with a good comparison on the PAS database visible in the form of WILT-F21AB1, although this example has a slightly more elongated mid-section and a rounded butt.
Notes: 
Found on a Metal Detectives Group rally near Clanfield, Oxfordshire.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spearhead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1250 to -1125)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Ash, Dover, Kent (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 124.11 mm
Thickness: 20.26 mm
Weight: 104.89 g
Description: An incomplete middle Bronze-Age (c.1250-1125BC) cast copper-alloy special side-looped spearhead.



Description: The spearhead has been broken just over midway along the broad leaf shaped blade. Both edges where remaining has been heavily abraded along their edge, leaving them uneven. There is a pronounced conical mid rib that is hollow from the socket to the majority of the way through the blade. Where it has broken giving a cross-section of the rib shows it to be solid nearish to the point. There is a substantial mould line along the side of the shaft. There is only one loop on the spearhead, abutting the blade. There does not appear to be any breaks, swelling or any other suggestion that another loop existed on the other side. It is a small hemispherical loop



The spearhead is a dark brown colour with frequent patchesof rough light green corrosion product likely bronze disease.



Measurements: 124.11m long, 35.2mm wide, 20.26mm thick (blade is 3.32mm thick) and 104.89g in weight.



Discussion:



This spearhead is odd for a number of reasons. Firstly single looped spearheads are very rare (with only one example to this date on the database: DUR-F54FE1), Those with abutting loops to the blade are similarly uncommon. Secondly these types are not known from the south-east and are more commonly found in Northern Britain and Ireland. Thirdly this exmaple from Kent while sharing identifying features does not fit all the attributes of the aformentioned northern and Irish groups and is, at present, unique in the archaeological record.
Notes: 
Information on this spearhead, its identification and confirmation of this spearhead's unique status thanks to Dr. Richard Davis, University of Nottingham and Author of 'The Early and Middle Bronze Age spearheads of Britain'.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spearhead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1500 to -1100)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Whitfield, Dover, Kent (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 97.93 mm
Thickness: 15.23 mm
Weight: 26.24 g
Description: A cast copper-alloy socketed side-looped spearhead, dating from the Middle Bronze Age, about 1500 BC - 1150 BC. The spearhead's blade is a sub-oval / leaf-shaped with central rib, hollow socket and cast semi-circular side loops along the shaft. The socket appears to be at its full length although there is damaged around the socket opening. The overall shape of the blade can be described as being leaf-shaped. It has straight sides at the point end, with a rounded base near the socket. The centre of the blade is divided by a tapering (tip to base) lozenge shaped midrib. This midrib expands into the shaft and socket of the spear.The object has a smooth dark brown to olive green patina which is pitted in places. Some of the blade edge is damaged.



Measurements: 97.93mm long, 15.23mm thick, 17.21mm wide and 26.24g in weight.
Notes: LVPL-893C73 is a similar example (among others on the PAS database) and the record notes that "Side-looped spearheads are Greenwell and Brewis' Class IV and date to the early Middle Bronze Age. They are likely to belong to the Acton Park 2, Taunton (Cemmaes) or Penard metalwork assemblages, corresponding to Needham's (1997) Period 5, dating from about 1500-1150BC."
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Flat Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-2000 to -1700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Clanfield, West Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 103 mm
Thickness: 15 mm
Weight: 190 g
Description: An almost complete cast copper alloy developed flat axe with hammer raised flanges of later Early Bronze Age date (c. 2000 CAL BC to c. 1700 CAL BC). Only the tip of one blade edge is missing, otherwise the axehead is in very good condition. The axehead is broadly sub rectangular in plan with a splayed crescent shaped blade. In profile it is broadly lentoid, with slight tapering edges and in cross section it is almost H-shaped, formed by the raised flanges down either edge.
Notes: 
Object submitted via email - not seen by recording FLO

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spearhead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1100 to -900)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Ufton Nervet, West Berkshire, West Berkshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 203 mm
Thickness: 27.31 mm
Weight: 180 g
Description: A very late Middle Bronze Age to Late Bronze Age (1100 - 900 BC) Blackmoor type spearhead with lunate openings. The spearhead is complete and in very good condition although the blade edges are now a little uneven. The patina is dark green/brown and there are iron concretions in a number of places, especially around one of the openings. On one side there is a large area of green/blue thin coppery scale which extends from the socket to a point some two-thirds along the length of the object. A pronounced rib accompanies the openings along one side but is largely absent on the other. The length is 203mm and the width is 58.78mm. The diameter of the socket is 27.31mm and the socket is 147mm long. There are no traces of wood or other preserved organics within the socket. The presence of iron deposits suggests the spear was deposited within a wetland environment.



Richard Davis (Bronze Age specialist in Spearheads of University of Nottingham) comments:



This spearhead has transitional characteristics between the protected looped spearheads of the Middle Bronze Age and the lunate spearheads of the Late Bronze Age. The rib (ridge/flange/fillet) which runs all round the blade apertures is matched by a similar one on the spearhead from Ardmillam which I classified as protected-looped. The rib is larger and cruder than on the Late Bronze Age lunate spearheads. The blade shape with the strong concave line of the blade edges from above the lunates to the tip are present on several Late Bronze Age lunate spearheads, but is not as marked on protected-looped spearheads. The blade openings are larger than those of the protected-looped spearheads.



Based on these attributes this spearhead seems to be a transitional design somewhere in the continuum between the protected-looped, and the mature lunate spearheads typified by those from the Blackmoor hoard. This would date it to the late Middle Bronze Age (MBA III) or early Late Bronze Age (LBA I). The two protected-looped spearheads that have been tested had a low lead formulation typical of the Middle Bronze Age, while the lunate spearheads generally had a high lead formulation typical of Late Bronze Age metalwork. 



To date the metal of this spearhead has not been tested.



Given the date range provided by Richard Davis this example would fit within Needham's (1996) Period 6 or 7 and Burgess's Metalwork stage XI.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Rapier (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1500 to -1200)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Harting, Chichester, West Sussex (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 23.84 mm
Thickness: 4.46 mm
Weight: 5.69 g
Description: A blade fragment from a Bronze Age copper-alloy rapier, from the lower part of the blade. The blade edges are parallel and a little worn.



The fragment probably dates from c1500-1200BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-900 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Harting, Chichester, West Sussex ()
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 28.21 mm
Weight: 6.4 g
Description: 
A fragment of the rim of a Late Bronze Age copper-alloy socketed axe. There is a raised cordon below the rounded rim.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Awl (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1250 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Norton Juxta Kempsey, Wychavon, Worcestershire (West Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 35.81 mm
Thickness: 5.18 mm
Weight: 4.12 g
Description: Possible Bronze Age (1250-800 BC) awl: The awl is sub-square in section at one portion and circular in section at the other. In plan it is an elongated sub-rectangle in plan. Both terminals gradually taper to a blunt point. The surface has an incomplete dark green patina with some pitting. In length the awl is 35.81mm, 5.38mm wide and 5.18mm thick. It weighs 4.12g.



From the PAS website: http://finds.org.uk/bronzeage/objects/awl Awls are difficult to date but most are probably from the Late Bronze Age. They can have circular or square cross sections and are generally undecorated. They would have been used to make holes in leather or wood and probably were inserted into a handle made from organic materials. Awls were a range of rod-like tools that were usually round sectioned and pointed at one end, and rectangular sectioned with a square or chiselled edge at the other (Rowlands 1976 48). 'Awl' is often used to refer to any number of small, pointed instruments. Referred to as "pointed punches" by Coles (1963-64 117). They were presumably used for perforating leather, but it was once suggested that they were used for tattooing human skin. Dating and areas of discovery



However, as a functional object the form of the awl barely changes from the Bronze Age to Medieval periods and a selection of broadly comparable awls are recorded in Ottaway and Rogers (2002). They note that although most awls are associated with leather working, some would have been used in woodworking, bone working and other crafts.



Coles, J M (1964) 'Scottish Middle Bronze Age Metalwork', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 97 (1963-4)



Ottaway, P. and Rogers, N., 2002. Craft, Industry and Everyday Life: Finds From Medieval York York: York Archaeological Trust and CBA



Rowlands, M.J. (1976) 'The Production and Distribution of Metalwork in the Middle Bronze Age in Southern Britain: Part ii'. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Awl (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to MEDIEVAL (-1250 to 1500)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Fulbrook, West Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 49.44 mm
Thickness: 3.47 mm
Weight: 2.99 g
Description: Bronze Age to Medieval (-1250 to AD 1500) awl: The awl is circular in section and taper to a blunt point. The surface has a dark green patina with some small areas of fine pitting. In length the awl is 49.44mm, 3.41mm wide and 3.47mm thick. It weighs 2.99g.



From the PAS website: http://finds.org.uk/bronzeage/objects/awl Awls are difficult to date but most are probably from the Late Bronze Age. They can have circular or square cross sections and are generally undecorated. They would have been used to make holes in leather or wood and probably were inserted into a handle made from organic materials. Awls were a range of rod-like tools that were usually round sectioned and pointed at one end, and rectangular sectioned with a square or chiselled edge at the other (Rowlands 1976 48). 'Awl' is often used to refer to any number of small, pointed instruments. Referred to as "pointed punches" by Coles (1963-64 117). They were presumably used for perforating leather, but it was once suggested that they were used for tattooing human skin. Dating and areas of discovery



However, as a functional object the form of the awl barely changes from the Bronze Age to Medieval periods and a selection of broadly comparable awls are recorded in Ottaway and Rogers (2002). They note that although most awls are associated with leather working, some would have been used in woodworking, bone working and other crafts.



Coles, J M (1964) 'Scottish Middle Bronze Age Metalwork', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 97 (1963-4)



Ottaway, P. and Rogers, N., 2002. Craft, Industry and Everyday Life: Finds From Medieval York York: York Archaeological Trust and CBA



Rowlands, M.J. (1976) 'The Production and Distribution of Metalwork in the Middle Bronze Age in Southern Britain: Part ii'. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-2150 to -1500)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Anlaby with Anlaby Common, East Riding of Yorkshire, East Riding of Yorkshire (Yorkshire and the Humber)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 59.1 mm
Thickness: 10.7 mm
Weight: 89 g
Description: A fragment of a copper alloy flat axehead of early Bronze Age date. The fragment is the blade end and a short length of handle which is trapezoidal in shape with a worn cutting edge and flared rounded corners. The cross-section is rectangular and the breaks are old and worn. No signs of ridges or flanges are present indicating that this is an early flat axe.



The metal has a heavily corroded mid-green patina. The axehead is 59.1mm long, 40.7mm tapering to 24.1mm wide, 10.7mm thick and weighs 89g.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Awl (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-2150 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Clitheroe, Ribble Valley, Lancashire (North West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 54 mm
Thickness: 6 mm
Weight: 7.81 g
Description: An incomplete Bronze Age cast copper-alloy awl. The pointed end and part of the shaft of this awl survive, but the other terminal is now missing due to old breaks. It has a square cross-section, which tapers to a flatish point at the complete terminal end. The length is 54mm, the width is 6mm thickness 6mm and the weight 7.81g.



According to the PAS website: http://finds.org.uk/bronzeage/objects/awl Awls are difficult to date but most are probably from the Late Bronze Age. They can have circular or square cross sections and are generally undecorated. They would have been used to make holes in leather or wood and probably were inserted into a handle made from organic materials. Awls were a range of rod-like tools that were usually round sectioned and pointed at one end, and rectangular sectioned with a square or chiselled edge at the other (Rowlands 1976 48). 'Awl' is often used to refer to any number of small, pointed instruments. Referred to as "pointed punches" by Coles (1963-64 117). They were presumably used for perforating leather, but it was once suggested that they were used for tattooing human skin. Dating and areas of discovery



However, as a functional object the form of the awl barely changes from the Bronze Age to Medieval periods and a selection of broadly comparable awls are recorded in Ottaway and Rogers (2002). They note that although most awls are associated with leather working, some would have been used in woodworking, bone working and other crafts.



Coles, J M (1964) 'Scottish Middle Bronze Age Metalwork', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 97 (1963-4)



Ottaway, P. and Rogers, N., 2002. Craft, Industry and Everyday Life: Finds From Medieval York York: York Archaeological Trust and CBA



Rowlands, M.J. (1976) 'The Production and Distribution of Metalwork in the Middle Bronze Age in Southern Britain: Part ii'. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Herne and Broomfield, Canterbury, Kent (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 34.5 mm
Thickness: 12.7 mm
Weight: 36.47 g
Description: A fragment of a Bronze Age cast copper alloy axe, probably from a socketed axe dating from the Late Bronze Age, i.e. c. 1000-800BC. The fragments is very worn and has been broken away by an old break. The axe splays evenly from the rectangular socket towards the rounded cutting edge. The rest of the blade,  mouth, moulding and side loop are all missing.



The fragment is 34.5mm long, 32.6mm wide, 12.7mm thick and weighs 36.47 grams.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spear (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1500 to -1150)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Ugley, Uttlesford, Essex (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 26.05 mm
Thickness: 6.62 mm
Weight: 13.83 g
Description: An incomplete Middle Bronze Age possible spearhead, dating 1500-1150BC. The object is in incredibly poor condition and thus undiagnostic. It appears to have a central ridge, widening towards the lower end of the object, though no trace of a socket is visible. The original shape of the object is uncertain due to corrosion and damage.



Peter Reavil (Finds Liaison Officer, Herefordshire & Shropshire) suggests the object may be a spearhead or a rapier blade, though based on the section of the object it is more likely to be a spearhead. In either case it would likely date from 1500 to 1150 BC.



Dimensions: length: 26.05 mm; width: 15.48 mm; thickness: 6.62 mm; weight: 13.83g.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spear (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-900 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Morley, South Norfolk, Norfolk ()
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 37 mm
Thickness: 10 mm
Description: Fragment of Late Bronze Age copper alloy spearhead, part of upper end of blade only, point missing, finely cast with the socket extending into the blade. Fine ribs flank the tapering rib of the socket on both faces. Extant length 37mm. Extant width 20.5mm Thickness at break 10mm. c.900 - c.800 BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Palstave (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1550 to -1150)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Ashington, Horsham, West Sussex (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 152.65 mm
Thickness: 26.34 mm
Weight: 488 g
Description: A nearly complete cast copper-alloy palstave type of Middle Bronze Age date, c. 1550-1150 BC. The palstave has a U shaped shield-shaped pattern below the stop ridge on both sides of the palstave, which is concave, bordered on either side by the flange facets and with a central ridge in its middle. The cutting edge of the axe is convex and bevelled, while in section the piece is sub-lenticular and the blade is sub-triangular in plan view with convex flaring sides. At the middle of the depression below the stop ridge on the sides of the axe, the palstave has been slightly shouldered with two reasonably prominent ridges. The area of the axe comprising the stop-ridge and the butt with the septum in between is sub-triangular in section and sub-rectangular in plan-view, though at the upper edge of the axe this is irregular due to the breakage at the butt end. 



The palstave survives well with a relatively even green patina except for some small losses to the cutting edge and to the extremities of the butt end. In some places, the patina is relatively pitted with some brown mineralised deposits visible in places. 

It measures 152.65mm long from the broken end of the butt to the point of the blade, 30mm wide at the stop ridge, 28.65mm wide at the midpoint of the flange-facets and 23.18mm wide at the broken butt-terminal. The cutting edge of the axe is 56.86mm wide, and from the cutting edge to the stop-ridge the axe measures 85.81mm long. At the thickest point of the flange-facets the axe is 26.34mm thick and at the mid-point of the blade the axe is 12.68 mm thick. The axe weighs 488 grammes. 



This palstave is comparable to nos. 146 and 151 in Savory's catalogue (Savory 1980, pp. 104-105) as well as LVPL-1FDB7C on the PAS database, which the recorder assigns to the primary phase of the Middle Bronze Age.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spearhead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1400 to -1150)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Steeple Barton, West Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 80.29 mm
Weight: 30.02 g
Description: A Middle/Late Bronze Age copper alloy leaf-shaped spearhead. The spear is well preserved and has very sharp blade edges. The tip and the socket are both broken and there are the remains of one side loop. The spearhead has a sharp ridge between the blades. The socket length is 47.59mm.



Richard Davis suggests that this spearhead can be identified as a Group 6 Developed Side-looped spearhead. It may be dated to the MBA - the later Acton Park and Taunton phases, and possibly the early part of the Penard phase. The lozenge shaped midrib and the prominent midrib ridge are typical of this type. There are remains of the top of the side loop at the bottom of the lower part of the socket remaining. Davis argues further that it appears that the spearhead was purposely damaged in antiquity with the tip and lower socket broken off, and the hole pierced in the lower midrib. This suggests some form of ritual destruction, possibly the weapon of a defeated opponent. (Davis pers. comm.)
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: East Tuddenham, Breckland, Norfolk (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 19 mm
Thickness: 4 mm
Description: Fragment of a cast Late Bronze Age socketed tool, most probably an axehead. The fragment is a sub-triangular shape with two of the sides being old breaks. It comprises the thickened rim from the mouth of the socket with a raised transverse band around the exterior approximately 5mm inboard of this. Between the rim and the inset band there is a raised longitudinal casting seam. The unbroken edge of the fragment shows a slight curvature commensurate with it being from the mouth of a socket. The colour is a mid green faded to light green by erosion on the high spots. Circa 1000-700 BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Souldern, Cherwell, Oxfordshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 35.8 mm
Weight: 13.35 g
Description: A small corner fragment of a socketed axe dating from the Late Bronze Age, probably around 1000-800BC. The fragment is long, retaining the corner of the mouth moulding and a smaller moulding below. The surfaces are very worn and slightly pitted. There may be a fragmentary loop/break left on one side. The fragment is too small to determine type and metalwork assemblage, but it's likely to be a Late Bronze Age axe, possibly of South Eastern type,
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Awl (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-2500 to -600)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Goodworth Clatford, Test Valley, Hampshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 49.58 mm
Thickness: 4.73 mm
Weight: 6.77 g
Description: 
A Bronze Age or Iron Age copper-alloy square-sectioned awl. Both tapering ends are blunt blunt.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Sword (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: North Walsham, North Norfolk, Norfolk ()
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 58 mm
Weight: 54.1 g
Description: Fragment of a Late Bronze Age sword, comprising parts of the upper hilt and hafting plate with a (broken) rivet hole on both sides. Two rivet-holes in the grip, that towards the missing terminal is broken. Ancient breaks. Weighs 54.10g. Extant length 58mm. Extant Width 26mm. 100-800 BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Palstave (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1500 to -1300)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Cann, North Dorset, Dorset ()
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 128.35 mm
Weight: 263 g
Description: An almost complete cast copper alloy palstave of Middle Bronze Age dating to the period c.1500-1300 BC. The palstave has a U-shaped pattern below the stop ridge, and raised flange facets. The blade of the palstave is sub-triangular in plan, with convex expanding sides and convex damaged cutting edge. In profile the blade is sub-triangular with the widest section being after the stop ridge.



The blade, from the cutting edge to the stop ridge, is 66.42mm in length and 22.86 thick, measured close to the stop ridge. The cutting edge is 41.60mm in width and 2.72mm thick.



Beneath the stop-ridge, on both sides of the palstave, is a concave depression, which is bordered by raised ridges. This is broadly sub-rectangular (U-shaped), with three parallel grooves going down to the septum to facilitate the process of hafting. One face of the palstave preserve, near the three grooves of the septum, a through hole linked with forging activities.



The rear part of the axe, from the stop ridge to the butt, is sub-rectangular in plan and sub-triangular in profile, with the widest part behind the stop ridge. The rear part is 67.63mm in length, 23.10 in width and 23.42mm maximum thick, 4.60mm minimum thick (measured at the foot). The palstave weights 263g.



The palstave is covered with a green patina.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Finger Ring (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1400 to -1150)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Tisbury, Wiltshire, Wiltshire (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Height: 16.64 mm
Diameter: 26.67 mm
Weight: 17.76 g
Description: A complete Bronze Age copper alloy coiled plain finger ring. The ring is made with one plain round copper alloy bar coiled on itself three times to make a ring. The surface of the ring is pitted green and olive green. The internal diameter of the ring is 19.11mm and the external diameter is 26.67mm. The maximum height of the ring is 16.64mm. The ring weighs 17.76 grams. Similar rings can be seen at SUSS-C5D042 which have been dated to the Middle Bronze Age (1500-1100BC) and more specifically, (1400-1150BC).
Subsequent action: Donated to a museum
Object: Awl (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Nether Wallop, Test Valley, Hampshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 54.1 mm
Weight: 5.01 g
Description: A copper-alloy awl, probably dating from the Late Bronze Age



The widest part of the awl is approximately one third of the way along its length; either side of this point, the piece tapers. The longer portion is of rectangular cross section, displays evidence of filing on its surfaces and tapers to a wedge-shaped terminal. The remaining third also has a broadly rectangular cross section, but in this portion the corners have been deliberately removed, probably by filing. The patinated surfaces are almost black in some areas, perhaps suggesting that a coating was applied in antiquity.



Length: 54.1 mm; maximum width: 4.7 mm. Weight: 5.01 g.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Hammer (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Salford Priors, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire (West Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 58.8 mm
Thickness: 4.5 mm
Weight: 83 g
Description: An incomplete copper alloy socketed hammer of Bronze Age date. The hammer is a sub-rectangular and hollow, narrowing to the socketed end. The mouth of the socket is broken and worn and the butt end is slightly curved. The surface of the hammer is undecorated and the corners are angular with no signs of bevelling. No visible casting flashes remain.



The metal has a mid-greenish-brown patina with pitting revealing a lighter green alloy. The hammer is 58.8mm long; 25mm x 15.3mm at the butt end; 19.6mm x 18.4mm at the socketed end; the walls are 4.5mm thick; the socket is 40.4mm deep. The object weighs. 83g.



Socketed hammers are a rare find, especially when compared to socketed axeheads, and there are currently only 37 recorded examples on the PAS database, 6 of which were found in Yorkshire. Similar hammers have been recorded as SF-40FAAD, FAKL-9C9543, LVPL-5A7954, SWYOR-D13642 and YORYM-ABCCE1. The latter record discusses the dating of socketed hammers stating that 'early examples tend to be plain with no collar, whereas later examples have collars and moulding'. SF-40FAAD also states that 'hammers were in use in Britain during the Taunton metalwork phase of the MBA, with slender hammers appearing in both the Taunton and Bishopsland hoards and a massive hammer in the Burgess's Meadow, Oxford hoard' (O'Connor 1980, vol.1, 61). However, they only became common in LBA hoards. As such Rowlands (1976, 45) states that 'it would be unwise to date stray finds to the MBA'."
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Penannular Ring (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -701)
Material: Copper alloy Gold
Found: Runhall, South Norfolk, Norfolk (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Diameter: 17.5 mm
Weight: 5.7 g
Description: Late Bronze Age penannular ring fragment, or 'ring money'. Sub-oval-section, slightly flattened on the upper and lower face, with a copper alloy core and outer banded gold sheath. The banding appears lighter with an almost silvery colour on the outer face and a darker, slightly blackened appearance on the inner face. Broken at both ends with possible traces of having been cut or chopped. The exposed copper alloy surface is fairly corroded, suggesting ancient breaks. See NMS-5D0C86 for a similar complete example.



Weight 5.7g. Width 8.5mm. Surviving diameter 17.5mm.
Notes: 
Rings of this type are thought to have been personal ornaments and despite their often used name, did not function as money.

Subsequent action: Donated to museum after being declared Treasure
Object: Razor (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1800 to -1000)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Eppleby, Richmondshire, North Yorkshire (Yorkshire and the Humber)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 38.7 mm
Thickness: 4.51 mm
Weight: 8.4 g
Description: A fragment of a copper alloy razor of Bronze Age date (1800-1000 BC). The object is composed of a rectangular baled, with bevelled edges and a sub-rectangular tang which is square in section. The tang is not integral but is composed of a bifurcated rectangular copper alloy bar which has been soldered to both sides of the blade. All edges of the blade are broken and the blade itself terminates in an old and abraded break at both ends.



The metal is a dark brown in colour with a smooth and uncorroded patina.



Length: 38.70mm, Width: 22.35mm, Thickness of Tang: 4.51mm, Thickness of Blade: 1.95mm, Weight: 8.4g.



Similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities Database: WILT-6172B1, SUR-D8D06E and CORN-8149A2
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Axe (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1500 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Bishops Waltham, Winchester, Hampshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 22.53 mm
Thickness: 3.44 mm
Weight: 1.49 g
Description: 
A fragment from the edge of a  blade of a Bronze Age copper alloy axe.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Axe (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1600 to -1250)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Irby, North East Lincolnshire, North East Lincolnshire (Yorkshire and the Humber)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Description: 
Fragment of an early to middle Bronze Age copper-alloy axehead. Only the blade-end survives. The edge is crescent-shaped, but has worn in a somewhat irregular fashion. The sides curve inwards from the blade-edge, flaring in section to a rectangle. The break across the body is irregular. The surface of the axe is dark green in patina and pitted in areas.

Notes: 
Identification done using images supplied by the finder.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Knife (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -701)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Morley, South Norfolk, Norfolk (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 45.7 mm
Thickness: 2.2 mm
Weight: 3.47 g
Description: Incomplete Bronze Age, probably Late Bronze Age, copper alloy double-edged knife in abraded condition with both ends missing (apparently ancient breaks), pockmarked surfaces and scuffed cutting edges. The cross-section is pointed oval apparently without a mid-rib. Similar to an example from Suffolk which the late Colin Pendleton considered "unusual in being exceptionally small and narrow", and suggested "may have been re-used from a larger blade" (SF-B852E7). Extant length 45.7mm, width 9.3mm, thickness 2.2mm, weight 3.47g. c.1000 - c.700 BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Knife (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-2800 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Leigh, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 31 mm
Thickness: 4 mm
Weight: 7.58 g
Description: 
Copper alloy Bronze Age blade fragment from a knife. This has a low oval cross-section with tapered blades on either side. The front and back ends are truncated making it possible that this is around the middle of the knife. This artefact dates to the middle to late Bronze Age.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Sword (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-950 to -850)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Polperro, Cornwall, Cornwall (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 76 mm
Thickness: 8.7 mm
Weight: 72.15 g
Description: Fragment of a cast copper alloy sword blade, rectangular in plan and lozenge-shaped in profile and in section, with a raised but flattened mid-rib that rises about 1 mm above the surface of the blade on both sides and averages about 10 mm in width. Both cutting edges are worn and incomplete and the perpendicular edges to these are broken so that the original length of the blade is unknown as well as the position of this fragment along it, though it is likely between the hilt and the middle of the sword as this is where the blade tapers before expanding at the mid point. The fragment may be a result of deliberate decomissioning of a sword into separate pieces before it was ritually destroyed, or it may have been broken up in order to melt it down and re-use the metal. The two broken edges look like they were subsequently trimmed in order to re-use the weapon as a tool such as a razor or scraper. The wider broken end has a semi-circular notch that is 5 mm in diameter and has been deliberately produced as part of a rivet hole and this would not be where the hilt was riveted to the handle so it must be for later hafting when the fragment was re-used. The smooth dark green patina survives on both faces of the blade but the abraded edges are actively corroding. There are also flakes and gashes that have been caused from post-depositional damage that are also corroding and are light green in colour.



The lozenge-shaped section of the blade with a raised central mid-rib suggests that this is probably part of a sword from the Ewart Park phase of the Late Bronze Age, c.950-850 BC.



Needham & Rohl (1998) illustrate two similar lozenge-shaped sections of Ewart Park swords on page 135, fig.37, nos.386-7.



Pearce (1983) illustrates a similar section from a Ewart Park sword found at Cranborne in Dorset, on page 665, plate 104, no.365.



Knight, Ormrod & Pearce (2015) illustrate similar fragments of swords, from St Erth in Cornwall and Holne in Devon, on pages 74 & 99, plates 1 & 26, nos.21a-d (CORN-F4C163) & 136 (DEV-A6FA73), which are dated from the Ewart Park phase and the Late Bronze Age, c.1000-800 BC.
Notes: Removed comparison to 2016 T20 (CORN-E8DF11) in an earlier version of this report as the object in question has since been reclassified - N. Wilkin, 5.4.17
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to IRON AGE (-800 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Breage, Cornwall, Cornwall (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 36 mm
Thickness: 14.5 mm
Weight: 62.1 g
Description: Fragment of a cast copper alloy socketed axe, with just the blade surviving, rectangular in plan and in section, and triangular in profile. The blade is narrow with straight sides with a slight taper towards the broken end so that the blade is slightly flanged, but one side is damaged and incomplete so that the actual edge is unclear. The cutting edge of the blade is rounded and blunt, though affected by corrosive pitting and later damage. The broken end of the blade, which is 39 mm wide and 14.5 mm thick, is just below the end of the socket which would have expanded within the axehead as the blade developed into the body and the collar at the opposite terminal. The socket, when complete, would have held the wooden haft or handle of the axe. The original surface has mostly corroded away, with patches of dark green patina, but much of the surface is covered in light green bronze disease. The narrow straight sides of the blade suggest that it is part of an Armorican socketed axe, also refered to as 'Breton axes', a type which are usually non-functional and may have been 'ingot-axes' at least in north west France. Outside north west France they are widespread but sparse. They date from the end of the Bronze Age, the Llyn Fawr phase, and into Hallstatt C (c.800-700 BC).



Pearce (1983) illustrates similar Amorican socketed axes from Newlyn, Carn Brea and Penquite, in Cornwall, on pages 421 & 424-5, plates 14 & 17, nos.115, 129c & 134.



Knight, Ormrod & Pearce (2015) illustrate similar socketed axes from Cornwall on pages 38 & 97, plate 24, nos.100-101.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spear (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1500 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Angmering, Arun, West Sussex ()
Discovery method: Metal detector
Diameter: 17.2 mm
Thickness: 0.6 mm
Weight: 0.83 g
Description: A fragment of a cast copper alloy spear probably dating to the Middle or Late Bronze Age (c. 1500-800 BC). The fragment consists of the tip of the spear blade, which is triangular in plan. The tip is slender with a pronounced middle rib which tapers to the edges in 'wings', creating a rounded lozenge-shaped cross section. The shaft opening is circular in shape on the underside and is completely filled with soil and other possible material, but seems to have been socketed. The metal is of a medium green colour, with substantial areas of darker green patina on all surfaces. The spear tip measures 39.5mm long, 14.5mm wide at the break and 6.7mm thick; it weighs 6.67 grams.



As only the tip of the spear remains, it is difficult to date this object more precisely than the Middle to Late Bronze Age period, c. 1500-800 BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Chisel (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-2500 to -300)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Salesbury, Ribble Valley, Lancashire (North West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 80 mm
Thickness: 9 mm
Weight: 23.51 g
Description: An incomplete cast copper-alloy Bronze Age copper alloy chisel probably a broken tang. The object is flat and rectangular in plan. The upper end has suffered an old break and is very worn. The fragment is ovoid in section towards the break and expands slightly in width at the centre. From this expansion, the lower section is triangular in section and tapers to a point which is rounded in plan. The sides of the lower section are slightly thicker than the flattened central area, possibly indicating that the edges had raised sides which are now worn to almost the same thickness as the rest of the fragment. It has a dark green patina and a smoothed surface.



Tanged chisels and awls have few diagnostic features and change little through time, making their dating and identification more difficult. The attention to detail with the decorative facets around the head, may be suggestive of a Bronze Age date. Bronze Age awls and narrow chisels are not common finds and their dating is further hampered by a lack of associated datable artefacts within hoards but tend to date to the Late Bronze Age, c. 1250-800BC, but maybe much later. Similar to SUR-435CC1 and ESS-159732.



The length is 80mm, the width is 9mm thickness 9mm and the weight 23.51g.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spear (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1500 to -1150)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Booton, Broadland, Norfolk (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 133.65 mm
Thickness: 11.76 mm
Weight: 38.8 g
Description: An incomplete copper alloy socketed spearhead of Middle Bronze Age date (1500-1150 BC). The blade is a pointed oval form with a distinct, raised central rib which runs down the length of both sides of the object to the base of the socket. The socket has a side loop, lozengiform in plan and almost flat in cross-section on each side. There are casting seams visible down the length of the shaft. Small sections of the edge of the socket are broken and missing, however a retained semi-circular portion on one side of the socket suggests a peg hole in the shaft. The socket has been distorted by post depositional processes and is twisted and missing a large portion below the side loops.



The metal is a dark greenish brown in colour with a slightly pitted patina.



Similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities Database: BERK-9565A5, BERK-4D4F74 and SWYOR-6DA833



Length: 133.65mm, Width: 23.31mm, Thickness: 11.76mm, Weight: 38.80g.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Blade (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1200 to -1000)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Overton, Basingstoke and Deane, Hampshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 33.9 mm
Thickness: 4.43 mm
Weight: 8.83 g
Description: Probably a reworked blade/weapon dating from the earlier Late Bronze Age, that is c. 1200-1000BC. Probably part of the later Penard or Wilburton metalwork assemblage. The fragment retains a wide lenticular midrib and the edges of two rivet holes and is slightly tapering in plan view. The blade remains sharp. Due to the midrib running all the way along the entire length of the blade it is likely that this is a reworked rapier or dirk blade, possibly made of a broken blade fragment. It can be classed as one of Burgess and Gerloff's (1981) Group IV: Damaged weapons with reworked butts, e.g. nos. 900-950 (Burgess and Gerloff 1981). These probably date slightly later than the original weapons, so a date in the later Middle Bronze Age or earlier Late Bronze Age seem feasible.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-900 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Aston, Cote, Shifford and Chimney, West Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 18.49 mm
Weight: 4.99 g
Description: 
A fragment from the collar of a late Bronze Age socketed axe.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Knife (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1500 to -1150)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Woodcote, South Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 117.37 mm
Thickness: 4.02 mm
Weight: 40 g
Description: 
A Middle Bronze Age copper alloy tanged knife with a spatulate terminal. The broken end has a rivet hole and a 'hipped' expansion. There are multiple post-depositional diagonal scratchings on one side and transverse sharpening scratches on the other. The knife surface is laminating.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder