OWASP Cheat Sheet Series: Automotive Security Cheat Sheet

# Top 10 Automotive Security Vulnerabilities

This document outlines common security vulnerabilities found in automotive security and provides examples of how attackers can exploit these vulnerabilities.

## 1. Weak Vehicle Communication Protocols

**Vulnerability**: Many vehicles use communication protocols like CAN (Controller Area Network) without adequate security measures.  
**Example**: An attacker could intercept messages on the CAN bus, leading to unauthorized commands being sent to critical vehicle systems (e.g., brakes, steering).  
**Attack Surface**: In-vehicle networks and any exposed diagnostic ports.

## 2. Insecure Over-the-Air (OTA) Updates

**Vulnerability**: OTA updates may lack proper authentication and encryption, allowing attackers to inject malicious firmware.  
**Example**: An attacker could spoof an update server and deliver a malicious update that compromises the vehicle's control systems.  
**Attack Surface**: Wireless communication channels, including cellular and Wi-Fi.

## 3. Insecure Telematics Systems

**Vulnerability**: Telematics units that connect vehicles to cloud services may have insufficient security controls.  
**Example**: An attacker exploiting weak API security could access sensitive vehicle data or manipulate vehicle settings remotely.  
**Attack Surface**: Cloud interfaces, telematics gateways, and mobile applications.

## 4. Software Supply Chain Vulnerabilities

**Vulnerability**: Third-party software components may have known vulnerabilities that can be exploited.  
**Example**: If a vehicle’s infotainment system relies on a vulnerable third-party library, an attacker could exploit that vulnerability to execute arbitrary code.  
**Attack Surface**: Infotainment systems, vehicle software updates, and any integrated third-party applications.

## 5. Physical Access Exploits

**Vulnerability**: Physical access to the vehicle can allow attackers to manipulate systems directly.  
**Example**: An attacker with physical access could connect a malicious device to the OBD-II port to alter vehicle settings or firmware.  
**Attack Surface**: Diagnostic ports, service stations, and unsecured vehicle access.

## 6. Inadequate Access Control Mechanisms

**Vulnerability**: Weak or poorly implemented access control measures can allow unauthorized access to vehicle systems.  
**Example**: A driver might gain unauthorized access to administrative functions through a poorly secured mobile app.  
**Attack Surface**: Mobile applications, vehicle interfaces, and internal network connections.

## 7. Poorly Implemented Authentication Mechanisms

**Vulnerability**: Many automotive systems use weak authentication methods, making it easier for attackers to gain unauthorized access.  
**Example**: If a vehicle’s mobile app uses easily guessable passwords, an attacker could log in and change vehicle settings or track location.  
**Attack Surface**: Mobile applications, web interfaces, and vehicle systems that allow remote access.

## 8. Data Leakage and Privacy Violations

**Vulnerability**: Vehicles often collect extensive data, which can be inadequately protected.  
**Example**: An unsecured data transmission channel could expose sensitive user data, such as location history and personal preferences, to eavesdroppers.  
**Attack Surface**: Data transmission channels, cloud storage, and interfaces with third-party services.

## 9. Lack of Security in Integrated Systems

**Vulnerability**: The integration of various systems (e.g., infotainment, navigation) can create vulnerabilities if not properly secured.  
**Example**: An attacker could exploit a vulnerability in the infotainment system to gain access to the vehicle’s control systems through interconnected components.  
**Attack Surface**: Interconnected vehicle systems, APIs, and communication channels between systems.

## 10. Insecure Legacy Systems

**Vulnerability**: Many vehicles still use legacy systems with outdated security protocols.  
**Example**: An attacker could exploit known vulnerabilities in older vehicle models that have not been patched, gaining control over critical systems.  
**Attack Surface**: Older vehicle models, diagnostic tools, and maintenance interfaces.