deem-data/ArtiFact huggingface dataset:
Settee
Object type: furniture
Date: 1771 – 1772
Materials: leather, wood
Techniques: painting
Location: england
Artist: joseph walter
Artist dates: 1768 – 1793
Subjects: furniture
Studieblad met vrouwenfiguren
Object type: print
Date: 1912 – 1912
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching, intaglio
Artist: johannes josephus aarts
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1871 – 1934
Subjects: standing figure
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228, collector's mark: Lugt 2760

Twee vrouwenfiguren, waarvan een in profiel naar rechts en een driekwart naar rechts. Verder een mannenfiguur, van voren.
Ex libris van Julius Liebner
Object type: print
Date: 1918 – 1918
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Artist: carl otto gadau
Artist role: painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1885 – 1936
Subjects: woman (showing herself) undressed, quasi-nude, book
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 4779, collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Cirkel met daarin een naakte jonge vrouw zittend op vier folianten, aan haar voet een roos.
Portret van Hendrik, prins der Nederlanden
Object type: print
Date: 1850 – 1949
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Location: netherlands
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: hendrik (prins der nederlanden)

De hier vermelde titel verwijst naar de hoogst verkregen titel van de geportretteerde, niet per se naar de titel die de geportretteerde op deze voorstelling draagt.
Ringvormig fragment uit het wrak van de Oost-Indiëvaarder Hollandia
Object type: ring
Date: 1700 – 1743
Materials: copper
Location: netherlands
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: verenigde oostindische compagnie, hollandia (schip), annet

Varied parts or fragments, rings or ring-shaped fragments; id. 80H946.
Gezicht op de tuin van Versailles met daarachter een gezelschap in een salon
Object type: stereograph
Date: 1855 – 1875
Materials: cardboard, paper
Techniques: albumen print, hand coloring
Location: versailles
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: drawing-room, 'salon', french or architectonic garden; formal garden
Inscriptions: number: ‘75’, inscription: ‘hs’, number: ‘60’
Terracotta fragment of a kylix (drinking cup)
Object type: kylix fragment
Date: 475 – 451
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic

Interior, cushioned stool; lower body and feet of a draped figure facing the lower body of a draped figure with a stick
Portret van Johann Stephan Burgermeister
Object type: print
Date: 1722 – 1722
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: leipzig
Artist: martin bernigeroth
Artist role: print maker
Artist dates: 1670 – 1733
Subjects: historical persons
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Prent ook gebruikt in: Deutsche Acta Eruditorum (...). dl. 77. Leipzig: Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch, 1722.
Portret van Johann Anton Geiger
Object type: print
Date: 1685 – 1732
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, etching
Subjects: further education (+ portrait of teacher, professor), historical persons, lawyer, attorney at law
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228
Schetsboek met 24 bladen
Object type: sketchbook
Date: 1908 – 1909
Materials: cardboard, chalk, charcoal, ink, linen, paper, pencil, watercolor
Techniques: brush, pen
Artist: huib luns
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1881 – 1942
Subjects: christ as adult, anonymous historical person portrayed, mathematical perspective, poster, utrecht
Inscriptions: retailer's mark: ‘[...] de in/ COÓPERATIVE ARTISTIQUE/ 58 Rue de Namur, 56’

Schetsboek bestaande uit 24 bladen en drie losse tekeningen met portretten, perspectiefstudies, handen, Bijbelvoorstellingen en ontwerpen voor reclamedrukwerk.
Terracotta fragment of a column-krater (bowl for mixing wine and water)
Object type: column krater fragment
Date: 525 – 501
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic

Lower body and feet of a draped male to right; at the bottom left, part of the panel ornament
Monsieur Le Frizeur
Object type: print
Techniques: etching
Location: london
Artist: henry william bunbury
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: british
Artist dates: 1750 – 1811
Subjects: men

This French hairdresser comes from a set of twenty-four caricatures that Matthew and Mary Darly published in 1771. A husband-and-wife team, the Darlys developed a new British print genre--small etched caricatures of single figures against plain backgrounds, their identities indicated through dress, pose and a few props. Many of these works mocked the fashionable manners of contemporary London dandies called "macaronis," and the Darly's wares soon became known as macaroni prints no matter what their subjects. The implied Italian connection was in fact appropriate, since the basic form was inspired by Ghezzi's caricature drawings brought back from Rome by Grand Tourists. The form and subjects adapted by the Darlys tickled British tastes and broadened the scope of Ghezzi's works to include a range of social classes, known figures, and types.
Cover
Object type: cover
Date: 1567 – 1600
Techniques: embroidery
Ex libris Marii Piotrowiczowej 1937
Object type: bookplate
Date: 1937 – 1937
Materials: paper
Techniques: printing block
Location: poland
Subjects: plants and herbs
Inscriptions: workshop stamp: ‘M. Kulikowska-Cl.’
Rev. Christopher Edwards Gadsden
Object type: painting, miniature
Date: 1819 – 1819
Materials: ivory, watercolor
Culture: american
Artist: charles fraser
Artist role: artist
Artist dates: 1782 – 1860
Subjects: men,portraits

The sitter (1785-1852), later bishop of Charleston, was a rector at the time he sat for Fraser.
Furniture plaque with figure in relief
Object type: relief
Date: 900 – 701
Materials: ivory
Culture: assyrian
Location: mesopotamia

This ivory plaque was found in a storage room in Fort Shalmaneser, a royal building at Nimrud that was used to store booty and tribute collected by the Assyrians while on military campaign. It depicts a standing male figure, bearded and with shoulder-length hair parted in the middle. He wears what are probably two long garments, each with a fringed hem: an undertunic with short sleeves that reaches to his ankles, and a robe over this with decoration at the shoulder, held closed by his left hand which is pressed against his chest. His right arm is held down against his side, showing a thick bracelet at the wrist. The plaque was found with several others carved in a similar style, in which plump, stocky figures are shown facing forward and depicted with rounded cheeks, vividly staring eyes, and similar hairstyles. The group of related plaques may have originally been part of the same item of furniture. Carved ivory pieces such as this were widely used in the production of elite furniture and luxury objects during the early first millennium B.C., and could be overlaid with gold foil or inlaid to create a dazzling effect of gleaming surfaces and bright colors. Built by the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II, the palaces and storerooms of Nimrud housed thousands of pieces of carved ivory. Most of the ivories served as furniture inlays or small precious objects such as boxes. While some of them were carved in the same style as the large Assyrian reliefs lining the walls of the Northwest Palace, the majority of the ivories display images and styles related to the arts of North Syria and the Phoenician city-states. Phoenician style ivories are distinguished by their use of imagery related to Egyptian art, such as sphinxes and figures wearing pharaonic crowns, and the use of elaborate carving techniques such as openwork and colored glass inlay. North Syrian style ivories tend to depict stockier figures in more dynamic compositions, carved as solid plaques with fewer added decorative elements. However, some pieces do not fit easily into any of these three styles. Most of the ivories were probably collected by the Assyrian kings as tribute from vassal states, and as booty from conquered enemies, while some may have been manufactured in workshops at Nimrud. The ivory tusks that provided the raw material for these objects were almost certainly from African elephants, imported from lands south of Egypt, although elephants did inhabit several river valleys in Syria until they were hunted to extinction by the end of the eighth century B.C.
Knife Handle (Kozuka)
Object type: knife handle kozuka
Date: 1667 – 1733
Materials: copper, gold alloy, silver alloy, gold, silver
Culture: japanese
Location: japan
Artist: ichijosai hironaga (hirotoshi)
Artist role: maker
Artist nationality: japanese
Artist dates: 1800 – 1825
Subjects: men
Gezicht op de Overtoom
Object type: print
Date: 1652 – 1654
Materials: paper
Techniques: drypoint, etching
Location: netherlands
Artist: reinier nooms
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1623 – 1664
Subjects: rolling bridge (dutch: 'overtoom')
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 195

Een schip wordt over de overtoom getrokken, van de Kostverlorenvaart naar de Schinkel. Links vooraan het Leidse veerhuis, bij het begin van de Amstelveenseweg, daarachter de herberg De Valk aan de Sloterkade. Rechtsonder genummerd: 6.
Chasse
Object type: chasse
Date: 1801 – 1900
Materials: copper alloy, gilt
Culture: german
Location: germany
Subjects: angels,saints
Fuji Musume, the Wisteria Maid
Object type: drawing
Date: 1701 – 1900
Materials: ink, paper
Culture: japanese
Artist: katsushika hokusai
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: japanese
Artist dates: 1760 – 1849
Subjects: women
Ingang van de rede van Texel
Object type: print
Date: 1650 – 1650
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Artist: reinier nooms
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1623 – 1664
Subjects: harbour, repairing, caulking, careening (~ ship)
Inscriptions: number: ‘5’, collector's mark: Lugt 1967

De ingang van de rede, een natuurlijke ankerplaats voor schepen, bij Texel. In het water wordt een schip gerepareerd, op de wal staat een groep mannen.
Textile Fragment
Object type: textile fragment
Date: 301 – 500
Materials: linen, wool
Techniques: weave
Location: egypt
Subjects: animals
Gezicht op de Rue du pont des Marechaux in Moskou
Object type: stereograph
Date: 1850 – 1880
Materials: cardboard, photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Location: moscow
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: street
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘81 grande rue du pont des Marechaux Moscou’
A Cauldron on a Moonlit Night (Tsukiyo no kama), from the series "One Hundred Aspects of the Moon (Tsuki hyakushi)"
Object type: print
Date: 1886 – 1886
Techniques: woodblock print
Location: japan
Artist: tsukioka yoshitoshi
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: japanese
Artist dates: 1839 – 1892
Brigandine Plate
Object type: brigandine plate
Date: 1350 – 1450
Materials: copper alloy, metal alloy
Culture: italian
Location: italy

This is part of a large find of medieval armor discovered in 1840 in the ruins of the fortress of Chalcis, on the Greek island of Euboea (then a Venetian colony called Negroponte). The fortress had been captured and destroyed by the Turks in 1470. Now divided largely between the Ethnological Museum, Athens, and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Chalcis hoard contains many rare and unusual elements of fourteenth- and fifteenth-century armor. Of particular importance are the variety of headpieces and the many fragments of brigandines (armor for the torso constructed of small plates riveted to layers of fabric), some of which retain portions of their original velvet covering. The Chalcis armor provides a unique picture of the armament used in the Aegean, one of the easternmost military outposts of the Venetian empire.
Fotoreproductie van een tekening door vermoedelijk Émile Bin, voorstellend een naakte vrouw met een stok
Object type: reproduction
Date: 1876 – 1879
Materials: paper
Techniques: autotype
Subjects: drawing, sketch, the (nude) human figure; 'corpo humano' (ripa) - aa - female human figure
Portret van een meisje
Object type: album leaf
Date: 1870 – 1900
Materials: cardboard, photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Artist: alfred williams
Artist role: fotograaf
Subjects: historical persons, girl (child between toddler and youth)
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘Williams/ Studio/ Broadway/ Crouch End/ London N.’
Figures et emblèmes allégoriques
Object type: print
Date: 1792 – 1792
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: paris
Artist: desmarest
Artist role: publisher
Subjects: movements derived from protestant churches
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Personificatie van de Franse staat en een putto in aanbidding voor een driehoek met het jaartal 1792.
[Photo Collage: Woman and Man Next to Well]
Object type: carte de visite
Date: 1875 – 1875
Techniques: albumen silver print, lithograph
Artist: juan pedro chabalgoity
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: uruguayan
Artist dates: 1848 – 1909

The carte de visite, a format comprised of an approximately 2 x 4 inch photograph mounted to card stock, was perhaps the most ubiquitous of nineteenth-century photographs. The French studio portrait photographer André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri first patented the carte in 1854. His innovation of exposing not just one but eight photographic images on the same glass plate negative enabled cartes to be made cheaply and reproduced on a mass scale. During the late 1850s and throughout the latter half of the century, these economical keepsakes depicting portraits of loved ones, celebrities, monarchs, and foreign types circulated en masse and spurred a veritable "cartomania." Collected in albums, traded among friends, and admired in drawing rooms, cartes put photography in the hands of virtually everyone, and thus offered a means of reflecting upon one’s own social standing in an ever-expanding world.
Bib
Object type: bib
Date: 1876 – 1876
Materials: cotton
Culture: american
Subjects: flowers
Mauritiuspalmen Republiek-Berlijn
Object type: photograph
Date: 1903 – 1910
Materials: photographic support
Techniques: gelatin silver print
Location: suriname
Artist: hendrik doijer
Artist role: engineer
Artist dates: 1863 – 1925
Subjects: suriname
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘78. / Mauritiuspalmen Republiek-Berlijn.’

Een rij mauritiuspalmen (langs een weg) tussen de plaatsen Republiek en Berlijn. Onderdeel van het fotoalbum Souvenir de Voyage (deel 3), over het leven van de familie Doijer in en rond de plantage Ma Retraite in Suriname in de jaren 1903-1910.
Studies of a Nude Male Figure
Object type: drawing
Date: 1601 – 1700
Materials: ink
Techniques: pen
Artist: anonymous, italian, roman-bolognese, 17th century
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: italian
Artist dates: 1600 – 1700
Subjects: male nudes
Part of a Buckle Loop
Object type: part of a buckle loop
Materials: bronze
Culture: ibero-roman
Location: spain or portugal
Montreal, Canada
Object type: stereograph
Date: 1859 – 1859
Materials: cardboard, paper
Techniques: albumen print
Location: montreal
Artist: william england
Artist role: fotograaf
Artist dates: 1816 – 1896
Subjects: city-view in general; 'veduta'
Inscriptions: number: ‘No. 106’, inscription: ‘Montreal, Canada. From the Cathedral, looking West. Jacques Cartier, the first European (...) it takes its name.’
Brief aan Jan Veth
Object type: letter
Date: 1890 – 1890
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: pen, writing
Location: amsterdam
Artist: willem kloos
Artist role: dichter
Artist dates: 1859 – 1938
Subjects: designer, jan veth, den bosch, painter, print maker, draughtsman, antoon derkinderen, paris, historical persons (portraits and scenes from the life)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: ‘RPK’, watermark
Portret van een man met baard en bril, aangeduid als Dr. Singerd
Object type: photograph
Date: 1874 – 1880
Materials: cardboard, photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Location: leuven
Artist: prosper morren
Artist role: fotograaf
Artist dates: 1843 – 1920
Subjects: eyeglasses, spectacles, historical persons, beard
Inscriptions: annotation: ‘Le Dr. Singerd/ Gingelom’, number: ‘12529’, inscription: ‘Procédé au charbon/ photographies inaltérables./ Photographie/ de/ P. Morren/ rue de namur 73/ LOUVAIN/ Rappeler le nom pour obtenir de/ mêmes cartes sans poser de nouveau.’
Terracotta fragments of a kylix: Komast cup (drinking cup)
Object type: kylix fragment
Date: 570 – 570
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic
Artist: falmouth painter
Artist role: artist

a: the largest fragment, has at the rim, a dot net pattern; below, on the wall of the cup, part of the head, genitals, and bent left leg of a komast to right, holding a drinking horn, facing a second komast; part of the tendrils from the handle ornament; in the background, rosettes; b: at the rim, a dot net pattern; below, on the wall of the cup, part of a tendril from the handle ornament; at the right, part of a rosette; c: at the bottom left, feet of a komast to left; part of the palmette and tendril from the handle ornament; part of the right calf and foot of a komast to right; below, three black glazed lines and a band of rays; d: part of the palmette and tendril from the handle ornament; at the far right, heel of a komast to right; below, three black glazed lines and a band of rays
Spieghel der schrijfkonste
Object type: print
Date: 1605 – 1605
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, intaglio
Location: amsterdam
Subjects: calligraphy
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2760, collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Schrijfvoorbeeld met acht regels tekst in het Nederlands: De coninck Antigonus ... De tekst is omlijst met krulwerk. De prent maakt deel uit van een album.
Gallerie moderner Meister
Object type: page
Date: 1880 – 1885
Materials: paper
Techniques: photograph
Location: berlin
Subjects: historical persons not known by name - bb - woman, historical persons not known by name

Prent op vijftigste ongenummerde pagina.
Blad met alternerend strooipatroon van boogjes en bladeren van punten
Object type: printed paper
Date: 1800 – 1900
Materials: paper
Techniques: printing block
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: ornament derived from plant forms

Blad met alternerend strooipatroon van boogjes en bladeren van punten en streepjes.
Sutra Cover
Object type: textile
Materials: gold leaf, ink, paper, silk
Techniques: bookbinding, lacquer, painting, patterning, weave
Location: china
Figurine
Object type: print
Date: 1656 – 1657
Materials: paper
Techniques: drypoint, etching, intaglio
Location: italy
Artist: salvator rosa
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1615 – 1673
Subjects: hacking and thrusting weapons: sword, the soldier; the soldier's life
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 240, number: ‘4’

Deze prent maakt deel uit van de serie 'Figurine', bestaande uit een titelprent en 80 prenten van klein formaat met voorstellingen van mannelijke en vrouwelijke figuren. Rosa produceerde de serie waarschijnlijk gedurende de jaren 1656 en 1657.
Rotterdam. Theeschenkerij "De Molens", Kralingsche Plas, Plaszoom 354
Object type: photomechanical print
Date: 1913 – 1938
Materials: cardboard
Techniques: photograph, writing
Location: rotterdam
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: lake, tea garden, garden restaurant
Inscriptions: postage stamp
Old English-Gentleman Pester'd by Servants Wanting Places
Object type: print
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: england
Artist: james gillray
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: british
Artist dates: 1756 – 1815
Achterpand van een overjapon van naaldkant met pioenrozen
Object type: overdress
Date: 1870 – 1890
Materials: linen
Techniques: needle lace
Location: brussels

Los achterpand samengesteld uit vier smallere stroken, de schulpen twee aan twee buitenwaarts gekeerd. Diepe schulpen van bandwerk met rasterpatroon en afhangende campanes vertonen als sluitstuk een pioenroos hangende onder een asymmetrische rocaille, eveneens gevuld met rasterpatroon. In de schulpen staan naar rechts opgaande stengels met anemonen en seringen. Het fond is bezaaid met moesjes. Point de gaze de Bruxelles.
Intérieur des galeries St. Hubert
Object type: print
Date: 1834 – 1862
Materials: paper
Techniques: tone lithography
Location: brussels
Artist: henri borremans
Artist role: print maker
Artist dates: 1800 – 
Subjects: civic architecture; edifices; dwellings - aa - civic architecture: inside, gallery (spacious corridor), brussels
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Prent behoort waarschijnlijk tot een serie prenten met gezichten op Brussel en omstreken.
Het Vaderland
Object type: newspaper
Date: 1881 – 1881
Materials: paper
Techniques: printing
Location: the hague
Subjects: berlin, frederik (prins der nederlanden), netherlands

Krant nr. 225 van de 13e jaargang van "Het Vaderland", 4 pp zwart omkaderd, met verslag van de begrafenis van prins Frederik.
Nederlands fotoalbum met 65 portretten en een fotoreproductie van een tekening
Object type: photograph album
Date: 1875 – 1875
Materials: cardboard, leather, metal, paper, photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Location: netherlands
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: (scenes from the life of) john the baptist and mary, theologian, historical persons - bb - woman, child, historical persons
Inscriptions: collector's mark: ‘DIENST/ VERSPREIDE/ RIJKSKOLLEKTIES/ (...) A 825’

Fotoalbum met 36 pagina's met in totaal 66 foto's. Het album bevat 57 cartes-de-visite en 8 kabinetfoto's in met gouden lijnen of bloemdecoraties omkaderde passe-partouts en een losse foto van groter formaat. Niet alle passe-partouts in het album zijn gevuld. Afgebeeld zijn portretten van onbekende mannen, vrouwen en kinderen. Een deel van de geportretteerden is geestelijke. Daarnaast bevat het album een fotoreproductie van een tekening. De foto's zijn gemaakt door diverse Nederlandse fotografen, waaronder de gebroeders Cordes, J.G. Mulder en Johannes Wilhelmus Franciscus Offenberg. Het merendeel van de foto's is gemaakt in Haarlem. Van 4 foto's is de fotograaf anoniem.
Morfineverslaafde vrouw
Object type: print
Date: 1897 – 1897
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Artist: eugène grasset
Artist role: print maker
Artist dates: 1841 – 1917
Subjects: drugs, addiction
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228a
Zittend naakt
Object type: print
Date: 1585 – 1585
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, intaglio
Location: vatican city
Artist: adamo scultori
Artist role: painter, print maker, sculptor
Artist dates: 1530 – 1585
Subjects: the (nude) human figure; 'corpo humano' (ripa), fruits: acorn

Zittende naakte man, gedeeltelijk naar links gedraaid, met een guirlande van eikels. Eén van de 'ignudi' (naakte mannen) van Michelangelo's plafondschildering. Genummerd rechtsonder: 11. De prent maakt deel uit van een album.
Zeeslag bij Kaap La Hogue, 1692
Object type: print
Date: 1698 – 1698
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching, letterpress printing
Location: amsterdam
Subjects: paris, battle (+ naval force)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Illustratie uit: Gottfried, Johann Ludwig. Historische kronyck; vervattende een (...) beschrijvingh der aldergedenckwaerdigste geschiedenissen des weerelds, van den aenvangh der scheppingh tot (...) 1576 (2 delen). Leiden: Pieter van der Aa, 1698, dl. II, p. 1449.
Leaf from a Beatus Manuscript: the Sixth Angel Delivers the Four Angels that had been Bound at the River Euphrates; an Altar Appears in the Heavens as the Enthroned Christ Raises His Hand in Blessing
Object type: beatus
Date: 1180 – 1180
Materials: gold, ink, parchment, paint
Culture: spanish
Subjects: fish,angels,christ

Illustrated Beatus manuscripts bring to life an extraordinary vision of the end of the world, as recorded by Saint John in the Apocalypse (Book of Revelation) and filtered through the lens of Beatus of Liébana, an eighth-century Asturian monk. These manuscripts are unique to medieval Spain and a testament to the pervasive artistry and intellectual milieu of monastic culture there. The leaf shown here comes from a manuscript disassembled in the 1870s. The Christ figure, offering a blessing, is framed by a celestial arch in the upper left corner of the miniature. Below him, four angels have been freed from their bindings. The Euphrates River, complete with swimming fish, divides these angels from the golden altar and the trumpeting sixth angel.
Huis van het lakengilde op de Grote Markt in Antwerpen
Object type: print
Date: 1868 – 1868
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: antwerp
Subjects: façade (of house or building), street
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Prent uit: Mertens, F.H. Album historique de la ville d'Anvers [...]. Antwerpen: J.E. Buschmann, 1868.