deep-div/medical_qa_mediqa huggingface dataset:
Question: how do you check for lupus?

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Lupus nephritis: Lupus nephritis is a kidney disorder which is a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is an autoimmune disease. This means there is a problem with the body's immune system.   Normally, the immune system helps protect the body from infection or harmful substances. But in people with an autoimmune disease, the immune system cannot tell the difference between harmful substances and healthy ones. As a result, the immune system attacks otherwise healthy cells and tissues.   SLE may damage different parts of the kidney. This can lead lead to disorders such as interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and membranous glomerulonephritis. Over time, kidney failure can result. Symptoms of lupus nephritis include:     - Blood in the urine   - Foamy appearance to urine   - High blood pressure   - Swelling of any area of the body A physical exam shows signs of decreased kidney functioning with body swelling (edema). Blood pressure may be high. Abnormal sounds may be heard when the doctor listens to your heart and lungs.   Tests that may be done include:     - ANA titer   - BUN and creatinine   - Complement levels   - Urinalysis   - Urine protein   - Kidney biopsy, to determine appropriate treatment The goal of treatment is to improve kidney function and to delay kidney failure.   Medicines may include drugs that suppress the immune system, such as corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, or azathioprine.   You may need dialysis to control symptoms of kidney failure, sometimes for only a while. A kidney transplant may be recommended. People with active lupus should not have a transplant because the condition can occur in the transplanted kidney. How well you do, depends on the specific form of lupus nephritis. You may have flare-ups, and then times when you do not have any symptoms.    Some people with this condition develop chronic kidney failure.   Although lupus nephritis may return in a transplanted kidney, it rarely leads to end-stage kidney disease. Complications that may result from lupus nephritis include:     - Acute renal failure   - Chronic renal failure Call your health care provider if you have blood in the urine or swelling of your body.   If you have lupus nephritis, call your provider if you notice decreased urine output. Treating lupus may help prevent or delay onset of lupus nephritis. Updated by: Charles Silberberg, DO, private practice specializing in nephrology, affiliated with New York Medical College, Division of Nephrology, Valhalla, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Answer: Tests to determine the appropriate treatment for lupus include ANA titer, urinalysis, and kidney biopsy.
Question: how do you diagnose anxiety

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Generalized anxiety disorder (Diagnosis): To help diagnose generalized anxiety disorder, your doctor or mental health professional may: - Do a physical exam to look for signs that your anxiety might be linked to medications or an underlying medical condition - Order blood or urine tests or other tests, if a medical condition is suspected - Ask detailed questions about your symptoms and medical history - Use psychological questionnaires to help determine a diagnosis - Use the criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association

Answer: To diagnose generalized anxiety disorder, your doctor or mental health professional may do a physical exam to check for underlying medical conditions or issues linked to medications you may be taking. They may also order blood or urine tests, if a medical condition may be involved in your anxiety. A mental health professional will use psychological questionnaires to inform their diagnosis, as well as the criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.
Question: how do you diagnose anxiety

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Anxiety (Diagnosis): You may start by seeing your primary care doctor to find out if your anxiety could be related to your physical health. Your doctor can check for signs of an underlying medical condition that may need treatment. However, you may need to see a mental health specialist if you have severe anxiety. A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health conditions. A psychologist and certain other mental health professionals can diagnose anxiety and provide counseling (psychotherapy). To help diagnose an anxiety disorder and rule out other conditions, your provider may: - Give you a psychological evaluation. This involves describing your thoughts, feelings and behavior to help pinpoint a diagnosis and check for related complications. Anxiety disorders often occur along with other mental health problems - such as depression or substance abuse - which can make diagnosis more challenging. - Compare your symptoms to the criteria in the DSM-5. Many doctors use the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, to diagnose an anxiety disorder.

Answer: Talk to your primary care doctor to find out if your anxiety could be related to your physical health. However, if you have severe anxiety, you may need to see a mental health specialist such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or other mental health professional. To help diagnose an anxiety disorder, your provider may give you a psychological evaluation. This includes describing your thoughts, feelings and behavior to help pinpoint a diagnosis and check for related complications. Many doctors use the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, to diagnose an anxiety disorder.
Question: how do you diagnose anxiety

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Generalized anxiety disorder (Exams and Tests): There is no test that can make a diagnosis of GAD. The diagnosis is based on your answers to questions about the symptoms of GAD. Your health care provider will ask about these symptoms. You will also be asked about other aspects of your mental and physical health. A physical exam or lab tests may be done to rule out other conditions that cause similar symptoms.

Answer: There is no single test for diagnosing generalized anxiety disorder. Your health care provider will ask about these symptoms. You will also be asked about other aspects of your mental and physical health. A physical exam or lab tests may be done to rule out other conditions that cause similar symptoms.
Question: how do you diagnose anxiety

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Social anxiety disorder (Exams and Tests): The health care provider will look at your history of social anxiety and will get a description of the behavior from you, your family, and friends.

Answer: To diagnose social anxiety disorder, your health care provider will look at your history of social anxiety and will get a description of the behavior from you, your family, and friends.
Question: how do you diagnose anxiety

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Separation anxiety in children (Exams and Tests): There are no tests for this condition, because it is normal.   If severe separation anxiety persists past age 2, a visit with a health care provider may help determine if the child has an anxiety disorder or other condition.

Answer: For separation anxiety in children, there are no tests as this is normal behavior. However, if the separation anxiety is severe and persists past age 2, a visit with a health care provider may help determine if the child has an anxiety disorder or other condition.
Question: how do you diagnose anxiety

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Anxiety disorders (How are anxiety disorders diagnosed?): Your doctor or nurse will ask you questions about your symptoms and your medical history. Your doctor may also do a physical exam or other tests to rule out other health problems that could be causing your symptoms.  Anxiety disorders are diagnosed when fear and dread of nonthreatening situations, events, places, or objects become excessive and are uncontrollable. Anxiety disorders are also diagnosed if the anxiety has lasted for at least six months and it interferes with social, work, family, or other aspects of daily life.2

Answer: To diagnose anxiety disorders. your doctor or nurse will first ask you about your symptoms and medical history. This is done to rule out any other health problems that could be causing your symptoms. Anxiety disorders are generally diagnosed when fear or dread of nonthreatening situations, events, places, or objects become excessive and uncontrollable. Anxiety disorders are also diagnosed if the anxiety has lasted for at least six months and it interferes with social, work, family, or other aspects of daily life.
Question: how do you get a prolapse bladder

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Anterior prolapse (cystocele) (Causes): Your pelvic floor consists of muscles, ligaments and connective tissues that support your bladder and other pelvic organs. The connections between your pelvic floor muscles and ligaments can weaken over time, as a result of trauma from childbirth or chronic straining of pelvic floor muscles. When this happens, your bladder can slip down lower than normal and bulge into your vagina (anterior prolapse). Possible causes of anterior prolapse include: - Pregnancy and vaginal childbirth   - Being overweight or obese   - Repeated heavy lifting   - Straining with bowel movements   - A chronic cough or bronchitis

Answer: Your pelvic floor consists of muscles, ligaments and connective tissues that support your bladder and other pelvic organs. When the connections between your pelvic floor muscles and the ligaments weaken, your bladder or other pelvic organs can slip lower than normal and bulge into your vagina. This can happen because of pregnancy, childbirth, being overweight or obese, strain due to heavy lifting or bowel movements, or a chronic cough or bronchitis.
Question: how do you get a prolapse bladder

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Uterine prolapse (Complications): Uterine prolapse is often associated with prolapse of other pelvic organs. You might experience: - Anterior prolapse (cystocele). Weakness of connective tissue separating the bladder and vagina may cause the bladder to bulge into the vagina. Anterior prolapse is also called prolapsed bladder.   - Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele). Weakness of connective tissue separating the rectum and vagina may cause the rectum to bulge into the vagina. You might have difficulty having bowel movements. Severe uterine prolapse can displace part of the vaginal lining, causing it to protrude outside the body. Vaginal tissue that rubs against clothing can lead to vaginal sores (ulcers.) Rarely, the sores can become infected.

Answer: Uterine prolapse occurs when the connective tissue that separates the bladder and vagina is weak and allows the rectum or other pelvic organs to bulge into the vagina.
Question: how do you get neuromuscular disorders

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Myasthenia gravis (Causes): Myasthenia gravis is a type of autoimmune disorder. An autoimmune disorder occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. Antibodies are proteins made by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances. Antibodies may be produced when the immune system mistakenly considers healthy tissue a harmful substance, such as in the case of myasthenia gravis. In people with myasthenia gravis, the body produces antibodies that block the muscle cells from receiving messages (neurotransmitters) from the nerve cells.   The exact cause of myasthenia gravis is unknown. In some cases, it is linked to tumors of the thymus (an organ of the immune system).   Myasthenia gravis can affect people at any age. It is most common in young women and older men.

Answer: Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder where the body produces antibodies that block muscle cells from receiving neurotransmitters from the nerve cells. The exact cause myasthenia gravis is unknown. In some cases, it has been linked to tumors of the thymus. Myasthenia gravis can affect people at any age, and is most common in young women and older men.
Question: how do you get pulmonary hypertension

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Pulmonary Hypertension (Causes): Pulmonary hypertension (PH) begins with inflammation and changes in the cells that line your pulmonary arteries. Other factors also can affect the pulmonary arteries and cause PH. For example, the condition may develop if: The walls of the arteries tighten. The walls of the arteries are stiff at birth or become stiff from an overgrowth of cells. Blood clots form in the arteries. These changes make it hard for your heart to push blood through your pulmonary arteries and into your lungs. Thus, the pressure in the arteries rises, causing PH. Many factors can contribute to the process that leads to the different types of PH. Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) may have no known cause, or the condition may be inherited. ("Inherited" means the condition is passed from parents to children through genes.) Some diseases and conditions also can cause group 1 PAH. Examples include HIV infection, congenital heart disease, and sickle cell disease. Also, the use of street drugs (such as cocaine) and certain diet medicines can lead to PAH. Many diseases and conditions can cause groups 2 through 5 PH (often called secondary PH), including: Mitral valve disease Lung diseases, such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Sleep apnea Sarcoidosis For more information about the types of PH and the diseases, conditions, and factors that can cause them, go to "Types of Pulmonary Hypertension."

Answer: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) begins with inflammation and changes in the cells that line your pulmonary arteries. These changes make it more difficult for your heart to push blood through your pulmonary arteries. This causes the pressure in your arteries to rise, causing PH.
Question: how do you get pulmonary hypertension

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Pulmonary hypertension (Causes): The right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs, where it picks up oxygen. Blood returns to the left side of the heart, where it is pumped to the rest of the body.   When the small arteries (blood vessels) of the lungs become narrowed, they cannot carry as much blood. When this happens, pressure builds up. This is called pulmonary hypertension.   The heart needs to work harder to force the blood through the vessels against this pressure. Over time, this causes the right side of the heart to become larger. This condition is called right-sided heart failure, or cor pulmonale.   Pulmonary hypertension may be caused by:     - Autoimmune diseases that damage the lungs, such as scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis   - Birth defects of the heart   - Blood clots in the lung (pulmonary embolism)   - Heart failure   - Heart valve disease   - HIV infection   - Low oxygen levels in the blood for a long time (chronic)   - Lung disease, such as COPD or pulmonary fibrosis   - Medicines (for example, certain diet drugs)   - Obstructive sleep apnea     In rare cases, the cause of pulmonary hypertension is unknown. In this case, the condition is called idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Idiopathic means the cause of a disease is not known. IPAH affects more women than men.   If pulmonary hypertension is caused by a known medicine or medical condition, it is called secondary pulmonary hypertension.

Answer: The right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs, where it picks up oxygen. Blood returns to the left side of the heart, where it is pumped to the rest of the body. When the small arteries (blood vessels) of the lungs become narrowed, they cannot carry as much blood. When this happens, pressure builds up. This is called pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension can be causes by autoimmune diseases, birth defects of the heart, heart failure, blood clots in the lungs, heart failure or heart valve disease, HIV, lung diseases, or some medicines.
Question: how do you get pulmonary hypertension

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pulmonary arterial hypertension (Inheritance Pattern): Pulmonary arterial hypertension is usually sporadic, which means it occurs in individuals with no known family history of the disorder. These non-familial cases are described as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. About 20 percent of these cases are caused by mutations in one of the genes known to be associated with the disease, but most of the time a causative gene mutation has not been identified.   Inherited cases of this disorder are known as familial pulmonary arterial hypertension. When the condition is inherited, it most often has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, which means one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. However, many people with an altered gene never develop pulmonary arterial hypertension; this phenomenon is called reduced penetrance.

Answer: For most individuals diagnosed with pulmonary arterial hypertension, there is no known family history. About 20 percent of these cases are caused by mutations in one of the genes associated with the disease; however, for most cases a single causative gene has not been identified.
Question: how do you test for cholesterol level in your body

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High cholesterol (Diagnosis): A blood test to check cholesterol levels - called a lipid panel or lipid profile - typically reports: - Total cholesterol - LDL cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - Triglycerides - a type of fat in the blood For the most accurate measurements, don't eat or drink anything (other than water) for nine to 12 hours before the blood sample is taken. Interpreting the numbers In the United States, cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of blood. In Canada and many European countries, cholesterol levels are measured in millimoles per liter (mmol/L). To interpret your test results, use these general guidelines. Children and cholesterol testing For most children, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommends one cholesterol screening test between the ages of 9 and 11, and another cholesterol screening test between the ages of 17 and 21. Cholesterol testing is usually avoided between the ages of 12 and 16 because false-negative results are more likely within this age group. If your child has a family history of early-onset heart disease or a personal history of obesity or diabetes, your doctor may recommend earlier or more frequent cholesterol testing.

Answer: A blood test for cholesterol levels typically reports total cholesterol level, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. For the best measurements, don't drink or eat anything other than water for nine to twelve hours before the blood sample is taken.
Question: how do you test for cholesterol level in your body

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How to diagnose High blood cholesterol levels?: A cholesterol test is done to diagnose a lipid disorder. Some guidelines recommend having your first screening cholesterol test at age 20. Everyone should have their first screening test by age 35 in men, and age 45 in women. (Note: Different experts recommend different starting ages.)  It is important to work with your health care provider to set your cholesterol goals. Newer guidelines steer doctors away from targeting specific levels of cholesterol. Instead, it recommends different medicines and doses depending on a person's history and risk factor profile.  General targets are:  - LDL: 70 to 130 mg/dL (lower numbers are better)  - HDL: more than 50 mg/dL (high numbers are better)  - Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dL (lower numbers are better)  - Triglycerides: 10 to 150 mg/dL (lower numbers are better)     If your cholesterol results are abnormal, you may also have other tests such as:   - Blood sugar (glucose) test to look for diabetes  - Kidney function tests  - Thyroid function tests to look for an underactive thyroid gland

Answer: A cholesterol test to done to diagnose high blood cholesterol levels. Different experts recommend different starting ages. Some guidelines recommend having your first cholesterol test at age 20, but everyone should have their first screening by age 35 (men) and age 45 (women).
Question: how is a heart attack treated

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Heart attack (Lifestyle and home remedies): Your lifestyle affects your heart health. The following steps can help you not only prevent but also recover from a heart attack: - Avoid smoke. The most important thing you can do to improve your heart's health is to not smoke. Also, avoid being around secondhand smoke. If you need to quit, ask your doctor for help. - Control your blood pressure and cholesterol levels. If one or both of these is high, your doctor can prescribe changes to your diet and medications. Ask your doctor how often you need to have your blood pressure and cholesterol levels monitored. - Get regular medical checkups. Some of the major risk factors for heart attack - high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes - cause no symptoms early on. Your doctor can perform tests to check for these conditions and help you manage them, if necessary. - Exercise regularly. Regular exercise helps improve heart muscle function after a heart attack and helps prevent a heart attack by helping you to control your weight, diabetes, cholesterol and blood pressure. Exercise needn't be vigorous. Walking 30 minutes a day, five days a week can improve your health. - Maintain a healthy weight. Excess weight strains your heart and can contribute to high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes. - Eat a heart-healthy diet. Saturated fat, trans fats and cholesterol in your diet can narrow arteries to your heart, and too much salt can raise blood pressure. Eat a heart-healthy diet that includes lean proteins, such as fish and beans, plenty of fruits and vegetables and whole grains. - Manage diabetes. High blood sugar is damaging to your heart. Regular exercise, eating well and losing weight all help to keep blood sugar levels at more-desirable levels. Many people also need medication to manage their diabetes. - Control stress. Reduce stress in your day-to-day activities. Rethink workaholic habits and find healthy ways to minimize or deal with stressful events in your life. - If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and men older than age 65, and up to two drinks a day for men age 65 and younger.

Answer: To help prevent a heart attack, you can avoid smoking and secondhand smoke, control your blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and get regular medical checkups. It is also beneficial to exercise regularly, eat a heart-healthy diet, maintain a healthy weight, and reduce stress in your daily life.