deep-div/medical_qa_mediqa huggingface dataset:
Question: what the treatment for bronchitis

Reference:
 Industrial bronchitis Occupational bronchitis Summary Industrial bronchitis is swelling (inflammation) of the large airways of the lungs that occurs in some people who work around certain dusts, fumes, smoke, or other substances. Causes Exposure to dusts, fumes, strong acids, and other chemicals in the air causes this type of bronchitis. Smoking may also contribute. You may be at risk if you are exposed to dusts that contain: Asbestos Coal Cotton Flax Latex Metals Silica Talc Toluene diisocyanate Western red cedar Symptoms Symptoms may include any of the following: Cough that brings up mucus (sputum) Shortness of breath Wheezing Exams and Tests The health care provider will listen to your lungs using a stethoscope. Wheezing sounds or crackles may be heard. Tests that may be ordered include: Chest CT scan Chest x-ray Pulmonary function tests (to measure breathing and how well the lungs are functioning) Treatment The goal of treatment is to reduce the irritation. Getting more air into the workplace or wearing masks to filter out the offending dust particles may help. Some people may need to be taken out of the workplace. Some cases of industrial bronchitis go away without treatment. Other times, a person may need inhaled anti-inflammatory medicines. If you are at risk or have experienced this problem and you smoke, stop smoking. Helpful measures include: Breathing humidified air Increasing fluid intake Resting Outlook (Prognosis) The outcome may be good as long as you can stop being exposed to the irritant. Chronic disability from industrial bronchitis is rare. Possible Complications Continued exposure to irritating gases, fumes, or other substances can lead to permanent lung damage. When to Contact a Medical Professional Call your provider if you are regularly exposed to dusts, fumes, strong acids, or other chemicals that can affect the lungs and you develop symptoms of bronchitis. Prevention Control dust in industrial settings by wearing face masks and protective clothing, and by treating textiles. Stop smoking if you are at risk. Get early screening by a doctor if you are exposed to chemicals that can cause this condition. If you think a chemical you work with is affecting your breathing, ask your employer for a copy of the Material Safety Data Sheet. Bring it with you to your provider. Review Date 11/14/2016 Updated by: Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, MHS, Paul F. Harron Jr. Associate Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. 

Answer: If  bronchitis occurs due to working around certain dusts, fumes, smoke, or other substances, the goal of treatment is to reduce the irritation by getting more air into the workplace or wearing masks.   Some cases of such industrial bronchitis go away without treatment. Other, may need inhaled anti-inflammatory medicines. Helpful measures include: stopping smoking, breathing humidified air, increasing fluid intake, and resting.
Question: would you help me to fine article or jurnal about Cri du chat syndrome

Reference:
 Cri du chat syndrome Chromosome 5p deletion syndrome 5p minus syndrome Cat cry syndrome Summary Cri du chat syndrome is a group of symptoms that result from missing a piece of chromosome number 5. The syndrome's name is based on the infant's cry, which is high-pitched and sounds like a cat. Causes Cri du chat syndrome is rare. It is caused by a missing piece of chromosome 5. Most cases are believed to occur during the development of the egg or sperm. A small number of cases occur when a parent passes a different, rearranged form of the chromosome to their child. Symptoms Symptoms include: Cry that is high-pitched and may sound like a cat Downward slant to the eyes Low birth weight and slow growth Low-set or abnormally shaped ears Intellectual disability Partial webbing or fusing of fingers or toes Single line in the palm of the hand Skin tags just in front of the ear Slow or incomplete development of motor skills Small head (microcephaly) Small jaw (micrognathia) Wide-set eyes Exams and Tests The health care provider will perform a physical exam. This may show: Inguinal hernia Diastasis recti (separation of the muscles in the belly area) Low muscle tone Epicanthal folds, an extra fold of skin over the inner corner of the eye Problems with the folding of the outer ears Genetic tests can show a missing part of chromosome 5. Skull x-ray may reveal any problems with the shape of the base of the skull. Treatment There is no specific treatment. Your provider will suggest ways to treat or manage the symptoms. Parents of a child with this syndrome should have genetic counseling and testing to determine if one parent has a change in chromosome 5. Support Groups 5P- Society -- www.fivepminus.org Outlook (Prognosis) Intellectual disability is common. One half of children with this syndrome learn enough verbal skills to communicate. The cat-like cry becomes less noticeable over time. Possible Complications Complications depend on the amount of intellectual disability and physical problems. Symptoms may affect the person's ability to care for themselves. When to Contact a Medical Professional This syndrome is most often diagnosed at birth. Your provider will discuss your baby's symptoms with you. It is important to continue regular visits with the child's providers after leaving the hospital. Genetic counseling and testing is recommended for all people with a family history of this syndrome. Prevention There is no known prevention. Couples with a family history of this syndrome who wish to become pregnant may consider genetic counseling. Review Date 8/6/2017 Updated by: Anna C. Edens Hurst, MD, MS, Assistant Professor in Medical Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. 

Answer: Cri du chat syndrome refers to a group of symptoms that result in the deletion of a piece of chromosome 5. It's name is french for the sound of the afflicted infant's cry.
Question: would you help me to fine article or jurnal about Cri du chat syndrome

Reference:
 Cri-du-chat syndrome 5p deletion syndrome 5p- syndrome cat cry syndrome chromosome 5p- syndrome monosomy 5p Description Cri-du-chat (cat's cry) syndrome, also known as 5p- (5p minus) syndrome, is a chromosomal condition that results when a piece of chromosome 5 is missing. Infants with this condition often have a high-pitched cry that sounds like that of a cat. The disorder is characterized by intellectual disability and delayed development, small head size (microcephaly), low birth weight, and weak muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy. Affected individuals also have distinctive facial features, including widely set eyes (hypertelorism), low-set ears, a small jaw, and a rounded face. Some children with cri-du-chat syndrome are born with a heart defect. Frequency Cri-du-chat syndrome occurs in an estimated 1 in 20,000 to 50,000 newborns. This condition is found in people of all ethnic backgrounds. Causes Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion of the end of the short (p) arm of chromosome 5. This chromosomal change is written as 5p-. The size of the deletion varies among affected individuals; studies suggest that larger deletions tend to result in more severe intellectual disability and developmental delay than smaller deletions. The signs and symptoms of cri-du-chat syndrome are probably related to the loss of multiple genes on the short arm of chromosome 5. Researchers believe that the loss of a specific gene, CTNND2, is associated with severe intellectual disability in some people with this condition. They are working to determine how the loss of other genes in this region contributes to the characteristic features of cri-du-chat syndrome. Inheritance Pattern Most cases of cri-du-chat syndrome are not inherited. The deletion occurs most often as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) or in early fetal development. Affected people typically have no history of the disorder in their family. About 10 percent of people with cri-du-chat syndrome inherit the chromosome abnormality from an unaffected parent. In these cases, the parent carries a chromosomal rearrangement called a balanced translocation, in which no genetic material is gained or lost. Balanced translocations usually do not cause any health problems; however, they can become unbalanced as they are passed to the next generation. Children who inherit an unbalanced translocation can have a chromosomal rearrangement with extra or missing genetic material. Individuals with cri-du-chat syndrome who inherit an unbalanced translocation are missing genetic material from the short arm of chromosome 5, which results in the intellectual disability and health problems characteristic of this disorder. Sources for This Page Cerruti Mainardi P. Cri du Chat syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Sep 5;1:33. Review. 

Answer: Here is the citation for a review article of cri-du-chat syndrome: Cerruti Mainardi P. Cri du Chat syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Sep 5;1:33. Review.
Question: would you help me to fine article or jurnal about Cri du chat syndrome

Reference:
 Cri du chat syndrome Chromosome 5p deletion syndrome 5p minus syndrome Cat cry syndrome Summary Cri du chat syndrome is a group of symptoms that result from missing a piece of chromosome number 5. The syndrome's name is based on the infant's cry, which is high-pitched and sounds like a cat. Causes Cri du chat syndrome is rare. It is caused by a missing piece of chromosome 5. Most cases are believed to occur during the development of the egg or sperm. A small number of cases occur when a parent passes a different, rearranged form of the chromosome to their child. Symptoms Symptoms include: Cry that is high-pitched and may sound like a cat Downward slant to the eyes Low birth weight and slow growth Low-set or abnormally shaped ears Intellectual disability Partial webbing or fusing of fingers or toes Single line in the palm of the hand Skin tags just in front of the ear Slow or incomplete development of motor skills Small head (microcephaly) Small jaw (micrognathia) Wide-set eyes Exams and Tests The health care provider will perform a physical exam. This may show: Inguinal hernia Diastasis recti (separation of the muscles in the belly area) Low muscle tone Epicanthal folds, an extra fold of skin over the inner corner of the eye Problems with the folding of the outer ears Genetic tests can show a missing part of chromosome 5. Skull x-ray may reveal any problems with the shape of the base of the skull. Treatment There is no specific treatment. Your provider will suggest ways to treat or manage the symptoms. Parents of a child with this syndrome should have genetic counseling and testing to determine if one parent has a change in chromosome 5. Support Groups 5P- Society -- www.fivepminus.org Outlook (Prognosis) Intellectual disability is common. One half of children with this syndrome learn enough verbal skills to communicate. The cat-like cry becomes less noticeable over time. Possible Complications Complications depend on the amount of intellectual disability and physical problems. Symptoms may affect the person's ability to care for themselves. When to Contact a Medical Professional This syndrome is most often diagnosed at birth. Your provider will discuss your baby's symptoms with you. It is important to continue regular visits with the child's providers after leaving the hospital. Genetic counseling and testing is recommended for all people with a family history of this syndrome. Prevention There is no known prevention. Couples with a family history of this syndrome who wish to become pregnant may consider genetic counseling. Review Date 8/6/2017 Updated by: Anna C. Edens Hurst, MD, MS, Assistant Professor in Medical Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. 

Answer: Cri du chat syndrome is a rare syndrome caused by the deletion of a piece of chromosome 5. The deletion is believed to occur during the development of the egg or sperm.
Question: how do i prevent myself from having dementia

Reference:
 Dementia Definition Dementia is not a specific disease. It is a descriptive term for a collection of symptoms that can be caused by a number of disorders that affect the brain. People with dementia have significantly impaired intellectual functioning that interferes with normal activities and relationships. They also lose their ability to solve problems and maintain emotional control, and they may experience personality changes and behavioral problems, such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations. While memory loss is a common symptom of dementia, memory loss by itself does not mean that a person has dementia. Doctors diagnose dementia only if two or more brain functions - such as memory and language skills -- are significantly impaired without loss of consciousness. Some of the diseases that can cause symptoms of dementia are Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington’s disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Doctors have identified other conditions that can cause dementia or dementia-like symptoms including reactions to medications, metabolic problems and endocrine abnormalities, nutritional deficiencies, infections, poisoning, brain tumors, anoxia or hypoxia (conditions in which the brain’s oxygen supply is either reduced or cut off entirely), and heart and lung problems. Although it is common in very elderly individuals, dementia is not a normal part of the aging process. Treatment Drugs to specifically treat Alzheimer’s disease and some other progressive dementias are now available. Although these drugs do not halt the disease or reverse existing brain damage, they can improve symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. This may improve an individual’s quality of life, ease the burden on caregivers, or delay admission to a nursing home. Many researchers are also examining whether these drugs may be useful for treating other types of dementia. Many people with dementia, particularly those in the early stages, may benefit from practicing tasks designed to improve performance in specific aspects of cognitive functioning. For example, people can sometimes be taught to use memory aids, such as mnemonics, computerized recall devices, or note taking. Prognosis There are many disorders that can cause dementia. Some, such as Alzheimer’s disease or Huntington’s disease, lead to a progressive loss of mental functions. But other types of dementia can be halted or reversed with appropriate treatment. People with moderate or advanced dementia typically need round-the-clock care and supervision to prevent them from harming themselves or others. They also may need assistance with daily activities such as eating, bathing, and dressing. 

Answer: The treatment for dementia depends on the type of dementia. Alzheimer's or Huntington's disease are progressive, and while they can be slowed, they cannot be halted or reversed. However, treatment for other types of dementia can do so.
Question: how do you catch hepatitis c

Reference:
 Hepatitis C HCV Summary Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. One type, hepatitis C, is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It usually spreads through contact with infected blood. It can also spread through sex with an infected person and from mother to baby during childbirth. Most people who are infected with hepatitis C don't have any symptoms for years. If you do get symptoms, you may feel as if you have the flu. You may also have jaundice, a yellowing of skin and eyes, dark-colored urine, and pale bowel movements. A blood test can tell if you have it. Usually, hepatitis C does not get better by itself. The infection can last a lifetime and may lead to scarring of the liver or liver cancer. Medicines sometimes help, but side effects can be a problem. Serious cases may need a liver transplant. There is no vaccine for HCV. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases 

Answer: Hepatitis C can be spread through contact with blood already infected by the virus. It can be spread through sex sex with an affected individual, or from the mother to her child during birth.
Question: how do you check for lupus?

Reference:
 Lupus Discoid lupus SLE Subacute cutaneous lupus Systemic lupus erythematosus Summary If you have lupus, your immune system attacks healthy cells and tissues by mistake. This can damage your joints, skin, blood vessels and organs. There are many kinds of lupus. The most common type, systemic lupus erythematosus, affects many parts of the body. Discoid lupus causes a rash that doesn't go away. Subacute cutaneous lupus causes sores after being out in the sun. Another type can be caused by medication. Neonatal lupus, which is rare, affects newborns. Anyone can get lupus, but women are most at risk. Lupus is also more common in African American, Hispanic, Asian and Native American women. The cause of lupus is not known. Lupus has many symptoms. Some common ones are - Joint pain or swelling - Muscle pain - Fever with no known cause - Fatigue - Red rashes, often on the face (also called the "butterfly rash") There is no one test to diagnose lupus, and it may take months or years to make the diagnosis. There is no cure for lupus, but medicines and lifestyle changes can help control it. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases 

Answer: There is no one test to diagnose lupus, and it may take months or years to make the diagnosis.
Question: how do you check for lupus?

Reference:
 Lupus nephritis Nephritis - lupus Lupus glomerular disease Summary Lupus nephritis, which is a kidney disorder, is a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. Causes Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, or lupus) is an autoimmune disease. This means there is a problem with the body's immune system. Normally, the immune system helps protect the body from infection or harmful substances. But in people with an autoimmune disease, the immune system cannot tell the difference between harmful substances and healthy ones. As a result, the immune system attacks otherwise healthy cells and tissues. SLE may damage different parts of the kidney. This can lead to disorders such as interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and membranous glomerulonephritis. Over time, kidney failure can result. Symptoms Symptoms of lupus nephritis include: Blood in the urine Foamy appearance to urine Swelling (edema) of any area of the body High blood pressure Exams and Tests The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. Abnormal sounds may be heard when the provider listens to your heart and lungs. Tests that may be done include: ANA titer BUN and creatinine Complement levels Urinalysis Urine protein Kidney biopsy, to determine appropriate treatment Treatment The goal of treatment is to improve kidney function and to delay kidney failure. Medicines may include drugs that suppress the immune system, such as corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, or azathioprine. You may need dialysis to control symptoms of kidney failure, sometimes for only a while. A kidney transplant may be recommended. People with active lupus should not have a transplant because the condition can occur in the transplanted kidney. Outlook (Prognosis) How well you do, depends on the specific form of lupus nephritis. You may have flareups, and then times when you do not have any symptoms. Some people with this condition develop chronic kidney failure. Although lupus nephritis may return in a transplanted kidney, it rarely leads to end-stage kidney disease. Possible Complications Complications that may result from lupus nephritis include: Acute renal failure Chronic renal failure When to Contact a Medical Professional Call your provider if you have blood in your urine or swelling of your body. If you have lupus nephritis, call your provider if you notice decreased urine output. Prevention Treating lupus may help prevent or delay onset of lupus nephritis. Review Date 8/1/2017 Updated by: Walead Latif, MD, Nephrologist and Clinical Associate Professor, Rutgers Medical School, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. 

Answer: Tests to determine the appropriate treatment for lupus include ANA titer, urinalysis, and kidney biopsy.
Question: how is hemophilia treated

Reference:
 Hemophilia Hemophilia A Classic hemophilia Factor VIII deficiency Hemophilia B Christmas disease Factor IX deficiency Bleeding disorder - hemophilia Summary Hemophilia refers to a group of bleeding disorders in which blood clotting takes a long time. There are two forms of hemophilia: Hemophilia A (classic hemophilia, or factor VIII deficiency) Hemophilia B (Christmas disease, or factor IX deficiency) Causes When you bleed, a series of reactions take place in the body that helps blood clots form. This process is called the coagulation cascade. It involves special proteins called coagulation, or clotting factors. You may have a higher chance of excess bleeding if one or more of these factors are missing or aren't functioning like they should. Hemophilia is caused by the lack of clotting factor VIII or IX in the blood. In most cases, hemophilia is passed down through families (inherited). Most of the time, it is passed to male children. Symptoms The main symptom of hemophilia is bleeding. Mild cases may not be detected until later in life, after excessive bleeding following surgery or an injury. In the worst cases, bleeding occurs for no reason. Internal bleeding may occur anywhere and bleeding into joints is common. Exams and Tests Most often, hemophilia is diagnosed after a person has an abnormal bleeding episode. It can also be diagnosed by a blood test done to detect the problem, if other family members have the condition. Treatment The most common treatment is to replace the missing clotting factor in the blood through a vein (intravenous infusions). Special care during surgery needs to be taken if you have this bleeding disorder. So, be sure to tell your surgeon that you have this disorder. It is also very important to share information about your disorder with blood relatives as they may also be affected. Support Groups Joining a support group where members share common issues can relieve the stress of a long-term (chronic) disease. Outlook (Prognosis) Most people with hemophilia are able to do normal activities. But some people have bleeding into the joints, which may limit their activity. A small number of people with hemophilia may die of severe bleeding. Review Date 2/1/2017 Updated by: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. 

Answer: The most common way to treat hemophilia is to replace the missing clotting factor intravenously. If you need to have surgery, be sure to tell your doctor that you have hemophilia.