deep-div/medical_qa_mediqa huggingface dataset:
Question: polymicrogyria. My 16 month old son has this. Does not sit up our crawl yet but still trying and is improving in grabbing things etc etc. Have read about other cases that seem 10000 time worse. It's it possible for this post of his brain to grown to normal and he grow out of it?

Reference:
Polymicrogyria: Polymicrogyria is a condition characterized by abnormal development of the brain before birth. Specifically, the surface of the brain develops too many folds which are unusually small. The signs and symptoms associated with the condition vary based on how much of the brain and which areas of the brain are affected; however, affected people may experience recurrent seizures ( epilepsy ); delayed development; crossed eyes ; problems with speech and swallowing; and muscle weakness or paralysis. Bilateral forms (affecting both sides of the brain) tend to cause more severe neurological problems. Polymicrogyria can result from both genetic and environmental causes. It may occur as an isolated finding or as part of a syndrome . Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person. [1] [2] A wide variety of symptoms may be observed in people with polymicrogyria, depending on the areas of the brain implicated and whether or not it is part of a larger syndrome . Signs and symptoms may include: [3] [4] Developmental delay Crossed eyes Epilepsy Paralysis of the face, throat, and tongue Difficulty with speech and swallowing Drooling The diagnosis of polymicrogyria is made by imaging brain structures using  MRI . Typical findings include areas of the  cerebral cortex with a complex set of small gyri that appear fused to each other and separated by shallow sulci. These findings may be isolated to one side of the brain (unilateral) or may involve both sides of the brain (bilateral). [3] [4] The resources below provide information about treatment options for this condition. If you have questions about which treatment is right for you, talk to your healthcare professional. Management Guidelines GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions. The following diseases are related to Polymicrogyria. If you have a question about any of these diseases, you can contact GARD. Bilateral frontal polymicrogyria Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria Bilateral generalized polymicrogyria Bilateral parasagittal parieto-occipital polymicrogyria Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria

Answer: Polymicrogyria is a condition characterized by abnormal development of the brain before birth. The signs and symptoms associated with the condition vary based on how much of the brain and which areas of the brain are affected; however, affected people may experience recurrent seizures ( epilepsy ); delayed development; crossed eyes ; problems with speech and swallowing; and muscle weakness or paralysis. Bilateral forms (affecting both sides of the brain) tend to cause more severe neurological problems.
Question: prevention of preeclampsia I know that the jury is out on the exact causes of preeclampsia, but I am looking for some of the ways that the chances of acquiring it can be minimized.

Reference:
Preeclampsia (Causes): The exact cause of preeclampsia involves several factors. Experts believe it begins in the placenta - the organ that nourishes the fetus throughout pregnancy. Early in pregnancy, new blood vessels develop and evolve to efficiently send blood to the placenta. In women with preeclampsia, these blood vessels don't seem to develop or function properly. They're narrower than normal blood vessels and react differently to hormonal signaling, which limits the amount of blood that can flow through them. Causes of this abnormal development may include: - Insufficient blood flow to the uterus   - Damage to the blood vessels   - A problem with the immune system   - Certain genes Preeclampsia is classified as one of four high blood pressure disorders that can occur during pregnancy. The other three are: - Gestational hypertension. Women with gestational hypertension have high blood pressure but no excess protein in their urine or other signs of organ damage. Some women with gestational hypertension eventually develop preeclampsia.   - Chronic hypertension. Chronic hypertension is high blood pressure that was present before pregnancy or that occurs before 20 weeks of pregnancy. But because high blood pressure usually doesn't have symptoms, it may be hard to determine when it began.   - Chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. This condition occurs in women who have been diagnosed with chronic high blood pressure before pregnancy, but then develop worsening high blood pressure and protein in the urine or other health complications during pregnancy.

Answer: The exact cause of preeclampsia involves several factors. Experts believe it begins in the placenta - the organ that nourishes the fetus throughout pregnancy. Early in pregnancy, new blood vessels develop and evolve to efficiently send blood to the placenta. In women with preeclampsia, these blood vessels don't seem to develop or function properly. They're narrower than normal blood vessels and react differently to hormonal signaling, which limits the amount of blood that can flow through them. Causes of this abnormal development may include: - Insufficient blood flow to the uterus - Damage to the blood vessels - A problem with the immune system - Certain genes
Question: prevention of preeclampsia I know that the jury is out on the exact causes of preeclampsia, but I am looking for some of the ways that the chances of acquiring it can be minimized.

Reference:
Preeclampsia (Risk factors): Preeclampsia develops only as a complication of pregnancy. Risk factors include: - History of preeclampsia. A personal or family history of preeclampsia significantly raises your risk of preeclampsia.   - Chronic hypertension. If you already have chronic hypertension, you have a higher risk of developing preeclampsia.   - First pregnancy. The risk of developing preeclampsia is highest during your first pregnancy.   - New paternity. Each pregnancy with a new partner increases the risk of preeclampsia more than does a second or third pregnancy with the same partner.   - Age. The risk of preeclampsia is higher for very young pregnant women as well as pregnant women older than 40.   - Obesity. The risk of preeclampsia is higher if you're obese.   - Multiple pregnancy. Preeclampsia is more common in women who are carrying twins, triplets or other multiples.   - Interval between pregnancies. Having babies less than two years or more than 10 years apart leads to a higher risk of preeclampsia.   - History of certain conditions. Having certain conditions before you become pregnant - such as chronic high blood pressure, migraines, type 1 or type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, a tendency to develop blood clots, or lupus - increases your risk of preeclampsia.   - In vitro fertilization. Your risk of preeclampsia is increased if your baby was conceived with in vitro fertilization.

Answer: Preeclampsia develops only as a complication of pregnancy. Risk factors include: - History of preeclampsia. A personal or family history of preeclampsia significantly raises your risk of preeclampsia. - Chronic hypertension. If you already have chronic hypertension, you have a higher risk of developing preeclampsia. -The risk of developing preeclampsia is highest during your first pregnancy. - New paternity. Each pregnancy with a new partner increases the risk of preeclampsia more than does a second or third pregnancy with the same partner. - Age. The risk of preeclampsia is higher for very young pregnant women as well as pregnant women older than 40. - Obesity. The risk of preeclampsia is higher if you're obese. - Multiple pregnancy. Preeclampsia is more common in women who are carrying twins, triplets or other multiples. - Interval between pregnancies. Having babies less than two years or more than 10 years apart leads to a higher risk of preeclampsia Having certain conditions before you become pregnant - such as chronic high blood pressure, migraines, type 1 or type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, a tendency to develop blood clots, or lupus - increases your risk of preeclampsia. - In vitro fertilization. Your risk of preeclampsia is increased if your baby was conceived with in vitro fertilization.
Question: Psoriasis for past 7-8 years I had psoriasis on my scalp for nearly 10 years. Please give suggestions and medications.

Reference:
Psoriasis (Summary): Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes itchy or sore patches of thick, red skin with silvery scales. The skin on the elbows, knees, scalp, back, face, palms and feet is most often affected, but other parts of the body can be affected as well. A problem with the immune system causes psoriasis. In a process called cell turnover, skin cells that grow deep in the skin rise to the surface. Normally, this takes a month. In psoriasis, it happens in just days because the cells rise too fast. Although symptoms may come and go, for many, psoriasis is a lifelong condition. Infections, stress, dry skin and certain medications may make symptoms worse. Psoriasis usually occurs in adults. It sometimes runs in families. Treatments include creams, medications and light therapy. [1] [2]

Answer: Infections, stress, dry skin and certain medications may make symptoms worse....Treatments include creams, medications and light therapy.
Question: Research assignment Hi, I am a grade 12 student who is doing a research assignment on neurological disorders. Do you believe that there will ever be a bonafide cure for Multiple Sclerosis? If so, what kind of time frame would put on this cure?

Reference:
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Multiple Sclerosis?: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research in laboratories at the NIH and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Scientists continue their extensive efforts to create new and better therapies for MS. One of the most promising MS research areas involves naturally occurring antiviral proteins known as interferons. Beta interferon has been shown to reduce the number of exacerbations and may slow the progression of physical disability. When attacks do occur, they tend to be shorter and less severe. In addition, there are a number of treatments under investigation that may curtail attacks or improve function. Over a dozen clinical trials testing potential therapies are underway, and additional new treatments are being devised and tested in animal models.  In 2001, the National Academies/Institute of Medicine, a Federal technical and scientific advisory agency, prepared a strategic review of MS research. To read or download the National Academies/Institute of Medicine report, go to: "Multiple Sclerosis: Current Status and Strategies for the Future."

Answer: Scientists continue their extensive efforts to create new and better therapies for MS. One of the most promising MS research areas involves naturally occurring antiviral proteins known as interferons. Beta interferon has been shown to reduce the number of exacerbations and may slow the progression of physical disability.  In addition, there are a number of treatments under investigation that may curtail attacks or improve function. Over a dozen clinical trials testing potential therapies are underway, and additional new treatments are being devised and tested in animal models.
Question: Rubella My grandson (4 yrs old) has contracted Rubella.  I know for sure he has had at least one of the vaccines.  They are living in Mexico right now.  Should we be worried?

Reference:
Rubella (Lifestyle and home remedies): In rare instances when a child or adult is infected with rubella, simple self-care measures are required: - Rest in bed as necessary. - Take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) to relieve discomfort from fever and aches. - Tell friends, family and co-workers - especially pregnant women - about your diagnosis if they may have been exposed to the disease. - Avoid people who have conditions that cause deficient or suppressed immune systems. - Tell your child's school or child care provider that your child has rubella.

Answer: In rare instances when a child or adult is infected with rubella, simple self-care measures are required: - Rest in bed as necessary. - Take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) to relieve discomfort from fever and aches. - - Tell your child's school or child care provider that your child has rubella.
Question: Is it necessary to go to the dr. when getting a skull fracture?

Reference:
What to do for Skull fracture?: If you think someone has a skull fracture:  - Check the airways, breathing, and circulation. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.  - Avoid moving the person (unless absolutely necessary) until medical help arrives. Have someone to call 911 (or the local emergency number) for medical assistance.  - If the person must be moved, take care to stabilize the head and neck. Place your hands on both sides of the head and under the shoulders. Do not allow the head to bend forward or backward, or to twist or turn.  - Carefully check the site of injury, but do not probe in or around the site with a foreign object. It can be hard to know if the skull is fractured or depressed (dented in) at the site of injury.  - If there is bleeding, apply firm pressure with a clean cloth over a broad area to control blood loss.  - If blood soaks through, do not remove the original cloth. Instead, apply more cloths on top, and continue to apply pressure.  - If the person is vomiting, stabilize the head and neck, and carefully turn the victim to the side to prevent choking on vomit.  - If the person is conscious and experiencing any of the previously listed symptoms, transport to the nearest emergency medical facility (even if the patient does not think medical help is needed).

Answer: If you think someone has a skull fracture: - Check the airways, breathing, and circulation. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR. - Avoid moving the person (unless absolutely necessary) until medical help arrives. Have someone to call 911 (or the local emergency number) for medical assistance.
Question: Stem Cell Therapy for Muccular Dystrophy I have read the Medline Abstracts 98,99 of 'Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy'. Please could you tell me how I contact a specialist to enquire further with this...Thank you...

Reference:
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (Treatment): There are no known treatments that reverse the muscle weakness. Gene therapy may become available in the future. Supportive treatment can decrease the complications of the disease.   The condition is managed based on the person’s symptoms. It includes:     - Heart monitoring   - Mobility aids   - Physical therapy   - Respiratory care   - Weight control     Surgery is sometimes needed for any bone or joint problems.

Answer: There are no known treatments that reverse the muscle weakness. Gene therapy may become available in the future. Supportive treatment can decrease the complications of the disease. The condition is managed based on the person?s symptoms. It includes: - Heart monitoring - Mobility aids - Physical therapy - Respiratory care - Weight control Surgery is sometimes needed for any bone or joint problems.
Question: Subcutaneous retrocalcaneal bursitis Haglund's deformity of the calcaneum.  I have this problem.  Can you please help to overcome this?

Reference:
Bursitis of the heel (Treatment): Your provider may recommend that you do the following:      - Avoid activities that cause pain.   - Put ice on the heel several times a day.   - Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen.   - Try using over-the-counter or custom heel wedges in your shoe to help decrease stress on the heel.   - Try ultrasound treatment during physical therapy to reduce inflammation.      Have physical therapy to improve flexibility and strength around the ankle. The focus will be on stretching your Achilles tendon. This can help the bursitis improve and prevent it from coming back.   If these treatments DO NOT work, your provider may inject a small amount of steroid medicine into the bursa. After the injection, you should avoid overstretching the tendon because it can break open (rupture).   If the condition is connected to Achilles tendinitis, you may need to wear a cast on the ankle for several weeks. Very rarely, surgery may be needed to remove the inflamed bursa.

Answer: Your provider may recommend that you do the following: - Avoid activities that cause pain. - Put ice on the heel several times a day. - Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. - Try using over-the-counter or custom heel wedges in your shoe to help decrease stress on the heel. - Try ultrasound treatment during physical therapy to reduce inflammation. Have physical therapy to improve flexibility and strength around the ankle. The focus will be on stretching your Achilles tendon. This can help the bursitis improve and prevent it from coming back. If these treatments DO NOT work, your provider may inject a small amount of steroid medicine into the bursa. After the injection, you should avoid overstretching the tendon because it can break open (rupture). If the condition is connected to Achilles tendinitis, you may need to wear a cast on the ankle for several weeks. Very rarely, surgery may be needed to remove the inflamed bursa.
Question: subjective vertigo Can macular degeneration in only one eye cause dizziness?

Reference:
What is Macular Degeneration?: Macular degeneration, or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a leading cause of vision loss in Americans 60 and older. It is a disease that destroys your sharp, central vision. You need central vision to see objects clearly and to do tasks such as reading and driving.     AMD affects the macula, the part of the eye that allows you to see fine detail. It does not hurt, but it causes cells in the macula to die. There are two types: wet and dry. Wet AMD happens when abnormal blood vessels grow under the macula. These new blood vessels often leak blood and fluid. Wet AMD damages the macula quickly. Blurred vision is a common early symptom. Dry AMD happens when the light-sensitive cells in the macula slowly break down. Your gradually lose your central vision. A common early symptom is that straight lines appear crooked.    Regular comprehensive eye exams can detect macular degeneration before the disease causes vision loss. Treatment can slow vision loss. It does not restore vision.    NIH: National Eye Institute

Answer: Macular degeneration, or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a leading cause of vision loss in Americans 60 and older. It is a disease that destroys your sharp, central vision. You need central vision to see objects clearly and to do tasks such as reading and driving.
Question: symptoms of dehydration When a person is very dehydrated do they sometimes get a tight pain in their chest (right below the breasts) right before they faint/pass out?

Reference:
What are the symptoms of Dehydration?: Signs of mild to moderate dehydration:   - Thirst  - Dry or sticky mouth  - Not urinating much  - Darker yellow urine  - Dry, cool skin  - Headache  - Muscle cramps    Signs of severe dehydration:  - Not urinating, or very dark yellow or amber-colored urine  - Dry, shriveled skin  - Irritability or confusion  - Dizziness or light-headedness  - Rapid heartbeat  - Rapid breathing  - Sunken eyes  - Listlessness  - Shock (not enough blood flow through the body)  - Unconsciousness or delirium

Answer: Signs of mild to moderate dehydration: - Thirst - Dry or sticky mouth - Not urinating much - Darker yellow urine - Dry, cool skin - Headache - Muscle cramps Signs of severe dehydration: - Not urinating, or very dark yellow or amber-colored urine - Dry, shriveled skin - Irritability or confusion - Dizziness or light-headedness - Rapid heartbeat - Rapid breathing - Sunken eyes - Listlessness - Shock (not enough blood flow through the body) - Unconsciousness or delirium
Question: Treatment for optic nerve atrophy.    Hello Name's case : Sex : Male  Date of Birth : 1964 Nationality : X Diagnosis :  optic nerve atrophy .  i am suffering from optic atrophy, which led to loss of vision and inability to see, I suffer from this case from 1998 saluting suffered a fall on the head, which led to began this case even lost look, and have been performed process surgery in  in 1998-1999 .  And then in 2009 cured by reactive optic nerve by Russian Professor .   i want know you hospital have treatment for optic nerve atrophy , and what this treatment  i need more information about treatment of optic nerve because now  16 years old I can not vision, and I wish  could belive hope for treatment of my case. And i want know the cost of treatment . Thank you  Regards /

Reference:
Optic nerve atrophy (Treatment): Damage from optic nerve atrophy cannot be reversed. The underlying disease must be found and treated. Otherwise, vision loss will continue.    Rarely, conditions that lead to optic atrophy may be treatable.

Answer: Damage from optic nerve atrophy cannot be reversed. The underlying disease must be found and treated. Otherwise, vision loss will continue. Rarely, conditions that lead to optic atrophy may be treatable.