dedoc/paragraph_dataset huggingface dataset:
violate Federal, state, local, or foreign laws; and
• information necessary for administrative purposes.
Personal information acquired through SIGINT activities for which no determination has
been made that it can be permissibly disseminated or retained shall be accessed only in order
to make such determinations (or to conduct authorized administrative, security, compliance,
and oversight functions).
Adequate protections of personal information shall be provided to prevent unauthorized
access, consistent with the applicable safeguards for sensitive information contained in
relevant Executive Orders, proclamations, Presidential directives, Intelligence Community
Directives (ICDs), and associated policies.
Access to personal information acquired through SIGINT activities shall be limited to
authorized and trained personnel, such as personnel responsible for analyzing and processing
the information who have a need to know the information in order to perform their mission,
consistent with the personnel security requirements of relevant Executive Orders, ICDs, and
associated policies.
Personnel will be provided appropriate and adequate training in the principles set forth in this
regulation and any associated guidance before being authorized access to unevaluated and
unminimized personal information acquired through SIGINT activities. Training is required
for those personnel who engage in collection requirements, targeting, or other disciplines that
deal with SIGINT collection. Further, administrators and other support personnel who
require access to these collections also must be trained prior to being granted access. Failure
to obtain or maintain training requirements will result in the loss of access until requirements
are met.
Personnel querying databases containing information acquired through SIGINT activities
shall structure query terms and techniques in a manner reasonably designed to identify
intelligence relevant to an authorized intelligence requirement and minimize the review of
personal information not relevant to an authorized intelligence requirement.
Systems containing SIGINT shall record sufficient details of purges to enable oversight and
compliance with retention policies.
Dissemination of personal information concerning foreign persons acquired through SIGINT
PPD-28, and the dissemination of comparable information concerning U.S. persons would be
permitted under Section 2.3 of Executive Order 12333, as listed in the Retention Section
above. If the Agency is disseminating personal information concerning a foreign person
because it is foreign intelligence, the information must relate to an authorized intelligence
requirement, and cannot be disseminated solely because of the person’s foreign status. Thus,
for example, personal information about the routine activities of a foreign person may not be
disseminated unless it relates to an authorized foreign intelligence requirement.
The Agency shall establish policies and procedures reasonably designed to minimize the
retention and dissemination of personal information acquired through SIGINT activities.
The Agency shall include personal information in intelligence products and reports only as
consistent with applicable IC standards for accuracy and objectivity, and as necessary to meet
an analytic or operational purpose, as set forth in relevant IC directives.
When disseminating unevaluated SIGINT that may contain personal information, the Agency
will inform the recipient that the dissemination may contain personal information so that the
recipient can take appropriate steps to protect that information.
Dissemination of personal information acquired through SIGINT activities to a foreign
government is authorized only if the dissemination meets the following criteria:
• the dissemination is in the interests of the United States; and
• the dissemination complies with applicable laws, Executive Orders, and IC
Agency policies and procedures shall include appropriate measures to facilitate compliance
and oversight of the implementation of safeguards protecting personal information acquired
through SIGINT activities, to include periodic auditing against the standards required by this
regulation and implementing guidance, and training for personnel authorized to access such
Agency information systems will be designed to monitor activity in datasets involving
personal information and facilitate the monitoring, recording, and auditing of queries of
personal information.
The Agency shall notify personnel how they may securely report violations of law,
regulation, or policy.
When a significant compliance issue occurs involving personal information of any person,
regardless of nationality, collected as a result of SIGINT activities, the issue shall, in addition
to any existing reporting requirements, be reported promptly to the PCLO, who shall
determine what, if any, corrective actions are necessary. All significant compliance issues
involving personal information shall be promptly reported to the DNI. If the issue involves a
foreign person, the DNI, in consultation with the Secretary of State and the Director of the
Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA), shall determine whether steps should be taken to notify
the relevant foreign government, consistent with the protection of sources and methods and
of U.S. personnel.
The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) shall approve any exception to any
provision of this regulation that is not required by the Constitution or a statute, Executive
Order, proclamation, or Presidential directive, and notify, and if practicable consult in
advance, the ODNI and the National Security Division (NSD) of the Department of Justice
(DOJ).
The Deputy Director of Central Intelligence Agency (DD/CIA) or designee shall oversee the
annual review of SIGINT priorities and requirements identified by the Agency and advise the
D/CIA, for subsequent passage to the DNI and APNSA, on whether such activities should be
maintained; manage the Agency’s participation in the policy review process for reviewing
SIGINT collection activities, to include sensitive SIGINT collection activities and the use of
bulk SIGINT.
The Executive Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (EXDIR) or designee shall:
• Establish CIA policies, procedures, and guidance for the implementation of
this regulation to include;
• Training;
• Limitations on the use of bulk SIGINT;
• Review of SIGINT collection activities;
• Procedures to minimize the retention and dissemination of personal
information acquired through SIGINT activities; and
• Other issues, as required;
• In coordination with the Privacy and Civil Liberties Officer (PCLO),
• Coordinate on novel or unique collection activities, or significant changes
to existing collection activities, to ensure that appropriate safeguards are in
place to protect personal information acquired through such activities;
• Establish procedures to receive, evaluate, and report significant
compliance incidents for this regulation to the DNI; and
• Review requests for extended retention of personal information
concerning foreign persons acquired through SIGINT activities and advise
the DD/CIA and the D/CIA whether they should be transmitted to the
DNI;
• Monitor implementation and compliance with the established policies,
procedures, and guidance for PPD-28.
The Inspector General shall as part of the IG’s statutory responsibilities, conduct audits,
inspections, and investigations of CIA programs and operations to determine compliance
with applicable laws and regulations.
The PCLO shall:
• provide compliance advice and assistance regarding the requirements of PPD-28,
this regulation, or any additional procedures or guidance for PPD-28;
• coordinate on novel or unique collection activities, or significant changes to
existing collection activities, to ensure that appropriate safeguards are in place to
protect personal information acquired through such activities;
• conduct periodic oversight and assessments of personal information acquired
through SIGINT activities to ensure compliance with privacy and civil liberties;
• advise the D/CIA, the DD/CIA, the EXDIR or an appropriate designee and Heads
of Directorates and Independent Offices on the development of:
• procedures to safeguard personal information acquired through SIGINT
activities; and
• privacy and civil liberties training in support of PPD-28 principles;
• produce privacy and civil liberties reports, in coordination with the affected
Directorates and Independent Offices;
• report significant compliance issues involving personal information acquired
through SIGINT activities to the D/CIA and DNI; and
• coordinate on requests for extended retention of personal information concerning
foreign persons acquired through SIGINT activities for privacy and civil liberties
The Heads of CIA Directorates and Independent Offices shall:
• implement the policies, procedures, and guidance established by this regulation in
coordination with the EXDIR or designee;
• provide training to personnel who require access in the performance of their
duties to personal information acquired through SIGINT activities in the
performance of their duties;
• initiate requests to the EXDIR or designee, in coordination with the PCLO, for
extended retention of personal information of foreign persons acquired through
SIGINT activities;
• on an annual basis, review SIGINT priorities and requirements identified by
respective offices and advise the EXDIR or designee on whether these should be
maintained;
• working with the EXDIR or designee, participate in the policy review process for
SIGINT activities, to include sensitive SIGINT collection activities and
permissible uses of bulk SIGINT;
• assist the EXDIR or designee, IG, and PCLO in conducting oversight and periodic
assessments of SIGINT collection activities containing personal information; and
• consult with the EXDIR or designee and PCLO on novel or unique SIGINT
collection activities and significant changes to existing SIGINT collection
activities, to ensure that appropriate safeguards are in place to protect personal
information acquired through such activities.
Agency personnel shall:
• comply with the principles, policies, and procedures of this regulation and any
implementing guidance; and
• report compliance issues to the appropriate Head of Directorate or Independent
Office and the PCLO.
«ПРАВА ЧЕЛОВЕКА И МЕХАНИЗМЫ ИХ ЗАЩИТЫ В
СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РОССИИ»
Бурова Наталия Денисовна
доцент кафедры регионального
управления Факультета международного
управления ИГСУ РАНХиГС, кандидат
политических наук
Юхименко Галина Владимировна
ВВЕДЕНИЕ.......................................................................................................... 3
1 ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ПРАВ
ЧЕЛОВЕКА И МЕХАНИЗМОВ ИХ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ В РОСИИ................... 7
1.1 Понятие прав человека и их характеристика .............................................. 7
1.2 Классификация основных прав и свобод человека, реализуемых в
России.................................................................................................................. 13
1.3 Механизмы защиты прав человека в России: их основные виды и
черты.................................................................................................................... 19
2 ОСОБЕННОСТИ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА НА
ПРИМЕРЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ .................................................... 28
2.1 Внутригосударственные механизмы защиты прав человека .................. 28
2.2 Внешнегосударственные механизмы реализация защиты прав
человека............................................................................................................... 34
2.3 Некоторые проблемы при реализации гарантий и защиты прав
человека и перспективы их развития............................................................... 42
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ ................................................................................................. 49
БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК ............................................................. 55
Приложение 1 .................................................................................................... 60
Современное государство Российская Федерация является
сравнительно молодым и берет начало с 1991 года. Конституция
государства содержит нормы не только национальной правовой системы,
но и международной, при этом в России, согласно статье 15 Конституции
РФ, действует примат последнего, что, в том числе, объясняет содержание
отдельной главы об особенностях защиты прав и свобод человека как
внутригосударственными механизмами, так и международными
«Общепризнанные принципы и нормы международного права и
международные договоры Российской Федерации являются составной
частью ее правовой системы. Если международным договором Российской
Федерации установлены иные правила, чем предусмотренные законом, то
применяются правила международного договора»
Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена отсутствием
комплексного анализа по данной тематике. «В соответствии с
Конституцией права и свободы человека и гражданина определяют смысл,
содержание и применение законов, деятельность всех органов
государственной власти. Соблюдение прав и свобод обеспечивается
правосудием. Особую роль в этой сфере Конституция отводит
Президенту». Согласно Основному закону Российской Федерации,
«Президент Российской Федерации является гарантом Конституции
Российской Федерации, прав и свобод человека и гражданина». Но, как
отмечается, все большую и большую популярность приобретают
международные механизмы защиты прав и свобод человека, в особенности
Европейский суд по права человека и стремление воспользоваться данным
механизмом, игнорируя всевозможные внутригосударственные. Также
Конституция Российской Федерации (принята всенародным голосованием 12.12.1993) (с учетом
поправок, внесенных Законами РФ о поправках к Конституции РФ от 30.12.2008 № 6-ФКЗ, от 30.12.2008
№ 7-ФКЗ, от 05.02.2014 № 2-ФКЗ, от 01.07.2020 № 11-ФКЗ) // Собр. законодательства Рос. Федерации. –
2020. – № 31. – Ст. 4398.
неосведомленность граждан о том, как и с помощью какого механизма
защитить свои права и свободы, на сегодняшний день, является актуальной
проблемой. Защита прав и свобод человека является очень сложным
процессом, несмотря на достаточно мощную разработанную правовую
базу, которая не всегда может сыграть в пользу человека.
Степень разработанности заключается в рассмотрении трудов
различных авторов, а также международные документы, имеющие
отношение к рассматриваемой проблеме. В ходе работы использовались