deem-data/ArtiFact huggingface dataset:
Apostel Paulus verantwoordt zich voor koning Herodes Agrippa II en Julia Berenice
Object type: print
Date: 1697 – 1697
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: paul before festus, king agrippa and queen bernice

Prent ook gebruikt in: Biblia ectypa : Bildnussen auss Heiliger Schrifft. Regensburg: Chr. Wiegel, 1697.
Portrait of Willem Fransz van Schoterbosch (c. 1510-?)
Object type: painting
Date: 1620 – 1620
Materials: oil, panel
Artist: cornelis engelsz
Artist role: painter
Artist dates: 1574 – 1650
Subjects: historical persons
Inscriptions: coat of arms, upper left: a red chevron and three red fleurs-de-lis on a silver ground, inscription, centre left: ‘ÆTATIS 40’, inscription, on the reverse, in black paint: ‘3 / Willem Overyn van Schoterbosch, geb 15[..]’

Portret van Willem Fransz Overrijn van Schoterbosch (geb. ca. 1510). Ten halven lijve, staand met handschoenen in de rechterhand, de linkerhand op het gevest van zijn zwaard. Linksboven het familiewapen. Misschien een kopie door Cornelis Engelsz. naar een onbekende origineel uit ca. 1560. Behoort tot een groep portretten: SK-A-4753 / SK-A-4754 / SK-A-4776 / SK-A-4772 / SK-A-4771 / SK-A-4756 / SK-A-4757 / SK-A-4773 / SK-A-4758 / SK-A-4759 / SK-A-4775 en SK-A-4774.
Serie 3: Franse Godsdienstoorlogen, 1559-1573
Object type: album leaf
Date: 1569 – 1571
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: cologne
Subjects: violent death, being killed; being mishandled and maltreated; seeking death

Prins van Condé gevangengenomen en vermoord tijdens de slag bij Jarnac, 13 maart 1569. Gezicht op het slagveld. Met onderschrift van 8 regels in het Duits. Linksonder genummerd: 64. De prent maakt deel uit van een album.
Terracotta rim fragment of a kylix (drinking cup)
Object type: kylix fragment
Date: 500 – 451
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic

Exterior, extended arm with drapery?
Ring
Object type: ring
Date: 900 – 100
Materials: gold
Culture: etruscan

Open ring of woven gold, ornamented with granules.
Terracotta fragment of a column-krater? (bowl for mixing wine and water)
Object type: column krater fragment
Date: 450 – 426
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic
Prenthandelaar
Object type: print
Date: 1851 – 1851
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: alençon
Subjects: print, e.g.: engraving, etching, lithograph, art dealer (+ graphic arts), street-trader
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228, collector's mark: Lugt 4780

Een prenthandelaar staat voor zijn kraam, een plumeau onder zijn arm geklemd. Tekst op verso. Linksboven genummerd: 41; rechtsboven: 321.
Gezicht op de Rue de Rivoli, met een deel van de gevel van het Musée du Louvre
Object type: stereograph
Date: 1875 – 1900
Materials: cardboard, photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Location: rue de rivoli
Artist: august frederik willem vogt
Artist role: fotograaf
Artist dates: 1871 – 1922
Subjects: four-wheeled, animal-drawn vehicle, e.g.: cab, carriage, coach, façade (of house or building), street
Inscriptions: number: ‘110’, inscription: ‘Speciaal adres voor goede stereoscopen en fraaie stereoscopische-photo's. photographische kunst-inrichting Aug. F. W. Vogt, Amsterdam.’, number: ‘25481’
Harpocrates
Object type: print
Date: 1636 – 1636
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: rome
Subjects: putting a finger to the lips, 'silentium'; 'silentio' (ripa), piece of sculpture, reproduction of a piece of sculpture, harpocrates
Inscriptions: number: ‘23’, collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Beeld van Harpocrates de Griekse god van de stilte. Een jongetje houdt zijn vinger voor zijn mond. Het beeld is afkomstig uit de collectie van Vincenzo Giustiniani, wiens wapen op de sokkel te zien is.
Leaf from a Gospel Book with Four Standing Evangelists
Object type: gospel
Date: 1290 – 1330
Materials: ink, parchment, paint
Culture: armenian
Location: lake van
Subjects: men,saint mark,saint matthew,evangelists,saint luke,saint john
Portrait of a Man with a Gold Chain
Object type: painting
Date: 1533 – 1575
Materials: oil, wood
Artist: corneille de lyon
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: netherlandish
Artist dates: 1533 – 1575
Subjects: men,portraits
Okabe
Object type: print
Date: 1842 – 1842
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: woodblock print
Culture: japanese
Artist: utagawa hiroshige
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: japanese
Artist dates: 1797 – 1858
Subjects: men,women,mountains,tea houses

Among the several series Hiroshige designed following the great success of his first Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō, one of the finest is that published in the early Kaei era (1848–1854), popularly known as the "Gyosho (Cursive style) Tōkaidō" after the calligraphic style of the titles. Here, the mountain pass at Okabe, the twenty-second station on the road in the mountains west of Suruga Bay is depicted in a style that might also be considered abbreviated. Brilliant colors predominate, reminiscent of depictions of this locale, Mount Utsu, by Rimpa artists based on an episode from Chapter 9 in the poetic classic Tales of Ise. Hiroshige replaced the ascetic wandering on the ivy-covered mountain pass of the Heian Period tale with the robust traveller of Edo who eagerly approaches a roadside tea house. There the proprietress, baby on her back, manages a bustling wayside business. A placard advertises the local speciality, Utsunoyama Dango, rice balls served with a sweet bean sauce, which can be seen hanging from the rafters, skewered on sticks or strung in circles. Today, these same local products are sold on the Tōkaidō railroad as the highspeed train whizzes by this once isolated, long famous mountain pass.
Cup on foot
Object type: cup
Date: 1601 – 1733
Materials: glass
Embleem: wilde dieren
Object type: print
Date: 1695 – 1705
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: nuremberg
Subjects: beasts of prey, predatory animals: leopard, zoological garden, zoo, seen as place where non-domestic animals are kept, beasts of prey, predatory animals: lion, abstract ideas and concepts
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Boekillustratie voor Weigel, Christoph. Ethica Naturalis seu Documenta Moralia e Variis rerum Naturalium proprietatibus Virtutum Vitiorumq symbolicis imaginibus collecta. Neurenberg: Christoph Weigel: c. 1700.
Groepsportret van Pauline van den Bussche, Jenny Wichers, Wiesje Merkus en Alexander Voormolen
Object type: photograph
Date: 1910 – 1911
Materials: paper
Techniques: gelatin silver print
Location: gelderland
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: rotterdam, the hague, artist, sculptor, jenny cornelia henriette wichers (jane), wiesje merkus, adolescent, young woman, maiden, youth, adolescent, friends, anonymous historical persons portrayed in a group, in a group-portrait, gelderland
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘Pauline Jenny L[...] Wiesje’
Terracotta fragment of a plate?
Object type: plate fragment
Date: 600 – 401
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic

Fragment of a plate? with a bit of a reserve line; the underside is reserved
Le Portail de la Cath;edrale de Berne, Suisse.
Object type: stereograph
Date: 1850 – 1880
Materials: cardboard, photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Location: bern
Artist: william england
Artist role: fotograaf
Artist dates: 1816 – 1896
Subjects: parts of church exterior and annexes: portal, bern minster
Inscriptions: number: ‘365’, inscription: ‘Views of Switzerland, Savoy and Italy Photographed by W. England’
The Gleaners
Object type: print
Date: 1855 – 1856
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: drypoint, etching
Location: france
Artist: jean françois millet
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1814 – 1875
Plantsoen te Koblenz
Object type: stereograph
Date: 1900 – 1910
Materials: cardboard, photographic support
Techniques: gelatin silver print
Location: koblenz
Subjects: plantation
Inscriptions: number: ‘86’, inscription: ‘NPG’
Brief aan Jan Veth
Object type: letter
Date: 1883 – 1883
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: pen, printing, writing
Location: amsterdam
Artist: august allebé
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1838 – 1927
Subjects: dordrecht, painter, print maker, draughtsman, designer, jan veth, politician, jérôme alexander sillem
Inscriptions: collector's mark: ‘RPK’
Armor (Gusoku)
Object type: armor i gusoku i
Date: 1701 – 1800
Materials: copper, fur, iron, lacquer, leather, silk, silver, textile
Culture: japanese
Location: japan
Coffee Service
Object type: metalwork
Date: 1900 – 1900
Materials: silver
Location: providence
Subjects: dining, drinking
Inscriptions: Marked on bottom of each piece: SPAULDING & CO. / CHICAGO / MARTELE / 950-1000 FINE
Engraved on bottom of tray: CHARLES HENRY ALDRICH / HELEN URANIA ROBERTS / 1875 / OCTOBER THIRTEENTH 1900
Joannis Darius
Object type: print
Date: 1900 – 1900
Materials: ivory, paper
Techniques: drypoint, etching
Location: scotland
Artist: david young cameron
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist nationality: scottish
Artist dates: 1865 – 1945
Portret van vermoedelijk Hippolyte Flandrin
Object type: photograph
Date: 1854 – 1864
Materials: photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Location: paris
Artist: charles leymarie
Artist role: fotograaf
Subjects: portrait, self-portrait of painter
Ontwerp voor een ornament met bloemen en masker
Object type: ornament print
Date: 1550 – 1650
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: ornament derived from plant forms
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2760, collector's mark: Lugt 2228
The Diseased, from "The Complete Works of Béranger"
Object type: print
Date: 1829 – 1829
Location: paris
Artist: tony johannot
Artist role: designer
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1803 – 1852
Statues mediæval en bronze dans l'Hofkirche, Innsbruck, Tyrol (6)
Object type: stereograph
Date: 1863 – 1865
Materials: cardboard, paper
Techniques: albumen print
Location: innsbruck
Artist: william england
Artist role: fotograaf
Artist dates: 1816 – 1896
Subjects: interior of church, sculpture
Inscriptions: number: ‘14’
Piece
Object type: piece
Date: 1700 – 1710
Materials: metal thread, silk

Panels such as this—with its extraordinary patterns in long repeats—were called "bizarre" by the Danish scholar Slomann, who believed they were made in India. Most scholars consider them an exotic phase in the history of European silk weaving.
Plaque with face of the demon Humbaba
Object type: relief
Date: 2000 – 1600
Materials: ceramic
Culture: babylonian
Location: mesopotamia
Subjects: faces,demons
Terracotta fragment of an amphora (jar)
Object type: amphora fragment
Date: 534 – 468
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic

Part of the top of the foot and the outer edge of the foot of an amphora?
De heilige Antonius
Object type: print
Date: 1519 – 1523
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: low countries
Artist: lucas van leyden
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1494 – 1533
Subjects: the hermit antony abbot (antonius abbas) of egypt, also called the great; possible attributes: bell, book, t-shaped staff, flames, pig
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228a

Heilige Antonius met wandelstok en boek, links van hem een varken met een bel om de nek.
Terracotta rim fragment of a kylix (drinking cup)
Object type: kylix fragment
Date: 475 – 451
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic

Exterior, part of arm and top of head?
"Trou Perdu", Via Mala, nabij Tuses (kanton Graubünden/Grisons), Zwitserland
Object type: photograph
Materials: paper
Techniques: albumen print
Artist: leon clément
Artist role: fotograaf
Subjects: switzerland
Inscriptions: number: ‘1083’, inscription: ‘13 june 99’, inscription: ‘ADOLF [sic] BRAUN SUCC.’, number: ‘244’, check stamp: ‘[...?] Ad. Braun & Cie//Braun Clement [...?]’, inscription: ‘trou perdu’

"Trou Perdu", Via Mala, nabij Tuses (kanton Graubünden/Grisons), Zwitserland. Plaatsbepaling op grond van gravure van William Henry Bartlett "Galerij in het "Trou Perdu" nabij Tuses (Grisons), rond 1850, 183 X 120 mm.
Sāz-ī-Kāshmīr
Object type: sāz ī kāshmīr
Materials: textile, iron, metal, plastic, skin, wood
Culture: kashmiri
Location: pakistan
Study for a Vase (from Sketchbook)
Object type: drawing
Date: 1860 – 1860
Materials: graphite, paper
Culture: american
Artist: john quincy adams ward
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1830 – 1910

Ward, a student of Henry Kirke Brown, became known as the "Dean of American Sculpture." This page is from a sketchbook, which provides an intimate look at the artist’s working methods. Ward’s sketches include several classically influenced figures mingled with American Indians on horseback as well as a number of bison.
Wooded Landscape with Herdsmen and Cows
Object type: print
Materials: ink
Techniques: aquatint, printing
Artist: thomas gainsborough
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: british
Artist dates: 1727 – 1788
Subjects: cows,landscapes

Most famous for his dashing portraits of eighteenth-century society figures, Gainsborough was also a highly skilled printmaker who in his late career experimented with the "sugar-lift" aquatint medium—named after a sugar and ink solution used to draw on the plate that later dissolves when immersed in water. The subject of grazing cows in a sun-struck sylvan setting recalls seventeenth-century Dutch pastorals.
Deksel van een bokaal
Object type: lid
Date: 1750 – 1775
Materials: glass
Techniques: glassblowing
Location: netherlands
Artist: Anonymous

Gewelfde deksel, bekroond met gelede dekselknop, bestaande uit een bolvormige knop met een rij luchtbellen en een staafvormig uiteinde met drie braamnoppen. Op de deksel een gegraveerd bladslinger.
Portret van Arnaud d'Ossat
Object type: book illustration
Date: 1627 – 1627
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, letterpress printing
Location: paris
Subjects: rome, historical persons

Prent uit: Ossat, Arnaud d'. Lettres de l'illustrissime et reverendissime cardinal d'Ossat. Parijs: Joseph Bouillerot, 1627.
Sard ring stone
Object type: intaglio
Date: 7000 – 330
Culture: post-classical
Subjects: men
Brief aan Christiaan Kramm
Object type: letter
Date: 1844 – 1844
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: pen, writing
Location: rotterdam
Subjects: utrecht, print maker, draughtsman, christiaan kramm, distribution of awards ~ art contest, architecture
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2233
Hieratic ostracon
Object type: ostracon, hieratic
Date: 1295 – 1070
Materials: ink, paint, pottery
Location: egypt
Nose ornament
Object type: ornament
Date: 1201 – 1600
Materials: gold
Culture: colombian
Location: colombia
Piece
Object type: piece
Date: 1774 – 1793
Materials: silk
Z knih P. Vodehnala
Object type: bookplate
Date: 1940 – 1940
Materials: paper
Techniques: printing block
Location: louny
Subjects: standing figure, hunter
Inscriptions: workshop stamp: ‘Jar. Mařík/ Louny 1940’
Tureen with stand with figures on a terras near a pavilion
Object type: lid
Date: 1800 – 1849
Materials: glaze, gold, paint, porcelain
Techniques: firing, forming, gilding, turning, vitrification
Location: china
Artist: Anonymous

Deksel van terrine van porselein met twee gevlochten oren, beschilderd op het glazuur in blauw, rood, roze, groen, geel, zwart en goud. Dekselknop in de vorm van een shishi (leeuwhond). Famille rose.
Portret van Guido Bentivoglio op 54-jarige leeftijd
Object type: print
Date: 1610 – 1668
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: paris
Subjects: rome, politician, cardinal, historical persons
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228
Object type: shelf clock
Date: 1786 – 1786
Materials: brass, iron, lead, wood, steel
Culture: american
Location: united states
Artist: levi hutchins
Artist role: maker
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1761 – 1855
Limb with garment, pleating
Object type: limb with garment, pleating
Date: 1353 – 1336
Materials: limestone
Location: egypt
Trivet
Object type: trivet
Date: 1701 – 1800
Materials: iron
A phoenix sat atop a tree, wings open, an assortment of animals below
Object type: print
Date: 1530 – 1560
Techniques: engraving
Artist: master of the die
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: italian
Artist dates: 1525 – 1560
Subjects: birds,bulls,lions
Vial of green pigment
Object type: item used in making cloisonné enamel
Date: 1867 – 1933
Culture: japanese
Card Number 253, Ballani, from the Actors and Actresses series (N145-1) issued by Duke Sons & Co. to promote Cross Cut Cigarettes
Object type: print
Date: 1880 – 1889
Techniques: albumen silver print
Artist: w. duke, sons & co.
Artist role: publisher
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1870 – 1920
Subjects: portraits,women,actresses

Trade cards from the set "Actors and Actresses" (N145-1), issued in the 1880s by W. Duke Sons & Co. to promote Cross Cut Cigarettes. There are eight subsets of the N145 series. Various subsets sport different card designs and also promote different tobacco brands represented by W. Duke Sons & Company. This card is from the first subset, N145-1. Note that actors' names are spelled differently on cards throughout set and are not dependable for accuracy.
Kalkoen
Object type: print
Date: 1660 – 1662
Materials: paper
Techniques: woodcut
Location: netherlands
Artist: dirck de bray
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1625 – 1694
Subjects: walker and runner birds: turkey
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 240

De vogel is gedetermineerd als zijnde een kalkoen, maar in de literatuur over De Bray wordt gesproken over een 'grote mannetjesduif'.
Miniature tea bowl (one of five) (part of a set)
Object type: miniature tea bowl
Date: 1800 – 1800
Materials: soft paste porcelain
Alkmaar, Lutik Ouddorp
Object type: photomechanical print
Date: 1906 – 1930
Materials: cardboard
Techniques: photograph
Location: alkmaar
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: city-view, and landscape with man-made constructions, sailing-ship, sailing-boat, tower, clock tower ~ monumental adornment, canals, waters (in city)

Mogelijk gedateerd 1919 op verso, eerste twee cijfers van het getal.
Terracotta fragment of a kylix (drinking cup)
Object type: kylix fragment
Date: 470 – 460
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic

Exterior, lower torso of a draped figure to left; right arm
Rudolf Serkin
Object type: album leaf
Date: 1933 – 1936
Materials: paper
Techniques: printed materials
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: portrait of a musician

Albumblad met een tekst over de pianist Rudolf Serkin. Onderdeel van het Esperanto album uit ca. 1933-1936.
Dish with The Story of Semiramis
Object type: dish
Date: 1534 – 1534
Techniques: maiolica, glazing
Artist: fra xanto avelli da rovigo
Artist role: artist
Artist dates: 1486 – 1582
Subjects: men,women,putti

This large dish has a wide depression and narrow rim. The organization of the imagery relates to these specifications; the figures on the rim are mere bystanders responding to the scene of Queen Semiramis receiving a visitor, and the primary narrative is completely enclosed within the plate’s central well.
Premier des Magnifiques Carosses de Monseigneur le duc d'Ossuna Ambassadeur Extraordinaire et Premier Plenipotentiaire de Sa Majesté Catholique Philippe: V. pour la Paix faits Pour l'Entreé Publique de son Excellence a Utrecht MDCCXIII
Object type: print
Date: 1714 – 1714
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, etching
Location: amsterdam
Artist: bernard picart
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker, publisher
Artist dates: 1673 – 1733
Subjects: ornaments ~ art, four-wheeled, animal-drawn vehicle, e.g.: cab, carriage, coach, embroidery (ornamentation), utrecht
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Geborduurd kleed voor de bovenkant van de gouden koets met Venus in haar strijdwagen in de wolken. Onderdeel van een serie van zeven platen met de statiekoets van de Spaanse gezant de hertog van Ossuna, gebruikt bij zijn openbare intocht in Utrecht voor de vredesonderhandelingen in 1713.
Portret van Jacob de Gelder
Object type: print
Date: 1848 – 1848
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Location: netherlands
Subjects: knighthood order, historical persons
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

De geportretteerde draagt een ridderorde op de borst. Onder het portret zijn signatuur, geboorte- en sterfjaar.
Portret van Johann von Jessen
Object type: print
Date: 1662 – 1662
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, letterpress printing
Location: frankfurt am main
Subjects: prague, historical persons, physician, doctor, book, candle

Prent uit: Abelin, Johann Philipp. Theatrum Europaeum. Frankfurt am Main: erven Matthäus Merian I, 1662, dl. 1.
Brand in Arnemuiden (plaat 2), 1802
Object type: print
Date: 1803 – 1803
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: netherlands
Artist: george kockers
Artist role: goldsmith, print maker
Subjects: on fire, ablaze, pump (fire-extinguishing equipment)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Grote brand in Arnemuiden op 7 juli 1802 waarbij verschillende zoutketen zijn afgebrand. Menigte toeschouwers kijkt ontzet toe. Zie ook de pendant.
Tankard
Object type: glass
Materials: glass
Location: netherlands
Schnapps glass (one of twelve)
Object type: schnapps glass
Date: 1750 – 1775
Materials: enamel, glass
Subjects: men,women,swans,trees

The form of this piece is unprecedented in the seventeenth century either in silver (the usual prototype for new glass forms) or in glass. It is close to the idea of cruet frames with central handle which were common in the eighteenth century. The signs of the zodiac are contained in swiftly sketched rococo cartouches, and there is a mixture of periods of costume worn by the various figures, including one in the garb of the sixteenth century and others from the seventeenth century. For all these reasons, it seems probable that the glass was decorated in the third quarter of the eighteenth century.
Lamp
Object type: lamp
Date: 400 – 201
Materials: ceramic
Culture: seleucid
Location: iran

This oil lamp is a simple round dish with a pinched spout where the wick would have been placed. It is made of a coarse clay, and has been blackened on the interior from use. It was excavated at Pasargadae in southwestern Iran, about 90 km northeast of Shiraz. Pasargadae was the first capital of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great c. 546 B.C. The lamp was found at the Tall-i Takht, a massive artificial platform presumably built as the site of a royal palace but converted into a fortified compound after Darius established a new capital at Persepolis around 520. However, the coin hoards and other finds from the Takht, including this lamp, show that it continued to be occupied down into the second century B.C., long after the fall of the Achaemenid Empire. The lamp was found in a room in the eastern corner of the Takht.
Pair of panel ornaments
Object type: panel ornament
Date: 1701 – 1800
Materials: gilt bronze
Subjects: garlands,faces
Bust of Pierre André de Suffren de Saint-Tropez
Object type: bust
Date: 1786 – 1787
Materials: marble
Techniques: chisel
Location: paris
Artist: jean antoine houdon
Artist role: sculptor
Artist dates: 1741 – 1828
Subjects: historical persons

The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War broke out in 1780. Britain attacked the Netherlands for supporting the American Revolution. The British besieged Dutch settlements in India and Ceylon, among other places. The diminished Dutch navy called upon the help of its ally, France. The French vice-admiral De Suffren defeated the British fleet in five naval battles.