deep-div/medical_qa_mediqa huggingface dataset:
Question: what are the causes of pulmonary hypertension

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Pulmonary Hypertension (Causes): Pulmonary hypertension (PH) begins with inflammation and changes in the cells that line your pulmonary arteries. Other factors also can affect the pulmonary arteries and cause PH. For example, the condition may develop if: The walls of the arteries tighten. The walls of the arteries are stiff at birth or become stiff from an overgrowth of cells. Blood clots form in the arteries. These changes make it hard for your heart to push blood through your pulmonary arteries and into your lungs. Thus, the pressure in the arteries rises, causing PH. Many factors can contribute to the process that leads to the different types of PH. Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) may have no known cause, or the condition may be inherited. ("Inherited" means the condition is passed from parents to children through genes.) Some diseases and conditions also can cause group 1 PAH. Examples include HIV infection, congenital heart disease, and sickle cell disease. Also, the use of street drugs (such as cocaine) and certain diet medicines can lead to PAH. Many diseases and conditions can cause groups 2 through 5 PH (often called secondary PH), including: Mitral valve disease Lung diseases, such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Sleep apnea Sarcoidosis For more information about the types of PH and the diseases, conditions, and factors that can cause them, go to "Types of Pulmonary Hypertension."

Answer: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) begins with inflammation and changes in the cells that line your pulmonary arteries. Other factors also can affect the pulmonary arteries and cause PH. For example, the condition may develop if: The walls of the arteries tighten. The walls of the arteries are stiff at birth or become stiff from an overgrowth of cells. Blood clots form in the arteries. These changes make it hard for your heart to push blood through your pulmonary arteries and into your lungs. Thus, the pressure in the arteries rises, causing PH.
Question: what are the causes of pulmonary hypertension

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Pulmonary hypertension (Risk factors): Your risk of developing pulmonary hypertension may be greater if: - You're a young adult, as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is more common in younger adults   - You're overweight   - You have a family history of the disease   - You have one of various conditions that can increase your risk of developing pulmonary hypertension   - You use illegal drugs, such as cocaine   - You take certain appetite-suppressant medications   - You have an existing risk of developing pulmonary hypertension, such as a family history of the condition, and you live at a high altitude

Answer: Your risk of developing pulmonary hypertension may be greater if: - You're a young adult, as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is more common in younger adults - You're overweight - You have a family history of the disease - You have one of various conditions that can increase your risk of developing pulmonary hypertension - You use illegal drugs, such as cocaine - You take certain appetite-suppressant medications - You have an existing risk of developing pulmonary hypertension, such as a family history of the condition, and you live at a high altitude
Question: what are the main causes tooth loss?

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Cavities/tooth decay (Complications): Cavities and tooth decay are so common that you may not take them seriously. And you may think that it doesn't matter if children get cavities in their baby teeth. However, cavities and tooth decay can have serious and lasting complications, even for children who don't have their permanent teeth yet. Complications of cavities may include: - Pain   - Tooth abscess   - Swelling or pus around a tooth   - Damage or broken teeth   - Chewing problems   - Positioning shifts of teeth after tooth loss When cavities and decay become severe, you may have: - Pain that interferes with daily living   - Weight loss or nutrition problems from painful or difficult eating or chewing   - Tooth loss, which may affect your appearance, as well as your confidence and self-esteem   - In rare cases, a tooth abscess - a pocket of pus that's caused by bacterial infection - which can lead to more serious or even life-threatening infections

Answer: Cavities and tooth decay are so common that you may not take them seriously. And you may think that it doesn't matter if children get cavities in their baby teeth. However, cavities and tooth decay can have serious and lasting complications, even for children who don't have their permanent teeth yet.
Question: what are the risk factors of type ii diabetes

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Who is at risk for Diabetes??: Here are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes. -  being over 45 years of age  -  being overweight or obese  - having a first-degree relative -- a parent, brother, or sister -- with diabetes  - being African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian American or Pacific Islander, or Hispanic American/Latino. (Watch the video to learn more about native Americans and diabetes risk. To enlarge the video, click the brackets in the lower right-hand corner. To reduce the video, press the Escape (Esc) button on your keyboard.)  - having gestational diabetes, or giving birth to at least one baby weighing more than 9 pounds  - having blood pressure of 140/90 or higher, or having been told that you have high blood pressure.  - having abnormal cholesterol levels -- an HDL cholesterol level of 35 or lower, or a triglyceride level of 250 or higher  - being inactive or exercising fewer than three times a week.  - having polycystic ovary syndrome, also called PCOS (women only)  - on previous testing, having prediabetes (an A1C level of 5.7 to 6.4 percent), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG)  - history of cardiovascular disease (disease affecting the heart and blood vessels). being over 45 years of age being overweight or obese having a first-degree relative -- a parent, brother, or sister -- with diabetes being African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian American or Pacific Islander, or Hispanic American/Latino. (Watch the video to learn more about native Americans and diabetes risk. To enlarge the video, click the brackets in the lower right-hand corner. To reduce the video, press the Escape (Esc) button on your keyboard.) having gestational diabetes, or giving birth to at least one baby weighing more than 9 pounds having blood pressure of 140/90 or higher, or having been told that you have high blood pressure. having abnormal cholesterol levels -- an HDL cholesterol level of 35 or lower, or a triglyceride level of 250 or higher being inactive or exercising fewer than three times a week. having polycystic ovary syndrome, also called PCOS (women only) on previous testing, having prediabetes (an A1C level of 5.7 to 6.4 percent), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) history of cardiovascular disease (disease affecting the heart and blood vessels).

Answer: Here are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes. - being over 45 years of age - being overweight or obese - having a first-degree relative -- a parent, brother, or sister -- with diabetes - being African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian American or Pacific Islander, or Hispanic American/Latino. - having gestational diabetes, or giving birth to at least one baby weighing more than 9 pounds - having blood pressure of 140/90 or higher, or having been told that you have high blood pressure. - having abnormal cholesterol levels -- an HDL cholesterol level of 35 or lower, or a triglyceride level of 250 or higher - being inactive or exercising fewer than three times a week.
Question: what are the risk factors of type ii diabetes

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Type 2 diabetes (Risk factors): Researchers don't fully understand why some people develop type 2 diabetes and others don't. It's clear, however, that certain factors increase the risk, including: - Weight. Being overweight is a primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The more fatty tissue you have, the more resistant your cells become to insulin. However, you don't have to be overweight to develop type 2 diabetes.   - Fat distribution. If your body stores fat primarily in your abdomen, your risk of type 2 diabetes is greater than if your body stores fat elsewhere, such as your hips and thighs.   - Inactivity. The less active you are, the greater your risk of type 2 diabetes. Physical activity helps you control your weight, uses up glucose as energy and makes your cells more sensitive to insulin.   - Family history. The risk of type 2 diabetes increases if your parent or sibling has type 2 diabetes.   - Race. Although it's unclear why, people of certain races - including blacks, Hispanics, American Indians and Asian-Americans - are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than whites are.   - Age. The risk of type 2 diabetes increases as you get older, especially after age 45. That's probably because people tend to exercise less, lose muscle mass and gain weight as they age. But type 2 diabetes is also increasing dramatically among children, adolescents and younger adults.   - Prediabetes. Prediabetes is a condition in which your blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Left untreated, prediabetes often progresses to type 2 diabetes.   - Gestational diabetes. If you developed gestational diabetes when you were pregnant, your risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases. If you gave birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds (4 kilograms), you're also at risk of type 2 diabetes.   - Polycystic ovarian syndrome. For women, having polycystic ovarian syndrome - a common condition characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity - increases the risk of diabetes.

Answer: Researchers don't fully understand why some people develop type 2 diabetes and others don't. It's clear, however, that certain factors increase the risk, including: - Weight. Being overweight is a primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes.  - Fat distribution. If your body stores fat primarily in your abdomen, your risk of type 2 diabetes is greater than if your body stores fat elsewhere, such as your hips and thighs. - Inactivity. The less active you are, the greater your risk of type 2 diabetes. - Family history. The risk of type 2 diabetes increases if your parent or sibling has type 2 diabetes. - Race. Although it's unclear why, people of certain races - including blacks, Hispanics, American Indians and Asian-Americans - are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than whites are.  - Age. The risk of type 2 diabetes increases as you get older, especially after age 45.
Question: what are the symptoms for cystic fibrosis

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Cystic fibrosis (Symptoms): Symptoms in newborns may include:     - Delayed growth   - Failure to gain weight normally during childhood    - No bowel movements in first 24 to 48 hours of life    - Salty-tasting skin      Symptoms related to bowel function may include:     - Belly pain from severe constipation    - Increased gas, bloating, or a belly that appears swollen (distended)    - Nausea and loss of appetite    - Stools that are pale or clay-colored, foul smelling, have mucus, or that float    - Weight loss      Symptoms related to the lungs and sinuses may include:     - Coughing or increased mucus in the sinuses or lungs   - Fatigue   - Nasal congestion caused by nasal polyps   - Repeated episodes of pneumonia (symptoms of pneumonia in someone with cystic fibrosis include fever, increased coughing and shortness of breath, increased mucus, and loss of appetite)   - Sinus pain or pressure caused by infection or polyps     Symptoms that may be noticed later in life:     - Infertility (in men)   - Repeated inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)   - Respiratory symptoms   - Clubbed fingers

Answer: Symptoms in newborns may include: - Delayed growth - Failure to gain weight normally during childhood - No bowel movements in first 24 to 48 hours of life - Salty-tasting skin Symptoms related to bowel function may include: - Belly pain from severe constipation - Increased gas, bloating, or a belly that appears swollen (distended) - Nausea and loss of appetite - Stools that are pale or clay-colored, foul smelling, have mucus, or that float - Weight loss Symptoms related to the lungs and sinuses may include: - Coughing or increased mucus in the sinuses or lungs - Fatigue - Nasal congestion caused by nasal polyps - Repeated episodes of pneumonia (symptoms of pneumonia in someone with cystic fibrosis include fever, increased coughing and shortness of breath, increased mucus, and loss of appetite) - Sinus pain or pressure caused by infection or polyps
Question: what are the symptoms for cystic fibrosis

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Cystic fibrosis - resources (Summary): The following organizations are good resources for information on cystic fibrosis:     - Cystic Fibrosis Foundation -- www.cff.org   - March of Dimes -- www.marchofdimes.org/baby/cystic-fibrosis-and-your-baby.aspx   - National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute -- www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cf   - US National Library of Medicine, Genetics Home Reference -- ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cystic-fibrosis

Answer: The following organizations are good resources for information on cystic fibrosis: - Cystic Fibrosis Foundation -- www.cff.org - March of Dimes -- www.marchofdimes.org/baby/cystic-fibrosis-and-your-baby.aspx - National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute -- www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cf - US National Library of Medicine, Genetics Home Reference -- ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cystic-fibrosis
Question: what are the symptoms for prostate cancer

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What are the symptoms of Prostate Cancer?: Yes. Any of the symptoms caused by prostate cancer may also be due to enlargement of the prostate, which is not cancer. If you have any of the symptoms mentioned in question #10, see your doctor or a urologist to find out if you need treatment. A urologist is a doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the genitourinary system.

Answer: Any of the symptoms caused by prostate cancer may also be due to enlargement of the prostate, which is not cancer.
Question: what are the causes of headaches

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What causes Headaches - danger signs?: Problems with blood vessels and bleeding in the brain cancause as a headache. These include:  - Abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain that usually forms before birth. This problem is called an arteriovenous malformation, or AVM.  - Blood flow to part of the brain stops. This is called a stroke.  - Weakening of the wall of a blood vessel that can break open and bleed into the brain. This is known as a brain aneurysm.  - Bleeding in the area between the brain and the thin tissue that covers the brain. This iscalled a subarachnoid hemorrhage   Other causes of headaches that should be checked by a doctor right awayinclude:  - Blood pressure that is very high  - Brain tumor  - Buildup of fluid inside the skull that leads to brain swelling (hydrocephalus)  - Buildup of pressure inside the skull that appears to be, but is not a tumor (pseudomotor cerebri)  - Carbon monoxide poisoning  - Infection in the brain or the tissue that surrounds the brain, as well as a brain abscess  - Swollen, inflamed arterythat supplies blood to part of the head, temple, and neck area (temporal arteritis)

Answer: What causes Headaches - danger signs? Problems with blood vessels and bleeding in the brain can cause as a headache. These include: - Abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain that usually forms before birth. This problem is called an arteriovenous malformation, or AVM. - Blood flow to part of the brain stops. This is called a stroke. - Weakening of the wall of a blood vessel that can break open and bleed into the brain. This is known as a brain aneurysm. - Bleeding in the area between the brain and the thin tissue that covers the brain.
Question: what are the causes of headaches

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Headaches in children (Causes): A number of factors can cause your child to develop headaches. Factors include: - Illness and infection. Common illnesses such as colds, flu, and ear and sinus infections are some of the most frequent causes of headaches in children. More-serious infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, also can cause headaches, but are usually accompanied by other signs and symptoms, such as fever and neck stiffness.   - Head trauma. Bumps and bruises can cause headaches. Although most head injuries are minor, seek prompt medical attention if your child falls hard on his or her head or gets hit hard in the head. Also, contact a doctor if your child's head pain steadily worsens after a head injury.   - Emotional factors. Stress and anxiety - perhaps triggered by problems with peers, teachers or parents - can play a role in children's headaches. Children with depression may complain of headaches, particularly if they have trouble recognizing feelings of sadness and loneliness.   - Genetic predisposition. Headaches, particularly migraines, tend to run in families.   - Certain foods and beverages. Nitrates - a food preservative found in cured meats, such as bacon, bologna and hot dogs - can trigger headaches, as can the food additive MSG. Also, too much caffeine - contained in soda, chocolates, coffees and teas - can cause headaches.   - Problems in the brain. Rarely, a brain tumor or abscess or bleeding in the brain can press on areas of the brain, causing a chronic, worsening headache. Typically in these cases, however, there are other symptoms, such as visual problems, dizziness and lack of coordination.

Answer: A number of factors can cause your child to develop headaches. Factors include: - Illness and infection. Common illnesses such as colds, flu, and ear and sinus infections are some of the most frequent causes of headaches in children. More-serious infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, also can cause headaches, but are usually accompanied by other signs and symptoms, such as fever and neck stiffness.  - Emotional factors. Stress and anxiety - perhaps triggered by problems with peers, teachers or parents - can play a role in children's headaches. Children with depression may complain of headaches, particularly if they have trouble recognizing feelings of sadness and loneliness. - Genetic predisposition. Headaches, particularly migraines, tend to run in families. - Problems in the brain. Rarely, a brain tumor or abscess or bleeding in the brain can press on areas of the brain, causing a chronic, worsening headache.
Question: what are the causes of headaches

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Rebound headaches (Overview): Rebound headaches (medication-overuse headaches) are caused by regular, long-term use of medication to treat headaches, such as migraine. Pain relievers offer relief for occasional headaches. But if you take them more than a couple of days a week, they may trigger rebound headaches. It appears that any medication taken for pain relief can cause rebound headaches, but only if you already have a headache disorder. Pain relievers taken regularly for another condition, such as arthritis, have not been shown to cause rebound headaches in people who never had a headache disorder. Rebound headaches usually stop when you stop taking the pain medication. It's tough in the short term, but your doctor can help you beat rebound headaches for long-term relief.

Answer: Rebound headaches (medication-overuse headaches) are caused by regular, long-term use of medication to treat headaches, such as migraine. Pain relievers offer relief for occasional headaches. But if you take them more than a couple of days a week, they may trigger rebound headaches. Rebound headaches usually stop when you stop taking the pain medication.
Question: what are the causes of headaches

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Sex headaches (Causes): Any type of sexual activity that leads to orgasm can trigger sex headaches. Abrupt-onset and slow-to-build sex headaches can be primary headache disorders not associated with any underlying condition. Sex headaches that come on suddenly are more likely to be associated with: - A widening or bubble in the wall of an artery inside your head (intracranial aneurysm)   - An abnormal connection between arteries and veins in the brain (arteriovenous malformation) that bleeds into the spinal fluid-filled space in and around the brain   - Bleeding into the wall of an artery leading to the brain (dissection)   - Stroke   - Coronary artery disease   - Use of some medications, such as birth control pills   - Inflammation from certain infections Sex headaches associated with loss of consciousness, vomiting, stiff neck, other neurological symptoms and severe pain lasting more than 24 hours are more likely to be due to an underlying cause.

Answer: Any type of sexual activity that leads to orgasm can trigger sex headaches. Abrupt-onset and slow-to-build sex headaches can be primary headache disorders not associated with any underlying condition. Sex headaches that come on suddenly are more likely to be associated with: - A widening or bubble in the wall of an artery inside your head (intracranial aneurysm) - An abnormal connection between arteries and veins in the brain (arteriovenous malformation) that bleeds into the spinal fluid-filled space in and around the brain - Bleeding into the wall of an artery leading to the brain (dissection) - Stroke - Coronary artery disease - Use of some medications, such as birth control pills
Question: what are the causes of headaches

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Sinus headaches (Causes): Sinus headaches are usually associated with migraines or other forms of headaches. Sinus headaches are associated with pain and pressure in the face and sinuses and can cause nasal symptoms. Most of these headaches are not caused by sinus infections and should not be treated with antibiotics.

Answer: Sinus headaches are usually associated with migraines or other forms of headaches. Sinus headaches are associated with pain and pressure in the face and sinuses and can cause nasal symptoms. Most of these headaches are not caused by sinus infections and should not be treated with antibiotics.
Question: what are the causes of headaches

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Spinal headaches (Causes): Spinal headaches are caused by leakage of spinal fluid through a puncture hole in the tough membrane (dura mater) that surrounds the spinal cord. This leakage decreases the pressure exerted by the spinal fluid on the brain and spinal cord, which leads to a headache. Spinal headaches typically appear within 48 hours after a spinal tap or spinal anesthesia. Sometimes epidural anesthesia may lead to a spinal headache as well. Although epidural anesthetic is injected just outside the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord, a spinal headache is possible if the membrane is unintentionally punctured.

Answer: Spinal headaches are caused by leakage of spinal fluid through a puncture hole in the tough membrane (dura mater) that surrounds the spinal cord. This leakage decreases the pressure exerted by the spinal fluid on the brain and spinal cord, which leads to a headache.