dean22029/WTO_Docs huggingface dataset:
EUROPEAN UNION – CERTAIN MEASURES CONCERNING PALM OIL AND OIL PALM CROP-BASED BIOFUELS COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
Document: COMMUNICATION FROM
Date: 10 June 2021
Document codes: WT/DS593/11
Complainant: Indonesia
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, III:2, III:4, X:3(a), XI:1  GATT 1994Art. 1.1(a)(ii), 3.1(a), 5, 5(c)  Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM)Art. 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2, 5.6, 5.8, 12.1, 12.3  Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

EUROPEAN UNION – CERTAIN MEASURES CONCERNING
PALM OIL AND OIL PALM CROP-BASED BIOFUELS
COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
The following communication, dated 8 June 2021, addressed to the Chairperson of the Dispute
Settlement Body (DSB), is circulated in accordance with Article 12.9 of the Dispute Settlement
Understanding (DSU).

Article 12.8 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
(DSU) provides that the period in which a panel shal l conduct its examination, from the date that
the composition and terms of reference of the panel have been agreed upon until the date the final
report is issued to the parties to the dispute, shall, as a general rule, not exceed six months.

Article 12.9 of the DSU provides that, when a panel considers that it cannot issue its report within
six months, it shall inform the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in writing accordingly and indicate
the reasons, together with an estimate of the period within which it will issue its report.

The Panel on EU – Palm Oil (Indonesia) (DS593) was established by the DSB on 29 July 2020 and
composed on 12 November 2020.

In accordance with the Panel's timetable adopted thus far following consultations with the parties,
the Panel estimates that it will issue the final report to the parties not before the second quarter of
2022.

The report will only be available to the public once it is circulated to the Members in all three working
languages of the WTO. The date of circulation depends on completion of translation and the Panel is
not in a position to provide an estimated circulation date at this time.

I would be grateful if you would circulate this letter to the DSB.
EUROPEAN UNION – CERTAIN MEASURES CONCERNING PALM OIL AND OIL PALM CROP-BASED BIOFUELS COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
Document: COMMUNICATION FROM
Date: 24 February 2023
Document codes: WT/DS593/12
Complainant: Indonesia
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, III:2, III:4, X:3(a), XI:1  GATT 1994Art. 1.1(a)(ii), 3.1(a), 5, 5(c)  Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM)Art. 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2, 5.6, 5.8, 12.1, 12.3  Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

EUROPEAN UNION – CERTAIN MEASURES CONCERNING
PALM OIL AND OIL PALM CROP-BASED BIOFUELS
COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
The following communication, dated 22 February 2023, addressed to the Chairperson of the Dispute
Settlement Body (DSB), is circulated in accordance with Article 12.9 of the Dispute Settlement
Understanding (DSU).

Article 12.8 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
(DSU) provides that the period in which a panel shall conduct its examination, from the date that
the composition and terms of reference of the panel have been agreed upon until the date the final
report is issued to the parties to the dispute, shall, as a general rule, not exceed six months.

Article 12.9 of the DSU provides that, when a panel considers that it cannot issue its report within
six months, it shall inform the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in writing accordingly and indicate
the reasons, together with an estimate of the period within which it will issue its report.

The Panel in EU – Palm Oil (Indonesia) (DS593) was established by the DSB on 29 July 2020 and
composed on 12 November 2020. On 8 June 2021, the Panel communicated to the DSB that it
estimated that it would issue the final r eport to the parties not before the second quarter of 2022.
In light of the complexity of the legal and factual issues that have arisen in this dispute, the Panel
wishes to advise that it now expects to issue its final report to the parties not before the third quarter
of 2023.

The report will only be available to the public once it is circulated to the Members in all three working
languages of the WTO. The date of circulation depends on completion of translation and the Panel is
not in a position to provide an estimated circulation date at this time.

I would be grateful if you would circulate this letter to the DSB.
EUROPEAN UNION – CERTAIN MEASURES CONCERNING PALM OIL AND OIL PALM CROP-BASED BIOFUELS SUSPENSION OF PANEL WORK COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
Document: Panel Report
Date: 5 March 2024
Document codes: WT/DS593/13
Complainant: Indonesia
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, III:2, III:4, X:3(a), XI:1  GATT 1994Art. 1.1(a)(ii), 3.1(a), 5, 5(c)  Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM)Art. 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2, 5.6, 5.8, 12.1, 12.3  Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

EUROPEAN UNION – CERTAIN MEASURES CONCERNING
PALM OIL AND OIL PALM CROP-BASED BIOFUELS
SUSPENSION OF PANEL WORK
COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
The following communication, dated 5 March 2024, was received from the Chairperson of the Panel
with the request that it be circulated to the Dispute Settlement Body.

On 4 March 2024, Indonesia requested the Panel to suspend its work for a period of two months.

Indonesia made its request pursuant to Article 12.12 of the DSU, which provides that the Panel may
suspend its work at any time at the request of the complaining party for a period not exceeding
12 months. This provision also indicates that if the work of the Panel has been suspended for more
than 12 months, the authority for establishment of the Panel shall lapse.

The Panel has agreed to Indonesia's request. The Panel's work is suspended as from 5 March 2024
for a period of two months. For greater clarity, the Panel will resume its work, and circulate the
Panel Report, on 6 May 2024.

I would be grateful if you would circulate this communication to the DSB.
EUROPEAN UNION – CERTAIN MEASURES CONCERNING PALM OIL AND OIL PALM CROP-BASED BIOFUELS SUSPENSION OF PANEL WORK COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
Document: Panel Report
Date: 7 May 2024
Document codes: WT/DS593/14
Complainant: Indonesia
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, III:2, III:4, X:3(a), XI:1  GATT 1994Art. 1.1(a)(ii), 3.1(a), 5, 5(c)  Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM)Art. 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2, 5.6, 5.8, 12.1, 12.3  Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

EUROPEAN UNION – CERTAIN MEASURES CONCERNING
PALM OIL AND OIL PALM CROP-BASED BIOFUELS
SUSPENSION OF PANEL WORK
COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
The following communication, dated 6 May 2024, was received from the Chairperson of the Panel
with the request that it be circulated to the Dispute Settlement Body.

On 4 March 2024, Indonesia requested the Panel to suspend its work for a period of two months.
Indonesia made its request pursuant to Article 12.12 of the DSU, which provides that the Panel may
suspend its work at any time at the request of the complaining party for a period not exceeding
12 months. This provision also indicates that if the work of the Panel has been suspended for more
than 12 months, the authority for establishment of the Panel shall lapse.
The Panel agreed to Indonesia's request. On 5 March 2024, the Panel informed the DSB that the
Panel's work was suspended as from 5 March 2024 for a period of two months. The Panel indicated
that it would resume its work, and circulate the Panel Report, on 6 May 2024.
On 3 May 2024, Indonesia requested that the Panel extend the suspension of its work from 6 May
through to 6 July 2024. The Panel has agreed to Indonesia's request. The Panel will resume its work,
and circulate the Panel Report, on Monday 8 July 2024.
I would be grateful if you would circulate this communication to the DSB.
EUROPEAN UNION – CERTAIN MEASURES CONCERNING PALM OIL AND OIL PALM CROP-BASED BIOFUELS SUSPENSION OF PANEL WORK COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
Document: Panel Report
Date: 9 July 2024
Document codes: WT/DS593/15
Complainant: Indonesia
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, III:2, III:4, X:3(a), XI:1  GATT 1994Art. 1.1(a)(ii), 3.1(a), 5, 5(c)  Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM)Art. 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2, 5.6, 5.8, 12.1, 12.3  Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

EUROPEAN UNION – CERTAIN MEASURES CONCERNING
PALM OIL AND OIL PALM CROP-BASED BIOFUELS
SUSPENSION OF PANEL WORK
COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
The following communication, dated 8 July 2024, was received from the Chairperson of the Panel
with the request that it be circulated to the Dispute Settlement Body.

On 4 March 2024, Indonesia requested the Panel to suspend its work for a period of two months.

Indonesia made its request pursuant to Article 12.12 of the DSU, which provides that the Panel may
suspend its work at any time at the request of the complaining party for a period not exceeding
12 months. This provision also indicates that if the work of the Panel has been suspended for more
than 12 months, the authority for establishment of the Panel shall lapse.

The Panel agreed to Indonesia's request. On 5 March 2024, the Panel informed the DSB that the
Panel's work was suspended as from 5 March 2024 for a period of two months. For greater clarity,
the Panel indicated that it would resume its work, and circulate the Panel Report, on 6 May 2024.
On 3 May 2024, Indonesia requested that the Panel extend the suspension of its work from
6 May through to 6 July 2024. The Panel agreed to Indonesia's request. For greater clarity, the Panel
indicated that it would resume its work, and circulate the Panel Report, on Monday 8 July 2024.

On 4 July 2024, Indonesia requested that the Panel extend the suspension of its work from 7 July
through to 7 September 2024. The Panel has agreed to Indonesia's request. For greater clarity, the
Panel will resume its work, and circulate the Panel Report, on Monday 9 September 2024.

I would be grateful if you would circulate this communication to the DSB.
KOREA – MEASURES AFFECTING TRADE IN COMMERCIAL VESSELS (SECOND COMPLAINT) (JAPAN) REQUEST TO JOIN CONSULTATIONS
Document: Communication from the European Union
Date: 18 February 2020
Document codes: WT/DS594/2
Complainant: Japan
Respondent: South Korea
Dispute stage: Consultation
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, III:4  GATT 1994Art. 1.1, 2, 3.1(a), 3.1(b), 3.2, 5(a), 5(b), 5(c), 6.3(a), 6.3(b), 6.3(c)  Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM)

KOREA – MEASURES AFFECTING TRADE IN COMMERCIAL VESSELS
(SECOND COMPLAINT) (JAPAN)
REQUEST TO JOIN CONSULTATIONS
Communication from the European Union
The following communication, dated 14 February 2020, from the delegation of the European Union
to the delegation of Korea, and the delegation of Japan, is circulated to the Dispute Settlement Body
in accordance with Article 4.11 of the DSU.

Pursuant to Article 4.11 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of
Disputes (DSU), the European Union (EU) hereby notifies the Government of the Republic of Korea,
the Government of Japan, and the Dispute Settlement Body that, in the light of its substantial trade
interest, it desires to be joined in the consultations requested by Japan in a communication circulated
to WTO Members on 10 February 2020 (, , ), entitled
"Korea - Measures affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels (Second complaint) (Japan)".

The EU notes that the request for consultations relates to a number of alleged export and local
content subsidies provided by Korea directly, or through public or private institutions, to Korean
shipbuilders or their customers.

The EU is a major global producer and exporter of both ships and maritime equipment such as ship
engines and navigational equipment. EU shipbuilders generate approximately 43 billion EUR of
production value, directly employ 285 000 people and are successful in very complex, technologically
advanced markets. EU maritime equipment manufacturers and suppliers number some 28 000 firms,
generate a total production value of 71.5 billion EUR, and directly employ 324 000 people . With a
calculated tot al value of approximately 114.8 billion EUR, the EU maritime technology industry
(namely shipbuilders and maritime equipment manufacturers) is the global leader in terms of
aggregated production value.

The EU therefore has a substantial trade interest in these consultations.
KOREA – MEASURES AFFECTING TRADE IN COMMERCIAL VESSELS (SECOND COMPLAINT) (JAPAN) ACCEPTANCE BY KOREA OF THE REQUEST TO JOIN CONSULTATIONS
Document: ACCEPTANCE BY KOREA OF THE REQUEST TO JOIN CONSULTATIONS
Date: 27 March 2020
Document codes: WT/DS594/3
Complainant: Japan
Respondent: South Korea
Dispute stage: Consultation
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, III:4  GATT 1994Art. 1.1, 2, 3.1(a), 3.1(b), 3.2, 5(a), 5(b), 5(c), 6.3(a), 6.3(b), 6.3(c)  Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM)

KOREA – MEASURES AFFECTING TRADE IN COMMERCIAL VESSELS
(SECOND COMPLAINT) (JAPAN)
ACCEPTANCE BY KOREA OF THE REQUEST TO JOIN CONSULTATIONS
The European Union notified the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of its desire to be joined in the
consultations requested by Japan, pursuant to Article 4.11 of the DSU.

The delegation of Korea informed the DSB that it had accepted the request of the European Union
to join the consultations.
Document: erroneously published and is therefore cancelled
Date: 3 April 2020
Document codes: WT/DS595/2
Complainant: Turkey
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Ukraine, UAE, United Kingdom, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, II:1(b), XIII:1, XIII:2, XIX:1  GATT 1994Art. 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1(a), 4.1(b), 4.1(c), 4.2(a), 4.2(b), 4.2(c), 5.1, 5.2, 6, 7.1, 7.4, 9.1  Safeguards

This document was erroneously published and is therefore cancelled.
EUROPEAN UNION – SAFEGUARD MEASURES ON CERTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS CONSTITUTION OF THE PANEL ESTABLISHED AT THE REQUEST OF TURKEY
Document: Note by the Secretariat
Date: 30 September 2020
Document codes: WT/DS595/4; WT/DS595/3; WT/DS595/3
Complainant: Turkey
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Ukraine, UAE, United Kingdom, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, II:1(b), XIII:1, XIII:2, XIX:1  GATT 1994Art. 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1(a), 4.1(b), 4.1(c), 4.2(a), 4.2(b), 4.2(c), 5.1, 5.2, 6, 7.1, 7.4, 9.1  Safeguards

EUROPEAN UNION – SAFEGUARD MEASURES ON CERTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS
CONSTITUTION OF THE PANEL ESTABLISHED AT THE REQUEST OF TURKEY
Note by the Secretariat
1. At its meeting on 28 August 2020 , the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) established a panel
pursuant to the request of Turkey in document , in accordance with Article 6 of the
Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU).

2. The Panel's terms of reference are the following:

To examine, in the light of the relevant provisions of the covered agreements cited by
the parties to the dispute, the matter referred to the DSB by Turkey in document
 and to make such findings as will assist the DS B in making the
recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in those agreements.
3. Following the agreement of the parties, the panel was composed on 29 September 2020 as
follows:

 Chairperson: Mr William DAVEY

 Members: Ms Silvia Lorena HOOKER ORTEGA
 Mr Marco Tulio MOLINA TEJEDA

4. Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Chinese Taipei, India, Korea, Japan, Norway, the
Russian Federation, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and
the United Sates have reserved their rights to participate in the Panel proceedings as third parties.
EUROPEAN UNION — SAFEGUARD MEASURES ON CERTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
Document: COMMUNICATION FROM
Date: 25 March 2021
Document codes: WT/DS595/5
Complainant: Turkey
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Ukraine, UAE, United Kingdom, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, II:1(b), XIII:1, XIII:2, XIX:1  GATT 1994Art. 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1(a), 4.1(b), 4.1(c), 4.2(a), 4.2(b), 4.2(c), 5.1, 5.2, 6, 7.1, 7.4, 9.1  Safeguards

EUROPEAN UNION — SAFEGUARD MEASURES ON CERTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS
COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
The following communication, dated 12 March 2021, was received from the Chairperson of the Panel
with the request that it be circulated to the Dispute Settlement Body.

Article 12.8 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of
Disputes (DSU) provides that the period in which a panel shall conduct its examination, from the
date that the composition and terms of reference of the panel have been agreed upon until the date
the final report is issued to the parties to the dispute, shall, as a general rule, not exceed six months.

Article 12.9 of the DSU provides that, when a panel considers that it cannot i ssue its report within
six months, it shall inform the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in writing accordingly and indicate
the reasons, together with an estimate of the period within which it will issue its report.

The Panel in European Union – Safeguard Me asures on Certain Steel Products (DS595) was
established by the DSB on 28 August 2020 and composed on 30 September 2020.

Taking account of the agreed Working Procedures and Timetable in this dispute, the Panel does not
expect to issue its final report to the parties before the second half of 2021. This is due to the
complexity and magnitude of the case and the need to ensure that the parties have sufficient time to
prepare and present their cases, particularly given the challenges caused by the global COV ID-19
pandemic.

The report will only be available to the public once it is circulated to the Members in all three working
languages of the WTO. The date of circulation depends on completion of translation and the Panel is
not in a position to provide an estimated circulation date at this time.

I would be grateful if you would circulate this letter to the DSB.
Document: AGREEMENT UNDER ARTICLE 21.3
Date: 9 August 2022
Document codes: WT/DS595/13
Complainant: Turkey
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Ukraine, UAE, United Kingdom, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, II:1(b), XIII:1, XIII:2, XIX:1  GATT 1994Art. 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1(a), 4.1(b), 4.1(c), 4.2(a), 4.2(b), 4.2(c), 5.1, 5.2, 6, 7.1, 7.4, 9.1  Safeguards

EUROPEAN UNION ‒ SAFEGUARD MEASURES ON CERTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS
AGREEMENT UNDER ARTICLE 21.3(B) OF THE DSU
The following communication, dated 5 August 2022 , from the delegation of Türkiye and the
delegation of the European Union to the Chairperson of the Dispute Settlement Body, is circulated
in accordance with Article 21.3(b) of the DSU.

The European Union and the Republic of Türkiye ("Türkiye") would like to inform you that, pursuant
to Article 21.3(b) of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of
Disputes, the European Union and Türkiye have agreed that the reasonable period of time for the
European Union to implement the recommendations and rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body
("DSB") in the dispute European Union – Safeguard Measures on Certain Steel Products (DS595)
will expire on January 16, 2023, which is seven (7) months and sixteen (16) days from the day of
adoption of the DSB recommendations and rulings on May 31, 2022.

We request respectfully that you circulate this notification to the Members of the DSB.
Document: STATUS REPORT
Date: 17 January 2023
Document codes: WT/DS595/14
Complainant: Turkey
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Ukraine, UAE, United Kingdom, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, II:1(b), XIII:1, XIII:2, XIX:1  GATT 1994Art. 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1(a), 4.1(b), 4.1(c), 4.2(a), 4.2(b), 4.2(c), 5.1, 5.2, 6, 7.1, 7.4, 9.1  Safeguards

EUROPEAN UNION ‒ SAFEGUARD MEASURES ON CERTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS
STATUS REPORT REGARDING IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
DSB RECOMMENDATIONS AND RULINGS
BY THE EUROPEAN UNION
The following communication, dated 16 January 2023, from the delegation of the European Union to
the Chairperson of the Dispute Settlement Body, is circulated pursuant to Article 21.6 of the DSU.

The European Union submits this report under Article 21.6 of the Understanding on Rules and
Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes ("DSU"), to notify the Dispute Settlement Body
("DSB") of the achievement of implementation, and to provide the DSB with a status report in writing
of its progress in the implementation of the recommendations or rulings.

On 31 May 2022, the DSB adopted its recommendations and rulings in the dispute
European Union – Safeguard Measures on Certain Steel Products (DS595). At the DSB meeting
of 30 June 2022, the European Union informed the DSB that, pursuant to Article 21.3 of the DSU, it
intended to implement the recommendations and rulings of the DSB in this dispute in a manner that
respects its WTO obligations, but that it needed a reasonable period of time to do so.

On 5 August 2022, Türkiye and the European Union informed the DSB that they had agreed, pursuant
to Article 21.3(b) of the DSU, that the reasonable period of time for the European Union to comply
with the DSB's recommendations and rulings would be 7 months and 16 days and would expire on
16 January 2023.

The European Union hereby informs the Dispute Settlement Body that it has, on 13 January 2023
with entry into force on 14 January 2023, adopted the measure necessary to comply with the
recommendations and rulings before the expiry of the reasonable period of time agreed with Türkiye.
On 13 January 2023, the European Union adopted Commission Implementing Regulation (EU)
2023/104 amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/159 imposing a definitive
safeguard measure on imports of certain st eel products following a report adopted by the World
Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Body, published in the Official Journal of the
European Union on 13 January 2023 (OJ L 12, 13.01.2023 p. 7 -27),1 entering into force
on 14 January 2023.

The adoption and entry into force of this Regulation achieves the European Union’s full
implementation of the DSB recommendations and rulings in this dispute. A copy of this Regulation
is attached to this status report. The European Union proposes that this issue of implementation of
recommendations or rulings be placed on the agenda of the next DSB meeting.
Document: Panel Report
Date: 22 December 2021
Document codes: WT/DS595/6
Complainant: Turkey
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Ukraine, UAE, United Kingdom, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, II:1(b), XIII:1, XIII:2, XIX:1  GATT 1994Art. 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1(a), 4.1(b), 4.1(c), 4.2(a), 4.2(b), 4.2(c), 5.1, 5.2, 6, 7.1, 7.4, 9.1  Safeguards

EUROPEAN UNION ‒ SAFEGUARD MEASURES ON CERTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS
SUSPENSION OF PANEL WORK
COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
The following communication, dated 21 December 2021, was received from the Chairperson of the
Panel with the request that it be circulated to the Dispute Settlement Body.

The Panel Report in European Union ‒ Safeguard Measures on Certain Steel Products (WT/DS595)
was scheduled to be circulated on 21 December 2021. On 20 December 2021, Turkey requested the
Panel to suspend its work, pursuant to Article 12.12 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures
Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU), until and including Friday 21 January 2022. The same
day, the European Union stated that it did not object to the request for suspension.
Article 12.12 of the DSU provides that the Panel may suspend its work at any time at the request of
the complaining party for a period not exceeding 12 months.
In view of this, on 20 December 2021 the Panel decided to grant the suspension requested by Turkey
until and including 21 January 2022.
The Panel hereby informs the Dispute Settlement Body of this suspension and asks that this
communication be circulated to Members.
EUROPEAN UNION — SAFEGUARD MEASURES ON CERTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS SUSPENSION OF PANEL WORK COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
Document: Panel Report
Date: 21 January 2022
Document codes: WT/DS595/7
Complainant: Turkey
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Ukraine, UAE, United Kingdom, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, II:1(b), XIII:1, XIII:2, XIX:1  GATT 1994Art. 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1(a), 4.1(b), 4.1(c), 4.2(a), 4.2(b), 4.2(c), 5.1, 5.2, 6, 7.1, 7.4, 9.1  Safeguards

EUROPEAN UNION — SAFEGUARD MEASURES ON CERTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS
SUSPENSION OF PANEL WORK
COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
The following communication, dated 20 January 2022 , was received from the Chairperson of the
Panel with the request that it be circulated to the Dispute Settlement Body.

The Panel Report in European Union — Safeguard Measures on Certain Steel Products (WT/DS595)
was scheduled to be circulated on 21 December 2021. On 20 December 2021, Turkey requested the
Panel to suspend its work, pursuant to Article 12.12 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures
Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU), until and including Friday 21 January 2022. The same
day, the European Union stated that it did not object to the request for suspension.
Article 12.12 of the DSU provides that the Panel may suspend its work at any time at the request of
the complaining party for a period not exceeding 12 months.
In view of this, on 20 December 2021 the Panel decided to grant the suspension requested by Turkey
until and including 21 January 2022.
On 11 January 2022, the Panel informed the parties that absent an additional request from Turkey
to suspend the Panel's work for a period beyond 21 January 2022, the Panel Repor t would be
circulated among Members on or shortly after 25 January 2022. On 19 January 2022, Turkey
requested the Panel pursuant to Article 12.12 of the DSU to extend the suspension of the Panel’s
work until and including Friday, 11 February 2022. The Euro pean Union did not object to Turkey 's
request.
In view of this, on 20 January 2022, the Panel decided to grant the suspension requested by Turkey
until and including 11 February 2022.
The Panel hereby informs the Dispute Settlement Body of this suspension and asks that this
communication be circulated to Members.
EUROPEAN UNION — SAFEGUARD MEASURES ON CERTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS SUSPENSION OF PANEL WORK COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
Document: Panel Report
Date: 11 February 2022
Document codes: WT/DS595/8
Complainant: Turkey
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Ukraine, UAE, United Kingdom, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, II:1(b), XIII:1, XIII:2, XIX:1  GATT 1994Art. 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1(a), 4.1(b), 4.1(c), 4.2(a), 4.2(b), 4.2(c), 5.1, 5.2, 6, 7.1, 7.4, 9.1  Safeguards

EUROPEAN UNION — SAFEGUARD MEASURES ON CERTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS
SUSPENSION OF PANEL WORK
COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
The following communication, dated 10 February 2022, was received from the Chairperson of the
Panel with the request that it be circulated to the Dispute Settlement Body.

The Panel Report in European Union — Safeguard Measures on Certain Steel Products (WT/DS595)
was scheduled to be circulated on 21 December 2021. On 20 December 2021, Turkey requested the
Panel to suspend its work, pursuant to Article 12.12 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures
Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU), until and including Friday 21 January 2022. The same
day, the European Union stated that it did not object to the request for suspension.

Article 12.12 of the DSU provides that the Panel may suspend its work at any time at the request of
the complaining party for a period not exceeding 12 months.

In view of this, on 20 December 2021 the Panel decided to grant the suspension requested by Turkey
until and including 21 January 2022.

On 11 January 2022, the Panel informed the parties that absent an additional request from Turkey
to suspend the Panel's work for a period beyond 21 January 2022, the Panel Report would be
circulated among Members on or shortly after 25 January 2022. On 19 January 2022, Turkey
requested the Panel pursuant to Article 12.12 of the DSU to extend the suspension of the
Panel’s work until and including Friday, 11 February 2022. The European Union did not object to
Turkey's request.

In view of this, on 20 January 2022, the Panel decided to grant the suspension requested by Turkey
until and including 11 February 2022.

On 4 February 2022, the Panel informed the parties that absent an additional request from Turkey
to suspend the Panel's work for a period beyond 11 February 2022, the Panel Report would be
circulated among Members on or shortly after 14 February 2022. On 9 February 2022, Turkey
requested the Panel pursuant to Article 12.12 of the DSU to extend the suspension of the
Panel’s work until and including Friday, 25 February 2022. The European Union did not object to
Turkey's request.

In view of this, on 10 February 2022, the Panel decided to grant the suspension requested by Turkey
until and including 25 February 2022.

The Panel hereby informs the Dispute Settlement Body of this suspension and asks that this
communication be circulated to Members.
Document: Panel Report
Date: 25 March 2022
Document codes: WT/DS595/11
Complainant: Turkey
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Ukraine, UAE, United Kingdom, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, II:1(b), XIII:1, XIII:2, XIX:1  GATT 1994Art. 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1(a), 4.1(b), 4.1(c), 4.2(a), 4.2(b), 4.2(c), 5.1, 5.2, 6, 7.1, 7.4, 9.1  Safeguards

EUROPEAN UNION ‒ SAFEGUARD MEASURES ON CERTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS
COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
The following communication, dated 24 March 2022, was received from the Chairman of the Panel
with the request that it be circulated to the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB).

The Panel Report in European Union ‒ Safeguard Measures on Certain Steel Products (WT/DS595)
was scheduled to be circulated on 21 December 2021. On 20 December 2021, Turkey requested the
Panel to suspend its work, pursuant to Article 12.12 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures
Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU), until and including Friday 21 January 2022. The same
day, the European Union stated that it did not object to the request for suspension.
Article 12.12 of the DSU provides that the Panel may suspend its work at any time at the request of
the complaining party for a period not exceeding 12 months.
In view of this, on 20 December 2021 the Panel decided to grant the suspension requested by Turkey
until and including 21 January 2022.
Subsequently, at Turkey's request and with the acquiescence of the European Union, the Panel
extended the suspension, first until 1 1 February 2022, then until 25 February 2022, and then until
25 March 2022.
On 22 March 2022, Turkey and the European Union jointly requested the Panel to suspend its work
indefinitely pursuant to Article 12.12 of the DSU , except to the extent necessary to effect certain
joint requests of the parties. On 24 March 2022, the Panel decided to grant that suspension request.
The Panel hereby informs the Dispute Settlement Body of this suspension and asks that this
communication be circulated to Members.
UNION EUROPÉENNE – MESURES DE SAUVEGARDE VISANT CERTAINS PRODUITS SIDÉRURGIQUES RAPPORT DU GROUPE SPÉCIAL
Document: PANEL REPORT
Date: 3 June 2022
Document codes: WT/DS595/12; WT/DS595/R; WT/DS595/R/Add.1; WT/DS595/R; WT/DS595/R/Add.1
Complainant: Turkey
Respondent: EU
Third parties: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Ukraine, UAE, United Kingdom, U.S.
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, II:1(b), XIII:1, XIII:2, XIX:1  GATT 1994Art. 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1(a), 4.1(b), 4.1(c), 4.2(a), 4.2(b), 4.2(c), 5.1, 5.2, 6, 7.1, 7.4, 9.1  Safeguards

EUROPEAN UNION ‒ SAFEGUARD MEASURES ON CERTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS
PANEL REPORT
Action by the Dispute Settlement Body
At its meeting on 31 May 2022 , the Dispute Settlement Body adopted the Panel report on
European Union ‒ Safeguard Measures on Certain Steel Products ( and

UNION EUROPÉENNE – MESURES DE SAUVEGARDE VISANT
CERTAINS PRODUITS SIDÉRURGIQUES
RAPPORT DU GROUPE SPÉCIAL
spécial sur l'affaire Union européenne – Mesures de sauvegarde visant certains produ its
sidérurgiques ( et ).

UNIÓN EUROPEA - MEDIDAS DE SALVAGUARDIA SOBRE
DETERMINADOS PRODUCTOS DE ACERO
INFORME DEL GRUPO ESPECIAL
Actuación del Órgano de Solución de Diferencias
En su reunión de 31 de mayo de 2022, el Órgano de Solución de Diferencias adoptó el informe del
productos de acero ( y ).
BRAZIL - MEASURES CONCERNING THE IMPORTATION OF PET FILM FROM PERU AND IMPORTED PRODUCTS IN GENERAL REQUEST TO JOIN CONSULTATIONS
Document: Communication from the Kingdom of Bahrain
Date: 30 July 2020
Document codes: WT/DS596/2
Complainant: Peru
Respondent: Brazil
Dispute stage: Consultation
Agreements cited: Art. 1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.2.2, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 5.2, 5.3, 5.8, 6.8, 18.1, Annex II  Anti-dumpingArt. III:2, III:4  GATT 1994

BRAZIL - MEASURES CONCERNING THE IMPORTATION OF PET FILM
FROM PERU AND IMPORTED PRODUCTS IN GENERAL
REQUEST TO JOIN CONSULTATIONS
Communication from the Kingdom of Bahrain
The following communication, dated 24 July 2020, from the delegation of the Kingdom of Bahrain to
the delegation of Brazil, and the delegation of Peru, is circulated to the Dispute Settlement Body in
accordance with Article 4.11 of the DSU.

Pursuant to Article 4.11 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of
Disputes (DSU) and in light of its substantial trade interest, The Kingdom of Bahrain would like to
kindly request to join in the consultations requested by Peru in a communication circulated to WTO
Members on 15 July 2020 (, , ), entitled "Brazil – Measures
Concerning the Importation of PET film from Peru and imported products in general".

Bahrain notes that the request for consultations relates to measures concerning the i mportation of
PET film and other products, including (i) definitive antidumping measures that have been applied
as a result of an investigation on exports of certain PET film both from Peru and Bahrain, (ii) a
practice of the competent authority in Brazil that took place in the context of the initiation of an
investigation on exports of certain PET film both from Peru and Bahrain, and (iii) the tax treatment
of imported products in Brazil, including PET film and other products exported from Bahrain to Brazil.

Bahrain is a producer and exporter of PET film and other products to Brazil. In 2019, total imports
from Bahrain into Brazil amounted to approximately US$ 112 million. In 2017, the year before the
investigation that resulted in the antidumping measures referred to in Peru 's request for
consultations, Bahrain was the third major supplier to Brazil of the products classified in
codes 3920.62.19, 3920.62.91 and 3920.62.99 of the Mercosur Common Nomenclature.

Bahrain looks forward to receiving Brazil's favourable reply to this request and thereafter to be
informed of the date and venue of the consultations to facilitate our participation.

This request to participate in the consultations is made without prejudice to the rights of Bahrain to
proceed independently in separate proceedings.
UNITED STATES - ORIGIN MARKING REQUIREMENT COMMUNICATION FROM THE UNITED STATES
Document: COMMUNICATION FROM
Date: 13 November 2020
Document codes: WT/DS597/2; WT/DS597/1
Complainant: Hong Kong
Respondent: U.S.
Third parties: Brazil, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, South Korea, Norway, Russia, Singapore, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, IX:1, X:3(a)  GATT 1994Art. 2(c), 2(d), 2(e)  Rules of OriginArt. 2.1  Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

UNITED STATES - ORIGIN MARKING REQUIREMENT
COMMUNICATION FROM THE UNITED STATES
The following communication, dated 9 November 2020 , was received from the delegation of the
United States with the request that it be circulated to the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB).

On October 30, 2020, the United States received a letter from Hong Kong, China, requesting
consultations pursuant to Articles 1 and 4 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing
the Settlement of Disputes ("DSU"), Article XXII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade 1994, Article 7 of the Agreement on Rules of Origin, and Article 14 of the Agreement on
Technical Barriers to Trade ().

The consultations request concerns what Hong Ko ng, China, characterizes as "certain measures
affecting marks of origin". In the Executive Order identified by Hong Kong, China, in which the
President of the United States suspended the application of section 201(a) of the United States -
Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992 to section 1304 of title 19 of the United States Code, the President
determined that the situation with respect to Hong Kong, China, constitutes a threat to the national
security of the United States.

Without prejudice to whether the consultat ions request raises issues of national security not
susceptible to review or capable of resolution by WTO dispute settlement, the United States accepts
the request of Hong Kong, China, to enter into consultations. We stand ready to confer with officials
from your mission on a mutually convenient date for these consultations.
UNITED STATES - ORIGIN MARKING REQUIREMENT REQUEST TO JOIN CONSULTATIONS
Document: Communication from Russia
Date: 17 November 2020
Document codes: WT/DS597/3
Complainant: Hong Kong
Respondent: U.S.
Third parties: Brazil, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, South Korea, Norway, Russia, Singapore, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, IX:1, X:3(a)  GATT 1994Art. 2(c), 2(d), 2(e)  Rules of OriginArt. 2.1  Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

UNITED STATES - ORIGIN MARKING REQUIREMENT
REQUEST TO JOIN CONSULTATIONS
Communication from Russia
The following communication, dated 13 November 2020 , from the delegation of the Russian
Federation to the delegation of the United States , and the delegation of Hong Kong, China, is
circulated to the Dispute Settlement Body in accordance with Article 4.11 of the DSU.

I wish to refer to the consultations requested by Hong Kong, China pursuant to Articles 1 and 4 of
the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU),
Article XXII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994), Article 7 of the
Agreement on Rules of Origin and Article 14.1 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT
Agreement) in the communication circulated to WTO Members on 3 November 2020 (,
, , ). My authorities have instructed me to notify the consulting
Members and the Dispute Settlement Body of the desire of the Russian Federation to join in these
consultations, pursuant to Article 4.11 of the DSU.
In the light of various arguments submitted by Hong Kong, China the Russian Federation considers
that it has a substantial trade and systemic legal interest in these consultations. The subject matter
relates to marking requirement for the goods originating in Hong Kong, China and application of
respective United States’ legislation, including Section 304 of the Tariff Act of 193 0, alleged to be
inconsistent with United States’ obligations under the covered agreements.
UNITED STATES – ORIGIN MARKING REQUIREMENT COMMUNICATION FROM THE UNITED STATES
Document: request to join the consultations
Date: 26 November 2020
Document codes: WT/DS597/4; WT/DS597/1.
Complainant: Hong Kong
Respondent: U.S.
Third parties: Brazil, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, South Korea, Norway, Russia, Singapore, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, IX:1, X:3(a)  GATT 1994Art. 2(c), 2(d), 2(e)  Rules of OriginArt. 2.1  Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

UNITED STATES – ORIGIN MARKING REQUIREMENT
COMMUNICATION FROM THE UNITED STATES
The following communication, dated 19 November 2020, from the delegation of the United States
to the delegation of the Russian Federation, is circulated to the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) at
the request of the United States.

The United States has received your letter dated November 13, 2020, requesting to join in the
consultations requested by Hong Kong, China, as circulated in document

Article 4.11 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
provides that a Member other than the consulting Members that considers it has a substantial trade
interest shall be joined in the co nsultations "provided that the Member to which the request for
consultations was addressed agrees that the claim of substantial interest is well -founded." The
request for consultations by Hong Kong, China, does not concern the marking of goods produced in
the Russian Federation, and the Russian Federation's request to join the consultations does not even
seek to explain its claim of substantial trade interest.

Without prejudice to whether the consultations request raises issues of national security not
susceptible to review or capable of resolution by WTO dispute settlement , the United States does
not consider that the Russian Federation's claim of a substantial trade interest in these consultations
is well-founded. The United States is thus declining your request to join these consultations.
UNITED STATES - ORIGIN MARKING REQUIREMENT CONSTITUTION OF THE PANEL ESTABLISHED AT THE REQUEST OF HONG KONG, CHINA NOTE BY THE SECRETARIAT
Document: NOTE BY THE SECRETARIAT
Date: 30 April 2021
Document codes: WT/DS597/6; WT/DS597/5; WT/DS597/5
Complainant: Hong Kong
Respondent: U.S.
Third parties: Brazil, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, South Korea, Norway, Russia, Singapore, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, IX:1, X:3(a)  GATT 1994Art. 2(c), 2(d), 2(e)  Rules of OriginArt. 2.1  Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

UNITED STATES - ORIGIN MARKING REQUIREMENT
CONSTITUTION OF THE PANEL ESTABLISHED AT THE REQUEST OF HONG KONG, CHINA
NOTE BY THE SECRETARIAT
1. At its meeting on 22 February 2021, the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) established a panel
pursuant to the request of Hong Kong, China in document , in accordance with Article 6
of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU).1

2. The Panel's terms of reference are the following:

To examine, in the light of the relevant provisions of the covered agreements cited by
the parties to the dispute, the matter referred to the DSB by Hong Kong, China in
document and to make such findings as will assist the DSB in making the
recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in those agreements.
3. On 19 April 2021 , Hong Kong, China requested that the Director -General determine the
composition of the panel, pursuant to Article 8.7 of the DSU. This paragraph provides:

If there is no agreement on the panelists within 20 days after the date of the
establishment of a panel, at the request of either party, the Director -General, in
consultation with the Chairman of the DSB and the Chairman of the relevant Council or
Committee, shall determine the composition of the panel by appointing the panelists
whom the Director-General considers most appropriate in accordance with any relevant
special or additional rules or procedures of the covered agre ement or covered
agreements which are at issue in the dispute, after consulting with the parties to the
dispute. The Chairman of the DSB shall inform the Members of the composition of the
panel thus formed no later than 10 days after the date the Ch airman receives such a
request.
4. On 29 April 2021, the Director-General accordingly composed the Panel as follows:

 Chairperson: Ms Beatriz LEYCEGUI GARDOQUI

 Members: Mr Johann H. HUMAN
 Mr Alexander Hugh McPHAIL

5. Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Norway, the
Russian Federation, Singapore, Switzerland, Turkey, and Ukraine have reserved their rights to
participate in the Panel proceedings as third parties.
UNITED STATES - ORIGIN MARKING REQUIREMENT COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
Document: COMMUNICATION FROM
Date: 27 October 2021
Document codes: WT/DS597/7
Complainant: Hong Kong
Respondent: U.S.
Third parties: Brazil, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, South Korea, Norway, Russia, Singapore, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. I:1, IX:1, X:3(a)  GATT 1994Art. 2(c), 2(d), 2(e)  Rules of OriginArt. 2.1  Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

UNITED STATES - ORIGIN MARKING REQUIREMENT
COMMUNICATION FROM THE PANEL
The following communication, dated 26 October 2021, addressed to the Chairperson of the Dispute
Settlement Body (DSB), is circulated in accordance with Article 12.9 of the Dispute Settlement
Understanding (DSU).

Article 12.8 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
(DSU) provides that the period in which a panel shall conduct its examination, fro m the date that
the composition and terms of reference of the panel have been agreed upon until the date the final
report is issued to the parties to the dispute, shall, as a general rule, not exceed six months.

Article 12.9 of the DSU provides that, when a panel considers that it cannot issue its report within
six months, it shall inform the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in writing accordingly and indicate
the reasons, together with an estimate of the period within which it will issue its report.

The Panel in United States – Origin Marking Requirement (WT/DS597) was established by the DSB
on 22 February 2021 and composed on 29 April 2021.

In the light of the complexity of the issues presented in this dispute, t he Panel expects to issue its
final report to the parties in the second quarter of 2022.

The report will only be available to the public once it is circulated to the Members in all three official
languages of the WTO. The date of circulation depends on completion of translation and the Panel is
not in a position to provide an estimated circulation date at this time.

I would be grateful if you would circulate this letter to the DSB.