COMMUNICATION DE LA COMMISSION - Demande d'avis conforme du Conseil et consultation du Comité CECA, au titre de l'article 55 2 c) du Traité CECA, concernant un projet de décision de la Commission relative à l'octroi d'une aide financière à des projets de recherche technique « charbon »

COMMUNICATION DE LA COMMISSION

Demande d'avis conforme du Conseil et consultation du Comité CECA, au titre de l'article 55 2 c) du Traité CECA, concernant un projet de décision de la Commission relative à l'octroi d'une aide financière à des projets de recherche technique « charbon »

LA COMMISSION DES COMMUNAUTÉS EUROPÉENNES,

vu le traité instituant la Communauté européenne du charbon et de l'acier, et notamment son article 55,

après consultation du comité consultatif CECA et sur avis conforme du Conseil,

considérant ce qui suit :

(1) L'article 55, paragraphe 2, point c), du traité CECA offre, pour la promotion de la recherche, la possibilité d'utiliser des fonds provenant des prélèvements prévus à l'article 50.

(2) La Commission a établi un programme d'action dans le domaine de la recherche technique «charbon» dans son document intitulé «Orientations à moyen terme pour la recherche technique charbon» [1].

[1] JO C 67 du 4.3.1994.

(3) La Commission a publié un appel de propositions de projets de recherche en collaboration dans certains domaines spécifiques pour le programme CECA de recherche technique «charbon» 2000 [2].

[2] JO C 195 du 13.7.1999.

(4) Sur la base des critères définis dans les orientations à moyen terme et dans l'appel de propositions susmentionnés, les projets les plus méritants ont été retenus, une attention particulière étant accordée à l'amélioration de la situation concurrentielle du secteur du charbon, à l'utilisation rationnelle des ressources communautaires et surtout à la protection efficace de l'environnement.

(5) Par sa décision n° 2787/99/CECA du 8 décembre 1999 [3], qui détermine le budget opérationnel CECA pour l'exercice 2000, la Commission a fixé un total de 25 millions d'euros pour la recherche «charbon» (ligne 3.2),

[3] JO L 336 du 29.12.1999.

DÉCIDE:

Article premier

Un montant de 24 367 500 euros est octroyé à titre d'aide financière aux projets de recherche «charbon» figurant à l'annexe I. Ce montant ainsi que ceux mentionnés dans les articles suivants sont imputés à la ligne B.3.2 du budget opérationnel CECA pour l'exercice 2000.

Article 2

Un montant de 632 500 euros pourra être utilisé pour couvrir les coûts de recherche supplémentaires, et notamment les dépenses liées à la diffusion de l'information par tous les moyens appropriés ainsi qu'au dépôt et au maintien de brevets.

Article 3

Les crédits, qui représentent un montant total de 25 millions d'euros, sont affectés à la couverture du coût de l'aide financière octroyée aux projets figurant à l'annexe I, ainsi que des coûts supplémentaires mentionnés à l'article 2.

Article 4

Une aide financière peut être accordée aux projets de l'annexe II dans la mesure où des crédits réaffectés ou supplémentaires sont rendus disponibles pendant l'exercice en cours.

Article 5

Le soutien financier accordé par la Communauté ne doit pas avoir d'incidence incompatible avec les dispositions du traité en matière de concurrence.

Fait à Bruxelles, le

Par la Commission

L. DE PALACIO

Vice-présidente de la Commission

ANNEXE I

de la décision de la Commission concernant la

RECHERCHE TECHNIQUE «CHARBON» 2000

conformément à l'article 55, paragraphe 2, point c), du traité CECA

Programme principal

La présente annexe contient les projets de recherche classés en priorité I. Ces projets ont été retenus par la Commission après consultation des membres des comités d'experts du programme CECA de recherche «charbon» et de la commission de recherche «charbon».

Pour opérer cette sélection, la Commission a tenu compte des objectifs généraux du programme de recherche technique «charbon» définis dans les «Orientations à moyen terme pour la recherche technique charbon» [4], qui sont les suivants:

[4] JO C 67 du 4.3.1994.

-protection efficace de l'environnement et sensibilisation du public à l'importance du charbon en tant que source d'énergie;

-amélioration de la situation concurrentielle du charbon;

-rationalisation de l'utilisation des ressources communautaires;

-amélioration des conditions de santé et de sécurité dans les mines.

La Commission a également tenu compte des critères généraux définis dans les orientations à moyen terme ainsi que des conditions de l'appel de propositions de projets pour le programme CECA de recherche technique "charbon" 2000 [5], dans le cadre duquel la Commission demandait notamment que lui soient proposés des projets de recherche en collaboration internationaux dans certains domaines spécifiques.

[5] JO C 195 du 13.7.1999.

Les questions de santé, de sécurité et d'amélioration des conditions de travail dans les mines ont été prises en considération, et les incidences environnementales des techniques minières et de l'utilisation du charbon ont fait l'objet d'une attention particulière. Dans le tableau ci-après, qui présente les projets de priorité I, les projets de recherche concernant la santé et la sécurité dans les mines sont indiqués par la lettre «S», et les projets ayant trait à l'environnement, par la lettre «E».

(voir p. 1 ss. en annexe separée)

ANNEXE II

de la décision de la Commission concernant la

RECHERCHE TECHNIQUE «CHARBON» 2000

conformément à l'article 55, paragraphe 2, point c), du traité CECA

Programme complémentaire

La présente annexe comprend les projets classés en priorité II. Il s'agit de projets pour lesquels on estime qu'une aide financière est justifiée, mais qui sont jugés moins prioritaires que les projets retenus dans le cadre du programme principal. Le programme complémentaire constitue donc une liste de réserve de projets qui peuvent être financés ultérieurement au cours de l'année, à partir de ressources budgétaires supplémentaires ou résiduelles.

Les projets du programme complémentaire ont été sélectionnés sur la base des mêmes procédures et des mêmes critères que ceux qui ont été définis pour le programme principal. Leur ordre de classement correspond à leur contenu technique et ne constitue pas un ordre de priorité.

(voir p. 8 ss. en annexe séparée)

TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION

RELATING TO

THE 2000 ECSC TECHNICAL COAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME

Article 55 2 c) of the ECSC Treaty

1. MAIN PROGRAMME

-Mining Engineering

-Product Upgrading and Utilization

2. SUPPLEMENTARY PROGRAMME

3. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. MAIN PROGRAMME

MINING ENGINEERING

7220-PR090 (AITEMIN et al.)

Improvement of safety, reliability, and operational life of electrical and electronic equipment used in hazardous explosive atmospheres

Objectives : To improve the safety, reliability, and service life of electrical and electronic equipment used in hazardous explosive atmospheres, through the adaptation of technologies applied in other fields and the adoption of new repair standards.

Summary : The objectives will be achieved by investigating the use of novel power and traction technologies (high energy-density batteries and Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)), and by developing new test instruments and maintenance/repair procedures that will make it possible to install and keep in good condition both existing and new explosion-proof certified equipment.

7220-PR091 (DMT et al.)

Improved understanding of reinforcement behaviour/testing

Objectives : Improved understanding of reinforcement behaviour/testing of rock bolting and injection technology to decrease planning risks through reliable testing and numerical prediction and risk assessment, to decrease operating costs and to increase safety with regard to roof failure & falls.

Summary : Reinforcement systems have been used in ECSC mining for many years. However, there is still a gap between the application of different reinforcement systems (rock bolting and injection technology) and the understanding of their behaviour in relation to strata deformations.

An improved understanding of the reinforcement behaviour of rock bolting and injection technology with

*improved non-destructive testing;

*improved instrumentation, risk assessment techniques, numerical calculations and tests of high-strength and flexible rock bolts;

*bonding methods with filled mortar and

*benchmark definition for injection products (resins and their substitutes)

will lead to the most efficient and safest reinforcement system for the use of rock bolting in high stress zones under high deformation.

7220-PR092 (RMT et al.)

Advanced geotechnical instrumentation for detecting rock failure and monitoring support loads

Objectives : To develop geotechnical/geophysical instrumentation and techniques which will significantly enhance the ability of mine operators to detect failing/failed rock and high support loads and to control rockbursts and related phenomena.

Summary : The project will examine various candidate physical principles with a view to developing instrumentation and application techniques suited to achieving improved coal mine ground control. The ground control problems to be addressed include safe extended cut-out by continuous miners, improved monitoring of rock reinforcement and overstress of rock leading to rockbursts. The physical principles to be investigated include acoustic response, seismic transmission imaging, microseismic monitoring, electromagnetic and ultrasound emissions, thermal imaging and strain measurement by vibrating wires, strain gauges and fibre optics. Success will result in improved safety and productivity.

7220-PR093 (Rheinbraun et al.)

Reduction of energy consumption in coal mining through optimised belt conveyor systems

Objectives : The project will focus on the optimisation of relevant key components and operational conditions of commercial-scale belt conveyor equipment which offer reasonable potential for the reduction of overall energy consumption.

Summary : Research will be performed on the drive stations, on the belt/idler/garland arrangement and on the chutes at belt conveyor transfer points.

The major tasks include the collection of extended representative operational data, the identification, development, improvement and verification of particular design tools and design specifications as well as the identification of on-site control measures.

Appropriate design and demand-oriented dimensioning of the conveyor belt drives will reduce investment costs. Lower energy losses positively affect the overall power consumption, resulting in energy-saving and thus in reduced operating costs.

7220-PR094 (DMT et al.)

Fire fighting systems

Objectives : To combat mine fires with fire fighting systems based on new water spray technology and fire warning systems.

Summary : Water-mist spray technology has been developed in recent years as a new method of extinguishing fires. It is already used in some areas of mining technology, but there are opportunities to extend its application to, e.g., conveyor belts, fire control during methane capture, the quenching of fires and gas explosions and fire fighting in reduced cross sections. Water-mist systems need to be adapted to each application to guarantee success, and new fire warning systems to trigger such systems need to be developed and tested.

The project will produce recommendations for the planning and installation of water-mist spray extinguishing systems on the basis of half- and full-scale tests under realistic conditions and will optimise the technique with respect to minimisation of the amount of water required to guarantee successful results.

7220-PR095 (IMCTS et al.)

Assessment and sustainable reclamation of mine sites for post-mining use

Objectives : To devise an integrated, cost-effective methodology for the audit, assessment and monitoring of post-mining sites, together with the identification of possible alternative commercial uses for the mine and its infrastructure.

Summary : The work will focus on sites in Poland, France, Spain and the United Kingdom but will have direct relevance across all EU Member and Associate States. The central focus will be on developing a suite of advanced tools which will have value in allowing post-mining liabilities to be systematically assessed, prevailing risks and hazards to be identified, and appropriate methods of rehabilitation and land restitution to be implemented. Variable-scale assessment techniques will be developed, covering the range from regional definition down to individual mines which are approaching decommissioning. To complement this, sustainable alternative commercial uses for previous mine land and infrastructure will be defined.

7220-PR096 (IMCTS et al.)

Assessment of hazardous gas emissions to the surface over former mine areas

Objectives :The aim of the research is to gain a better understanding of mine gas emissions to the surface, the evaluation of their risks and the development of methods for their detection, measurement and control.

Summary : The closure of collieries across the EU and associated countries has led to an increased risk of uncontrolled emissions of dangerous gases to the surface. The principal gases to be considered are methane, carbon dioxide, oxygen and radon. This project will address the problem by creating methods for identifying areas of risk and developing techniques for the detection of gases and assessing their emission rates. The project will investigate the use of control techniques and assess their effectiveness in providing protection. The project will further provide an economic assessment of the utilization of mine gas for power generation.

PRODUCT UPGRADING AND UTILISATION

7220-PR097 (DMT et al.)

Characterisation of coal-wash slurries and their impact on fine coal preparation

Objectives : To improve the efficiency of fine coal preparation, to develop on-line instruments for the measurement of particle size distributions and zeta-potential in coal slurries, to use the additional information to build models of wash water circuits, and to improve control strategies.

Summary : The efficiency of fine coal preparation depends critically on information about the treated slurries that is not available today. Therefore, key-parameters of the process need to be made accessible to on-line measurement. The development of on-line instruments to measure particle size distributions and zeta-potentials that are able to work under coal-preparation conditions will partially fill the existing gap. Additional modelling of slurry-circuits based on data already available and new technologies will provide further information to be built into operation and control strategies.

7220-PR098 (CIEMAT et al.)

Advanced demineralisation of high-sulphur coal by bioleaching and bioflotation

Objectives : The aim of this project is to increase the quality and reduce the sulphur content of the final products obtained in conventional coal processing using heap biodesulphurisation and biomodification of middlings and of fines destined for flotation.

Summary : Conventional preparation methods are ineffective for the removal of pollutants finely dispersed in coal. Recent work shows that newly-isolated micro-organisms naturally present in different coal samples have the ability to reduce inorganic and organic sulphur content. Another approach is to use micro-organisms to induce suppress the floatability of pyrite by changing its hydrophobicity. The project will study the feasibility of applying these biotreatments (bioleaching and biomodification) to middlings and fines. This will be done through mathematical modelling, and leaching, flotation and combustion experiments in laboratory and pilot plants to evaluate the benefits obtained in terms of quality and reduction of pollutants after biotreatment in relation to combustion results with the parent coal products.

7220-PR099 (U. Loughborough et al.)

Advanced demineralisation of coal

Objectives : The overall aim is to contribute to cleaner coal technologies through an investigation of novel chemical and physical techniques for coal demineralisation on the laboratory and pilot scales. A subsidiary aim is to ascertain the effects of the demineralisation on coal utilization for power generation.

Summary : A range of bituminous coals and lignites will be cleaned to various levels, either chemically, using, for example, acid or acid gas, or by physical extraction of the mineral matter. In both the laboratory scale and pilot scale processing one important consideration will be the feasibility of industrial applications. The influence of the nature and type of coal and its associated mineral matter will be determined and the clean coals will be characterised to ascertain the full effects of the cleaning process and tested to determine their performance in coal combustion, particularly with regard to deposit formation.

7220-PR100 (CPL et al.)

Improved manufacture of coke for non-ferrous applications with environmental, operational and market benefits

Objectives : To develop new feedstock coal blends giving improved quality of coke for use in the production of chemicals and non-ferrous metals, reduced emissions of PAHs, VOCs and PM10/PM2.5 suspended dust to atmosphere during coke making and reduced coking pressures.

Summary : A variety of coals and novel coal blends will be evaluated as feedstocks for the production of improved cokes for non-ferrous applications and for reduced emissions of PAHs, VOCs and PM10/PM2.5 particulate matter during coke production. Work will be conducted on the laboratory, pilot and commercial scales and will encompass measurement of atmospheric emissions, comprehensive evaluation of coke quality and determination of carbonization pressure. The research will provide a sound basis for extending markets for coke by upgrading quality to meet specific market needs, whilst reducing coking emissions and extending oven life.

7220-PR101 (DMT et al.)

Development of measures and tools for improvement of coke oven operation related to aspects of carbon deposits

Objectives : The objective of the project is to derive a comprehensive solution to all aspects of the problem of carbon deposits in coke ovens.

Summary : The project brings together research establishments and industry which will combine laboratory work on different aspects of formation of carbon deposits. The partners will collaborate on the following main topics to solve the problem of carbon deposits in coke ovens:

*mechanism and conditions of formation;

*methodologies for minimisation of formation;

*methodologies to control the detrimental effect of the carbon deposits on emissions;

*tools for removal of deposits and repair of oven damage.

7220-PR102 (CPM et al.)

*Super Coke 2000

Objectives : The objective of the research is to define which coals, blends and carbonization conditions are necessary to achieve the required coke quality for blast furnaces with high coal injection rates.

Summary : Blast furnace with high coal injection rates requires high quality cokes with high mechanical strength after reaction.

The coal origin, blending practice, carbonization conditions and carbonization process will be studied in relation to coke quality. For coal blends, the coking properties will also be evaluated with regard to weathering. For coke quality, special attention will be given to coke secondary fissuring and to coke strength after reaction.

The work is divided into four tasks :

*definition of coke quality;

*selection of blends for the study;

*effect of blending and carbonization;

*changing rheological properties of coal.

7220-PR103 (ICSTM et al.)

The safe and effective preparation of coal and biomass for furnace combustion (COBIFLASH)

Objectives : To improve solid-fuel characterisation methods and size reduction equipment design to minimise the risk of fires and explosions during the milling of solid fuels, emphasising efficient biomass co-utilization for reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

Summary : As public concern about the "greenhouse potential" of coal continues to grow the co-firing of coal with biomass is being promoted as a partial solution. Fuel preparation, through the safe and effective milling of biomass fuels is an important issue, especially because of fuel variability. This project addresses the problem at several levels combining novel fuel characterisation techniques, mathematical modelling of mill fluid dynamics, and a review of the mechanical design of existing mills.

7220-PR104 (RWE et al.)

Experimental, numerical and theoretical investigation of pressurised pulverised coal combustion

Objectives : Pressurised pulverised coal combustion (PPCC) is a promising technique for the realisation of highly efficient coal-fired power plants. The combustion of different coals (anthracite, bituminous coal, and lignite) under a maximum pressure of 12 bar will be investigated to derive basic data for the realisation of a PPCC combined cycle.

Summary : Combined gas and steam turbine processes with pressurised pulverised coal combustion offer a promising means of achieving net efficiencies above 50 %. Before such processes can be realised on the commercial scale, problems of pressurised coal combustion under slagging conditions, including dust filtration and emission control, need to be solved. A laboratory-scale test rig with a thermal power of 400 kW operating at temperatures between 1400 and 1500 °C and pressures up to 12 bar, equipped with laser-based measuring techniques is available at Aachen, University of Technology. Experiments with various types of coal are planned, taking into consideration the influence of pressure. Physical models and computational procedures will be developed, implemented and validated in order to establish design procedures for PPCC processes.

7220-PR105 (CRE Group et al.)

On-line measurement of particle size in fine coal transport systems

Objectives : To identify and test suitable techniques for the on-line measurement of particle size in coal transport systems in conjunction with the development of appropriate reference and quality control procedures in order to enhance power plant control methodologies.

Summary : Stringent environmental regulations and competition with other fuels requires power generators to optimise combustion efficiency continually and to control environmental emissions. Coal particle size plays a critical role in this respect; monitoring particle size on-line would facilitate closer control of burners and provide indications of the condition and performance of coal mills.

The project will evaluate and develop several techniques for measuring particle size on-line in conjunction with rigorous quality control methodologies to ensure accuracy.

Effective, widespread uptake of successfully developed technology would demonstrate that coal fired power generation has a continuing, significant role within Europe.

7220-PR106 (CRE Group et al.)

Improved coal utilization strategies by standardisation and wider use of drop tube furnace evaluation methods

Objectives : Reduction of operating costs through improved coal selection and utilization strategies by standardisation and wider adoption of the use of drop tube furnace evaluation methods.

Summary : Drop tube furnace evaluation methods can be used to evaluate coal properties and provide data for prediction of behaviour in pulverised fuel-fired boilers. The equipment used varies in construction and operating practices as well as in the range of test conditions. The effects of these variables on the results obtained for key parameters using a range of representative coals will be determined. Data from pilot and full scale testing of selected coals will be used for validation of drop tube furnace measurements. This will provide users with the information they need in order to interpret data from drop tube furnace measurements.

7220-PR107 (SNET-CERCHAR et al.)

Upgrading treatments of solid residues arising from co-combustion - manufacture of a calcic sulphoaluminate cement as an alternative to disposal

Objectives : This project will be devoted to calcium-containing residues arising from clean coal and secondary fuel technology using a desulphurisation process. At the present time, no direct effective utilization for such materials exists and their disposal cost will increase to an economic limit.

Summary : A selective hydration of quick lime is beneficial to calcium-containing solid residues for civil engineering applications, but the problem arising from high sulphate content is still unsolved. The project will investigate the possibilities offered by other specific treatments to modify favourably the solid residue properties by :

*reducing solubility and toxicity of pollutants through different methods of utilization and storage,

*enhancing basic properties that are required for traditional civil engineering applications or for new specific utilization possibilities,

and satisfying the following criteria :

to operate on a continuous basis,

to be competitive for a large range of residues arising from clean co-combustion of coal and secondary fuels.

7220-PR108 (AUTH et al. )

Emission minimisation in coal/solid waste co-combustion by primary measures

Objectives : Minimisation of toxic emissions of dioxins and furans in coal-solid waste co-combustion by in-furnace and pre-combustion measures, such as the use of special toxic gas-preventing compounds, in addition to conventional optimisation of combustor performance.

Summary : The project will address the co-combustion of coal-solid waste mixtures in pilot and full scale combustors, with emphasis on monitoring of toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon emissions, and on in-furnace and pre-combustion measures for their minimisation. These, apart from the obvious, classical optimisation of combustion conditions, will include the addition of certain dioxin-preventing substances to the raw fuel, the study of the mechanisms by which formation of toxic compounds can be suppressed, and the examination of possible effects of the selected conditions and inhibitors on combustor operation, flue gas cleaning system performance, potential emission of other gases and toxics distribution in the ashes.

7220-PR109 (MBEL et al.)

Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from utility-scale circulating fluidised bed boilers

Objectives : To investigate N2O emissions from circulating fluidised bed combustors (CFBC) over a range of plant scale, methods for reducing N2O emissions and the implications for the design of large utility plant employing supercritical steam cycles, offering high efficiency and low CO2 emissions.

Summary : Emissions of the greenhouse gas N2O remain a potential problem for CFBC boilers. This and CO2 emissions need to be addressed, particularly in the design of utility CFBC boilers. The project will examine the effect of operating parameters, fuel type and scale on N2O emissions from CFBC, through measurements taken on 125 MWe and 250 MWe commercial plant and test work on pilot plants. It will study methods of N2O reduction by downstream fuel injection. The design of CFBC boilers using supercritical steam conditions to reduce CO2 and gas injection to reduce N2O will be considered.

7220-PR110 (INERCO et al.)

Efficiency, plant damage and NOx optimisation for power plants operating with variable loads and coals (VAR-OPT PROJECT)

Objectives : Development and validation of an integrated advisory system (VAR-OPT) for performance, availability and emissions optimisation in large pulverised coal power stations during variable operation (load changes, start-ups, shutdowns and different coal supplies).

Summary : The situation of the European electricity market has brought about a need for highly flexible operation in many coal power stations. Conventional methodologies for performance assessment and optimisation are no longer useful in this new scenario. This causes an almost "blind" operation of such plants, which significantly affects their present and future competitiveness.

The project aims to solve these problems by the development of an integrated adaptive adviser, designed to accomplish, specifically during transient operations, the following tasks:

*adequate monitoring of component and overall performances;

*definition of optimised general operation strategies;

*identification of operational problems and recommendations for corrective actions.

7220-PR111 (INERCO et al.)

Cost optimisation in coal power plants by the development of an integrated advisor for operation improvement of air preheaters (PREADVISOR PROJECT)

Objectives : Cost optimisation in coal power stations by the development of an integrated adaptive adviser for improvement of air preheater (APH) operation and maintenance.

Summary : Cost reductions to be achieved in coal power plants via optimisation of APH operation are comparable to those achieved through more efficient combustion. Optimisation is an intricate task, since diverse performance parameters, availability, maintenance costs and effects on other equipment need to be considered. Existing instrumentation, cleaning devices and procedures are not able to cope with the main cause for efficiency loss - acid deposition and subsequent blockage and corrosion.

It is intended to develop an integrated adaptive adviser for the improvement of air preheater operation (optimisation of performance and availability). The adviser will be a software tool which can be implemented in any coal power plant, and which will aid the operator in the management of APH by defining better strategies for non-steady state operation.

7220-PR112 (PG et al.)

Decreasing the cost of power generation by improved utilization of low volatile coals

Objectives : To reduce the cost of electricity production by allowing a wider range of potentially low-cost, lower volatile coals to be burned in conventional power station systems.

Summary : The project will explore techniques for optimising the utilization of coals with low volatile content by operational optimisation and/or equipment modification. It will examine the effect of improved coal preparation, blending, combustion optimisation and burner redesign to improve the combustion of fuels traditionally regarded as marginal or unacceptable for commercial boilers. The results will be obtained on both full-scale boiler plant and in closely-controlled combustion rigs. The analysis of the results obtained will be underpinned by advanced coal analysis and mathematical modelling. The findings will be reviewed to provide generic guidelines for the optimal commercial utilization of low volatile coals.

7220-PR113 (U. Newcastle et al.)

The abatement of environmentally unfriendly species in combustion and gasification processes

Objectives : To identify and optimise adsorbent materials for the abatement of environmentally unfriendly heavy metal and volatile organic compound emissions from combustion processes.

Summary : The introduction of co-combustion of coal with waste residues has led to an increase in emissions of heavy metals and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The use of additional gas clean-up systems is required in order to carry out the process in an environmentally acceptable manner. The use of low-cost, adsorption based gas cleaning systems allows pollutant levels to be reduced below that detectable by analytical methods. The project focuses on the development of carbon adsorbents for the removal of VOCs and heavy metals, in particular, mercury from flue gases. The key factors to be considered are the adsorbent retention capability, regeneration characteristics and adsorption dynamics.

7220-PR114 (ICSTM et al.)

Atmospheric impact of particulate matter from solid fuel combustors (PANAMA)

Objectives : To develop a model to predict the final trajectory of all fine particulates generated from solid fuel (coal and biomass co-utilization) combustion which encompasses both primary formation (in-combustion) and secondary formation (post-combustion).

Summary : There is mounting concern with regard to the deleterious health impact from the emission of fine particulate matter directly from combustion, or as a result of secondary formation mechanisms beyond the flame. In order to predict the trajectory of such emissions, it is proposed to develop a mathematical model applicable to coal and biomass co-fired combustors. A secondary formation sub-model will be developed and, along with a primary sub-model, incorporated into an existing computational fluid dynamics combustion code. The developed sub-model will subsequently be incorporated into an atmospheric dispersion model and validated against data from various combustion technologies to assure it accuracy.

2. SUPPLEMENTARY PROGRAMME

1. (DMT et al.)

Performance of coalface operations through computer aided planning

Objectives : The aim is to reduce the cost of coal extraction in longwall faces and the surrounding working area, and to develop unified generic modelling approaches in order to plan more effectively, evaluate and improve coal face systems and face transfer operations.

Summary : The project will undertake an examination of advanced technologies associated with alternative retreat longwall geometries as practised in Europe and around the world and will evaluate their merits and potential for high productivity coal winning. These issues will be addressed through the development of computer-aided modelling and visualisation.

Available data and new added databases will form the input for the integrated overall cost and performance calculation of the coal extraction working point. This new planning method will adapt processes, equipment and work organisation to the specific conditions, improve the quality and safety of the process and give more reliability to operations.

2. (ARMINES et al.)

Improvement of efficiency, health and safety in rock bolting

Objectives : The aim is the reengineering of the entire roof bolting process. This will lead to cost reduction and safety improvement through investigation of each organisational and technical aspect in all interdependent areas and processes.

Summary : Roof bolting technology comprises rock mechanics, monitoring, machinery and bolt equipment. Furthermore close (economic and safe) interdependencies exist between bolting and other mining processes such as tunnelling or coal extraction.

The investigation of the entire roof bolting process will start with the analysis of weak points in each area and the identification of significant potentials for cost reduction. The results, in combination with the detection of production-limiting factors, will form the basis for the reengineering work, which will help to reduce costs and improve safety.

3. (DMT et al.)

Detection and monitoring of mine fires

Objectives : The primary aims of the research are to develop novel and improved procedures and systems for the early detection of mine fires.

Summary : It is intended to improve response time in order to give earlier warning of fires, and to provide better information on their localisation and extent, including inaccessible goaf heatings, whilst at the same time ensuring a low probability of false alarms. The faster and more efficient fire fighting which will then be possible will cut costs due to lost production and reduce the risks to the workforce arising from hazardous environments.

Particular value is attached to designing procedures for both the general conditions of use underground and the different practical circumstances prevailing in European hard coal mining.

4. (Geocontrol et al.)

Analysis of the stress state in unfavoured planning situations in underground coal mines

Objectives : The aim of the project is to establish a new methodology that will facilitate, through numerical calculation methods, the analysis of the stress concentration in the proximity of roadways and coal faces, in order to detect and decrease the number of hazardous situations in coal mines.

Summary : The research will be directed towards:

*improving geomechanical data input methodology;

*comparing the performance of numerical and other empirical methods, such as microseismic measurements, used to predict risk conditions in coal mines.

*contrasting the capability of calculation programmes by comparing the theoretical results with measurements obtained from real situations in underground coal mines.

5. (DSK et al.)

Monitoring of subsidence over mined areas (MONS)

Objectives : The principal aim is to evaluate, compare and establish new measuring techniques for monitoring the subsidence of large mining-areas. The favourable techniques must meet high requirements for precision, availability, cost effectiveness and safety.

Summary : Underground coal mining causes subsidence on the surface. The resulting ground movements can have a permanent negative effect on the environment.

New methods of aerial photogrametry, remote sensing, radar interferometry and laser technology may serve to monitor mining-areas with high precision and great efficiency.

The principal aim of this project is to evaluate and compare these techniques with respect to their suitability for monitoring subsidence over large mining areas

6. (U. Nottingham et al.)

Fine coal recovery utilizing landfill-derived liquids

Objectives : To assess the merits of utilising landfill-derived liquids in fine coal recovery.

Summary : The liquid effluents that arise from the landfilling of municipal waste can substitute for some, or all, of the chemical additions necessary in froth flotation and oil agglomeration for coal recovery. These effluents (gas condensate and leachate) are treated by the waste management industry prior to their discharge to the environment. They are available at no charge or come with a payment for their disposal. Investigations will include flotation, selective agglomeration and dewatering. Product marketing, customer acceptance and environmental liability will be addressed.

7. (CSFTA et al.)

Influence of the ash % mineral and chemical composition on the operation of thermal plants through experiments in a laboratory slag test apparatus

Objectives : To achieve a more reliable and realistic description of the slagging and fouling propensities of pulverised coal than is currently available and to reduce the cost and time required for testing at full scale by developing a pilot scale test apparatus.

Summary : The project is aimed at developing a fuel testing apparatus capable of rapidly predicting the slagging and fouling tendencies of fuels before combustion in a boiler. Several advanced techniques will be implemented for characterising ash and deposits and studies of deposit formation mechanisms in relation to fuel characteristics and real-scale firing conditions will be carried out. The apparatus will serve as part of a general monitoring system for the pre-determination of the relation between coal quality and operational rules for minimising ash-related problems.

8. (PG et al.)

Modifying the treatment and combustion of coal to minimise the emission of trace elements during pulverised fuel combustion

Objectives : To identify potential options for the control of trace element emissions during pulverised fuel combustion through fuel cleaning, combustion modifications and sorbent injection. To investigate further the behaviour of trace elements during biomass co-combustion. To investigate, specifically, the role of selenium during combustion by preparation and characterisation of model compounds.

Summary : The project seeks to improve understanding of potential methods for the reduction of trace element emissions from coal combustion processes by a combination of :

*laboratory scale studies to characterise the occurrence and cleanability of trace elements in industrially-relevant coals and to better understand the behaviour of one particular element, selenium;

*pilot-scale combustion testing to evaluate the effect on trace element emissions of combustion conditions, sorbent injection and biomass co-firing;

*full-scale plant tests to verify the validity of the pilot-scale tests.

9. (AICIA et al.)

Gas conditioning demonstration plant for ESP cost reduction. cost assessment and reactor improvement (CORESP)

Objectives : The technical and economic assessment of a new process for lowering fly ash electrical resistivity and improving the electrostatic precipitators (ESP) in power plants, without increasing their size when converting to low sulphur coal.

Summary : Demonstration plant for gas conditioning by means of flue-gas SO2 conversion to SO3 (GASOX Project 7220-ED/066) was built and operated at Puertollano power plant. The unit produces the necessary amount of SO3 to decrease fly ash resistivity with a view to using low-sulphur coals without the need to increase ESP size. This is a very important economic factor, but the economy of the process depends largely on the catalyst performance over a long period of 3-4 years at least, and this has not been accomplished during the time available in project 7220-ED/066. In addition, improvement of the catalyst used would allow reduction of the reactor size.

10. (NP et al.)

Low volatile blends for pulverised fuel combustion

Objectives : The aim is to improve the prediction of combustion and environmental performance for blends of low and medium volatile coals for down-fired plant. Power station data, test rigs and modelling will be used to achieve this.

Summary : Low volatile fuels are used for power generation in the UK and Spain and there are many other users worldwide. Two major EU generators will improve prediction models for combustion of blends of these fuels with other coals. This is important with new sources/qualities of fuel, competitive pressures in the power markets and the need to satisfy increasingly stringent environmental legislation. The improved predictive ability from the power station, test rig and laboratory work will result in higher efficiency, lower costs and reduced emissions through improved understanding of blend performance.

11. (CRE Group et al.)

Stockpile to burner - a unified approach to coal blending

Objectives : To develop an integrated scientific approach to coal blending by understanding the relationships between coals which promote good handling characteristics, consistent grinding performance and optimal combustion behaviour when blended.

Summary : Blending of multi-source coals is now an accepted method for meeting environmental constraints and economic targets. The blend can comprise components from two or more sources of either indigenous or imported coals. The composition is often dictated by the resultant mean chemical analysis as an indicator of combustion performance. However, the behaviour in upstream equipment, notably the handling system and the pulveriser, is often given cursory attention. This project will undertake an integrated approach to understanding the relationships between coals that promote good handling characteristics, consistent grinding performance and optimal combustion behaviour when blended.

Recherche technique "charbon" CECA 2000 - PROGRAMME PRINCIPAL

ANNEXE I

>EMPLACEMENT TABLE>

ANNEXE II

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3. LISTE DES ABBRÉVIATIONS UTILISÉES

Abbréviation // Pays // Proposant

AICIA // ES // Asociación de Investigación y Cooperación Industrial de Andalucía

AITEMIN // ES // Asociación para la Investigación y Desarrollo Industrial de los Recursos Naturales

ALSTOM // DE // ALSTOM Energy Systems GmbH

ARBK // DE // Apparatebau Rothemühle, Brandt + Kritzler GmbH

ARMINES // FR // Association pour la recherche et le Développement des Méthodes et Processus Industriels

AUTH // HE // Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

BS // UK // British Steel

CIEMAT // ES // Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas

CINAR // UK // CINAR Ltd.

CMI // PO // Central Mining Institute (GIC)

CPL // UK // CPL Industries Limited

CPM // FR // Centre de Pyrolyse de Marienau

CRE Group // UK // CRE Group Ltd.

CSFTA // HE // Centre for Solid Fuels Technology and Applications of Greece

CSIC // ES // Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas

CSIC-ICP // ES // Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica

CSIC-INCAR // ES // Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas -Instituto Nacional del Carbón

DHMS // DE // Deilmann-Haniel Maschinen- und Stahlbau GmbH

DMT // DE // Deutsche Montan Technology GmbH

DSK // DE // Deutsche Steinkohle AG

ECN // NL // Netherlands Energy Research Foundation - ECN

EDF // FR // Electricité de France

ENDESA // ES // ENDESA S.A.

ENEL SRI // IT // ENEL SRI, S.p.A.

EVN // AT // EVN AG

FZUG // DE // Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH - GSF

H & SE // UK // Health & Safety Laboratory

HBL // FR // Houilleres du Bassin de Lorraine

HDN // ES // Hulleras del Norte, S. A.

HVL // ES // Hullera Vasco Leonesa S.A.

ICSTM // UK // Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine

IMCG // UK // IMC Geophysics Ltd.

IMCTS // UK // IMC Technical Services Limited

IMS // ES // Ingenieros de Minas Consultores, S.A.

INERCO // ES // Ingenieria Energetica y de Contaminacion, S.A.

INERIS // FR // Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques

INETI // PT // Instituto Nacional de Engenharia e Tecnologia Industrial

ISSeP // BE // Institut Scientifique de Service Publique

IST // PT // Instituto Superior Técnico

MBEL // UK // Mitsui Babcock Energy Limited

MI // UK // Malvern Instruments

MO // UK // The Meteorological Office

NP // UK // National Power plc

NTUA // HE // National Technical University of Athens

PG // UK // PowerGen UK plc

PPC // HE // Public Power Corporation

Rheinbraun // DE // Rheinbraun AG

RJB // UK // RJB Mining (UK) Ltd.

RMT // UK // Rock Mechanics Technology Ltd.

RWE // DE // RWE Energie AG

RWTH // DE // Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen

SNET-CERCHAR // FR // Société Nationale d'Electricité et de Thermique - SNET-CERCHAR

TU Braunschweig // DE // Technische Universität Braunschweig

U. Aston // UK // University of Aston-in-Birmingham

U. Birmingham // UK // University of Birmingham

U. Bologna // IT // University of Bologna

U. Delft // NL // Technische Universiteit Delft

U. Edinburgh // UK // University of Edinburgh

U. Essen // DE // Universität GH Essen

U. León // ES // University of León

U. Loughborough // UK // Loughborough University

U. Newcastle // UK // University of Newcastle upon Tyne

U. Nottingham // UK // University of Nottingham

U. Strathclyde // UK // University of Strathclyde

U. Stuttgart // DE // University of Stuttgart

U. Teesside // UK // University of Teesside

UA Madrid // ES // Universidad Autonoma de Madrid

UFG // ES // Union Fenosa Generación

UPM // ES // Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

USB-P // IT // Università degli Studi della Basilicata-Potenza

VTTCT // FI // VTT Chemical Technology

WA // UK // Wardell Armstrong