deep-div/medical_qa_mediqa huggingface dataset:
Question: how is epilepsy diagnosed

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Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (Diagnosis): The diagnosis of autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is made on clinical grounds. The key to diagnosis is a detailed history from the affected person, as well as witnesses. Sometimes video- EEG monitoring is necessary. The features that are suggestive of a diagnosis of ADNFLE are: clusters of seizures with a frontal semiology seizures that occur predominantly during sleep normal clinical neurologic exam normal intellect (although reduced intellect, cognitive deficits, or psychiatric disorders may occur) normal findings on neuroimaging ictal EEG (recorded during a seizure) that may be normal or obscured by movement of the cables or electrodes interictal EEG (recorded in between seizures) that shows infrequent epileptiform discharges (distinctive patterns resembling those that occur in people with epilepsy) the presence of the same disorder in other family members, with evidence of autosomal dominant inheritance The diagnosis can be established in a person with the above features, combined with a positive family history and/or genetic testing that detects a mutation in one of the genes known to cause ADNFLE. People who are concerned they may be having seizures or other neurological signs or symptoms should be evaluated by a neurologist .

Answer: If you think you may be having seizures, or have other symptoms of epilepsy, you should talk to a neurologist. Having a patient's medical history is essential for diagnosing epilepsy, as well as having people who have witnessed the affected person's seizures. EEG monitoring can be helpful as well.
Question: how is epilepsy diagnosed

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What is Epilepsy?: The epilepsies are a spectrum of brain disorders ranging from severe, life-threatening and disabling, to ones that are much more benign. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. The epilepsies have many possible causes and there are several types of seizures. Anything that disturbs the normal pattern of neuron activityfrom illness to brain damage to abnormal brain developmentcan lead to seizures. Epilepsy may develop because of an abnormality in brain wiring, an imbalance of nerve signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters, changes in important features of brain cells called channels, or some combination of these and other factors. Having a single seizure as the result of a high fever (called febrile seizure) or head injury does not necessarily mean that a person has epilepsy. Only when a person has had two or more seizures is he or she considered to have epilepsy. A measurement of electrical activity in the brain and brain scans such as magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography are common diagnostic tests for epilepsy.

Answer: Measuring electrical activity in the brain is a common way to test for epilepsy. Other brain scans such as magnetic resonance imagine or computed tomography are also used.
Question: how is epilepsy diagnosed

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Epilepsy - children (Exams and Tests): The provider will:     - Ask about your child's medical and family history in detail   - Ask about the seizure episode   - Do a physical exam of your child, including a detailed look at the brain and nervous system     The provider will order an EEG (electroencephalogram) to check the electrical activity in the brain. This test often shows any abnormal electrical activity in the brain. In some cases, the test shows the area in the brain where the seizures start. The brain may appear normal after a seizure or between seizures.   To diagnose epilepsy or plan for epilepsy surgery, your child may need to:     - Wear an EEG recorder for few days during day-to-day activities   - Stay in the hospital where brain activity can be watched on video cameras (video EEG)     The provider also may order other tests, including:     - Blood chemistry   - Blood sugar   - Complete blood count (CBC)   - Kidney function tests   - Liver function tests   - Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)   - Tests for infectious diseases     Head CT or MRI scan are often done to find the cause and location of the problem in the brain. Much less often, PET scan of the brain is needed to help plan surgery.

Answer: To diagnose epilepsy in children, your medical provider will ask about your family and child's medical history, as well as any seizure episodes. The provider will order an electroencephalogram (EEG) to check the electrical activity in the brain. This may show the area in the brain where the seizures start. Your child may need to wear an EEG recorder over the course of a few days, or stay in a hospital where brain activity can be monitored on video EEG. Other tests your provider might order include include blood tests, kidney or liver function tests, or potentially CT or MRI scans.
Question: how is epilepsy diagnosed

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Epilepsy - overview (Exams and Tests): The doctor will perform a physical exam. This will include a detailed look at the brain and nervous system.   An EEG (electroencephalogram) will be done to check the electrical activity in the brain. People with epilepsy often have abnormal electrical activity seen on this test. In some cases, the test shows the area in the brain where the seizures start. The brain may appear normal after a seizure or between seizures.   To diagnose epilepsy or plan for epilepsy surgery, you may need to:     - Wear an EEG recorder for days or weeks as you go about your everyday life.   - Stay in a special hospital where brain activity can be recorded while video cameras capture what happens to you during the seizure. This is called video EEG.      Tests that may be done include:     - Blood chemistry   - Blood sugar   -  Complete blood count (CBC)   - Kidney function tests   - Liver function tests   - Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)   - Tests for infectious diseases      Head CT or MRI scan is often done to find the cause and location of the problem in the brain.

Answer: To diagnose epilepsy, your medical provider will order an electroencephalogram (EEG) to check the electrical activity in the brain. This may show the area in the brain where the seizures start. You may need to wear an EEG recorder over the course of a few days, or stay in a hospital where brain activity can be monitored on video EEG. Other tests your provider might order include include blood tests, kidney or liver function tests, or potentially CT or MRI scans.
Question: how much oxazepam could cause an overdose?

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What is Oxazepam overdose?: Oxazepam is a medicine used to treat anxiety and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. It belongs to the class of medicines known as benzodiazepines. Oxazepam overdose occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes too much of this medicine.  Benzodiazepines are the most common prescription drugs used in suicide attempts.  This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual overdose. DO NOT use it to treat or manage an actual overdose. If you or someone you are with overdoses, call your local emergency number (such as 911), or your local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States.

Answer: Oxazepam is used to treat anxiety and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. If you or some you are with overdoses, call your local emergency number, such as 911, or call your local poison center which can be reached at 1-800-222-1222.
Question: how much oxazepam could cause an overdose?

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Oxazepam (In case of emergency/overdose): In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.

Answer: In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.
Question: how often do you need a pap smear

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Cervical cancer - screening and prevention (Pap Smears): Cervical cancer usually develops slowly. It starts as precancerous changes called dysplasia. Dysplasia can be detected by a medical test called a Pap smear.   Dysplasia is fully treatable. That is why it is important for women to get regular Pap smears, so that precancerous cells can be removed before they can become cancer.   Pap smear screening should start at age 21. After the first test:     - Women ages 21 through 29 should have a Pap smear every 3 years.   - Women ages 30 through 65 should be screened with either a Pap smear every 3 years or a Pap smear and HPV test every 5 years.   - If you or your sexual partner has other new partners, you should have a Pap smear every 3 years.   - Women ages 65 through 70 can stop having Pap smears as long as they have had 3 normal tests within the past 10 years.   - Women who have been treated for precancer (cervical dysplasia) should continue to have Pap smears for 20 years after treatment or until age 65, whichever is longer.      Talk with your provider about how often you should have a Pap smear.

Answer: Cervical cancer usually develops slowly. It starts as precancerous changes called dysplasia, which can be detected by a test called a Pap smear. Dysplasia is fully treatable, and be detected with regular Pap smears, so that precancerous cells can removed before they become cancer. Pap smear screening should start at 21 and continue every three years. Women ages 30 through 65 should be screened with either a Pap smear every 3 years or a Pap smear and HPV test every 5 years. If you or your sexual partner has other new partners, you should have a Pap smear every 3 years. Women ages 65 through 70 can stop having Pap smears as long as they have had 3 normal tests within the past 10 years
Question: how smoking tobacco affects the rest of the body

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Smoking and surgery: Quitting smoking and other tobacco products before surgery can improve your recovery and outcome after surgery.   Most people who successfully quit smoking have tried and failed many times. DO NOT give up. Learning from your past tries can help you succeed. Tar, nicotine, and other chemicals from smoking can increase your risk of many health problems. These include heart and blood vessel problems, such as:     - Blood clots and aneurysms in the brain, which can lead to strokes   - Coronary artery disease, including chest pain (angina) and heart attacks   - High blood pressure   - Poor blood supply to the legs   - Problems with erections      Smoking also increases your risk for different types of cancer, including cancer of the:     - Lungs   - Mouth   - Larynx   - Esophagus   - Bladder   - Kidneys   - Pancreas   - Cervix      Smoking also leads to lung problems, such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, and makes asthma harder to control.   Some smokers switch to smokeless tobacco instead of quitting tobacco completely. But using smokeless tobacco still carries health risks, such as:     - Developing mouth or nasal cancer   - Gum problems, tooth wear, and cavities   - Worsening high blood pressure and chest pain Smokers who have surgery have a higher chance than nonsmokers of blood clots forming in their legs. These clots may travel to and damage the lungs.    Smoking decreases the amount of oxygen that reaches the cells in your surgical wound. As a result, your wound may heal more slowly and is more likely to become infected.   All smokers carry an increased risk for heart and lung problems. Even when your surgery goes smoothly, smoking causes your body, heart, and lungs to work harder than if you did not smoke. Most doctors will tell you to stop using cigarettes and tobacco at least 4 weeks before your surgery. Stretching the time between quitting smoking and your surgery out to at least 10 weeks can decrease your risk of problems even more. Like any addiction, quitting tobacco is difficult. There are many ways to quit smoking and many resources to help you, such as:     - Family members, friends, and coworkers may be supportive or encouraging.   - Talk to your doctor about medicines, such as nicotine replacement and prescription medicines.   - If you join smoking cessation programs, you have a much better chance of success. Such programs are offered by hospitals, health departments, community centers, and work sites.      Using nicotine gum around the time of surgery is not encouraged. The nicotine will still interfere with the healing of your surgical wound and have the same effect on your general health as using cigarettes and tobacco. Updated by: Debra G. Wechter, MD, FACS, general surgery practice specializing in breast cancer, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Answer: Smoking tobacco can increase you risk for many health problems. These include heart and blood vessel problems, lung problems, and different types of cancer.
Question: how smoking tobacco affects the rest of the body

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Nicotine and tobacco (Causes): Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves, which are smoked, chewed, or sniffed.     - Tobacco contains a chemical called nicotine. Nicotine is an addictive substance.   - Millions of people in the United States have been able to quit smoking. Although the number of cigarette smokers in the United States has dropped in recent years, the number of smokeless tobacco users has steadily increased. Smokeless tobacco products are either placed in the mouth, cheek, or lip and sucked or chewed on, or placed in the nasal passage. The nicotine in these products is absorbed at the same rate as smoking tobacco, and addiction is still very strong.     Both smoking and smokeless tobacco use carry many health risks.

Answer: Both smoking and smokeless tobacco use carry many health risks.
Question: how smoking tobacco affects the rest of the body

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What is Smoking?: There's no way around it. Smoking is bad for your health. Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body. Cigarette smoking causes 87 percent of lung cancer deaths. It is also responsible for many other cancers and health problems. These include lung disease, heart and blood vessel disease, stroke and cataracts. Women who smoke have a greater chance of certain pregnancy problems or having a baby die from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Your smoke is also bad for other people - they breathe in your smoke secondhand and can get many of the same problems as smokers do.    E-cigarettes often look like cigarettes, but they work differently. They are battery-operated smoking devices. Not much is known about the health risks of using them.    Quitting smoking can reduce your risk of health problems. The earlier you quit, the greater the benefit.     NIH: National Cancer Institute

Answer: Smoking is responsible for many other cancers and health problems. This includes lung disease, heart and blood vessel disease, stroke and cataracts. Women who smoke have a greater chance of certain pregnancy problems or having a baby die from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Question: how to deal with anxiety

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Social anxiety disorder (Treatment): The goal of treatment is to help you function effectively. The success of the treatment usually depends on the severity of your fears.   Behavioral treatment is often tried first and may have long-lasting benefits:     - Cognitive behavioral therapy helps you understand and change the thoughts that are causing your condition, as well as learn to recognize and replace panic-causing thoughts.   - Systematic desensitization or exposure therapy may be used. You are asked to relax, then imagine the situations that cause the anxiety, working from the least fearful to the most fearful. Gradual exposure to the real-life situation has also been used with success to help people overcome their fears.   - Social skills training may involve social contact in a group therapy situation to practice social skills. Role playing and modeling are techniques used to help you become more comfortable relating to others in a social situation.      Certain medicines, usually used to treat depression, may be very helpful for this disorder. They work by preventing your symptoms or making them less severe. You must take these medicines every day. DO NOT stop taking them without talking with your provider.   Medicines called sedatives (or hypnotics) may also be prescribed.     - These medicines should only be taken under a doctor's direction.   - Your doctor will prescribe a limited amount of these drugs. They should not to be used everyday.   - They may be used when symptoms become very severe or when you are about to be exposed to something that always brings on your symptoms.   - If you are prescribed a sedative, do not drink alcohol while on this medicine.      Lifestyle changes may help reduce how often the attacks occur.     - Get regular exercise, enough sleep, and regularly scheduled meals.   - Reduce or avoid the use of caffeine, some over-the-counter cold medicines, and other stimulants.

Answer: For social anxiety disorder, treatment may help you learn to function effectively. The success of treatment depends on the severity of your fears. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps you understand and change the thoughts that are causing your condition. Systematic desensitization or exposure therapy may also be used to help you work through your fears. Group therapy may help you practice social skills. There are also medicines that may help make your symptoms less severe. Lifestyle changes can reduce the frequency of the attacks, such as getting regular exercise, enough sleep, and regular meals.
Question: how to deal with anxiety

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Generalized anxiety disorder - self-care (Therapy): Talk therapy takes place with a trained therapist and in a safe place. It helps you learn ways of managing and reducing your anxiety. Some forms of talk therapy can help you understand what causes your anxiety. This allows you to gain better control over it.   Many types of talk therapy may be helpful for GAD. One common and effective talk therapy is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT can help you understand the relationship between your thoughts, your behaviors, and your symptoms. Often CBT involves a set number of visits. During CBT you can learn how to:     - Understand and gain control of distorted views of stressors, such as other people's behavior or life events.   - Recognize and replace panic-causing thoughts to help you feel more in control.   - Manage stress and relax when symptoms occur.   - Avoid thinking that minor problems will develop into terrible ones.     Your provider can discuss talk therapy options with you. Then you can decide together if it is right for you.

Answer: Talking with a therapist about your generalized anxiety disorder will help you learn ways of managing and reducing your anxiety. Talk therapy can help you understand and gain better control of your anxiety. One common form of talk therapy is cognitive-behavioral talk therapy. It can help you understand the relationship between your thoughts, behaviors, and symptoms.
Question: how to deal with anxiety

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Separation anxiety in children (Treatment): No treatment is needed for normal separation anxiety.   Parents can help their infant or toddler adjust to their absence by letting trusted caregivers babysit the child. This helps the child learn to trust and bond with other adults and understand that their parents will return.   During medical procedures, a parent should go with the child if possible. When a parent can't go with the child, exposing the child to the situation beforehand may be helpful, such as visiting the doctor's office before a test.   Some hospitals have child life specialists who can explain procedures and medical conditions to children of all ages. If your child is very anxious and needs extended medical care, ask your provider about such services.   When it's not possible for parents to be with the child, such as for surgery, explain the experience to the child. Reassure the child that a parent is waiting, and where.   For older children who have not outgrown separation anxiety, treatments may include:     - Anti-anxiety medicines   - Changes in parenting techniques   - Counseling for the parents and child     Treatment for severe cases may include:     - Family education   - Family therapy   - Talk therapy

Answer: No treatment is needed for normal separation anxiety. Parents can help their infant or toddler adjust to their absence by letting trusted caregivers babysit the child. This helps the child learn to trust and bond with other adults and understand that their parents will return. For older children who have not outgrown separation anxiety, treatments may include anti-anxiety medicines, new parenting techniques, and counseling.
Question: how to loose weight

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Overweight, obesity, and weight loss (What is the best way for me to lose weight?): The best way to lose weight is to use more calories than you take in. You can do this by following a healthy eating plan and being more active. Before you start a weight-loss program, talk to your doctor.  Safe weight-loss programs that work well:

Answer: The best way to lose weight is to use more calories than you take in. You can do this by following a healthy eating plan and being more active. Before you start a weight-loss program, talk to your doctor.
Question: how to loose weight

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Understanding Adult Overweight and Obesity (Who should lose weight?): Health care providers generally agree that people who are considered to be obese (have a BMI of 30 or greater) may improve their health by losing weight.If you are overweight (BMI between 25 and 29.9), experts recommend that you avoid gaining any extra weight. If you are overweight and have other risk factors (see below), losing weight may reduce these risks. Experts recommend you try to lose weight if you have two or more of the following:Family history of certain chronic diseases. If you have close relatives who have had diseases such as heart disease or diabetes, you may be more likely to develop these problems. Pre-existing medical problems. High blood pressure, high LDL (bad) cholesterol levels, low HDL (good) cholesterol levels, high triglycerides, and high blood sugar (prediabetes or diabetes) are all warning signs of some diseases linked to obesity. Large waist size. Men who have waist sizes greater than 40 inches and women who have waist sizes greater than 35 inches are at higher risk of diabetes, unhealthy blood fats (high cholesterol and triglycerides), high blood pressure, and heart disease.Fortunately, losing even a small amount of weight can help improve your health. This weight loss may lower your blood pressure and improve other risk factors.For example, research shows that people at high risk for type 2 diabetes who lose a modest amount of weight and increase their physical activity may prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.

Answer: Health care providers generally agree that people who are considered to be obese (have a BMI of 30 or greater) may improve their health by losing weight.If you are overweight (BMI between 25 and 29.9), experts recommend that you avoid gaining any extra weight. If you are overweight and have other risk factors, losing weight may you reduce these risks.