dejp3/bronze-age-objects-pas huggingface dataset:
Object: Palstave (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1500 to -1200)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Spittal, Pembrokeshire, Pembrokeshire (Wales)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 74.6 mm
Thickness: 23.2 mm
Weight: 139.8 g
Description: Medial fragment from a Bronze Age copper alloy palstave.



The fragment has broken in antiquity and has a surviving length of 74.6mm and weighs 139.8g. The fragment encompasses the upper end of the blade, the stop and the majority of the septum. The septum has a surviving length of 45mm and is broken at an angle. It is possible that the position at the end of the septum is the butt of the palstave, although this can not be demonstrated. The septum is comparatively flat and has a thickness of 6-7mm. Both of the sides are straight for the length of the fragment. The flanges are eroded, but are unlikely to have arched any higher than the maximum thickness at the stop, which is 23.2mm. No loop or remnants are evident on the sides and the casting flashes are no longer visible. The stops are straight and right-angled to the flanges. One of the stops has a large aperture (12mm wide and 13mm deep) as a result of casting problems. The stop is raised above the level of the blade and slopes down to the blade. No decoration is evident on the blade, although one face suggests some hollowing below the stop. The blade side is rounded across its depth. None of the original surface survives on the palstave, which is heavily pitted and has a pale to mid-green patina.
Notes: Any identification of type is tentative because of the fragmentary and eroded nature of the axe. However, it seems likely that the palstave is unlooped and the arrangement of the flanges may indicate a palstave of 'Low-Flanged' type (Group III palstave), which can be ascribed to the Taunton-Cemmaes metalworking stage, corresponding to Needham's (1996) Period 5, c. 1500 - 1200BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spear (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  ( to )
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: , Harrogate, North Yorkshire (Yorkshire and the Humber)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Description: 
Six fragments of a copper alloy spear head dating to the Bronze Age.



Attachment end is hemispherical in section, central rib running along centre of spear, lentoidal in section and hollow at centre. Bevelled edges still sharp. Dark green patina with blue patches. Wings of spear head triangular in section, flare and then return to haft.

Notes: 
Description made from memory after being shown spear very quickly at metal detecting meeting.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Flat Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-2100 to -1500)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Long Marton, Eden, Cumbria (North West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 13 mm
Thickness: 0.9 mm
Description: Large, heavily corroded Early Bronze Age flat axehead. It is ver broad and has a gently curved blade. Due to corrosion, no signs of wear or re-sharpenings can be made out. The butt and sides are very corroded as well, but there are certainly no traces of flanges - thus making it one of the earliest cu-alloy flat axes from the Early Bronze Age.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Palstave (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-1400 to -1000)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Norton, Daventry, Northamptonshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 31 mm
Thickness: 8.8 mm
Weight: 40.2 g
Description: A butt fragment from a middle Bronze Age palstave axe. The fragment is triangular in section. A ridge to either side of the edge on both faces of the artefact begins to form shortly before the break. This is the beginning of the pocket into which the split end of the haft could be fitted. The remains of the axehead are 31 mm long and 27 mm wide. It is 8.8 mm thick at the widest end and 4.8 thick at the thinnest. The palstave axe was introduced in Britain shortly after its development in Europe in the mid 2nd millennium BC. They were in use in Britain until around 1000 BC. Complete examples are illustrated in Langmaid (1976, 45; 13).
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-950 to -750)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Llanover, Monmouthshire, Monmouthshire (Wales)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 43.8 mm
Thickness: 21.3 mm
Weight: 86 g
Description: Blade fragment from a Late Bronze age copper alloy socketed axe, probably of Ewart Park metalworking, corresponding to Needham's (1996) Period 6, c. 950-750BC.



The axe has a surviving height of 43.8mm and has a width at the break of 40.6mm. The body has rounded sides, producing an oval body profile. The sides are straight and divergent towards an expanded blade. The casting seams are no longer evident on the sides. The blade tips have been lost and the blade has a surviving length of 47.5mm. The blade edge has been lost, but the blade has an uneven curvature suggesting greater use-wear on one area of the blade (with the shorter side). Axes tend to have greater blade wear on the looped side. No ribs are discernible on the surviving faces. The socket has a maximum surviving depth of 24.6mm. The axe has a maximum thickness at the break of 21.3mm and weighs 86.0g.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Flanged Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-2150 to -1500)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Great Oxendon, Daventry, Northamptonshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 76 mm
Thickness: 11 mm
Weight: 77 g
Description: Early Bronze Age copper alloy flanged axe, 76mm long and 38mm wide. The axe is in a fair condition, having patches of surface intact but also suffering from Bronze disease, and weighs 77grams. The object is symmetrical from each side and consists of a rounded blade, 36mm wide. From here the shaft tapers inwards until it is 23mm wide. From this point the axe is rectangular in form and tapers outwards in thickness from 7mm to 11mm wide. 30mm from its other edge it begins to taper inwards until it is 4mm thick at its tip. The rectangular shaped portion of the axe has raised flanges on each side, with one side more prounounced.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Vessel (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to MEDIEVAL (-1150 to 1500)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Sisland, South Norfolk, Norfolk (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 38 mm
Thickness: 3 mm
Weight: 7.78 g
Description: Rim fragment of cu-alloy sheet vessel, possibly a bowl. The date is difficult to determine because riveted bronze sheet vessels have been known since the Late Bronze Age and Norfolk is rich in Bronze Age metalwork. However, the vessel could also date from the IA, Roman or Medieval Ages. The rim of the vessel was made from two layers of bronze sheet, held together by rivets, two of which are still in place. The double layer of sheet metal around the rim probably served as enforcement. A parallel for this piece comes from the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age settlement of Potterne, Wilts. (Lawson, A. 2000)
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Breamore, New Forest, Hampshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 94.93 mm
Weight: 35.05 g
Description: A very worn fragment of a small Late Bronze Age socketed axe. Only a small section of the blade end survives.  The sides and blade are straight, and the corners are rounded. 
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Dagger (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1500 to -1300)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Austwick, Craven, North Yorkshire (Yorkshire and the Humber)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 119 mm
Thickness: 2 mm
Description: Four joining fragments of a Bronze Age dagger, probably of Type Keelogue. The dagger is undecorated and although the upper part with the rivet holes is broken off, it seems that the (organic) hilt was only attached with two large rivet, both of which are also missing. The blade of the dagger is undecorated, but has one central rib. Daggers of Type Keelogue are part of the Acton Park metalwork industry of the British Isles, dating to the Middle Bronze Age approximately 1500-1300BC and were in use in Ireland, lowland and western Scotland and northern England (Burgess and Gerloff 1981, plates 19-23; 119 The dirks and rapiers of Great Britain and Ireland. Praehistorische Bronzefunde, Abteilung IV, Band 7. Muenchen.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-950 to -750)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Gelligaer, Caerphilly, Caerphilly (Wales)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 58 mm
Thickness: 17.4 mm
Weight: 111.2 g
Description: Incomplete Late Bronze Age copper socketed axe, dating from between 1150-700BC.



The axe is represented by the blade fragment and has a maximum surviving length of 58.0mm and weighs 111.2g. The axe has broken near the bottom of the socket, with a surviving socket depth of between 9.3 and 23.8mm. At the break the axe has a width of 39.7mm and a thickness of 17.4mm. The blade has a surviving width of 41.4mm, although blade tips may have been lost. The sides are straight and a little rounded across their width (possibly exaggerated by surface erosion). The position of the casting seams are discernible on the sides and would have been prominent on the original surface. The faces of the axe are slightly rounded and no evidence of ribs survives. The blade is also rounded. The axe has poor surface preservation and currently has a pale green colour.
Notes: The straight sides and rectangular profile of the axe may suggest the axe is of South Wales (or Stoggursey) Type, belonging to the Ewart Park metalworking tradition and would suggest a date for the axe of 950 - 750BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  ( to )
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Shudy Camps, South Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 57 mm
Description: An incomplete copper alloy socketed axehead dating to the Late Bronze Age. The axe is wedge shaped with an expanded blade. The axe has a dark green to brown patina and is corroded in places. It measures 57mm in length. The socket has a width of 28mm, the blade 40mm.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Chisel (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1150 to -750)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Coedkernew, Newport, Newport (Wales)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 85.5 mm
Thickness: 8.8 mm
Weight: 23.1 g
Description: Late Bronze Age copper alloy tanged and collared chisel, c. 1150 - 700 BC.



The chisel is complete except for the missing blade edge and has an overall length of 85.5mm and weighs 23.1g. The tang (48mm length) is of square section, which diverges towards the prominent shoulder moulding or 'collar'. At the collar the chisel has a width of 12.3mm, thickness of 8.8mm. The collar moulding has a length of 6mm, converges towards the blade and appears to be slightly concave along its length. The sides of the blade are concave producing an expanded blade edge with a surviving width of 28.2mm. The chisel has a mid-brown patina with some surface survival. Some surface striations are evident on one face and running at an angle across the blade, it is unclear whether the striations are the result of sharpening.
Notes: Tanged and collared chisels typically date from the Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age (Llyn Fawr period). An example dating to the Wilburton/Wallington phase is known from Doncaster, Yorkshire (Burgess 1968, 19, fig 7,2; Burgess, Coombs and Davies, 1972, 217), though the main currency is during the Ewart Park phase (c.900-700 BC) into the subsequent Llyn Fawr period (c.700-600 BC).



Tanged and collared chisels have a broad distribution across northern France, Britain and Ireland (see Coffyn et al. 1981, 202-203, Carte 7), though there are relatively few examples from western England and Wales. A very similar example with a thick collar and triangular blade can be seen in the large Ewart Park phase Nottingham Hill hoard, Gloucestershire (Gingell 1974, 308, fig 4,22), as well as a single find from Leigh Woods, Bristol (MacGregor 1987, 109, 11.65). Another example was found at Brogyntyn, Shropshire (Savory 1980, No 288.3) associated with a socketed gouge and a fragmentary Hallstatt 'C' sword.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Unidentified Object (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to MEDIEVAL (-2000 to 1499)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Wellingore, North Kesteven, Lincolnshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 35 mm
Thickness: 10 mm
Weight: 42.1 g
Description: Approximately half on an unidentified object.  The object is plano-convex, solid and an oval shape in plan.  There is an hour-glass shaped hole through the centre of the object where it is currently broken.  The convex surface is covered in tight rows of linear marks which could be the result of filing, or perhaps the mirror image of the mould it was cast in.  The object looks like a miniature verson of a polished stone prehistoric macehead.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  ( to )
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Meldreth, South Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 26 mm
Description: A fragment of the blade of a copper alloy socketed axehead dating to the Late Bronze Age. The axe is wedge shaped with a much expanded blade. The surface of the axe has a dark green to black patina and is very corroded and pitted. It measures 26mm in length. The socket has a width of 27mm, the blade 40mm.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Casting Waste (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to POST MEDIEVAL (-2150 to 1800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Town Centre, Preston, Lancashire (North West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 46 mm
Thickness: 4 mm
Weight: 20.21 g
Description: Copper alloy casting residue.  Ripple marks on the obverse suggest that it is casting waste.
Probably Post-Medieval but could be earlier.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1400 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Wellingore, North Kesteven, Lincolnshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 51 mm
Thickness: 10 mm
Weight: 33.58 g
Description: 
Fragment of a socketed axe. The axe has a flared blade amd a hollow, rectangular sectioned body. The surface has an extensive dark brown patina. The breaks are all old and patinated.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Hammer (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1500 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: , Basingstoke and Deane, Hampshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 71.1 mm
Thickness: 4.6 mm
Weight: 118 g
Description: Complete bronze socketed hammer, with rectangular faces. It is worn to form a rounded edge on one side and this surface is heavily worn and missing most of its original surface.  The body of the hammer which is 19.1mm long, 15.4-19.5mm wide, is rectangular in section, widening gradually towards the socket end. At the mouth, the hammer expands more sharply widening to form a square socket with a width of 24.4mm). There is a single undecorated mouth moulding. The surface of the body of the hammer is quite corroded and although it retains much of its patina there are small patches of pale green corrosive products. The hammer weighs 118g.
Notes: Socketed hammers date from the Middle to Late Bronze Age and are very rare finds.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  ( to )
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Willingham, South Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 21 mm
Description: A fragment of a copper alloy socketed axehead dating to the Bronze Age. The fragment is wedge shaped with a curved blade. The hollow socket is visible. The axe is very corroded with a dark green to grey patina and its original surface is only visible in places. The fragment measures 21mm in length and 38mm in width.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Horne, Tandridge, Surrey (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 30 mm
Weight: 36.9 g
Description: The tip of a socketed axe of Late Bronze Age date.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Palstave (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-1500 to -1201)
Found: Easton, Wiltshire, Wiltshire (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 23 mm
Thickness: 10.5 mm
Weight: 14.96 g
Description: Fragment of Middle Bronze Age palstave axehead, consisting of the tip of the butt end. It is a narrow 17mm in width at the very end, which is also damaged. Its maximum thickness is 10.5mm.
It widens over 23mm to 20.5mm wide at the ancient break. There are casting flashes worn down but not completely at the sides, sloping on both sides off centre towards the same side. Oval indentations on both sides below the butt accentuate the wings, just beginning.
The patina is very dark green/ black and shiny. The fragment weighs 14.96g.
The narrowness of the butt end suggest this is more a Middle Bronze Age palstave than the more square types which overlap into the beginning of the Late Bronze Age.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Sword (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Branston and Mere, North Kesteven, Lincolnshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 55 mm
Description: Fragment of a Bronze Age blade, probably from near the tip end of a sword.  The blade fragment is 55mm in length, 11mm in width, and is lozenge shaped in cross-section.  All surfaces including the breaks are heavily covered with a mid-brown patination.  The blade fragment tapers in plan and is slightly bowed in profile.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Axe (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-2100 to -1150)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Hoby with Rotherby, Melton, Leicestershire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 37 mm
Thickness: 11 mm
Weight: 51.99 g
Description: Bronze age copper alloy axe fragment, possibly a flanged axe, 37mm long, 27mm wide and 11mm thick. The object is in good condition with a dark green/brown patina and weighs 51.99 grams. It tapers slightly in thickness and each side has slight traces of the start of a lipped edge. The original surface is very fine and in good condition and the breaks appear to be old.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Axe (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-1500 to -800)
Found: Bayston Hill, Shropshire, Shropshire (West Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 59.2 mm
Thickness: 7.7 mm
Weight: 21.6 g
Description: A fragment of cast bronze axe. The fragment consists of the cutting edge and a small portion of the lower blade of a Mid - Late Bronze Age axe or palstave (1500 - 800 BC). The fragment is D or crescent shaped in plan with a curved convex cutting edge. In section the axe fragment is sub-triangular. The convex cutting edge of the axe fragment, although pitted through corrosion and slightly abraded by the soil, is worn and shows areas of possible sharpening. There is little evidence for the sides tapering inwards above the cutting edge. This is due to a large lateral break which has removed this part of the blade from the rest of the axe-head. This break seems to have occurred relatively recently as the edges are fresh, jagged and show no evidence of abrasion. The area of the break is heavily pitted with small hollows which may have weakened the structure of the blade at this point. The fragment of axe is a dark mid-green brown colour with an even but corroded patina. There are a number of patches of light green powdery (active) corrosion and areas of corrosive pitting present. The area around the break is a mid orange colour; this may be due to the burial conditions or the presence of iron objects in the plough soil. The fragment measures 59.2mm width, 18.7mm length, and is 7.7mm thick. It weighs 21.6 grams. It is very difficult with such a small fragment of metalwork to tell which type of axe it is from; it is most likely to be from either a palstave of Middle Bronze Age (1500-1150 BC) date or a socketed axe of the Late Bronze Age (1150–800BC).
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Casting Waste (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to MODERN (-2150 to -1900)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Sisland, South Norfolk, Norfolk (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 61 mm
Thickness: 18 mm
Weight: 155.37 g
Description: 
Copper alloy casting waste suffering from bronze disease. Waste product from manufacturing process.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Casting Waste (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to MODERN (-2150 to -1900)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Sisland, South Norfolk, Norfolk (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 22 mm
Thickness: 9 mm
Weight: 13.48 g
Description: 
Copper alloy casting waste. Irregularly shaped. This is a waste product of a manufacturing process although date cannot be determined. Covered in green patina and shows evidence of iron content due to red-orange rust.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-1150 to -800)
Found: Pitton and Farley, Wiltshire, Wiltshire (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 25.4 mm
Thickness: 4.23 mm
Weight: 11.29 g
Description: Mouth fragment of Late Bronze Age axehead with rib decoration (at least three). It measures 25.40 x 26.23 x 4.23mm and weighs 11.29g.
The fragment is curving in profile and comprises part of the face and part of the side of a round-mouthed socketed axehead. The surface is rather silvery in appearance suggesting an inclusion of tin in the bronze. At the side the lip is no more than a wide rib, but above the face it projects 5.4mm. The break runs across the ribs so it is impossible to tell whether they ended in pellets. The break is rather jagged in places and ancient.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Palstave (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1400 to -1275)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Llantwit Major, the Vale of Glamorgan, the Vale of Glamorgan (Wales)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 124.85 mm
Weight: 273.7 g
Description: Middle Bronze Age copper alloy looped palstave probably dating to c. 1400-1275 BC.



The palstave is complete and has an overall length of 124.85mm. The butt is straight, with a width of 19.76mm and is comparatively thick with a thickness of 5.6mm. The sides are straight and parallel as far as the blade and have a width of 22.7mm. Casting seams are evident on both sides and have been finished. The loop is intact and is a little irregular with a length of 22.32mm (4.72mm internal), a height of 8.30mm and a thickness of 7.49mm. The flanges begin from the septum, before the butt and reach their maximum height (25.94mm) a little before the stop. The septum is concave and has a maximum length of 49mm. The stops are undercut and are straight with rounded corners. The stops have an internal width of 16.3mm (22mm width at the stop) and are 11.7mm high. The stops are raised (5-6mm) above the level of the blade. The blade sides are gradually divergent to the position of the blade facet, where they out-turn to produce a moderately expanded blade with a surviving width of 54.57mm (damage to blade tips). The blade facets begin 11mm from the curving blade edge. The blade is decorated with a high and prominent mid-rib, flanked on each side by a weaker and shorter curving rib. The palstave weighs 273.7g. The surface of the palstave is generally poorly preserved and has been lost on one face. Where the surface survives, the bronze has a black patina, elsewhere the bronze is pale green.
Notes: The palstave is a Low-flanged (broad-blade), Group III palstave, probably a variant of either Type Sleaford or Type Carleton, with flanges which begin from the septum and curve to their highest point before the stop. The blade sides are curved to an expanded blade, with uncertain blade tip treatment. The decoration on the face is unusual where the mid-rib is flanked by weaker curving ribs, which may be considered to be a variant of the flange extensions, common on Type Sleaford. 'Low Flanged' palstaves belong to Taunton metalworking stage (1400-1275 cal. BC; Needham et al. 1997), corresponding to Cemmaes metalworking in Wales. Taunton metalwork falls within Needham's (1996) Period 5, dated to 1,500 - 1,150BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Flat Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1950 to -1700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Nelson, Caerphilly, Caerphilly (Wales)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 66.13 mm
Thickness: 11.01 mm
Weight: 98.9 g
Description: Incomplete Early Bronze Age bronze developed flat axe (or flanged axe), probably of Class 4E (following Needham forthcoming), corresponding with Schmidt and Burgess' (1981) type Bandon and with Type Derryniggin (Harbison 1969) in Ireland. Axes of these types date towards the end of the Early Bronze Age: Needham's (1996) Period 3 c.1950 - 1700 BC/Needham et al.'s (1997) Willerby phase.



The axehead is eroded with very little of the original surface surviving, making it difficult to determine whether the axe is broken or complete. The axe is now comparatively small with an overall surviving length of 66.13mm. The butt is likely to be damaged with a thickness of 7.5mm. The axe has a width of 18.66mm at the butt, which is concave. The sides are convex across their thickness with a maximum thickness (on the blade) of 11.01mm. The sides are fairly straight and slightly divergent before the blade facet, after which they expand sharply to produce a moderately expanded and curved blade edge with a width of 44.45mm. The axe thickens to a point approximately 16mm from the butt, where there is the suggestion of a poorly preserved median bevel, if correct, then this would suggest the axe has lost the butt end. The axe has a width of 19.92mm at the proposed median bevel. The face edges are now eroded but were raised. The blade facet is evident, approximately 20mm from the blade edge. The axe has poor surface preservation and is heavily pitted with a mid green to pale brown patina. The axe currently weighs 98.9g.
Notes: The axe can be paralleled with a number of similar axes. Within the National Museum of Wales' collections similar examples have been found at Margam, Port Talbot (Savory 1980, No. 122) and Breach Farm, Vale of Glamorgan (Savory 1980, No. 338) associated with a cremation burial recently radiocarbon dated to c.1750-1600 BC.



Class 4E axes are widely distributed across Britain. In Wales, approximately 13 certain or probable Class 4E axes are currently known. Several are decorated (e.g. Llanbradig, Isle of Anglesey NMGW-6152E8), but the majority are undecorated. Comparable examples have been found at Llandow, Vale of Glamorgan, (NMGW-FDBB88) and Caerwys, Flintshire (Green 1985, 275, Fig.1).
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Axe (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-1950 to -1750)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Horley, Reigate and Banstead, Surrey (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 58.5 mm
Thickness: 8.5 mm
Weight: 62 g
Description: 
A flat axe dating to the Early Bronze Age. The axe has a stop bevel and a narrow blade as well as slight traces of side flanges. The butt end is missing. The condition is poor with a rough surface.



Notes: The axe dates to the Willerby stage of the Early Bronze Age and is contemporary with Wessex 1 graves. It is a significant find, particularly from a Wealden context.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Dagger (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-2150 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Brigg, North Lincolnshire, North Lincolnshire (Yorkshire and the Humber)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 33.4 mm
Thickness: 2.9 mm
Weight: 6.14 g
Description: A fragment from a Bronze age dagger or rapier. The tip is tongue shaped and lozenge-shaped in cross-section. Both faces of the tip have a slight rib running down the centre. The tip is worn around the edges and has a brown patina over a light green surface. The length of the fragment is 33.4mm, the maximum width is 16.8mm, the thickness is 2.9mm and the weight is 6.14g.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-2500 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Roxby cum Risby, North Lincolnshire, North Lincolnshire (Yorkshire and the Humber)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 33.6 mm
Weight: 8.19 g
Description: Possibly a fragment from Bronze Age socketed axehead. The body fragment is slightly convex in cross-section and worn along the edges. There are two surviving mouldings; one is thicker than the other. The length is 33.6mm, the width is 19.7mm and the weight is 8.19g.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Blade (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-1500 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Standish, Stroud, Gloucestershire (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 39 mm
Thickness: 4 mm
Weight: 13.3 g
Description: Cast copper alloy blade fragment, length 39mm, width 33mm, thickness 4mm, weight 13.3g.  this fragment has a lozenge shaped cross section, with the middle gradually narrowing towards a blade on either side.  The artefact gently narrows the forward end.  The surface has a dark green colour and is heavily pitted from corrosion.  The forward and reverse end are truncated, these are breaks old and worn.  This maybe from the tip of a rapier, or more likely the tip of a dagger.  Date is Middle to Late Bronze Age 1500-800BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-950 to -750)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Welshpool, Powys, Powys (Wales)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 66 mm
Weight: 69.6 g
Description: Late Bronze Age socketed axe, probably dated to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, c. 950 - 750BC.



The axe is incomplete and is missing the mouth and much of one face. The axe may be judged a small example with a maximum surviving length of 66.00mm and has a width of 32.05mm beneath the loop. The socket has a maximum surviving depth of 50.76mm and has the suggestion of an internal rib on the looped side, ending 23.8mm from the base of the socket. The axe has broken across the loop, which is comparatively substantial with a width of 9.21mm. The sides are slightly concave and the casting seams are evident on both sides, which appear neatly finished. At the blade, the sides out-turn gently to produce a moderately expanded and curved blade edge with a surviving width of 40.45mm. The axe has a sub-rectangular body profile. No decoration is now evident on the face. The incomplete axe weighs 69.6g and has poor surface preservation, with only very small islands of the original surface surviving with a dark green patina.
Notes: Although few diagnostic features survive, the axe may be confidently ascribed to the Ewart Park metalworking phase of the Late Bronze Age, corresponding to Needham's (1996) Period 7, dated to c. 950 - 750BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Sword (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-850 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Walcot Near Folkingham, North Kesteven, Lincolnshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 60 mm
Description: Fragment of a late Bronze Age Ewart Park type sword hilt.  The hilt plate is roughly rectangular and is narrowed before the worn and damaged fantail-like terminal.  At the other end it survives up to the third rivet aperture.  The break runs through the aperture and all surfaces of the break are well patinated and worn.  There are two longitudinal channels running along either face, giving the object an undulating cross-section.  The bronze is well worn and now a dusty green colour with extensive patches of brown patina.  This brown patina almost covers one side whereas on the other side it only covers approximately 50%.

Similar finds from Lincolnshire come from Tattershall, Lincoln and Billinghay (Davey, 1973, fig 43).
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spear (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1200 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Crondall, Hart, Hampshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 30 mm
Weight: 11 g
Description: 
The tip of a Bronze Age spearhead of uncertain original form.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Compton Abbas, North Dorset, Dorset (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 59.23 mm
Thickness: 14.75 mm
Weight: 89.96 g
Description: A blade fragment of a cast copper-alloy socketed axehead of late Bronze Age date. The expanded cutting edge is 59.23mm in width from blade tip to blade tip and the blade edge is corrosion chipped. The fragment is 32.63mm in length and at its widest point it measures 14.75mm thick and it weighs 89.96g. The beginnings of the hollow socket are just visible at the break.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Awl (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE ( to )
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Luckington, Wiltshire, Wiltshire (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 61.6 mm
Diameter: 5.63 mm
Description: Copper alloy awl of uncertain date The awl has a length of 61.60mm and is composed of a tang and point. The tang (28.2mm long) is of square to rectangular section and tapers to a point. The point (33.4mm long) is of circular section (5.63mm maximum diameter) with straight sides converging to the point. There is no collar or flange between the tang and point. The awl has generally good surface preservation with a dark brown patina. Abrasion marks are discernible at the top of the point.
Notes: The awl is not diagnostic, but copper alloy awls have been recorded from the Late Bronze Age (Butler 1988), with several examples known with a square-section tang and round-section point (e.g. Otterhampton, Somerset - SOMDOR-E51C44; and Tarrant Rawston, Dorset - DOR-6DF7F6).



Examples of similar form, made of iron have been found in Iron Age (Museum of London Accession Number LBL5.3b) and Roman period contexts (see Manning 1985 pp39-41). Medieval period awls often have a collar between the blade and tang (Ottaway & Rogers, 2002, pp 2728-30). The deep patina on this example suggests the awl is of some age.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Unidentified Object (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to UNKNOWN (-2500 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Mottisfont, Test Valley, Hampshire (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 49.6 mm
Thickness: 7.3 mm
Weight: 48.13 g
Description: Unidentified copper alloy/ bronze object, oval in shape with a crescentic cut at one end. It measures 49.6x40x7.3mm and weighs 48.13g. The surfaces are bumpy and all original patina has been lost. The metal is a rich orangey brown in colour, not dissimilar to the colour of some Bronze Age metal work. Where this brown has been worn away the metal beneath is bluey green. The crescentic cut seems intentional and appears to have a smooth, worn edge.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Knife (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-1150 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: , , Dorset (South West)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 141.15 mm
Thickness: 3.9 mm
Weight: 49.87 g
Description: A cast copper alloy tanged knife of late Bronze Age date. The knife measures 141.15mm in length, 21.87mm in maximum width and 3.9mm in maximum depth. It weighs 49.87g. It has a rounded tip and widens only slightly along the length of the blade. It then narrows to the damaged tang, which is 16.18mm wide at this point and narrows to 14.22mm. The length of the tang is about 22.5mm. The object's mid olive green patina is patchy and much of the surface has flaked off. Similar knives have been found at Maesbury Camp, near Wells in Somerset and at Bilbury Rings in Wiltshire. The Maesbury Camp example is slightly wider and longer (Pearce 1983, volume ii, pp. 511 and 634, plate 73, no. 644) and the Bilbury Rings example is shorter at 115mm (Moore and Rowlands 1972, p. 66, plate XVI, no. 89).
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1000 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Great Eversden, South Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 28 mm
Thickness: 14 mm
Description: An incomplete copper alloy socketed axe head dating to the late Bronze Age. The fragment comprises the lower blade and cutting edge. It is semicircular in plan and wedge-shaped in profile. The cutting edge is expanded. Nothing of the original cutting edge or blade tips remain due to wear and corrosion damage. There is an oblong aperture at the top of the fragment, which represents the very end of the socket. The surface of the axe is damaged, but it survives mostly intact with a dark brown patina with patches of green. The fragment is 28mm long, 46mm wide from tip to tip, 30mm wide at the socketed end and 14mm thick.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Flat Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-2000 to -1600)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Brailes, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire (West Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 68.19 mm
Thickness: 6.03 mm
Weight: 47.6 g
Description: The axe is made from cast copper. The nature of the corrosion, with blue patches and analysis of past flat axes suggest the material is more likely to be copper rather than copper alloy. The axe is complete, but the surface has been heavily abraded, therefore only traces of a heavy green/brown patina. 

In plan the axe is a sub elongated triangle. The butt is rounded, and in profile gradually tapers to a rounded edge. The sides are straight with no flaring outwards of the blade tip. The blade cutting edge appears to have been sharpened, suggesting the axe was functional rather than votive. In profile the blade forms a ‘>’. The cutting edge is symmetrical. 

The axe measures 68.19mm long from the butt to the apex of the cutting edge. It is 32.61mm wide from blade tip to blade it, and is 6.03mm thick at its thickest point on the body. It weighs 47.6g.

The axe is a flat axe, which dates to the early Bronze Age, c. 2000 to 1600 BC. Watson (1993 Catalogue of British and European Prehistoric Metalwork in Birmingham City Museums BAR British Series 233) illustrates similar flat axes, Nos. 115 and 116, but these have slightly flared blade tips.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spear (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-1200 to -1050)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: , Wellingborough, Northamptonshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Gardening
Length: 201 mm
Thickness: 22.5 mm
Weight: 186 g
Description: A copper-alloy cast spearhead from the transition of the middle to late Bronze Age. The spear head is a native type, of basal-looped design of the Penard industry. It measures 201 mm in length. The blade is triangular in shape, tapering from 41.6 mm to 11.1 mm at the end of the blade which is missing its tip. The blade emerges from the socket at 81.7 from the base of the socket. At each side of the blade is a loop at the point where blade and socket meet. The beginning of the blade juts out at right angles from these loops.  The socket is 22.5 mm in diameter at its opening and is hollow for 132.5 mm down the shaft, well into the blade of the spearhead. The bulb of the socket continues right down to the tip of the blade, making the blade look like a circle with wings in section. It tapers to 3.7 mm at the broken tip of the blade. On the blade, either side of the socket bulb is a slight depression running to the tip of the blade. This is apparent on both sides of the blade. 

The Penard phase occurred at the very beginning of the Late Bronze Age, owing some of its stylistic features to Middle Bronze Age technologies. This spearhead is likely to date from circa 1200 to 1050 BC. Similar examples are illustrated in Langmaid (1976, 52; 18a/b).    

This spearhead is in reasonably good condition. It is missing its tip and is a little ragged along the edges of the blade. It also suffers from mild bronze corrosion, but otherwise it has a rich dark green patina. There is an element of scratching on the surface, particularly one side of the socket. As these scratches reveal a different patina to the rest of the artefact it would appear that they are quite recent, and not a result of ancient wear.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Unidentified Object (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to ROMAN (-1500 to -800)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: North Thoresby, East Lindsey, Lincolnshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 34 mm
Thickness: 3 mm
Description: Fragment of a flat piece of copper alloy, with one short end upturned.  All edges are broken and the surface of the object is very corroded and worn.  Both sides have fair amounts of light-brown coloured patina.  Similar patinas are often seen on Bronze Age metalwork, to which period this item may belong.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Chisel (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-1500 to -1300)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Berkhamsted, Dacorum, Hertfordshire (Eastern)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 65.29 mm
Thickness: 7.32 mm
Description: This is a possible chisel or awl. It is made from cast copper. The tool has a rectangular section. Three quarters of the length of the tool gradually tapers towards the terminal. This terminal is thought to be the blade. In profile it has a ‘>’ shape which Phil Watson (Principle Curator, Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery) suggests it may have been used as a chisel rather than an awl. The last quarter of the tool quickly tapers to a blunt point. The corners are rounded compared to the sharp corners on the rest of the tool. This final quarter also has a different corrosion pattern to the majority of the surface. The majority of the surface has traces of a dark green patina, otherwise it is a matte mottled brown/green colour. The final quarters’ surface is a light powdery green with patches of orange stains. This is probably the tang for the handle, and the thickening approximately a quarter from the handle terminal is probably where the handle was wedged in place.

The chisel measures 65.29mm long, 9.23mm wide and 7.32mm thick. It weighs 22.61g.

The chisel is possibly Bronze Age, if it is, the dating may be narrowed to the early Middle Bronze Age, c. 1500 to 1300 BC.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Spear (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1300 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: , Guildford, Surrey (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 43 mm
Thickness: 9 mm
Weight: 16.03 g
Description: The tip of a spearhead with a pronounced central ridge.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Sword (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1300 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: , Guildford, Surrey (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 25 mm
Thickness: 4.5 mm
Weight: 10.76 g
Description: A blade fragment. The fragment is bent and has striations on one side.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Palstave (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1300 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: , Guildford, Surrey (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 26 mm
Thickness: 12.5 mm
Weight: 22.83 g
Description: A fragment of the butt end of a palstave axe.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Socketed Axehead (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1300 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: , Guildford, Surrey (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 21 mm
Thickness: 5 mm
Weight: 10.78 g
Description: A fragment of the rim of the socket from a socketed axe. The top of the rim is flat below which there is a slight encircling groove.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Unidentified Object (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to BRONZE AGE (-1300 to -700)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: , Guildford, Surrey (South East)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 27.5 mm
Thickness: 5 mm
Weight: 1.76 g
Description: 
A fragment of thin copper alloy sheet with ragged edges.

Notes: 
Despite this object's similarity in shape to an arrowhead it is thought that this is coincidental as the object appears not to have been deliberately shaped. Its proximity to other objects of Bronze Age date suggests a probable date.

Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Unidentified Object (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to MEDIEVAL (-2000 to 1499)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: North Thoresby, East Lindsey, Lincolnshire (East Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 40 mm
Thickness: 4 mm
Description: Fragment of copper alloy.  The fragment is a sheet of copper alloy with one slightly upturned end.  There are signs of damage around this area suggesting that it was not an original feature of the object.  All edges are broken.  The object has a mid-brown patina as sometimes seen on Bronze Age metalwork.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder
Object: Chisel (Bronze Age)
Period: Bronze Age to  (-1500 to -1150)
Material: Copper alloy 
Found: Brailes, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire (West Midlands)
Discovery method: Metal detector
Length: 103.2 mm
Diameter: 17.66 mm
Weight: 24.1 g
Description: The object is either a chisel or an awl, made of cast copper alloy. The chisel has a blade which is square in section and tapers in thickness and slightly in width to a rounded blunt point. This terminal is abraded and probably does not represent the original edge. The blade is slightly bent at the mid point, which is not intentional, but it is not certain when this occurred. At the widest part of the blade there is an integral stop ridge. This ridge is sub-circular in plan and is perpendicular to the blade and tang. The blade protrudes from the centre of one face of the stop ridge, and the tang protrudes from the centre of the other face. The tang is square in section at the junction of the stop ridge, but tapers in thickness, and more slightly in width, similar to the blade, towards a blunt rounded point. There surface is slightly abraded and pitted, but has traces of a heavy green/brown patina. The chisel measures 103.2mm long and the stop ridge is 17.66mm diameter. It weighs 24.1g.

After consideration Phil Watson (Principle Curator, Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery) and Peter Reavill (Herefordshire/Shropshire Finds Liaison Officer) feel the chisel or awl is probably dated to the middle Bronze Age, -1500 to -1150.
Subsequent action: Returned to finder