deep-div/medical_qa_mediqa huggingface dataset:
Question: When and how do you know when you have congenital night blindness?

Reference:
X-linked congenital stationary night blindness: X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (XLCSNB) is a disorder of the retina. People with this condition typically experience night blindness and other vision problems, including loss of sharpness ( reduced visual acuity), severe nearsightedness (myopia), nystagmus , and strabismus . Color vision is typically not affected. These vision problems are usually evident at birth, but tend to be stable (stationary) over time. There are two major types of XLCSNB: the complete form and the incomplete form. Both types have very similar signs and symptoms. However, everyone with the complete form has night blindness, while not all people with the incomplete form have night blindness. The types are distinguished by their genetic cause. [1] The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) provides the following list of features that have been reported in people with this condition. Much of the information in the HPO comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. If available, the list includes a rough estimate of how common a feature is (its frequency). Frequencies are based on a specific study and may not be representative of all studies. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary for definitions of the terms below. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of macular pigmentation Frequent Nyctalopia Frequent Optic disc hypoplasia Frequent Reduced visual acuity Frequent Severe Myopia Frequent Nystagmus Occasional Strabismus Occasional Congenital stationary night blindness - Hemeralopia - X-linked recessive inheritance - Yes. About 45% of individuals with XLCSNB have the complete form, which is caused by mutations in the NYX gene . The other 55% have the incomplete form, which is caused by mutations in the CACNA1F gene. [2] The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides information about the genetic tests for this condition. The intended audience for the GTR is health care providers and researchers. Patients and consumers with specific questions about a genetic test should contact a health care provider or a genetics professional. The resources below provide information about treatment options for this condition. If you have questions about which treatment is right for you, talk to your healthcare professional. Management Guidelines GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions.

Answer: People with congenital stationary night blindness  typically experience night blindness and other vision problems, including loss of sharpness (reduced visual acuity), severe nearsightedness (myopia), nystagmus , and strabismus . Color vision is typically not affected. These vision problems are usually evident at birth, and tend to be stable (stationary) over time.
Question: When and how do you know when you have congenital night blindness?

Reference:
autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness (Genetic Changes): Mutations in several genes can cause autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness. Each of these genes provide instructions for making proteins that are found in the retina. These proteins are involved in sending (transmitting) visual signals from cells called rods, which are specialized for vision in low light, to cells called bipolar cells, which relay the signals to other retinal cells. This signaling is an essential step in the transmission of visual information from the eyes to the brain.   Mutations in two genes, GRM6 and TRPM1, cause most cases of this condition. These genes provide instructions for making proteins that are necessary for bipolar cells to receive and relay signals. Mutations in other genes involved in the same bipolar cell signaling pathway are likely responsible for a small percentage of cases of autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness.   Gene mutations that cause autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness disrupt the transmission of visual signals between rod cells and bipolar cells or interfere with the bipolar cells' ability to pass on these signals. As a result, visual information received by rod cells cannot be effectively transmitted to the brain, leading to difficulty seeing in low light. The cause of the other vision problems associated with this condition is unclear. It has been suggested that the mechanisms that underlie night blindness can interfere with other visual systems, causing myopia, reduced visual acuity, and other impairments.   Some people with autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness have no identified mutation in any of the known genes. The cause of the disorder in these individuals is unknown.

Answer: Gene mutations that cause autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness disrupt the transmission of visual signals between rod cells and bipolar cells or interfere with the bipolar cells' ability to pass on these signals. As a result, visual information received by rod cells cannot be effectively transmitted to the brain, leading to difficulty seeing in low light. The cause of the other vision problems associated with this condition is unclear. It has been suggested that the mechanisms that underlie night blindness can interfere with other visual systems, causing myopia, reduced visual acuity, and other impairments. Some people with autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness have no identified mutation in any of the known genes. The cause of the disorder in these individuals is unknown.
Question: If oleandor was ingested by touching the plant stems inner part and then directly eating without washing hands, how long would u exspect symptoms would start? And how severe would you say symptoms may get.

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What are the symptoms of Oleander poisoning?: Oleander poisoning can affect many parts of the body.  HEART AND BLOOD  - Irregular or slow heartbeat  - Low blood pressure  - Weakness    EYES, EARS, NOSE, MOUTH, AND THROAT  - Blurred vision  - Vision disturbances, including halos   STOMACH AND INTESTINES  - Diarrhea  - Loss of appetite  - Nausea and vomiting  - Stomach pain    NERVOUS SYSTEM  - Confusion  - Death  - Depression  - Disorientation  - Dizziness  - Drowsiness  - Fainting  - Headache  - Lethargy   SKIN  - Hives  - Rash    Note: Depression, loss of appetite, and halos are most often seen in chronic overdose cases.

Answer: Oleander poisoning can cause irregular or slow heartbeat, low blood pressure, weakness, blurred vision, vision disturbances, including halos, diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, confusion, disorientation, dizziness, drowsiness, fainting, headache, lethargy, hives, and rash. Depression, loss of appetite, and halos are most often seen in chronic overdose cases.
Question: If oleandor was ingested by touching the plant stems inner part and then directly eating without washing hands, how long would u exspect symptoms would start? And how severe would you say symptoms may get.

Reference:
Oleander poisoning (Outlook (Prognosis)): How well you do depends on the amount of poison swallowed and how quickly treatment is received. The faster you get medical help, the better the chance for recovery.   Symptoms last for 1 to 3 days and may require a hospital stay. Death is unlikely.   DO NOT touch or eat any plant with which you are not familiar. Wash your hands after working in the garden or walking in the woods.

Answer: The faster you get medical help, the better the chance for recovery. Symptoms last for 1 to 3 days and may require a hospital stay. Death is unlikely.
Question: Is optic atrophy ginetic and what cause it?

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Optic nerve atrophy (Prevention): Many causes of optic nerve atrophy cannot be prevented.   Prevention steps include:     - Older adults should have their provider carefully manage their blood pressure.   - Use standard safety precautions to prevent injuries to the face. Most facial injuries are the result of car accidents. Wearing seat belts may help prevent these injuries.   - Schedule a routine annual eye exam to check for glaucoma.   - Never drink home-brewed alcohol and forms of alcohol that are not intended for drinking. Methanol, which is found in home-brewed alcohol, can cause optic nerve atrophy in both eyes.

Answer: To prevent some cases of  optic nerve atrophy, older adults should have their provider carefully manage their blood pressure. Avoid injuries to the face. Schedule a routine annual eye exam to check for glaucoma. Avoid drinks, such as home-brewed alcohol, that contain methanol, which can cause optic nerve atrophy in both eyes.
Question: Is optic atrophy ginetic and what cause it?

Reference:
Optic nerve atrophy: Optic nerve atrophy is damage to the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries images of what the eye sees to the brain. There are many causes of optic atrophy. The most common is poor blood flow. This is called ischemic optic neuropathy. The problem most often affects older adults. The optic nerve can also be damaged by shock, toxins, radiation, and trauma.   Eye diseases, such as glaucoma, can also cause a form of optic nerve atrophy. The condition can also be caused by diseases of the brain and central nervous system. These may include:      - Brain tumor   - Cranial arteritis (sometimes called temporal arteritis)   - Multiple sclerosis   - Stroke     There are also rare forms of hereditary optic nerve atrophy that affect children and young adults. Optic nerve atrophy causes vision to dim and reduces the field of vision. The ability to see fine detail will also be lost. Colors will seem faded. Over time, the pupil will be less able to react to light, and eventually, its ability to react to light may be lost. The health care provider will do a complete eye exam to look for the condition. The exam will include tests of:     - Color vision   - Pupil light reflex   - Tonometry   - Visual acuity      You may also need a complete physical exam and other tests. Damage from optic nerve atrophy cannot be reversed. The underlying disease must be found and treated. Otherwise, vision loss will continue.    Rarely, conditions that lead to optic atrophy may be treatable. Vision lost to optic nerve atrophy cannot be recovered. It is very important to protect the other eye. People with this condition need to be checked regularly by an eye doctor with experience in nerve-related conditions. Tell your doctor right away about any change in vision. Many causes of optic nerve atrophy cannot be prevented.   Prevention steps include:     - Older adults should have their provider carefully manage their blood pressure.   - Use standard safety precautions to prevent injuries to the face. Most facial injuries are the result of car accidents. Wearing seat belts may help prevent these injuries.   - Schedule a routine annual eye exam to check for glaucoma.   - Never drink home-brewed alcohol and forms of alcohol that are not intended for drinking. Methanol, which is found in home-brewed alcohol, can cause optic nerve atrophy in both eyes. Updated by: Franklin W. Lusby, MD, ophthalmologist, Lusby Vision Institute, La Jolla, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Answer: There are many causes of optic nerve atrophy. The most common problem,  most often in older adults, is poor blood flow.(ischemic optic neuropathy.) The optic nerve can also be damaged by shock, toxins, radiation, and trauma. Eye diseases, such as glaucoma, can also cause a form of optic nerve atrophy. The condition can also be caused by diseases of the brain and central nervous system such as brain tumor, cranial arteritis, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. There are also rare forms of hereditary optic nerve atrophy that affect children and young adults.
Question: Are there any researches indicating how early an individual may experience any signs or symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

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Rheumatoid arthritis (Symptoms): Signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis may include: - Tender, warm, swollen joints   - Joint stiffness that is usually worse in the mornings and after inactivity   - Fatigue, fever and weight loss Early rheumatoid arthritis tends to affect your smaller joints first - particularly the joints that attach your fingers to your hands and your toes to your feet. As the disease progresses, symptoms often spread to the wrists, knees, ankles, elbows, hips and shoulders. In most cases, symptoms occur in the same joints on both sides of your body. About 40 percent of the people who have rheumatoid arthritis also experience signs and symptoms that don't involve the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis can affect many nonjoint structures, including: - Skin   - Eyes   - Lungs   - Heart   - Kidneys   - Salivary glands   - Nerve tissue   - Bone marrow   - Blood vessels Rheumatoid arthritis signs and symptoms may vary in severity and may even come and go. Periods of increased disease activity, called flares, alternate with periods of relative remission - when the swelling and pain fade or disappear. Over time, rheumatoid arthritis can cause joints to deform and shift out of place. Make an appointment with your doctor if you have persistent discomfort and swelling in your joints.

Answer: Early rheumatoid arthritis tends to affect the smaller joints and hands and feet first.
Question: Are there any researches indicating how early an individual may experience any signs or symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Reference:
Rheumatoid arthritis (Diagnosis): Rheumatoid arthritis can be difficult to diagnose in its early stages because the early signs and symptoms mimic those of many other diseases. There is no one blood test or physical finding to confirm the diagnosis. During the physical exam, your doctor will check your joints for swelling, redness and warmth. He or she may also check your reflexes and muscle strength. Blood tests People with rheumatoid arthritis often have an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, or sed rate) or C-reactive protein (CRP), which may indicate the presence of an inflammatory process in the body. Other common blood tests look for rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies. Imaging tests Your doctor may recommend X-rays to help track the progression of rheumatoid arthritis in your joints over time. MRI and ultrasound tests can help your doctor judge the severity of the disease in your body.

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis can be difficult to diagnose in its early stages because the early signs and symptoms mimic those of many other diseases.
Question: Polycystic ovarian syndrome Is it possible for parents to pass this on in the genes to their children - is there any other way this can be acquired?

Reference:
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (Summary): Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that can affect a woman's menstrual cycle, ability to have children, hormones , heart, blood vessels, and appearance. Women with this condition typically have high levels of  hormones called androgens, missed or irregular periods, and many small cysts in their ovaries. The cause of PCOS is unknown, but probably involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors . Treatment for PCOS may involve birth control pills and medications for diabetes and infertility. Medicines called anti-androgens are also used to speed the growth of hair and clear acne. [1] [2]

Answer: The cause of PCOS is unknown, but probably involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors
Question: polymicrogyria. My 16 month old son has this. Does not sit up our crawl yet but still trying and is improving in grabbing things etc etc. Have read about other cases that seem 10000 time worse. It's it possible for this post of his brain to grown to normal and he grow out of it?

Reference:
Bilateral generalized polymicrogyria: Bilateral generalized polymicrogyria is a rare neurological disorder that affects the cerebral cortex (the outer surface of the brain). [1] [2] [3] This is the most widespread form of polymicrogyria and typically affects the entire surface of the brain. [1] Signs and symptoms include severe  intellectual disability , problems with movement, and  seizures that are difficult or impossible to treat. [1] [2] While the exact cause of bilateral generalized polymicrogyria is not fully understood, it is thought to be due to improper brain development during embryonic growth. [2] Most cases appear to follow an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person. [1] [2] [3] The resources below provide information about treatment options for this condition. If you have questions about which treatment is right for you, talk to your healthcare professional. Management Guidelines GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions. Although polymicrogyria as a broad category of disorders is collectively believed to be fairly common, each individual type (such as bilateral generalized polymicrogyria) is probably rare. [1] [2] Unfortunately for the rare diseases, there's often not a calculated incidence or prevalence; there is no official method for tracking these conditions. To our knowledge, the incidence and prevalence of bilateral generalized polymicrogyria remains unknown. [1] [2] [3] The following diseases are related to Bilateral generalized polymicrogyria. If you have a question about any of these diseases, you can contact GARD. Polymicrogyria

Answer: Signs and symptoms of bilateral generalized polymicrogyria ,  the most common form of polymicrogyria, include severe  intellectual disability , problems with movement, and  seizures that are difficult or impossible to treat.
Question: polymicrogyria. My 16 month old son has this. Does not sit up our crawl yet but still trying and is improving in grabbing things etc etc. Have read about other cases that seem 10000 time worse. It's it possible for this post of his brain to grown to normal and he grow out of it?

Reference:
Polymicrogyria: Polymicrogyria is a condition characterized by abnormal development of the brain before birth. Specifically, the surface of the brain develops too many folds which are unusually small. The signs and symptoms associated with the condition vary based on how much of the brain and which areas of the brain are affected; however, affected people may experience recurrent seizures ( epilepsy ); delayed development; crossed eyes ; problems with speech and swallowing; and muscle weakness or paralysis. Bilateral forms (affecting both sides of the brain) tend to cause more severe neurological problems. Polymicrogyria can result from both genetic and environmental causes. It may occur as an isolated finding or as part of a syndrome . Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person. [1] [2] A wide variety of symptoms may be observed in people with polymicrogyria, depending on the areas of the brain implicated and whether or not it is part of a larger syndrome . Signs and symptoms may include: [3] [4] Developmental delay Crossed eyes Epilepsy Paralysis of the face, throat, and tongue Difficulty with speech and swallowing Drooling The diagnosis of polymicrogyria is made by imaging brain structures using  MRI . Typical findings include areas of the  cerebral cortex with a complex set of small gyri that appear fused to each other and separated by shallow sulci. These findings may be isolated to one side of the brain (unilateral) or may involve both sides of the brain (bilateral). [3] [4] The resources below provide information about treatment options for this condition. If you have questions about which treatment is right for you, talk to your healthcare professional. Management Guidelines GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions. The following diseases are related to Polymicrogyria. If you have a question about any of these diseases, you can contact GARD. Bilateral frontal polymicrogyria Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria Bilateral generalized polymicrogyria Bilateral parasagittal parieto-occipital polymicrogyria Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria

Answer: Polymicrogyria is a condition characterized by abnormal development of the brain before birth. Symptoms of polymicrogyria vary depending on how much of the brain and which areas of the brain are affected and whether or not it is part of a larger syndrome . Affected people may experience recurrent epileptic seizures; delayed development; crossed eyes; problems with speech and swallowing; and muscle weakness or paralysis. Bilateral forms, which affect both sides of the brain, cause more severe neurological problems.
Question: prevention of preeclampsia I know that the jury is out on the exact causes of preeclampsia, but I am looking for some of the ways that the chances of acquiring it can be minimized.

Reference:
Preeclampsia (Causes): The exact cause of preeclampsia involves several factors. Experts believe it begins in the placenta - the organ that nourishes the fetus throughout pregnancy. Early in pregnancy, new blood vessels develop and evolve to efficiently send blood to the placenta. In women with preeclampsia, these blood vessels don't seem to develop or function properly. They're narrower than normal blood vessels and react differently to hormonal signaling, which limits the amount of blood that can flow through them. Causes of this abnormal development may include: - Insufficient blood flow to the uterus   - Damage to the blood vessels   - A problem with the immune system   - Certain genes Preeclampsia is classified as one of four high blood pressure disorders that can occur during pregnancy. The other three are: - Gestational hypertension. Women with gestational hypertension have high blood pressure but no excess protein in their urine or other signs of organ damage. Some women with gestational hypertension eventually develop preeclampsia.   - Chronic hypertension. Chronic hypertension is high blood pressure that was present before pregnancy or that occurs before 20 weeks of pregnancy. But because high blood pressure usually doesn't have symptoms, it may be hard to determine when it began.   - Chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. This condition occurs in women who have been diagnosed with chronic high blood pressure before pregnancy, but then develop worsening high blood pressure and protein in the urine or other health complications during pregnancy.

Answer: Experts believe preeclampsia begins in the placenta. Early in pregnancy, new blood vessels develop  to  send blood to the placenta. In women with preeclampsia, these blood vessels don't to develop or function properly: they are narrower than normal and react differently to hormones. Causes of this abnormal development include: insufficient blood flow to the uterus, damage to the blood vessels, problems with the immune system, or certain genes.