Document: WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R, WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R, WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R, WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R Page 820 10.400 In addition, the USITC appears to have dismissed this factor in its non-attribution analysis merely on the basis that "the cost advantage enjoyed by minimills existed throughout the period of investigation."  In the Panel's view, the fact that a factor existed throughout the period of investigation does not necessarily mean that it cannot play a role in causing serious injury.  Moreover, changing circumstances in a market may result in a number of factors, that previously seemed harmless, playing a significant role in causing serious injury. 10.401 In failing to adequately analyse this factor, th e Panel considers that the USITC failed to meet its obligation to establish explicitly, through a reasoned and adequate explanation, that the injury caused by this factor, together with other factors, was not attributed to increased imports. Legacy costs
Document codes: WT/DS248/R; WT/DS249/R; WT/DS251/R; WT/DS252/R; WT/DS253/R; WT/DS254/R; WT/DS258/R; WT/DS259/R
Complainant: EU
Respondent: U.S.
Third parties: Brazil, Canada, China, Taiwan, Cuba, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Venezuela
Dispute stage: Appellate Body
Agreements cited: Art. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9  SafeguardsArt. XIX:1  GATT 1994

10.400 In addition, the USITC appears to have dismissed this factor in its non-attribution analysis
merely on the basis that "the cost advantage enjoyed by minimills existed throughout the period of
investigation." In the Panel's view, the fact that a factor existed throughout the period of investigation
does not necessarily mean that it cannot play a role in causing serious injury. Moreover, changing
circumstances in a market may result in a number of factors, that previously seemed harmless, playing
a significant role in causing serious injury.
10.401 In failing to adequately analyse this factor, th e Panel considers that the USITC failed to meet
its obligation to establish explicitly, through a reasoned and adequate explanation, that the injury
caused by this factor, together with other factors, was not attributed to increased imports.
Legacy costs
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.402 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.3(b)(i) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.403 It seems to the Panel from the USITC's Report that the USITC considered that legacy costs
played a role in causing the injury that was being suffered by the domestic industry. To us, this is
apparent from the following comment made by the USITC: "The funding of legacy costs is a vexing
problem for the domestic industry, and evidence on the record indicates that legacy costs have
prevented needed consolidation within the domestic industry from taking place". 5334 We note in this
regard that this statement is made in the present tense, indicating that legacy costs are currently a
vexing problem and not only a problem of the past.
10.404 The Panel notes that the USITC did consider the effect on the market of legacy costs.
Specifically, in pages OVERVIEW 31 – OVERVIEW 35, the USITC describes pensions and other
post-employment benefits for steel company retirees. In Table OVERVIEW-9, the USITC sets out
post-employment benefit data of selected steelmakers for the fiscal years 1996 – 2000.
10.405 However, even though it effectively acknowledged the role played by legacy costs in causing
injury, the USITC appeared to dismiss this factor in its non-attribution analysis merely on the basis
that this factor existed prior to the period of investigation. In particular, the USITC stated that "the
issue of 'legacy costs' is not a new one to this industry".5335 In the Panel's view, that a factor pre-dated
the period of investigation does not necessarily mean that it cannot play a role in causing serious
injury during the period of investigation itself. Nor does the Panel consider that a reduction in the
level of legacy costs during the period of investigation will necessarily mean that such costs could not
and did not cause injury to the relevant domestic producers.
10.406 The Panel also notes that the USITC stated in its Report that "[t]he difficulties in meeting
these [legacy cost] obligations were recognized before the POI, and the domestic industry was able to
earn a reasonable rate of return in 1996 and 1997 despite these costs. Respondents have offered no
reason why the industry's longstanding problem would cause no injury in 1996 or 1997 but then begin
to depress prices and strangle revenue in 1998-2000. Legacy costs may have left certain members of
the domestic industry less able to compete with low-priced imports, but are not responsible for the

5334 See para. 10.382.
5335 See para. 10.382.
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low prices that have injured the industry." 5336 In our view, the foregoing amounts to an
acknowledgement that legacy costs compromised the competitive position of certain domestic
producers. However, this effect was dismissed on the basis of the rather cursory and unsubstantiated
assertion that "legacy costs are not responsible for the low prices that have injured the industry." The
Panel considers that given the apparent significan ce of legacy costs to the situation of the domestic
industry, it was incumbent upon the USITC to further examine this issue.
10.407 In failing to adequately analyse this factor, th e Panel considers that the USITC failed to meet
its obligation to establish explicitly, through a reasoned and adequate explanation, that the injury
caused by this factor, together with other factors, was not attributed to increased imports.
Conclusions
10.408 The Panel considers that, with respect to CCF RS, the USITC failed to comply with its non-
attribution obligation contained in the second sentence of Article 4.2(b). In particular, we consider
that the USITC failed to properly separate, distinguish and assess the nature and extent of the
injurious effects of factors other than increased imports that were causing injury to the relevant
domestic industry. This, to us, is clear from the fact that the USITC dismissed a number of factors
(namely, declining domestic demand, domestic capacity increases, intra-industry competition and
legacy costs) in its non-attribution analysis even though it acknowledged that those factors were
causing injury to the industry.
10.409 The Panel also recalls that the USITC disregarded the effect of increases in domestic capacity,
intra-industry competition and legacy costs because "they were not a cause of serious injury that was
equal to or greater than the injury caused by increased imports".
5337 The Panel considers that such an
approach is problematic if the cumulative effects of individual factors are not analysed or assessed in
cases where, individually, each of them are acknowledged to have caused some injury to the relevant
domestic industry. In the case of CCFRS, by discarding factors that individually caused injury to the
industry, we consider that the USITC failed to distinguish and assess the nature and extent of the
effects of these other factors taken together, as distinct from those injurious effects caused by
increased imports.
10.410 Therefore, the USITC failed to meet its obligation to establish explicitly, through a reasoned
and adequate explanation, that the injury caused by other factors, such as declines in demand,
domestic capacity increases, intra-industry competition and legacy costs, together with other factors,
was not attributed to increased imports of CCFRS.
(iii) Relevance of the product definition for CCFRS
10.411 The Panel would like to address some of the arguments made by the parties regarding the
product definition for CCFRS, particularly relating to the USITC's causation analysis.
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.412 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.3(b)(i) supra.

5336 USITC Report, Vol. I , p.64.
5337 See para. 10.382.
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Analysis by the Panel
10.413 The Panel notes that we are not, in this section, evaluating arguments made by complainants
that the USITC's grouping of the items of CCFRS is inconsistent with Article 2.1 because it violates
the obligation to identify a specific imported product. Nor is the Panel dealing here with the argument
that the USITC acted inconsistently with Articles 2.1 and 4.1(c) of the Agreement on Safeguards in its
definition of the domestic industry that produces products that are like CCFRS. The Panel will
confine its attention in this section to arguments made that the product defined as CCFRS was such
that it could not be subjected to the application of the causation requirements contained in
Article 4.2(b).
10.414 The Panel recalls the text of Article 4.2(b) of the Agreement on Safeguards as the starting-
point for its analysis in this respect:
"The determination referred to in subparagraph (a) shall not be made unless this
investigation demonstrates, on the basis of objective evidence, the existence of the
causal link between increased imports of the product concerned and serious injury or
threat thereof. When factors other than increased imports are causing injury to the
domestic industry at the same time, such injury shall not be attributed to increased
imports."
10.415 We note that, according to Article 4.2(b), th e causal link must exist "between increased
imports of the product concerned and serious injury or threat thereof". Serious injury is defined in
Article 4.1(a) as "a significant overall impairment in the position of a domestic industry." "Domestic
industry" is defined, in turn, in Article 4.1(c) as "the producers as a whole of the like or directly
competitive products operating within the territory of a Member or those whose collective output of
the like or directly competitive products constitutes a major proportion of the total domestic
production of those products."
10.416 Reading these provisions together, it is clear that, under Article 4.2(b), a causal link must be
established between, on the one hand, increased imports of the product concerned and, on the other
hand, serious injury or threat thereof suffered by producers of the like or directly competitive
products. In our view, the imported product and the like or directly competitive products must be
defined in such a way that the causal link analysis required by Article 4.2(b) can be undertaken. More
particularly, they must be defined in such a way that, for example, a coincidence or a conditions of
competition analysis may be undertaken. They must also be defined in such a way that it can be
established that injury suffered by producers of the like or directly competitive products caused by
factors other than increased imports is not attributed to the increased imports. In our view, if the
imported products or the like or directly competitive products are defined in such a way that prevents
the proper application of the causation requirements contained in Article 4.2(b), the causation
determination will necessarily be inconsistent with the prescriptions of Article 4.2(b).
10.417 In our view, CCFRS was defined in such a way that prevented the proper application of the
causation requirements contained in Article 4.2(b). We consider that the USITC itself effectively
admitted that CCFRS could not be subjected to the application of the causation requirements given the
fact that, on a number of occasions, it relied upon data for the items that constituted CCFRS rather
than for CCFRS as a whole without explaining why and how such specific data on such items related
to the determination concerning CCFRS as a whole. In addition, the USITC itself admitted that the
reliance on combined data for "the five types of certain carbon flat-rolled steel … may involve
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double-counting."5338 Finally, as noted above, we do not c onsider that the grouping of the various
products that constituted CCFRS renders it amenable to conditions of competition analysis because it
becomes difficult, if not impossible, for the comp etent authority to identify the proper locus of
competition while undertaking a conditions of competition analysis for the purposes of establishing a
causal link for CCFRS.
(iv) Overall conclusion on USITC's determination of a causal link
10.418 As indicated above, the Panel found that the USITC did not provide a reasoned and adequate
explanation of how the facts supported its finding th at coincidence existed in this case. Nor did the
USITC provide a compelling explanation that demonstrated the existence of a causal link between
increased imports and serious injury suffered by domestic producers of CCFRS in the absence of
coincidence. Further, the USITC's non-attribution analysis failed to separate, distinguish and assess
the nature and extent of the injurious effects of declines in demand, domestic capacity increases, intra-
industry competition and legacy costs so that the injury caused by these factors, together with other
factors, was not attributed to increased imports. Thus, the USITC did not provide a reasoned and
adequate explanation supporting a determination that there was a genuine and substantial relationship
of cause and effect between increased imports and serious injury to the relevant domestic producers.
10.419 Therefore, the Panel concludes that the USITC's finding that a causal link existed between
imports of CCFRS and injury caused to the relevant domestic producers is inconsistent with
Articles 4.2(b), 2.1 and 3.1 of the Agreement on Safeguards.
(b) Tin mill products
10.420 As we did in relation to our findings on increased imports for tin mill products
(paragraphs 10.191-10.200 above), the Panel needs to address the issue of the divergent findings made
by individual USITC Commissioners: four of th e six Commissioners made findings on tin mill as a
separate product
5339, but the two other Commissioners (Bragg and Devaney) treated tin mill products
as part of the larger CCFRS category.5340 The four who examined tin mill as a separate product made
a common affirmative finding on increased imports and on serious injury, but later diverged on the
question of causation, for which only Commissioner Miller made an affirmative determination. 5341
Ultimately, therefore, only Commissioner Miller reached positive findings regarding tin mill as a
separate product. The two Commissioners who treated tin mill as part of the CCFRS category,
reached a positive conclusion on that larger category. Despite the divergent product definitions, the
USITC Report concluded that three Commissioners made "an affirmative determination regarding
imports of carbon and alloy tin mill products."
5342
10.421 In the March Proclamation, the President did not select any of the various affirmative
determinations on tin mill as the basis of the decision to impose the safeguard measure on tin mill.
Rather, pursuant to domestic law, the President "decided to consider the determinations of the groups
of commissioners voting in the affirmative with regard to [tin mill products and stainless steel wire] to
be the determination of the [US]ITC".
5343 It, therefore, is apparent that the President based his
determination on the findings of all three Commissioners (Bragg, Devaney and Miller), although

5338 USITC Report, Vol. I, p. 51, note 193.
5339 USITC Report, Vol. I, pp. 71 et seq.
5340 USITC Report, Vol. I, p. 71, footnote 368 and p. 279.
5341 USITC Report, Vol. I, pp. 307-309.
5342 USITC Report, Vol. I, p. 25.
5343 Proclamation No. 7529 of 5 March 2002, Federal Register, Vol. 67, No. 45, p. 10553.
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those three Commissioners did not perform their analysis on the basis of the same like product
definition.
10.422 In this regard, the Panel refers to its discussion in the context of its review of the USITC's
increased import determination in paragraphs 10.191-10.200 above. In sum, the Panel finds that a
Member is not permitted to base its safeguard measures on an explanation that consists of alternative
explanations which, given the different products upon which such explanations are based, cannot be
reconciled as a matter of substance. Therefore, it is our view that the USITC Report does not contain a
reasoned and adequate explanation of how the facts support the determination that increased imports
of tin mill products caused serious injury to the relevant domestic industry, as required by
Articles 2.1, 4.2(b) and 3.1 of the Agreement on Safeguards.
(c) Hot-rolled bar
10.423 The Panel notes at the outset that it has focused in this section on the arguments made by the
complainants that, for us, raised the most problematic aspects of the USITC's determinations on
causation, that is, those aspects that more obviously entailed violations of the Agreement on
Safeguards. Since we will dispose of the complainants' claims in our review below, the Panel sees no
need to deal with the other arguments.
(i) Coincidence and conditions of competition
USITC findings
10.424 The USITC's findings read as follows:
"We find that the increased imports of hot-rolled bar are an important cause, and a
cause not less than any other cause, of serious injury to the domestic industry.
Accordingly, we find that increased imports of hot-rolled bar are a substantial cause
of serious injury to the domestic hot-rolled bar industry.
a. Conditions of Competition
We have taken into account a number of factors that affect the
competitiveness of domestic and imported hot-rolled bar in the US market, including
factors related to the product itself, the degree of substitutability between the
domestic and imported articles, changes in world capacity and production, and market
conditions. These factors affect prices and other considerations taken into account by
purchasers in determining whether to purchase domestically-produced or imported
articles.
Market participants generally agree that there are few or no substitutes for
long products such as hot-rolled bar. 5344 As discussed in section V.A.1. above, hot-
rolled bar is used in construction, automotiv e equipment, and industrial applications.
Hot-rolled bar encompasses a wide range of products including merchant bar, special
bar quality steel bars, and light shapes.5345

5344 (original footnote) CR and PR at LONG- 78.
5345 (original footnote) See CR and PR at LONG-1.
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The record indicates strong demand during the period examined, with
apparent US consumption of hot-rolled bar increasing during every full-year but one
of the period. Apparent consumption rose during the first three years of the period,
increasing from 10.0 million tons in 1996 to 11.7 million tons in 1998. It then
declined to 11.0 million tons in 1999 but increased to 11.2 million tons in 2000.
Apparent consumption was lower in interim 2001, at 4.9 million tons, than in interim
2000, when it was 6.0 million tons.
5346
With regard to supply of hot-rolled bar, US capacity reported in
questionnaires increased slightly from 1996 to 2000, but overall industry capacity
declined during the period examined. The domestic industry's capacity utilization
fluctuated over the period examined. Capacity utilization for full-year periods ranged
between 67.2 percent in 1996 to 74.3 percent in 1998. Foreign capacity reported in
questionnaires increased from 26.7 million tons in 1996 to 29.8 million tons in 2000,
and was higher in interim 2001 than in interim 2000. Foreign capacity utilization for
full-year periods ranged from 74.3 percent in 1999 to 79.4 percent in 2000.
5347
Price is a moderately important factor in purchasing decisions for hot-rolled
bar. Price was listed as the top factor in purchasing decisions by 27.8 percent of hot-
rolled purchasers in their questionnaire responses. While more purchasers listed
quality than price as their top factor in purchasing decisions, they generally deemed
domestically-produced hot bar and imports to be comparable with respect to the
particular quality considerations most important in their purchasing decisions.
5348
b. Analysis 5349
Through price-based competition, the increased imports caused domestic hot-
rolled bar producers to lose market share at the same time prices were falling. The
resulting loss in revenues led to the poor operating results and plant closures
discussed above.
The timing of domestic producers' price declines do not correspond precisely
to the timing of the import surges. The record, however, indicates that imports had a
negative effect on prices and that the domestic industry used different strategies over
the course of the period examined to comp ete with the imports. The largest increase
in hot-rolled bar imports occurred in 1998, s hortly following the financial crisis that
led to sharply decreased steel consumption in several Asian countries. Import
volumes increased by 29.5 percent from 1997 to 1998.
5350 During 1998, the imports
consistently undersold the domestically-produced product. Underselling margins for

5346 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-70.
5347 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-42. We have relied upon the questionnaires for
foreign capacity and capacity utilization data, although such data are not complete. We acknowledge that the
domestic producers contended that the questionnaire data understated foreign capacity and overstated foreign
capacity utilization.
5348 (original footnote) INV-Y-212 at 45.
5349 (original footnote) The Minimill 201 Coalition produced an economic model that attempted to
measure the relationship between imports and the domestic industry's prices and profits. We considered this
model in making our determination but note its limitations. In particular, there were defects in the manner the
model measured import competition, and the model did not adequately address changes in domestic
competition.
5350 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-5.
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the hot-rolled bar product on which the Commission collected pricing data, which
hovered around 5.0 percent during the first three quarters of 1998, increased to 7.0
percent in the fourth quarter.
5351
Domestic producers generally maintained their prices in 1998, but at the cost
of market share. The average unit values of US shipments increased by a very slight
0.3 percent from 1997 to 1998. 5352 Prices for the domestically-produced hot-rolled
bar product on which the Commission collected data remained generally stable during
the first three quarters of 1998. Indeed, prices for the domestically-produced product
during these three quarters exceeded prices during any other portion of the period
examined. Prices for the domestically-produced product did fall slightly – by 3
percent – between the third and fourth quarters of 1998.
5353
As a result of maintaining prices, the domestic industry maintained its
operating margins, which declined by only three-tenths of a percentage point from
1997 to 1998. However, total operating income declined by 9.3 percent during this
period.
5354 The industry also lost 4.1 percentage points of market share to the
imports. This was the largest drop in domestic producers' market share over the
period examined.5355
In 1999 the domestic industry responded to the import competition by
reducing prices in an attempt to maintain market share. Import volumes remained
high, with import market share rising slightly from 20.1 percent in 1998 to 20.4
percent in 1999. 5356 Moreover, inventories held by US importers had increased
sharply in 1998.5357 Thus, imports continued to be a significant competitive factor in
1999 although the quantity of imports that year was below the level of 1998. Prices
for the domestically-produced hot-rolled bar product on which the Commission
collected data declined by 7.8 percent from the fourth quarter of 1998 to the first
quarter of 1999, and fluctuated within a narrow range during the remaining three
quarters of 1999. During this period, the domestic producers' prices were below those
of the imports.
5358 Domestic producers' average unit values showed comparable
declines.5359 As a result, in 1999 domestic producers held their loss of market share
to three-tenths of a percentage point. 5360 Nevertheless, because declines in the
domestic industry's average unit sales values exceeded declines in the average unit
costs of goods sold, its operating margin fell.
5361
In 2000, the domestic industry initially increased prices. Prices for the
domestically-produced hot-rolled bar product for which the Commission collected
data rose during the first quarter of 2000, although pricing levels remained below
those of 1998. In the first half of the year, however, underselling by the imports

5351 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT-90.
5352 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-16.
5353 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT-90.
5354 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-27.
5355 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-70.
5356 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-70.
5357 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-C-3.
5358 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT-90.
5359 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-27.
5360 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-70.
5361 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-27.
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resumed.5362 The imports consequently gained 1.7 percentage points of market share
from the conclusion of 1999 to June 2000. In response, the domestic producers again
cut prices during the second half of 2000. Prices declined by 6.1 percent between the
second and third quarters of 2000, and by another 2.3 percent between the third and
fourth quarters.
5363
These price declines mitigated, but did not eliminate, further erosion in the
domestic industry's market share.5364 Indeed, the domestic industry sold less tonnage
in 2000 than in 1999, although total US consumption was greater in 2000. 5365 Also,
price declines during the second half of the year negated the price increases during
the first half of the year – average unit sales values were unchanged in 2000 from
1999.
5366 The combination of lost market share, lower sales volumes, and lower
prices during 2000 -- all of which were linked to the increased imports -- led to the
industry's poor operating performance and closure of productive facilities. We
consequently conclude that the increased imports were an important cause of the
serious injury sustained by the domestic hot-rolled bar industry."
5367
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.425 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.2(c) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.426 The Panel has examined the relevant section of the USITC Report for hot-rolled bar and notes
that, in determining causal link, the USITC did not conduct a coincidence analysis. As mentioned
previously, the Panel considers that if a competent authority has not examined coincidence of trends,
it must, in proving causation, provide a reasoned and adequate explanation as to why such an analysis
was not undertaken as well as a compelling explanation establishing the existence of a causal link.
We note that for hot-rolled bar, the USITC analys ed the conditions of competition in the hot-rolled
bar market. Accordingly, we will now proceed to review the conditions of competition analysis
undertaken by the USITC for this measure, with a view to determining whether the USITC provided
such a compelling explanation.
10.427 As a starting point, we note that the essential premise for the USITC's determination of a
causal link between increased imports and serious injury was the existence of price-based competition
between imported and domestic products. The USITC conceded that: "The timing of domestic
producers' price declines do not correspond precisely to the timing of the import surges". However, it
went on to state that: "The record, however, indicates that imports had a negative effect on prices and
that the domestic industry used different strategies over the course of the period examined to compete
with the imports". Further, the USITC concluded that: "The combination of lost market share, lower
sales volumes, and lower prices during 2000 – all of which were linked to the increased imports – led
to the industry's poor operating performance and closure of productive facilities. We consequently

5362 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT-90.
5363 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT-90. Price declines continued through the first
two quarters of 2001. Ibid.
5364 (original footnote) The domestic industry's market share was 77.0 percent in the second half of
2000, as opposed to 77.9 in the first half of the year. CR and PR, Table LONG-70.
5365 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-C-3.
5366 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-27.
5367 USITC Report, Vol. I, pp. 95-97.
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conclude that the increased imports were an important cause of the serious injury sustained by the
domestic hot-rolled bar industry".5368
10.428 Set out below is a graphical representation of import and domestic pricing trends during the
period of investigation. This graph has been generated using USITC data. We note that at every
point of the period of investigation, import prices exceeded domestic prices. This is not inconsistent
with the overall observations made by the USITC regarding the relative prices for import and
domestic products.5369
Imports vs imports unit values and domestic unit values
(Tons and $/ton)
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
$/ton
Imports Imports (semi-annual)
Domestic unit values Imports unit values
Domestic unit values (semi-annual) Imports unit values (semi-annual)
10.429 The USITC explained that domestic prices declined in an effort to mitigate the erosion of
market share. Set out below is another graph, again generated using USITC data, indicating the
import market share during the course of the period of investigation, which tends to support the
USITC's conclusion that the domestic industry lost market share in favour of imports.5370

5368 See para. 10.424.
5369 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
LONG-5 at LONG-9; Table LONG-16 at LONG-21.
5370 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
LONG-5 at LONG-9; Table LONG-70 at LONG-67; Table LONG-C-3.
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Imports and imports' market shares (Tons and percentage)
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Percentage
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tons
Impor ts
Imports (semi-annual)
Imports' market shares
Imports' market shares (semi-annual)
10.430 On the basis of the foregoing, overall, we find that the USITC's conditions of competition
analysis was compelling in providing indications of the existence of a causal link between increased
imports of hot-rolled bar and serious injury, subject, of course, to fulfilment of the non-attribution
requirement.
(ii) Non-attribution
USITC findings
10.431 The USITC's findings read as follows:
"We next consider whether there is any other cause of injury to the domestic hot-
rolled bar industry as substantial as the increased imports. Respondents initially
contend that competition among domestic producers is at least as great a cause of
injury to the domestic industry as increased imports. In particular, they assert that
domestic producer Nucor is a market leader that drives down prices. They contend
that, through its price leadership, Nucor has increased its market share and made its
domestic competitors less profitable.
5371
We observe initially that competition among domestic producers cannot provide any
explanation for certain indicia of serious injury. While competition among domestic
producers might explain why some individu al producers gained market share during
the period examined while others lost market share, it cannot explain why the
domestic industry as a whole lost market share over the period examined to the
imports. The imports' share of the quantity of US apparent consumption rose from
16.5 percent in 1996 to 22.5 percent in 2000, and was higher in 2000 than at any
other point during the period examined.
5372 As previously discussed, this loss in
market share is a critical component in our causation analysis; the price declines that

5371 (original footnote) See Hot-Rolled Bar Respondents Prehearing Brief at 58-60.
5372 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-70.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

occurred during the period examined were a function of the industry's efforts to
preclude or mitigate losses in market share in the face of increased import volumes.
We additionally examined data concerning Nucor to ascertain the extent to which it
was a "price leader" and whether its pricing policies served to increase its market
share vis a vis other domestic producers, as respondents contend. The data do not
support the notion that Nucor was a primary source of pricing declines. While
Nucor's average unit values were ***.5373 ***.5374
The data additionally do not establish that Nucor ***. 5375 We consequently conclude
that Nucor's pricing practices cannot provide any explanation for the serious injury
experienced by the domestic industry. Moreover, neither Nucor's practices nor
internal industry competition in general can explain why the domestic industry as a
whole lost market share to the imports.
Respondents next contend that inefficient producers are a larger cause of any serious
injury to the domestic industry than increased imports. They contend that domestic
producers *** have much higher costs than industry averages and lost money
throughout the period examined regardless of market conditions.
5376
Respondents' theory fails on two accounts. First, if the difficulties of *** were due to
their inefficiency relative to other domestic producers, one might expect that they
would lose market share to other domestic producers that are more efficient and could
therefore offer lower prices for their products. This, however, was not the case.
Jointly, *** accounted for a higher proportion of the quantity of US producers'
commercial sales in 2000 – at *** percent -- than they did in 1996, when they jointly
accounted for *** percent of such sales.
5377 Consequently, the so-called
"inefficiency" of *** was not causing them to lose market to their domestic
competitors. Second, if *** were aberrational performers, as respondents contend,
one would expect their performance trends to differ from the other domestic
producers. This was also not the case. Declines in operating performance were
pervasive among hot-rolled bar producers. While *** were the only domestic
producers to experience operating losses in 1997, four additional firms experienced
operating losses in 1998, and four more producers beyond that experienced operating
losses in 2000.
5378 Thus, at most *** consistent operating losses served to make
overall domestic industry operating performance consistently worse than it would
have been had these two firms not been in the domestic industry. These firms'
performance, however, cannot explain the overall declines in operating performance
among domestic hot-rolled bar producers, the increasing incidence of operating
losses, or the industry's overall loss of market share to the imports. Because neither
structural problems nor the poor performance of *** can explain the domestic

5373 (original footnote) Nucor's average unit values were ***. Questionnaire Data, INV-Y-212.
5374 (original footnote) See Producer's Questionnaires.
5375 (original footnote) Nucor's share of the quantity of domestic hot-rolled bar producers' commercial
sales was *** in 1996, *** in 1997, *** in 1998, *** in 1999, and *** in 2000. Questionnaire Data,
INV-Y-212.
5376 (original footnote) See Hot-Rolled Bar Respondents Prehearing Brief at 80-81.
5377 (original footnote) Questionnaire Data, INV-Y-212.
5378 (original footnote) Questionnaire Data, INV-Y-212. Moreover, as previously stated, three
producers that did not respond to the questionnaires declared bankruptcy and shut down production operations
altogether in interim 2001.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

industry's serious injury, we conclude that the alleged inefficiency of these two firms
cannot be a more important cause of injury than increased imports.
We have also examined the role of changes in demand in explaining the serious
injury of the domestic industry. We observe that US apparent consumption,
measured by quantity, increased by 11.7 percent from 1996 to 2000. The increase
was not evenly distributed throughout the period examined, and apparent
consumption peaked in 1998. We observe, however, that during this period apparent
consumption declined only from 1998 to 1999, when the domestic industry
maintained profitable operating performance. From 1999 to 2000, however, apparent
consumption rose – yet the domestic industry became unprofitable. That domestic
performance reached injurious levels in 2000, a time of rising apparent consumption,
indicates to us that changes in demand cannot be a cause of the serious injury evident
at that time.
5379
Finally, we have examined changes in input costs as a possible source of serious
injury to the domestic industry. We note that costs declined during the period and
observe that declines in input costs, in and of themselves, cannot be an alternative
"cause" of injury. At most, a decline in input costs may indicate that a factor other
than imports may be responsible for price declines.
For hot-rolled bar, unit cost of goods sold (COGS) declined from $399 in 1996 to
$362 in 1999, and then increased to $380 in 2000; unit raw material costs declined
throughout the period examined.5380 As previously stated, demand for hot-rolled bar
was higher in 1999 than in 1996 and was higher in 2000 than in 1999. In times of
increasing demand, producers normally need not cut their prices to reflect fully
declines in cost of goods sold. Yet from 1996 to 1999, the domestic industry's
declines in average unit sales values outpaced the decline in unit COGS. From 1999
to 2000, when unit COGS increased, unit average sales values remained the same. If
the domestic industry could have increased its average unit sales values in 2000 to
reflect increasing COGS – a reasonable expectation during a year of increasing
demand – the industry could have maintained positive operating margins of at least
the levels of 1999. As explained above, however, the industry could not sustain
whatever price increases it initiated in 2000 because of that year's import surge.
Because we cannot attribute the domestic industry's declines in operating
performance in 2000 to increases in COGS, we conclude that changes in input costs
cannot be as important a cause of serious injury as increased imports.
We consequently conclude that alternative causes cannot individually or collectively
explain the serious injury to the domestic industry, particularly the declining market
share over the course of the period examined, and the deteriorating operating
performance leading to negative operating margins for the domestic industry in 2000.

5379 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-C-3. We observe that, during interim 2001, when
apparent consumption fell significantly, the domestic industry experienced further declines in operating
performance. The interim 2001 data merely indicate that declines in apparent consumption can lead to further
deterioration to an industry that was already seriously injured.
5380 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-27.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Accordingly, we find that increased imports are a substantial cause of serious injury
to the domestic hot-rolled bar industry that is not less than any other cause."5381
Factors considered by the USITC
Competition among domestic producers
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.432 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.3(b)(iii) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.433 The Panel agrees with the United States insofa r as it stated that the USITC dismissed this
factor as a possible cause of injury to the industry. In particular, the USITC stated that: "We observe
initially that competition among domestic producers cannot provide any explanation for certain
indicia of serious injury". In addition, it stated that: "We consequently conclude that Nucor's pricing
practices cannot provide any explanation for the serious injury experienced by the domestic industry.
Moreover, neither Nucor's practices nor internal industry competition in general can explain why the
domestic industry as a whole lost market share to the imports".
5382
10.434 We note that the complainants arguments with respect to this factor are premised on the
assumption that the USITC acknowledged that competition among domestic producers was a cause of
injury. However, as noted above, this assumption is not valid. Further, in our view, the complainants
have not put forward an alternative plausible explanation that, in fact, competition among domestic
producers was a cause of serious injury.
Inefficient producers
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.435 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.3(b)(iii) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.436 The Panel notes at the outset that the USITC stated that "the alleged inefficiency of these two
firms cannot be a more important cause of injury than increased imports." It could be concluded from
this statement, taken in isolation, that the USITC considered that inefficient producers were a cause of
injury, albeit not a cause that was more important than increased imports. However, in the Panel's
view, in light of the remainder of the USITC's analysis, it would seem that the USITC made this
statement merely in keeping with domestic law requ irements. On the contrary, the substance of the
USITC's analysis indicates that the USITC dismissed this factor as a possible cause of injury to the
industry. In particular, the USITC stated that: "Respondents next contend that inefficient producers
are a larger cause of any serious injury to the domestic industry than increased imports…Respondents'
theory fails on two accounts…" In addition, the USITC stated that: "These firms' performance,
however, cannot explain the overall declines in operating performance among domestic hot-rolled bar
producers, the increasing incidence of operating losses, or the industry's overall loss of market share
to the imports. Because neither structural problems nor the poor performance of *** can explain the

5381 USITC Report, Vol. I, pp. 97-99.
5382 See para. 10.431.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

domestic industry's serious injury, we conclude that the alleged inefficiency of these two firms cannot
be a more important cause of injury than increased imports."
10.437 We note that the complainants' arguments with respect to this factor are premised on the
assumption that the USITC acknowledged that inefficient producers were a cause of injury. However,
as noted above, this assumption is not valid. Further, in our view, the complainants have not put
forward an alternative plausible explanation that, in fact, inefficient producers were a cause of serious
injury.
Changes in input costs
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.438 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.3(b)(iii) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.439 The Panel notes that although the USITC did not expressly state that increases in COGS
played a role in the decline in the domestic operating margin, it did explicitly state that COGS
increased for hot-rolled bar from 1999 to 2000. In particular, the USITC stated that: "For hot-rolled
bar, unit cost of goods sold (COGS) declined from $399 in 1996 to $362 in 1999, and then increased
to $380 in 2000". In addition, the USITC stated that: "If the domestic industry could have increased
its average unit sales values in 2000 to reflect increasing COGS – a reasonable expectation during a
year of increasing demand – the industry could have maintained positive operating margins of at least
the levels of 1999. As explained above, however, the industry could not sustain whatever price
increases it initiated in 2000 because of that year's import surge. Because we cannot attribute the
domestic industry's declines in operating performance in 2000 to increases in COGS, we conclude
that changes in input costs cannot be as important a cause of serious injury as increased imports".
10.440 In the Panel's view, the USITC's dismissal of the effect of increases in COGS in its non-
attribution analysis was not adequately reasoned. In particular, the USITC merely stated that the only
reason why the domestic industry did not increase prices to recoup growing COGS was the import
surge that occurred in the year 2000. This, in the Panel's view, did not amount to a reasoned and
adequate explanation. Nevertheless, the Panel does consider that the USITC was probably correct in
concluding that changes in input costs were not a cause of serious injury. If, indeed, COGS was
playing a significant role in situation of the domestic industry, one would have expected operating
margins to increase while COGS was decreasing, in particular, from 1996 until 1999 inclusive.
However, as can be seen from the graph below, which has been generated using USITC data, the
trends in operating margin appear to be independent of trends in COGS. While it is true that there
appears to be coincidence between, on the one hand, increases in COGS from 1999 until 2000 and, on
the other hand, declines in the operating margin during that period, the Panel considers that
coincidence during one brief window in the period of investigation cannot detract from a lack of
coincidence during the rest of the period of investigation.
5383

5383 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
LONG-27 at LONG-33.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Cost of goods and Operating margin ($/ton and ' 000 $)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
$/ton
-100,000
-50,000
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
'000 $
Cost of goods
Cost of goods (semi-annual)
Operating margin
Operating margin (semi-annual)
Declines in demand
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.441 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.3(b)(iii) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.442 The Panel notes that the USITC did not give any indication in its Report that it considered
that demand played any role in causing serious injury to the industry. Rather, the USITC explained
adequately that US apparent consumption of hot-rolled bar increased by 11.7% from 1996 to 2000,
and that it increased on a year-to-year basis for every available comparison except that for 1998 to
1999. The USITC added that apparent US consumption increased from 1999 to 2000, the year that
domestic industry performance reached injurious levels. Consequently, it concluded that changes in
demand could not explain the industry's condition in 2000.
5384 In the Panel's view the USITC
examined the nature and effects of declines in demand when assessing whether increased imports of
hot-rolled were causing serious injury to the relevant domestic producers. Accordingly, the Panel
rejects the complainants' claims in relation to this factor.
Conclusions
10.443 In the Panel's view, the USITC failed to meet its obligation to establish explicitly, through a
reasoned and adequate explanation, that the injury caused by increases in COGS, together with other
factors, was not attributed to increased imports contrary to the requirements of Article 4.2(b) of the
Agreement on Safeguards. Having said this, the Panel notes that the facts do appear to support the
USITC's conclusion regarding increases in COGS.

5384 United States' first written submission, para. 578.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

(iii) Overall conclusion on USITC's determination of a causal link
10.444 We conclude that with respect to hot-rolled bar, although the USITC did not conduct any
coincidence analysis, its conditions of competition' s analysis provided a compelling explanation that
indicated the existence of a causal link, subject to fulfilment of the non-attribution requirement. In
this regard, we found that the USITC's non-attribution analysis failed to separate, distinguish and
assess the nature and extent of the injurious effects of increases in COGS so that the injury caused by
these factors, together with other factors, was not attributed to increased imports. Thus, the USITC did
not provide a reasoned and adequate explanation supporting a determination that there was a genuine
and substantial relationship of cause and effect between increased imports and serious injury to the
relevant domestic producers.
10.445 Therefore, the Panel concludes that the USITC's finding that a causal link existed between
imports of hot-rolled bar and injury caused to the relevant domestic producers is inconsistent with
Articles 4.2(b), 2.1 and 3.1 of the Agreement on Safeguards.
(d) Cold-finished bar
10.446 The Panel notes at the outset that it has focused in this section on the arguments made by the
complainants that, for us, raised the most problematic aspects of the USITC's determinations on
causation, that is, those aspects that more obviously entailed violations of the Agreement on
Safeguards. Since we will dispose of the complainants' claims in our review below, the Panel sees no
need to deal with the other arguments.
(i) Coincidence and conditions of competition
USITC findings
10.447 The USITC's findings read as follows:
"We find that the increased imports of cold-finished bar are an important cause, and a
cause not less than any other cause, of serious injury to the domestic industry.
Accordingly, we find that increased imports of cold-finished bar are a substantial
cause of serious injury to the domestic cold-finished bar industry.
a. Conditions of Competition
We have taken into account a number of factors that affect the
competitiveness of domestic and imported cold-finished bar in the US market,
including factors related to the product itself, the degree of substitutability between
the domestic and imported articles, changes in world capacity and production, and
market conditions. These factors affect prices and other considerations taken into
account by purchasers in determining whether to purchase domestically-produced or
imported articles.
Market participants generally agree that there are few or no substitutes for
long products such as cold-finished bar.
5385 As discussed in section V.A.2. above, the
principal use of cold-finished bar is in automotive applications.

5385 (original footnote) CR and PR at LONG-78.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

The record indicates strong demand during most of the period examined with
US apparent consumption of cold-finished bar increasing during every full-year but
one. Apparent consumption rose from 1.41 million tons in 1996 to 1.60 million tons
in 1997 and then to 1.67 million tons in 1998. Apparent consumption then declined
to 1.61 million tons in 1999 but increased to 1.64 million tons in 2000. Apparent
consumption was lower in interim 2001, at 700,202 tons, than in interim 2000, when
it was 905,184 tons.
5386
With regard to supply of cold-finished bar, US capacity increased from 1996
to 2000 despite declines since 1998. Domestic industry capacity utilization fluctuated
during the period examined. Notwithstanding that the capacity utilization data
reported in the questionnaires appear to be understated, it is clear that there was
additional productive capacity available to the domestic industry throughout the
period examined. Foreign capacity reported in questionnaires increased from 1.6
million tons in 1996 to 2.0 million tons in 2000, and was higher in interim 2001 than
in interim 2000. Foreign capacity utilization for full-year periods ranged from 75.2
percent in 1999 to 84.3 percent in 2000.
5387
The record indicates that price is an important factor in purchasing decisions
for cold-finished bar. Purchasers listed price second most-frequently, after quality, as
the top factor in purchasing decisions, and listed price most frequently as the number
two factor. Most purchasers evaluated the imports and domestically-produced cold-
finished bar as comparable with respect to product consistency and product
quality.
5388
b. Analysis 5389
Aggressive pricing by the imports during the latter portion of the period
examined caused the domestic industry to lose market share and revenues. This
resulted in the poor operating performance and serious injury discussed above.
Average unit values of the imports trended downward from 1996 to 1998,
and the decline accelerated in 1999. Import average unit values declined by 1.3
percent from 1996 to 1997 and by 0.1 percent from 1997 to 1998. They then fell by
7.7 percent from 1998 to 1999. 5390 Additional evidence that import prices declined
dramatically in 1999 is provided by data for one-inch round C12L14, the cold-
finished bar product for which the Commission obtained significant pricing data
concerning imports.
5391 Between the fourth quarter of 1998 and the first quarter of

5386 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-71.
5387 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-45. We have relied upon the questionnaires for
foreign capacity and capacity utilization data, although such data are not complete. We acknowledge that the
domestic producers contended that the questionnaire data understated foreign capacity and overstated foreign
capacity utilization.
5388(original footnote) INV-Y-212 at 46.
5389 (original footnote) The Minimill 201 Coalition produced an economic model that attempted to
measure the relationship between imports and the domestic industry's prices and profits. In particular, there
were defects in the manner the model measured import competition, and the model did not adequately address
changes in domestic competition.
5390 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-6.
5391 (original footnote) The Commission collected pricing data concerning two cold-finished bar
products. For one of the products, however, the reported data covered very small import volumes: less than 500
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

1999, import prices for this product declined by *** percent. They fell an additional
*** percent between the first and second quarters of 1999, the largest quarterly
decline to that point in the period examined. Although prices rose during the next
two quarters, the fourth quarter 1999 price remained 8.2 percent below the fourth
quarter 1998 price.
5392
Prices for domestically-produced C12L14 declined by 3.9 percent between
the fourth quarter of 1998 and the first quarter of 1999 but fluctuated in a narrow
range during the remainder of 1999. As a result, underselling margins were higher in
the last three quarters of 1999 than in earlier periods. Between the first quarter of
1996 and the first quarter of 1999, the margin of underselling or overselling by the
imports was no greater than 1.8 percent in any quarter. The underselling margin
increased to 8.1 percent in the second quarter of 1999, however, and remained above
5.8 percent for the remaining quarters of that year.
5393
The market did not react immediately to the price reductions by the imports.
Indeed, neither the absolute volume of the imports nor their market share increased in
1999.5394 The lack of immediate reaction by the market may reflect extensive
contract sales: over 40 percent of cold-finished bar purchasers made over 90 percent
of their purchases on a contract basis, with contracts commonly six months to over
one year in length. 5395 However, the aggressive pricing by the imports continued in
2000. Compared to 1999, average unit values for all imports declined by 5.1
percent.5396 Prices for imported C12L14 declined during all but one quarter in 2000,
and the price for the fourth quarter of 2000 was 14.0 percent below the price for the
fourth quarter of 1999.5397
Domestic prices also declined in 2000. Average unit values for US
shipments of all cold-finished bar products were lower in 2000 than in 1999. 5398
Prices for domestically-produced C12L14 were 4.2 percent lower in the fourth
quarter of 2000 than in the fourth quarter of 1999. Nevertheless, underselling by the

tons of imports in each quarter, and less than 100 tons of imports for each of the last six quarters for which data
were collected. INV-Y-212, Table LONG-91. By contrast, reported import volume for one-inch round
CL12L14 was at least 1,166 tons in every quarter during the entire period examined, and at least 2,636 tons for
every quarter during 1999 and interim 2000. INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT92. Consequently, in our analysis
of pricing we have focused on the latter, more complete data set. We also observe that, in an analysis of
whether there is overselling or underselling, pricing data for a specific product can provide more probative
information than average unit value data, where comparisons between values for imports and domestically-
produced products can reflect variations in product mix. This is particularly true for a product such as cold-
finished bar which covers a broad range of product types and values.
5392 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT92.
5393 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT92.
5394 (original footnote) See CR and PR, Tables LONG-6, LONG-71. A substantial increase in cold-
finished bar imports occurred in 1998, shortly following the financial crisis that led to sharply decreased steel
consumption in several Asian countries.
5395 (original footnote) Purchaser Questionnaire Responses.
5396 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-6.
5397 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT92.
5398 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-17.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

imports persisted, with quarterly underselling margins in 2000 ranging from 3.9
percent to 15.5 percent.5399
In 2000, the continued underselling by the imports led to significant increases
in both import volume and market share. As previously stated, import quantities were
33.6 percent higher in 2000 than in 1999. 5400 The imports' share of US apparent
consumption, measured by quantity, increased from 14.7 percent in 1999 to 19.2
percent in 2000.5401
Because the imports succeeded in increasing their share of the US market in
2000, the domestic industry's production and shipments declined from 1999 levels
notwithstanding the increase in US apparent consumption.
5402 The decline in output,
together with the decline in prices, led to declining revenues and poor operating
performance, with an operating margin in 2000 of only 2.8 percent.5403" 5404
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.448 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.2(d) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.449 The Panel has considered the relevant section of the USITC Report for cold-finished bar and
notes that, in determining whether a causal link existed between increased imports and serious injury,
the USITC did not conduct a coincidence analysis. As mentioned previously, the Panel considers that
if a competent authority has not examined coincidence of trends, it must, in proving causation,
provide a reasoned and adequate explanation as to why such an analysis was not undertaken as well as
a compelling explanation establishing the existence of a causal link. We note that the USITC
analysed the conditions of competition. Accordingly, we will now proceed to review the conditions
of competition analysis undertaken by the USITC for this measure, with a view to determining
whether the USITC provided such a compelling explanation.
10.450 We note as a preliminary point that the USITC considered that "[a]ggressive pricing by the
imports during the latter portion of the period examined caused the domestic industry to lose market
share and revenues. This resulted in the poor operating performance and serious injury discussed
above." The USITC ultimately concluded that "[t]he decline in output, together with the decline in
prices, led to declining revenues and poor operating performance, with an operating margin in 2000 of
only 2.8 percent."
10.451 It is apparent from the USITC's analysis that the essential premise for its conclusion that
"increased imports of cold-finished bar are a substantial cause of serious injury to the domestic cold-
finished bar industry" was that "aggressive" pricing by imports caused the domestic industry to lose
market share and revenues. In assessing whether the USITC has provided a reasoned and adequate
explanation of how the facts support such a finding, the Panel will first consider whether import
pricing can be labelled as "aggressive".

5399 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT92.
5400 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-6.
5401 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-71.
5402 (original footnote) CR and PR, Tables LONG-17, LONG-71.
5403 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-28.
5404 USITC Report, Vol. I, pp. 104-106.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

10.452 As a starting point, the Panel notes that the USITC pointed to underselling during the period,
presumably in justification of its assertion that import pricing had been aggressive. Specifically, it
stated that: "[U]nderselling by the imports persisted, with quarterly underselling margins in 2000
ranging from 3.9 percent to 15.5 percent.
5405 In 2000, the continued underselling by the imports led to
significant increases in both import volume and market share. As previously stated, import quantities
were 33.6 percent higher in 2000 than in 1999. 5406" The Panel notes firstly that the USITC, without
any explanation as to why it did so, relied upon quarterly data for individual cold-bar products 5407
when annual average data was available and such annual data had been used by the USITC in relation
to other products, when available.5408 Unlike the quarterly data, the annual data indicated that imports
did not undersell domestic products at any point in the period of investigation. For us, the lack of
explanation regarding the data relied upon by the USITC calls into question whether "underselling"
actually existed and, therefore, whether import pricing was, in fact, "aggressive" at all.
10.453 Further, we note that at no point during the period of investigation did average unit values for
imports undersell average unit values for domestic products. In other words, import prices exceeded
domestic prices throughout the period of investigation. This is evident from the graph below, which
represents in graphical form USITC data. In the Panel's view, the fact that import prices exceeded
domestic prices throughout the period of investigation tends to detract from the conclusion that import
pricing was "aggressive". This is not to say, however, that the absence of underselling by imports
means that pricing cannot be labelled as "aggressive". On the contrary, we concede that import
overselling may, in certain circumstances, drive domestic prices downwards. However, in this case,
the USITC relied upon the existence of import underselling as the basis for its assertion that import
pricing was "aggressive". As noted, in fact, average unit values were always higher than domestic
prices.
5409

5405 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT92.
5406 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-6.
5407 Table LONG-91 and Table LONG-ALT92.
5408 Table LONG-C-4.
5409 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
LONG-6 at LONG-10; Table LONG-17 at LONG-22.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Imports vs imports unit values and domestic unit values
(Tons and $/ton)
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
$/ton
Imports Imports (semi-annual)
Domestic unit values Imports unit values
Domestic unit values (semi-annual) Imports unit values (semi-annual)
10.454 Putting aside the difficulties with the data relied upon by the USITC, the Panel notes the
conclusions drawn by the USITC in its conditions of competition analysis:
"Because the imports succeeded in increasing their share of the US market in 2000,
the domestic industry's production and shipments declined from 1999 levels
notwithstanding the increase in US apparent consumption. 5410 The decline in output,
together with the decline in prices, led to declining revenues and poor operating
performance, with an operating margin in 2000 of only 2.8 percent.5411"5412
10.455 The facts do appear to bear out the conclusion that "the imports succeeded in increasing their
share of the United States' market in 2000," as is evident from the graph below generated using
USITC data.5413

5410 (original footnote) CR and PR, Tables LONG-17, LONG-71.
5411 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-28.
5412 See para. 10.447.
5413 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
LONG-6 at LONG-10; Table LONG-71 at LONG-68; Table LONG-C-4.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Imports and imports' market shares (Tons and percentage)
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Percentage
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tons
Impor ts
Imports (semi-annual)
Imports' market shares
Imports' market shares (semi-annual)
10.456 The facts also appear to bear out the conclusion that production and shipments declined from
1999 levels as is evident from the graphs below, also generated using USITC data.5414
Imports and Production (Tons)
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
Impor ts
Imports (semi-annual)
Production
Production (semi-annual)

5414 The data represented in the two graphs below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in
Table LONG-6 at LONG-10; Table LONG-17 at LONG-22; Table LONG-C-4.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Imports and domestic shipments (Tons)
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
Imports
Imports (semi-annual)
Domestic Shipments
Dom estic shipments (semi-annual)
10.457 Despite the foregoing, we find limited support for the conclusion that "[t]he decline in output,
together with the decline in prices, led to declining revenues and poor operating performance, with an
operating margin in 2000 of only 2.8 percent." Indeed, we note that significant declines in revenues
and operating margin began well in advance of 2000, the year when, according to the USITC "the
continued underselling by the imports led to significant increases in both import volume and market
share." This is evident from the graph below, based on USITC data, which illustrates the trends in
operating margin together with import trends.
5415
Imports and Operating margin (Tons and '000 $)
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
'000 $
Impor ts
imports (semi-annual)
Operating margin
Operating margin (semi-annual)

5415 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
LONG-6 at LONG-10; Table LONG-28 at LONG-34; Table LONG-C-4.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

10.458 In light of the foregoing, the Panel finds that the USITC has not provided a compelling
explanation that a causal link existed between increased imports of cold-finished bar and injury
suffered by the relevant domestic industry. In particular, aside from the difficulties we have identified
in relation to the data upon which the USITC relied in undertaking its conditions of competition
analysis, we consider that the USITC has not provided a reasoned and adequate explanation of how
the facts supported its conclusion that "[t]he decline in output, together with the decline in prices, led
to declining revenues and poor operating performance, with an operating margin in 2000 of only
2.8 percent".
(ii) Non-attribution
USITC findings
10.459 The USITC's findings read as follows:
"The domestic industry's experience in 2000 serves to rebut one of the principal
arguments of respondents – that declines in demand were a greater cause of the
substantial injury to the domestic industry than increased imports. The domestic
industry acknowledges that prices for cold-finished bar have historically tracked
demand conditions.
5416 Indeed, the domestic industry's decline in operating
performance in 1999, a year when import volume and market penetration declined,
appears to a large extent attributable to the declines in demand during that year.
However, in 2000 demand increased above the level of 1999. Nevertheless, as
previously discussed, prices for US-produ ced product did not recover with demand,
but instead declined further in the face of the import surge. The per unit difference
between average unit values and COGS, although slightly higher in 2000 than in
1999, was well below the levels of any of the prior years of the period examined.
Similarly, the industry's operating margin, while slightly above the level of 1999, was
only 2.8 percent, less than half the levels of 1997 and 1998. The number of producers
experiencing operating losses increased. When demand again declined in interim
2001, the imports maintained their significant presence in the market, and the
domestic industry's performance further deteriorated. The domestic industry's poor
performance despite increasing demand in 2000 indicates that it is the imports, not
changes in demand, that explain the serious injury the domestic industry is
experiencing.
We have also considered respondents' arguments that the domestic industry's poor
performance was due more to the presence of a purportedly inefficient producer with
structural problems, RTI, than to increased imports.
5417 RTI's structural difficulties,
however, ***. 5418 ***. We consequently reject the proposition that RTI's
performance was somehow anomalous or se rved to skew overall data for the
domestic industry.
We consequently conclude that alternative causes proffered by respondents cannot
individually or collectively explain the serious injury to the domestic industry,
particularly the declining market share over the course of the period examined, and

5416 (original footnote) See CFTC Prehearing Brief at 7.
5417 (original footnote) See Cold-Finished Bar Respondents Prehearing Brief at 18-23.
5418 (original footnote) *** Producer's Questionnaire Response.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

the poor operating performance in 2000. Accordingly, we find that increased imports
are a substantial cause of serious injury to the domestic cold-finished bar industry that
is not less than any other cause."
5419
Factors considered by the USITC
Declines in demand
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.460 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.3(b)(iv) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.461 In the Panel's view, the USITC clearly acknowle dged that decline in demand contributed to
injury that was being suffered by the domestic industry. In particular, the USITC stated that: "The
domestic industry acknowledges that prices for cold-finished bar have historically tracked demand
conditions.5420 Indeed, the domestic industry's decline in operating performance in 1999, a year when
import volume and market penetration declined, appears to a large extent attributable to the declines
in demand during that year." As is apparent from this last statement, the USITC made a clear linkage
between declines in demand and operating performan ce, the latter being an important injury factor
referred to in Article 4.2(a) of the Agreement on Safeguards.
10.462 We note that the USITC considered demand changes that occurred during the period of
investigation. In particular, it noted demand declines and increases during the period of investigation.
In addition, in the section in which it analysed the conditions of competition, the USITC stated that:
"The record indicates strong demand durin g most of the period examined with US
apparent consumption of cold-finished bar increasing during every full-year but one.
Apparent consumption rose from 1.41 million tons in 1996 to 1.60 million tons in
1997 and then to 1.67 million tons in 1998. Apparent consumption then declined to
1.61 million tons in 1999 but increased to 1.64 million tons in 2000. Apparent
consumption was lower in interim 2001, at 700,202 tons, than in interim 2000, when
it was 905,184 tons.
5421"5422
10.463 Having acknowledged that demand declines contributed to the state of the domestic industry,
the USITC dismissed this factor in its non-attribution analysis on the basis of the assertion that: "The
domestic industry's poor performance despite increasing demand in 2000 indicates that it is the
imports, not changes in demand, that explain the serious injury the domestic industry is experiencing."
In the Panel's view, the mere fact that demand increased during a segment of the period of
investigation during which injury persisted does not detract from the conclusion reached by the
USITC itself that decline in demand contributed to injury that was being suffered by the domestic
industry.
10.464 We find nothing in the report to indicate whether and how the injury caused by this factor was
not attributed to increased imports. In our view, the need to separate and distinguish the effects of

5419 USITC Report, Vol. I, p. 107.
5420 (original footnote) See CFTC Prehearing Brief at 7.
5421 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-71.
5422 See para. 10.446.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

declines in demand was particularly important in this case given the acknowledgement by the USITC
itself that "the domestic industry's decline in operating performance in 1999, a year when import
volume and market penetration declined, appears to a large extent attributable to the declines in
demand during that year."
10.465 The significance of this decline in operating performance in 1999 that was "to a large extent
attributable to declines in demand" should be viewed in context. Below is a graph that has been
generated using USITC data. This graph illustrates that the industry's operating margin dropped
precipitously in 1999. Prior to 1999, the operating margin was significantly higher. Following 1999,
the operating margin began to increase again.
5423
Imports and Operating margin (Tons and '000 $)
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
'000 $
Impor ts
imports (semi-annual)
Operating margin
Operating margin (semi-annual)
10.466 Clearly, 1999 was a significant year in terms of the industry's operating performance. Given
that "the domestic industry's decline in operating performance in 1999, a year when import volume
and market penetration declined, appears to a large extent attributable to the declines in demand
during that year", we consider that this illustrates that declines in demand potentially played a
significant role in causing injury to the domestic industry.
Conclusions
10.467 The Panel considers that, with respect to cold-f inished bar, the USITC failed to comply with
its non-attribution obligation contained in the second sentence of Article 4.2(b). In particular, we
consider that the USITC failed to properly separate, distinguish and assess the nature and extent of the
injurious effects of factors other than increased imports that were causing injury to the domestic
industry. This, to us, is clear from the fact that the USITC dismissed one factor (namely, declining
domestic demand) of the two that it considered in its non-attribution analysis even though it
acknowledged the importance of that factor in causing injury to the industry.

5423 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
LONG-6 at LONG-10; Table LONG-28 at LONG-34; Table LONG-C-4.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

(iii) Overall conclusion on USITC's determination of a causal link
10.468 The Panel finds that the USITC failed to explain why it did not conduct a coincidence
analysis and did not provide a compelling explanation indicating the existence of a causal link
between increased imports of cold-finished bar and serious injury to the relevant domestic producers.
Further, the Panel found that the USITC's non-attrib ution analysis for cold-finished bar was flawed
because the USITC failed to separate, distinguish and assess the nature and extent of the injurious
effects of declines in demand so that the injury caused by these factors, together with other factors,
was not attributed to increased imports. We found this flaw to be significant given the
acknowledgement by the USITC itself that "the domestic industry's decline in operating performance
in 1999, a year when import volume and market penetration declined, appears to a large extent
attributable to the declines in demand during that year." Thus, the USITC did not provide a reasoned
and adequate explanation supporting a determination that there was a genuine and substantial
relationship of cause and effect between increased imports and serious injury to the relevant domestic
producers.
10.469 Therefore, the Panel concludes that the USITC's finding that a causal link existed between
imports of cold-finished bar and injury caused to th e relevant domestic producers is inconsistent with
Articles 4.2(b), 2.1 and 3.1 of the Agreement on Safeguards.
(e) Rebar
10.470 The Panel notes at the outset that it has focused in this section on the arguments made by the
complainants that, for us, raised the most problematic aspects of the USITC's determinations on
causation, that is, those aspects that more obviously entailed violations of the Agreement on
Safeguards. Since we will dispose of the complainants' claims in our review below, the Panel sees no
need to deal with the other arguments.
(i) Coincidence and conditions of competition
USITC findings
10.471 The USITC's findings read as follows:
"We find that the increased imports of rebar are an important cause, and a cause not
less than any other cause, of serious injury to the domestic industry. Accordingly, we
find that increased imports of rebar are a substantial cause of serious injury to the
domestic rebar industry.
a. Conditions of Competition
We have taken into account a number of factors that affect the
competitiveness of domestic and imported rebar in the US market, including factors
related to the product itself, the degree of substitutability between the domestic and
imported articles, changes in world capacity and production, and market conditions.
These factors affect prices and other considerations taken into account by purchasers
in determining whether to purchase domestically-produced or imported articles.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Market participants generally agree that there are few or no substitutes for
long products such as rebar. 5424 Rebar is used solely for structural reinforcement
within cast concrete structures.5425
US apparent consumption of rebar increased throughout the period examined.
Apparent consumption rose every year from 1996, when it was 5.5 million tons, to
2000, when it was 8.1 million tons, a net increase of 48.1 percent. Apparent
consumption was also higher in interim 2001, at 4.2 million tons, than in interim
2000, when it was 4.1 million tons.5426
With regard to supply of rebar, US capacity increased throughout the period
examined. Capacity utilization fluctuated; for full-year periods it ranged between
64.9 percent in 1996 to 68.5 percent in 2000. Foreign capacity reported in
questionnaires increased from 24.0 million tons in 1996 to 29.6 million tons in 2000,
and was higher in interim 2001 than in interim 2000. Foreign capacity utilization for
full-year periods ranged from 81.7 percent in 1996 to 86.5 percent in 2000.5427
Price is a very important purchasing factor in purchasing decisions for rebar.
A majority of all purchasers listed price as the number one factor in purchasing
decisions for rebar, and price was named over three times more often than any other
individual factor.5428 One purchaser testified at the Commission hearing that rebar
was a commodity product sold on the basis of price, a proposition not disputed by any
respondent.
5429
Finally, rebar imports from several countries were subject to antidumping
duties during portions of the period examined. In particular, Commerce imposed
provisional antidumping duties on rebar from Turkey on October 10, 1996 and issued
an antidumping order on these imports on April 17, 1997. 5430 Commerce imposed
provisional antidumping duties on rebar from Belarus, China, Indonesia, Korea,
Latvia, Moldova, Poland, and Ukraine on January 30, 2001 and issued an
antidumping order on imports from these eight countries on September 7, 2001.5431

5424 (original footnote) CR and PR at LONG-78.
5425 (original footnote) CR and PR at LONG- 2.
5426 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-72.
5427 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-48. We have relied upon the questionnaires for
foreign capacity and capacity utilization data, although such data are not complete. We acknowledge that the
domestic producers contended that the questionnaire data understated foreign capacity and overstated foreign
capacity utilization.
5428 (original footnote) INV-Y-212 at 47.
5429 (original footnote) Tr. at 1316 (Koch).
5430 (original footnote) See 61 Fed. Reg. 53203 (Oct. 10, 1996), 62 Fed. Reg. 18748 (April 17, 1997).
5431 (original footnote) See 66 Fed. Reg. 8324, 8329, 8333, 8339, 8343 (Jan. 30, 2001); 66 Fed. Reg.
46777 (Sept. 7, 2001).
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

b. Analysis 5432
The increased imports put price pressure on domestic producers. This price
pressure prevented domestic producers from fully achieving the benefits of cost
reductions during certain portions of the period examined and from fully recovering
increasing costs during others. It also prevented domestic producers from fully
benefitting from the large increase in domestic consumption over the period
examined. As a result, operating margins declined and by 2000 the industry's
operating income was negative.
Rebar imports increased significantly in 1998, shortly following the financial
crisis that led to sharply decreased steel consumption in several Asian countries. As
has been observed with other long products, domestic producers did not immediately
change their pricing strategy in response to the initial import surge. The average unit
value of the domestic industry's US shipments declined by only one dollar per ton
from 1997 to 1998. 5433 For the rebar product on which the Commission collected
pricing data, prices for the domestically-produced product were higher during the first
three quarters of 1998 than they were during the comparable quarter of 1997. Prices
did begin to fall for the domestically-produced product during the fourth quarter of
1998. Throughout 1998, however, imports undersold the domestically-produced
product by margins exceeding 20 percent. 5434 The imports in 1998 took nearly six
percentage points of market share away from the domestic industry.5435
During 1999, imports again increased by substantial margins. The quantity
of imports was 49.1 percent higher in 1999 than in 1998. 5436 T h i s s u r g e w a s
accompanied by price declines for both the imports and the domestically-produced
product. Average unit values of the imports declined by 23.6 percent from 1998 to
1999, and average unit values of US shipments of domestically produced rebar
declined by 8.9 percent.
5437 For the rebar product on which the Commission collected
pricing data, import prices fell by 8.8 percent from the fourth quarter of 1998 to the
first quarter of 1999, and the first quarter 1999 price was 11.5 percent below the first
quarter 1998 price. Similarly, for the domestically-produced product, prices declined
by 5.0 percent from the fourth quarter of 1998 to the first quarter of 1999, and the
first quarter 1999 price was 10.6 percent below the first quarter 1998 price. There
were further price declines in the second quarter of 1999 before prices stabilized
during the final two quarters of the year; the second quarter 1999 price was below the
second quarter 1998 price by 12.7 percent for the domestically-produced product and
by 15.6 percent for the imports.
5438

5432 (original footnote) The Minimill 201 Coalition produced an economic model that attempted to
measure the relationship between imports and the domestic industry's prices and profits.. We considered this
model in making our determination but note its limitations. In particular, there were defects in the manner the
model measured import competition, and the model did not adequately address changes in domestic
competition.
5433 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-18.
5434 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT93.
5435 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-72.
5436 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-7.
5437 (original footnote) CR and PR, Tables LONG-7, LONG-18.
5438 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT93.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

We can discern no reason other than the imports for the magnitude of price
and average unit value declines during 1999. The decline was not a function of
demand changes, because US apparent consumption for rebar increased by 14.1
percent from 1998 to 1999.
5439 Indeed, in light of these demand conditions, we would
ordinarily expect prices to have stayed stable or risen, and not to have declined by
such large amounts. Changes in input costs also cannot explain the magnitude of the
price decline. While there was a reduction in per unit COGS from 1998 to 1999, this
reduction was less than the per unit decline in average sales values. 5440 In any event,
in a period of sharply increasing demand, producers normally need not cut their
prices to reflect fully declines in costs of goods sold.
5441 Thus the price pressure
imposed by the surging volume of imports prevented the domestic rebar producers
from achieving the full benefits of declining input costs in a growing market.
The imports undersold domestically-produced rebar by quarterly margins
between *** and *** percent during 1999. 5442 During that year, the imports gained
another five percentage points of market share. 5443 Nevertheless, because of the
strong growth in demand, the domestic industry continued to perform profitably,
although operating margins were below the levels of 1998.5444
There was not a further import surge in 2000, when import quantity and
market share declined somewhat from 1999 levels. Imports did maintain a significant
presence in the market in 2000, however. Import quantity and market penetration in
2000 were still both significantly above 1998 levels, not to mention those of earlier
years; import quantity in 2000 was considerably more than twice the 1996 level and
market penetration was nearly twice the 1996 level.
5445
Imports maintained their pricing pressure as well in 2000. Average unit
values of imports in 2000 increased only incrementally from their depressed levels of
1999, while the average unit values for the domestically-produced product declined
further from 1999 to 2000. 5446 Prices for both the domestically-produced and the
imported rebar product on which the Commission collected data fluctuated within a
fairly narrow range, with prices for the domestic product generally being slightly
below the 1999 levels. Imports continued to undersell the domestically-produced
product by margins of over 20 percent.5447
As was the case in 1999, factors in the market other than imports cannot
explain why rebar pricing in 2000 continued to be at depressed levels. Demand for

5439 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-72.
5440 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-29.
5441 (original footnote) Additionally, competition between domestic producers cannot be a cause for
price declines of the magnitude observed. While cost differentials do exist among domestic producers, even the
domestic producer with the lowest cost structure had per-unit COGS that was considerably above the average
unit sales values of the imports. See Producers' Questionnaires. Given the importance of price in rebar
purchasing decisions, the commodity nature of rebar and the magnitude of underselling by the imports, it is clear
that price leadership was exerted by the imports, rather than any domestic producer.
5442 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT93.
5443 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-72.
5444 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-29.
5445 (original footnote) CR and PR, Tables LONG-7, LONG-72.
5446 (original footnote) CR and PR, Tables LONG-7, LONG-18.
5447 (original footnote) INV-Y-212, Table LONG-ALT93.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

rebar continued to increase in 2000, although this increase was less than that of the
preceding years. 5448 Additionally, per unit COGS increased in 2000 from 1999
levels.5449 The combination of rising demand and rising costs should have led prices
of domestically-produced rebar to increase in 2000. Instead, prices generally
declined -- a result we conclude is attribut able to the intense price-based competition
from imported rebar.5450 This decline in prices led to the poor financial performance,
most notably the negative operating margins discussed above.
The data for interim 2001 indicate a continuation of the trends observed
during 2000. Imports continued to maintain their presence in the market. Although
import average unit values in interim 2001 were above those for interim 2000, they
were still far below those from 1996 to 1998. The average unit values for US
shipments of domestically-produced rebar also remained depressed, notwithstanding
increasing demand. Underselling by the imports persisted. Operating performance
was poor and below the level of interim 2000."5451
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.472 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.2(e) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.473 The Panel has considered the relevant section of the USITC Report for rebar and notes that, in
determining causal link, the USITC did not conduct a coincidence analysis. As mentioned previously,
the Panel considers that if a competent authority has not examined coincidence of trends, it must, in
proving causation, provide a reasoned and adequate explanation why such an analysis was not
undertaken as well as a compelling explanation establishing the existence of a causal link. We note
that the USITC analysed the conditions of compe tition. Accordingly, we will now proceed to review
the conditions of competition analysis undertaken by the USITC for this measure, with a view to
determining whether the USITC provided such a compelling explanation.
10.474 The Panel considers that the facts before the USITC did not preclude a finding that
"the increased imports put price pressure on domestic producers. This price pressure prevented
domestic producers from fully achieving the benefits of cost reductions during certain portions of the
period examined and from fully recovering increasing costs during others." In coming to this
conclusion, we first examined average unit value data for imports and domestic products. The graph
below, which has been generated using USITC data, indicates that imports undersold domestic
products throughout the period of investigation and quite significantly so from 1999 onwards. This is
consistent with the USITC's pricing trends findings.
5452

5448 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-72.
5449 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-29.
5450 (original footnote) Moreover, although the largest individual component of COGS – raw materials
costs – declined from 1999 to 2000 on a per unit basis, th is decline was still not as great as the per unit decline
in average commercial sales values. CR and PR, Table LONG-29.
5451 USITC Report, Vol. I, pp. 111-114.
5452 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
LONG-7 at LONG-11; Table LONG-18 at LONG-23.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Imports vs imports unit values and domestic unit values
(Tons and $/ton)
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
$/ton
Imports Imports (semi-annual)
Domestic unit values Imports unit values
Domestic unit values (semi-annual) Imports unit values (semi-annual)
10.475 We also considered the import market share during the period of investigation. As is evident
from the graph below, as imports increased from 1997 onwards, the import market share also
progressively increased.
5453
Imports and imports' market shares (Tons and percentage)
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Percentage
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tons
Impor ts
Imports (semi-annual)
Imports' market shares
Imports' market shares (semi-annual)

5453 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
LONG-7 at LONG-11; Table LONG-72 at LONG-68; Table LONG-C-5.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

10.476 In addition, the graph below illustrating import trends and trends in the operating margin
seems to indicate that some coincidence betw een increases in imports from 1997 onwards and
declining operating margin existed from 1998 onwards.5454
Imports and Operating margin (Tons and '000 $)
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
-40,000
-20,000
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
'000 $
Impor ts
imports (semi-annual)
Operating margin
Operating margin (semi-annual)
10.477 Taken together, it is our view that the above data supports the USITC finding that increased
imports exerted downward pressure on domestic prices and that this, in turn, had an impact upon the
financial performance of domestic producers. In our view, the USITC provided a compelling
explanation indicating the existence of a causal link between increased imports and serious injury,
subject, of course, to fulfilment of the non-attribution requirement. Therefore, we reject the
complainants' claims and arguments in this regard.
(ii) Non-attribution
USITC findings
10.478 The USITC's finding reads as follows:
"In our discussion above, we have already considered and rejected several alternative
causes advanced by the respondents to explain the condition of the domestic rebar
industry. As discussed in the section on serious injury, the domestic industry's
capacity increases cannot be deemed to be an alternative cause of injury because
capacity increased far less than did US apparent consumption of rebar during the
period examined; indeed, capacity utilization generally increased during the period
examined. We have also discussed changes in input costs and demand and found that
they cannot explain the changes in pricing that occurred during the period examined;
if anything, these factors indicate that prices should have been stable to increasing

5454 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
LONG-7 at LONG-11; Table LONG-29 at LONG-35; Table LONG-C-5.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

during the latter portion of the period examined. Instead, because of competition
from the increased imports, prices declined."5455
Factors considered by the USITC
Domestic capacity increases
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.479 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.3(b)(v) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.480 The Panel agrees with the United States that the USITC dismissed this factor in its non-
attribution analysis. In particular, during its causation analysis, the USITC stated that: "[T]he
domestic industry's capacity increases cannot be deemed to be an alternative cause of injury because
capacity increased far less than did US apparent consumption of rebar during the period examined;
indeed, capacity utilization generally increased during the period examined." In addition, during its
injury analysis, the USITC stated that: "Reported capacity also increased during each year of the
period examined, rising from 7.6 million tons in 1996 to 9.7 million tons in 2000. Capacity was
higher in interim 2001, when it was 4.8 million tons, than in interim 2000, when it was 4.7 million
tons in 2000.
5456 The increases in capacity, however, must be viewed in the context of the increases in
demand for rebar during the period examined. The 26.6 percent increase in productive capacity
between 1996 and 2000 was far smaller than the 48.1 percent increase in US apparent consumption
over that period. Moreover, notwithstanding the overall increases in capacity, several firms that
produce rebar have shuttered production facilities during the period examined.
5457"5458
10.481 We consider that the USITC provided a reasoned and adequate explanation as to why
domestic capacity increases were not a cause of serious injury. In the Panel's view, the complainants
have not put forward a plausible alternative explanation as to why this factor was a cause of serious
injury.
Changes in input costs
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.482 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.3(b)(v) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.483 The USITC dismissed this factor as a possible cause of injury to the industry. In particular,
during its analysis of the conditions of competition, the USITC stated that: "Changes in input costs
also cannot explain the magnitude of the price decline. While there was a reduction in per unit COGS
from 1998 to 1999, this reduction was less than the per unit decline in average sales values.
5459"
Further, it stated that: "Additionally, per unit COGS increased in 2000 from 1999 levels. 5460 T h e

5455 USITC report, Vol. I, pp. 114-115.
5456 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-18.
5457(original footnote) See Minimill 201 Coalition Posthearing Brief, vol. 3 at 5-6.
5458 USITC Report, Vol. I, p. 109.
5459 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-29.
5460 (original footnote) CR and PR, Table LONG-29.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

combination of rising demand and rising costs should have led prices of domestically-produced rebar
to increase in 2000. Instead, prices generally declined – a result we conclude is attributable to the
intense price-based competition from imported rebar.
5461"5462 Finally, in its causation analysis, the
USITC stated that: "We have also discussed changes in input costs… and found that they cannot
explain the changes in pricing that occurred durin g the period examined; if anything, these factors
indicate that prices should have been stable to increasing during the latter portion of the period
examined. Instead, because of competition from the increased imports, prices declined."
10.484 The question remains as to whether the USITC was correct in discounting changes in input
costs as a possible cause of injury without further analysis. It is evident from Table-LONG 29 that
COGS increased quite significantly between 1999 a nd 2000. In addition, SG&A expenses increased
significantly between 1998 and 2000.
5463 Notably, the domestic industry's operating margin rose until
1998 and declined quite precipitously thereafter. In our view, at the least, the USITC should have
explained why these increases in costs and expenses were not a cause of injury. It was not enough, in
our view, to dismiss the effects of these increases on the mere basis that they could not account for
domestic price declines.
Conclusions
10.485 In the Panel's view, the USITC failed to properly separate, distinguish and assess the nature
and extent of the injurious effects of increase s in COGS and SG&A expenses, contrary to the
requirements of Article 4.2(b) of the Agreement on Safeguards. The Panel finds that, in failing to
adequately analyse increases in COGS and SG&A, the USITC failed to meet its obligation to
establish explicitly, through a reasoned and adequate explanation, that the injury caused by these
factors, together with other factors, was not attributed to increased imports.
(iii) Overall conclusion on USITC's determination of a causal link
10.486 As indicated above, the Panel found that, although the USITC did not explain why it did not
undertake a coincidence analysis, it nonetheless provided a compelling explanation that indicated,
leaving aside the issue of compliance with the non-attribution requirement, the existence of a causal
link. However, we found that the USITC failed to meet its obligation to establish explicitly, through a
reasoned and adequate explanation, that the injury caused by increases in COGS and SG&A, together
with other factors, was not attributed to increased imports. Thus, the USITC did not provide a
reasoned and adequate explanation supporting a determination that there was a genuine and
substantial relationship of cause and effect between increased imports and serious injury to the
relevant domestic producers.
10.487 Therefore, the Panel concludes that the USITC's finding that a causal link existed between
imports of rebar and injury caused to the relevant domestic producers is inconsistent with
Articles 4.2(b), 2.1 and 3.1 of the Agreement on Safeguards.

5461 (original footnote) Moreover, although the largest individual component of COGS – raw materials
costs – declined from 1999 to 2000 on a per unit basis, th is decline was still not as great as the per unit decline
in average commercial sales values. CR and PR, Table LONG-29.
5462 See para. 10.471.
5463 Even if SG&A expenses cannot be regarded as "input costs", we consider that such expenses
should have been taken into account by the USITC.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

(f) Welded pipe
10.488 The Panel notes at the outset that it has focused in this section on the arguments made by the
complainants that, for us, raised the most problematic aspects of the USITC's determinations on
causation, that is, those aspects that more obviously entailed violations of the Agreement on
Safeguards. Since we will dispose of the complainants' claims in our review below, the Panel sees no
need to deal with the other arguments.
10.489 We note that the complainants have not challenged the USITC's coincidence and conditions
of competition analyses. Accordingly, we will proceed directly to a review of the USITC's non-
attribution analysis.
(i) Non-attribution
USITC findings
10.490 The USITC's findings read as follows:
"We find that increased imports of welded pipe are a substantial cause of the threat of
serious injury: that is, we find that serious injury – a "significant overall impairment
in the position" of the domestic industry – due to imports is "clearly imminent," and
that increased imports of welded pipe are an important cause, and a cause not less
than any other cause, of the threat of serious injury to the domestic industry.
…
We also considered other possible causes of the current condition of the domestic
industry, as well as respondents' arguments that no future threat of serious injury
exists. Several respondents argued that increased domestic capacity had a negative
impact on prices and therefore on the condition of the domestic industry.
5464 T h e
increase in capacity (1.5 million tons) was only modestly higher than the increase in
domestic consumption of welded pipe (1.2 million tons) over the period examined.
Thus, the increase was not inconsistent with the overall increase in consumption
during the period examined – apparent US consumption increased by 73 percent of
the amount of the increase in capacity. We do not view this differential as excessive
or as contributing in more than a minor way to the condition of the industry in 2000
or interim 2001.
Joint Respondents argue that the declining profitability is explained by events
pertaining to a significant domestic producer that raised the company's costs but are
unrelated to imports.
5465 While certain company costs appear to have increased, the
main reason for the decline in the company's financial performance was the
substantial drop in the unit value of company sales beginning in 1999. 5466 A s
discussed above, this decline was largely the result of the substantial increased

5464 (original footnote) See, e.g., Joint Respondents Prehearing Injury Brief on Welded Tubular
Products Other Than OCTG at 45.
5465 (original footnote) Joint Respondents Prehearing Injury Brief on Welded Tubular Products Other
Than OCTG at 14-15. Our discussion of this issue is framed in general terms to avoid referencing business
proprietary information.
5466 (original footnote) OINV-Y-212.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

imports. Moreover, excluding this company does not substantially alter the
downward trend in industry profitability described earlier.
We considered whether the antidumping orders in place on some welded non-OCTG
products from several countries reduce the current or likely imminent impact of
imports. The orders cover only a limited number of welded pipe products and, of
those, only imports from a limited number of countries. Moreover, the orders were
issued between 1984 and 1989 and thus were in place before the start of the period
examined.5467 They clearly did not preclude the surge in imports in 2000 and
continued high level of imports in 2001, or even prevent a surge in imports from
countries covered by the orders.
5468 Given these increases despite the existence of the
orders, these pre-existing orders do not provide a basis to conclude that imports
would not continue to increase in the imminent future.5469
Several respondents argue that the industry is not threatened with serious injury
because the market for large diameter line pipe has begun to surge and will continue
to expand in the imminent future.
5470 We agree with respondents that available
information indicates that there has been a recent increase in demand for large
diameter line pipe and that projections are for continued growth due to rising demand
for pipeline projects. We also agree that rising demand tends to ameliorate the impact
of a given volume of imports. However, large diameter line pipe is only a portion of
this industry -- an estimated 20 to 30 percent of the overall welded product
category.
5471 Indeed, even with a recent rise in large diameter line pipe demand,
overall demand for covered welded tubular products has been relatively constant on a
full-year basis since 1998, as well as between interim periods. Thus, we do not
consider the likely increased demand for large diameter line pipe as eliminating the
threat of serious injury.
For all of the reasons we have discussed, we conclude that increased imports pose a
real and imminent threat of serious injury to the welded pipe industry."
5472

5467 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table OVERVIEW-1.
5468 (original footnote) For example, imports from Thailand, which are covered by the orders, increased
by 69,621 tons, or 248.2 percent, between 1998 and 2000 and undersold the domestic product by double digit
margins in 2000 and the first half of 2001. Committee on Pipe and Tube Imports Posthearing Injury Brief at 19,
exhibits 3, 5. Imports have also increased by significant amounts since 1998 from Korea (68,418 tons, or 19.5
percent), Taiwan (18,762 tons, or 40.1 percent), and Turkey (30,440 tons, or 317.9 percent). In the case of
Korea, such imports undersold the domestic product by margins up to 8.8 percent in 2000 and the first half of
2001, and in the case of Taiwan and Turkey generally undersold the domestic product by double digit margins
in 2000 and the first half of 2001 in quarters for which data were reported. Committee on Pipe and Tube
Imports Posthearing Injury Brief at 15-17, 21-22.
5469 (original footnote) The pending antidumping investigation on welded non-alloy steel pipe from
China is not a basis to conclude that imports will not increase. It would be speculative to attempt to determine
the outcome of that investigation or its effect on any imports in the imminent future. The Commission made an
affirmative determination in the preliminary phase of this investigation in July 2001, and made negative
determinations in the other investigations considered at that time. See Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe
From China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Romania, and South Africa, Invs. Nos. 731-TA-943-947 (Preliminary),
USITC Pub. 3439 (July 2001).
5470 (original footnote) See, e.g., European Steel Tube Association Prehearing Injury Brief at 11-13.
5471 (original footnote) CR at TUBULAR-55; PR at TUBULAR-43.
5472 USITC Report, Vol. I, pp. 165-166.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Factors considered by the USITC
Domestic industry overcapacity
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.491 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.3(b)(vi) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.492 In the Panel's view, the USITC clearly considered that domestic industry overcapacity played
some role in causing the injury that was suffered by the domestic industry. In particular, the USITC
stated that: "The increase in capacity (1.5 million tons) was only modestly higher than the increase in
domestic consumption of welded pipe (1.2 million tons) over the period examined. Thus, the increase
was not inconsistent with the overall increase in consumption during the period examined – apparent
US consumption increased by 73 percent of the amount of the increase in capacity. We do not view
this differential as excessive or as contributing in more than a minor way to the condition of the
industry in 2000 or interim 2001."
10.493 We note that the USITC identified and consid ered changes in domestic capacity during the
period of investigation. In particular, the USITC stated that:
"Domestic capacity rose 22 percent during the period examined, from 6.86 million
short tons in 1996 to 8.37 million short tons in 2000, with the largest one-year
increase occurring in the middle of the period, between 1997 and 1998 (7.1 percent).
Domestic capacity has increased by smaller amounts recently (by 4.4 percent between
1999 and 2000, and by 0.5 percent between interim 2000 and interim 2001).
5473
…
Domestic welded pipe capacity increased during the period examined, and was at its
highest level in 2000.5474 US capacity growth largely tracked the increase in apparent
US consumption of welded pipe. 5475 However, the recent decline in domestic
production coupled with the increase in domestic capacity resulted in a significant
decline in capacity utilization beginning in 1999 and continuing through 2000, and in
interim 2001 compared to interim 2000. The capacity utilization rate for the industry
fluctuated during the first three years of the period examined (66.7 percent in 1996,
71.9 percent in 1997, and 70.7 percent in 1998), and then declined sharply to 63.8

5473 (original footnote) CR and PR at TUBULAR-C-4.
5474 (original footnote) US producers' average capacity was 6.86 million short tons in 1996, and
increased to 7.04 million short tons in 1997, 7.54 million short tons in 1998, 8.02 million short tons in 1999, and
8.38 million short tons in 2000. US producers' average capacity was 4.69 million short tons in interim 2001
(half year basis), virtually the same as in the same period of 2000 (4.67 million short tons). CR and PR at Table
TUBULAR-C-4.
5475 (original footnote) The increase in average annual capacity of approximately 1.5 million short tons
during the period examined was slightly above the 1.2 million short ton increase in domestic consumption that
occurred during that period. We note that US producers maintain capacity to export, and that exports have
accounted for as much as 475,000 tons of productio n during the period examined. CR and PR at Table
TUBULAR-C-4.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

percent in 1999 and 56.2 percent in 2000. This rate was 53.2 percent in interim 2001
as compared to 53.4 percent in the same period of 2000.5476"
10.494 The Panel further notes that the USITC dismissed this factor in its non-attribution analysis on
the basis that it was not regarded as contributing to injury suffered by the domestic industry in "more
than a minor way." In our view, that a factor contributes to injury in no "more than a minor way"
does not detract from the implicit acknowledgement that it, nevertheless, contributes to the injury. In
our view, the need to separate and distinguish the effects of domestic industry over-capacity was
particularly pertinent in this case given its apparent inter-relationship with a number of the injury
factors referred to in Article 4.2(a), namely, domestic production and capacity utilization. This
relationship was referred to by the USITC itself when it stated that: "However, the recent decline in
domestic production coupled with the increase in domestic capacity resulted in a significant decline in
capacity utilization beginning in 1999 and continuing through 2000, and in interim 2001 compared to
interim 2000."
10.495 As a further point, the Panel notes that the apparent premise upon which the USITC dismissed
domestic industry overcapacity in its non-attribution analysis was that: "The increase in capacity (1.5
million tons) was only modestly higher than the increase in domestic consumption of welded pipe (1.2
million tons) over the period examined." Even t hough the USITC dismissed this factor on the basis
that it contributed to injury in no "more than a minor way", the Panel considers that the USITC
implicitly acknowledged the importance of this factor. In particular, it noted that capacity increased
by a not insubstantial amount of 22% during the period of investigation.
10.496 The Panel considers that in dismissing this factor in its non-attribution analysis, the USITC
failed to meet its obligation to establish, through a reasoned and adequate explanation, that the injury
caused by it, together with other factors, was properly distinguished and not attributed to increased
imports. At the very least, the USITC should have specifically identified what it considered to be the
"minor" contribution that domestic industry over-capacity played in causing serious injury to the
industry.
Aberrational performance of one member of the industry
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.497 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.3(b)(vi) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.498 The Panel notes that the USITC addressed the aberrational performance of one member of the
domestic industry in its Report. In particular, it stated that:
"Joint Respondents argue that the declining profitability is explained by events
pertaining to a significant domestic producer that raised the company's costs but are
unrelated to imports.5477 While certain company costs appear to have increased, the
main reason for the decline in the company's financial performance was the

5476 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-C-4.
5477 (original footnote) Joint Respondents Prehearing Injury Brief on Welded Tubular Products Other
Than OCTG at 14-15. Our discussion of this issue is framed in general terms to avoid referencing business
proprietary information.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

substantial drop in the unit value of company sales beginning in 1999. 5478 A s
discussed above, this decline was largely the result of the substantial increased
imports. Moreover, excluding this company does not substantially alter the
downward trend in industry profitability described earlier."
10.499 The Panel considers that the USITC's decision to dismiss the aberrational performance of one
member of the domestic industry in its non-attribution analysis was not adequately reasoned. The
USITC states that the "main" reason for the decline in the company's financial performance was the
drop in units sales caused "largely" by imports. In our view, words such as "main" and "largely"
indicate subjective judgement on the part of the USITC, which should have been the subject of further
explanation. We believe that the USITC should have identified and considered possible reasons other
than the asserted "main" one for the company's declin e, which apparently were identified in the Joint
Respondents Prehearing Injury Brief for welded pipe.
5479 In addition, we note that the USITC stated
that excluding the poor performer from the analysis would not have "substantially" affected the
downward trend in profitability. By implication, the exclusion had some effect, albeit not substantial.
In the Panel's view, this effect should have been identified, evaluated and explained.
Conclusions
10.500 The Panel considers that, with respect to welded pipe, the USITC failed to comply with its
non-attribution obligation contained in the second sentence of Article 4.2(b). In particular, we
consider that the USITC failed to properly separate, distinguish and assess the nature and extent of the
injurious effects of factors other than increased imports that were causing injury to the domestic
industry. This, to us, is clear from the fact th at the USITC dismissed a number of factors (namely,
domestic industry overcapacity and aberrational performance of one member of the industry) in its
non-attribution analysis even though it acknowledged that those factors were causing injury to the
industry.
10.501 We thus find that the USITC failed to meet its obligation to establish explicitly, through a
reasoned and adequate explanation, that the injury caused by other factors such as domestic industry
overcapacity and aberrational performance of one member of the industry, together with other factors,
was not attributed to increased imports.
(ii) Overall conclusion on USITC's determination of a causal link
10.502 In the Panel's view, the USITC failed to properly separate, distinguish and assess the nature
and extent of the injurious effects of domestic industry overcapacity and the aberrational performance
of one member of the industry, contrary to the requirements of Article 4.2(b) of the Agreement on
Safeguards. The USITC, therefore, failed to meet its obligation to establish explicitly, through a
reasoned and adequate explanation, that the injury caused by these factors, together with other factors,
was not attributed to increased imports. Thus, the USITC did not provide a reasoned and adequate
explanation supporting a determination that there was a genuine and substantial relationship of cause
and effect between increased imports and serious injury to the relevant domestic producers.
10.503 Therefore, the Panel concludes that the USITC's finding that a causal link existed between
imports of welded pipe and injury caused to the relevant domestic producers is inconsistent with
Articles 4.2(b), 2.1 and 3.1 of the Agreement on Safeguards.

5478 (original footnote) INV-Y-212.
5479 See the complainants' Common Exhibit CC-78.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

(g) FFTJ
10.504 The Panel notes at the outset that it has focused in this section on the arguments made by the
complainants that, for us, raised the most probl ematic aspects of the USITC's determinations on
causation, that is, those aspects that more obviously entailed violations of the Agreement on
Safeguards. Since we will dispose of the complainants' claims in our review below, the Panel sees no
need to deal with the other arguments.
(i) Coincidence and conditions of competition
USITC findings
10.505 The USITC's findings read as follows:
"We find that the increased imports of fittings, flanges, and tool joints are an
important cause, and a cause not less than any other cause, of serious injury to the
domestic industry. Accordingly, we find that increased imports of fittings, flanges,
and tool joints are a substantial cause of serious injury to the domestic industry.
a. Conditions of Competition
Pipe connection products are diverse (flanges, butt-weld fittings, other fittings,
including couplings and nipples, and tool joints), but in general are used to join or cap
pipe. Many of the products are commodity grade, produced to standards and
specifications established by standards and testing bodies such as ASTM, API, and
AWWA. Fittings and flanges are often distributed with other tubular products, and
purchasers stated that demand for them is driven by utilities, automotive products,
and import competition in downstream markets.
5480 Demand for tool joints is
connected with OCTG demand, since tool joints are used in manufacturing finished
drill pipe. 5481 Purchasers of fittings and flanges reported that imported and
domestically produced fittings and flanges produced to the same grade and
specification are used in the same applications.
5482 Once the standards are met, price
and cost competitiveness often become the most important factor.5483
Apparent US consumption of fittings and flanges increased by 9.7 percent between
1996 and 2000, with most of this increase occurring between 1996 and 1997.
Demand was less volatile thereafter, until interim 2001, when it rose by 10.4 percent
over interim 2000.
5484
Domestic producers' capacity increased by 7.4 percent over the period examined,
somewhat less than the growth rate in consumption. Domestic capacity reached its
highest level of the period examined in 1999, and declined by 5.2 percent in 2000,
and by an additional 4.6 percent in interim 2001 compared to interim 2000. 5485 As
indicated above, Trinity Fitting Group, a domestic producer, has closed plants in

5480 (original footnote) CR at TUBULAR-55; PR at TUBULAR-43.
5481 (original footnote) CR at TUBULAR-55; PR at TUBULAR-43.
5482 (original footnote) CR at TUBULAR-62; PR at TUBULAR-50.
5483 (original footnote) CR at TUBULAR-59; PR at TUBULAR-47; Tr. at 2514 (Berger); Tr. at 2516
(Zidell); Tr. at 2524 (Keilers).
5484 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-C-6.
5485 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-C-6.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Kentucky, Arkansas, Mississippi, and in early 2001, Texas, effectively exiting the
flange business. Domestic production fluctuated during the period examined, and
was 5.3 percent lower in 2000 than in 1996; domestic production was 11.6 percent
lower in interim 2001.
5486
Foreign producers' reported capacity increased throughout the period examined, and
was 19.5 percent higher in 2000 than in 1996. It rose in interim 2001 compared to
interim 2000. Foreign producers' production, on the other hand, fluctuated, and was
higher in 2000 than in 1996, and higher in interim 2001 than in interim 2000.
Foreign producers became more export-oriented during the period examined. Their
share of total shipments exported also fluctuated, but was higher in 2000 at 60.5
percent (60.6 percent in interim 2001) than at the beginning of the period examined
(58.9 percent in 1996). The share shipped to the US market also fluctuated but was at
its highest level at the end of the period examined, 19.0 percent in 2000 and 19.2
percent in interim 2001. Foreign producers' capacity utilization rate also fluctuated
during the period examined, and was 58.4 percent in 2000 and 70.4 percent in interim
2001
5487, indicating available capacity for additional production.
b. Analysis of Factors
As indicated above, imports of fittings and flanges have increased in both actual
terms and relative to domestic production. Imports increased in actual terms by 30.8
percent (as measured in quantity) during the course of the investigation, and by 15.3
percent between 1999 and 2000. Imports were 32.1 percent higher in interim 2001
than in the same period of 2000. Imports increased in each year of the period
examined and were at their highest level of the period in 2000.
5488
Imports have taken an increasingly larger share of the domestic market each year
since 1997, with the largest increase occurring in 2000. The market share captured
by imports also increased sharply in interim 2001 as compared to the same period of
2000. The share of the domestic market held by imports was 35.0 percent in 1996
and fell to 32.9 percent in 1997 and then rose to 35.5 percent in 1998, 37.7 percent in
1999, and 41.7 percent in 2000. The share of the market held by imports was 46.7
percent in interim 2001, well above the market share of 39.0 percent in the same
period of 2000. 5489 The steady increase in volume of imports, and the increase in
import market share, especially since 1997, coincided with the deterioration of the
condition of the domestic industry described above.
Information on prices was mixed. The AUVs of domestic shipments fluctuated from
1996 to 1998, then fell somewhat from 1998 to 2000; they were lower in interim
2001 compared to interim 2000. The AUVs of imports fluctuated but increased

5486 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-C-6.
5487 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-36.
5488 (original footnote) The ratio of imports to domestic production also increased significantly during
the period examined, from 50.5 percent in 1996 to 69.7 percent in 2000, and was at its highest full-year level in
2000. This was significantly above the level of 55.3 percent in 1998 and 63.0 percent in 1999. The ratio in
interim 2001 (88.8 percent) was substantially above the level of the same period of 2000 (59.4 percent). CR and
PR at Table TUBULAR-15.
5489 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-C-6.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

overall during the period. Import AUVs were generally above domestic AUVs. 5490
By contrast, pricing information gathered by the Commission on a butt weld fitting
product5491 showed that imports from non-NAFTA sources and Mexico (there were
no reported imports from Canada) undersold the domestic product in each quarterly
period for which data were provided. The data further showed that the margin of
underselling was at its highest level in 2000 and January-June 2001. Non-NAFTA
imports have been priced at more than 20 percent below the domestic product since
the fourth quarter of 1999.5492 Domestic prices for the butt-weld product fell slightly
during the period, before rising in the final quarter. 5493 Import prices for this product
fell significantly over the period, particularly since 1998.
Purchasers of tubular products indicated that price was a key factor in their
purchasing decisions, behind only quality. 5494 Moreover, nearly all purchasers
indicated that imported and domestic fittings and flanges made to the same grade and
specification may be used in the same applications. We find that such broad
interchangeability indicates that price plays an important role in the market. In light
of these facts, we find the product-specific evidence of underselling to be significant.
In sum, the steady and large increase in imports, which captured an increasing share
of the US market, led to erosions in such industry indicators as production, capacity
utilization, shipments, and employment indicators. Lower production and shipments
meant fewer sales over which to spread fixed costs, contributing to increased unit
costs. The increasing presence of imports, in at least some cases at substantial
underselling margins, prevented the industry from recouping increased costs through
higher prices; instead, prices fell somewhat over the period. Accordingly, we find
that imports are a substantial cause of serious injury.
5495
Respondents argued that none of the injury data in the Commission prehearing staff
report can be correlated to import volumes. They allege that when import volumes
increased by the greatest margin, domestic industry operating income increased by
the greatest margin. 5496 The evidence in the record does not support respondents'
contentions. Imports increased by the greatest margin of the period examined in 2000

5490 (original footnote) We are cautious of placing undue weight on AUV information, as it may be
influenced by issues of product mix.
5491 (original footnote) Carbon steel butt-weld fitting, 6 inch nominal diameter, 90 degree elbow, long
radius, standard weight, meeting ASTM A-234, grade WPB or equivalent specification.
5492 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-61.
5493 (original footnote) We observe that the domestic producers' attempt to raise prices in that final
quarter, even in a period of rising demand, resulted in a substantial loss of volume.
5494 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-53. Domestic producers of fittings and flanges
and a distributor of fittings testified that price was an important consideration in customer purchasing decisions.
Tr. at 2516 (Zidell); Tr. at 2518 (Graham); Tr. at 2520 (Ketchum); Tr. at 2523 (Bernobich).
5495 (original footnote) Domestic producers cited increased imports as the cause of injury to the
domestic industry. In the questionnaire sent to fittings producers, the Commission asked recipients to identify
the factors, from a list of 13, including imports, that are adversely impacting the domestic industry. Recipients
were given the option of identifying more than one factor. Of those responding, 16 producers identified
imports, and one identified the general economic downturn. No other factors were identified. Persons testifying
at the public hearing also cited imports. One company of ficial asserted that declining sales volumes and profits
caused by imports have forced his firm to shelve plans for capital investment, severely impairing the firm's
competitiveness and efficiency. Tr. at 2517 (Zidell).
5496 (original footnote) Bebitz et al. posthearing brief at 11-17.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

(15.3 percent), and the domestic industry operated at a loss that year, its worst year of
the period examined. This occurred notwithstanding a 4.3 percent increase in
apparent US consumption of fittings and related products that year.
5497 While it is
true that industry profit margins also fell sharply in 1999 when the quantity of
imports increased by only a small amount (0.3 percent), the unit value of imports fell
that year by 7.1 percent, domestic consumption fell by 5.5 percent, and the share of
the market held by imports that year increased to 37.7 percent from 35.5 percent in
1998.5498
Respondents also contend that segments of the market are wholly or partially closed
to imports due to Approved Manufacturers' Lists.5499 However, it is questionable how
much, if any, impact that such lists have on limiting import competition in fittings
and flanges. Domestic fittings and flanges producers who appeared at the
Commission's injury hearing testified that approved manufacturer lists have been
expanded to include many foreign producers of fittings and flanges, and approved
lists of butt-weld pipe fittings suppliers include firms in Italy, Thailand, Japan, the
United Kingdom, Austria, France, Germany, Canada, and Mexico.
5500 M o r e
generally, approved manufacturer lists do not appear to have been an insurmountable
hurdle to imports entering the US market, as they increased by over 30 percent from
1996 to 2000, and by another 32 percent between interim 2000 and 2001."5501
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.506 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.2(f) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.507 At the outset, the Panel notes that the USITC undertook a coincidence analysis for FFTJ and
concluded that coincidence existed. Accordingly, we will consider whether these findings provide a
reasoned and adequate explanation of how the facts support this finding.
10.508 In particular, we note that USITC found that:
"Imports have taken an increasingly larger share of the domestic market each year
since 1997, with the largest increase occurring in 2000. The market share captured
by imports also increased sharply in interim 2001 as compared to the same period of
2000. The share of the domestic market held by imports was 35.0 percent in 1996
and fell to 32.9 percent in 1997 and then rose to 35.5 percent in 1998, 37.7 percent in
1999, and 41.7 percent in 2000. The share of the market held by imports was 46.7
percent in interim 2001, well above the market share of 39.0 percent in the same
period of 2000.
5502 The steady increase in volume of imports, and the increase in
import market share, especially since 1997, coincided with the deterioration of the
condition of the domestic industry described above."5503

5497 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-C-6.
5498 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-C-6.
5499 (original footnote) Bebitz et al. Posthearing Injury Brief at 11-17.
5500 (original footnote) Tr. at 2516-17 (Zidell); at 2522-23 (Bernovich).
5501 USITC Report, Vol. I, pp. 174-177.
5502 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-C-6.
5503 See para. 10.505.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

10.509 The Panel recalls that, when examined, coincidence needs to be established between the
movements or trends in imports and the movements or trends in injury factors. The Panel has
considered coincidence between a number of the inju ry factors mentioned in Article 4.2(a), including
those referred to by the USITC, and imports on the basis of facts that were available to the USITC in
making its determination.
10.510 First, the Panel considers that coincidence does appear to exist between upward trends in
imports and downward trends in production for the duration of the period of investigation.
5504
Imports and Production (Tons)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
Impor ts
Imports (semi-annual)
Production
Production (semi-annual)
10.511 With respect to the relationship between incr eased imports and net commercial sales, the
Panel again considers that coincidence does appear to exist between upward trends in imports and
downward trends in net commercial sales during the period of investigation.5505

5504 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
TUBULAR-8 at TUBULAR-10; Table TUBULAR-14 at TUBULAR-17; Table TUBULAR-C-6.
5505 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
TUBULAR-8 at TUBULAR-10; Table TUBULAR-20 at TUBULAR-24; Table TUBULAR-C-6.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Imports and net commercial sales (Tons)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
Imports
N et com m ercial sales
Imports (semi-annual)
N et com m ercial sales (semi-annual)
10.512 Similarly, the Panel considers that coincidence does appear to exist between upward trends in
imports and overall downward trends in employment during the period of investigation.5506
Imports and employment (Tons and employees)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
Employees
Imports
Imports (semi-annual)
Employment
Employment (semi-annual)
10.513 The Panel also considers that coincidence does appear to exist between upward trends in
imports and downward trends in operating margin during the period of investigation. More
particularly, the level of operating margin dropped quite precipitously from 1997 onwards as import

5506 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
TUBULAR-8 at TUBULAR-10; Table TUBULAR-14 at TUBULAR-17; Table TUBULAR-C-6.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

levels started to rise. In this regard, the Panel does not consider that rising operating margin during
interim 2001, which was accompanied by rising imports, detracts from our conclusion.5507
Imports and Operating margin (Tons and '000 $)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
-5,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
'000 $
Imports
imports (semi-annual)
Operating margin
Operating margin (semi-annual)
10.514 The Panel does not discern coincidence between productivity trends and imports trends.
While it is true that coincidence can be discerned at the very end of the period of investigation when
productivity declined quite significantly and imports increased, the Panel considers that the trends
during the rest of the period of investigation do not demonstrate any coincidence. In particular,
between 1997 and 1999 when imports started to rise, productivity levels remained more or less
unchanged. From 1999 until 2000, as import levels increased further, productivity also increased.5508

5507 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
TUBULAR-8 at TUBULAR-10; Table TUBULAR-20 at TUBULAR-24; Table TUBULAR-C-6.
5508 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
TUBULAR-8 at TUBULAR-10; Table TUBULAR-14 at TUBULAR-17; Table TUBULAR-C-6.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Imports and productivity (Tons and tons/1000 hours)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
24
25
26
27
28
29
Tons/1000 hours
Imports
Imports (semi-annual)
Productivity
Productivity (semi-annual)
10.515 The Panel considers that coincidence does appe ar to exist between upward trends in imports
and downward trends in capacity utilization during the period of investigation. More particularly, as
import levels started to rise from 1997 onwards, capacity utilization also declined.5509
Imports and capacity utilization ( Tons and percentage)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Percentage
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tons
Imports
Imports (semi-annual)
Capacity utilization
Capacity utilization (semi-annual)
Conclusions
10.516 On the basis of the foregoing, the Panel concludes that, overall, clear coincidence exists
between the upward trend in imports and the downw ard trend in the injury factors, except for
productivity. Accordingly, we consider that the US ITC was justified in concluding that: "The steady
increase in volume of imports, and the increase in import market share, especially since 1997,

5509 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
TUBULAR-8 at TUBULAR-10; Table TUBULAR-14 at TUBULAR-17; Table TUBULAR-C-6.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

coincided with the deterioration of the conditi on of the domestic industry." We note, however, that
the USITC did not provide a reasoned and adequate explanation of how the facts support the finding
that that coincidence existed. Indeed, apart from the quoted sentence from the USITC Report (at
paragraph 10.508), we cannot find anything further in the USITC Report that demonstrates that
movements in imports coincided with movements in injury factors. Given that the USITC failed to
provide a reasoned and adequate explanation that demonstrated the existence of coincidence between
movements in imports and movements in injury factors, it was for the USITC to provide a compelling
explanation as to why a causal link was considered, nevertheless, to exist. We proceed now to the
USITC's analysis of the conditions of competition for FFTJ.
10.517 The Panel considers that the following observations made by the USITC are seminal to its
conditions of competition analysis. First, the USITC stated that "[i]mports have taken an increasingly
larger share of the domestic market each year since 1997". We agree with this observation on the
basis of the graph below, which has been generated using USITC data.
5510
Imports and imports' market shares (Tons and percentage)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Percentage
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tons
Impor ts
Imports (semi-annual)
Imports' market shares
Imports' market shares (semi-annual)
10.518 Secondly, the USITC observed that "Import AUVs were generally above domestic AUVs.
By contrast, pricing information gathered by the Commission on a butt weld fitting product showed
that imports from non-NAFTA sources and Mexico (there were no reported imports from Canada)
undersold the domestic product in each quarterly period for which data were provided." We also
agree with the USITC's observation that import average unit values were generally above domestic
average unit values on the basis of the graph below, which, again, has been generated using USITC
data.
5511

5510 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
TUBULAR-8 at TUBULAR-10; Table TUBULAR-45 at TUBULAR-38; Table TUBULAR-C-6.
5511 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
TUBULAR-8 at TUBULAR-10; Table TUBULAR-14 at TUBULAR-17; Table TUBULAR-C-6.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Imports vs imports unit values and domestic unit values
(Tons and $/ton)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
$/ton
Imports Imports (semi-annual)
Domestic unit values Imports unit values
Domestic unit values (semi-annual) Imports unit values (semi-annual)
10.519 We note that the USITC questioned the relevance of average unit values in the context of its
conditions of competition analysis, stating that: "We are cautious of placing undue weight on AUV
information, as it may be influenced by issues of product mix." While we consider that the USITC
should have provided a more detailed explanation of why it so readily dismissed such data, we do not
necessarily consider that the USITC was wrong to rely upon data for the "butt weld fitting product " to
the exclusion of the average unit value data. Indeed, at page TUBULAR-54 of Volume II of the
USITC Report, it is stated that this product, otherwise referred to as "Product 22", is a "high volume"
fitting product. This suggests to us that Product 22 was a reasonably representative basis for the
USITC's conditions of competition analysis. We also agree with the USITC's observation that
"pricing information gathered by the Commission on a butt weld fitting product showed that imports
… undersold the domestic product in each quarterly period for which data were provided." This
much is evident from Table TUBULAR-61.
5512
10.520 Finally, we note that the USITC found "the product-specific evidence of underselling to be
significant" and concluded that "[t]he increasing presence of imports, in at least some cases at
substantial underselling margins, prevented the industry from recouping increased costs through
higher prices; instead, prices fell somewhat over the period. Accordingly, we find that imports are a
substantial cause of serious injury." As noted above, there was evidence of import underselling for
Product 22, which we consider to be sufficiently representative to have formed the basis of the
USITC's conditions of competition analysis. We find that the existence of underselling together with
the increasing level (and market share) of imports, as evidenced above in relation to our review of the

5512 USITC Report, Vol. II, TUBULAR-61.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

USITC's coincidence analysis, coincided with the decline in the situation of the domestic industry and
tends to support the USITC finding above.5513
Imports and Operating margin (Tons and '000 $)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
-5,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
'000 $
Imports
imports (semi-annual)
Operating margin
Operating margin (semi-annual)
10.521 Therefore, on the basis of the foregoing, the Panel concludes that the USITC provided a
compelling explanation that indicated, subject to the fulfilment of the non-attribution requirement,
that a causal link existed between increased imports and serious injury.
(ii) Non-attribution
USITC findings
10.522 The USITC's findings read as follows:
"Respondents also alleged that causes other than imports were responsible for any
injury experienced by the domestic industry. First, respondents assert that the
industry's performance is related to factors such as the business cycle in the oil and
gas industry.5514 A certain portion of domestic production is used for oil- and gas-
related purposes and thus would be affected by market dynamics in that sector.
However, to the extent that the industry's performance is related to the business cycle
in the oil and gas industry, this should mean that the industry's financial performance
should have been strong in 2000 and into 2001 because demand for OCTG and other
oil and gas related products was very strong during that period. In fact, consumption
of fittings and flanges was 4.3 percent higher in 2000 than in 1999, and was 10.4
percent higher in interim 2001 than in interim 2000. However, the financial
performance of the fittings industry was at its lowest level in 2000, and the profit

5513 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
TUBULAR-8 at TUBULAR-10; Table TUBULAR-20 at TUBULAR-24; Table TUBULAR-C-6.
5514 (original footnote) Joint Respondents Prehearing Injury Brief on Product 22, Carbon Steel Flanges,
Fittings, and Tool Joints, at 49.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

level in interim 2001, while positive, remained well below the level of earlier years in
the period examined on an annualized basis.5515
Respondents also claim that the domestic industry's capacity expansion and intra-
industry price competition led to injury. 5516 The industry did add capacity over the
period examined, but at a rate less than the increase in apparent consumption. 5517
Thus, the increase in capacity would not be expected to place substantial pressure on
domestic prices. Nor have respondents identified what has changed over the period
examined such that competition among domestic producers alone would turn a solidly
profitable industry into one experiencing operating losses.
Respondents allege that the decreasing profitability of the domestic has resulted from
industry facilities that are inefficient or outdated, and that domestic producers are
unable to obtain sufficient forgings used in domestic production.
5518 These
allegations are not supported by record information.
Respondents also claim that the industry suffered from a shortage of qualified
workers.5519 While a few producers noted worker shortages at certain times, the claim
of a worker shortage is inconsistent with the fact that the domestic industry reduced
its production workers by 6 percent from 1998 to 1999, another 8.7 percent from
1999 to 2000, and by 4.5 percent between interim 2000 and interim 2001. These
reductions coincided with reduced industry production, shipments, and market share,
as imports increased.
Finally, respondents claim that purchaser consolidation explains any negative price
effects experienced by the industry.
5520 In support, respondents cite one domestic
producer who indicated that consolidation had negatively impacted price levels, but
also had the benefit of reducing shipping costs. In general, purchaser consolidation
would be expected to place some pressure on domestic prices. However, any
consolidation would not explain the reduction in domestic production, shipments,
employment, and other non-price indicato rs that occurred during the period
examined.
In summary, we find that the increase in imports of fittings is an important cause of
the serious injury to the domestic fittings industry and not less important than any
other cause, and therefore have made an affirmative determination."
5521

5515 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-C-6.
5516 (original footnote) Joint Respondents Prehearing Injury Brief on Product 22, Carbon Steel Flanges,
Fittings, and Tool Joints, at 53, 59.
5517 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-C-6.
5518 (original footnote) Joint Respondents Prehearing Injury Brief on Product 22, Carbon Steel Flanges,
Fittings, and Tool Joints, at 51, 53.
5519 (original footnote) Joint Respondents Prehearing Injury Brief on Product 22, Carbon Steel Flanges,
Fittings, and Tool Joints, at 58.
5520 (original footnote) Joint Respondents Prehearing Injury Brief on Product 22, Carbon Steel Flanges,
Fittings, and Tool Joints, at 52.
5521 USITC Report, Vol. I, pp. 177-178
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Factors considered by the USITC
Increased capacity
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.523 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.3(b)(vii) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.524 The Panel considers that the USITC acknowledged that domestic capacity increases played a
role in causing the injury that was suffered by the domestic industry. In particular, the USITC stated
that: "Thus, the increase in capacity would not be expected to place substantial pressure on domestic
prices." In our view, this statement implies that increases in capacity would be expected to place
some pressure on domestic prices, even if not "substantial".
10.525 That the USITC considered pricing to be important is evident from the following statement
contained in its analysis of the conditions of competition for FFTJ:
"Purchasers of tubular products indicated that price was a key factor in their
purchasing decisions, behind only quality.
5522 Moreover, nearly all purchasers
indicated that imported and domestic fittings and flanges made to the same grade and
specification may be used in the same applications. We find that such broad
interchangeability indicates that price plays an important role in the market."5523
10.526 In addition, in the same section of its report, the USITC stated that:
"The increasing presence of imports, in at least some cases at substantial underselling
margins, prevented the industry from recouping increased costs through higher prices;
instead, prices fell somewhat over the period. Accordingly, we find that imports are a
substantial cause of serious injury.5524"5525
10.527 It is clear to the Panel from the foregoing that the USITC considered that downward pressure
on prices played an important role in causing the injury that was suffered by the domestic industry.
Accordingly, it can be deduced from the foregoing that the USITC conceded that increases in capacity
lead, at least in part, to downward pressure on domestic prices, which, in turn, impacted upon the state
of the domestic industry. Indeed, the Panel considers that downward pressure was exerted by
increases in capacity on prices, regardless of how one interprets "substantial" (the adjective used by

5522 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-53. Domestic producers of fittings and flanges
and a distributor of fittings testified that price was an important consideration in customer purchasing decisions.
Tr. at 2516 (Zidell); Tr. at 2518 (Graham); Tr. at 2520 (Ketchum); Tr. at 2523 (Bernobich).
5523 See para. 10.505.
5524 (original footnote) Domestic producers cited increased imports as the cause of injury to the
domestic industry. In the questionnaire sent to fittings producers, the Commission asked recipients to identify
the factors, from a list of 13, including imports, that are adversely impacting the domestic industry. Recipients
were given the option of identifying more than one factor. Of those responding, 16 producers identified
imports, and one identified the general economic downturn. No other factors were identified. Persons testifying
at the public hearing also cited imports. One company of ficial asserted that declining sales volumes and profits
caused by imports have forced his firm to shelve plans for capital investment, severely impairing the firm's
competitiveness and efficiency. Tr. at 2517 (Zidell).
5525 See para. 10.505.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

the USITC). The Panel is of the view that all relevant "other factors" – even those with limited
injurious effects on the domestic industry – must, together with other relevant factors, be identified,
distinguished and assessed with a view to reaching an overall conclusion that increased imports have a
genuine and substantial relationship of cause and effect with the injury suffered by the relevant
domestic producers.
10.528 The Panel notes that the USITC considered trends in domestic industry capacity during the
period of investigation, noting that domestic producer's capacity increased by 7.4% over the period of
investigation. In particular, it stated that:
"Domestic producers' capacity increased by 7.4 percent over the period examined,
somewhat less than the growth rate in consumption. Domestic capacity reached its
highest level of the period examined in 1999, and declined by 5.2 percent in 2000,
and by an additional 4.6 percent in interim 2001 compared to interim 2000.
5526"
10.529 Despite the fact that the USITC acknowledged the role played by this factor in causing injury
to the industry, it appeared to dismiss it in its non-attribution analysis. In our view, in dismissing
increased capacity in its non-attribution analysis, the USITC did not, through a reasoned and adequate
explanation, separate, distinguish and assess the nature and extent of the injurious effects caused by
increased capacity so that the injury caused by this factor, together with other factors, was not
attributed to increased imports.
Purchaser consolidation
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.530 The arguments of the parties are set out in Sections VII.H.3(b)(vii) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.531 The Panel also considers that the USITC acknowledged that purchaser consolidation played a
role in the injury that was suffered by the domestic industry. In particular, the USITC stated that:
"[i]n general, purchaser consolidation would be expected to place some pressure on domestic prices.
However, any consolidation would not explain the reduction in domestic production, shipments,
employment, and other non-price indicators that occu rred during the period examined." In our view,
although this statement indicates that the USITC did not consider that purchaser consolidation would
explain declines in all injury factors, it nevert heless implicitly accepted that purchaser consolidation
would place "some" pressure on domestic prices. For the reasons explained below, we consider that
this effectively amounts to an acknowledgement that purchaser consolidation played a role in causing
injury to the industry.
10.532 As mentioned above, it is clear to the Panel that the USITC considered that downward
pressure on prices played an important role in causing the injury that was suffered by the domestic
industry. Also pointed out above, the USITC stat ed that purchaser consolidation exerted downward
pressure on prices. Therefore, following the USITC's logic, we consider that there is a link between
purchaser consolidation and injury suffered by the domestic industry.
10.533 However, despite this link, the USITC dismissed this factor in its non-attribution analysis on
the basis of the assertion that "any consolidation would not explain the reduction in domestic

5526 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table TUBULAR-C-6.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

production, shipments, employment, and other non-price indicators that occurred during the period
examined." Other than this statement, the USITC did not provide any explanation of why
"consolidation would not explain the reduction in domestic production, shipments, employment, and
other non-price indicators that occurred during the period examined." Accordingly, in the Panel's
view, the USITC's explanation of its analysis of purchaser consolidation was not adequately reasoned.
Further, it is our view that in failing to adequately explain this factor, the USITC failed to meet its
obligation to establish explicitly, through a reasoned and adequate explanation, that the injury caused
by purchaser consolidation, together with other fa ctors, was properly separated and distinguished and
not attributed to increased imports.
Conclusions
10.534 The Panel considers that, with respect to FFTJ, the USITC failed to comply with its non-
attribution obligation contained in the second sentence of Article 4.2(b). In particular, we consider
that the USITC failed to properly separate, distinguish and assess the nature and extent of the
injurious effects of factors other than increased imports that were causing injury to the domestic
industry on the basis of a reasoned and adequate explanation. This, to us, is clear from the fact that
the USITC dismissed a number of factors (namely, increased capacity and purchaser consolidation) in
its non-attribution analysis even though it effectively acknowledged that those factors were causing
injury to the industry.
(iii) Overall conclusion on USITC's determination of a causal link
10.535 Notwithstanding the fact that the USITC did not provide an adequate and reasoned
explanation of how the facts supported its finding of coincidence, the Panel was of the view that clear
coincidence existed between the upward trend in im ports and the downward trend in injury factors.
The Panel proceeded to review the USITC's examination of the condition of competition and
concluded that the USITC provided a compelling explanation that indicated, subject to fulfilment of
the non-attribution requirement, a causal link existed between increased imports of FFTJs and serious
injury to the relevant domestic producers. Further, we found that the USITC's non-attribution analysis
failed to separate, distinguish and assess the nature and extent injurious effects of purchaser
consolidation and increased capacity so that the in jury caused by these factors, together with other
factors, was not attributed to increased imports. Thus, the USITC did not provide a reasoned and
adequate explanation supporting a determination that there was a genuine and substantial relationship
of cause and effect between increased imports and serious injury to the relevant domestic producers.
10.536 Therefore, the Panel concludes that the USITC's finding that a causal link existed between
imports of FFTJ and injury caused to the relevant domestic producers is inconsistent with
Articles 4.2(b), 2.1 and 3.1 of the Agreement on Safeguards.
(h) Stainless steel bar
10.537 The Panel notes at the outset that it has focused in this section on the arguments made by the
complainants that, for us, raised the most problematic aspects of the USITC's determinations on
causation, that is, those aspects that more obviously entailed violations of the Agreement on
Safeguards. Since we will dispose of the complainants' claims in our review below, the Panel sees no
need to deal with the other arguments.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

(i) Coincidence and conditions of competition
USITC findings
10.538 The USITC's findings read as follows:
"We find that the increased imports of stainless bar are an important cause, and a
cause not less than any other cause, of serious injury to the domestic industry.
Accordingly, we find that increased imports of stainless bar are a substantial cause of
serious injury to the domestic stainless bar industry.
a. Conditions of Competition
We have taken into account a number of factors that affect the
competitiveness of domestic and imported stainless bar in the US market, including
factors related to the product itself, the degree of substitutability between the
domestic and imported articles, changes in world capacity and production, and market
conditions. These factors affect prices and other considerations taken into account by
purchasers in determining whether to purchase domestically-produced or imported
articles.
First, demand for stainless bar fluctuated somewhat but grew overall during
the five full-years of the period of investigation. Apparent US consumption of
stainless bar increased from 276.6 thousand short tons in 1996 to 294.4 thousand
short tons in 1997 but then declined to 280.3 thousand short tons in 1998 and to 265.5
thousand short tons in 1999. In 2000, how ever, apparent consumption of bar
increased by 22.2 percent, growing to 324.2 thousand short tons.
5527 This level of
consumption was 17.2 percent larger than in 1996. 5528 As the overall economy
declined in 2001, apparent consumption of bar declined by 13 percent between
interim 2000 and interim 2001.5529
Second, stainless steel bar is used in the aerospace, automotive, chemical
processing, dairy, food processing, pharmaceutical equipment, marine application,
and other fluid handling industries. 5530 The large majority of market participants
indicate that there are no known substitutes for stainless bar.5531
Third, although fourteen domestic firms reported producing stainless steel bar
in 2000 5532, four firms accounted for the large majority of domestic production of
stainless bar in 2000: Carpenter/Talley, Crucible Specialty Metals, AvestaPolarit,
and Slater Steels Corp.
5533 The domestic bar industry became more concentrated
during the period of investigation. In 1997, Carpenter Technology, the *** domestic

5527 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-67 and STAINLESS-C-4.
5528 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-67 and STAINLESS-C-4.
5529 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-67 and STAINLESS-C-4.
5530 (original footnote) CR at STAINLESS-2, PR at STAINLESS-1.
5531 (original footnote) EC-Y-046 at Table STAINLESS-6.
5532 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table STAINLESS-1.
5533 (original footnote) In 2000, these four firms accounted for *** percent of reported domestic
production of stainless bar. CR and PR at Table STAINLESS-1.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

producer of stainless bar in 2000 5534, purchased Talley, the *** largest producer in
2000.5535 In addition, Empire Specialty Steel, the *** largest bar producer in 2000,
shut down its stainless operations in June 2001.5536
The industry's aggregate capacity level increased during the period of
investigation, growing by 5.5 percent from 1996 to 2000. 5537 Capacity was 2.2
percent higher in interim 2001 than in interim 2000. 5538 Capacity utilization declined
from 63.0 percent in 1996 to 52.1 percent in 1999 but increased to 55.8 percent in
2000.5539 Industry capacity utilization then declined from 59.5 percent to 49.6 percent
between interim 2000 and 2001.5540
Fourth, price is an important factor in purchasing decisions for stainless bar.
Although quality was generally ranked by the majority of responding purchasers as
the most important factor in the purchasing decision for stainless bar, the large
majority of purchasers reported price as being one of the three most important factors
in the purchase decision.5541
Fifth, like many stainless steel products, the price of stainless bar is directly
affected by the price of nickel. 5542 To account for fluctuations in the cost of nickel,
stainless steel producers impose a surcharge on the price of their stainless bar
products whenever the price of nickel reaches a certain level. 5543 Generally, after
declining during the first three years of the period of investigation, nickel prices
increased significantly throughout 1999 and the first half of 2000. Nickel prices fell
thereafter, declining through interim 2001.
5544 The price of domestic stainless bar
followed this trend somewhat during the period of investigation, with average unit
values of domestic bar shipments and sales declining through the end 1999,
recovering in 2000, and then declining in interim 2001.5545
Sixth, during the period of investigation, there were imports of stainless bar
from over 40 countries, although not every country exported stainless bar to the
United States in every year.5546 The quantity of imports of stainless bar from sources
other than Mexico increased by 54 percent from 1996 to 2000 but fell by 17 percent

5534 (original footnote) Carpenter accounted for *** percent of reported domestic production of
stainless bar in 2000. CR and PR at Table STAINLESS-1.
5535 (original footnote) Talley accounted for *** percent of reported domestic production of stainless
bar in 2000. CR and PR at Table STAINLESS-1.
5536 (original footnote) Empire Specialty Steel, Inc. Questionnaire Response at August 6, 2001
Attachment.
5537 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-18 & STAINLESS-C-4.
5538 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-18 & STAINLESS-C-4.
5539 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-18 & STAINLESS-C-4.
5540 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-18 & STAINLESS-C-4.
5541 (original footnote) INV-Y-212 at 95.
5542 (original footnote) CR at STAINLESS-95-96, PR at STAINLESS-70-71.
5543 (original footnote) CR at STAINLESS-95-96, PR at STAINLESS-70-71.
5544 (original footnote) CR at STAINLESS-95-96, PR at STAINLESS-70-71.
5545 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-18, STAINLESS-30, & STAINLESS-C-4.
5546 (original footnote) INV-Y-180 at Table G25 – Stainless Bar and Light Shapes.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

between interim 2000 and interim 2001. 5547 The record indicates that domestic and
imported stainless bar are comparable in most respects.5548
The aggregate capacity of foreign producers of stainless bar in countries other
than Mexico increased by 10.5 percent during the period examined. The capacity
utilization of these producers increased from 74.2 percent in 1996 to 82.3 percent in
1998, declined to 77.2 percent in 1999, and then increased to 87.1 percent in 2000.
Aggregate foreign capacity utilization increased from 89.2 percent to 90 percent in
interim 2001.5549
Seventh, antidumping duty orders were imposed on imports of stainless bar
from Brazil, India, Japan, and Spain in 1995. 5550 Antidumping duty orders were
imposed against imports of stainless steel angle from Japan, Korea, and Spain in May
2001.5551
b. Analysis
We find first that the import increases between 1996 and 2000 had a serious
adverse impact on the production levels, shipments, commercial sales and market
share of the domestic industry. As we described above, the quantity and market share
of imports both increased considerably during the period of investigation, with the
quantity of imports increasing by 53.8 percent during the period from 1996 to 2000
and import market share increasing by 11 percentage points during that period as
well.
5552 Despite the fact that these import increases occurred during a period of
growing demand, the industry's production volumes, shipment levels and sales
revenues all declined significantly as a result of increases in import volume during the
period.5553
In particular, the industry's production levels fell by 10 thousand short tons
(or 5.5 percent) during the period between 1996 and 2000 5554, its net commercial
sales fell by *** short tons (or *** percent) during that period5555, and the value of its
net commercial sales declined by *** percent during the period. 5556 A s a r e s u l t o f
these production and sales declines, the industry's capacity utilization rates fell
considerably as well, dropping from 63.0 percent in 1996 to 55.8 percent in 2000. 5557

5547 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-6 & STAINLESS-C-4.
5548 (original footnote) EC-Y-046 at Table STAINLESS-24; see generally EC-Y-046 at 14-28.
5549 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table STAINLESS-45.
5550 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table OVERVIEW-1.
5551 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table OVERVIEW-1.
5552 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-67 & STAINLESS-C-4.
5553 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-18, STAINLESS-30, & STAINLESS-C-4.
5554 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-18 & STAINLESS-C-4.
5555 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-30 & STAINLESS-C-4.
5556 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-30 & STAINLESS-C-4.
5557 (original footnote) In this regard, purchasers in the market reported that there was a moderately
high level of substitutability between the imported and domestic merchandise, suggesting that the volume
increase on the part of imports came directly out of domestic market share.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Moreover, the industry's share of the market also fell considerably, dropping from
64.6 percent in 1996 to 59.8 percent in 1999 and then to 53.5 percent in 2000.5558
In fact, the declines in the industry's production, shipment and market share
levels occurred despite the fact that the industry added significant amounts of
capacity during a period of reasonably strong growth in demand for stainless bar.
Even with this increased capacity, the industry was unable to take advantage of the
growth in demand for stainless bar as imports obtained an increasingly larger share of
the domestic market for bar over the period of investigation. In particular, while
apparent consumption of stainless bar grew by 48 thousand short tons between 1996
and 2000, the quantity of imports grew at a more accelerated rate, increasing by
nearly 53 thousand short tons during this same period. This growth in imports
effectively foreclosed the domestic industry from participating in the growth in
demand during the period of investigation. In sum, the import increases that occurred
during the period clearly had a serious adverse impact on the production volumes,
sales levels, sales revenues, and market share of the industry during the period.
The record also indicates that imports affected domestic prices of stainless
bar negatively during the period of investigation. The record in this investigation
shows that most purchasers consider domestic and imported stainless bar to be
comparable in most respects
5559, indicating that there is a high degree of
substitutability between the products. Moreover, the record of this investigation also
indicates that price is an important part of the purchasing decision. 5560 Finally, we
note that imports undersold the domestic merchandise throughout the period of
investigation in 47 of 53 possible quarterly comparisons at underselling margins of up
to 51 percent.5561
We find that this underselling depressed and suppressed domestic prices
during the period of investigation. Although the price of stainless bar is expected by
market participants to track the price of nickel, the net sales revenues of the domestic
stainless bar industry failed to keep pace with movements in the cost of nickel during
the second half of the period of investigation, particularly during the latter half of
1999 and 2000, when the price of nickel increased substantially. 5562 While the
average unit value of the industry's net commercial sales increased in 2000 and
interim 2001, the industry's cost of goods sold rose from *** percent of its net sales
revenues in 1998 to *** percent of its net commercial values in 1999, *** percent of
net commercial sales in 2000, and *** percent in interim 2001. As a result of these

5558 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-67 & STAINLESS-C-4. Indeed, the most
significant adverse impact of imports in quantity terms occurred during the last full-year of the period of
investigation, when apparent consumption of stainless bar grew by 22.1 percent and import quantities grew by
41.3 percent. In that year, the industry lost 6.3 percentage points of market share and experienced the most
significant declines in its capacity utilization rates of the entire period of investigation. CR and PR at Tables
STAINLESS-18, STAINLESS-30, STAINLESS-67, & STAINLESS-C-4.
5559 (original footnote) INV-Y-212 at 95.
5560 (original footnote) INV-Y-212 at 95.
5561 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-87, STAINLESS-99, & Figure
STAINLESS-9. These consistent underselling figures are supported by an examination of the average unit
value for domestic and imported merchandise, which also show imports being priced at consistently lower levels
than domestic merchandise during the period. CR and PR at Table STAINLESS-C-4.
5562 (original footnote) CR and PR at 95-96, PR at STAINLESS-70-71 & Tables STAINLESS-6,
STAINLESS-18, STAINLESS-30, & STAINLESS-C-4.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

decreasing margins between the industry's cost of goods sold and its net sales values,
the industry's operating income levels declined from a profit of *** percent in 1998 to
a loss of *** percent in 1999, recovered only slightly to a minimal profit of ***
percent in 2000, and then fell to a loss of *** percent in interim 2001.
5563 Moreover,
the overall declines in the industry's operating levels in the last two-and-a-half years
of the period occurred when imports were at their highest market share levels during
the period 5564 and when imports were consistently underselling the domestic
merchandise.5565 Therefore, we find that consistent and significant price underselling
by imports during the latter half of the period of investigation suppressed and
depressed domestic prices to a serious degree, despite the fact that nickel prices and
the industry's average unit values also increased significantly during this period.
In sum, we find that increased quantities of imports of stainless bar during the
period were a substantial cause of the declines in the industry's trade and financial
condition during the period. …"
5566
Claims and arguments of the parties
10.539 The arguments of the parties are set out in Section VII.H.2(g) supra.
Analysis by the Panel
10.540 At the outset, the Panel notes that the USITC undertook a coincidence analysis for stainless
steel bar and concluded that coincidence existed. Accordingly, we will consider whether these
findings provide a reasoned and adequate explanation of how the facts support this finding.
10.541 The Panel again recalls that coincidence, when examined, needs to be established between the
movements or trends in imports and the movements or trends in injury factors. Applying our standard
of review, the Panel has considered coincidence between a number of the injury factors mentioned in
Article 4.2(a), including those referred to by the USITC, and imports on the basis of facts that were
available to the USITC in making its determination.
10.542 First, with regard to import trends and production trends, the Panel notes that there does not
appear to be any coincidence. In particular, production declined between 1997 and 1999, when
import levels declined during the same period. Similarly, as imports increased from 1999 to 2000, so
too did production. Finally, as imports decreased at the very end of the period of investigation, so too
did production.
5567

5563 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table STAINLESS-30 & STAINLESS-C-4.
5564 (original footnote) CR and PR at Table STAINLESS-67 & STAINLESS-C-4.
5565 (original footnote) CR and PR at Tables STAINLESS-86-87 & STAINLESS-Figures 9-10.
5566 USITC Report, Vol. I, pp. 208-212.
5567 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
STAINLESS-6 at STAINLESS-11; Table STAINLESS-18 at STAINLESS-24; Table STAINLESS-C-4.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Imports and Production (Tons)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
Imports
Imports (semi-annual)
Production
Production (semi-annual)
10.543 There appears to be a similar disconnect between import trends and trends in employment as
that detected in relation to production. In particular, employment declined between 1997 and 1999.
During the same period, import levels declined. Similarly, as imports increased from 1999 to 2000,
so too did employment. Finally, as imports decreased at the very end of the period of investigation, so
too did employment.5568
Imports and employment (Tons and employees)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
1,500
1,750
2,000
2,250
2,500
Employees
Impor ts
Imports (semi-annual)
Employment
Employment (semi-annual)
10.544 We also discern no coincidence between import trends and productivity trends. In particular,
productivity progressively climbed from 1997 onwards. Apparently, this occurred independently of
trends in imports, which declined between 1997 and 1999 and then increased between 1999 and 2000.

5568 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
STAINLESS-6 at STAINLESS-11; Table STAINLESS-18 at STAINLESS-24; Table STAINLESS-C-4.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Finally, as imports decreased at the very end of the period of investigation, so too did productivity,
albeit slightly.5569
Imports and productivity (Tons and tons/1000 hours)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tons
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Tons/1000 hours
Imports
Imports (semi-annual)
Productivity
Productivity (semi-annual)
10.545 Similarly, there does not appear to be any coincidence between increases in imports and
capacity utilization. In particular, capacity utilization declined between 1997 and 1999 despite the
fact that imports also declined during that period. Capacity utilization increased (albeit slightly)
between 1999 and 2000, during which time imports also increased. Finally, as imports decreased at
the very end of the period of investigation, so too did capacity utilization.5570

5569 The data represented in the two graphs below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in
Table STAINLESS-6 at STAINLESS-11; Table STAINLESS-18 at STAINLESS-24; Table STAINLESS-C-4.
5570 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
STAINLESS-6 at STAINLESS-15; Table STAINLES-18 at STAINLESS-24; Table STAINLESS-C-4.
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

Imports and capacity utilization ( Tons and percentage)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Percentage
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tons
Imports
Imports (semi-annual)
Capacity utilization
Capacity utilization (semi-annual)
10.546 While our evaluation is that coincidence does not exist between, on the one hand, import
trends and, on the other hand, trends in production, employment, productivity and capacity utilization,
this does not necessarily mean that, overall, coincidence did not exist. In this regard, we note that we
were unable to consider whether the facts indicated that coincidence existed between the import
trends and trends in operating margin and net commercial sales, given that data relating to the latter
two factors had been redacted from the USITC Report on the ground of confidentiality. Such facts
may affect the overall conclusion as to the existence or otherwise of coincidence in trends in imports
and injury factors. Accordingly, the Panel is unable to come to a definitive conclusion as to whether,
overall, coincidence existed.
10.547 As stated previously, in cases where, as part of an overall demonstration of causal link, a
coincidence analysis has been undertaken but does not demonstrate a causal link, the Panel will
continue its review turning to the conditions of competition analysis to assess whether the USITC,
nevertheless, managed to provide a compelling analysis that a genuine and substantial relationship
between cause and effect existed. We note that the USITC analysed the conditions of competition in
addition to undertaking a coincidence analysis.
10.548 The Panel notes that the USITC considered that "imports affected domestic prices of stainless
bar negatively during the period of investigation." The USITC additionally stated that "imports
undersold the domestic merchandise throughout the period of investigation in 47 of 53 possible
quarterly comparisons at underselling margins of up to 51 percent." Finally, it found that "this
underselling depressed and suppressed domestic prices during the period of investigation … .
Therefore, we find that consistent and significant price underselling by imports during the latter half
of the period of investigation suppressed and depressed domestic prices to a serious degree, despite
the fact that nickel prices and the industry's average unit values also increased significantly during this
period."
10.549 We note as a preliminary point that the relevant domestic prices have been redacted from the
USITC record, on the ground of confidentiality The Panel agrees that, in some circumstances,
Members have the obligation, pursuant to Article 3.2 of the Agreement on Safeguards, to
confidentialize certain information although the competent authorities can base their determination on
WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R,
WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R,
WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R,
WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R

such confidentialized information.5571 Such an obligation should not reduce Members' rights to take
safeguard actions. In cases where information has been confidentialized, the Panel will examine
whether the competent authority provided a reasoned and adequate explanation through means other
than full disclosure of that data.
5572
10.550 We note in this regard in relation to stainless steel bar that Table STAINLESS-99 summarizes
the number of instances of underselling and provides a range of the margins of underselling that
occurred for all of those instances. In particular, that Table indicates that there were 40 instances of
underselling by non-NAFTA imports and that the range of underselling was between 0.1%-51.8%.
We note also that this factual allegation – that there were 40 instances of underselling by non-NAFTA
imports – is not contested by the complainants and it is contrary to our standard of review to reassess
the quality of this evidence in the absence of any prima facie challenge. In our view, although
relevant data was redacted from the USITC Report, the USITC nevertheless provided alternative
information in Table STAINLESS-99 that sought to substitute the redacted data. In light of the
foregoing, the Panel concludes that the facts that are available to us tend to support the USITC's
conclusion that there was import underselling during the period of investigation.
10.551 We note that trends in import market share are illustrated in the graph below, which has been
generated using USITC data.
5573
Imports and imports' market shares (Tons and percentage)
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Percentage
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tons
Impor ts
Imports (semi-annual)
Imports' market shares
Imports' market shares (semi-annual)
10.552 The Panel notes that the facts indicate that import market share increased quite significantly
during the period of investigation, which would be consistent with a finding of import underselling.
In particular, the USITC found that "consistent and significant price underselling by imports during
the latter half of the period of investigation suppressed and depressed domestic prices to a serious
degree". In our view, given the facts referred to above, the USITC provided a compelling explanation
indicating that, subject to the fulfilment of the non-attribution requirement, a causal link existed
between increased imports and serious injury.

5571 Appellate Body Report, Thailand – H-Beams, paras. 111, 112 and 119.
5572 See our discussions in paras. 10.272-10.275.
5573 The data represented in the graph below are contained in the USITC Report, in particular in Table
STAINLESS-6 at STAINLESS-11; Table STAINLESS 67 at STAINLESS-55; Table STAINLESS-C-4.