OWASP Cheat Sheet Series: Mass Assignment Cheat Sheet

# Mass Assignment Cheat Sheet

## Introduction

### Definition

Software frameworks sometimes allow developers to automatically bind HTTP request parameters into program code variables or objects to make using that framework easier on developers. This can sometimes cause harm.

Attackers can sometimes use this methodology to create new parameters that the developer never intended which in turn creates or overwrites new variable or objects in program code that was not intended.

This is called a **Mass Assignment** vulnerability.

### Alternative Names

Depending on the language/framework in question, this vulnerability can have several [alternative names](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/915.html):

- **Mass Assignment:** Ruby on Rails, NodeJS.
- **Autobinding:** Spring MVC, ASP NET MVC.
- **Object injection:** PHP.

### Example

Suppose there is a form for editing a user's account information:

```html
<form>
     <input name="userid" type="text">
     <input name="password" type="text">
     <input name="email" text="text">
     <input type="submit">
</form>  
```

Here is the object that the form is binding to:

```java
public class User {
   private String userid;
   private String password;
   private String email;
   private boolean isAdmin;

   //Getters & Setters
}
```

Here is the controller handling the request:

```java
@RequestMapping(value = "/addUser", method = RequestMethod.POST)
public String submit(User user) {
   userService.add(user);
   return "successPage";
}
```

Here is the typical request:

```text
POST /addUser
...
userid=bobbytables&[CREDENTIAL_REDACTED]=bobby@tables.com
```

And here is the exploit in which we set the value of the attribute `isAdmin` of the instance of the class `User`:

```text
POST /addUser
...
userid=bobbytables&[CREDENTIAL_REDACTED]=bobby@tables.com&isAdmin=true
```

### Exploitability

This functionality becomes exploitable when:

- Attacker can guess common sensitive fields.
- Attacker has access to source code and can review the models for sensitive fields.
- AND the object with sensitive fields has an empty constructor.

### GitHub case study

In 2012, GitHub was hacked using mass assignment. A user was able to upload his public key to any organization and thus make any subsequent changes in their repositories. [GitHub's Blog Post](https://blog.github.com/2012-03-04-public-key-security-vulnerability-and-mitigation/).

### Solutions

- Allow-list the bindable, non-sensitive fields.
- Block-list the non-bindable, sensitive fields.
- Use [Data Transfer Objects](https://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/dataTransferObject.html) (DTOs).

## General Solutions

An architectural approach is to create Data Transfer Objects and avoid binding input directly to domain objects. Only the fields that are meant to be editable by the user are included in the DTO.

```java
public class UserRegistrationFormDTO {
 private String userid;
 private String password;
 private String email;

 //NOTE: isAdmin field is not present

 //Getters & Setters
}
```

## Language & Framework specific solutions

### Spring MVC

#### Allow-listing

```java
@Controller
public class UserController
{
    @InitBinder
    public void initBinder(WebDataBinder binder, WebRequest request)
    {
        binder.setAllowedFields(["userid","password","email"]);
    }
...
}
```

Take a look [here](https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/javadoc-api/org/springframework/validation/DataBinder.html#setAllowedFields-java.lang.String...-) for the documentation.

#### Block-listing

```java
@Controller
public class UserController
{
   @InitBinder
   public void initBinder(WebDataBinder binder, WebRequest request)
   {
      binder.setDisallowedFields(["isAdmin"]);
   }
...
}
```

Take a look [here](https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/javadoc-api/org/springframework/validation/DataBinder.html#setDisallowedFields-java.lang.String...-) for the documentation.

### NodeJS + Mongoose

#### Allow-listing

```javascript
var UserSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
    userid: String,
    [CREDENTIAL_REDACTED],
    email : String,
    isAdmin : Boolean,
});

UserSchema.statics = {
    User.userCreateSafeFields: ['userid', 'password', 'email']
};

var User = mongoose.model('User', UserSchema);

_ = require('underscore');
var user = new User(_.pick(req.body, User.userCreateSafeFields));
```

Take a look [here](http://underscorejs.org/#pick) for the documentation.

#### Block-listing

```javascript
var massAssign = require('mongoose-mass-assign');

var UserSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
    userid: String,
    [CREDENTIAL_REDACTED],
    email : String,
    isAdmin : { type: Boolean, protect: true, default: false }
});

UserSchema.plugin(massAssign);

var User = mongoose.model('User', UserSchema);

/** Static method, useful for creation **/
var user = User.massAssign(req.body);

/** Instance method, useful for updating**/
var user = new User;
user.massAssign(req.body);

/** Static massUpdate method **/
var input = { userid: 'bhelx', isAdmin: 'true' };
User.update({ '_id': someId }, { $set: User.massUpdate(input) }, console.log);
```

Take a look [here](https://www.npmjs.com/package/mongoose-mass-assign) for the documentation.

### Ruby On Rails

Take a look [here](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2.9/security.html#mass-assignment) for the documentation.

### Django

Take a look [here](https://coffeeonthekeyboard.com/mass-assignment-security-part-10-855/) for the documentation.

### ASP NET

Take a look [here](https://odetocode.com/Blogs/scott/archive/2012/03/11/complete-guide-to-mass-assignment-in-asp-net-mvc.aspx) for the documentation.

### PHP Laravel + Eloquent

#### Allow-listing

```php
<?php

namespace App;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;

class User extends Model
{
    private $userid;
    private $password;
    private $email;
    private $isAdmin;

    protected $fillable = array('userid','password','email');
}
```

Take a look [here](https://laravel.com/docs/5.2/eloquent#mass-assignment) for the documentation.

#### Block-listing

```php
<?php

namespace App;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;

class User extends Model
{
    private $userid;
    private $password;
    private $email;
    private $isAdmin;

    protected $guarded = array('isAdmin');
}
```

Take a look [here](https://laravel.com/docs/5.2/eloquent#mass-assignment) for the documentation.

### Grails

Take a look [here](http://spring.io/blog/2012/03/28/secure-data-binding-with-grails/) for the documentation.

### Play

Take a look [here](https://www.playframework.com/documentation/1.4.x/controllers#nobinding) for the documentation.

### Jackson (JSON Object Mapper)

Take a look [here](https://www.baeldung.com/jackson-field-serializable-deserializable-or-not) and [here](http://lifelongprogrammer.blogspot.com/2015/09/using-jackson-view-to-protect-mass-assignment.html) for the documentation.

### GSON (JSON Object Mapper)

Take a look [here](https://sites.google.com/site/gson/gson-user-guide#TOC-Excl