deem-data/ArtiFact huggingface dataset:
Prayer Nut with The Nativity and The Adoration of the Magi
Object type: prayer nut
Date: 1500 – 1530
Materials: wood, gold, silver
Techniques: engraving, carving
Location: delft
Artist: adam dircksz
Artist role: goldsmith, sculptor
Subjects: the four elements, and ether, the fifth element, annunciation of christ's birth to the shepherds (and/or shepherdesses) at night; a host of singing angels in the air, eve (not in biblical context), moses taking off his sandals - ee - mary in the burning bush, the tiburtine sibyl and augustus: the sibyl reveals to the emperor a vision of the madonna in heaven, adoration of the kings: the wise men present their gifts to the christ-child (gold, frankincense and myrrh), mary, joseph and the new-born christ (nativity)

Een kleine in zilveren omhulsel gevatte gebedsnoot, bestaande uit twee miniatuur-reliëfs van de Geboorte van Christus en de Aanbidding der Koningen. Beide reliëfs zijn van buxushout en gemonteerd in twee scharnierende, zilveren halve bolletjes met sluiting en een klein kettinkje. Het zilveren bolletje is geheel gedecoreerd met uiterst verfijnd Gotisch graveerwerk: enerzijds dieren tussen bladeren (een aapje, een hond, een uil en andere vogels), anderzijds vijf figuurtjes: Eva, een man die in de grond schept met een schop, een man met een valk, een man die in het water staat en een man met een pook en vuur. Het zijn voorstellingen van de Vier Elementen (aarde, lucht, water en vuur) en tevens mogelijk verschillende maatschappelijke standen. De dieren vertegenwoordigen de 'omgekeerde wereld' van lust en kwaad. Rondom is het zilveren bolletje met een getordeerde draad van bleek goud versierd, terwijl op de boven- en onderzijde een gouden rozetje is.
Le trouvère No 83
Object type: book
Date: 1806 – 1891
Materials: paper, photographic support
Techniques: albumen print, printing, engraving
Dress
Object type: dress
Date: 1877 – 1877
Materials: cotton
Culture: american
E.Herz(n) Gisela
Object type: photograph
Date: 1856 – 1900
Materials: paper
Techniques: albumen print
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: nobility and patriciate; chivalry, knighthood
Gezicht op de buitenplaats Gijnwens, bij Baambrugge
Object type: book illustration
Date: 1730 – 1730
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: amsterdam
Subjects: rural housing, e.g. country-house, villa, cottage
Inscriptions: stamp, collector's mark: Lugt 1641, stamp

Rechtsonder genummerd: 87. Onderwerpsrubrieken binnen de Atlas Zeden en Gewoonten: Zeden en Gewoonten in Engeren Zin, De Woning. Kastelen en buitenplaatsen. Utrecht (vervolg.).
Shunga serie
Object type: book
Date: 1800 – 1900
Materials: gold powder, paper
Techniques: blind stamped, woodcut
Location: japan
Artist: Anonymous
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228
Gezicht op militaire barakken
Object type: page
Date: 1890 – 1910
Materials: paper
Techniques: photograph
Location: colombo
Artist: henry william cave
Artist role: fotograaf
Artist dates: 1854 – 1913
Subjects: barracks
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘Caserne (Phare)’
Brief aan de heer Caramelli
Object type: letter
Date: 1871 – 1871
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: pen, writing
Location: the hague
Artist: mari ten kate
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1831 – 1910
Subjects: art trade, art shop, drawing, money
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2233
Terracotta rim fragment of a kylix? (drinking cup)
Object type: kylix fragment
Date: 500 – 401
Materials: terracotta
Culture: greek, attic

Exterior, reserve band; fragment of a kylix?
A horseman atop a rearing horse, in profile and turned towards the right, gardens in the background, from "Various cavalry exercises" (Diverses exercices de cavalerie)
Object type: print
Date: 1642 – 1645
Techniques: etching
Artist: stefano della bella
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: italian
Artist dates: 1610 – 1664
Subjects: men,profiles,horses
Portret van Maria prinses van Pruisen
Object type: print
Date: 1807 – 1840
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph
Location: berlin
Subjects: berlin, historical persons, princess
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228, check stamp: Lugt 4519
Terracotta fragment of an undetermined shape
Object type: undetermined shape
Date: 600 – 501
Materials: terracotta
Culture: unknown fabric

Bit of ornament and part of a handle root?
Church and Farm at Éragny
Object type: print
Date: 1895 – 1895
Materials: paper, pastel
Techniques: drypoint, etching
Location: france
Artist: camille pissarro
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1830 – 1903
Writing Box
Object type: writing box
Date: 1701 – 1800
Materials: gold, lacquer
Culture: japanese
Subjects: trees,streams
De Nassausche Wapen-Handelinge, van Schilt, Spies, Rappier ende Targe : beyde figuerlick afgebeelt, ende gestelt na de nieu ordening [van] (...) Maurits van Nassau
Object type: print
Date: 1616 – 1618
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: northern netherlands
Subjects: the hague, maurice (prince of orange), handling of weapons ~ military training, weapons

Illustratie in: Adam van Breen, De Nassausche Wapen-Handelinge, van Schilt, Spies, Rappier ende Targe : beyde figuerlick afgebeelt, ende gestelt na de nieu ordening [van] ... Maurits van Nassau, 's-Gravenhage, [Aert Meuris] 1618, plaat nr. 15. In het exemplaar in de collectie van de Rijksmuseum Research Library (326 F 22).
Portret van L. Mathot
Object type: print
Date: 1895 – 1895
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Artist: willem philip van der veken
Artist role: print maker
Artist dates: 1863 – 
Subjects: adult man, historical persons, beard
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228
Portret van Rose Charlotte van Lelyveld met haar Surinaamse kindermeisje Sara
Object type: photograph
Date: 1898 – 1898
Materials: paper, cardboard
Techniques: collodion silver print
Location: paramaribo
Artist: théodore van lelyveld
Artist role: painter
Artist dates: 1867 – 1954
Subjects: arnhem, baby-sitter, historical persons - bb - woman

Portret van Rose Ch. van Lelyveld, dochter van Théodore Bernard van Lelyveld, met haar Surinaamse kindermeisje Sara (achternaam onbekend), Paramaribo.
Sarasa
Object type: textile
Materials: cotton, dye, paint
Techniques: dyeing, painting, weave
Location: japan
Opening van het kanaal van Charleroi naar Brussel
Object type: history medal
Date: 1832 – 1832
Materials: silver
Techniques: striking
Location: brussels
Artist: joseph pierre braemt
Artist role: print maker
Artist dates: 1796 – 1864
Subjects: kanaal charleroi-brussel

Zilveren penning. Voorzijde: Mercuriusstaf op anker, daarachter gekruist roer en harpoen. Keerzijde: opschrift binnen bloemenkrans en omschrift
Minerva
Object type: drawing
Date: 1816 – 1833
Materials: ink, paper, pencil
Techniques: pen
Subjects: (story of) minerva (pallas, athena)

Minerva zittend in haar wapenrusting op een wolk met rechts een uil.
Andral
Object type: page
Date: 1871 – 1879
Materials: paper
Techniques: photograph
Artist: pierre petit
Artist role: fotograaf
Artist dates: 1832 – 1909
Subjects: paris, adult man, historical persons
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘(Publication de la Revue de litterature médicale du/ D. Félix, Bremond, 20 Passage Saulnier, Paris. No.]’
Figuren in landschappen
Object type: print
Date: 1627 – 1627
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving, etching
Location: northern netherlands
Subjects: pedlar, ferry, horse
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 240

Prent ook gebruikt als boekillustratie in: Campanus, M., Colevelt, J.J. Craen, A.P., Robbertzen, J. Amsterdamsche Pegasus, waer in (uyt lust) byeen vergadert zijn veel minnelycke liedekens. Amsterdam: Cornelis Willemsz Blaeu-laken, 1627.
Portret van Thomas Sherlock
Object type: print
Date: 1757 – 1757
Materials: paper
Techniques: mezzotint
Location: london
Artist: james mcardell
Artist role: print maker, publisher
Artist dates: 1728 – 1765
Subjects: clergyman, historical persons
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 240
The Actor Nakamura Tomijuro I as a Female Fox from Mt. Ubagadake in the Play Chigo Torii Tobiiri Kitsune, Performed at the Ichimura Theater in the Eleventh Month, 1777
Object type: print
Date: 1777 – 1777
Techniques: woodblock print
Location: japan
Artist: katsukawa shunsho 勝川 春章
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: japanese
Artist dates: 1726 – 1792
John Calvin (1509–1564)
Object type: medal
Date: 1641 – 1641
Materials: silver
Artist: sebastian dadler
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: german
Artist dates: 1586 – 1657
Campagne de Montpellier
Object type: print
Date: 1849 – 1849
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Artist: louis charles hora siccama
Artist role: draughtsman, print maker
Artist dates: 1807 – 1880
Subjects: trees: olive-tree
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228
Dese vogels die gy siet / En singen noch krayen niet
Object type: print
Date: 1691 – 1691
Materials: paper
Techniques: colour
Location: amsterdam
Subjects: birds
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2760, collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Blad met 9 voorstellingen van vogels, zoals een haan, een papegaai en een nachtegaal. In elke afbeelding de naam van de vogel.
The guard wot looks arter the sovereign
Object type: print
Date: 1804 – 1829
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching, hand coloring
Location: london
Subjects: horn, trumpet, cornet, trombone, tuba, firearms: rifle, fashionable woman, 'belle'

Spotprent met een voorstelling van een zeer gezette Lady Conyngham, de maîtresse van koning George IV, als een stoere modieuze figuur, staande met de benen uit elkaar, in een lange rode jas en een hoed met brede rand. In de hand een geweer, om de schouders een tas en twee trompetten. Zie ook de pendant.
Ten-round incense game set with arabesque foliage and family crests
Object type: incense game set
Date: 1856 – 1856
Materials: gold, silver, wood
Techniques: hiramakie, lacquer
Culture: japanese

This incense game set (jisshukō-bako) was part of Princess Atsu-hime’s elaborate wedding trousseau. The tiered lacquer storage box of the incense set, and all the utensils are decorated with a design of arabesque foliage (karakusa) that includes two wild ginger leaves (aoi), a plant featured in the family crest of the Tokugawa. The family crests of the Tokugawa and Konoe families, three ginger leaves in a circle and a flowering peony, respectively, as rendered here, reflect the marriage of Atsu-hime to Tokugawa Iesada, the thirteenth shogun, in 1856. One of the precious items in the trousseau was a “ten-round incense game” set. One of the earliest incense games, it involved four different incense woods, three scents identified and passed around in a trial round, and one unrevealed. All the necessary utensils of the game fit into a richly embellished tiered storage box. Atsu-hime’s box is complete with all the necessary tools to play the game, including a “Genji incense” (Genji-kō) folding album. Atsu-hime (1836–1883), originally named Okatsu, was the daughter of Shimazu Tadatake (1806–1854). Born in Satsuma province, she soon moved to Kyoto, and then, in 1855, to the Shimazu mansion in Edo. Given that the wife of the shogun was supposed to be from the imperial family or the nobility, Atsu was adopted by the Minister of the Right, Konoe Tadahiro (1808–1898), and named Fujiwara no Sumiko. In the eleventh month of 1856, Atsu-hime entered Edo Castle as the wife of the thirteenth Tokugawa shogun, Iesada (1824–1858). The incense game box is a symbol of this very important political alliance between the Tokugawa and the Shimazu families.
Winter Landscape
Object type: folding fan mounted a an album leaf
Date: 1368 – 1644
Materials: gold, ink, paper
Culture: chinese
Artist: unidentified artist
Artist role: artist
Subjects: mountains,landscapes,winter
Card Number 120, Alice Harrison, from the Actors and Actresses series (N145-2) issued by Duke Sons & Co. to promote Cross Cut Cigarettes
Object type: print
Date: 1880 – 1889
Techniques: albumen silver print
Artist: w. duke, sons & co.
Artist role: publisher
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1870 – 1920
Subjects: portraits,women,actresses

Trade cards from the set "Actors and Actresses" (N145-2), issued in the 1880s by W. Duke Sons & Co. to promote Cross Cut Cigarettes. There are eight subsets of the N145 series. Various subsets sport different card designs and also promote different tobacco brands represented by W. Duke Sons & Company. This card is from the second subset, N145-2. Note that actors' names are spelled differently on cards throughout set and are not dependable for accuracy.
Portrait Vessel of a Ruler with Mustache and Feathered Headdress
Object type: vessel
Date: 100 – 500
Materials: ceramic, pigment
Culture: moche
Location: peruvian north coast
Subjects: people, portraits
Gezicht op de Leeuw van Luzern
Object type: photograph
Date: 1863 – 1868
Materials: photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Location: lucerne
Artist: stephen thompson
Artist role: fotograaf, schrijver
Artist dates: 1831 – 1893
Subjects: landscape with monument
Maximiliaan I, Duits keizer
Object type: jeton
Date: 1688 – 1739
Materials: silver
Techniques: striking
Location: nuremberg
Artist: christian wermuth
Artist role: medailleur
Artist dates: 1661 – 1739
Subjects: maximilian i (holy roman emperor)

Zilveren penning. Voorzijde: borststuk man binnen omschrift. Keerzijde: opschrift
Percussion Pistol with Case
Object type: percussion pistol with case
Date: 1844 – 1844
Materials: gold, steel, textile, wood
Culture: french
Location: france
Artist: alfred gauvain
Artist role: gunsmith
Artist nationality: french
Artist dates: 1801 – 1889

This pistol may have been exhibited at the Exposition Universelle in 1855 in Paris, where Gauvain received a medal of honor for several pistols. Gauvain also showed decorated pistols at the international exhibitions held in London in 1849 and 1851.
Plate 8, from Little Egypt Actresses series (T2), issued by Monopole Tobacco Works to promote Khedive Egyptian Cigarettes
Object type: print
Date: 1902 – 1902
Techniques: photolithograph
Artist: monopole tobacco works
Artist role: publisher
Subjects: portraits,women,actresses

Cigarette cards from the Little Egypt Actresses series (T2), Issued in 1902 by Monopole Tobacco Works to promote Khedive Egyptian Cigarettes.
Willow
Object type: wallpaper
Date: 1874 – 1874
Techniques: printing
Artist: william morris
Artist role: designer
Artist nationality: british
Artist dates: 1834 – 1896
Subjects: leaves

William Morris designed forty-one wallpapers and five ceiling papers, working from 1862 with Morris, Marshall, Faulkner, and Company and from 1875 with Morris & Company as sole owner. "Willow's" light, elegantly interaced leaves and stems stand out against a darker tone. First produced in 1885, the pattern should be distinguished from the slightly later "Willow Bough" (see 23.163.4k) of 1887 where the curled leaves are more densely arranged, and printed in colors that distinguish leaf from stem. If the elegantly stylized "Willow" conveys a Japanese sensibility, "Willow Bough" communicates greater naturalism.
Firelight: Joseph Pennell, No. 2
Object type: print
Date: 1896 – 1896
Materials: ink, paper
Techniques: lithography
Location: united states
Artist: james mcneill whistler
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1834 – 1903
Gezicht op de salon van het hoofdgebouw van de baden van Heustrich-les-bains bij Spiez, Zwitserland
Object type: photomechanical print
Materials: paper
Techniques: photograph
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: music-hall, public baths
Deksel van bokaal met bladversiering en een vogel
Object type: lid
Date: 1690 – 1700
Materials: glass
Techniques: glassblowing
Location: bohemia
Artist: Anonymous

Deksel van beker van helder, kleurloos glas, met op de kelk een gegraveerde bladversiering waartussen een vogel.
Stool (pair with 1975.1.2003)
Object type: stool
Date: 1501 – 1600
Materials: wood
Techniques: carving, gilding
Culture: italian
Verklaaring van het Plaatje Ecce Proditor! Dat is: Ziet den Verrader!
Object type: text sheet
Date: 1784 – 1784
Materials: paper
Techniques: letterpress printing
Location: northern netherlands
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: the hague, william v (prince of orange), ludwig ernst von braunschweig-wolfenbüttel, utrecht, patriots (1780-1795)
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Tekstblad met een verklaring van de spotprent op de orangist Rijklof Michael van Goens, veroordeeld als landverrader op het rad, 1784. Dubbelgevouwen blad met een spotvers in negen coupletten op vier bladzijden.
Portret van Willem Adrianus Grondhout
Object type: photograph
Date: 1920 – 1934
Materials: paper
Techniques: gelatin silver print
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: the hague, painter, print maker, draughtsman, willem adrianus grondhout, historical persons, portrait, self-portrait of graphic artist
Drachm
Object type: coin
Date: 399 – 420
Materials: silver
Culture: sasanian
Location: iran
Subjects: men
The Actor Nakamura Tomijuro I as the Courtesan Toyama of Tsuruga in the Play Keisei Tsuki no Miyako, Performed at the Morita Theater in the Eighth Month, 1775
Object type: print
Date: 1775 – 1775
Techniques: woodblock print
Location: japan
Artist: katsukawa shunsho 勝川 春章
Artist role: artist
Artist nationality: japanese
Artist dates: 1726 – 1792
Hellebaard
Object type: halberd
Date: 1600 – 1699
Materials: copper, iron, wood
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: utrecht

Hellebaard met achthoekige houten stok. De 4 lippen zijn aan de stok genageld. Aan het uiteinde van de lippen een eveneens aan de stok genagelde ijzeren ring. De bijl loopt van onderen naar boven breed uit. De achterkant ervan is puntvormig gebogen en heeft een viertal kleine uitsteeksels. Centraal in de bijl een ronde uitsparing met daarin een koperen vorm. De onderste punt van de bijl is afgebroken. De lanspunt is smal en spits.
Spindle
Object type: spindle
Date: 1701 – 1800
Materials: glass
Portret van François Buys
Object type: photograph
Date: 1886 – 1906
Materials: cardboard, paper
Techniques: albumen print
Location: amsterdam
Artist: max büttinghausen
Artist role: fotograaf
Artist dates: 1847 – 1906
Subjects: françois buys, historical persons
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘M. Büttinghausen/ Photographisch artistisch Atelier/ Amsterdam/ Kalverstraat/ hoek Spui (...)’, inscription: ‘M. Büttinghausen Amsterdam’
Van den Propheet Ionas
Object type: album leaf
Date: 1570 – 1612
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: alkmaar
Subjects: when the king of nineveh hears about the destruction of the city in forty days, he rises from his throne and decrees a general repentance for man and animal: all men, cattle and sheep must fast, people must wear sackcloth and pray to god
Inscriptions: number: ‘264’

Jona bewandelt de straten van Nineve en verkondigt de ondergang van de stad vanwege afgoderij. De inwoners en de dieren van Nineve knielen op de grond en smeken God berouwvol om vergiffenis. Ook de koning werpt zich op de grond. Onder de voorstelling een verwijzing in het Latijn naar de Bijbeltekst in Jona 3:4. Deze prent maakt deel uit van een album.
Handkerchief
Object type: handkerchief
Date: 1853 – 1853
Materials: cotton, linen
Techniques: lace
Subjects: flowers,coat of arms

When it was established in 1830, the nation of Belgium encompassed some of the greatest lacemaking regions of Flanders. Thus, it is no surprise that some very fine laces were made as presentation pieces for Belgian royalty. This handkerchief, featuring both needle and bobbin lace, was made on the occasion of the wedding of Leopold, duke of Brabant (later King Leopold II of Belgium), and Marie-Henriette, archduchess of Austria, in 1853. Its design includes the arms of Belgium, the arms of Austria, and the initials L and M, entwined and surmounted by a crown. The point de gaze needle-lace inserts demonstrate an extraordinary mastery of the technique.
Sculptuur van Julia
Object type: album leaf
Date: 1646 – 1670
Materials: paper
Techniques: engraving
Location: antwerp
Artist: hubert quellinus
Artist role: print maker
Artist dates: 1619 – 1687
Subjects: piece of sculpture, reproduction of a piece of sculpture
Inscriptions: number: ‘43’

Klassieke sculptuur van een staande vrouw met gedrapeerde rok, zonder armen. De prent maakt deel uit van een album met een serie prenten naar de sculpturen in de verzameling van Gerard Reynst.
Handlantaarn
Object type: lantern
Date: 1787 – 1787
Materials: brass, glass
Techniques: embroidery, striking
Location: speyer
Artist: c.c. grimm
Artist role: koperslager
Inscriptions: inscription: ‘CC GRIMM / SPIRAE 1787’

Het uit koperplaat gemaakte cylindervormige van gegraveerd rankenornament voorziene voorwerp, waarin een kaarsje kan worden geplaatst, heeft aan de voorkant een rond kleurloos glas en aan de achterkant een uitklapbaar handvat, dat nog slechts ten dele aanwezig is.
Sugar bowl
Object type: sugar bowl
Date: 1765 – 1790
Materials: glass
Techniques: glassblowing, molding
Culture: american
Artist: american flint glass manufactory
Artist role: maker
Artist nationality: american
Artist dates: 1764 – 1774
Vrouw met hoed, in profiel
Object type: endleaf
Date: 1875 – 1934
Materials: paper, pencil
Location: the hague
Artist: isaac israels
Artist role: draughtsman, painter, print maker
Artist dates: 1865 – 1934
Subjects: head-gear: hat (+ women's clothes), adult woman (+ sideview, profile)
Inscriptions: retailer's mark: ‘W.M. Stam / Den Haag / 15 Papestraat’

Schutblad B, achterste schutblad, uit schetsboek LVII met 29 bladen.
Zittende Madonna met kind in een landschap
Object type: print
Date: 1500 – 1600
Materials: paper
Techniques: woodcut
Location: southern germany
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: madonna: mary sitting on the ground, the christ-child in her lap

Maria met het Christuskind in haar armen, zittend op de grond in een landschap. Aan weerszijden van haar een boomstronk.
Ontmoeting tussen de schepen van Radirobanes en Meleander
Object type: book illustration
Date: 1680 – 1680
Materials: paper
Techniques: etching
Location: amsterdam
Subjects: ships (in general), meeting
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2228

Illustratie opgenomen in het eerste deel van: Barclay, John. D'Argenis, 2 delen. Amsterdam: Jan Claesz ten Hoorn, 1680-1681.
De kameel
Object type: popular print
Date: 1894 – 1959
Materials: paper
Techniques: lithograph, letterpress printing
Location: liège
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: pig
Inscriptions: collector's mark: Lugt 2760

Blad met een grote voorstelling van een kameel. In de ondermarge een onderschrift. Genummerd rechtsboven: No 219.
Oratorium van de abdijschool van Maredsous
Object type: photomechanical print
Date: 1900 – 1905
Materials: paper
Techniques: photograph
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: abbey, monastery, convent ~ roman catholic church, communal rooms
Fotoreproductie van A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day, Refusing to Shield Himself from Danger by Wearing the Roman Catholic Badge naar John Everett Millais
Object type: reproduction
Date: 1875 – 1875
Materials: photographic support
Techniques: albumen print
Artist: Anonymous
Subjects: embracing each other, kissing
Inscriptions: annotation: ‘The hugenots. The eve of St. Bartholomeus's day, Sir John Mellais’
Armchair
Object type: armchair
Date: 1785 – 1785
Materials: wood
Techniques: carving, gilding

This armchair, a so-called fauteuil en cabriolet, has a slightly curved medallion-shaped back to fit the human form. Made of beech wood, like most French seat furniture of this period, the chair was originally gilded and may have been part of a larger set. Existing records document the making of seat furniture and illustrate the typical eighteenth-century division of labor in such projects. According to strict French guild regulations a menuisier (or joiner) would cut the wood to shape for the frames of the chairs and assemble them: he was not allowed to embellish the frames with more than plain moldings or simple ornament. The decorative carving, here including rosettes, acanthus, pearl motifs and coiling ribbon, characteristic for the neoclassical style, would have been done by specialist carvers or sculptors. The gilding added substantially to the overall cost while the upholstery was generally the most expensive element. If a chair bears a maker’s mark, it is usually that of the menuisier. The names of the carver, gilder and upholsterer are usually not known.