deem-data/ArtiFact huggingface dataset:
Le Menuet de la mariée
Object type: print
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: aquatint, engraving, etching
Location: france
Artist: louis philibert debucourt
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1755 – 1832
Man with Staff by a Stream
Object type: painting
Materials: ink, paper
Location: china
Artist: hua yan
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: chinese
Artist dates: 1682 – 1756
Inscriptions: Artist’s inscription:
Light mist swept clear morning mountain,
Cold and chilly, half of the autumn already passed. 
I am in the west of the Jian [Hangzhou?], herd about the
turmoil in the north.
Amidst the sound of stream, there is bird’s lonely song.
In the winter, twelfth month of the bingyin year (1746),
Xinluoshanven painted and wrote at Tietaoguan.
(Eun-wha Park, 1989)

seals
Youxin ruwei; relief, square. Hua Yan; intaglio, square. Qiuyue; intaglio, square. (Eun-wha Park, 1989)
--  Two seals by the artist. Right bottom-one seal by the artist. Left bottom one seal by a famous collector of the 19th century. Ho Yen. One seal by Chai Le Tang.
A Tour to Foreign Parts
Object type: print
Date: 1807 – 1807
Techniques: etching
Artist: thomas rowlandson
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: british
Artist dates: 1757 – 1827
Subjects: satire,men,horses
Fragment of a Box Lid
Object type: box lid fragment
Date: 401 – 500
Materials: stone
Culture: gandhara
Subjects: gandhara
Four-tiered box with scholars
Object type: four tiered box
Date: 1701 – 1800
Materials: lacquer
Techniques: carving
Culture: chinese
Subjects: flowers,leaves
Ridder te paard en naakten
Object type: print
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Location: netherlands
Artist: aat verhoog
Artist role: print maker
Artist dates: 1933 – 
Inscriptions: signature: ‘Aat Verhoog’

Ridder te paard met achter hem een armloos naakt, rechtsboven twee mannen die een derde bij de knie- en armholtes vasthouden. Een felgroene achtergrond onder de horizon.
Een veelbewogen jaar
Object type: cartoon
Date: 1909 – 1909
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Location: netherlands
Artist: johan braakensiek
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1858 – 1940
Subjects: aircraft, aeroplane, new year's eve (december 31), old man, clio (one of the muses); 'clio' (ripa), political caricatures and satires

De oude man van het jaar 1908 met een vliegtuig gekomen staande voor de muze Clio die de historie schrijft.
Photographic Portraits of Living Celebrities
Object type: wrapper
Date: 1857 – 1857
Materials: paper, photographic support
Techniques: albumen print, printing

Omslag met drie bladzijden, waarvan een met een foto.
Standing Female Nude
Object type: drawing
Date: 1892 – 1916
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: pen
Artist: rik wouters
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1882 – 1916
Subjects: standing figure - aa - female human figure
Pier table
Object type: pier table
Date: 1810 – 1820
Materials: gilt brass, wood, marble
Culture: american
Location: united states

By tradition, this pair of tables (67.262.2,.3) was made for the home of the prosperous sea captain Moses Rogers at 7 State Street in Lower Manhattan, opposite the Battery. The sensitivity of the cabinetmaker—possibly Duncan Phyfe (1768– 1854)—is apparent in the highly figured veneers on the aprons, applied in opposite directions on the two tables to enhance their effectiveness as a matched pair standing side by side.
Bedrukte doek met gedicht ter gelegenheid van het huwelijk van Maria Pit en Willem Hartsinck (Hartsink), 6 juni 1675 te Batavia
Object type: cloth
Date: 1675 – 1675
Materials: silk
Techniques: printing
Location: batavia
Artist: monogrammist avh
Artist role: dichter
Subjects: batavia

Langwerpige damastzijden doek met Chinese motieven, bedrukt met een huwelijksgedicht in twee kolommen onder vier-regelige titel, waarboven vignet over huwelijkse trouw. In lijst.
Woman's Earring
Object type: earring
Date: 1801 – 1933
Materials: gold
Culture: tibet, lhasa area
Briefkaart aan Pieter Anne Haaxman
Object type: postcard
Materials: cardboard, ink
Techniques: pen, writing
Location: ede
Artist: arnold koning
Artist role: print maker
Artist dates: 1860 – 1945
Subjects: amsterdam, draughtsman, hermanus gijsbertus tersteeg, rotterdam, herman robbers, delft, pieter anne haaxman, painter, philip zilcken, drawing, painting (including book-illumination, miniature-painting)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: ‘RPK’
Ponka Chief, North America, from the Military Series (N224) issued by Kinney Tobacco Company to promote Sweet Caporal Cigarettes
Object type: print
Date: 1888 – 1888
Techniques: color lithograph
Artist: kinney brothers tobacco company
Artist role: publisher
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1869 – 2011
Subjects: military,men

Trade cards from the "MIlitary Series" (N224), issued in 1888 by Kinney Tobacco Company to promote Sweet Caporal Cigarettes.
Siliqua (Coin) Portraying Valentinian II
Object type: coin
Date: 378 – 383
Materials: metal, silver
Culture: roman
Location: trier
Subjects: portrait
Inscriptions: Obverse: D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG
Reverse: VIRTVS ROMANORVM

The front (obverse) of this coin portrays Emperor Valentinian II, diademed, draped, and cuirassed (wearing a military cloak), facing right. The back (reverse) depicts Roma seated on a throne, holding Victory on globe and spear.

Although the fourth century was a time of tremendous political, social, and religious change for the Roman Empire, the imagery presented on the coins tells a different story, one of an unbroken chain of powerful rulers supported by the deities of traditional Roman religion. Diocletian (reigned 284–305), through a series of administrative, military, and monetary reforms, had brought to an end the chaos of the third century. He also divided the rule of the vast empire under four men, a senior and junior ruler in the Western half and the Eastern half.

Constantine I (reigned 306–37) reinstituted sole control over the empire; moved the imperial capital to the new city named after him, Constantinople; and not only brought an end to the persecution of Christians, but also built monumental churches in Rome, Constantinople, and Jerusalem. In 380, Theodosius (reigned 379–95) proclaimed Christianity as the official religion of the Empire. His coin in this case, however, stands true to numismatic tradition; a personification of Fortune appears on the back of his coin.
Spring (March)
Object type: drawing and watercolor
Materials: graphite, ink, paper
Techniques: brush, pen, wash
Location: switzerland
Artist: christoph maurer
Artist nationality: swiss
Artist dates: 1558 – 1614
Llandudno Bay
Object type: photomechanical print
Date: 1880 – 1900
Materials: paper
Techniques: photograph
Location: llandudno
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: gulf, bay, city-view in general; 'veduta'
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘Llanduomo (Wales)/ 21’

Deze prent maakt deel uit van een album.
Man met een muts en een oorring
Object type: print
Date: 1836 – 1900
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: the hague
Artist: elchanon verveer
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1826 – 1900
Subjects: head-gear: cap (+ men's clothes), ear-rings
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228
Tankard
Object type: tankard
Date: 1701 – 1800
Materials: earthenware, pewter
Techniques: glazing
Artist: johann gottlieb menicus
Artist role: maker
Artist dates: 1733 – 1756
Subjects: trees
Etudes d`après Rembrandt et autres maîtres hollandais
Object type: print
Date: 1859 – 1859
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Location: amsterdam
Subjects: leiden, amsterdam, painter, print maker, draughtsman, rembrandt van rijn, picture, painting, historical persons (+ (full) bust portrait)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2165

Detail uit Het korporaalschap van kapitein Frans Banning Cocq door Rembrandt. Deze prent maakt deel uit van een omslag met zeven prenten.
Portret van Joost Banckert, vlootvoogd van Zeeland
Object type: print
Date: 1612 – 1665
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, etching
Location: netherlands
Subjects: flushing
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Portret van Joost Banckert, vlootvoogd van Zeeland. Onder het portret ten halven lijve is een zeeslag weergegeven, mogelijk de slag bij Duinkerken op 18 februari 1639 waar het Nederlandse vers in de marge naar verwijst.
Decoratief patroon
Object type: sketchbook leaf
Date: 1916 – 1945
Materials: paper, pencil
Location: africa
Artist: reijer stolk
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1896 – 1945

Blad 46 verso uit een schetsboek met 60 bladen.
Venus Anadyomene
Object type: statuette
Date: 1601 – 1633
Materials: bronze
Artist: barthélemy prieur
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1536 – 1611
Subjects: female nudes,venus
Bowl
Object type: bowl
Date: 767 – 900
Materials: earthenware, glaze, pigment
Techniques: painting, polychrome, underglaze
Location: iran

This ceramic bowl was excavated at the site of Tepe Madrasa in Nishapur. Nishapur was a vital city in the early and middle Islamic periods, located along one of the main trajectories that connected Iran and West Asia Islamic lands with Central Asia and China. These itineraries are often referred by the term ‘Silk routes’ but were in fact crucial to the movement of constellations of materials and objects, as well as people and ideas. The diverse population of Nishapur and its surroundings, from the better-researched elite groups of merchants, land-owning aristocracy, and literates, to the less-known artisans, farmers, miners, and servants, were instrumental in adapting global cultural trends to create their own distinctive visual languages. This is seen in the material remains of everyday life in medieval Nishapur – from pots and pans to lighting devices, inkwells, textiles and trimmings, jewelry, games and toys, talismanic devices, weapons, coins, and architectural fragments. Nishapur lost its political prominence due to a series of earthquakes and invasions that peaked in the thirteenth century. Today, the medieval city is a vast archaeological area, while the relatively small modern city is situated to its north. Instead, Mashhad, a major pilgrimage site, emerged as a major prosperous metropolis in the region. Between 1935 and 1948, the "Persian Expedition" of the Metropolitan Museum of Art excavated at several sites at Nishapur under an agreement with the Iranian authorities. The recovered artifacts were divided in half between the two countries, resulting in over four thousand objects in the Met’s collection today. As part of the larger "Persian Expedition" project at Nishapur, American archaeologists and hundreds of Iranian workers excavated a mound named Tepe Madrasa. There, they uncovered an architectural complex which they tentatively associated with a palace or governmental center because of the solidity of the built structures and the extent and variety of wall decorations (including carved and painted brickwork, glazed tiles, wall paintings, and carved and painted stuccoes). This, together with the ceramic and metal finds, aided in attributing the site to the ninth or tenth century onwards. A mosque, refurbished multiple times up to the late eleventh century, was also unearthed, yielding the remains of a monumental entrance with a large terracotta inscription bearing the titles of a sultan (39.40.58, .60–64). Several twelfth century tombstones were also unearthed, showing the shift in purpose of what was earlier a residential area.
Anatomische studie van menselijke huid en nagel
Object type: print
Date: 1737 – 1737
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: amsterdam
Artist: jan l admiral
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1699 – 1773
Subjects: other anatomical details, skin (human), nails (fingers)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2233, collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Jan L'Admiral gebruikte voor de groep mezzotinten met het onderwerp 'Anatomische studie van menselijke huid en nagel' vier verschillende platen: A, B, C en D. Proefdruk voor illustratie in: Albinus, Bernhard Siegfried. Dissertatio secunda. De sede et caussa coloris Aethiopum et caeterorum hominum, Leiden: Dirk Haak (II) en Amsterdam: Jacob Graal en Hendrik de Leth, 1737.
American Light Infantry, 1782, from the Military Series (N224) issued by Kinney Tobacco Company to promote Sweet Caporal Cigarettes
Object type: print
Date: 1888 – 1888
Techniques: color lithograph
Artist: kinney brothers tobacco company
Artist role: publisher
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1869 – 2011
Subjects: soldiers,men

Trade cards from the "MIlitary Series" (N224), issued in 1888 by Kinney Tobacco Company to promote Sweet Caporal Cigarettes.
Statuette of a youth
Object type: statuette of a youth
Date: 600 – 501
Materials: bronze
Culture: etruscan
Subjects: male nudes
Hat
Object type: hat
Date: 1840 – 1840
Materials: silk, fiber
Culture: american
Child's Robe
Object type: robe, child's
Date: 1801 – 1900
Materials: cotton, fiber
Culture: japanese or ryukyuan
Portretbuste van Johannes Lutma de Oude op 85-jarige leeftijd
Object type: print
Date: 1669 – 1689
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, intaglio
Location: amsterdam
Artist: johannes lutma (1624-1689)
Artist role: print maker
Artist dates: 1624 – 1689
Subjects: amsterdam, print maker, draughtsman, silversmith, johannes lutma (1584-1669), historical persons, jeweller, goldsmith, silversmith, piece of sculpture, reproduction of a piece of sculpture
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2760, collector's mark: Lugt 2228
Portret van een onbekend meisje
Object type: page
Date: 1894 – 1899
Materials: paper
Techniques: collo-autotype
Subjects: historical persons, girl (child between toddler and youth)
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘1899, erstes Muster./ Gaillard-Kornraster, Syst. Gf (zunächst feinest Korn; dasselbe kann jedoch noch feiner geliefert werden)/ Zinkätzung für Buchdruck (...)’
Sri Lanka, Ceylon, 4 stivers, 1805
Object type: coin
Date: 1805 – 1805
Materials: copper
Techniques: striking

Koperen munt. Voorzijde: lopende olifant naar links. In afsnede jaartal onderaan. Keerzijde: binnen cirkel van stippen waarde-aanduiding: 12 [=1/12 rixdollar]. Geslagen in Ceylon.
Suite des Vases tirée du Cabinet de Son Excellence Monsieur Du Tillot...Parme
Object type: ornament print
Date: 1764 – 1764
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: parma
Subjects: ram's head ~ ornament, vase ~ ornament

Grote vaas, staande op een muur, afgesloten door een deksel. De vaas is gedecoreerd met acanthusbladeren, een liggende putto en twee ramskoppen. No. 9 uit serie van 31. Prent maakt deel uit van een album. Gedrukt recto rechtsboven: 9.
Briefkaart aan Philip Zilcken
Object type: postcard
Date: 1911 – 1911
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: pen, writing
Location: paris
Artist: j. fujikawa
Subjects: the hague, painter, draughtsman, philip zilcken
Inscriptions: collector's mark: ‘RPK’
Christmas in Merry England, from the Holidays series (N80) for Duke brand cigarettes
Object type: print
Date: 1890 – 1890
Techniques: color lithograph
Artist: w. duke, sons & co.
Artist role: publisher
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1870 – 1920

Trade cards from the "Holidays" series (N88), issued in a set of 50 cards in 1890 to promote W. Duke Sons & Co. brand cigarettes. The series depicts citizens from various countries in traditional dress celebrating local holidays. Each card verso contains the title of the series, a description of the particular holiday and its history, as well as an ad for W. Duke, Sons & Co. Tobacco producers Goodwin & Co. also published this series with brand advertising for Old Judge and Dog's Head Cigarettes.
An Exact Plan of the Town, Castle, Moles and Bay of Gibraltar, and the Eenemies Approaches to the 7/18 of January 1704/5
Object type: print
Date: 1705 – 1705
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching, hand coloring
Location: london
Subjects: siege, position war, maps of cities

Kaart van Gibraltar, belegerd door de Fransen en Spanjaarden in januari 1705. Onderaan een inzet met een gezicht op Gibraltar. Links de legenda A-Z en a-d in het Engels.
Exterieur van de kanselarij te Leeuwarden
Object type: photograph
Date: 1875 – 1900
Materials: cardboard, photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Location: leeuwarden
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: registration bureau, civil registry, façade (of house or building)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 3937, inscription: ‘HOLLANDE Leeuwarden. La Chancellerie’
Zomer
Object type: print
Date: 1896 – 1896
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Location: amsterdam
Artist: theo van hoytema
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1863 – 1917
Subjects: flowers, summer, 'aestas'; 'estate' (ripa), insects: butterfly
Inscriptions: date

Prent uit het bijvoegsel van: De Kroniek 2 (1896), 12 juli 1896.
Portret van keizer Karel de Kale
Object type: book illustration
Date: 1565 – 1565
Materials: paper
Techniques: letterpress printing
Location: antwerp
Artist: jan molijns
Artist role: print maker, publisher
Artist dates: 1498 – 
Subjects: historical persons, hacking and thrusting weapons: sword, king, armorial bearing, heraldry

Prent uit: Dit is die afcoemste ende genalogie der hertoghen ende hertoginnen van Brabandt, (...). Antwerpen: Jan Molijns, 1565.
Tongs
Object type: tongs
Date: 1800 – 1800
Materials: silver
Culture: american
Location: united states
Artist: thomas mcconnell
Artist role: artist
Artist dates: 1768 – 1825
Vouwwaaier met een blad waarop in aquarel een buitenpartij met een dansend paar en doedelzakspelers, op een montuur van parelmoer met 'métal en quattre couleurs'
Object type: vouwwaaier
Date: 1775 – 1780
Materials: gold leaf, mother of pearl, paint, parchment, silver leaf, watercolor
Techniques: cutting, inlay
Location: france
Artist: Anonymous
Twee mannen werken met een windas
Object type: book illustration
Date: 1711 – 1711
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching, letterpress printing
Location: amsterdam
Artist: jan luyken
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1649 – 1712
Subjects: tools, aids, implements ~ crafts and industries: windlass
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 1641, stamp

Prent uit: Luyken, Jan. De Bykorf des Gemoeds. Amsterdam: Pieter Arentsz. II (wed.) en Cornelis van der Sys, 1711, p. 374.
Amulet of the God Harpocrates (Standing)
Object type: costume and accessory
Materials: faience
Culture: egyptian
Location: egypt
Subjects: gods (deities)
Unidentified Subject with Male Nudes at Left and Right, with a Female Nude at Center
Object type: drawing
Date: 1601 – 1700
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: pen
Artist: anonymous, spanish, 17th century
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: spanish
Artist dates: 1600 – 1700
Subjects: male nudes,female nudes
Pan Box in the Shape of a Duck
Object type: pan box
Date: 1700 – 1700
Techniques: inlay
Culture: indian
Subjects: ducks

This charming box stored the spices used for making pan, a mildly narcotic digestive whose main ingredients are betel nut and powdered lime. The form, of a sleeping duck, may be inspired by Chinese porcelains of this subject in circulation in eighteenth-century India.
Snuff Bottle with Two Egrets Among Lotuses
Object type: vessel
Materials: stone
Location: china
Portret van Edmond St. John-Mildmay
Object type: print
Date: 1840 – 1900
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: historical persons, officer
Scènes uit het leven van Christus en de Maagd Maria
Object type: print
Date: 1646 – 1646
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: paris
Subjects: the ascension (christ surrounded by radiant light or in a mandorla)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Maakt deel uit van een zevendelige serie met scènes uit het leven van Christus en de Maagd Maria.
Petit Journal pour Rire vol. 1, (nos. 1-52)
Object type: book
Date: 1856 – 1856
Materials: wood
Techniques: engraving, letterpress
Location: france
Artist: charles philipon
Artist role: editor
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1800 – 1862
Subjects: men,women
Kerk met kerkhof (enclos paroissial) te Guimiliau in Bretagne
Object type: album leaf
Date: 1880 – 1900
Materials: paper, photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Location: guimiliau
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: church (exterior), churchyard, cemetery

Onderdeel van Album van een Franse amateur met foto's van Frankrijk, Algerije, Palmyra, de Wereldtentoonstelling van 1900 en van bekende Fransen.
Memorial portrait of the actor Arashi Rikan III
Object type: print
Date: 1863 – 1863
Materials: paper
Techniques: printing block, woodblock print
Location: japan
Artist: utagawa kunisada i (toyokuni iii)
Zulufli-Baltadgi, Page destiné pour la garde des Princes enfermés, plate 10 from "Recueil de cent estampes représentent differentes nations du Levant"
Object type: print
Date: 1714 – 1715
Techniques: engraving, etching
Artist: jean baptiste vanmour
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1671 – 1737
Subjects: men
Plate 114 from The Plan of Chicago, 1909: Chicago. Proposed Boulevard and Parkway on Michigan Avenue and Pine Street
Object type: architectural drawing
Date: 1909 – 1909
Materials: chalk, graphite, paper, watercolor
Location: chicago
Artist: daniel hudson burnham
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1846 – 1912
Subjects: chicago, architecture
Inscriptions: CHR. U.B.

Although only portions were put into effect, the 1909 Plan of Chicago remains one of the largest and most comprehen- sive proposals for the transformation of an American city. One of its main goals was to enrich the city through the addition of expansive lakefront parks and lagoons. Grant Park, for example, began as a piece of land between the lake and the Loop commercial district that was to be redesigned to host a prestigious roster of cultural institutions, including the existing Art Institute, natural history museum, and library. Burnham hoped that the ensemble would help to edify and unify the citizens of this growing metropolis at a time of urban unrest around the country.
Karavaan met kamelen in woestijnlandschap
Object type: print
Date: 1900 – 1900
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching, intaglio
Artist: marius bauer
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1867 – 1932
Subjects: riding a horse, ass, or mule; rider, horseman, hoofed animals: camel, desert - kk - ideal landscapes
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Een ruiter op een paard gaat een karavaan met ruiters op kamelen voor in een rotsachtig woestijnlandschap.
Grand Palais tijdens de Wereldtentoonstelling van 1900 te Parijs
Object type: photomechanical print
Date: 1900 – 1900
Materials: paper, photographic process
Location: paris
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: world fair, world exhibition, civic architecture; edifices; dwellings
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘17309. P.Z.- Paris le Grand Palais’
Ex-libris J.R. Ch.
Object type: bookplate
Date: 1942 – 1942
Materials: paper
Techniques: printing block
Location: spain
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: josé rodriguez chaves, sailing-ship, sailing-boat
Brief aan Philip Zilcken
Object type: letter
Date: 1876 – 1903
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: pen, writing
Location: leiden
Artist: gerlof van vloten
Artist role: redacteur, schrijver, vertaler
Artist dates: 1866 – 1903
Subjects: the hague, painter, draughtsman, philip zilcken
Inscriptions: collector's mark: ‘RPK’
Cup-Hilted Rapier
Object type: cup hilted rapier
Date: 1650 – 1650
Materials: iron, steel, wood
Culture: german or spanish
Location: germany

The rapier was the principal civilian sidearm throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Designed for cut-and-thrust fencing of progressively complex techniques, the rapier is characterized by a double-edged blade with an acute point and an elaborate guard for the hand. The guards, usually of iron or steel, were subject to a variety of embellishment. They were engraved, chiseled, gilded, damascened, and encrusted in gold and silver in keeping with fashionable styles. Unless otherwise noted, the materials, attributions, and dating given here refer to the hilts. Rapier blades, invariably of steel, bear a variety of maker’s marks denoting their origin in the two principal centers of blademaking, Toledo in Spain and Solingen in Germany.