deem-data/ArtiFact huggingface dataset:
Tile
Object type: tile
Date: 1875 – 1875
Materials: earthenware
Artist: minton(s)
Artist role: factory
Artist nationality: british
Artist dates: 1793 – 2001
Subjects: cranes,moon

This tile depicts flying cranes, the Japanese symbol for longevity, above stylized waves in white on a deep blue ground. Dresser clearly looked to Japanese sources for inspiration and artistic guidance. The composition of the tile relates directly to a Japanese blue and white ceramic flowerpot, circa 1860, that was exhibited at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and later acquired by the South Kensington Museum (now Victoria and Albert Museum). Dresser's role as art advisor to Minton Ceramic Factory from the early 1860s remains unclear; however, as a free-lance artist, he created a multitude of designs for the firm, although he seems to have had little control over the final product. While none of the pieces made by Minton bear Dresser's signature, this tile can be firmly identified as his design based on drawings in the company archives.
Terracotta fragment of a closed shape
Object type: undetermined closed shape
Date: 600 – 401
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic

Black glazed fragment from a closed shape with a hole from an ancient repair
Coat
Object type: coat
Date: 1800 – 1800
Materials: cotton, linen
Culture: american
Enkhuizen. Westerkerk met klokkenhuis
Object type: ansichtkaart, prentbriefkaart
Date: 1906 – 1919
Materials: cardboard
Techniques: photograph
Location: enkhuizen
Subjects: parts of church exterior and annexes: campanile, city-view, and landscape with man-made constructions, church (exterior), street, enkhuizen
Portret van Gerrit Braamcamp
Object type: print
Date: 1766 – 1766
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, etching
Location: amsterdam
Subjects: gerret braamcamp, piece of sculpture, reproduction of a piece of sculpture
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 240

Portret van de Amsterdamse kunstliefhebber Gerrit Braamcamp.
Landschap met Pictura en zittend paar
Object type: drawing
Date: 1700 – 1800
Materials: ink, paper, pencil
Techniques: pen
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: 'pictura', symbolic representations, allegories and emblems ~ painting; 'pittura' (ripa)
Bewening en graflegging van Christus
Object type: print
Date: 1570 – 1632
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: unknown
Subjects: lamentation over the dead christ by his relatives and friends (christ usually without crown of thorns)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Christus wordt door zijn familie en vrienden beweend en in een graftombe gelegd.
Country Cottages
Object type: drawing and watercolor
Materials: graphite, paper
Location: england
Artist: george frost
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: british
Artist dates: 1745 – 1821
Laan aan de kust bij de residentie van Ternate
Object type: photograph
Date: 1880 – 1883
Materials: photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Location: ternate
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: forest path or lane

Onderdeel van Reisalbum met opnames van bezienswaardigheden in Egypte, Nederlands-Indië, Singapore en Ceylon.
Baviaen. / Cercopithechus. / Mandrill
Object type: drawing
Date: 1790 – 1814
Materials: paint, ink, paper, pencil, watercolor
Techniques: brush, pen
Location: southern netherlands
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: monkeys, apes: mandril

Mandil. Genummerd rechtsboven: 3. Linksboven gemerkt met een rood sterretje. Onderdeel van het tweede album met tekeningen van viervoeters. Tweede van twaalf albums met tekeningen van dieren, vogels en planten bekend rond 1600, gemaakt in opdracht van keizer Rudolf II. Met toelichting in Nederlands, Latijn en Frans.
Elisabeth Mauve (b. 1875), Daughter of the Artist
Object type: drawing
Date: 1875 – 1888
Materials: paper, watercolor
Techniques: brush
Artist: anton mauve
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1838 – 1888
Subjects: historical persons - bb - woman, girl (child between toddler and youth)

Elisabeth Mauve, dochtertje van de kunstenaar, staande op een tuinpad.
Gezicht op de Rooms Katholieke kerk De Pool
Object type: print
Date: 1826 – 1830
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: roman catholic church, amsterdam
Jan Roodenpoorts Tooren, en Sluis
Object type: print
Date: 1751 – 1751
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, etching
Location: northern netherlands
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: tower, clock tower ~ monumental adornment, rowing-boat, canoe, etc., canals, waters (in city) (+ city(-scape) with figures, staffage)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 1641b

Eerste staat van prent, genummerd 277, gebruikt in: Hoorn, Nicolaas ten. Wegwyzer door Amsterdam zynde eene beknopte verhandeling van desselfs eerste opkomst, vergrootingen, en teegenwoordigen staat (...). Amsterdam: Nicolaas ten Hoorn, 1713. En in: Hoorn, Nicolaas ten. Wegwyzer door Amsterdam zynde eene beknopte verhandeling van desselfs eerste opkomst, vergrootingen, en teegenwoordigen staat (...). Amsterdam: Nicolaas ten Hoorn, 1726.

Tweede staat van prent, genummerd 295, gebruikt in: Hoorn, Nicolaas ten. Wegwyzer door Amsterdam zynde eene beknopte verhandeling van desselfs eerste opkomst, vergrootingen, en teegenwoordigen staat (...). Amsterdam: Nicolaas ten Hoorn, 1726. En in: Hoorn, Nicolaas ten. Wegwyzer, of korte beschryvinge van de stadt Amsterdam, zynde eene beknopte verhandeling van desselfs eerste opkomst, vergrootingen, en teegenwoordigen staat (...). Amsterdam: erven J. Ratelband & Co, 1737. En in: Hoorn, Nicolaas ten. Wegwyzer of korte beschryvinge der stad Amsterdam, zynde eene beknopte verhandeling van derzelver eerste opkomst, vergrootingen, en tegenwoordigen staat (...). Amsterdam: Pieter Meyer, 1751.
Portret van Gerrit Hooft
Object type: print
Date: 1696 – 1696
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: amsterdam
Artist: jacob houbraken
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1698 – 1780
Subjects: mayor, historical persons
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Deze prent is oorspronkelijk bedoeld als aanvulling op Jan Wagenaars ‘Vaderlandsche historie’* en was zo vanaf 1796 verkrijgbaar bij Johannes Allart te Amsterdam.

Voor de advertentie waarin Allart de 60 portretten en 7 platen, allen gegraveerd door Houbraken, ter aanvulling op Wagenaars ‘Vaderlandsche historie’ aanbiedt, zie RP-P-OB-77.766.

*Van dit werk zijn in de achttiende eeuw meerdere uitgaves verschenen, zoals:

Wagenaar, Jan. Vaderlandsche historie, vervattende de geschiedenissen der Vereenigde Nederlanden (…). 21 delen. Amsterdam: Isaak Tirion, 1749-1759.
Wagenaar, Jan. Vaderlandsche historie, vervattende de geschiedenissen der nu Vereenigde Nederlanden (…). 21 delen. Amsterdam: weduwe Isaak Tirion, 1770.
Wagenaar, Jan. Vaderlandsche historie, vervattende de geschiedenissen der nu Vereenigde Nederlanden (…). 21 delen. Amsterdam, Leiden, Dordrecht en Harlingen: P. Schouten e.a., 1782.
Wagenaar, Jan. Vaderlandsche historie, vervattende de geschiedenissen der nu Vereenigde Nederlanden (…). 21 delen. Amsterdam: Johannes Allart, 1790-1796.
Gezicht op de Griffenbachwatervallen
Object type: stereograph
Date: 1850 – 1880
Materials: cardboard, photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Location: bern
Artist: william england
Artist role: fotograaf
Artist dates: 1816 – 1896
Subjects: waterfall
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘Views of Switzerland, photographed by W. England. (Registered) Under the Special Patronage of the Alpine Club.’, number: ‘285.’
Caricatured figure from the Congo, 2 Francs, from the series Coins of All Nations (N72, variation 2) for Duke brand cigarettes
Object type: print
Date: 1889 – 1889
Techniques: color lithograph
Artist: w. duke, sons & co.
Artist role: publisher
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1870 – 1920
Subjects: men,coins

Trade cards from the "Coins of All Nations" (N72), issued in a set of 50 cards in 1889 to promote W. Duke Sons & Co. brand cigarettes. There are two variations within the series. Version one (variation 1) maintains a white background on the cards and the second version (variation 2) displays a shaded background.
Beads
Object type: bead dish, hepy
Date: 1981 – 1640
Materials: bronze, copper alloy
Location: egypt
Vierde profeet en een profetes
Object type: print
Date: 1470 – 1482
Materials: paper
Techniques: woodcut
Location: germany
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: (single) prophet, unspecified, sibyls
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2233

Houtsnede gebruikt als boekillustratie in Spruch von der Pestilenz, uitgegeven door Hans Foltz te Neurenberg in 1482.
Marble head of a baby
Object type: head of a baby
Date: 100 – 100
Materials: marble
Culture: roman
Subjects: heads,infants

Portraits of small children are not uncommon in Greek and Roman art. Here, however, the subject is not a small child, but, rather, an infant. The full cheeks and the still scarcely articulated chin and jowl indicate that the baby can be only a few months old.
Twee op het land werkende vrouwen
Object type: drawing
Date: 1834 – 1911
Materials: paper, pencil, watercolor
Techniques: brush
Artist: jozef israëls
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1824 – 1911
Subjects: reaping, picking, mowing ~ harvest
Bacchus helpt de Titanen verslaan
Object type: print
Date: 1616 – 1657
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: amsterdam
Artist: pieter serwouters
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1586 – 1657
Subjects: war of the titans against jupiter and allies: titanomachy
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Bacchus helpt de goden in hun gevecht tegen de titanen.
Armchair (bergère)
Object type: armchair
Date: 1726 – 1750
Materials: wood
Techniques: carving
Gezicht op de Newgate Prison te Londen
Object type: photomechanical print
Date: 1884 – 1889
Materials: paper
Techniques: photolithography
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: prison, jail, london
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘George Dance, Architect/ Architectural Illustration Society. Second Series. Plate No.151’

Prent op zesde ongenummerde pagina na pagina 194.
St. George Killing The Dragon
Object type: print
Date: 1499 – 1510
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: germany
Artist: telman of wesel
Brown, Center Field, Boston, from the Old Judge series (N172) for Old Judge Cigarettes
Object type: baseball card, photograph
Date: 1887 – 1887
Techniques: albumen silver print
Artist: goodwin & company
Artist role: publisher
Artist dates: 1850 – 1950
Subjects: men,portraits,baseball,athletes

The "Old Judge" series of baseball cards (N172) was issued by Goodwin & Company from 1887 to 1890 to promote Old Judge Cigarettes.
Title Page from Book of Vases
Object type: book
Date: 1701 – 1800
Techniques: etching
Location: france
Artist: jacques de la joue the younger
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1686 – 1761
Subjects: fruit,dogs,pigs,vases
Portret van paus Julius II
Object type: print
Date: 1549 – 1573
Materials: paper
Techniques: woodcut
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: rome, historical persons, pope

Prent gebruikt in: Panvinio, Onofrio. Accuratae Effigies Pontificum (...). Straatsburg: Bernhard Jobin, 1573.
Veld van zestien tegels met bloempotten
Object type: tegelveld
Date: 1610 – 1625
Materials: earthenware, glaze
Techniques: maiolica
Location: netherlands
Artist: Anonymous

Veld van zestien tegels (4 x 4) elk met een veelkleurige (blauw, oranje, groen en geel) bloempot met goudsbloemen. In de hoeken, een kwart rozet.
Goblet
Object type: chalice, cup, lotiform
Date: 1479 – 1425
Materials: gold, stone
Location: egypt
Subjects: hieroglyphs
Benson John Lossing
Object type: painting, miniature
Date: 1835 – 1835
Materials: ivory, watercolor
Culture: american
Artist: thomas seir cummings
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: american, born england
Artist dates: 1804 – 1894
Subjects: men,portraits

The sitter (1813-1891) was an author, engraver, and historian.
Clock (pendule d'officier)
Object type: clock
Date: 1800 – 1800
Materials: brass, enamel, gilt bronze, steel
Artist: firm of meuron et companie, geneva and paris
Artist role: maker
Artist dates: 1785 – 1810
Ely Cathedral: From Br. West's Chapel into South Choir Aisle
Object type: photograph
Date: 1891 – 1891
Materials: glass
Location: england
Artist: frederick h. evans
Artist role: fotograaf
Artist nationality: english
Artist dates: 1853 – 1943
Snuffbox
Object type: snuffbox
Date: 1701 – 1800
Materials: brass, copper
Piece
Object type: piece
Date: 1867 – 1900
Materials: cotton
Subjects: sunflowers,leaves
Portret van Jeronimo de Vries
Object type: print
Date: 1834 – 1853
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: amsterdam
Artist: edouard taurel
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1824 – 1892
Subjects: amsterdam, jeronimo de vries
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Portret van de Amsterdamse stadssecretaris Jeronimo de Vries.
Mr. PRUDHOMME: Long live the third class compartments..., from 'On the train,' published in Le Charivari, August 30, 1864
Object type: print
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Artist: honoré daumier
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1808 – 1879
Subjects: satire,men,trains

Mr. PRUDHOMME: Long live the third class compartments. One risks to die asphyxiated but never assassinated.
Chinese jachttaferelen
Object type: ornament print
Date: 1727 – 1775
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: amsterdam
Artist: pieter schenk (ii)
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker, publisher
Artist dates: 1693 – 1775
Subjects: chinese, landscapes in the temperate zone, hunt ~ hoofed animals

Rivierlandschap met een door jachthonden achterna gezeten hert. Links op de oever een man met een speer en een man met pijl en boog. Prent maakt deel uit van een album.
Portret van Abraham Gottlob Werner
Object type: print
Date: 1785 – 1858
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Subjects: historical persons
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228
Life in Camp, Part 2: The Girl He Left Behind
Object type: print
Date: 1864 – 1864
Techniques: lithograph
Artist: winslow homer
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1836 – 1910
Subjects: american civil war,women

In 1864 Homer designed two series of lithographed collectors’ cards titled Life in Camp. By 1864 the war was entering its final months, and this young woman seems to expect her soldier sweetheart to return soon.
Livre Troisieme: Essais de gravure par Pierre Bourdon
Object type: ornament print
Date: 1703 – 1703
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: paris
Artist: pierre bourdon
Artist role: print maker
Artist dates: 1656 – 
Subjects: ornaments ~ art
Inscriptions: signature: ‘P. bourdon in et fecit’, collector's mark: Lugt 2760, number: ‘4’, privilege: ‘C. p. R’, collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Blad uit serie van zeven van ontwerpen voor horlogemakers, goudsmeden, beeldhouwers en graveurs.
Portret van Johann Fabricius op 47-jarige leeftijd
Object type: print
Date: 1648 – 1663
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: nuremberg
Artist: johann pfann
Artist role: print maker
Artist dates: 1640 – 1680
Subjects: theologian, historical persons

Met zesregelig vers in het Latijn onder het portret.
Studieblad met handen die een stok vasthouden
Object type: sketchbook leaf
Date: 1884 – 1887
Materials: chalk, paper
Location: ewijkshoeve
Artist: willem witsen
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1860 – 1923
Subjects: carrying something, hand

Pagina 54 uit een schetsboek met 29 bladen.
Bureau Table
Object type: furniture
Date: 1770 – 1770
Materials: wood
Location: newport
Artist: attributed to john townsend
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1732 – 1809
Subjects: furniture

This elegant piece epitomizes the Late Baroque style that flourished in Newport, Rhode Island. It is one of six bureaus that can be attributed to the celebrated cabinetmaker John Townsend on the basis of similar construction and design features in labeled pieces by the maker. For example, the carved shells have central C-scrolls featuring petals and crosshatched baskets, all motifs that are indicative of Townsend’s work. In addition, the top is integrated into the case by cove-and-bead molding, with smaller cavetto molding underneath. The blocking of the upper drawer continues through the side drawers and into the graceful double scroll of the bracket feet, creating an unbroken visual plane that unifies the design elements.

Kept in bedchambers, bureau tables most likely functioned as dressing tables. They were particularly popular among the Quaker citizens of Newport, who appreciated the wide array of storage possibilities they offered. According to oral tradition, Samuel Fowler originally owned this bureau. A successful merchant, Fowler frequently conducted business with the Townsend family. In 1786 and 1787, John Townsend purchased hinges, nails, and sundries from Fowler. This relationship bolsters the argument that Fowler owned this bureau, since patronage loyalty resulting from familial, religious, and trading ties was typical in eighteenth-century Newport.
Terracotta fragment of a skyphos (deep drinking cup)
Object type: skyphos fragment
Date: 460 – 440
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic

Draped woman to left, holding a bird in her right hand, and a tendril in her left
Saucer with Camellia Flower and Bird on Plum Tree
Object type: vessel
Materials: enamel, porcelain
Techniques: painting
Location: china
Fragment of a Floral Inlay
Object type: decorative art
Materials: glass
Culture: egyptian
Location: egypt
Subjects: decoration, flowers, floral

In ancient Rome, there was a high demand for colorful glass that could dazzle banquet guests alongside the expensive silver and gold serving wares meant to impress. Fragments like this one would have once been a part of larger mosaic dishes. The mosaic pattern was made by sagging molten glass into bowl-shaped molds, a technique used on many of these fragments is similar to millefiori, “thousand flowers” in Italian, a modern glass-making method in which tiny rods of colored glass are bundled together, wrapped in a sheet of glass, fused, and then thinly sliced to reveal swirls of a flower-like patterns. They were arranged side by side, sometimes together with bits of colored glass, and fused together with heat.
Bosgezicht
Object type: sketchbook leaf
Date: 1881 – 1927
Materials: chalk, paper, pencil
Techniques: stumping
Location: south holland
Artist: johan antonie de jonge
Artist role: draughtsman
Artist dates: 1864 – 1927
Subjects: forest, wood
Inscriptions: kleurnotitie, handgeschreven

Bosgezicht. Blad 2 verso en blad 3 recto uit een schetsboek met 28 bladen.
Marcus Elmore "Fido" Baldwin, Pitcher, Cleveland, from the Old Judge series (N172) for Old Judge Cigarettes
Object type: baseball card, photograph
Date: 1887 – 1887
Techniques: albumen silver print
Artist: goodwin & company
Artist role: publisher
Artist dates: 1850 – 1950
Subjects: men,profiles,baseball,athletes

The "Old Judge" series of baseball cards (N172) was issued by Goodwin & Company from 1887 to 1890 to promote Old Judge Cigarettes.
Limestone Herakles
Object type: statue of herakles
Date: 530 – 520
Materials: limestone
Culture: cypriot
Subjects: men,herakles

The statue was considerably reworked by Cesnola's "restorers" so that numerous features of the original are no longer clear. The proper left arm and the legs were certainly reattached; the original position of the right arm has also been obscured. Herakles wears a tunic, belt, modified kilt, and lionskin. In his left hand he held a bow, half of which appears against his body. (The pickle-shaped club that he brandished for many decades was added in modern times and has been removed.) On his right thigh are the ends of the arrows that he held in his right hand. Although the head 74.51.2857 indicates that Cypriot sculptors were working on a large scale as early as the beginning of the sixth century B.C., it was only during the second half of the century that monumental pieces were produced in some quantity.
De troepen van Bourse verdrijven de Duitse soldaten van Treslong en Merville uit de citadel, 1577
Object type: print
Date: 1578 – 1578
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: antwerp
Artist: wierix
Subjects: justice, 'justitia'; 'giustitia divina' (ripa) ~ one of the four cardinal virtues, capture of city (after the siege), forethought, deliberation; 'previdenza', 'providenza' (ripa), constancy, tenacity; 'costanza', 'tenacità' (ripa)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228, collector's mark: Lugt 2760

De troepen van Bourse verdrijven de Duitse soldaten van Treslong en Merville uit de citadel, 1 augustus 1577. In de wolken Gerechtigheid. Voorstelling in een rond medaillon met ornamentele allegorische omlijsting met bovenaan de zittende vrouwelijke personificaties van Voorzienigheid (Providentia) en Standvastigheid (Constantia). Onderaan een cartouche met 2 verzen van elk 6 regels in het Frans en Nederlands.
Ichikawa Danjûrô VII als Yoshimune no Munesada met waaier en Ichikawa Omezô in de rol van Sekibei met bijl
Object type: print
Date: 1822 – 1822
Materials: paper
Techniques: blind stamped, woodcut
Location: japan
Artist: utagawa toyokuni (i)
Artist role: print maker
Artist dates: 1769 – 1825
Subjects: weapons, portrait of actor, actress, actor (on the stage)
Inscriptions: collector's mark, verso, stamped: Lugt 2228, collector's mark, passe-partout, bottom left, printed: JABdH with a rooster.

Een surimono is een luxe uitgevoerde prent waarop beeld met één of meerdere gedichten gecombineerd is. Bij het drukken van een surimono werd vaak gebruik gemaakt van dikker papier, blinddruk en metaal pigmenten, zoals koper- en zilverpoeder. De prenten werden vaak in opdracht van dichters gemaakt en als exclusief geschenk aan vrienden en relaties gegeven.
Portret van James Thornhill
Object type: album leaf
Date: 1730 – 1762
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: london
Subjects: james thornhill, historical persons, portrait, self-portrait of painter

Prent uit: Walpole, Horace. Anecdotes of painting in England with some account of the principal artists and incidental notes on other arts collected by the late Mr. George Vertue and now digested and published from his original Mss. by Horace Walpole. 4 dln. Londen: Horace Walpole, [1762-1789], dl. 4, p. 20.
De samensteller heeft deze prent in het album geplakt als illustratie bij: Pilkington, Matthew en Johann Heinrich Füssli. A dictionary of painters, from the revival of the art to the present period. 4 dln. Londen: John Crowder, 1805, dl. 4, p. 557.
Brief aan Philip Zilcken
Object type: letter
Date: 1895 – 1895
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: pen, writing
Location: bussum
Artist: jan veth
Artist role: designer, draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1864 – 1925
Subjects: helène lambertine hauzeur, philip zilcken, passions, emotions, affections, diseases
Inscriptions: watermark
Bomen in winterlandschap
Object type: drawing
Date: 1870 – 1923
Materials: chalk, paper
Artist: willem witsen
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1860 – 1923
Subjects: trees
Jug
Object type: vessel
Date: 301 – 400
Materials: glass
Techniques: glassblowing
Culture: byzantine or roman
Location: syria
Subjects: vessels

Glass vessels were part of the luxurious domestic decoration displayed in wealthy households in both urban villas and rural estates in the later Roman and early Byzantine eras (about 300–725). Glass vessels were used for a variety of purposes, including cosmetic containers. In the kitchen and for dining, pitchers served water and wine, and small cups were used for drinking. Glass was also used for lamps to light the home.

Byzantine glass craftsmen improved upon the techniques, forms, and decorative motifs they had inherited from their Roman predecessors. An imperial edict of 337 exempted glassworkers from personal taxes and attested to their relative status in society; it remained in effect for several centuries. These artisans would, in turn, pass on their craft to successive generations, including those who worked under Islamic rule after the important Byzantine provinces of Egypt, Palestine, and Syria were conquered in the seventh century.
Fragment of a Pipe Stem
Object type: fragment of a pipe stem
Date: 1701 – 1900
Materials: brass, silver, wood
Location: iran