deem-data/ArtiFact huggingface dataset:
Landschappen
Object type: print
Date: 1616 – 1616
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: northern netherlands
Subjects: wooden container: barrel, cask, bucket, farmers, container made of plant material other than wood: basket
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 964

Zittende en staande figuren bij tonnen en manden, aan weerszijden van een doek met daarop de titel. In het midden een stierenkop met schildersattributen. Titelprent van deel vijf van een serie van in totaal zestig prenten met landschappen, verdeeld over vijf delen van elk twaalf prenten.
Portret van een onbekende vrouw
Object type: carte de visite
Date: 1855 – 1885
Materials: cardboard, paper
Techniques: albumen print
Location: paris
Artist: erwin hanfstaengl
Artist role: fotograaf
Artist dates: 1837 – 1905
Subjects: historical persons - bb - woman
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘à Madame/ Membieé/’, inscription: ‘ERWIN/ HANFSTAENGL/ 4, Rue Frochot/ PARIS./ (Quartier St. Georges)’
Gezicht op de Jan Roodenpoortstoren in Amsterdam
Object type: print
Date: 1700 – 1799
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: sailing-ship, sailing-boat, tower, clock tower ~ monumental adornment, towers ~ fortified city, bridge in city across river, canal, etc.

Gezien de lege ruimte onder de prent waarschijnlijk een proefdruk of vroege staat voor de letter.
Ear lobe from a statue of king or queen
Object type: head of akhenaten or nefertiti, ear lobe, pierced ear
Date: 1353 – 1336
Materials: limestone
Location: egypt
Terracotta rim fragment of a kylix (drinking cup)
Object type: kylix fragment
Date: 467 – 435
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic

Exterior, head and part of upper torso of youth with himation, pointing his index finger to the figure in front of him
Portret van een vrouw, gekleed in een blauwe jurk of blouse en een witte kraag
Object type: photograph
Date: 1907 – 1930
Materials: glass
Techniques: autochrome process, slide
Location: netherlands
Artist: Anonymous
Gezicht op de Nieuwe Teertuinen te Amsterdam, gezien vanaf Prinseneiland
Object type: drawing
Date: 1901 – 1914
Materials: chalk, paper
Location: amsterdam
Artist: george hendrik breitner
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1857 – 1923
Subjects: canals, waters (in city), civic architecture; edifices; dwellings
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228, workshop stamp: Lugt 291d, annotation: ‘Amsterdam, Juli '01/ Den Weledelgeb. Heer Breitner/ Heer!/ Naar aanleiding van ons onderhoud/ tijd geleden, waarbij wij U mede deelden dat/ de Leeuw toestond dat U in de fabr. van gen. firma/ studies kon verrichten, verzoekt genaamde heer ons U/ te willen vragen wanneer U van plan zijt hiermede aan/ te vangen, aangezien hij tot heden niets verder van U had/ vernomen. Wij voldoen hiermede aan dat verzoek en wilt u/ zich zeker wel verder met gen. heer in verbinding stellen./ [...]/ H.J. Leefsond[...]’

Nieuwe Teertuinen 13 t/m 33 (van rechts naar links). Vooraan de Prinseneilandsgracht. Verso een brief aan Breitner.
Victor Cousin (1792–1867), French philosopher
Object type: medallion
Date: 1829 – 1829
Materials: bronze
Techniques: casting
Artist: pierre jean david d'angers
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1788 – 1856
Subjects: men,profiles,philosophers
Kelkglas met het wapen van de familie Van Lennep en het monogram WGM
Object type: goblet
Date: 1750 – 1775
Materials: glass
Techniques: glassblowing
Location: northern netherlands
Artist: Anonymous

Coat of arms of Watergraafsmeer Polder Board, 1787. On loan from the Koninklijk Oudheidkundig Genootschap.
Schetsboek met 19 bladen
Object type: sketchbook
Date: 1890 – 1931
Materials: cardboard, chalk, paper
Location: the hague
Artist: willem bastiaan tholen
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1860 – 1931
Subjects: head (human), street (+ city(-scape) with figures, staffage), the hague
Inscriptions: retailer's mark: ‘Kantoor- en Teekenbehoeften./ BOEKBINDERIJ./ Papierhandel./ L.J.C. BOUCHER, Papestraat 11, 's Hage/ TEEKENBOEK/ van’, annotation: ‘inh. Omtrek Witte Brug/ en zoom Kanaalvilla?’

Schetsboek bestaande uit 19 bladen (de beschermvellen zijn meegenomen in de nummering) met voornamelijk figuurstudies en landschappen, vermoedelijk getekend in de omgeving van de Witte Brug in Den Haag. Op de voorzijde van de omslag van het schetsboek een straatgezicht met een figuur. Op de achterzijde van de omslag een aanzet tot een kop.
Grand Cañon, Looking Below Mouth of Diamond River
Object type: photograph
Date: 1871 – 1871
Techniques: albumen silver print, glass negative
Artist: timothy h. o'sullivan
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: american, born ireland
Artist dates: 1840 – 1882
Vrouwenhoofd
Object type: sketchbook leaf
Date: 1886 – 1934
Materials: chalk, paper
Location: amsterdam
Artist: isaac israels
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1865 – 1934
Subjects: head (human) - aa - female human figure

Blad 5 recto uit schetsboek LV met 21 bladen.
Prise de Constantine
Object type: print
Date: 1838 – 1838
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Location: paris
Artist: denis auguste marie raffet
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1804 – 1860
Subjects: projectiles, explosives, etc.: mine, firearms: rifle, (military) attack, the soldier; the soldier's life
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 964
Portretbuste van Joachim Murat
Object type: print
Date: 1773 – 1837
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: italy
Subjects: historical persons, piece of sculpture, reproduction of a piece of sculpture
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Het originele sculptuur door Canova staat in het Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte te Napels.
Portret van Johann Georg Hamann
Object type: print
Date: 1768 – 1817
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Artist: johann heinrich lips
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1758 – 1817
Subjects: historical persons, portrait of a writer
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228, name

Alleen de letters "H nn" zijn gedrukt, de rest is ingevuld met de hand in bruine inkt.
Gebeeldhouwde stijl van eikenhout, afkomstig uit het z.g. Huis van Alva, Warmoestraat te Amsterdam
Object type: stile
Date: 1500 – 1699
Materials: wood
Location: northern netherlands
Artist: Anonymous

Gebeeldhouwde eikenhouten stijl zonder afwerking, afkomstig uit het z.g. Huis van Alva, Warmoestraat te Amsterdam. In totaal gaat het om twee consoles, drie brede en drie smalle stijlen (BK-KOG-755-B t/m H). Zie tevens BK-KOG-754-1 t/m 7, dit zijn 6 beschilderde stijlen die uit hetzelfde huis afkomstig zijn.
Veld van vier tegels met vlinders en vogels
Object type: tegelveld
Date: 1620 – 1640
Materials: earthenware, glaze
Techniques: maiolica
Location: netherlands
Artist: Anonymous

Veld van vier tegels (2 x 2) elk met een blauw geschilderde vlinder of vogel in een Chinese tuin binnen een cirkel. In de hoeken, een driestip.
Voorgevel van het Kasteel van Breda
Object type: photomechanical print
Date: 1900 – 1950
Materials: paper
Techniques: printing block
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: townhall
Inscriptions: annotation: ‘"Kasteel te Breda / Voorgevel."’
Le Moine
Object type: photograph
Date: 1861 – 1861
Techniques: albumen silver print, paper negative
Artist: édouard denis baldus
Artist role: fotograaf
Artist nationality: french, born prussia
Artist dates: 1813 – 1889
Subjects: landscapes

Baldus's greatest commercial success came from his straightforward views of historic monuments and modern architectural and engineering projects. While seeking out features of the landscape that possess the same monumental presence as a Gothic cathedral or Roman aqueduct, he nonetheless brought a more lyrical sensibility to the depiction of the natural world. This view of a rock formation along the Côte d'Azur was among the final images in an album that Baldus produced for the Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée Railroad showing the route from Lyon to Toulon.
Italy, from Flags of All Nations, Series 1 (N9) for Allen & Ginter Cigarettes Brands
Object type: print
Date: 1887 – 1887
Techniques: color lithograph
Artist: allen & ginter
Artist role: publisher
Artist nationality: american
Subjects: flags

Trade cards from the set, "Flags of All Nations," Series 1 (N9), issued in 1887 in a series of 48 cards to promote Allen & Ginter Brand Cigarettes. The museum's collection contains the 48 cards from the Series 1 set, as well as 10 variations and 5 mis-printed cards.
Bioscoop Sf. Goenoengsari. (Sept. 1926.)
Object type: photograph
Date: 1909 – 1926
Materials: photographic support
Techniques: gelatin silver print
Location: east java
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: colonial system, trade-company, cinema, movie-house, (non-fruit) products of plants or trees: sugarcane, representation of real building (either existing or having existed)
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘Bioscoop Sf. Goenoengsari. (Sept. 1926.)’

De bioscoop gebouwd op het fabrieksterrein, september 1926. Onderdeel van het fotoalbum met foto's van de opbouw van de suikerfabriek te Goenoengsari op Oost-Java door de Handels Vereniging Amsterdam 1926-1927.
St. Stephen's Church. Die Stephanskirche. L'Eglise St. Etienne
Object type: stereograph
Date: 1871 – 1877
Materials: cardboard, paper
Techniques: albumen print
Location: vienna
Artist: oscar krämer
Artist role: publisher
Artist dates: 1835 – 1892
Subjects: church (exterior)
Inscriptions: number: ‘52’, inscription: ‘Vervielfältigung vorbehalten.’
The Storm
Object type: print
Date: 1865 – 1865
Techniques: engraving
Location: paris
Artist: charles émile jacque
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1813 – 1894
Subjects: men,cows,sheep,storms
Study of Arms for "The Cadence of Autumn"
Object type: drawing
Date: 1905 – 1905
Materials: graphite, pastel
Artist: evelyn de morgan
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: british
Artist dates: 1855 – 1919
Subjects: hands,arms

Influenced by late-Pre-Raphaelitism, and contemporaries such as Edward Burne-Jones and Frederic Leighton, De Morgan made detailed drawings as she prepared paintings. This study relates to "The Cadence of Autumn" (1902; De Morgan Foundation, London) which uses young women in an elegant frieze-like arrangement to connect seasonal rhythms to human mortality—with notes of redemptive hope reflecting the artist’s personal belief in spiritualism. Early in her career, Evelyn (née Pickering) won prizes at the South Kensington and Slade Schools, visited Italy, and then won critical acclaim for works shown at London’s Dudley Gallery and Grosvenor Gallery in 1876–77. She married the influential and experimental potter William De Morgan in 1887, then used money earned from her art to help sustain her husband's business.
Landschap met ruïnes en figuren op een brug
Object type: print
Date: 1773 – 1773
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: france
Artist: jean jacques de boissieu
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1736 – 1810
Subjects: landscape with bridge, viaduct or aqueduct, landscape with ruins, bridge
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 12
Terracotta lekythos (oil flask)
Object type: lekythos in the form of a female head
Date: 400 – 375
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, south italian, apulian
Subjects: heads,women
Opera Nova Universali intitulata Corona di racammi, page 16 (recto)
Object type: book print ornament architecture
Techniques: woodcut
Artist: giovanni andrea vavassore
Artist role: publisher
Artist nationality: italian
Artist dates: 1530 – 1573
Subjects: ornament

Published by Giovanni Andrea (called "Guadagnino") Vavassore, Italian, active 16th century, Venice. From top to bottom, and left to right: design composed of 4 vertical columns: alternating backward 'S' pattern and diamond connected together by a line, zigzag pattern forming large diamonds, zigzag pattern that transforms into a series of diamonds halfway down, and black coils wrapped around a line.
Deksel van tinnen flapkan of kruik
Object type: jug
Date: 1590 – 1596
Materials: tin
Techniques: casting, striking
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: willem barendsz., amsterdam, jacob van heemskerck

Deksel van tinnen flapkan of kruik. Het stuk dat aan oor bevestigd hoort te zijn is afgebroken met nog stukje van stenen kruik erin.
Inname van Neuss door Alessandro Farnese, hertog van Parma
Object type: jeton
Date: 1586 – 1586
Materials: copper
Techniques: striking
Location: bruges
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: vienna, albert casimir van saksen-teschen, rome, alessandro farnese (landvoogd van de nederlanden en hertog van parma en piacenza)
Newes Modelbuch in Kupffer  (Page 59r)
Object type: book print ornament architecture
Date: 1604 – 1604
Techniques: etching
Artist: johann sibmacher
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: german
Artist dates: 1590 – 1611
Subjects: flowers

Designed by Johann Sibmacher, German, active 1590-1611. 2 illustrated title pages, 12 pages of text surrounded by decorative borders, and 56 pages of designs.
Jeunes filles, costumes de fête
Object type: page
Date: 1855 – 1865
Materials: photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Location: entzheim
Subjects: adolescent, young woman, maiden, folk costume, regional costume, façade (of house or building)
Inscriptions: number: ‘No. 2.’, number: ‘1’, inscription: ‘France. Alsace. Departement du Bas-Rhin.- Commune d'Entzheim’
Panel (Dessus d'alcove)
Object type: panel
Date: 1701 – 1750
Materials: wood
The Diggers
Object type: print
Date: 1830 – 1875
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Artist: jean-françois millet
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1814 – 1875
Subjects: men,working
Publicatie van de Nationale Vergadering, 25 juli 1797
Object type: publication
Date: 1707 – 1797
Materials: paper
Techniques: letterpress printing
Location: the hague
Subjects: national government, newspaper, news-sheet
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 1641, collector's mark

Publicatie van de Nationale Vergadering van de Bataafse Republiek, Den Haag, 25 juli 1797. Onderaan de namen van W.H. Teding van Berkhout en C. Byleveld. Gedrukte tekst in twee kolommen met bovenaan een vignet met de Vrijheid. Onderwerpsrubrieken binnen de Atlas Zeden en Gewoonten: Regeering, Publicaties.
Sleeve of Mail
Object type: sleeve of mail
Date: 1501 – 1600
Materials: steel
Culture: german
Location: germany

From about the third century B.C. through the early fourteenth century A.D., mail, also called chain mail, was the predominant and most effective type of body armor known in Europe. From about the mid-fifteenth century onward, mail was used in conjunction with full plate armor to fill the gaps between plates. Separate mail sleeves were made to be worn with a cuirass (breastplate and backplate); shaped panels of mail called gussets, covered the armpits or the crooks of the elbows and were attached to arming jackets, garments specially tailored to be worn under armor; and mail breeches, called brayettes or pairs of paunces, could be worn by men fighting on foot.
Cap
Object type: costume and accessory
Date: 1801 – 1900
Materials: cotton, thread
Techniques: embroidery, weave, stitching
Location: france
Subjects: fashion
The Nativity
Object type: drawing
Date: 1860 – 1860
Materials: chalk, paper
Artist: hippolyte flandrin
Artist role: draftsman
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1809 – 1864
Subjects: human figures,virgin mary,jesus
Titelprent voor: Auspicibus Musis me preside saxa loguuntur, Utrecht 1637
Object type: print
Date: 1637 – 1637
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: utrecht
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Een jongen met een stok wijst naar de opening van een grot. In een cartouche staat de tekst Auspicibus Musis me preside saxa loguuntur, met initialen van schrijver T.D..
Church and State
Object type: drawing and watercolor
Materials: graphite, ink, paint, paper, watercolor
Techniques: pen
Location: england
Artist: john leech
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: british
Artist dates: 1817 – 1864
Terracotta fragment of a kylix: eye-cup  (drinking cup)
Object type: kylix fragment, eye cup
Date: 520 – 510
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic

Exterior, part of a circumscribed palmette
Gold pendant in the form of a lion's head
Object type: pendant in the form of a lion's head
Date: 450 – 400
Materials: gold
Culture: cypriot
Subjects: lions

The lion's-head is finely modeled in two halves, left and right, with a flat gold sheet closing off the neck aperture.
Italian Peasants Resting
Object type: sculpture
Date: 1832 – 1832
Materials: terracotta
Techniques: modeling, carved
Location: italy
Artist: bartolomeo pinelli
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: italian
Artist dates: 1781 – 1835
Subjects: peasants, child, children, dog, families, man, sleep, woman
Landschap met Escorial
Object type: print
Date: 1694 – 1737
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching, hand coloring
Location: amsterdam
Subjects: landscapes in the temperate zone, palace

Prent uit: Theatrum Hispaniæ, exhibens regni urbes, villas ac viridaria magis illustria. Het aanmerkelykste en voortreffelykste in Spanjen (...). Amsterdam: Pieter van den Berge, ca. 1694-1737.
Zeven deugden
Object type: print
Date: 1510 – 1575
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: italy
Subjects: hope, 'spes'; 'speranza divina e certa' (ripa) ~ one of the three theological virtues
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2760, collector's mark: Lugt 2228a

Kopie in spiegelbeeld naar prent van Marcantonio Raimondi. Raimondi baseerde zich mogelijk op een ontwerp van Raphael. Prent uit een serie van zeven prenten met deugden.
Y is het Ys
Object type: blad
Materials: cotton, textile
Techniques: appliqué, embroidered, stitch
Location: brastagi
Artist: miesje geertruida maria petronella aalbersberg
Artist dates: 1915 – 1997
Subjects: reading, book in which illustrations are essential, letters, alphabet, script, internment camp, nursery school (+ teaching aids), (other forms of) needlework, e.g.: crocheting, knitting, embroidering

In het geheim gemaakt kinderboek in textiel vrij naar A is een Aapje van Rie Cramer. Het werd gezamenlijk gemaakt door de vrouwelijke gevangenen van het Japanse interneringskamp Brastagi, een oude plantage in Noord-Sumatra 60 kilometer ten zuiden van Medan aan de weg naar het Toba-meer, tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog ter gelegenheid van de vijfde verjaardag van Pem Hagers, de dochter van Miesje Hagers-Aalbersberg die de ontwerptekeningen en sjablonen had gemaakt.
Kustlandschap met vuurtoren
Object type: print
Date: 1673 – 1695
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: france
Subjects: lighthouse, lightship, coast
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Prenten met het signatuur 'Perelle' kunnen zowel door vader Gabriel als door zonen Nicolas en Adam gemaakt zijn.
Alexandrie. Colonne de Pompée
Object type: stereograph
Date: 1873 – 1890
Materials: cardboard, paper
Techniques: albumen print
Location: amsterdam
Artist: j.g. beers
Artist role: fotograaf
Subjects: column, pillar ~ architecture
Inscriptions: number: ‘26787’, number: ‘7’
Portret van John Locke op 72-jarige leeftijd
Object type: print
Date: 1721 – 1721
Materials: paper
Techniques: mezzotint
Subjects: politician, historical persons, scholar, philosopher (+ portrait of scholar, scientist)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 240
Caddy spoon
Object type: caddy spoon
Date: 1801 – 1833
Materials: silver
Fotoreproductie van een schilderij voorstellende een kind met een kruik met daarachter een vrouw geknield
Object type: page
Date: 1877 – 1882
Materials: paper
Techniques: photograph
Location: germany
Subjects: child, container of ceramics: jar, jug, pot, vase
Douer (Dover), from "English Views"
Object type: print
Date: 1642 – 1642
Techniques: etching
Artist: wenceslaus hollar
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: bohemian
Artist dates: 1607 – 1677
Subjects: human figures,castles,fortification,ships

View of Dover Castle beyond fortified walls on a cliff; with two figures standing by a tall rock in foreground at left, others walking down the slope; ships sailing in the distance at right.
Societeit de Vriendschap te Amsterdam
Object type: print
Date: 1841 – 1841
Materials: paper
Techniques: letterpress printing, engraving
Location: amsterdam
Subjects: square, place, circus, etc., city-view in general; 'veduta', façade (of house or building)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 1243, signature: ‘Tollenaar’, collector's mark: ‘7’ Lugt 1641b

Prent uit: Beschrijving der Nederlanden. Amsterdam: J.H. Laarman, 1841.
Ontwerp voor een kandelaar (No. 12)
Object type: drawing
Date: 1776 – 1823
Materials: paper, pencil
Techniques: brush
Artist: abraham meertens
Artist role: draughtsman
Artist dates: 1757 – 1823
Subjects: sconce, wall lamp
Mal uit het wrak van de Oost-Indiëvaarder Hollandia
Object type: mould
Date: 1700 – 1743
Materials: copper
Location: netherlands
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: verenigde oostindische compagnie, hollandia (schip), annet
Luxor. Winter-Palace-Hôtel
Object type: ansichtkaart, prentbriefkaart
Date: 1907 – 1930
Materials: cardboard
Techniques: color autotype
Location: dresden
Subjects: river, hotel, hostelry, inn
The last words of Louis XVI (Testament de Louis XVI)
Object type: print
Date: 1793 – 1800
Techniques: engraving
Artist: Anonymous
Artist role: artist
Subjects: french revolution,kings,louis xvi,marie antoinette,queens
[ A Travelling Camel Carriage from Lahore to Peshawar, Governor General's Camp]
Object type: photograph
Date: 1858 – 1861
Techniques: albumen silver print
Artist: Anonymous
Artist role: artist
Subjects: men,camels,carriages
Piece
Object type: piece
Date: 1701 – 1733
Materials: metal thread, silk
Culture: chinese
Subjects: dragons
Abdominal Supporter
Object type: abdominal supporter
Date: 1850 – 1879
Materials: bone, cotton, linen, metal, silk
Culture: british
Portret van een onbekende man, aangeduid als D. of B...
Object type: print
Date: 1775 – 1775
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Subjects: historical persons
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228
Huize Ruurlo
Object type: ansichtkaart, prentbriefkaart
Date: 1913 – 1950
Materials: cardboard
Techniques: photograph
Location: ruurlo
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: castle, canal
Side Drums (39 x)
Object type: percussion instrument
Date: 1853 – 1853
Materials: brass, fiber, skin, wood
Location: netherlands
Artist: Anonymous
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘1853-5’

Music has always been a crucial element of public celebrations, such as military parades, coronations, royal weddings, and funerals, adding grandeur to the solemnity of the occasion. Musical ensembles entrusted with performing music at these events have existed in Europe since the Middle Ages. This display highlights various marching bands and their musical instruments dating from the 16th to the 19th century.
East Gate, Winchelsea, Sussex, part XIV, plate 67 from "Liber Studiorum"
Object type: print
Techniques: etching, mezzotint
Artist: joseph mallord william turner
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: british
Artist dates: 1775 – 1851
Subjects: human figures,gates,trees

Turner distilled his ideas about landscape in "Liber Studiorum" (Latin for Book of Studies), a series of seventy prints plus a frontispiece published between 1807 and 1819. To establish the compositions, he made brown watercolor drawings, then etched outlines onto copper plates. Professional engravers usually developed the tone under Turner's direction and Reynolds here added mezzotint to describe sheep being driven through medieval ruins. Established on the Sussex coast by Edward I as a fortified port, Winchelsea had long been separated from the sea, and been abandoned. Sunlit marshland is glimpsed here through the arched gate, with the town's history hinted at by the sailor approaching at left. The picturesque decay and rustic activity led Turner to place the print within his category of Pastoral landscape, indicated by the "P" in the upper margin.