deep-div/medical_qa_mediqa huggingface dataset:
Question: how is asthma diagnosed

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Asthma attack (Diagnosis): For adults and children over 5 years old, lung (pulmonary) function tests are used to check how well the lungs are working. Poor lung function is a sign that your asthma isn't well-controlled. In some cases, lung function tests are also used in asthma emergencies to help check the severity of an asthma attack or how well treatment is working. Lung function tests include: - Peak flow. Your doctor may take a peak flow reading when you come in for a scheduled visit or for emergency treatment during an asthma attack. This test measures how quickly you can breathe out. You also may use a peak flow meter at home to monitor your lung function. The results of this test are known as peak expiratory flow (PEF). A peak flow test is done by blowing into a mouthpiece as hard and as fast as you can with a single breath (expiration). - Spirometry. During spirometry, you take deep breaths and forcefully exhale into a hose connected to a machine called a spirometer. A common spirometry measurement is forced expiratory volume, which measures how much air you can breathe out in one second. The results of this test are known as forced expiratory volume (FEV). Spirometry can also measure how much air your lungs can hold and the rate at which you can inhale and exhale. - Nitric oxide measurement. A newer diagnostic test, this exam measures the amount of nitric oxide gas you have in your breath when you exhale. High nitric oxide readings indicate inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Exhaled nitric oxide can be measured by having a patient exhale directly into an analyzer. Exhaled air may be captured in a nitric-oxide-impervious container for measurement later. - Pulse oximetry. This test is used during a severe asthma attack. It measures the amount of oxygen in your blood. It's measured through your fingernail and only takes seconds.

Answer: Poor lung function is a sign that your astha isn't well controlled. Lung function tests can be used to determine how well the lungs are working. Lung function tests include peak flow readings to measure how quickly you can breathe out, spirometry to measure how much air you breathe out, or nitric oxide measurement, which can indicate inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Pulse oximetry is used during a severe asthma attack to measure the amount of oxygen in your blood.
Question: how is asthma diagnosed

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Asthma - children (Exams and Tests): The health care provider will use a stethoscope to listen to the child's lungs. The provider may be able to hear asthma sounds. However, lung sounds are often normal when the child is not having an asthma episode.     The provider will have the child breathe into a device called a peak flow meter. Peak flow meters can tell how well the child can blow air out of the lungs. If the airways are narrow due to asthma, peak flow values drop.   You and your child will learn to measure peak flow at home.   Tests may include:     - Allergy testing on the skin, or a blood test to see if your child is allergic to certain substances   - Chest x-ray   - Lung function tests

Answer: To diagnose asthma in children, the health care provider will use a stethoscope to listen to the child's lungs. This may allow them to hear asthma sounds. The provider will also have the child breathe into a peak flow meter, which well measure the amount of air a child can breathe out. Allergy tests may be run to further diagnose any causes of your child's asthma.
Question: how is asthma diagnosed

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Asthma (Exams and Tests): The health care provider will use a stethoscope to listen to your lungs. Wheezing or other asthma-related sounds may be heard.   Tests that may be ordered include:     - Allergy testing -- skin or a blood test to see if a person with asthma is allergic to certain substances   - Arterial blood gas (usually only done with people who are having a severe asthma attack)   - Chest x-ray   - Lung function tests, including peak flow measurements

Answer: To diagnose asthma, the health care provider will listen to your lungs with a stethoscope. Wheezing or other asthma sounds may be heard. To further diagnose your asthma, allergy tests, lung function tests, or a chest x-ray may be ordered.
Question: how is edward's syndrome diagnosed

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Trisomy 18 (Prevention): Tests can be done during pregnancy to find out if the child has this syndrome.   Genetic testing is recommended for parents who have a child with this syndrome and who want to have more children.

Answer: To diagnose Trisomy 18, tests can be done during pregnancy. Genetic testing is recommended for parents with a child with the syndrome who are thinking about having more children.
Question: how is edward's syndrome diagnosed

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Trisomy 18 (Exams and Tests): An exam during pregnancy may show an unusually large uterus and extra amniotic fluid. There may be an unusually small placenta when the baby is born. A physical exam of the infant may show unusual fingerprint patterns. X-rays may show a short breast bone.    Chromosome studies will show trisomy 18. The chromosome abnormality may be present in every cell or present in only a certain percentage of the cells (called mosaicism). Studies may also show part of the chromosome in some cells. Rarely, part of the chromosome 18 becomes attached to another chromosome. This is called translocation.   Other signs include:     - Hole, split, or cleft in the iris of the eye (coloboma)   - Separation between the left and right side of the abdominal muscle (diastasis recti)   - Umbilical hernia or inguinal hernia     There are often signs of congenital heart disease, such as:     - Atrial septal defect (ASD)   - Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)   - Ventricular septal defect (VSD)      Tests may also show kidney problems, including:     - Horseshoe kidney   - Hydronephrosis   - Polycystic kidney

Answer: To diagnose Edwards syndrome, also known as Trisomy 18, exams of the pregnant mother and the infant can be done. An exam during pregnancy may show an abnormally large uterus and extra amniotic fluid. A small placenta when the baby is born is another sign of the disorder. Other physical signs include unusual fingerprint patterns of the infant, a short breast bone, a cleft in the iris of the eye, separation of the left and right side of the abdominal muscle, kidney problems, or signs of congenital heart disease. To concretely diagnose the disorder, chromosome studies should be performed, which will show the chromosome abnormality.
Question: how is generalized anxiety disorder diagnosed

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Generalized anxiety disorder (Exams and Tests): There is no test that can make a diagnosis of GAD. The diagnosis is based on your answers to questions about the symptoms of GAD. Your health care provider will ask about these symptoms. You will also be asked about other aspects of your mental and physical health. A physical exam or lab tests may be done to rule out other conditions that cause similar symptoms.

Answer: There is no single test to diagnose Generalized Anxiety disorder. Your health care provider will ask you questions about your symptoms, your mental health, and physical health. A physical exam or lab tests can rule out other conditions that cause similar problems.
Question: how is generalized anxiety disorder diagnosed

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Generalized anxiety disorder (Diagnosis): To help diagnose generalized anxiety disorder, your doctor or mental health professional may: - Do a physical exam to look for signs that your anxiety might be linked to medications or an underlying medical condition - Order blood or urine tests or other tests, if a medical condition is suspected - Ask detailed questions about your symptoms and medical history - Use psychological questionnaires to help determine a diagnosis - Use the criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association

Answer: To help diagnose generalized anxiety disorder, your doctor or mental health professional will be able to take a few approaches: They will look for signs that link your anxiety to medications or other medical conditions. They can order blood, urine, or other tests, and they will ask questions about your symptoms and medical history. There are also psychological questionnaires that can help to determine a diagnosis, as can the criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is published by the American Psychiatric Association.
Question: how is gonorrhea diagnosed

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Gonorrhea (Do I need to get tested for gonorrhea?): You also need to get tested if you have any symptoms of gonorrhea.  Testing is very important, because women with untreated gonorrhea can develop serious health problems. If you are tested for gonorrhea, you also need to get tested for other STIs, including chlamydia, syphilis, and HIV.

Answer: If you have symptoms of gonorrhea, you should get tested as soon as possible. In women, untreated symptoms can lead to serious health problems.
Question: how is gonorrhea diagnosed

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Gonorrhea (Exams and Tests): Gonorrhea can be quickly detected by looking at a sample of discharge or tissue under the microscope. This is called a gram stain. This method is fast, but it is not the most certain.   Gonorrhea is most accurately detected with DNA tests. DNA tests are useful for screening. The ligase chain reaction (LCR) test is one of the tests. DNA tests are quicker than cultures. These tests can be performed on urine samples, which are easier to collect than samples from the genital area.   Prior to DNA tests, cultures (cells that grow in a lab dish) were used to provide proof of gonorrhea, but are less commonly used now.    Samples for a culture are most often taken from the cervix, vagina, urethra, anus, or throat.     - Rarely they are taken from joint fluid or blood   - Cultures can often provide an early diagnosis within 24 hours. A confirmed diagnosis is available within 72 hours.      If you have gonorrhea, you should ask to be tested for other sexually transmitted infections, including chlamydia, syphilis, and HIV herpes and hepatitis.

Answer: Gonorrhea can be detected by looking at a tissue or discharge sample under a microscope. Though this method is fast, it is not the most accurate. Gonorrhea is most accurately detected with DNA tests.
Question: how is gonorrhea diagnosed

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Gonorrhea (Diagnosis): To determine whether the gonorrhea bacterium is present in your body, your doctor will analyze a sample of cells. Samples can be collected by: - Urine test. This may help identify bacteria in your urethra. - Swab of affected area. A swab of your throat, urethra, vagina or rectum may collect bacteria that can be identified in a laboratory. For women, home test kits are available for gonorrhea. Home test kits include vaginal swabs for self-testing that are sent to a specified lab for testing. If you prefer, you can choose to be notified by email or text message when your results are ready. You may then view your results online or receive them by calling a toll-free hotline. Testing for other sexually transmitted infections Your doctor may recommend tests for other sexually transmitted infections. Gonorrhea increases your risk of these infections, particularly chlamydia, which often accompanies gonorrhea. Testing for HIV also is recommended for anyone diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. Depending on your risk factors, tests for additional sexually transmitted infections could be beneficial as well.

Answer: To test for gonorrhea, your doctor will take a sample of cells from your urine, throat, or vagina, if female. This cell sample will indicate if the bacteria is present. There are also home test kits available for women.
Question: how is hemophilia treated

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Hemophilia A (Treatment): Treatment includes replacing the missing clotting factor. You will receive factor VIII concentrates. How much you get depends on:      - Severity of bleeding   - Site of bleeding   - Your weight and height      Mild hemophilia may be treated with desmopressin (DDAVP). This medicine helps the body release factor VIII that is stored within the lining of blood vessels.   To prevent a bleeding crisis, people with hemophilia and their families can be taught to give factor VIII concentrates at home at the first signs of bleeding. People with severe forms of the disease may need regular preventive treatment.   DDAVP or factor VIII concentrate may also be needed before having dental extractions or surgery.   You should get the hepatitis B vaccine. People with hemophilia are more likely to get hepatitis B because they may receive blood products.   Some people with hemophilia A develop antibodies to factor VIII. These antibodies are called inhibitors. The inhibitors attack factor VIII so that it no longer works. In such cases, a man-made clotting factor called VIIa can be given.

Answer: Treatment of hemophilia A involves replacing the missing clotting factor A. For some people, the clotting factor can be given at the first sign of a bleeding crisis. For people with more severe hemophilia, preventative treatments should be given. Mild hemophilia may be treated with desmopressin (DDAVP). This medicine helps the body release factor VIII that is stored within the lining of blood vessels.
Question: how is hemophilia treated

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Hemophilia (Treatment): The most common treatment is to replace the missing clotting factor in the blood through a vein (intravenous infusions).   Special care during surgery needs to be taken if you have this bleeding disorder. So, be sure to tell your surgeon that you have this disorder.   It is also very important to share information about your disorder with blood relatives as they may also be affected.

Answer: The most common way to treat hemophilia is to replace the missing clotting factor intravenously. If you need to have surgery, be sure to tell your doctor that you have hemophilia.
Question: how is congenital heart disease passed down

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critical congenital heart disease (Inheritance Pattern): Most cases of CCHD are sporadic, which means they occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. However, close relatives (such as siblings) of people with CCHD may have an increased risk of being born with a heart defect compared with people in the general population.

Answer: Most cases of congenital heart disease occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. However, close relatives of people with congenital heart disease may have an increased risk of having a heart defect.
Question: how is congenital heart disease passed down

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Congenital heart disease (Causes): Congenital heart disease can describe a number of different problems affecting the heart. It is the most common type of birth defect. CHD causes more deaths in the first year of life than any other birth defects.    Congenital heart disease is often divided into 2 types: cyanotic (blue skin color caused by a lack of oxygen) and non-cyanotic. The following lists cover the most common congenital heart diseases:   Cyanotic:     - Ebstein's anomaly   - Hypoplastic left heart   - Pulmonary atresia   - Tetralogy of Fallot   - Total anomalous pulmonary venous return   - Transposition of the great vessels   - Tricuspid atresia   - Truncus arteriosus     Non-cyanotic:     - Aortic stenosis   - Atrial septal defect (ASD)   - Atrioventricular canal (endocardial cushion defect)   - Coarctation of the aorta   - Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)   - Pulmonic stenosis   - Ventricular septal defect (VSD)      These problems may occur alone or together. Most children with CHD do not have other types of birth defects. However, heart defects may be part of genetic and chromosomal syndromes. Some of these syndromes may be passed down through families.    Examples include:      - DiGeorge syndrome   - Down syndrome   - Marfan syndrome   - Noonan syndrome   - Trisomy 13   - Turner syndrome     Often, no cause for the heart disease can be found. Congenital heart diseases continue to be investigated and researched. Drugs such as retinoic acid for acne, chemicals, alcohol, and infections (such as rubella) during pregnancy can contribute to some congenital heart problems.   Poorly controlled blood sugar in women who have diabetes during pregnancy has also been linked to a high rate of congenital heart defects.

Answer: Heart defects may be part of genetic and chromosomal syndromes which are passed down through families. These syndromes include DiGeorge syndrome, Down syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Noonan syndrome,Trisomy 13, and Turner syndrome
Question: how is congenital heart disease passed down

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critical congenital heart disease (Genetic Changes): In most cases, the cause of CCHD is unknown. A variety of genetic and environmental factors likely contribute to this complex condition.   Changes in single genes have been associated with CCHD. Studies suggest that these genes are involved in normal heart development before birth. Most of the identified mutations reduce the amount or function of the protein that is produced from a specific gene, which likely impairs the normal formation of structures in the heart. Studies have also suggested that having more or fewer copies of particular genes compared with other people, a phenomenon known as copy number variation, may play a role in CCHD. However, it is unclear whether genes affected by copy number variation are involved in heart development and how having missing or extra copies of those genes could lead to heart defects. Researchers believe that single-gene mutations and copy number variation account for a relatively small percentage of all CCHD.   CCHD is usually isolated, which means it occurs alone (without signs and symptoms affecting other parts of the body). However, the heart defects associated with CCHD can also occur as part of genetic syndromes that have additional features. Some of these genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, result from changes in the number or structure of particular chromosomes. Other conditions, including Noonan syndrome and Alagille syndrome, result from mutations in single genes.   Environmental factors may also contribute to the development of CCHD. Potential risk factors that have been studied include exposure to certain chemicals or drugs before birth, viral infections (such as rubella and influenza) that occur during pregnancy, and other maternal illnesses including diabetes and phenylketonuria. Although researchers are examining risk factors that may be associated with this complex condition, many of these factors remain unknown.

Answer: A variety of genetic and environmental factors likely contribute to critical congenital heart disease (CCHD). Mutations in individual genes have been associated with CCHD. These mutations reduce the amount of protein produced which in turn impairs the formation of the heart. Potential risk factors include exposure to certain chemicals or drugs, viral infections during pregnancy, or other maternal diseases.
Question: how is edward's syndrome diagnosed

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Trisomy 18 (Exams and Tests): An exam during pregnancy may show an unusually large uterus and extra amniotic fluid. There may be an unusually small placenta when the baby is born. A physical exam of the infant may show unusual fingerprint patterns. X-rays may show a short breast bone.    Chromosome studies will show trisomy 18. The chromosome abnormality may be present in every cell or present in only a certain percentage of the cells (called mosaicism). Studies may also show part of the chromosome in some cells. Rarely, part of the chromosome 18 becomes attached to another chromosome. This is called translocation.   Other signs include:     - Hole, split, or cleft in the iris of the eye (coloboma)   - Separation between the left and right side of the abdominal muscle (diastasis recti)   - Umbilical hernia or inguinal hernia     There are often signs of congenital heart disease, such as:     - Atrial septal defect (ASD)   - Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)   - Ventricular septal defect (VSD)      Tests may also show kidney problems, including:     - Horseshoe kidney   - Hydronephrosis   - Polycystic kidney

Answer: An unusually small placenta when the baby is born is a sign of Edward's syndrome. A physical exam of the infant may show unusual fingerprint patterns, and X-rays may reveal a short breastbone. To accurately diagnose Edward's syndrome, chromosome studies should be performed. These may show part of chromosome 18 in other cells or attached to another chromosome. Other signs of Edward's syndrome include a cleft or split in the iris, separation between the left and right side of the abdominal muscle, or a hernia. Symptoms of congenital heart disease are another sign of Edward's syndrome.
Question: how is epidural harmful

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Epidural block - pregnancy (Is an Epidural Safe?): Many studies have shown that an epidural is a safe way to manage pain during childbirth. While rare, there are some risks.   Your blood pressure may drop for a short while. This might cause the baby's heart rate to slow down.     - To avoid this, you will receive fluids through an intravenous (IV) line to help keep your blood pressure stable.   - If your blood pressure shows a drop, you may need to lie on your side to keep the blood moving throughout your body.   - Your provider may also give you medicine to raise your blood pressure.     An epidural block may change or alter labor and delivery.     - If you are very numb from the block, you may have a harder time bearing down to push your baby through the birth canal.   - Contractions may lessen or slow down for a little while, but labor will still move along as it should. In some cases, it may even go faster. If your labor slows down, your doctor can give you medicine to speed up your contractions. It is best to wait until you are in active labor to have the epidural placed.     Other rare side effects are:     - You may get a headache after your epidural but this is rare.   - Medicine could enter your spinal fluid. For a short while, it could make you feel dizzy, or you might have a hard time breathing. You could also have a seizure. This is also rare.

Answer: Many studies have shown that epidural is a safe way to manage pain during childbirth. However, there are some rare risks. Your blood pressure may drop, and if this occurs, you will receive fluids through an intravenous line to help keep your blood pressure stable. The epidural may change your labor and delivery. For example, if you are very numb from the block, you may have a harder time bearing down to push your baby through the birth canal. Your contractions may slow down for a little while, but your labor will still continue as it should. Other rare side effects include a headache with the epidural, dizziness, or, also rarely, a seizure.