deem-data/ArtiFact huggingface dataset:
Landkaart vertonende het graafschap Holland, seer dienstig om te reysen na, en van syne naburige provincien … / Hollandiae Comitatus in ejusdem subjacentes ditiones …
Object type: print
Date: 1690 – 1690
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, hand coloring
Location: amsterdam
Subjects: (story of) neptune (poseidon), coat of arms (as symbol of the state, etc.), maps of separate countries or regions, merman - aa - mermaid, siren, fame; 'fama', 'fama buona', 'fama chiara' (ripa), holland

Kaart van het graafschap Holland en omliggende gebieden. Helemaal boven in het midden de Nederlandse titel. Links daarvan twee schaalstokken: Milliaria Germanica communia / Gemeene Duytsche mylen; Milliaria Gallica sive horae itineris / Fransche mylen ofte uren gaens. Rechts van die titel de legenda. Linksboven op de kaart een cartouche met de Latijnse titel. Daaromheen Fama, putti met het wapen van het graafschap Holland, zeemeerminnen en Neptunus. De kaart is voorzien van een zoekrooster en een gradenverdeling langs de randen.
Nederland, 2½ gulden, 1874 klaverblad
Object type: coin
Date: 1874 – 1874
Materials: silver
Techniques: striking
Location: utrecht
Artist: willem iii (koning der nederlanden)
Artist role: koning
Artist dates: 1817 – 1890

Zilveren munt. Voorzijde: borstbeeld naar rechts. Keerzijde: tussen waarde-aanduiding 2½ G gekroond rijkswapenschild. Aan onderkant links van het wapenschild muntmeesterteken: zwaard met klaverbladvormig uiteinde. Jaartal boven kroon. Randschrift.
Ensemble
Object type: ensemble
Date: 1864 – 1864
Materials: wool
Culture: american
Evacuation Day Parade of First Division, New York State Militia, newspaper illustration
Object type: newspaper illustration
Date: 1866 – 1866
Culture: american
Location: united states
Artist: alfred rudolf waud
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: american, born england
Artist dates: 1828 – 1891
Subjects: soldiers,men
Strook kloskant met ruiten onder zigzag-lijn
Object type: strip
Date: 1800 – 1899
Materials: cotton
Techniques: lace
Location: buckingham
Artist: Anonymous

Strook naturelkleurige kloskant, Buckingham-kant. Het zich herhalende patroon bestaat iets boven de middenlijn van de strook uit een zigzag-lijn, met daaronder een aaneenschakeling van ruiten. De motieven zijn aan de bovenzijde met elkaar verbonden door een maasgrond, een tulegrond. De zigzag-lijn en het centrum van elke ruit is gemaakt in linnenslag, met een uitsparing in elke ruit. Dikke en glimmende contourdraden lopen niet direct om het volwerk heen. Ze vormen om de ruiten heen een sierband van cirkeltjes en lusjes in de rozengrond, die hier als siergrond is toegepast. De bovenzijde van de strook is recht afgewerkt. De schulpenrand langs de onderzijde is afgewerkt met picots.
Portret van Jan Saenredam
Object type: print
Date: 1624 – 1649
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: northern netherlands
Subjects: assendelft, print maker, draughtsman, jan saenredam
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228, collector's mark: Lugt 2760

Buste naar links van Jan Saenredam op 37-jarige leeftijd in een ovaal met randschrift in het Latijn. Onder het portret vijf regels in het latijn op een cartouche.
Object type: photograph
Date: 1849 – 1851
Techniques: salted paper print
Artist: maxime du camp
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1822 – 1894
Studie van een kreeft
Object type: drawing
Date: 1876 – 1924
Materials: chalk, paper
Artist: gerrit willem dijsselhof
Artist role: designer, draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1866 – 1924
Subjects: crustaceans: lobster
Inscriptions: number: ‘47’, number: ‘915’
Personificaties van zeven planeten
Object type: print
Date: 1524 – 1562
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, etching, intaglio
Location: nuremberg
Artist: virgilius solis
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1514 – 1562
Subjects: clouds, (story of) jupiter (zeus), jupiter (planet)
Inscriptions: number: ‘54’, collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Maakt deel uit van een serie die bestaat uit vier prenten met zeven personificaties van planeten en een cartouche met titel.
Plate
Object type: plate
Date: 1791 – 1791
Materials: hard paste porcelain
Artist: sèvres manufactory
Artist role: manufactory
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1740 – 9999
Subjects: flowers

Porcelain decorated with a black ground in imitation of Asian lacquer was produced at Sèvres for about a fifteen-year period beginning in 1790. Furniture decorated with imported black lacquer panels saw a resurgence of popularity in the last two decades of the eighteenth century, and the Sèvres factory's efforts to simulate black lacquer on porcelain were probably stimulated by this renewed general interest in lacquer decoration. Black-ground Sèvres porcelain was decorated with chinoiserie scenes executed in gold, which was often applied in subtle tones of yellow, green, and red. Small decorative highlights were often executed in platinum, and the ability to apply platinum—first mastered by the factory in 1790—may have been an impetus to produce these lacquer-inspired pieces. [Jeffrey H. Munger, 2015]
February
Object type: print
Date: 1805 – 1805
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: haarlem
Subjects: february and its 'labours' (+ with scenes showing human occupations ~ seasons and months), tow-boat, towing-barge
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228
Serie 1: Tocht van Karel V naar Tunis, 1535
Object type: album leaf
Date: 1570 – 1574
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: cologne
Artist: frans hogenberg
Artist role: print maker, publisher
Artist dates: 1538 – 1590
Subjects: charles v (holy roman emperor and king of spain), communication and transport

Vier Turken knielen met takken in de hand voor Karel V en smeken hem om genade, 1535. Het keizerlijke leger trekt door het land tussen Tunis en Goleta, op de voorgrond een stoet van burgers met allerlei dieren. Hoek linksonder met nummer [7] ontbreekt.
Glass dish
Object type: dish
Date: 301 – 400
Materials: glass
Culture: roman

Colorless with slight blue green tinge. Slightly everted, rounded, vertical rim, with solid horizontal rib below; short side to body, tapering downwards, then turned in to concave floor; outsplayed, tubular, base ring, made by folding; almost flat bottom, thickened at center with slight dome on interior and circular pontil mark on exterior. Intact; a few pinprick bubbles; some pitting, but most of surfaces covered with thick creamy weathering and brilliant iridescence.
Gioacchino Benincasa
Object type: print
Date: 1820 – 1860
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Artist: monogrammist fk (duitsland)
Artist role: print maker
Subjects: adult man, historical persons
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228, check stamp: ‘CW&Co’
Alcatraz Island, San Francisco
Object type: photograph
Techniques: albumen silver print, glass negative
Artist: carleton e. watkins
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1829 – 1916
Subjects: prisons,ships
Cartonnage panel
Object type: cartonnage panel, imseti
Date: 712 – 332
Materials: gesso, paint, wood
Location: egypt
Christ Carrying the Cross
Object type: drawing
Date: 1720 – 1761
Materials: graphite, ink
Techniques: brush, pen
Artist: johann wolfgang baumgartner
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: german
Artist dates: 1712 – 1761
Subjects: men,women,christ,cross
Titelpagina voor: Corneille, Pierre. Le menteur. Comedie, 1663
Object type: titelblad, titelpagina
Date: 1682 – 1682
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: netherlands
Subjects: introducing, title-page, public gardens, park
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Dorante begroet Clarice en Lucrece bij een fontein in de Parijse Tuilerieën. Achter hem staat een man. Rechts wandelen twee figuren. Onder een cartouche met de titel.
Vrouwelijk naakt
Object type: sketchbook leaf
Date: 1886 – 1934
Materials: chalk, paper
Location: amsterdam
Artist: isaac israels
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1865 – 1934

Blad 19 verso uit schetsboek LXVI-B met 25 bladen.
Vélins
Object type: print
Date: 1596 – 1659
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Artist: schelte adamsz. bolswert
Artist role: print maker
Artist dates: 1586 – 1659
Subjects: mary and the christ-child with john the baptist (as child)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Prent uit serie Vélins met negentig prenten naar ontwerp van Peter Paul Rubens. In de bronnen vinden we uiteenlopende gegevens over aantal en samenstelling van de serie. Hollstein hanteert het aantal van negentig prenten. De reeks Vélins in de collectie van het RMA bevat verschillende staten afkomstig uit meerdere uitgaven welke moeilijk te duiden zijn. Sommige dragen het originele adres van Schelte Adamsz. Bolswert als graveur en uitgever, op andere exemplaren is deze naam verwijderd (duidelijk zichtbaar!) en vervangen door de naam Cornelis Galle (II). De prenten met de naam van uitgever Galle zijn vaak opgewerkt. We treffen nog een andere naam van een uitgever bij enkele prent aan: Martien van den Enden. Herkomst uit meerdere uitgaven spreekt ook uit afwijkende opschriften in Nederlands en Latijn en variaties op dezelfde thema's welke misschien nooit langs elkaar in dezelfde serie gebruikt werden.
Portret van Jean Caffart
Object type: print
Date: 1597 – 1597
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Artist: jacques granthomme
Artist role: print maker, publisher
Artist dates: 1550 – 
Subjects: historical persons
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 240
Stamp seal and modern impression: quadruped
Object type: stamp seal
Date: 4500 – 3500
Materials: mineral
Location: northern syria or eastern anatolia
Subjects: animals

This seal depitcs a quadruped with an elongated body faceing left. Above the animal are two joined arcs over which may be an inverted horned animal's head. A branching form beneath the quadruped may represent vegetation.
Jug with cover
Object type: jug with cover
Date: 1711 – 1712
Materials: silver, wood
Artist: john chartier
Artist role: maker
Artist dates: 1697 – 1715
Subjects: coat of arms

The arms within a lozenge are those of an unmarried lady of the Wynne family of Wales, probably engraved about 1740–50. The jug is inscribed on the underside: The legacy of John Williams of Revelvack.
v. Selchow, Abgeordneter zur II Kammer
Object type: print
Date: 1830 – 1899
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Location: berlin
Subjects: politician, historical persons, politician, e.g. party leader
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228
Portret van Anna Isabella Gonzaga en profil op een medaille
Object type: print
Date: 1702 – 1702
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: france
Subjects: historical persons, ruler, sovereign - bb - female ruler, medal (considered as a piece of sculpture, regardless of its specific function)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228
Arrest of an Ambulance Corps
Object type: print
Date: 1881 – 1881
Techniques: printmaking, photogravure
Artist: george barrie
Artist role: publisher
Textile Design with Tartan Background and Vertical Stripes
Object type: drawing ornament architecture
Date: 1840 – 1840
Materials: gouache
Artist: anonymous, alsatian, 19th century
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: alsatian
Artist dates: 1800 – 1900

Rectangular sheet of paper with a textile design from a group, dated 1840, made in Mulhouse, Alsace, which was an important nineteenth-century center for textile production in the Haut-Rhin region of France. The design is made up of a tartan background of dark reddish-brown color over a light tan base and two verical stripes made of two lines framed in dark red and with a black line in-between the two. The two lines are of yellow color in one of the stripes and purple color in the other stripe. The intersections between the thicker horizontal and vertical lines of the tartan background are adorned with two squares of white color and black outlines.
Portret van een jongeman
Object type: photograph
Date: 1880 – 1920
Materials: cardboard, photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: historical persons, youth, adolescent
Kopiëen naar de Schwalbacher Reise-serie
Object type: print
Date: 1620 – 1620
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: river, village, road, path, cattle driving, cattle driver

Spiegelbeeldige kopie naar de prent van Matthäus Merian I (Hollstein 258).
Tapezzerie de Papa
Object type: print
Date: 1602 – 1602
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, intaglio
Location: italy
Subjects: coin, beasts of prey, predatory animals: lion, cupids: 'amores', 'amoretti', 'putti'
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 10, collector's mark: ‘Hinloopen’, collector's mark: Lugt 11

Voor een grote guirlande staan drie putti. De middelste putto draagt een kroon en staat met één voet op een bol. In zijn handen houdt hij een staf en sleutels. Links en rechts putti met schalen gevuld met munten. Boven hen twee vogels en een leeuw in een cirkel.
Detail van het Fürstenportal in de dom van Bamberg
Object type: photograph
Date: 1900 – 1920
Materials: paper
Techniques: gelatin silver print
Location: bamberg
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: church (exterior)
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘Kunsthist. Seminar/ Marburg (Lahn)/ Photogr. Abteilung/ Vervielfältigung/ untersagt.’, number: ‘96’
Studie
Object type: sketchbook leaf
Date: 1865 – 1913
Materials: chalk, paper
Artist: a.a.l. de grammont-hubrecht
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1855 – 1913

Blad 54 recto uit een schetsboek met 65 bladen.
Rijtuig op ijzers voortgetrokken door ossen
Object type: photograph
Date: 1880 – 1920
Materials: paper
Techniques: collodion silver print
Location: madeira
Artist: manuel de olim perestrello
Artist role: fotograaf
Artist dates: 1854 – 1929
Subjects: animal traction, animal-drawn vehicle (carriage etc.), animal-drawn sledge (dutch: 'toeslede')
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘Madeira/ Bullock Carro’
Bowl
Object type: bowl
Date: 901 – 1000
Materials: earthenware
Techniques: glazing
Location: iraq

This ceramic bowl was excavated in Ctesiphon, the Sasanian metropolis and administrative capital conquered by Arab Muslim armies in 637. The city continued to be inhabited throughout the era, when it was known in Arabic as al-Mada’in, or "the cities", because of the expansive area it encompassed. Arab and Persian historians and poets indulged in describing al-Mada’in/Ctesiphon’s grand monuments. Muslim rulers also celebrated the glory of these monuments, which through time had acquired symbolic significance due to their association with the city’s imperial past. This was the case of the Taq-i Kisra, an impressive colossal ivan (a vaulted hall with one side open) that was partially dismantled to reuse its bricks in caliphal buildings in the new capital of Baghdad. Finds like this bowl attest to the continued occupation of Ctesiphon’s urban area in the first centuries of the Islamic period, during which a pilgrimage site developed at Salman Pak, an area named after the tomb of Salman al-Farsi, one of the early companions of the Prophet and the first Iranian to convert to Islam. The site is still visited by pilgrims today. Excavations in the Ctesiphon area were undertaken by an expedition in 1928–29 sponsored by the German Oriental Society (Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft). The Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Staatliche Museen, Berlin, undertook a joint expedition for one season in 1931–32. Several excavations were conducted, including at the Taq-i Kisra, in a small, fortified area south of the palace at Tell Dheheb, at multiple houses at the mounds of Ma’aridh, and at additional houses at a small mound called Umm ez-Za’tir. According to the agreements, the finds were first divided with the Iraqi authorities, between Berlin and New York.
Aansporing tot eenheid in West-Friesland
Object type: history medal
Date: 1596 – 1596
Materials: silver
Techniques: striking
Location: west frisia
Artist: paulus van wtewael
Artist role: die cutter, draughtsman, print maker
Subjects: enkhuizen

Zilveren penning. Voorzijde: drie steden aan water; op voorgrond bootjes, twee potten en vis binnen omschrift. Keerzijde: span ossen voor ploeg binnen omschrift.
Terracotta fragment of a skyphos (deep drinking cup)
Object type: skyphos fragment
Date: 460 – 430
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic

Part of the wing of an owl; part of a vertical olive sprig
Terracotta fragment of a skyphos (deep drinking cup)
Object type: skyphos fragment
Date: 434 – 401
Materials: terracotta
Culture: etruscan

Part of an olive sprig from the bottom of a skyphos
Het Waterloo-gezelschap bij de vijftigjarige herdenking van de Slag bij Waterloo 1865
Object type: history medal
Date: 1865 – 1865
Materials: bronze
Techniques: striking

Bronzen penning, op de voorzijde een oranjetak, een kussen met kroon en scepter en een leeuw met zwaard en wapenschild met pijlenbundel, onder het stralend oog Gods, tussen samengestrikte palmtakken, met omschrift, op de keerzijde zes regels tekst binnen een eikenkrans.
Study for Freemason's Hall, Great Queen Street, from Microcosm of London
Object type: drawing and watercolor
Date: 1808 – 1808
Materials: graphite, paper
Location: england
Artist: augustus charles pugin
Artist nationality: english, born france
Artist dates: 1762 – 1832
Eed van Leopold van Saksen-Coburg op de constitutie
Object type: strooipenning
Date: 1831 – 1831
Materials: silver
Techniques: striking
Location: brussels
Artist: adrien hippolyte veyrat
Artist role: medailleur
Artist dates: 1803 – 1883
Subjects: laeken, leopold i (koning der belgen), brussels

Zilveren penning. Voorzijde: leeuwtje met vrijheidsstaf in monogram van twee letters L onder kroonbinnen kabelrand. Keerzijde: bord met opschrift binnen omschrift en kabelrand
William Byrd Page, Champion High Jumper, from the Champions of Games and Sports series (N184, Type 1) issued by W.S. Kimball & Co.
Object type: print
Date: 1887 – 1887
Techniques: color lithograph
Artist: w.s. kimball & co.
Artist role: publisher
Subjects: men,sports,athletes

Trade cards from the set "Champions of Games and Sports" (N184), issued in 1887 by W.S. Kimball & Company. There are two variations of cards in the series. Type 1 displays the W.S. Kimball brand on the card recto and verso. Type 2 only displays the Kimball brand on the card verso. This card is Type 1.
Untitled (Portrait of a Woman in a Hat)
Object type: photograph
Date: 1840 – 1900
Techniques: tintype
Location: united states
Artist: Anonymous
Deel van een baksteen met concretie uit het wrak van de Oost-Indiëvaarder 't Vliegend Hart
Object type: brick clay product
Materials: brick, stone
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: 't vliegend hart (schip), verenigde oostindische compagnie

Deel van een rechthoekige, geelbruine baksteen met concretie. Brick.
Allerafgrijselijkste inspanning van een marmot bij het leren lezen
Object type: drawing
Date: 1855 – 1855
Materials: ink, paper, pencil
Techniques: pen
Artist: august allebé
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1838 – 1927
Subjects: reading, elementary school; class, form
Coffee Cup, Saucer, and Tray
Object type: ceramic
Date: 1761 – 1761
Materials: ceramic, enamel, porcelain, soft paste porcelain
Techniques: gilding, polychrome
Location: sèvres
Artist: sèvres porcelain manufactory
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1740 –
Sampler
Object type: sampler
Date: 1818 – 1818
Materials: linen, silk
Subjects: birds,women
Duorum celebrium potentissimorumq(ue) Sueciae Regum Magni Ladulåås et Caroli Canuti monumenta Sepulcralia in templo insulae equestri Holmensis
Object type: print
Date: 1696 – 1696
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Subjects: grave-building, monumental tomb

De grafmonumenten van Magnus III en Karel VIII, koningen van Zweden, in de kerk van Riddarholmen. De prent maakt deel uit van een album.
Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn
Object type: print
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, etching
Location: england
Artist: william hogarth
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: british
Artist dates: 1697 – 1764
Roses and Wisteria
Object type: handscroll
Date: 1701 – 1900
Materials: ink, silk
Culture: chinese
Artist: unidentified artist
Artist role: artist
Subjects: roses
Urformen der Kunst
Object type: photograph
Date: 1928 – 1928
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: rotogravure
Location: berlin
Subjects: plants (in general)
Inscriptions: number: ‘100’

facher Vergrößerung. Afkomstig uit losbladige uitgave.
Robert Macaire
Object type: cartoon
Date: 1842 – 1842
Materials: paper
Techniques: letterpress printing, lithograph
Location: paris
Artist: honoré daumier
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1808 – 1879
Subjects: caricatures (human types), public baths
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228a

Prent uit: Le Charivari, 9 augustus 1842. Prent voor het eerst gebruikt in: La Caricature (3e jaar), nr. 21, 23 mei 1841.
Sadie Martinot, from the Actresses series (N245) issued by Kinney Brothers to promote Sweet Caporal Cigarettes
Object type: photograph
Date: 1890 – 1890
Techniques: albumen silver print
Artist: kinney brothers tobacco company
Artist role: publisher
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1869 – 2011
Subjects: portraits,women,actresses

Trade cards from the set "Actors and Actresses" (N245), issued in 1890 by Kinney Brothers Tobacco to promote Sweet Caporal Cigarettes.
Portret van Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk
Object type: print
Date: 1800 – 1830
Materials: paper
Techniques: stippling
Artist: tobias falke
Artist role: print maker
Subjects: clouds, historical persons
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228
Bone ear pick
Object type: ear pick
Date: 7000 – 330
Materials: bone
Culture: cypriot
Ceramic Urn
Object type: urn
Date: 1001 – 1600
Materials: ceramic, pigment
Culture: carchi
Location: ecuador
Iconographie
Object type: print
Date: 1630 – 1646
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: antwerp
Subjects: gloves, mittens, etc.
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 240

Prent gebruikt voor: Icones principum, virorum doctorum, pictorum, chalcographorum, statuariorum nec non amatorum pictoriae artis numero centum ab Ant. van Dyck ad vivum expressae ejusque sumptibus aeri incisae. Antwerpen: Gillis Hendricx, [1645-1646].
Paris. La Madeleine / Madeleine Church
Object type: photomechanical print
Date: 1910 – 1925
Materials: cardboard
Techniques: photograph
Location: paris
Subjects: church (exterior), city-view, and landscape with man-made constructions (+ city(-scape) with figures, staffage)
Crown with discs, uraeus coils and frontlet
Object type: crown with disc, uraeus coil, frontlet
Date: 1353 – 1336
Materials: quartzite
Location: egypt
Henriëtte Wassink met hond op balkon of in tuin
Object type: photograph
Date: 1930 – 1935
Materials: paper
Techniques: gelatin silver print
Location: netherlands
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: batavia, henriëtte wassink, adult woman, dog, netherlands
Inscriptions: number: ‘1097’
The Emperor of Morocco in Consultation With the Famous Magician Desbarolles. “- This small line here indicates to me that you are going to get a royal thrashing!,” plate 126 from Actualités
Object type: print
Date: 1859 – 1859
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Location: france
Artist: honoré daumier
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1808 – 1879
Portret van Johannes Crato von Krafftheim
Object type: print
Date: 1550 – 1649
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: historical persons
Étagère
Object type: étagère
Date: 1855 – 1855
Materials: wood
Techniques: veneering
Culture: american
Location: united states
Artist: alexander roux
Artist role: maker
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1813 – 1886

At the New York workshop of Alexander Roux, over a hundred highly skilled craftsmen—many of whom were immigrants like Roux himself—designed, carved, and assembled elaborate, high-style furniture such as this étagère. The descriptor étagère is the French word for a multi-shelved piece of furniture, underscoring the appeal French associations held for consumers. By the mid-nineteenth century, middle- and upper-class Americans sought to display decorative objects in their homes to showcase not only the family’s wealth but also their worldliness and sophistication. The étagère was most often placed in the parlor, where guests could admire the carefully chosen selection of ceramics, glass, or silver.