Document: WT/DS44/R Page 477 XI. ANNEX ON TRANSLATION PROBLEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 A. LIST OF TRANSLATION ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Document codes: WT/DS44/R
Complainant: U.S.
Respondent: Japan
Third parties: EU, Mexico
Dispute stage: Panel
Agreements cited: Art. III:1, III:4, X:1, X:3, XXIII:1(b)  GATT 1994

XI. ANNEX ON TRANSLATION PROBLEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
A. LIST OF TRANSLATION ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
1. APPENDIX TO TRANSLATION ISSUE 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
2. APPENDIX TO TRANSLATION ISSUE 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
B. RESPONSES BY THE TRANSLATION EXPERTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
XI. ANNEX ON TRANSLATION PROBLEMS
A. LIST OF TRANSLATION ISSUES
Issue 1: "taisaku".
United States: "countermeasure" (used in many contexts e.g., as liberalization, distribution, or
promotion countermeasures).
Japan: In many contexts, the Japanese word "taisaku" should be more appropriately translated
as "measure" or "policy in response to." The English word "countermeasure" has
a negative connotation not conveyed by the Japanese original. For example, an
expressionsuchas"shou-enerugi(energy-saving)taisaku"isquitecommoninJapanese,
and it would be awkward to translate it into "energy saving countermeasure. ... "]
(fn. 11, p. 19 of Japan's First Submission).
Issue 2: MITI's distribution policies as described in the First Interim Report, (US Ex. 64-6,
p. 8).
United States: "The First Interim Report identified a central theme that would underlie MITI's
distribution policy: the need to limit competition in distribution in order to create
stability and high prices for the benefit of domestic manufacturers" (para. 78 of the
US First Submission).
Japan: "In fact, the [first interim] report notes that only establishment of appropriate
competition conditions would stimulate the modernization of distribution mechanism.
Moreover, the report draws no connection at all between competitive conditions in
the distribution sector and the manufacturing sector. Instead, the report noted that
vertical integration did not necessarily mean that distribution systems would be
rationalized." (fn. 88, p. 45 of Japan's First Submission).
Issue 3: Translation of a quote from the article: Distributors in Tough Environment, The
Distribution Structures Continue to Change, Nihon Shashin KogyoTsushin, 1 May
1994, (US Ex. 94-10, p. 7).
United States: "In 1994, a Japanese industry journal noted changes in the Japanese film distribution
system, such as a revision of the rebate schemes and the opening of more discount
stores, but concluded that 'a limit to the expansion of sales channels seems to be
appearing' and that 'the actual network has not changed much'" (para. 159 of the US
First Submission).
Japan: "'Network' should actually be translated as 'net prices' and the United States has failed
to recognize that the first passage actually relates to the camera distribution industry,
not to film." (fn. 123, p. 57 of Japan's First Submission).

Issue 4: "keiretsuka" as used in the First Interim Report, (US Ex. 64-4).
United States: "... Keiretsu-nizing sales channels does notnecessarily mean, from a national economic
perspective, that each of the distribution structures will be rationalized; the direct
objective is said to be to secure and expand the [market share] of individual
manufacturers." (First Interim Report, US Ex. 64-6, p. 10).
Japan: "Please note that we do not agree with the US construction of the term 'keiretsu-nizing'
as this term can have many meanings depending upon the context. Thus, we have
translated this term based upon the proper context, in this case, 'vertically integrating'"
(fn. 139, p. 61 of Japan's First Submission).
Issue 5: "keiretsuka" as used in the Second Interim Report, (US Ex. 65-2).
United States: "... For example, manufacturers' increased distribution activities leads to 'vertical
keiretsunization' which can create the harm of a monopoly." (Second Interim Report,
US Ex. 65-2, p. 5-6).
Japan: "Again, the US construction of the term 'keiretsunization' is better translated in this
case as 'vertical integration'" (fn. 140, p. 62 of Japan's First Submission).
Issue 6: "keiretsuka" as used in the 1971 Basic Plan (US Ex. 71-10).
United States: "Furthermore, due to the late emergence of the distribution sector, manufacturers have
advanced [their] control of distribution by 'keiretsu-nizing'. When this is done
excessively, the distribution sector will lose its autonomy, and buying activities are
hindered." (1971 Basic Plan, US Ex. 71-10, p. 8).
Japan: "Again, the US construction of the term 'keiretsunization' is better translated in this
case as 'vertical integration'" (fn. 144, p. 63 of Japan's First Submission).
Issue 7: Quote: "(fuji to konika wa) kourino dankaimade seibishite ikitai tokorono yôdearu"
from: Let's All Have Cameras - Film, Printing Paper Promotion of Trading
Normalization Triggered by a Monochrome Photosensitive Materials Price Increase,
Zenren Tsuho, December 1967, (US Ex. 67-15).
United States: "The manufacturers are taking this opportunity to start taking action on the distribution
channel as well as to strengthen transaction terms with the tokuyakuten. '[Fuji and
Konika] want [distribution] all the way to the retail level', not just between Fuji's
tokuyakutens and resellers, and between Konica's tokuyakutens and resellers." (US
Ex. 67-15, p. 3).
Japan: "'Fuji and Konika want to rationalize transactions all the way to the retail level.' The
US translation implies that Fuji and Konica were trying to vertically integrate, which
mischaracterizes the article." (fn. 145, p. 64 of Japan's First Submission).
Japan notes that one source the United States cites to prove its allegation that the
distribution policies were designed to encourage single-brand distribution does not
support this claim] (Wholesale: So-called Keiretsu-ka Problem - Course Unclear, Nihon
Shashin Kogyo Tsushin, 1 November 1967, p. 8, US Ex. 67-14).

Issue 8: Quote: "ribêto hitotsu wo toriagete mitemo gyoukaitoshiteno kankôga dekiagatte
ireba dokkinhôno unyôniyori gaishino yukisugi wo chekkudekiru" from: Draft
Standard Contract for Film with Criteria for Standardization of Transaction Terms,
Zenren Tsuho, August 1971, p. 5, (US Ex. 71-11, p. 1).
United States: "The article elaborated that 'the guidelines themselves may be described as an attempt
to equalize the conditions of competition.' For instance, 'rebates were adopted so
that once they become common practice in the industry, the influx of foreign capital
may be checked by the application of the Antimonopoly Law'." (para. 110 of the US
First Submission).
Japan: "'the abnormal use of rebates by foreign capital may be checked by the application
of the Antimonopoly Law.' In addition,the US reference to rebates becoming "common
practice in the industry" has no basis in the original text. (fn. 152, p. 67 of Japan's
First Submission).
Issue 9: Quote: "masani'kenzenka' wa susunda" from: Fuji Film'sResult of Stricter Policy
on Receivables, Zenren Tsuho, March 1968, p. 5-7, (US Ex. 68-2, p. 1).
United States: "Justas thispractice of forcinggoods[on tokuyakutens]was ended, ultimately'Fujifilm
tightened its policy on receivables' ... 'Consequently, [Fujifilm's financial] soundness
has indeed progressed. The wellestablishedphotosensitivematerials tokuyakutenhave
finally been done in." (para. 115 of the US First Submission).
Japan: "The US translation implies that Fujifilm improved its financial position by pressuring
the tokuyakuten. A more accurate translation is that 'the soundness of transactions
has indeed progressed'." (fn. 163, p. 71 of Japan's First Submission).
Japan notes that the contention in para. 119 of the US First Submission that "shortly
after the new transaction terms went into effect, Misuzu's financial situation
deteriorated" finds no support in the Zenren Tsuho article cited. (Relationship Between
Major Photo Materials Wholesalers and Manufacturers From the Standpoint of Industry's
Photo Materials, Zenren Tsuho, June 1968, p. 5-7, US Ex. 68-5).
Issue 10: Reference to: Four Fuji-Group Distributors Reported Unimpressive Results in
Spite of Low Interest Rates, Shukan Shashin Sokuho, 24 June 1994, p. 2-4 (US
Ex. 94-11, p. 1).
United States: "Other Japanese analysts have concluded that distributors remain highly dependent
on manufacturers." (para. 159 of the US First Submission). As one financial analyst
wrote when he reported the primary wholesalers' profitability for 1994, "The ratio
of net profits to total capital gives out a distressing series of zeros after the decimal
point." (fn. 163 of the US First Submission).
Japan: "However, the source cited in support of this proposition states only that primary
wholesalers have low rates of return, and offers no basis on which to support the US
claim." (fn. 164, p. 71 of Japan's First Submission).

Issue 11: The use of quantitative standards by the Large Scale RetailStore Council in making
its adjustment determinations according to Article 7 of the Large Scale Retail Store
Law, Law No. 80, 24 May 1991, (Japan Ex. C-1; US Ex. 74-4).
United States: "The examinationof a new storeby the Large Store Council isbased uponmathematical
formulas for comparing the Commercial Population and large scale retail store
Occupation Rate of one city with similar cities. The quantitative approach 'allows
the Large Store Council to ration retail space.' Large Store Council Decision,
"Investigatory Procedures for the Adjustment of the Business Activity of Large Scale
Retail Stores, 14 November 1991, US Ex. 91-4." (fn. 190, p. 68 of the US First
Submission).
Japan: "The standards used by the large Scale Retail Store Council in determining whether
to recommend one of these limited adjustments also do not result in a restriction on
the opening of large stores. The US wrongfully implies that the use of quantitative
standards by the Large Scale Retail Store Council in making its adjustment
determinations 'allows [it] to ration retail space.' These quantitative factors are never
determinative. They are simply some of the factors taken into account, along with
a variety of quantitative factors in the overall Large Scale Retail Store Law process.
(fn. 328, p. 120 of Japan's First Submission).
Issue 12: Reference to the JFTC ad hoc study group report: Concerning the Reevaluation
of Government Regulations in the Distribution Sector, Government Regulation
and Competition PolicyResearchCouncil, JFTC, June 1995,p. 23, (US Ex.95-11).
United States: "The JFTC Council also found that, as of March 1995, a number of local government
bodies were still imposing their own written guidelines on store openings, so-called
augmenting or supplementary regulations, which are beyond the scope and requirements
of the Large Stores Law, in that they apply to stores with a floor space of less than
500 square meters. It concluded that: 'These excessive regulations and non-transparent
administrative guidance onthe part of local government bodies and public entities make
those planning to open stores continue to bear unreasonable burdens in the form of
demands requiring very intricate store opening plans to be submitted and other similar
demands.'" (para. 218 and fn. 268 of US First Submission).
Japan: "The United States cites surveys by the MCA and the JFTC ad hoc study group that
allegedly document the existence of excessive local restrictions. These surveys,
however, are notrepresentativeof current conditions. The MCA Survey was conducted
in 1995. The JFTC ad hoc study group survey, meanwhile, presented only 3 cases
of excessive local regulations. In addition, the United States erroneously translates
the JFTC ad hoc study group report, suggesting the report confirmed that many
excessive local regulations exists, resulting in a significant burden on store openers."
(fn. 329, p. 120 of Japan's First Submission).

Issue 13: Referenceto: ConcerningImmediateMeasuresRegardingNotificationtoEstablish
Large Scale Retail Stores, Sankyoku No. 36, issued by DG, MITI, 30 January
1982 (US Ex. 82-2, Japan Ex. C-16).
United States: "MITI instituted, through Directive No. 36, a 'prior explanation' requirement to precede
the builder's Article 3 Notification, which obligated the notifier to consult with, and
obtain the consent of, local retailers before submitting its Article 3 Notification.
(para. 202 US First Submission).
Japan: Japan cannot find any phrase to that effect in the Circular. (fn. 338, p. 123 of Japan's
First Submission).
Issue 14: "jimotosetsumei" under the Large Scale Retail Stores Law.
United States: "In 1992, MITI replaced the 'prior explanation' process with a procedure for 'local
explanation'. ... Local explanation was implemented by Directive No. 25 'Guidance
for Local Explanation to Those Who Submitted a Notification for New Construction
of a Class I Large Scale Retail Store, 29 January 1992'." (para. 213 and fn. 259 of
the US First Submission).
Japan: "[Under the Large Retail Stores Law, since 1992] 'all that is required is that the large
store planner make a public briefing after the Article 3 notification (new store
construction) but before the Article 5 notification (new store opening)'." (fn. 340,
p. 123 of Japan's First Submission).
Issue 15: Quote from the JFTC Ad Hoc Study Group Report: Concerning the Reevaluation
of Government Regulations in the Distribution Sector, Government Regulation
and Competition Policy Research Council, JFTC, June 1995, p. 17, (US Ex. 95-11).
United States: "According to the June 1995 report to the JFTC from its Government Regulation and
Competition Policy Research Council, the Large Store Council's consideration of a
large store notification can easily reflect the views of local retailers.' According to
this JFTC Council, 'existing local retailers remain influential members of these
organizations' and even 'consumer and academic representatives [on the Councils]
have close ties to local retailers'" (para. 228 of the US First Submission).
Japan: "The US misleadingly cites this phrase as to suggest that 'these organizations' refer
to the 'Large Scale Retail Store Council.' However, the Japanese text of the report
clearly shows that 'these organizations' refer to the 'Chamber of Commerce and
Industry." Moreover, Japan submits that the US insertion "[on the Councils]" into
the same sentence is erroneous. (fn. 344, p. 124 of Japan's First Submission).

Issue 16: Translation of the Premiums Law, Futo Keihinrui Oyobi Futo Hyoji Boshiho, Law
Against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representation, Law No. 134,
15 May 1962); See Appendix to Issue 16.
United States: US translation of the Premiums Law of 1962 (US Ex. 62-6).
Japan: A number of points were indicated on a copy of the US translation of the Premiums
Law byJapan inhandwriting. Premiums Law of 1962,Japan Ex. D-1. (fn. 363,p. 130
of Japan's First Submission).
Issue 17: "kamera-rui".
United States: "The JFTC soonacted toprotect the camera cartel from competition onpremium offers.
On October 15, 1965,the JFTC issueda notification entitled,'Restrictions onPremium
Offers in the Camera Industry' ... The camera notification did not clearly distinguish
whatthe term 'relatedproducts' meant, nordiditexplainwhether itsprohibitionapplied
only to premiums connected to transactions directly involving 'cameras and related
products' or any transaction by a covered business ... ." (para. 288 of the US First
Submission).
Japan: "The Japanese expression 'kamera-rui' should be translated as the 'camera category'
and not as 'camera and related products'. As a matter of Japanese language it cannot
cover photographic film and paper. A leading Japanese dictionary "Dai-Jirin" defines
"rui (category)" to be a "collection of similar items. Japan Ex. D-68" (para. 457
and fn. 431, p. 158 of Japan's First Submission).
Issue 18: Quote from the Zenren article: Discussion on Progress of Fair Trade Council
Focuses on Making Fair Competition Code Fully Known, Zenren Tsuho, August
1987, pp. 16-20, (US Ex. 87-7 and Japan Ex. D-70).
United States: "...applicationoffilm anddevelopingandprintingwasfundamental tosecuringsupport
for the Retailers Code and the [Camera and Related Products Retailers Fair Trade
Council] from the retailersassociation.'... we firstunderstoodphotosensitivematerials
and development printing to also be included. ... It would, 'indeed, have been impossible
to persuade Zenren members whose main line of business is development printing to
contribute if [the regulations] only [apply to] hardware'." (para. 348 of the US First
Submission).
Japan: "Instead it should be translated as follows 'many people expressed the view to the effect
that, since [the code] applies only to hardware, it is impossible to persuade members
[of Zenren] whose main line of business is developing and printing [to contribute]'."
(fn. 435, p. 160 of Japan's First Submission).

Issue 19: Translation of the editorial: FairCompetition Codes, Sweet FantasiesandIllusions
Ought to be Taboo, Shashin Kogyo Junpo, 1 August 1987; See Appendix to
Issue 19.
United States: Original US translation in: US Ex. 87-8.
Japan: Version with Japan's corrections: "... A photo industry journal editorial in the US
Evidentiary Appendix (Editorial: Fair Competition Codes; Sweet Fantasies and Illusions
Ought to be Taboo, Syashin Kogyo Junpo, 1 August 1987, US Ex 87-8), although
not quoted in the US submission, appears as if the translation was rewritten in order
to blur a main theme of the editorial; who is responsible to the fact that the retailers’
code does not cover film and paper?" (fn. 437, p. 161 of Japan's First Submission).
Issue 20: "teki-hatsu": quote of statement of a director of the JFTC's Premiums and
Representations Office in: "Fair Trade Council Established" Operated by Zenren,
Will Respect "Fair Competition Code" - Urgent Need to Make Code Known by
October Start, Zenren Tsuho, July 1987, p. 6-11, (US Ex. 87-5, p. 3; Japan Ex.
D-82, p. 3).
United States: "The approval of the Code means that the role we play to take 'enforcement actions'
on violations will be left to the Fair Trade Council. If this expectation is not met,
[the approval] will have no meaning." (para. 351 of US First Submission).
Japan: "The quotation of a Director of the JFTC (Zenren Tsuho, July 1987) in the US
submission erroneously translates 'teki-hatsu' (discovery) as 'enforcement action'. Japan
Ex. D-82." (fn. 449, p. 166 of Japan's First Submission).
Issue 21: Quote "... sarani kibishiku bunshoniyoru keikokuga hasserareru" from: Don't
Give up on Exposing and Forwarding Materials [Regarding Violations] - JFTC
Probing Non-Members' 'Representation Violations', Zenren Tsuho, February 1988,
pp. 10-11, (US Ex. 88-2; Japan Ex. D-83).
United States: "By the end of last year, the number of 'Code violations' handled by the Fair Trade
Council had reached 294 cases. ... Almost all who have received repeated caution or
warnings were non-members, that is, while a member's stance is rectified by a verbal
caution, 'a more severe warning in writing' is issued to a non-member."
Japan: "The article in Japanese does not speak of 'more severe warning in writing', but 'a
more strict step issuing a written warning'." (fn. 451, p. 167 of Japan's First
Submission).

Issue 22: Statement by a JFTC official: Suggestions on How the Fair Trade Promotion
Council Should Be, Yamada, Director of the Premiums and Representation
Guidance Division, JFTC, Zenren Tsuho, May 1983, p. 14, (US Ex. 83-9).
United States: "In May 1983, the Director of the JFTC's Premiums and Representations Guidance
Division pressed the Promotion Council to expand its operation into new areas: 'it
is of critical importance to develop rules one by one against dumping and loss-leader
advertising'." (para. 325 of the US First Submission).
Japan: "The proper translation should be 'Also, with regard to unjustifiable low prices and
bait advertising, it is important to pile up one by one.' The original Japanese sentence
does not refer to any 'rules', To 'pile up' what? is not clear even from the context"
(fn. 454, p. 168 of Japan's First Submission).
Issue 23: "jishu-kisei" as referred to in "Self-Regulating Measures Regarding Making Business
Dealings with Trading Partners Fair" of 22 June 1982, (US Ex. 82-8).
United States: "The domestic photographic industry responded to the JFTC's guidance in June 1982
when it promulgated 'Self-Regulating Measures' Regarding Making Business Dealings
With Trading Partners Fair." (para. 321 of the US First Submission).
Japan: "Japanese word 'jishu-kisei' means simply 'self-regulation' and not self-regulating
measures'." (fn. 1, p. 6 of Japan's Written Responses to the Panel's Initial Questions).
Issue 24(1): Quote from "Consumer Life and the Fair Competition Codes" (Shohisha no Kurashi
to Kosei Kyoso Kiyaku) 1995 edition, All Japan Fair Trade Council Federation,
(US Ex. 95-9, p. 2).
United States: "The JFTC will directly regulate those who do not participate in the Codes, but as
long as the Codes are observed and recognized as having been established in accordance
with normal business practices, the JFTC uses the Fair Competition Codes as reference
when it applies the law." (para. 360 of the US First Submission).
Japan: "The quote should be translated as 'but when it is recognized that the Codes have been
observed and established as normal business practices'." (fn. 1, p. 12 of Japan's
Responses to the Panel's Additional Questions).
Issue 24(2): The quotation from "Fair Competition Code Regarding Representations in the
Camera Category Retailers Industry", a JFTC commissioned pamphlet, 1987, (US
Ex. 87-1).
United States: "[B]y virtue of the fact that this Code has been established as normal practice in the
photographic industry to be strictly obeyed, the Japan Fair Trade Commission uses
it as reference when it applies the Premiums Law to outsiders." (para. 360 of the
US First Submission).
Japan: "The correct translation should be 'The code, by being strictly observed and established
as the normal practices of the photographic industry, is used as reference when the
JFTC applies the Premiums Law to outsiders'." (fn. 1, p. 12 of Japan's Responses
to the Panel's Additional Questions).

1. APPENDIX TO TRANSLATION ISSUE 16:
United States: original version [text in brackets]:
Japan: corrected version [in italics]
LAW AGAINST UNJUSTIFIABLE PREMIUMS
AND MISLEADING REPRESENTATIONS
(Law No. 134 of May 15, 1962)
Amendment: Law No. 44 of May 30, 1972
(First Amendment)
Article 1 (Purpose)
This Law, in order to prevent inducement of customers by means of unjustifiable
premiums and misleading representations in connection with transactions of a commodity and service,
by establishing special provisions for the Law Concerning Prohibition of Private Monopoly and the
Maintenance of Fair Trade (Law No. 54 of 1947), aims to secure fair competition, and therebyto protect
the interest of consumers in general.
Article 2 (Definitions)
(1) The term "Premiums" as used in this Law shall mean any [goods] [article], money
or other kinds of economic benefits which are given as means of inducement of customers, regardless
of whether a direct or indirect method is employed, or whether or not a [prize competition] [lottery]
method is used, by [a business] [an entrepreneur] to another party in connection with a transaction
involving a commodity or service (transactions relating to real estate shall be included in this Article
and throughout the rest of this Law), and which are designated by the Fair Trade Commission as such.
(2) The term "representations" as used in this Law shall mean advertisement or any other
[representation] [description] which [a business] [an entrepreneur] makes or uses as means of inducement
of customers, with respect to the substance of the commodity or service which he supplies or the terms
of sale or any other matter concerning the transaction, and which are designated by the Fair Trade
Commission as such.
Note:
Clause 1 and Clause 2. "designation" = establishment of premiums and representations under the provisions of Article 2 of Unjustifiable
Premiums and Misleading Representations
Article 3 (Restriction or prohibition of premiums)
The Fair Trade Commission may, when it finds it necessary to prevent unfair inducement
of customers, limit either the maximum value of a premium or the [sum total] [aggregate] amount
of premiums, the kind of premiums or method of offering of a premium or any other matter relating
thereto, or may prohibit the offering of a premium.

Note: Restriction on Premium Offers by Lotteries or Prize Competition (FTC Notification No. 3 of 1972)
[Restriction on Premium Offers to Businesses (FTC Notification No. 17 of 1967)]
[Restriction on Premium Offers to Businesses (FTC Notification No. 17 of 1967)]
Restriction on Premium Offers to General Consumers (FTC Notification No. 5 of 1977)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Newspaper Industry (FTC Notification No. 15 of 1964)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Chocolate Industry (FTC Notification No. 8 of 1965)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Camera Industry (FTC Notification No. 33 of 1965)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Instant Noodle Industry (FTC Notification No. 11 of 1966)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Curry and pepper Industry (FTC Notification No. 11 of 1967)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Processed Tomato Food Industry (FTC Notification No. 39 of 1967)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Wheat Cleaning Industry (FTC Notification No. 89 of 1968)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Magazine Industry (FTC Notification No. 4 of 1977)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Frozen Bean Curd Industry (FTC Notification No. 40 of 1970)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Chewing Gum Industry (FTC Notification No. 4 of 1971)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Biscuit Industry (FTC Notification No. 36 of 1971)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Soy Sauce Industry (FTC Notification No. 45 of 1977)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Cosmetic Soap Industry (FTC Notification No. 82 of 1971)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Bean Paste Industry (FTC Notification No. 47 of 1977)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Household Electric Appliances Industry
(FTC Notification No. 2 of 1979)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Sauce Industry (FTC Notification No. 3 of 1979)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Margarine and Shortening Industry (FTC Notification No. 4 of 1979)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Match Industry (FTC Notification No. 5 of 1979)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Agricultural Machinery Industry (FTC Notification No. 43 of 1979)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Automobile Industry (FTC Notification No. 44 of 1979)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Liquor Industry (FTC Notification No. 6 of 1980)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Tire Industry (FTC Notification No. 19 of 1980)
Restriction on Premium Offers in Rubber and Synthetic Resins Footwear Industry
(FTC Notification No. 25 of 1982)*
*[This list of JFTC Notifications issued pursuant to Article [13] [3] is not exhaustive.]
Article 4 (Prohibition of Misleading Representations)
No business shall make such representation as provided for in any one of the following
paragraphs in connection with transactions regarding a commodity or service which he supplies:
(i) Any representation by which the quality, standard or any other matter relating to the
substance of a commodity or service [shall lead the general consumer to believe that
it is] [will be misunderstood by consumers in general to be] much better than the actual
one or than that of other businesses who are in a competitive relationship with the
business concerned, and thereby which is found likely to induce customers unjustly
and to impede fair competition;
(ii) Any representation by which price or any other terms of transaction of a commodity
or service will [lead the general consumer] [will be misunderstood by consumers in
general] to be much more favourable to the [other transacting parties] [customer] than
the actual one or than those of other businesses who are in a competitive
relationship with the business concerned, and thereby which is found likely to induce
customers unjustly and to impede fair competition; or
(iii) In additiontothosestipulatedinthe preceding twosections,any representationbywhich
any matter relating to transactions as to a commodity or service is likely to be
misunderstood by the general consumer and which is designated by the Fair Trade

Commission as such, finding it likely to induce customers unjustly and to impede fair
competition.
Note:
Section 3 "designation" Representations on Soft Drinks without Juice, etc., (FTC Notification No. 4 of 1973) Misleading Representations
on Country of Originof Goods (FTCNotification No. 34of 1973),Misleading Representations on Cost of Consumer Credit (FTC Notification
No. 1 3 of 1980), Misleading Representations on Loss-Leader Advertising of Real Estate (FTC Notification No. 14 of 1980), Misleading
Representations on Loss-Leader Advertising (FTC Notification No. 13 of 1982).
Article 5 (Public Hearing and Notification)
(1) When the Fair Trade Commission takes action to [limit or prohibit in accordance with]
[effect designation Article 2 (definition) or designation] under the provisions of [Article 2 of] Section
[3] [iii] of the preceding Article (restriction and prohibition of premiums), [or to limit or prohibit under
the provisions of Article 3] or to change or abolish them, it shall hold a public hearing based on the
Fair Trade Commission Rules and shall hear the opinions of the related businesses and the public.
(2) Designation, restriction, prohibition as well as amendment and abolition thereof under
the provisions of the preceding clause shall be made by notification.
Note:
Clause 1 "Rules of the Fair Trade Commission" = Rules Concerning Public Hearing Under the Provision of Sec. 5 (1) of Act Against
Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representation (FTC Rules No. 2 of June 1, 1962).
Article 6 (Cease and Desist order)
(1) The Fair Trade Commission may, in the event there is an act violating the restriction
or prohibition under the provisions of Article 3 (restriction or prohibition of premiums) or violating
the provisions of Article 4 (prohibition [on] [of] misleading representations), order the [business]
[entrepreneur] concerned to cease such an act, or to take the measures necessary to prevent the
occurrence of the saidact, ortotake any othernecessary measures includingmaking [the mattersrelating
to] the implementation of such measures public. Such an order may be issued even when the said
violation has already ceased to occur.
(2) The Fair Trade Commission shall, in the event it has issued an order as stipulated in
the preceding Clause (hereafter, "Cease and Desist Order"), make a Notification on the said order
in accordance with the Rules of the Fair Trade Commission.
(Previous Clause 2 deleted; earlier Clause 3 amended in part and inserted into current Clause 2 (Law No. 89 of November 12, 1993, the
Administrative Procedures Law)
Note:
Clause 2 of "Rules of the Fair Trade Commission": Notification on cease and desist orders in accordance with Article 6 (2) of Law Against
Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations; and Article 1 concerning the request for the opening of [adjudgment] [hearing]
procedure in accordance with the provisions in Clause 8(1) of the Law thereof.
Article 7 (Relationship with the Law Concerning Prohibition of Private Monopoly and
Maintenance of Fair Trade)
(1) Acts in violation prescribed in [Section] [Clause] (1) of the preceding Article shall
be deemed to be unfair trade practices as provided for in [the (Relationship with] the Law Concerning
Prohibition of Private Monopoly and Maintenance of Fair Trade) for the purpose of applying the
provisions of Article 8 (1) (prohibited acts of trade associations) and Article 25 (absolute liability) of
the said Law and, for the purpose of applying the provisions of Division 2 (procedures) [or] [of] Chapter

VIII (excluding the provisions of Article 48 (recommendation, recommendation decision) of the said
Law, such acts shall be also deemed as acts in violation of Article 19 (prohibition of unfair trade
practices) of the said Law.
(2) In a decision against acts in violation as provided for in the preceding [Section] [clause
1 of Article 7], "the matters provided for by the first sentence of the said [subsection] [clause] may
be ordered.
(3) The Fair Trade Commission, in the event it has initiated hearing procedures against
acts in violation as provided for by [Section] [Clause] (1) of the preceding Article, or it has filed an
application under Article 67 (1) (immediate injunction) of [the Law (Relationship with] the Law
Concerning Prohibition of Private Monopoly and Maintenance of Fair Trade), shall not issue a cease
and desist order against the said acts.
Article 8 (Hearing Procedures, etc.)
(1) A person who complains about a cease and desist order may request the Fair Trade
Commission to initiate hearing procedures on the act involved in the said order, within thirty days
from the day on which the notification has been made under the provisions of Article 6 [(3)] [(2)] in
accordance with the [rules of the] Fair Trade Commission [Rules] [Rules].
(2) The Fair Trade Commission shall, in the event a request under the provisions of the
preceding clause has been made, initiate hearing procedures on the said act without delay. In this case
the provisions of [Section] [Article] 50 (4) (date of the first hearing proceeding) of the Law Concerning
Prohibition of Private Monopoly and Maintenance of Fair Trade shall not apply.
(3) Except in the case provided for by the preceding clause, the Fair Trade Commission
shall not, with respect to an act against which a cease and desist order has been issued, initiate hearing
procedures nor file an application as stipulated in [Section] [Clause] (3) of the preceding Article.
Note:
Clause 1"Rules of the Fair Trade Commission" = Sec. 2 of the Rules on Notification of Cease and Desist Order under the Provisions of
Sec. 6 (2) of the Law Against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations Request for Initiation of Hearing Procedures under
the Provisions of Sec. 8 (1) of the Law.
Article 9 (Effect, etc. of Cease and Desist Orders)
(1) A cease and desist order (except for the case in which a request was made in accordance
with Clause (1) of the preceding Article) shall be, after the period provided for in the said Clause has
elapsed, construed as the final [and conclusive] decision for the purpose of applying the provisions
of Article 26 (restriction on exercise of the right to claim for damages in court and prescription) and
Article 90 (iii) (penalties against violations of final [and conclusive] decision) of the Law Concerning
Prohibition of Private Monopoly and for maintenance of Fair Trade.
(2) In case a decision on an act, for which a request has been made under the provisions
of Clause (1) of the preceding Article, has been rendered (excluding a decision dismissing the said
request on account of its irregularity) the cease and desist order concerning the said act shall lose its
effect.
(3) The provisions of Article 64 (compulsory measures after decision) and Section 66 (2)
(cancellation or alteration of decisions) of the Law Concerning Prohibition of Private Monopoly and
Maintenance of Fair Trade shall apply mutatis mutandis to a cease and desist order.

Article 9-2 (Instruction by Prefectural Governors)
A prefectural governor may, where he finds existence of violation of either the restriction
or prohibition prescribed in the provisions of Article 3 (restriction [and] [or] prohibition of premiums)
orArticle4 (prohibitionofmisleadingrepresentations),instructthe[business][entrepreneur] concerned
to cease such violation, or to publicize the matters relating to the said effect.
Addition of this Article to the Law (law No. 44 of 1972)
Article 9-3 (Request for Measures to FTC)
(1) A prefectural governor may, in a case where the [business] [entrepreneur] concerned
does not comply with the instruction issued under the provisions of the preceding Article, or in cases
where a prefectural governor finds it necessary in order to put an end to any violation as prescribed
in the said Article, or to prevent the occurrence of such violation as prescribed inthe said Article,request
the Fair Trade Commission to take appropriate measures in accordance with the provisions of this Law.
(2) The Fair Trade Commission [shall] [should], when requested under the provisions of
the preceding Clause, notify the said prefectural governor of the measures which the Fair Trade
Commission has taken with respect to the said violation.
Article 9-4 (Collection of reports and inspection, etc.)
(1) A prefectural governor may, where he finds it necessary for an instruction under the
provision of Article 9-2 [instruction of prefectural governors] or a request under the provision of
[Subsection] [Clause] (1) of the preceding [Section] [Article], ask [an] [the] entrepreneur [concerned]
or other entrepreneurs who have business relationship with him to submit a report on the premiums
he offers or the representations he makes, or may have his staff enter offices or other places of business
of the entrepreneur concerned or [related] [other] entrepreneurs [who have business relationship with
him], inspectaccountingbooks,documents and othermatters, orask questionsof the personsconcerned.
(2) The staff who conduct an inspection or ask questions in accordance with the provision
of the preceding [Subsection] [Clause] shall carry their identificationcards and show them tothe persons
concerned.
(3) The authority under the provision of Subsection (1) shall not be construed as being
granted for the purposes of criminal investigation.
Article 9-5 (FTC's direction and supervision over prefectural governors)
The Fair Trade Commission may give directions or exercise supervision over prefectural
governors with regard to the matters under the provisions of this Law.
Addition of this Article Law (Law No. 44 of 1972))
Article 10 (Fair Competition Codes)
(1) [Businesses] [Entrepreneurs] or a trade association may, upon obtaining authorization
from the Fair Trade Commission in accordance with the Rules of the Fair Trade Commission, with

respect to matters relating to premiums or representations, conclude or establish an agreement or a
code, aiming at prevention of unjust inducement of customers and maintaining fair competition. The
same shall apply in the event alterations thereto are attempted.
(2) The Fair Trade Commission, unless it finds that an agreement or a code under the
preceding [Section] [Clause] (hereinafter referred to as ,fair competition code,,) meets each of the
following [paragraphs] [sections], shall not grant authorization under the preceding [Subsection] [Clause]:
(i) That it is appropriate to prevent unjust inducement of customers and to maintain fair
competition;
(ii) That it is not likely unreasonably to impede the interests of consumers in general or
the related [businesses] [entrepreneurs];
(iii) That it is not unjustly discriminatory; and
(iv) That it does not restrict unreasonably the participation in or withdrawal from the fair
competition code.
(3) The Fair Trade Commission, when it finds that the fair competition code as authorized
under [Subsection] [clause] (1) has ceased to meet each paragraph of the preceding [Subsection] [clause]
shall cancel the said authorization. [In this case, the provisions of Section 6 (2) (summary hearing
for cease and desist orders) shall apply mutatis mutandis.] [In this case, the provisions of Section 6
(2) (summary hearing for cease and desist orders) shall apply mutatis mutandis.]
(4) The Fair Trade Commission, in case it has taken a measure under the provisions of
Clause (1) or the preceding Clause, shall make the said measure public by a notification in accordance
with the Rules of the Fair Trade Commission.
(5) The provisions of Article 48 (recommendation, recommendation decision) and Article 49
(initiation of hearing procedures), Article 67 (1) (immediate injunction) and Article 73 [(prosecution)]
[accusation] of the Law Concerning Prohibition of Private Monopoly and Maintenance of Fair Trade
shall not be applied to the fair competition code that has been authorized under Section (1), and to
such acts of [businesses] [entrepreneurs] or a trade association as have been done in accordance therewith.
(6) Any person who complains about a measure taken by the Fair Trade Commission under
the provisions of [Section] [Clause] (1) or (3) may file an objection with the Fair Trade Commission
[in] [within] thirty days from the day on which the notification [has been made] under the provisions
of [Subsection] [clause] (4) [was issued] [was issued]. In this case the Fair Trade Commission shall
dismiss the said objection, or shall cancel or alter the said measure [through] [by a decision after taking]
hearing procedures.
Note:
Clause (1) and (4) "Rules of the Fair Trade Commission" = the Rules Concerning Application, etc. for Authorization of Fair Competition
Code under Provisions of Section 10 of the Act Against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations Partially amended by Law
No. 89 of 1993.
Article 11 (Exemption from the Administrative Complaint Review Law)
(1) With respect to a measure taken by the Fair Trade Commission in accordance with
the provisions of this Law, an appeal under the Administrative Complaint Review Law (Law No. 160
of 1962) shall not be made.

(2) A [law suit relating to a] request under the provision of Article 8(1) ([adjudgment]
[hearing] procedures) or a matter that a person may complain about [in accordance with Section] [under
clause] 6 of the preceding Article [only] may be brought [if not] [if not] against the decision.
Article 12 (Penalties)
(1) Any person who failed to submit a report or submitted a false report, or refused,
obstructed or evaded inspection, or failed to answer or made false answers to the questions, as provided
in Article 9-4 (1) (collection of reports, and on-site inspection, etc.) , shall be fined not more than
thirty thousand yen.
(2) [When] A representative of a [corporation or a representative of either a corporation
or an individual, employee or other operator, who violates] [juridical person, or an agent or any other
person in the service of such juridical person or of an individual has violated] the provision of the
preceding [section] [clause], with respect to the business of the said [corporation] [juridical person]
or said individual, [the said juridical person or said individual] shall be fined as provided for in the
preceding [section] [clause] in addition to the punishment of the offender.
Legislative history: Addition of this section (Law No. 44 of 1972)

2. APPENDIX TO TRANSLATION ISSUE 19:
Editorial: Fair Competition Codes, Sweet Fantasies and Illusions ought to be taboo, Shashin
Kogyo Junpo, 1 August 1987, (Japan Ex. D-71; US Ex. 87-8)
United States: original version [text in brackets]:
Japan: corrected version in italics
"... The second illusion is one which has arisen from the expectation that photosensitized materials
and development printing are [naturally] included with cameras under the codes. Judging from the
simple fact that [even though] the name of the codes itself-” Fair Competition Code Regarding
Representations in the camera category [and Related Products] Retailers’ Industry” - clearly refers
to the “ camera category [and related products] retailers, it should be self-evident whether or not [alone,
there seem to be the implication that] photosensitized materials and development printing can [might]
be included. Saying that“ [Thisisbecause] camerashopsalways[must] handle photosensitizedmaterials
and development printing as well” is just [goes the argument, and this leads to some] quibbling among
retailers. Legally, such an interpretation should not be allowed. “ In spite of that, Mr. Eiji Hashimoto,
Vice Chairman of the Board, has stirred up expectation by saying that this code naturally includes
photosensitized materials and development printing” Such criticism [The tragedy of this statement
itself] was even heard about from the standing board members of Zenren, but this [that fact] is rather
strange. After all, the codes have already been in working draft from for two years or more. They
have prepared the “ original bill” including the name, from an early stage and had carried out an
investigation concerning the details. It is a fact that Vice Chairman [Deputy Director] Hashimoto
repeated statements suggesting that [this query,] “ [Shouldn’ t] both photosensitized materials and
development printing are [naturally be] included.[ ? ]” to the general membership. However, wouldn’ t
it [ultimately] be the job of the executives - namely, the standing board of Zenren - to strictly check
in the process of the preparation of the codes whether or not these two areas are [can be] included
as expected ? Organizationally, Zenren and the Fair Trade Promotion Council (FTPC), previously
known as Suishinkyo [Kotorikyo] but now known as Kotorikyo [Suishinkyo]), which has been working
on the formulation of the codes but [the] job of code formulation [regulation], however, has involved
[involves] other Zenren executive in addition to Vice Chairman [Deputy Director] Hashimoto. Moreover,
even with Zenren Chairman [Director] Kimura’ s proud claims, “ These are codes which we retailers
created,” it would indeed be strange if Zenren executives (standing board), which have neglected even
to check whether or not photosensitized materials and development printing are included, were to blame
Vice Chairman [rely only upon Deputy Director] Hashimoto alone.
B. RESPONSES BY THE TRANSLATION EXPERTS
The Panel, in consultation with the parties, has appointed as translation experts:
- Professor Michael Young (Centre for Japanese Legal Studies, Columbia University
School of Law, New York, USA); and
- Professor Zentaro Kitagawa (Kyoto Comparative Law Centre, Kyoto, Japan).
The "Procedures for the Resolution of Possible Translation Issues" are discussed in Part I on
The responses by the two experts to the translation issues raised by the parties are contained
in the following table (pages 493-526 infra).

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
1
The word taisaku can be variously translated as “ measure,” “ countermeasure,” “ counterplan,”
“ countermove,” etc., depending on the context.
For the reasons explained below "taisaku"' should be translated
as "measure."
The Japanese government is quite correct in pointing out that when the taisaku is designed to further some
affirmative goal, such as the acceleration of the provision of electrical power, “ measure” is probably the most
appropriate translation. The same is true when referring to something like “ energy conservation measures.”
"Taisaku" can mean "countermeasure," however, because
"taisaku" has no direct English language equivalent, translation
requires consideration of the circumstances. In light of the
context here, it is awkward to translate "taisaku" as
"countermeasure" because the subject "policy" consists of
promoting positive goals of rationalization and market
development.
At the same time, when the taisaku is taken in response to something that might either be undesirable in
and of itself or might create undesirable effects, then the translation “ countermeasure” is probably most
appropriate. For example, the Japanese Federation of Bar Associations set up a committee to study and
recommend responses to the desire of foreign attorneys to practice in Japan. This committee, a Taisakui’ inkai,
was often translated as a “ Countermeasures Committee.” Taisaku taken in the context of the appreciation of
the yen or inflation might also well be translated as “ countermeasures.”
In different contexts one may appropriately translate "taisaku"
as "countermeasure." For example, Japanese speakers may use
"taisaku" in expressions such as earthquake countermeasures
(jishin taisaku) or pollution countermeasures (kougai taisaku). In
the latter cases, "taisaku" connotes a policy "against" something
undesirable, or to be contained, such as the ill effects of
earthquakes and pollution.
Of course, to some extent, the appropriate translation may depend on the phraseology. For example, if one
is referring to “ anti-inflationary” taisaku, then the appropriate translation is probably “ measures,” as in “ anti-
inflationary measures.” If, on the other hand, one is referring to “ inflationary” taisaku, then the most
appropriate translation is “ inflationary countermeasure.”
In short, the critical question is whether the taisaku is designed, on the one hand, to advance some cause
or interest that is considered generally desirable or, on the other, to counter some unhappy societal or economic
developments. In the former case, “ measures” is probably the best translation. In the latter case,
“ countermeasures” is a perfectly appropriate translation.
Thus, in the instant case, the critical question is whether the “ liberalization” taisaku were taken to advance
the cause of liberalization or whether the taisaku were taken either to slow down or reverse the tendencies
towards liberalization or to counter the dislocations that might be occasioned by liberalization. In the former
case, “ measures” is the appropriate term; in the latter case, countermeasures might more accurate capture the
nuances of the term.
Without examining every document submitted by both parties, it is impossible to determine definitively
whether “ measures” or “ countermeasures” is the most accurate translation in this particular case. More
important than the precise word, however, is the specific content of these measures. That determines whether
they are measures to advance the liberalization and opening of a market or measures to slow down liberalization
or counter the dislocations that liberalization might occasion.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
2 I believe the GOJ has mischaracterized this particular issue as a translation problem, when, upon my reading
of both the USG and GOJ submissions, that does not appear to be the problem at all. Rather, it seems the
parties simply characterize the content of the MITI’ s First Interim Report differently. Or, put slightly differently,
the Parties appear to draw quite different conclusions from the report. The GOJ points to no specific instance
in Para. 125, fn 88, where the USG mistranslated something. Rather, the GOJ appears to disagree with the
conclusions the USG draws from the report. Allow me to be somewhat more specific.
For the reasons stated below, I am of the opinion that the U.S.
statement (i.e., "to limit competition in distribution in order to
create Stability and high prices....... ) does not accurately
describe the position of MITI as stated in the cited Japanese
language document.
Based on its reading of the Report, the USG characterizes the report as articulating the central principle
that will later underlie MITI’ s distribution policy, namely, “ the need to limit competition in distribution in order to
create stability and high prices for the benefit of domestic manufactures.” I do not read the USG Submission
as suggesting that its precise articulation of this “ central principle” is a direct quotation from the First Interim
Report or that it is anywhere quoting directly from the report for that precise conclusion. Rather, this appears
to be the conclusion the USG draws from its examination of the report. It supports that reading in that same
paragraph (p. 21, Para. 78), by offering specific points from the First Interim Report of MITI that the USG
believes supports the basic position offered in the first sentence of the paragraph. The USG might have even
embellished this point more by highlighting the extent to which the authors of the Report seem concerned about
goods being sold “ extremely cheaply” and the “ wide variety of prices [offered] within the same consumer area”
and the failure of all that to bring about rationalization (or perhaps even elicit rationalization efforts by
companies -- the Report is slightly ambiguous on this point). But, it does not appear that the USG is quoting
directly from the Report in the statement that the GOJ has highlighted.
The document does not mention any policy "to create stability
and high prices for the benefit of domestic manufacturers." The
term "limit competition" also does not appear in the document.
Instead, in the document MITI discusses conditions of
"appropriate competition" and focuses generally upon
rationalization" issues.
Although MITI indicates that vertical integration can result in the
establishment of distribution systems, MITI also recognized that
vertical integration was not necessarily the best way to
rationalize every market,
The GOJ, on the other hand, asserts that the report draws no connection between competitive conditions in
the distribution and manufacturing sector, but rather that it notes only that the “ establishment of appropriate
competition conditions would stimulate the modernization of distribution mechanisms” and that “ vertical
integration did not necessarily mean that distribution systems would be rationalized.” Of course, the GOJ does
not indicate what the Ministry believes to be “ appropriate” competitive conditions. But, again, it appears that
the GOJ is asserting what it believes is contained in the report, not disagreeing about a precise translation, at
least as I read it.
3 The USG has translated netto as “ network,” while the GOJ insists that the proper translation is “ net prices.”
In this instance, the GOJ is correct. In this particular context, the word netto most correctly refers to “ net
prices,” not “ network.” The word nettowaaku is sometimes used to refer to network, but not in this article.
This article uses other words to refer to the distribution structure (ryutsu kozo) or distribution network
(ryutsumo). Netto refers to net prices or net profits.
"Netto" is in Japanese business practices an abbreviation of the
English word "net prices."
Regarding the second point, as a technical matter, I believe the GOJ is correct in that the phrase quoted in
the USG Submission -- “” a limit to the expansion of sales channels seems to be appearing” (USG Submission, p.
58) -- refers specifically to the distribution industry for cameras. The context of the specific discussion of
“ expansion” in that paragraph is that of the increase in distribution outlets by camera manufacturers which are
opening their own stores. The very next sentence then notes that a “ limit to the expansion of sales channels
seems to be appearing,” thus technically referring to those sales channels that are opened by the manufacturers
of camera equipment and those sales channels that compete with such stores.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
3
(contd)
It is not entirely clear, however, that the author believes such sales channels are exclusively limited to
camera hardware or that they effect only the pricing patterns of camera equipment. In the remainder of the
paragraph, following the phrase in question, the author seems to focus on both cameras and film, thus
suggesting that such new outlets (and the concomitant limitation on the increase in such new outlets) also
effect the distribution structure for sales for film and other camera related products. Indeed, if anything, the
remainder of the paragraph focuses more on film than on cameras.
Thus, in sum, a strictly technical linguistic reading of the disputed sentence is that it refers to “ sales
channels” for cameras. At the same time, the author appears to assert that such sales channels also effect the
pattern of distribution and price structure for sales of film and related products. Thus, he may intend to
include film, etc., in comment about how limitations in the increase in sales channels are appearing.
4 The GOJ is certainly correct that the term keiretsuka can have a variety of meanings, depending on
context. It is most commonly used in two relatively distinct contexts. First and perhaps best known are the
groups of loosely affiliated companies that, for the most part, produce distinct products, but, nevertheless, are
connected by relatively small amounts of cross-ownership and a common, usually pre-war, history. The myriad
companies that bear the Mitsui, Mitsubishi or Sumitomo name are examples of this form of keiretsu. These
keiretsu are often the successors to the pre-war conglomerates or zaibatsu that were broken up after World
War II. However, unlike the pre-war zaibatsu or conglomerates, these companies are not held together by a
common holding company which holds large shares of stock in all of them. Rather, they are very loosely
affiliated with small amounts of cross-ownership and frequent structured arrangements whereby the Presidents
and other officers of the companies gather to network, exchange information and otherwise discuss matters of
common interest.
Items 4-6
For the following reasons, the Japanese submissions translation
of "keiretsuka" as "vertical integration" more accurately and
objectively conveys the meaning of "keiretsuka" in this context.
The second common usage of keiretsu is in reference to a group of companies that are largely in one chain
of production, including both up-stream and down-stream producers. Often included in the keiretsu of auto
manufactures, for example, are up-stream parts producers and down-stream distributors, in addition, of course,
to the auto manufacturers themselves.
Items 4-6 (contd)
"Keiretsu" relationships might include horizontal and vertical
relationships. "Keiretsuka" means the establishment of such
inter-firm or intra-firm relationships. In this document
"keiretsuka" does not refer generally to establishment of such
relations, but specifically to the establishment of vertical
relationships or integration.
Therefore "vertical integration" is technically the better
translation. Also, vertical integration is more easily
understandable in an English language document. Outside of
Japan the word "keiretsu" may be misunderstood as it is often
used in contexts wherein it has negative implications. In the
Japanese language document at issue, however, "keiretsu"
simply objectively describes a specific structure or organization
of firm relationships in the Japanese economy, i.e. vertical
integration.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
4
(contd)
In normal course, one might be inclined to consider this second type of keiretsu as merely a form of “ vertical
integration” and, to some extent, it is certainly that. However, the companies may be related in a stock
ownership way in tighter or looser ways. In some cases, both the up-stream and down-stream companies are
largely or exclusively owned by the manufacturer. In other cases, only the down-stream or, on rarer occasions,
only the up-stream are wholly or largely owned subsidiaries and the other half of the production stream are
bound more by contract and expectation than stock ownership. In these cases, the non-wholly owned
subsidiary may still be bound to the main company by some degree of stock ownership, though generally far
less than necessary to exercise control. In still other cases, none of the companies may be wholly (or largely)
owned subsidiaries of the other. Rather, all are bound more by contract and mutual cooperative expectations,
along perhaps with a small amount of cross-ownership of stock, than by complete parent-subsidiary relationship.
I would also like to note that Item 159 ( at p.61 of The First
Submission of the Government of Japan) could be better
translated as: "Vertical integration of distribution channels does
not always mean, from the perspective of the national economy,
that vertical integration is the best way to rationalize each of
the distribution structures."
It appears that the various reports refer to this second kind of keiretsu. Thus, to an extent, the GOJ is
correct, in that the reports refer to a rationalization of the distribution system that takes the form of creating
more exclusive vertical relationships between manufacturers and distributors (at the wholesale or retail levels or,
perhaps, at both). On the other hand, the USG is also correct to an extent because referring to this merely as
“ vertical integration” may suggest perhaps a degree of parent-subsidiary relationship in terms of ownership and
control that is not necessarily inherent in the term keiretsu.
Accordingly, I think either term entirely appropriate. The term “ vertical integration” is acceptable, as long
as the Panel understands that the term “ vertical integration,” when used to refer to keiretsu, should not be
understood to mean precisely the kind of vertical integration of which we think when considering vertical
integration in most U.S. or Western European economic situations. That is, in this context, “ vertical integration”
does not necessarily mean wholly-owned subsidiaries or even a situation in which one party exercises
substantial control over the other through the exercise of corporate rights inherent in the ownership of certain
percentage of the other corporation’ s stock. It may mean that, of course, but, as described above, it may also
mean a much more flexible, loose relationship that may nevertheless be quite exclusive and function fully as an
unalterable sole distribution relationship.
Alternatively, “ keiretsu-nizing” or “ keiretsunization” is also entirely appropriate, as long as the Panel
understands the range of forms that such distribution cooperation might take, including everything from wholly-
owned parent-subsidiary relationships to loose affiliations, based perhaps on relatively small amounts of cross-
ownership (though not necessarily), that generate exclusive dealing relationships that are very stable and
relatively unalterable.
5 Having reviewed these materials in both English and Japanese, I refer the Panel to my discussion regarding Item
No. 4. I think that same analysis applies to this Item.
6 Having reviewed these materials in both English and Japanese, I refer the Panel to my discussion regarding
Item No. 4. I think that same analysis applies to this Item.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
7 Before I analyze this issue, I would like to note that the First Submission of the Government of Japan
seems to cite the wrong article for the relevant translation problem at issue. Footnote 145 states, “ The U.S.
translates a November 1, 1967, Nihon Shashin Kogyo Tsushin article as....” (emphasis added.) However, the
relevant section is not in the November 1, 1967 article cited as “ Ex. 67-14", but rather seems to be in the
December, 1967 (pp. 5-8) article from Zenren Tsuho, titled “ Let’ s All Have Cameras - Film, Printing Paper
Promotion of Trading Normalization Triggered by a Monochrome Photosensitive Materials Price Increase” (in the
“ Provisional” English translation).
1)
In my opinion, the better translation is: "...want to rationalize
distribution channels all the way to the retail level, .........".
In addition, the GOJ has not cited the precise footnote of the USG Submission in which the USG
supposedly cites either of the articles in question. Furthermore, the GOJ does not cite to any particular section
of the article(s) which may negate the USG’ s claim due to any translation errors. Nor does this claim by the
GOJ seem to raise a translation issue, at least in the conventional sense. Accordingly, I have not reviewed
the GOJ’ s claim that the article(s) in question do not support the USG claim.
2)
Exhibit 67-14 does not support the U.S. allegation that the
Government of Japan designed distribution policies to encourage
a single-brand distribution system. I find no mention of
government policy in this document. Exhibit 67-14 consists of a
neutral statement from the perspective of one having business
interests in the wholesaler industry. The author has apparently
assumed that manufacturers preferred a single brand distribution
system, or a distribution system with a few large distributors.
The author states that distributors need to focus on the issue of
how to successfully do business in such an environment rather
than on the issue of whether such a distribution system is good
or not.
Turning to the translation issue, the main question is what Fuji and Konika want; in other words, whether
Fuji and Konika want “ distribution” all the way to the retail level, as the USG suggests, or whether they want
“ to rationalize transactions,” as the GOJ urges. The original Japanese section does not make apparent the
object of the verb, seibi, so there is a need to look at the context of the sentence in order to understand which
meaning is implied.
Before addressing the main question of what the “ object” of the clause is, there is need to look at the verb
of the clause. The USG translation is phrased so that “ want” is the verb of the relevant clause, whereas, the
GOJ translation uses the verb, “ want to rationalize.” The verb in the original Japanese text is seibi shite ikitai,
which can be translated as, “ want to ‘ adjust’ or ‘ restructure.’” Since the USG and the GOJ do not seem to
argue about the translation of hanbai ru-to no seibi mo, the subtitle of this section, as “ restructuring of sales
channels as well” (emphasis added), it may be more consistent to use the translation, “ restructure” here, too.
So, what is it that Fuji and Konika want to restructure? I believe that the author of the article addresses
this question in the subtitle of the section: “ Restructuring of Sales Channels, as well,” or “ Also Restructuring
of Sales Channels.” I think this strongly suggests that the object of restructuring is “ sales channels,” which is
relatively close to the USG translation of “ distribution.”

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
7
(contd)
In addition, as a side issue, there is a question as to Fuji and Konika should be put in brackets or not. In
this case, since the subject of the clause is not directly stated, but can nevertheless be inferred from the first
part of the sentence, Fuji and Konika should be in brackets, as the USG suggests. Thus, the most appropriate
translation would be as follows:
“ [Fuji and Konika] want to restructure [sales channels] all the way to the retail level...”
8 I start by noting that the GOJ has slightly mischaracterized the nature of this issue by implying that the
phrase they cite from the USG Submission is, in its entirety, a “ translation of a journal article....” In fact, the
USG Submission directly cites from the translation only the second half of that sentence, “ the influx of foreign
capital may be checked by the application of the Antimonopoly Law.” The first half of the sentence in the USG
brief, starting with “ For instance,” is not in quotation marks and thus does not indicate that the USG is directly
quoting from the article. Moreover, the part of the sentence not in quotation marks differs slightly from the
provisional translation of the article provided by the USG, further supporting the view that the absence of
quotation marks around the first half of the sentence is not accidental, but rather that the USG intended to
quote only the second half of the sentence directly from the provisional translation. Accordingly, I will compare
not what the GOJ mistakenly characterizes as “ the U.S. translation” , but rather the Provisional translation
provided (presumably by the USG) and the GOJ translation contained in Footnote 152 on Page 67 of the GOJ
Submission. I do also note, by the way, that even regarding that part of the USG sentence that is contained
within the quotation marks is not drawn directly from the Provisional translation, but rather differs slightly. I
will note when such differences occur and their relevance.
I would translate the subject text as follows: "Assuming that the
trade usage of rebates, as one example, has been established
within the industry, excessive practices by foreign capital can be
checked by operation of the Antimonopoly Law."
The Provisional translation and the GOJ differ only very slightly with respect to the latter half of the
sentence that may be read “ ~foreign capital may be checked by the application of the Antimonopoly Law.” The
Provisional translation states that “ ~foreign capital could by checked” , while the GOJ translates that phrase as
“ ~foreign capital may be checked” . In light of the original Japanese, I think “ could” is the preferable translation.
However, since the USG does use the word “ may” in the text of its submission as an exact translation, it
appears that both the USG and the GOJ agree that “ may” is the most appropriate translation. Accordingly, I
will use “ may” for purposes of this analysis.
The USG and the GOJ do disagree on the translation of the phrase immediately preceding the above, the
Japanese original of which reads: gaishi no yukisugi. Or, more precisely, the parties seem to disagree whether
the object of yukisugi, which is translated as either “ influx” or “ excess,” is merely gaishi (“ foreign capital” ), as
the USG suggests, or something broader, such as “ the use of rebates,” as the GOJ suggests. (The Provisional
translation translates yukisugi as “ excess,” while the USG Submission uses the word “ influx.” As will be
indicated shortly in the text, the GOJ takes a somewhat different approach and thus does not directly dispute
the use of either of these words. “ Excess” seems a better translation to me, but since the USG uses “ influx”
in its formal Submission and the GOJ does not offer a different view, I will use the word “ influx,” rather than
“ excess.” )

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
8
(contd)
It is very difficult to resolve this issue because the original Japanese text is very vague and ambiguous.
With respect to earlier translation issues, the GOJ has constantly urged the Panel to not fill in missing phrases,
words or ideas from the surrounding text, but rather to translate strictly as a matter of word substitution, to
the extent possible. The contention seems to be based on the idea that when the USG fills in the missing
phrase or word by drawing inferences from the surrounding text, the inference is invariably favourable to the
U.S. case and undermines the GOJ’ s contentions. Taking that particular tack, the USG translation is probably
the more accurate, though it requires some refinement. If, on the other hand, we consider the surrounding
sentences, it becomes somewhat more difficult to be sure what the author had in mind. Let me examine this
sentence from each of those perspectives.
Let me start with a somewhat strict translation, based largely on word substitution. The first part of the
sentence, as contained in the Provisional translation, reads: “ For instance, rebates were planned so that if they
were to become common practice in the industry....” I believe a better translation would be: “ Even if we take
up rebates [for example], if they become common practice in the industry....” The particular Japanese phrase
in question is “ ~toriagete mite mo” and does not generally suggest, particularly in this context, that such rebates
“ were” adopted or even “ were planned,” but rather suggests that we will now take this issue up and examine it
for purposes of illustrating some point to the reader. In other words, the author appears to be examining, as an
illustrative example, what use might be made of the relevant law (or guidelines, as I will discuss shortly) in the
event rebates become common industry practice.
Regarding insertion of the phrase “ if they become common practice in the industry,” the GOJ assertion in
Footnote 152 might initially be read as a claim that this phrase is not found in the Japanese original. However,
the phrase is clearly found in the Japanese original and is correctly translated much as the USG translates it in
the Provision translation.
On the other hand, the GOJ might be asserting in Footnote 152 that the USG Submission claims that the
article stands for the proposition that “ rebates were adopted” and then goes on to give the reason for such
adoption, namely, “ so that once they become common practice in the industry, ‘ the influx of foreign capital may
be checked by the application of the Antimonopoly Law.’” In this regard, the GOJ may have a more legitimate
complaint. The sentence in dispute clearly references “ common practice in the industry,” but does so in a
conditional way, indicating that certain consequences would follow if rebates became a common industry
practice. In the original Japanese, the sentence in question does not indicate whether rebates had or would
become a common practice, but rather only examined the possibilities if they became a common industry
practice.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
8
(contd)
Turning now to the most controversial part of the sentence, whether the “ influx of foreign capital” may be
checked or “ the abnormal use of rebates by foreign capital” may be checked. Taking the approach generally
urged by the GOJ in other translation issues, a strict reading of the original Japanese suggests only that the
“ influx of foreign capital” may be checked. There is nothing else in the sentence like “ the abnormal use of
rebates.” The use of rebates is mentioned only in the context described above. Accordingly, taking this view,
the best translation would be: “ Even if we take up rebates [for example], if they become common practice in
the industry, the influx of foreign capital may be checked by the application of the Antimonopoly Law.” (As a
minor matter, not directly addressed in either the USG or GOJ claims, I would like to mention that the original
English translation of the August 1971 article of Zenren Tsuho might be slightly misleading regarding the very
last phrase of the sentence in question, which reads: “ ...the Antimonopoly Law, a measure that has been
devised and put in place.” The original Japanese text reads, toiu koto kara sakutei sareta mono nano dearu.
The USG translation might be read to suggest that it is the Antimonopoly Law which has been devised and put
in place. However, it seems apparent from the sentence immediately preceding that it is the guidelines that
have been devised and put in place, not the Antimonopoly Law.)
At the same time, using a slightly broader, contextual approach to translation, the result might be different.
In the context of this sentence and the paragraph within which it sits, it is not entirely clear that the author
meant this phrase -- “ influx of foreign capital” -- to be read so narrowly. Given that the context of the
sentence is the use of rebates and how wide spread they might become, it would not be unacceptable to
consider that the thing that might be checked by the Antimonopoly Law is the excessive use of rebates. The
principal question then becomes what gaishi means in this context. Normally, gaishi means foreign capital, but
it can occasionally be a short-hand term for foreign investors. Thus, this sentence could be read as follows:
“ Even if we take up rebates [for example], if they become common practice in the industry, foreign investors
going too far [in the use of rebates] may be checked by the application of the Antimonopoly Law.” Given that
the article is talking mainly about ways to prevent foreigners from coming into the Japanese market and
disrupting the settled distribution system by introducing competition within the industry, it is entirely possible to
consider that what is to be checked is not, technically speaking, the actual influx of foreign capital, but rather
the extensive use of rebates by the foreign investors. I am inclined to think this translation captures the
meaning of the Japanese.
I make two additional observations, however. First, I think the sentence is very ambiguous and, while I
lean to the latter interpretation, it is by no means certain. Second, the GOJ use the word “ abnormal” to
describe foreign capital’ s use of rebates. That is not a particular accurate or good translation and I have not
used it in the translation, but rather have used “ going too far.”
9 The dispute here seems to focus on the difference in interpretation of the object of progression: whether
Fuji Film’ s financial soundness has progressed or whether the soundness of transactions progressed. In this
case, the latter interpretation (that of the GOJ) is correct.
Neither (a) nor (b) is entirely correct. The original text states
that "soundness' has indeed progressed,". The term "financial"
does not appear in the text and the text does not further explain
the meaning of "soundness."

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
9
(contd)
The sentence at issue emphasizes the word kenzenka, which means “ soundness” or “ health,” by putting it
in quotation marks. Use of these quotation marks suggests that the author is using kenzenka in the same
context as before. Earlier in the article, in the first sentence of the third paragraph, the author first mentions
kenzenka by saying, “ ...Fuji Firumu ga kaishu oyobi soreni tomonau shukka kenzenka hoko ni ho wo
fumidashita....” (USG translation: “ ...Fuji Film started to try to improve its receivables and related shipments” ).
Here, the object of kenzenka is the receivables and related shipments. The author then goes on to explain how
Fuji Film went about improving the soundness of such transactions in the paragraphs, focusing in the paragraph
at issue on the period of payment for receivables. Immediately after describing the shortened time frame for
payment of receivables, the author concludes that because of these changes the “ soundness” (which is
zenkenka in brackets) has indeed progressed. In this context, the author is almost certainly referring to the
soundness of the receivables and related shipments. The GOJ has combined the improvements of receivables
and related shipments and called it “ transactions.”
The GOJ also contends that paragraph 119 of the USG Submission, in which the USG asserts that “ shortly
after the new transaction terms went into effect, Misuzu’ s financial situation deteriorated,” finds no support in
the Zenren Tsuho article cited in footnote 100, which is the June 1968 Zenren Tsuho article entitled
Relationship Between Major Photo Materials Wholesalers and Manufactures From the Standpoint of Industry’ s
Photo Materials [USG translation}. This article does discuss how businesses have reacted to Fuji Film’ s
tightening of credit and also how Fuji Film’ s assistance has helped some businesses’ , including apparently,
Misuzu’ s, financial situation to improve. At the same time, it does not state in any explicit way the existence
of a direct causal relationship between the new transaction terms and Misuzu’ s financial deterioration. One
might infer that at least some of these companies’ financial problems are related to Fuji’ s changing transactional
policies from certain assertions, such as the need for the tokuyakuten to undertake more stringent collection
procedures because of the change in Fuji’ s policies. In addition, the author mentions other changes that the
tokuyakuten must take in response to the general tightening of credit, perhaps implying that these changes are
necessary to avoid deterioration in their financial situation or to improve a deteriorating situation, but the author
no where explicitly states any casual connection.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
9
(contd)
At the same time, such a casual connection is implied much more strongly in the Zenren Tsuho article
cited in Fn 98 or Paragraph 115 of the USG Submission (Fuji Film’ s Result of Stricter Policy on Receivables,
Zenren Tsuho, march 1968, Ex. 68-2). This particular article does not explicitly state$ that Misuzu’ s financial
situation deteriorated shortly after the new transaction terms went into effect, but the author certainly seems
to imply that the new transaction terms adversely effected some of the tokuyakuten and other business. For
example, in the second full paragraph on p. 3 of this article (USG translation), the author notes: "As mentioned
in the previous section, in April 1966 Fuji Film made its payment terms for photosensitive materials tokuyakuten
more strict in an effort to normalize their business relationships. These moves were stepped up in April of last
year." The paragraph goes on to note steps Fuji Film took to help businesses that “ could not handle the tighter
payment deadlines.” Then, the very next paragraph starts out: “ Some tokuyakuten naturally could not keep up
with the pace of such a payment cycle. Businesses that were faced with mounting troubles, just as Chuo
Photo was (even if this was not what Fuji intended), thus found themselves in dire straits.” Thus, the author
clearly describes a causal connection between the tightening of payment terms and a deterioration in the
financial condition of some of the businesses. He does not mention Misuzu specifically in that paragraph, but
that Misuzu might well be included in that group can be inferred by statements the author makes earlier in the
article. Specifically, in the last paragraph of p. 2 of the article (USG translation), the author states that Fuji
and Konica are “ burdened with some of the tokuyakuten that have a significant number of problems.” He then
goes on to note that “ [i]n Fuji’ s case, these used to include Omiya and Ueda, and now Shikijima and Misuzu,
who are considered to have been able to continue their [business] activities until now due to special support
from the manufacturer....” Thus, it is certainly possible to infer that from the way in which the author has
described the general cause of problems in these businesses and the author’ s specific use of Misuzu as an
example of a troubled business that Misuzu’ s financial deterioration is casually related to Fuji Film’ s stricter
policy on receivables. It is not an absolutely necessary inference, but it certainly seems a legitimate one.
10 The article in question discusses the low rate of return of four distributors, noting that they have low rates of
return despite unprecedented low interest rates and, resultingly, reductions in interest payments. The article
does note that security money (or, in the case of Misuzu, long-term deposits) deposited with the manufacturer
earns slightly better interest rate than the commercial rate. However, that is the only direct reference to any
relationship with the manufacturer or any effect the manufacturer might have on the profitability or operations
of the distributors.
The correct answer is Japan's translation.
11 Strictly speaking, this does not appear to be a translation issue, at least in the conventional sense.
However, let me address it to the extent possible, while also noting a certain limitation on my ability to address
it.
This presents an issue of statutory interpretation rather than
translation.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
11
(contd)
[[On its face, the Large Scale Retail Store Law does not impose a requirement of an examination of a new
store “ based upon mathematical formulas for comparing the Commercial Population and large scale retail store
Occupation Rate of one city with similar cities” (USG Submission, p. 68, Fn 190). Rather, it requires the
relevant authorities to: "...determine the probability that retail business operations at the Type-I or Type-II
large-scale retail store in question will impose considerable effects on the business of small and medium-sized
retailers in the vicinity...." (Article 7(1), Large Scale Retail Store Law, Ex. 74-4 [USG translation]). At the same
time, in making this determination, the relevant authorities are instructed to take “ into consideration factors
within the vicinity of the Type-I or Type-II large-scale retail store in question....” (Ibid.) Such factors include
“ the scale and trends of the prefectural population, prospect for the modernization of small and medium-sized
retailers, and the proximity and current business activities of other large-scale retail stores.” (Ibid.)
This would certainly permit the relevant authorities to compare the size of the current consuming public
(and trends in the growth rate of that public) with the size of the current commercial distribution and the size
of commercial distribution in the event a large-scale retail store is permitted to open. Moreover, since this list
of factors that might be considered is, as a legal matter, illustrative and not exhaustive, there is nothing to
prevent the authorities from comparing the consuming population and the occupation rate of the target city with
that of similar cities around Japan. Thus, it is clear that such a comparison as that described by the USG in
Fn 190 is permitted under the Law.
Even at that, however, it important to note that there is nothing on the face of the Law that would seem
to make such a comparison dispositive. Rather, the statutorily mandated determination is the “ probability that
retail business operations at the ...large-scale retail store ...will impose considerable effects on the business of
small and medium-sized retailers in the vicinity....” The comparison described by the USG in Fn 190 may be
relevant to that determination and certainly may be considered. But, at the same time, other factors may also
be considered and, under the statutory scheme, it appears that the Diet anticipated that other factors would be
considered. Thus, at a minimum, one can say that on the face of the statute the comparison described by the
USG is certainly permitted. At the same time, it does not appear that the Diet anticipated that that comparison
would be the only relevant factor. Nor does it appear from the face of the statute that the Diet anticipated
that that comparison would be dispositive in and of itself. Still, this does not mean that such a comparison is
not made. Nor does it mean that the use of such a comparison, even if not dispositive and even if not used
exclusively, would not, as a matter of general practice, have an effect similar to that described by the USG in
its Submission.
It is impossible to reach any definitive conclusion on this last matter, however, based solely on an
examination of the statute. The USG has cited a particular decision which it implies supports its conclusion,
namely, “ Large Store Council Decision, ‘ Investigatory Procedures for the Adjustment of the business Activity of
Large Scale Retail Stores,’ November 14, 1991, Ex. 91-4” [cited in USG Submission, p. 68, Fn 190]. That
may support the USG conclusion, but, from the face of the statute alone, it is not possible to reach any
definitive conclusion on this point.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
12 The first half of the GOJ complaint about the USG citation -- the degree to which the surveys cited
represent current conditions in Japan -- is hardly a translation issue. Both the USG and the GOJ seem to agree
that the MA survey is dated 1995. Moreover, the USG also makes clear in both text and footnote that the
JFTC citation is dated 1995. Accordingly, there does not appear to be any disagreement about when the
surveys were conducted.
Please note that the First U.S. Submission, at para. 218
mistakenly cites the JFTC Council study report at page 23. The
correct page is page 25.
It is not appropriate for me as interpretation expert to comment
on whether or not the MA survey and JFTC study report are not
representative of current conditions.
The second half of the GOJ complaint about the USG citation -- that the USG “ erroneously translates the
JFTC ad hoc study group report, suggesting the report confirmed that many excessive local regulations exist,
resulting in a significant burden on store openers” -- is couched in terms of a complaint about the accuracy of
translation. However, at least in the materials provided to me, the GOJ does not point to any specific
dispositive translation errors.
The U.S. First Submission erroneously cites the JFTC study
report. The U.S. First Submission, paragraph 218, states:
It appears that the parties disagree about what conclusions should be drawn from the survey, rather than
about the accuracy of the translation of the survey.
"It [The JFTC Council] concluded that:
[T]hese excessive regulations and non-transparent administrative
guidance on the part of local government bodies and public
entities make those planning to open stores continue to bear
unreasonable burdens in the form of demands requiring very
intricate store opening plans to be submitted and other similar
demands. 269" [Hereinafter I refer to the above conclusion as
In the original Japanese language text the JFTC Council report
only refers to an existing opinion that local regulations are
excessive. The JFTC does not conclude therein that such
regulations are excessive.
1) "P", as cited by the U.S. Submission, is not the conclusion
of the JFTC Council report. The report only quotes "P," without
identifying its source. On the same page of the report, the JFTC
Council states "Despite such measures of MITI'S, as "P" is in
part being pointed out, it is presumed that some such regulations
of their own still remain." (The words "their own" refer to the
local government bodies, etc.)

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
12
(contd)
2) On the same page 25, the JFTC Council report concludes:
"Some such local regulations of their own, which exceed the
framework of the Large Scale Retail Store Law by controlling the
opening of large retail stores, lead to interrupt competition
among retail stores and to limit customer's freedom to choose.
Therefore, such regulations should not be exercised from the
standpoint of competition policy."
13 Strictly speaking, this is not a problem of translation, but rather of what conclusions are most appropriately
drawn from the materials in question. The USG has stated in Paragraph 202 of its First Submission that the
MITI circular “ obliged the notifier to ...obtain the consent of local retailers before submitting Article 3
Notification.” The GOJ, on the other hand, has argued that it could “ not find any phrase to that effect in the
Circular.” However, the USG statement is not placed within quotation marks and does not appear to be a
translation at all, but rather appears to be the conclusion the USG draws from the MITI Circular. The USG is
drawing its conclusions and has stated that conclusion in paragraph 202.
The better answer is Japan's translation
Turning to that conclusion, the most relevant section of the text states, in Japanese: todokede mae ni
shuttenyoteichi no shichoson nado e shuttenkeikaku no naiyo ni tsuite setsumei o okonauyo shido saretai. The
main verb, setsumei, is usually translated as “ inform” or “ explain.” Thus, technically read, it appears that the
Circular actually guides the notifier to “ inform” the local retailers or “ explain” to the local retailers before
submitting its Article 3 Notification, rather than requiring them to “ obtain the consent of the local retailers....”
At the same time, it is not uncommon under Japanese administrative practice for the parties involved to
understand that the giving of an “ explanation” also, to some extent, may entail the obtaining of consent from
the parties to whom the explanation is given or, at a minimum, that any reasonable objection of the parties to
whom the explanation is given should be accommodated to the extent possible. There is nothing in the Circular
that directly states this, however, and the only explicit guidance given in the Circular is to give an explanation
or to inform the local retailers.
The discussion surrounding Item No. 14 also analyzes this issue in more depth. Please refer to that as
well.
14 As a general matter, jimoto is translated as “ local” and setsumei is translated as “ explanation” . The USG
has combined the two translations. In a casual context, “ local explanation” would not be inaccurate. However,
in this context, jimotosetsumei is used as a legal term within the circular of the Ministry of International Trade
and Industry. In other words, the circular is not using the term in its general meaning, but instead, has injected
a specific meaning. Jimotosetsumei instructs the shuttenyoteisha (=store opener) to explain the contents of its
store opening plan before the municipal government, the chamber of commerce and industry, or industry and
commerce association, small and medium-sized retailers, and consumers in the area.
The US translation is literal, however, Japan's translation is the
more descriptive of the two.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
14
(contd)
The USG translation as “ local explanation” seems to connote a nuance that is slightly different from the
context that it is used in here. Local explanation usually refers to an explanation made by the local people or
to the local people (probably by a government entity). In this case, it is not the local people that are giving the
explanation or a government entity giving an explanation to the local people, but rather the parties filing
notifications for Type-I large-scale retail stores that are subject to hold a jimotosetsumei.
The GOJ urges that “ public briefing” is the correct translation. The term “ public briefing” in English
connotes the inference that the state or other public entity is briefing the public people. It is important to
note here that the store opener may not be a public entity. Furthermore, the briefing is addressed not only to
the consumers, but also to the municipal government and the other entities listed above.
I believe that it is not so important to determine whether the accurate translation of jimotosetsumei is
“ local explanation” or “ public briefing” , as it is to understand how the word is used in the circular. As long as
the meaning of the term is clear, either translation may be fit.
15 The corrections made by the Japanese Government to the U.S.
reference as well as to the U.S. insertion of [on the Councils]
are correct.
16 I reviewed the marked sections of the translation of the "Law
Against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations."
My opinions below are limited to address only those issues
indicated in the marked document sent to me. I make no
comment herein as to the general integrity of the translation.
Throughout the translation at issue the word "hearing
procedures" is used. For example, see Articles 6, 7, 8, 10, 11
etc. To be consistent "adjudicative procedures" should be used
throughout this translation.
Article 2,
Clause 1
Premiums
Law
1. Buppin:
The dictionary translation is “ an article,” “ goods,” or “ commodities.” I do not think there is a major difference
in this case as to whether one uses the word “ article,” as the GOJ suggests, or “ goods,” as translated by the
USG. Either would be acceptable as long as one term is used throughout for the sake of consistency.
I note, by the way, that the word “ commodity” is used in the same paragraph for the Japanese word shohin, so
it would probably be best not to use that particular word as a translation of buppin.
Article 2: Clause 1:
The word "buhin" in Japanese should be translated as "article"
rather than "goods."

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
16
(contd)
2. Kuji no Hoho:
The literal dictionary translation of kuji is “ lottery.” The USG translates the phrase as “ prize competition
method,” whereas the GOJ would add the words “ lottery or” and thus have it read: “ lottery or prize competition
method.” Again, I doubt there is much difference between the two phrases and I see no problem with
translating it as: “ lottery or prize competition,” which would accommodate the GOJ translation and include the
USG translation.
Article 2: Clause 1:
The word "prize competition" should be translated as "lottery."
3. Jigyosha:
The USG translates this word as “ business,” in contrast to the GOJ’ s translation as “ entrepreneur.” To
understand fully this word’ s original meaning, I shall divide it into two parts. Jigyo means “ business,” and sha
is generally translated as person. When used in a legal context, sha is not restricted to natural persons, but
may include any juridical person (i.e., corporations) as well. In this particular case, however, I do not think
either “ business” or “ entrepreneur” fully captures the meaning because the law appears to intend to include both
businesses and entrepreneurs. In other words, if “ business” does not include the concept of the actual business
operations, as well as the entrepreneurs who run them, then it is too narrow. If the word “ entrepreneur” does
not encompass the business entity itself (and its related operational activities), then that is not adequately
expansive.
However, as long as one understands that the term includes both “ businesses” and “ entrepreneurs,” then I do
not think it matters which term one chooses.
This analysis applies any time jigyosha is used in this law.
Article 2: Clause 1:
The word "jigyosha" in Japanese should be translated throughout
as "entrepreneur."
Article 2:
Clause 2
4. Hyoji:
The term hyoji is used twice in Article 2(2). When first used, hyoji is translated as “ representations” and both
the USG and GOJ seem to agree on this translation.
The second translation of hyoji is at issue here. The USG continues to used the term “ representations” as its
translation of hyoji, while the GOJ now insists on the term “ description” as the most appropriate translation. I
do not think there is any need to distinguish the first use of hyoji from the second. Therefore, I recommend
using the term “ representation” for consistency reasons.
Article 2: Clause 2:
In the original Japanese version, the word "hyoji" or
"representation" appears twice - as it does in the literal
translation. The word "description" is too narrow; however,
"indication" may perhaps be substituted for "representation" in
the second line to avoid using "representation" twice.
Article 3 5. Sogaku:
The dictionary translation includes: “ total,” “ sum total,” and “ aggregate,” as just a few of this word’ s
translation. I do not think there is any significant difference in this case.
Article 3:
The difference between "aggregate" and "sum total" does not
appear to be material. The prior term is perhaps preferable as a
matter of style.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
16
(contd)
6. Jigyosha in taisuru keihinrui no teikyo ni kansuru jiko no Seigen and Kensho ni yoru keihinrui no
teikyo ni kansuru jiko no teikyo:
I cannot be positive from the original text, which does not seem to cite the FTC Notification number, but it
appears that perhaps the USG has reversed the first two citations. That is, jigyosha no..., the first notification
listed in the original Japanese text should correspond to the “ restriction on Premium Offers to Businesses,” the
second listing in the English translation. (N.B.: The USG has translated the word jigyosha here as “ businesses.” )
thus, it seems that the USG simply cited the two notifications in different order. Accordingly, I don not think
the “ Restrictions on Premium Offers to Businesses” should be deleted, but rather the order merely ought to be
reversed.
NOTE to Article 3 on Page 226 of Japan Ex D-1:
The corrections are right.
Article 4 7. 3 or 13:The GOJ seems to be correct in asserting that the article in question here is Article 3, not Article
13.
Article 4:
Although the parties did not raise the issue, I believe the most
appropriate translation of the heading is "Prohibition of Improper
Representations."
8. Ippan shohisha ni gonin sareru tame:
The first issue seems to be whether to translate ippan shohisha as “ general consumer,” as the USG asserts, or
“ consumers in general” as the GOJ states. I do not understand these two terms to be particularly different in
English. Accordingly, I believe either translation would be appropriate. In this case, since ippan, which is
usually translated as “ general,” is used to modify shohisha (“ consumer” ), then perhaps the term “ general
consumer” is technically most accurate and certainly adequately expresses the concept.
Please note that the phrase "ippan-shohisha" appears in
paragraph 3 of the Article 4 and in other places as well. It
could perhaps also be translated as "consumers in general,"
however, it is not apparent whether or not any material
difference exists between the phrase "general consumer" and
"consumers in general" in the present context. Further, "general
consumer" is the more literal translation.
The second issue is whether gonin sareru is better translated as “ shall lead...to believe,” as the USG urges, or
as “ will be misunderstood,” as the GOJ suggests. The word gonin is generally translated as “ misconceive” or
“ mistake,” and has a negative connotation. I believe that the GOJ’ s translation -- “ will be misunderstood” --
better captures that nuance and is perhaps the best translation. Therefore, I think the better translation is:
“ will be misunderstood by the general consumer to be...” One could also translate it as “ shall mislead the
general consumer to believe...”
Second, the appropriate translation of the text at issue in lines 3
and 4 is: "will be misunderstood by the general consumer."
9. Torihiki no Aitegata:
The USG translates this phrase as “ other transacting parties,” while the GOJ urges “ customer” as the correct
translation. I think neither is precisely correct. The more accurate translation is the “ other party in the
transaction.” The “ other party” may well be the “ customer,” but the original text does not directly so state.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
16
(contd)
10. Dainijo teigi moshikuwa senjyo daisango no kitei ni yoru shite moshikuwa daisanjyo (keihinrui no
seigen oyobi kinshi) no kite ni yoru seigen moshikuwa kinshi wo shi:
The issue here is the correct position of the conjunction “ or.” As underlined above, moshikuwa, which is
translated as “ or,” appears repeatedly in one sentence. The USG and the GOJ seem to disagree on whether the
FTC takes action “ to limit or prohibit under” all the article mentioned (which appears to be the USG view) or
whether the FTC takes action “ to limit or prohibit under” the provisions of Article 3 only (the GOJ view).
It appears that the GOJ is correct. “ To limit or prohibit under” modifies the provisions of Article 3 only, and
“ effect designation” modifies both “ Article 2 (definition) and Section 3 of the preceding Article.” Thus, the
correct translation is: “ To effect designation under the provisions of Article 2 (definition) or Section 3 of the
preceding Article, or to limit or prohibit under the provisions of Article 3. [emphasis added]
11. Section 3 or Section (iii):
As a minor point, there seems to be a disagreement on whether to write the number three as “ 3" or “ (iii).” I
do not think there is a major difference between the two possibilities, as long as the reader understands the
precise section to which the text is referring.
Article 5:
The Government of Japan has correctly translated this text as
"When the Fair Trade Commission takes action to effect a
designation under the provisions of Article 2 or Section (iii) of
the preceding Article, or to limit or prohibit under the provisions
of the preceding Article..."
12. Reference to Article 4 (Futo na hyoji no kinshi):
The USG translates this phrase as “ prohibition on misleading representations,” whereas the GOJ uses the word
“ of” in place of “ on.” Looking back to the translation of Article 4, the USG had translated the same phrase as
“ Prohibition of misleading representations.” Both the USG and the GOJ had agreed on the June 29, 1997
translation of this phrase previously. Thus, I recommend using “ prohibition of misleading representations” for
reasons of consistency.
Article 6:
Changes indicated by the Government of Japan are correct. [If
the references to the content of provisions are retained then the
word "misleading" in the fourth line should be "improper."]
13. Korera no jisshi ni kanren suru koji:
Kanren suru can be translated as “ be connected with” or “ be related to.” The USG translation -- “ making the
implementation of such measures public” -- seems to exclude the fact that the clause is referring to the
“ matters relating to” the implementation, as the original text (jisshi ni kanren suru) indicates. The GOJ
translation -- “ making the matters relating to the implementation of such measures public” -- is the better
translation in this instance.
14. Shinpan tetsuzuki:
Whether we should interpret this as “ hearing procedure, “ as the GOJ asserts, or “ adjudgment procedures,” as
the USG urges is less important than understanding precisely what a shinpan tetsuzuki is. In this case, the text
is referring to the quasi-judicial powers given to the Fair Trade Commission. During this process, the FTC
certainly conducts a hearing and may render some adjudgment.
The Government of Japan has suggested the word "hearing
procedures" in place of the word "adjudgment procedures." The
term in Japanese is "shinpan tetsuzuki". I would translate this
as "adjudicative procedure." A cease and desist order under the
Premium and Representation Act is intended to be an
administrative order. The entrepreneur affected by the order
may demand an "adjudicative procedure" ("shinpan tetsuzuki" in
the Japanese language) under Article 8. (Please see Kitagawa,
Doing Business in Japan, Vol. 5, Part 9, Paragraph 9.03[5]).

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
Article 7 15. Ko/Jyo/Go:
The issue is whether to translate ko as “ section,” as the USG does, or as “ clause,” as the GOJ favours. The
GOJ seems to state that jyo is “ article,” ko is “ clause,” and go is “ section.” On the other hand, the USG does
not seem to differentiate so clearly among these three terms. Again, as with many other issues in this Item, I
do not think it is particularly important which translation is used, so long as there is consistency throughout.
The GOJ approach seems to provide adequate consistency (and I note there are places where even the USG
translates ko as “ clause). Thus, I suggest adopting the GOJ approach for purposes of consistency: ko =
“ clause” ; jyo = “ article” ; and go = “ section.”
Article 7:
Changes suggested by the Government of Japan are acceptable.
Also, the reference to "Article 8 (1)" in line 5 should be "Article
8, clause 1, section 5" not "Article 8(1)."
16. Shitekidokusen no kinshi oyobi kosei torihiki no kakuho ni kansuru horitsu:
The more common translation of this law is: “ in the Law Concerning Prohibition of Private Monopoly and
Maintenance of Fair Trade,” as suggested by the GOJ.
17. Doho daihassho dainisetsu:
The better translation is: “ Division 2 (procedures) of Chapter VII.
18. Zenjo dai ikko:
Using the terms mentioned in # 15, supra, I believe the best translation here is “ clause 1 of the preceding
article,” as suggested by the GOJ, rather than “ in the preceding section,” as the USG urges.
19. Doko:
As noted in # 15, for coherency reasons, I propose use of the GOJ translation: “ said clause.”
20. Zenjyo dai ikko:
The best translation is: “ Clause 1 of the preceding Article.” (Please refer to # 18, supra.)
21. Shitekidokusen no kinshi oyobi kosei torihiki no kakuho ni kansuru horitsu:
Please refer to # 16, supra.
Article 8 22. Dairokujo dainiko: The correct reference is “ Article 6(2), as the GOJ urges.
23. Koseitorihiki i’ inkai kisoku:
I cannot see any practical or linguistically significant difference between “ Fair Trade Commission Rules” and
“ the Rules of the Fair Trade Commission.” Accordingly, either translation seems fine.
Article 8
The difference between the phrase "Fair Trade Commission
Rules" and the "Rules of the Fair Trade Commission" for the
phrase "kousei torihiki iinkai kisoku" does not seem material as
long as it is used consistently throughout the translation.
24. Daigojyujo daijonko:
As noted in # 15, for the sake of consistency, I recommend the GOJ translation: “ Article 50(4).”

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
16
(contd)
25. Sanko:
For reasons of consistency, I recommend the GOJ translation of “ Clause (3).” (Please see # 18, supra.)
In (2) The word "Section" should be "Article." In (3) "Section"
should be "clause."
Article 9-1 26. kakutei shita shinketsu:
In a legal context, kakutei is often translated as “ final,” as suggested by the USG, or “ irrevocable,” and
occasionally as “ final and conclusive,” as urged by the GOJ, as well. Since addition of the words “ and
conclusive” seems to satisfy the lawyer’ s penchant for verbosity more than for precision, I doubt it matters very
much in this context whether “ and conclusive” is added. At the same time, precisely because it does not seem
to add to, or change the meaning very much, it can be added to the phrase without harm to the meaning.
Article 9-1
In Section (1) the Japanese language the word at issue is
"kakutei shita hanketsu." The correct translation should be "final
and binding."
27. Kakutei shita shinketsu: Please see # 26, above.
Article 9-2 28. Oyobi:
The dictionary translation of oyobi is usually “ and.” At the same time, in the legal context, when oyobi is used,
it usually indicates that something may fall under, or be controlled by either or both the categories joined
together by the word oyobi. The linguistic accommodation of that concept in English is sometimes “ and/or,”
which is not a bad translation of the true meaning of oyobi in the phrase in question.
Article 9-2:
The changes indicated by the Government of Japan are
acceptable.
29. Jigyosha: Please see # 3, supra.
Article 9-3 30. Jigyosha: Please see # 3, supra. Article 9-3:
Again, the change to Section 1 is correct.
31. Suru mono to suru:
This phrase is probably best translated as “ should,” as the GOJ suggests, rather than “ shall,” as urged by the
USG. Normally, the language of requirement, command or obligation in Japanese law is shinakeraba naranai or
some variation of that grammatical form, which would be translated as “ shall.” When urging or recommending,
the form ...mono to suru is more commonly used. Since this form is used in this sentence, the GOJ translation
of “ should” is preferable
With respect to Section (2) the word "should" is not the literal
translation. The appropriate translation here should be "The Fair
Trade Commission, when requested notifies the said prefectural
governor
Article 9-4 34. Ikko:
For consistency’ s sake, I recommend “ Clause (1),” as the GOJ suggests, rather than “ Subsection (1),” as the
USG translates it. See # 15, supra.
Article 9-4:
The suggestions of the Government of Japan are correct with
the following exception.
35. Zenjyo:
I recommend this be translated as “ the preceding Article,” as the GOJ suggests, rather than “ the preceding
Section,” as urged by USG. See # 15, supra.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
16
(contd)
36. Togai Jigyosha:
The word togai is generally translated as “ the said” or “ the relevant.” Use of the word “ concerned,” as urged
by the GOJ is close enough.
37. Sono mono to sono jigyo ni kanshite kankei no aru jigyosha:
The GOJ urges first that the word “ other” be used, instead of “ related,” as the USG suggests. In point of fact,
the Japanese version does not use words that directly correspond to either “ other” or “ related.” At the same
time, it is clear that the entrepreneurs about which the law is speaking are not the “ concerned” or “ said”
entrepreneur, but rather the other entrepreneurs who have a relationship with the said entrepreneur or business.
Thus, insertion of the word “ other” seems appropriate, and, in all events, a better word to use than the word
“ related,” which is used by the USG. Accordingly, I recommend use of the word “ other” before entrepreneurs,
as suggested by the GOJ.
Delete the phrase "related entrepreneurs" from line 8 and insert
"of entrepreneurs having relations with such entrepreneurs."
38. Sono mono to sono jigyo ni kanshite kankei no aru jigyosha:
The GOJ has urged inclusion of the phrase “ who have business relationship with him” after “ entrepreneurs,”
while the USG has left that phrase out. Though this is a slightly awkward (and not entirely complete
translation of the phrase), the USG has nevertheless used precisely this translation to translate exactly the same
phrase earlier in the sentence. Thus, the GOJ suggestion that it also be included here, where the Japanese text
is identical, is entirely appropriate and should be accepted.
39. Zenko: For reasons discussed in # 15, supra, I recommend the GOJ translation of “ Clause,” rather
than the USG translation of “ Subsection.”
40. Daiikko: For reasons discussed in # 15, supra, I recommend the GOJ translation of “ Clause,” rather
than the USG translation of “ Subsection.”
Article 10 42. Jigyosha: Please see discussion relating to # 3, supra. Article 10:
Changes suggested by the Government of Japan are correct with
the following exceptions:

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
16
(contd)
43. Zenko: For the reasons discussed in # 15, supra, I recommend adoption of the GOJ translation of
“ the preceding Clause,” rather than the USG translation of “ the preceding Section.”
44. Kakugo: For the reasons discussed in # 15, supra, I recommend adoption of the GOJ translation of
“ each of the following sections,” rather than the USG translation of “ each of the following
paragraphs.”
45. Zenko: Please see # 42, supra.
46. Jigyosha: Please see discussion regarding # 3, supra.
47. Daiikko: For the reasons discussed in # 15, supra, I recommend adoption of the GOJ translation of
“ under Clause (1),” rather than the USG translation of “ under Subsection (1).”
48. Zenko: For the reasons discussed in # 15, supra, I recommend adoption of the GOJ translation of
“ the preceding Clause,” rather than the USG translation of “ the preceding Subsection.”
49. The phrase crossed out by the GOJ -- “ In this case, the provisions of Section 6(2) (summary hearing for
cease and desist orders) shall apply mutatis mutandis.” -- is not found in the original text of the law
provided.
Article 10-5 50. Kokuhatsu:
The word kokuhatsu is variously translated in the dictionary as “ prosecution,” as the USG urges, and as
“ accusation,” as the GOJ suggests, as well as “ indictment,” “ charge,” and even “ complaint.” In this particular
context, however, I believe the word “ accusation” best captures the meaning.
In Article 73 of the Anti-monopoly law, the FTC is required, upon the finding of evidence of a violation of that
law, to go to the Prosecutor General and perform a kokuhatsu. In this context, the FTC does not have actual
prosecutorial power, but rather that is vested in the procuracy. Accordingly, what the FTC is doing is making a
“ report” or filing a “ complaint” of a violation of the law. Thus, the word “ accusation” is probably more
accurate than “ prosecution,” which implies an action directly against the alleged malefactor.
1. Article 10, Clause (5).
With respect to the reference after Article 73 "(prosecution)",
Article 73 both refers to an accusation by the FTC and, in
clause 2, a prosecution by the public prosecutor. Therefore,
both the words "prosecution" and "accusation" could be inserted.
51. Daiikko: For reasons discussed in # 15, supra, I suggest the GOJ translation of “ Clause (1),” rather
than the USG translation of “ Section (1).”
52. Jigyosha: Please see discussion of # 3, supra.
Article 10-6 53. Daiikko: For reasons discussed in # 15, supra, I suggest the GOJ translation of “ Clause (1),” rather
than the USG translation of “ Section (1).”
Article 10, Clause (6).

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
16
(contd)
54. Inai ni: Use of the word “ within,” as the GOJ suggests, rather than “ in,” as translated by the USG,
probably conveys the meaning slightly more accurately.
Article 10, Clause (6)
Neither translation is precise. Delete the words between "in" on
line 3 and "issued" on line 5. Insert "within thirty days from the
day of a notification under the provisions of Clause (4).
55. Ga atta hi kara: The GOJ insertion of the phrase “ has been made” adds clarity and is entirely
consistent with the Japanese. It is appropriate and to be preferred.
56. Daiyonko: For reasons discussed in # 15, supra, I suggest the GOJ translation of “ Clause (4),” rather
than the USG translation of “ Subsection (4).”
57. Shinpan Tetsuzuki wo hete, Shinketsu wo motte:
In this context, the GOJ translation -- “ by a decision after taking” -- is to be preferred to
the USG translation of “ through.” (However, one might prefer the word “ conducting,” as opposed to
“ taking.” )
Article 11 58. Daihachijo daiikko no kitei ni yoru seikyu mata wa zenko dairokko no moshitate wo suru koto ga
dekiru jiko ni kansuru utae:
In this context, the phrase “ ...ni kansuru utae” is correctly translated as “ a lawsuit relating to” or “ a lawsuit
regarding...,” as the GOJ suggests. Moreover, as the GOJ suggests, this phrase modifies the request, etc., so
it is a lawsuit only that may be brought to challenge the decision.
Moreover, as the GOJ also suggests, at the end of the sentence, the better translation is “ may only be brought
against the decision,” rather than the USG translation of “ may be brought if not against the decision.”
Article 11: Clause (2)
The phrase "A lawsuit relating to" should be inserted. Again,
"adjudgment procedures" should be "adjudicative procedures" not
"hearing procedures." The word "only" should be inserted.
59. The GOJ translation of “ under Clause” is preferred over the USG translation of “ in accordingly with
Section.”
The change from "in accordance with" to "under" does not
appear material.
Article 12 60. In Article 12 (2), the GOJ translation is technically more accurate and I recommend it in all respects. Article 12:
Changes suggested by the Government of Japan are correct with
the exception that "individual" should be "person."
17 In this context, kamera-rui is probably most correctly translated as “ kinds of cameras” or “ types of
cameras.” It might also be translated as “ classification category of cameras,” which, I think, relatively closely
approximates the translation contained in the GOJ Submission, namely, “ camera category.”
The better explanation is Japan's translation.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
17
(contd)
As a general matter, when the suffix -rui is attached after a word in Japanese, it generally means “ kind” or
“ class” or, in the scientific sense, “ species” or “ genus.” Thus, in science, when the suffix -rui is attached to
some type of animal or insect, such as a frog or spider, it generally means the genus of frog or the genus of
spider. It would not generally include things “ related” to the frog or the spider, but rather only different kinds,
types or “ genus” of spiders.
In other situations, the word rui generally means “ of this kind” or “ of this type.” Thus, if you were
referring to records, the use of the word rui or the suffix -rui would generally mean records “ of this type” or
“ of this kind.” In customs classifications as well, the Japanese suffix -rui generally means types or kinds of
that particular product, not things related to that product.
18 I believe the most accurate translation of the disputed sentence is: “ ... the majority opinion was that it is
impossible to persuade members [of Zenren] whose main line of business is developing and printing [to
contribute] if [the code] only [applies to] hardware.”
The GOJ is correct that the author is reporting what a “ majority” of the people were expressing as their
opinion. (That is the part of the sentence in Japanese that reads as follows: to itta iken ga tasu atta.)
On the other hand, the critical phrase is Haado dake dewa, which, in the context of the paragraph and the
sentence itself is better translated as “ if,” rather than “ since,” “ [the code] only [applies to] hardware.” In
particular, the earlier sentences indicate that executives “ first” understood that the code would also include
photosensitive materials and developing and printing and that with that understanding, they were able to
persuade members of Zenren to contribute. The next sentence, as I have translated it above, then logically
follows. Indeed, the translation suggested by the GOJ would not logically follow. Within the sentence itself,
moreover, the construction dewa suggests “ if,” rather than “ since.” Dewa can sometimes mean “ since,” but its
much more common usage is “ if.”
My interpretation of the relevant text is as follows: The business
association, whose members are from the camera, film and
development printing business, is responsible for its Fair
Competition Code. Since the Code applies only to hardware,
debate arose in a meeting of this business association with
respect to contributions made by members whose main line of
business is photosensitized materials or development printing.
The meeting concluded by confirming that the scope of the Code
in the future should expand to photosensitized materials and
development printing.
19 1. “ naturally” : The literal translation would not include the word, “ naturally” . I believe the following translation to be accurate.
"The second illusion is one which has arisen from the
expectation that photosensitized materials and development
printing are also included in the camera category under the Code.
Judging from the simple fact that the title of the Code itself -
"Fair Competition Code Regarding Representations in the Camera
Category Retailers 'lndustry" - clearly reads the "Camera
Category Retailers," one should understand whether or not
photosensitized materials and development printing are to be
included.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
19
(contd)
2. “ Even though” : The literal translation would not include “ even though” . Nor does judging from the simple
fact that seem the best translation. Rather, the more accurate translation is: “ Even if you only look at....”
Saying that "[This is because] camera shops always handle
photosensitized materials and development printing as well" is
just quibbling among retailers. Legally, such an interpretation
should not be allowed. "Nevertheless, Mr. Eiji Hashimoto, Vice
Chairman of the Board, has stirred up expectation by saying that
this Code naturally includes photosensitized materials and
development printing."
3. “ Category” or “ and related products” : As I have analyzed before, “ kamera-rui” refers to “ kinds of cameras,”
or “ types of cameras.” Even further support for this proposition is found in the fact that if the USG
translation, “ and related products” is used, much of the discussion of the second illusion in this editorial
loses its meaning.
It is strange that the standing board members of Zenren blamed
him for such a statement. After all, the Code had already been
in working draft since two or more years ago. From an early
stage they had prepared the original draft, including the title, and
carried out an investigation concerning the details. It is true
that Vice Chairman, Mr. Hashimoto, repeated statements to the
general members "that both photosensitized materials and
development printing are naturally included."
4. “ it should be self-evident whether or not” or “ alone, there seem to be the implication that” : I believe a more
accurate translation is: “ it seems one should be able to tell whether or not” . This translation, while not
precisely that urged by the GOJ, is probably closer to the GOJ’ s translation than that of the USG. The
latter translation, that of the USG, suggests that the passage is implying that photosensitized materials and
development printing would be included, yet, in the original text, it does not talk about whether the
inclusion or exclusion is implied.
Wouldn't it be the job of the executives - namely, the standing
board of Zenren - to strictly check in the process of preparation
of the Code whether or not these two areas can be included as
assumed?
5. “ Can” or “ might” : In this case, “ can” would be the literal translation of the text, “ sare eruka douka.” Organizationally, Zenren and the Fair Trade Promotion Council
(FTPC, previously known as Suishinkyo, but currently as
Kotorikyo) has involved other Zenren executives in addition to the
Vice Chairman Hashimoto. Moreover, with Zenren Chairman,
Kimura's proud claims, "this is a Code which we retailers
created," it would indeed be strange if Zenren executives
(standing board), which neglected even to check whether or not
photosensitized materials and development printing are included,
were to blame Vice Chairman Hashimoto alone."
6. “ This is because” : I suggest that this phrase suggested by the USG be omitted although it really does not
seem to affect the content of the sentence. “ This is because” seems to suggest that the quote is referring
back to the material previously discussed by the author of the editorial. Since there are ellipses at the end
of quote, it is unclear what the retailers are referring to.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
19
(contd)
7. “ Camera” or “ camera” : Should the quote begin with “ camera” , then the word should be capitalized. If not,
the word should be in lower case.
8. “ always” or “ must” : The literal translation of “ kanarazu” is in question. The dictionary translation is
“ certainly” , “ surely” or “ always” . Thus, I suggest the translation, “ always” . “ Must” can also mean “ is
required to” and can connote different nuances not existing in the original text.
9. “ just” or “ goes the argument, and this leads to some” : I prefer the GOJ translation of “ just.” The original
text does not mention that “ this leads to some” , but rather seems only to refer to the fact that it is “ just
quibbling among retailers.”
10. “ In spite of that, Mr. Eiji Hashimoto, Vice Chairman of the Board, has stirred up expectation by saying that
this code naturally includes photosensitized materials and developing printing.” or “ Nevertheless, Deputy
Director Eiji Hashimoto, has stirred up expectations by his comment, ‘ Naturally, the code should include
photosensitized materials and development printing.’ ”
Issue 1: “ In spite of that” or “ nevertheless” : “ nimo kakawarazu” can be translated either way.
Issue 2: “ Vice Chairman of the Board” or “ Deputy Director” : Vice Chairman is probably slightly more
literal. Riji is often translated as Board and Mr. Hashimoto is second in command of the Riji. Accordingly,
Vice Chairman of the Board is perfectly adequate.
Issue 3: “ expectation” or “ expectations” : I believe the USG translation of “ expectations” is the more
appropriate translation because the retailers may have more than one expectation.
Issue 3: “ Naturally” : In this case, “ naturally” directly modifies “ includes” .
Issue 4: “ Includes” or “ should include” : “ Includes” is probably the better translation because the original
Japanese text says, “ fukumeta.”
Issue 5: Should Mr. Hashimoto’ s statements be in quotes or not? The original text uses quotation marks
when he speaks, so I would set off his remarks in quotation marks, as the USG has done.
Therefore, I consider the following the most appropriate translation on the disputed points:
"In spite of that (or Nevertheless), Mr. Eiji Hashimoto, Vice Chairman of the Board, has stirred up
expectations by saying, “ The code naturally includes photosensitized materials and developing printing.” "
Please note, by the way, Mr. Hashimoto seems to be making an assertion, rather than asking a question,
so a period, rather than a question mark, seems most appropriate.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
19
(contd)
11. “ such criticism” or “ the tragedy of this statement itself” : The GOJ and the USG have translated the phrase
~to iu hinan ga in different ways. The dictionary translation of hinan includes “ criticism” or “ blame.” In this
case, the GOJ has asserted that to iu means “ such.” I believe this is accurate since to iu refers directly to
the previous clause in quotations. Accordingly, “ such criticism” is an acceptable translation.
12. “ this” or “ that fact” : The dictionary translation of kore, the word in dispute, is “ this” or “ this one,” so I
suggest that the GOJ’ s translation -- “ this” -- be used in this instance.
13. “ Vice Chairman” or “ Deputy Director” : For the reasons discussed in No. (10), issue 2, I would use “ Vice
Chairman.”
14. “ statements suggest that” or “ this query” : The issue is how to translated kano hatsugen. Hatsugen is
usually translated in the dictionary as “ utterance,” speaking,” speech,” or “ observation.” Since Mr.
Hashimoto seems to be making a statement, at least in his original quotation, rather than asking a question,
the word “ query” does not seem entirely apt. At the same time, the particular grammatical structure
used in this case can suggest that “ questions like” or something to that effect. Accordingly, it could be
“ query” . I believe the preferable translation is “ statement,” however, as long as it is understood that
hatsugen refers to Mr. Hashimoto’ s earlier comments.
Furthermore, while kano can be translated as “ questions like,” as discussed above, in light of the nature of
Mr. Hashimoto’ s first declaration, I think “ statement” is the best translation and therefore the word kano
would imply in this case that Mr. Hashimoto is “ suggesting” the statements in question. Therefore,
“ statements suggest that” seems an appropriate translation.
15. “ Shouldn’ t both ...naturally be included?” or “ Both ...are included.” : As mentioned earlier, Mr. Hashimoto’ s
remarks appear to be affirmative statements, at least when originally made, and thus considering this a
statement, rather than a question, seems most appropriate. In that case, the text would not begin with
“ Shouldn’ t” and would not end with a question mark. As also discussed above, however, given the
grammatically form used, it could certainly be otherwise and one cannot categorically state that “ Shouldn’ t”
and the question mark are incorrect.
The second question is whether “ naturally” is in the sentence. The word in question is touzen and is
generally translated as “ justly,” “ properly,” or “ naturally.” Accordingly, the word “ naturally” should be
included as the USG suggests, and, I believe, the best translation is: “ Both ...naturally are included.”
16. “ ultimately” : The issue in this case appears to be the best meaning of the word hatashite. USG has
translated it as “ ultimately,” while the GOJ appears to have left it out altogether. The word does have
meaning and content. Accordingly, I would include it in the sentence. At the same time, I do not think
“ ultimately” is the best translation. Hatashite is often translated as “ After all” or “ As a matter of fact,” or
“ In reality.” I think any of those translations would be appropriate, especially the first two, rather than
“ ultimately.”

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
19
(contd)
17. “ in the process of the preparation of the codes” : The issue is how to translate sono katei de. The USG
does not seem to translate this phrase. Katei de should be translated as “ in the process of ~.”
It is more difficult to determine the precise matter to which sono is referring. The context surrounding this
phrase refers to the preparation of the codes, especially the eight sentence in the relevant paragraph
(Provisional translation, English). Accordingly, it seems that sono refers to the “ preparation of the codes,”
as the GOJ as asserted.
18. “ are” or “ can be” : The relevant Japanese text is dekiruka douka, which usually connotes a meaning of
possibility. Accordingly, I believe the USG translation of “ can be” is more correct in this instance.
19. “ which has been working on the formulation of the codes” or “ which is advocating the codes” : It is very
difficult to follow the precise disagreement the GOJ has with the USG on this point. I see two points of
major disagreement. First, the GOJ seems to have left out the phrase that refers to the two organizations
as being “ completely separate entities.” If that omission is intentional, then the USG translation is clearly
correct. The text specifically states that these two entities are “ completely” “ separate.”
The main point, however, seems to be the translation of kiyakuka wo susumete kita. By itself, this phrase
is probably susceptible to either of the proffered translations. As a general matter, I believe the most
comfortable translation of susumete kita is “ has proceeded with” . This is in large part because the
previous text (eighth sentence of the relevant paragraph of the Provisional translation of the USG) refers to
the process of the formulation of the code. Thus, I would suggest the following translation: “ which has
proceeded with the formulation of the codes” .
If the GOJ has other disagreements with the USG’ s translation, it must make those much clearer than it
has in its current Submission before I can offer any opinion.
20. “ has involved” or “ involves” : The relevant Japanese text reads kakawatte kita, a very in the perfect tense.
Thus, the GOJ translation is more accurate in this case.
21. “ executive” or “ members” : The word in question, yakuin, generally refers to someone in a position of
authority or responsibility. Thus, the term “ executive” or “ official” is probably a more accurate translation.
22. “ Vice Chairman” or “ Deputy Director” : Please refer to No. (10), issue 2.
23. “ Chairman” or “ Director” : For the same reasons I am inclined to use the word “ Vice Chairman,” when
referring to Mr. Hashimoto, I would use the word “ Chairman” here, though the difference is not particularly
great.
24. “ blame” or “ rely only upon” : The Japanese verb, semeru can be properly translated as “ blame.” It is
usually used in a negative context and generally does not mean to “ rely upon,” as suggested by the USG.
The correct translation is “ blame.”

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
20 The word teki-hatsu, as used in the instant context, is not a term of art in legal parlance. In dictionaries,
it is most commonly translated as “ exposure” or “ disclosure,” though sometimes it is also translated as
“ prosecution.” In casual conversations, it is commonly used in the context of “ exposing” the truth, “ revealing”
some crime or otherwise “ laying bare” the facts. At the same time, it is sometimes used, in a casual sense,
to refer to a prosecution or, more broadly, especially when attached to the word ihan [” illegality” ], to the entire
process of addressing a crime or an illegal act, covering everything from exposure of the crime or act to arrest
to prosecution and sometimes even punishment.
Neither "enforcement action" nor "discovery" seem entirely
appropriate.
I would translate "teki-hatsu" as "condemn or condemnation".
Thus, given that this statement was apparently made in the context of a presentation by a JFTC official to
a non-legal specialists audience, it is certainly possible that the audience would understand (and perhaps the
official even meant) the entire range of enforcement activities of the JFTC were now being relegated to the
Council.
At the same time, it is possible that the official had a somewhat narrower meaning in mind, a meaning
more in accord with the practices of the JFTC and extra-legal enforcement activities and mechanisms sometimes
used by the JFTC. In this context, the term begins to take on a somewhat more specific meaning. But, that
meaning is not precisely in accord with the usage urged by either the USG or the GOJ.
The GOJ urges use of the word “ discovery” as the correct translation. In a casual sense, that is not
necessarily an inaccurate translation of the word, when the word has its meaning of exposure or disclosure.
Revealing or exposing the facts is a form of “ discovery” in the broad, non-legalistic sense. At the same time,
the term “ discovery” in English is generally used in a somewhat more legalistic sense. In this more legalistic
sense, it generally means a relatively formal process whereby one party to a legal proceeding is able to secure
from the other party information relevant to the lawsuit or action filed or defended by the first party. When
contemplating “ discovery,” one generally thinks of a somewhat orderly, legalistic process whereby a party is
forced to disgorge a certain amount of information in the context of legal proceedings, but under various
protective legal colourings. While the word teki-hatsu is certainly associated with exposure or disclosure, it
generally does not mean disclosure in the technical legal sense described immediately above.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
20
(contd)
The USG suggests “ enforcement action” as the appropriate translation. Again, that might be relatively
close to what the JFTC official was suggesting. At the same time, that usage of the word also needs to be
qualified. The JFTC has formal legal enforcement powers and can bring a formal legal action against an
allegedly offending party. In these actions, the JFTC might seek various remedies, including orders to refrain
from taking the offending action, to pay a fine, or to take other remedial actions. In extreme cases, the JFTC
may even seek to impose criminal liability. As a general rule, these more formal legal proceedings are not called
teki-hatsu and thus use of the word “ enforcement action” to cover teki-hatsu may not be the most appropriate
translation. Moreover, it is not at all clear that the JFTC can commit to a non-governmental entity (or, most
probably, even to another government entity) the formal legal enforcement powers that have been relegated to it
by statute. Thus, the official was probably not suggesting that this private organization -- however much the
government did or did not participate in its creation -- should (or even could) be given the formal statutorily
mandated enforcement powers of the JFTC.
Nevertheless, there is some validity to the USG attempt to translate teki-hatsu as “ enforcement action” in
part because of the broad, general usage of this word described above, but, in much more important part,
because, on occasion, the JFTC uses the threat or the reality of exposure to encourage allegedly offending
parties to alter their behaviour to comply with the various competition policy laws and regulations. This form
of public exposure or public disclosure is used on some occasions by the JFTC and often with relatively good
effect. This kind of public disclosure or exposure is often called teki-hatsu, at least in common conversation,
and, while not a formal legal enforcement action, it is often a substitute for just such an action and done with
precisely the same intent, namely, to force, through embarrassment and public pressure, an allegedly offending
party to change its behaviour in a way that will bring it in compliance with Japanese competition laws,
regulations and policies.
While there is certainly some ambiguity in the statement of the JFTC official quoted in the article, it
appears that the activities he anticipates the relevant association to undertake are, at a minimum, the bringing
of such activities to the attention of the JFTC and, more likely, public disclosure or exposure of the activities of
non-complying companies. I believe this most accurately captures the meaning of what this JFTC official
probably meant when he used the term teki-hatsu.
21 The two principal issues in dispute between the GOJ and the USG on this particular point appears to be:
(1) whether it is the warning that is “ more severe,” as the USG translation suggests, or whether it is the
step of issuing the written warning that is “ more strict,” as the GOJ translation would have it; and,
(2) whether the best word to describe the warning or the step of issuing the warning is “ severe,” as the
USG has translated it, or “ strict,” as the GOJ has suggested in its translation.
I would translate this text as: "a more serious step of issuing
written warning."
Turning to the first issue, the most appropriate translation is “ more severely [or more strictly] warn by
means of a written warning.” The form in the sentence is clearly the adverbial form and thus “ more
strictly” or “ more severely” clearly modifies the action of issuing the warning.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
21
(contd)
Regarding the second issue, in major dictionaries the word in question -- kibishii -- is variously translated as
“ severe,” “ strict,” “ stern,” “ rigorous,” “ hard,” “ harsh,” “ stringent,” etc. In regard to a penalty, sometimes the
word “ Draconian” is also used. There is really no way to know whether the author, had he been perfectly
fluent in English, would have used “ severe” or “ strict.” It is probably sufficient to note that the word has a
connotation of being much more harsh, stringent or rigorous. Whether “ strict” or “ severe” is the precisely
proper analogue, no one has any way of knowing or saying with any certainty.
22 Let me first address three points that I believe are somewhat less important in this context and perhaps
not even seriously at issue in regard to this particular phrase. First, the USG uses the phrase “ dumping,” while
the GOJ uses the phrase “ unjustifiable low prices.” While that particular Japanese word can appropriately be
translated as “ unjustifiable low prices,” as the GOJ does, it is also fair to say that the description in the article
of the activities covered by the word certainly seems to be what we generally consider “ dumping” in U.S.
parlance. In all events, whether one calls it “ dumping” or “ unjustifiable low prices,” the point is essentially the
same. This word describes that set of pricing activities that the JFTC considers illegitimate and thus
appropriate targets of regulatory activity. Either word can be used as long as one understands it to mean the
illegitimate pricing activities described earlier in the article.
The sentence at issue is much more vague in the original
Japanese language than the U.S. translation would seem to
indicate. On the other hand, the translation by the Government
of Japan is not easily understandable. The misunderstanding
here arises from the fact that the meaning of the original
Japanese language sentence itself is vague. It is necessary to
construe what the author intends should be done from the text
and the context at hand. My comments are as follows.
Second, the USG uses the word “ loss-leader advertising,” while the GOJ describes such advertising with the
word “ bait advertising.” Again, there is not much to choose between these two translation. Nevertheless,
perhaps the USG translation is to be slightly preferred for the following reason. In considering the English
translation of this term, it is important to recall that the JFTC official did indicate that all such advertising was
automatically inappropriate. Rather, such advertising may be appropriate when quantities of the loss-leader item
are unlimited; or when amounts are limited and the advertisement clearly so specifies; or when customers can
purchase only limited amounts of the item and the advertisement clearly indicates that limit. These are very
rough examples and may require much more qualification in practice, but the main point is relatively simple:
some advertising of this type may not be a problem from the perspective of preventing anti-competitive
practices. To the extent the term “ bait advertising” carries the connotation in English that such advertising is
always unacceptable, then in this particular case it might be slightly misleading. The USG translation of “ loss-
leader advertising” is more useful because it does not inevitably carry a connotation of complete unacceptability
of the advertising practice in question.
First, it does not appear, as the U.S. First Submission indicates,
that the author could have intended to say that "rules" should
be developed. According to the article there are three options:
(1) rules; (2) operational standards to be used by the JFTC in
executing rules; and (3) business practices with respect to fair
competition. It is my understanding that the author refers to
business practices rather than rules. This interpretation is
supported by the fact that rules already exist with respect to
such practices. The author appears to take the opinion that the
JFTC should pile-up experience in actually confronting instances
of unjustifiable low prices and loss leader advertising. The
original text does not explain what this actually means in
concrete terms but appears to intend that the JFTC should deal
with concrete cases based upon experience in a step-by-step
approach.
Third, the USG starts the phrase with “ Nevertheless,” while the GOJ uses the term “ Also.” I would be
inclined to start the sentence with “ Also,” rather than “ Nevertheless,” because the sentence does not convey a
negative or disjunctive meaning, as the word “ Nevertheless” may convey. Moreover, “ nevertheless” is usually
translated as nimokakawarazu, and has a connotation of “ nevertheless” or “ notwithstanding,” while the
Japanese words used in this sentence convey the sense of “ Also” or “ and.”
Second, the U.S. Submission indicates "dumping and loss-leader
advertising" and Japan's Submission translates this as
"unjustifiable low prices and bait advertising." These items
belong to the category of "unfair business practices" found in
Chapter 1, Article 2, Section 9 and which are designated as
such by the JFTC in its General Designations

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
22
(contd)
The much more critical question raised by the GOJ, of course, involves whether the phrase in question
specifically mentions “ rules” or not. As a matter of precise language, the GOJ translation of the sentence in
question is undoubtedly more accurate and the GOJ is quite correct that the phrase in question nowhere uses
the word “ rules.”
As a matter of substantive law, concepts known in the U.S. as
"dumping and loss-leader advertising" do not necessarily overlap
with the concepts of "unjustifiable low prices and bait
advertising" as prescribed under Japanese law.
At the same time, the GOJ says that it is “ not clear even from the context” what should be piled up. On
that point, I think the context of the paragraph and the articles provides more guidance than the GOJ suggests.
The sixth and seventh full paragraphs of the article (USG translation) make clear that one must think about the
nature, purpose and effect of sales below cost to determine whether they are unjustifiable, whether they
undermine the competitive order by generating excessive competition and whether they should be “ subject to
regulation.” In fact, in the seventh paragraph, the author explicitly states: “ The question is what will be
determined as being dumping.” In the eighth paragraph, the author also states:
“ The question is how the standards for using [the Premiums Law] will turn out.” In the sentence immediately
preceding that one, moreover, the author notes that: “ ...the establishment of standards to use [the Premiums
Law] must be installed as quickly as possible.” All of these indicate that the principal inquiry is the precise
content of these various terms, or, in other words, the precise content of the rules or standards that will
govern this behaviour.
The last sentence of the eight paragraph (the paragraph immediately preceding paragraph the question) also
makes clear the necessity of developing the standards for use of the Premiums Law to address “ loss-leader
advertising.” The first sentence of paragraph nine then says that sales practices and competition must be
based on rules. The next sentence then mentions one set of standards or regulations for “ normalizing
transactions,” namely, those of the photo industry itself.
We then come to the sentence in question in which the JFTC official says that it is of vital importance or
imperative to build up one by one something regarding “ unjustifiable low prices” and “ loss-leader advertising.” It
takes very little imagination in this context to understand that he is referring to the development of standards
or examples of what kinds of prices are “ unjustifiably low” and what kinds of “ loss-leader advertising” is
inappropriate. The sentence is admittedly not a model of clarity, but it is very easy to infer that some sorts of
examples or standards regarding the practices under discussion need to be developed one by one.

II. Translation Problems pointed out in:
“ Written Responses to the Initial Questions by the Panel to Japan (17 April 1997)" and “ Written Responses to Additional Questions By the Panel to Japan (18 April
1997)"
Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
23 P. 6, Fn 1: re: Jishu-kisei
The issue is whether to translate jishu-kisei as “ self-regulating measures” as the USG asserts, or whether
“ self-regulation” is more appropriate as the GOJ states. Speaking generally, jishu-kisei can be translated either
way. “ Self-regulation” may be more appropriate when the surrounding context is referring to self-regulation as
a “ concept,” whereas, the translation, “ self-regulating measures” may be the better choice when the context
seems to talk about “ specific measures” of self-regulation.
[ITEM 1]
The better answer is Japan's translation.
24(1) The principal issues between the USG and the GOJ are the following:
(1) The object of what has been recognized: whether it is recognized that the Codes have been observed and
established as normal business practices, as the GOJ asserts, or whether it is recognized as having been
established in accordance with normal business practices, as the USG urges; and,
(2) Whether the phrase, baai ni wa is more accurately translated as “ but as long as” as the USG claims, or as
“ but when” as the GOJ suggests; and,
(3) Whether the phrase, toshite is more accurately translated as “ in accordance with” as
the USG claims or as “ as” as the GOJ suggests.
In all three cases, while alternate translations are also possible, if forced to choose between the USG and GOJ
translation, the GOJ translation is generally technically more accurate.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
24(1)
(contd)
(1) As to the first issue, the USG has asserted that, kiyaku no naiyo ga junshu sare (the first phrase in
the original Japanese text) stands independently, and that the word “ recognized” only modifies what has been
“ established” . The GOJ, on the other hand, argues that both “ observed” and “ established” are modified by
the word, “ recognized,” and thus the phrase in question should read: “ it is recognized that the Codes have been
observed and established as normal business practices.” In other words, the GOJ views “ recognized” as having
a distributive function so that it carries over to both phrases (e.g., “ observed” and “ established” ) seen in the
original Japanese text.
In this regard, I believe the GOJ is correct. The context of this sentence is a discussion of direct regulation by
the JFTC of those who do not participate in the Codes, so-called “ Outsiders.” In particular, the disputed
phrase explains when the JFTC will use the Code as a guide or reference point regarding application of the
law. Thus, naturally read, the “ but” clause refers to conditions that must prevail for the JFTC to use the
Code as a reference point when applying the law. Therefore, it is when the JFTC recognizes that both the
Codes have been both observed and established as normal business practices that “ the JFTC uses the Fair
Competition Codes as reference when it applies the law.”
(1) The correct translation should be
"but as long as the Codes are observed and recognized as
having been established as normal business practices".
(2) Regarding the second point, I believe that the correct translation is “ but when,” as the GOJ asserts,
or, in the alternative, “ but in case(s) where~.” The USG translation, “ but as long as” is not incorrect if the
context of the sentence seems to emphasize those parts of the sentence that follow the disputed phrase.
However, even in this context, usually, “ but as long as” would be the direct translation for ni kagiri; and, in
the circumstance of the instant case, “ but when” or “ but in the case(s) where~” seems to be the better choice.
(3) Lastly, toshite usually is translated as “ as,” “ for,” “ by way of,” or “ in the capacity of.” The USG
translation, “ in accordance with” is more commonly translated from the phrase, ~ni icchi shite or no touri ni.
In this case, it seems appropriate to use the GOJ translation of “ as.”
24(2) In this case, the key issue seems to be how to translate ~koto ni yotte. The original Japanese text seems
to use ~koto ni yotte to mean “ if” or “ by.” The USG translates this as “ by virtue of the fact that” or more like
“ because” . This seemingly suggests that the Code has already been established as normal practice in the
photographic industry and that the Code has been strictly obeyed (or observed). However, from the
surrounding text, it appears that the Code has not yet been obeyed (or observed) or established, and that it is
defining a new or somewhat different standard of conduct for the industry.
(2) This is a question of to whom this Code should apply.
I would translate this sentence as follows:
"If this Code is observed and is established as the normal
business practices of the photo industry, then the JFTC will
refer to this Code in applying the Premiums Law to
outsiders.

Item No. Michael Young Zentaro Kitagawa
24(2)
(contd)
At the same time, even the GOJ translation does not make entirely clear that it is through the process of
strict observance and establishment that the Code develops the characteristics that result in the JFTC’ s using
the Code as a reference point when applying the Premiums Law to outsiders. As long as one understands this
point, however, then the GOJ translation is adequate and probably slightly closer to the mark than the USG
translation. That is, the GOJ uses the word “ by,” and as long as one understands that use of that word in
this context implies that “ observing” and “ establishing” are two conditions which need to be met before the
JFTC applies the Premiums Law to outsiders, then use of the word “ by” is acceptable.
Another small issue is whether kore ga junshu sare should be translated as “ to be strictly obeyed,” as the
USG has asserted, or as “ being strictly observed” as the GOJ has claimed. First, the dictionary translation of
“ junshu” is “ obeyed” , “ observed” , or “ followed.” It does not make much difference which word one uses here,
but I may support “ observed” here for consistency reasons. (We had translated “ junshu” as “ observed” in Part
1 of this question.)
Second, on the more critical issue, I believe that kore ga junshu sare should be seen as an independent
phrase here, as the GOJ has interpreted it. The USG asserts that the “ Code has been established...to be
strictly obeyed.” This shows a causal relationship between “ established” and “ obeyed” . However, I believe
that the more appropriate relationship of the two verbs are that of conjunction, and the GOJ translation, “ by
being strictly observed and established as the normal practices of the photographic industry” adequately
expresses these two conditions. This is consistent with the discussion of the dispute phrase in Part 1 of this
particular Item, discussed above.
For the latter half of the sentence, I believe that the USG translation is more accurate because the USG
identifies “ who” is using the Code as reference, whereas, in the GOJ translation, the subject becomes clouded.
I believe the precise language of the sentence and the context in which it sits allows a fairly clearly
identification of the subject. The USG translation more accurately reflects this aspect of the sentence.
Thus, the best translation here would be:
“ The Code, by being strictly observed and established as the normal practices of the photographic industry,
will be used as reference by the JFTC when it applies the Premiums Law to outsiders.”