UNITED STATES – MEASURES AFFECTING THE CROSS-BORDER SUPPLY OF GAMBLING AND BETTING SERVICES
Document: Request for Consultations by Antigua and Barbuda
Date: 27 March 2003
Document codes: WT/DS285/1; S/L/110
Complainant: Antigua and Barbuda
Respondent: U.S.
Third parties: Canada, Taiwan, EU, Japan, Mexico, China
Dispute stage: Implementation & Compliance
Agreements cited: Art. VI, VIII, XVI, XVII, XI  Services (GATS)

UNITED STATES – MEASURES AFFECTING THE CROSS-BORDER SUPPLY
OF GAMBLING AND BETTING SERVICES
Request for Consultations by Antigua and Barbuda
The following communication, dated 13 March 2003, from the High Commission for Antigua
and Barbuda to the Permanent Mission of the United States and to the Chairman of the Dispute
Settlement Body, is circulated in accordance with Article 4.4 of the DSU.
I present my compliments and have the honour to advise that I have been instructed by my
Government to request consultations with you, as the representative of the Government of the United
States of America, pursuant to Article 4 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the
Settlement of Disputes (DSU) and Article XXIII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services
(GATS) regarding measures applied by central, regional and local authorities in the United States of
America that affect the cross-border supply of gambling and betting services.
It is my Government's understanding that the cumulative impact of the Federal and State
measures of the type listed in the Annex to this request is that the supply of gambling and betting
services from another WTO Member (such as Antigua and Barbuda) to the United States on a
cross-border basis is considered unlawful under United States law.
These measures and their application may, therefore, constitute an infringement of the
obligations of the United States of America under the GATS and the Schedule of Specific
Commitments by the United States of America annexed to the GATS. In particular these measures
and their application appear to contravene, among other provisions, Articles II, VI, VIII, XI, XVI and
XVII of the GATS.
I look forward to receiving your reply to this request, and to setting a mutually convenient
date and place for these consultations.

ANNEX
I. UNITED STATES FEDERAL LEGISLATION
The measures taken by the United States Congress which infringe on the obligations of the
United States under the GATS include, without limitation, the following:
15 U.S.C. §§ 3001-3007
18 U.S.C. § 2
18 U.S.C. §§ 1081, 1084
18 U.S.C. §§ 1301-1307
18 U.S.C. § 1952
18 U.S.C. § 1953
18 U.S.C. § 1955
18 U.S.C. § 1956
18 U.S.C. §§ 1961-1968
25 U.S.C. §§ 2701-2722
28 U.S.C. §§ 3701-3704
39 U.S.C. § 3005
II. STATE AND TERRITORIAL LEGISLATION
The measures taken by the various States and Territories of the United States which infringe
on the obligations of the United States under the GATS include, without limitation, the following:
Alabama
ALA. CODE §§ 13-12-20-31 (1977).
ALA. CODE § 34-6-12 (1975).
ALA. CODE § 11-47-111 (1975).
ALA. CODE § 8-1-150 (1975).
Alaska
ALASKA STAT. § 05.15.180 (1997).
ALASKA STAT. §§ 11.66.200-80 (1978).
Arizona
ARIZ. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9-240 (B)(17)(c) (1996).
ARIZ. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-2301 (2001).
ARIZ. REV. STAT. ANN. §§ 13-3301-12 (2001).
Arkansas
ARK. STAT. ANN. §§ 5-66-101-119 (1987).
ARK. STAT. ANN. § 16-118-103 (1987).
ARK. STAT. ANN. § 14-54-103 (1987).

California
CAL. PENAL CODE §§ 319-337z (SUPP. 2003).
CAL. BUS & PROF. CODE § 19805 (SUPP. 2003).
Colorado
COLO. CON. art. XVIII, § 2.
COLO. REV. STAT. §§ 18-10-101-08 (1999).
COLO. REV. STAT. §§ 12-47.1-101-06 (1996).
Connecticut
CONN. GEN. STAT. §§ 53-278a-278g (2001).
Delaware
DEL. CON. art. 2, § 17.
DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 11, §§ 1401-32, 1470-73 (2002).
District of Columbia
D.C. CODE ANN. §§ 22-1701-12 (2001).
Florida
FLA. STAT. §§ 849.01-46 (2000).
Georgia
GA. CON. art. 1, § 2.
GA. CODE ANN. §§ 16-12-20-62 (2003).
GA. CODE ANN. § 13-8-3 (2002).
Idaho
IDAHO CON. art. III, § 20.
IDAHO CODE §§ 18-3801-10 (1992).
IDAHO CODE § 52-106 (1976).
Illinois
ILL. REV. STAT. ch. 720, § 5/28-1 (1993).
Indiana
IND. CODE §§ 35-45-5-1-8 (1998).
Iowa
IOWA CODE §§ 725.5-16 (1993).

Kansas
KAN. CRIM. CODE ANN. § 21-4303 (1995).
KAN. STAT. ANN. § 21-922 (1995).
Kentucky
KY. REV. STAT. ANN. §§ 528.010-150 (Baldwin's 1974).
Louisiana
LA. CON. art. XII, § 6.
LA. REV. STAT. ANN. 1300.21 (West SUPP. 2003).
Maine
ME. REV. STAT. ANN., tit. 17, §§ 311 to 328.
ME. REV. STAT. ANN., tit. 17, §§ 330 to 347.
ME. REV. STAT. ANN., tit. 17, §§ 2301 to 2306.
ME. REV. STAT. ANN., tit. 17, § 2741.
Maryland
MD. CODE ANN., CRIM. LAW, §§ 12-101 to 12-307.
MD. CODE ANN., CRIM. LAW, §§ 13-101 to 12-2628.
MD. CODE ANN., BUS. REG., §§ 11-201 to 11-214.
MD. CODE ANN., COM. LAW I, § 3-305.
Massachusetts
MASS. GEN. LAWS ANN. ch. 171, §§ 1 to 50.
MASS. GEN. LAWS ANN. ch. 10.
MASS. GEN. LAWS ANN. ch. 12B.
MASS. GEN. LAWS ANN. ch. 128A
MASS. GEN. LAWS ANN. ch. 128C
MASS. GEN. LAWS ANN. ch. 137.
Michigan
MICH. COMP. LAWS ANN. §§ 750.301 to 750.315a.
MICH. COMP. LAWS ANN. §§ 432.1 to 432.278.
MICH. COMP. LAWS ANN. § 752.461.
MICH. COMP. LAWS ANN. § 91.1.
Minnesota
MINN. STAT. ANN. §§ 349.11 to 349.40.
MINN. STAT. ANN. §§ 349A.01 to 349A.16.
MINN. STAT. ANN. ch. 240.
MINN. STAT. ANN. ch. 299L.
MINN. STAT. ANN. ch. 349A

MINN. STAT. ANN. §§ 609.75 et seq.
Mississippi
MISS. CODE ANN. §§ 97-33-1 to 97-33-203.
MISS. CODE ANN. § 99-3-25.
MISS. CODE ANN. §§ 75-76-1 to 75-76-313.
MISS. CODE ANN. §§ 87-1-1 to 87-1-33.
Missouri
MO. ANN. STAT. §§ 572.010 to 572.125 (West 2002).
MO. ANN. STAT. §§ 313.001 to 313.850 (West 2002).
MO. ANN. STAT. §§ 434.010 to 434.100 (West 2002).
Montana
MONT. CONST. art. III, § 9.
MONT. CODE ANN. §§ 23-5-101 to 23-5-810 (2002).
MONT. CODE ANN. §§ 23-4-101 to 23-4-106 (2002).
MONT. CODE ANN. §§ 23-7-101 to 23-7-110 (2002).
Nebraska
NEB. REV. STAT. §§ 9-101 to 9-1,006 (2003).
NEB. REV. STAT. §§ 28-1101 to 28-1117 (2003).
New Hampshire
N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 647-2 (2000).
N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. §§ 338-1-338-4.
N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 47-17 (1996).
N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 284-12 (1985).
New Jersey
N.J. CONST. Art. IV § 7.
N.J. STAT. ANN. §§ 2A-40-1 – 2A-40-9 (2000).
N.J. STAT. ANN. §§ 2C-37-1 – 2C-37-9 (2000).
N.J. STAT. ANN. §§ 2C-41-1 – 2C-41-6.2 (1995).
N.J. STAT. ANN. § 5-5-63 (1996).
N.J. STAT. ANN. §§ 5-12-1 – 5-12-210 (1996).
New Mexico
N.M. STAT. ANN. § 3-18-17 (1978).
N.M. STAT. ANN. § 29-9-2 (1978).
N.M. STAT. ANN. §§ 30-19-1 – 30-19-15 (1978).
N.M. STAT. ANN. §§ 30-42-3 (1978).
N.M. STAT. ANN. §§ 44-5-1 – 44-5-14 (1978).
N.M. STAT. ANN. §§ 60-2E-1 – 60-2E-62 (1978).

New York
N.Y. CONST. art. II, § 9.
N.Y. EXECUTIVE LAW §§ 430 to 439a (McKinney 2003).
N.Y. PENAL LAW §§ 225.00 to 225.40 (McKinney 2003).
N.Y. RACING, PARI-MUTUEL WAGERING AND BREEDING LAW §§ 101 to 1112 (McKinney
2003)
N.Y. GENERAL OBLIGATION LAW §§ 5-401 to 5-423 (McKinney 2003).
Nevada
NEV. REV. STAT. § 202.450 (1997).
NEV. REV. STAT. § 463.160 (2001).
North Carolina
N.C. GEN. STAT. §§ 14-289 – 14-309.4 (1994).
N.C. GEN. STAT. §§ 16-1 – 16-2.
N.C. GEN. STAT. §§ 19-1 – 19.8.3 (1999).
North Dakota
N.D. CONST. art. 11, § 25.
N.D. CENT. CODE § 12.1-06.1-01 (1997).
N.D. CENT. CODE § 12.1-28-01 – 12.1-28-02 (1987).
N.D. CENT. CODE §§ 53-06.1-01 – 53-06.1-18 (2001).
Ohio
OHIO CONST. art. XV, § 6.
OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 715.51 (1953).
OHIO REV. CODE ANN. §§ 2915.01 – 2915.06 (1996).
OHIO REV. CODE ANN. §§ 3763.01 – 3763.08 (2002)
Oklahoma
OKLA. STAT. ANN. tit. 3A, § 205.6 (West 1993).
OKLA. STAT. ANN. tit. 11, § 22-108 (West 1978).
OKLA. STAT. ANN. tit. 21, §§ 941 – 993 (West 1999).
OKLA. STAT. ANN. tit. 22, § 1402 (West 1993).
Oregon
OR. REV. STAT. § 30.740 (1977).
OR. REV. STAT. § 91.240.
OR. REV. STAT. § 91.245
OR. REV. STAT. § 105.555 (1989).
OR. REV. STAT. § 166.715 (2001).
OR. REV. STAT. §§ 167.108 – 167.170 (2001).
OR. REV. STAT. §§ 167.109 (2001).
OR. REV. STAT. § 221.916.
OR. REV. STAT. § 461.030 (1985).

Pennysylvania
PA. STAT. ANN. tit. 18, § 911 (Purdon 1998).
PA. STAT. ANN. tit. 18, § 5513 (Purdon 2000).
PA. STAT. ANN. tit. 53, § 23130 (Purdon 1998).
PA. STAT. ANN. tit. 66, § 2902 (Purdon 2000).
PA. STAT. ANN. tit. 73, § 2031 (Purdon 2000).
Rhode Island
R.I. CONST. art. I, § 22.
R.I. GEN. LAWS § 7-15-1 (1979).
R.I. GEN. LAWS §§ 11-19-1 – 11-19-45 (1993).
R.I. GEN. LAWS § 11-30-1 (1938).
R.I. GEN. LAWS § 11-51-1 (1979).
R.I. GEN. LAWS § 11-51-2 (1979).
R.I. GEN. LAWS §§ 41-9-1 – 41.9-6 (1990).
R.I. GEN. LAWS § 41-10-1 – 41-10-8 (1993).
R.I. GEN. LAWS § 42.61.2-2 (1992).
South Carolina
S.C. CODE ANN. § 12-21-2710 (Law Co-op. 1986).
S.C. CODE ANN. §§ 16-19-10 – 16-19-160 (Law Co-op. 1996).
S.C. CODE ANN. §§ 32-1-10 – 32-1-60 (Law Co-op. 1962).
South Dakota
S.D. CODIFIED LAWS § 21-6-1 (Michie 1939).
S.D. CODIFIED LAWS §§ 22-25-1 – 22-25-51 (Michie 1939).
S.D. CODIFIED LAWS § 22-25A-1 – 22-25A-15 (Michie 2000).
S.D. CODIFIED LAWS § 42.7B-2.1 (Michie 1993).
Tennessee
TENN. CONST. art. XI, § V.
TENN. CODE ANN. § 28-3-106.
TENN. CODE ANN. §§ 29-19-01 – 29-19-06.
TENN. CODE ANN. §§ 39-17-501 – 39-17-509 (1989).
Texas
TEX. CONST. art. 4, § 47.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 125.001 (West 1999).
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 47.01 – 47.14 (West 1995).
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 71.02 (West 1999).
Utah
UTAH CODE ANN. § 10-8-51 (1995).
UTAH CODE ANN. §§ 76-10-1101 – 76-10-1109 (1998).

UTAH CODE ANN. § 76-10-1602 (2000).
UTAH CODE ANN. § 78-38-1 (1997).
Vermont
VT. STAT. ANN. tit. 9, § 3982.
VT. STAT. ANN. tit. 13, §§ 2131-2156.
Virgina
VA. CODE ANN. § 11-14 (Michie 1998).
VA. CODE ANN. § 11-15 (Michie 1998).
VA. CODE ANN. §§ 18.2-325 – 18.2-340 (Michie 1992).
VA. CODE ANN. § 59.1-364 (Michie 1998).
Washington
WASH. REV. CODE ANN. § 4-24-070 (West 1988).
WASH. REV. CODE ANN. § 4-24-080 (West 1988).
WASH. REV. CODE ANN. § 7-48-052 (West 1990).
WASH. REV. CODE ANN. §§ 9-46-010 – 9-46-903 (West 1996).
WASH. REV. CODE ANN. § 9A-82-010 (West 2001).
WASH. REV. CODE ANN. § 35-23-440 (West 1994).
WASH. REV. CODE ANN. § 35-27-370 (West 1993).
West Virginia
W. VA. CODE § 18-12-5 (2001).
W. VA. CODE § 19-7-8 (1921).
W. VA. CODE § 29-22A-4 (1994).
W. VA. CODE § 29-25-1 (1999).
W. VA. CODE §§ 55-9-1 – 55-9-3 (1923).
W. VA. CODE § 61-10-1 – 61-10-5 (1970).
Wisconsin
WIS. CONST. art. IV, § 24.
WIS. STAT. ANN. § 66.0107.
WIS. STAT. ANN. § 562.11 (West 1997).
WIS. STAT. ANN. § 823.20 (West 1995).
WIS. STAT. ANN. § 895.055 (West 1997).
WIS. STAT. ANN. § 895.056 (West 1997).
WIS. STAT. ANN. §§ 945.01 – 945.13 (West 2001).
Wyoming
WYO. STAT. § 123.106 (1982).
WYO. STAT. § 6-6-201 (1983).
WYO. STAT. §§ 6-7-101 – 6-7-104 (1996).
WYO. STAT. § 15-1-103 (1999).

Guam
9 GUAM CODE ANN. §§ 64.10-22A (2003).
Puerto Rico
P.R. LAWS ANN. tit. 25, § 971a (1992).
P.R. LAWS ANN. tit 33, §§ 1241 – 1259 (1937).
US Virgin Islands
V.I. CODE ANN. tit. 14, § 604 (1990).
V.I. CODE ANN. tit. 14, §§ 1224 – 1226 (1985).
V.I. CODE ANN. tit. 32, §§ 602-602 (1995).
III. OTHER UNITED STATES FEDERAL AND STATE ACTIONS OR MEASURES
Other actions or measures taken by the United States Federal and State administrative
agencies, elected officials and judiciary which infringe on the obligations of the United States under
the GATS include, without limitation, the following:
United States
U.S. v. Syrax, 235 F.3d 422 (9th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 988 (2001).
U.S. v. Cohen, 260 F.3d 68 (2nd Cir. 2001), cert. denied, 122 S. Ct. 2587 (2002).
Florida
Internet/wire communications gambling, Op. Att'y Gen. AGO 95-70 (18 October 1995).
Florida Attorney General, Press Release: Western Union Cuts Off Sports Betting Accounts
(23 December 1997).
Kansas
Op. Att'y Gen. No. 96-31 (25 March 1996).
Kansas Attorney General, Internet Gambling Warning (visited 13 March 2003).
Maryland
Op. Att'y Gen. No. 01-015, 2001 WL 721091 (18 June 2001).
Michigan
Michigan Gaming Control Board, Frequently Asked Questions: Is it Legal to Gamble Over the
Internet in Michigan?
Minnesota
Humphrey ex rel. State v. Granite Gates Resorts, Inc., 568 N.W.2d 715, 721 (Minn. Ct. App. 1997).

Minnesota Attorney General, Statement of Minnesota Attorney General on Internet Jurisdiction
(visited 13 March 2003).
Missouri
State v. Interactive Gaming & Communications Corp., No. CV97-7808 (Mo. Cir. Ct. 22 May 1997).
Missouri Attorney General, Press Release: Prosecution of Internet Gambling Operator
(22 September 1998).
Missouri Attorney General, Press Release: Announcement That Indian Tribe's Online Casino
Violates Missouri Law (29 December 1997).
New York
Vacco ex rel. People v. World Interactive Gaming Corp. , 714 N.Y.S.2d 844, 854 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.
1999).
New York Attorney General, Press Release: Ten Banks End Online Gambling With Credit Cards –
Spitzer Hails Establishment of New Banking Industry Standard (11 February 2003).
New York Attorney General, Press Release: Agreement Reached with Paypal to Bar New Yorkers
from Online Gambling – Campaign Against Illegal Gambling Web Site in New York Continues
(21 August 2002).
In the matter of Paypal, Inc., Assurance of Discontinuance (16 August 2002).
New York Attorney General, Press Release: Financial Giant Joins Fight Against Online Gambling –
Leading Credit Card Issuer Agrees to Block Key Internet Transactions (14 June 2002).
In the matter of Citibank (South Dakota), N.A., Assurance of Discontinuance (21 June 2002).
Oklahoma
Op. Att'y Gen. No. 02-025, 2002 WL 1653010 (26 June 2002).