Aides d'État - Royaume-Uni

Aide C 13/02 (ex N 27/02) - Exemption des droits de timbre en faveur des biens non résidentiels situés dans des zones défavorisées

Invitation à présenter des observations en application de l'article 88, paragraphe 2, du traité CE

(2002/C 102/14)

(Texte présentant de l'intérêt pour l'EEE)

Par lettre du 27 février 2002 reproduite dans la langue faisant foi dans les pages qui suivent le présent résumé, la Commission a notifié au Royaume-Uni sa décision d'ouvrir la procédure prévue à l'article 88, paragraphe 2, du traité CE concernant l'aide susmentionnée.

Les parties intéressées peuvent présenter leurs observations sur les aides à l'égard desquelles la Commission ouvre la procédure dans un délai d'un mois à compter de la date de publication du présent résumé et de la lettre qui suit, à l'adresse suivante: Commission européenne Direction générale de la concurrence

Greffe des aides d'État

B - 1049 Bruxelles Télécopieur (32-2) 296 12 42.

Ces observations seront communiquées au Royaume-Uni. Le traitement confidentiel de l'identité de la partie intéressée qui présente les observations peut être demandé par écrit, en spécifiant les motifs de la demande.

RÉSUMÉ

1. Par lettre du 21 décembre 2001, enregistrée par la Commission le 9 janvier 2002, les autorités britanniques ont notifié le régime d'aide "Stamp duty exemption for non-residential property in disadvantaged areas" (exemption des droits de timbre en faveur des biens non résidentiels situés dans des zones défavorisées).

2. Description du régime d'aide

Les aides notifiées prennent la forme d'une exemption des droits de timbre sur la transmission de biens non résidentiels situés dans des zones défavorisées. Ces droits de timbre sont des impôts perçus à raison de la rédaction des actes relatifs à la vente ou à la relocation de ce type de biens. Aux taux actuels, la valeur de cette exemption représenterait de 1 % à 4 % du prix d'achat dans le cas de l'acquisition d'un bien et de 1 % à 24 % du loyer annuel moyen dans le cas d'une nouvelle location. Les zones pouvant bénéficier de ce régime sont sélectionnées sur la base d'une série d'indicateurs de dénuement économique et social. Quelque 2000 zones défavorisées, représentant environ 23 % de la population britannique, ont été sélectionnées. Ce régime serait applicable à toutes les entreprises indépendamment de leur taille et de leur secteur d'activité. Selon les estimations, son coût budgétisé annuel pourrait atteindre les 98 millions d'euros.

3. Caractère d'aide d'État du régime

Dans le cadre de ce régime, des aides sont octroyées au moyen de ressources d'État (sous la forme d'une exemption fiscale) à des entreprises situées dans des zones spécifiques (à savoir uniquement dans des zones qualifiées de défavorisées). Cette exemption permet de réduire les coûts d'investissement des entreprises qui investissent dans des biens non résidentiels dans lesdites zones et leur confère un avantage par rapport aux entreprises qui investissent dans d'autres zones. Étant donné que cette exemption s'applique à toutes les transmissions de terrain et de bâtiment, elle bénéficiera forcément aux entreprises qui réalisent des échanges entre États membres ou qui exercent leurs activités dans un secteur caractérisé par ce type d'échanges. En outre, le montant des aides pouvant être accordées à un bénéficiaire n'est pas limité. Il y a donc lieu de conclure que cette exemption pourrait entraîner des aides affectant la concurrence dans les échanges entre États membres.

Eu égard aux considérations qui précèdent, la Commission estime que la mesure en question constitue une aide d'État au sens de l'article 87, paragraphe 1, du traité CE.

4. Considérations relatives à la procédure

Le Royaume-Uni a respecté les obligations imposées par l'article 88, paragraphe 3, du traité CE en notifiant le régime d'aide susmentionné avant de le mettre en oeuvre.

5. Appréciation de la compatibilité de la mesure d'aide

Cette mesure a pour objet de favoriser le développement et/ou la réhabilitation des zones défavorisées du Royaume-Uni en octroyant des aides à la transmission de biens non résidentiels. Les aides à l'investissement en faveur de zones défavorisées sont régies par les lignes directrices concernant les aides d'État à finalité régionale (JO C 74 du 10.3.1998, p. 9), ci-après dénommées "les lignes directrices", et par l'encadrement des aides d'État aux entreprises dans les quartiers urbains défavorisés (JO C 146 du 14.5.1997, p. 6), ci-après dénommé "l'encadrement". La Commission a donc examiné cette mesure sur la base de ces deux documents. À l'issue de son examen, elle émet les doutes suivants quant à la compatibilité de cette mesure avec le marché commun.

a) Un premier doute concerne la portée géographique de la mesure. Conformément aux règles communautaires applicables aux aides d'État, les aides à l'investissement destinées au développement de zones défavorisées sont limitées soit aux régions pouvant bénéficier d'aides d'État à finalité régionale au titre de l'article 87, paragraphe 3, point a) ou c), telles qu'elles sont définies au point 3 des lignes directrices, soit aux quartiers urbains défavorisés tels qu'ils sont définis au titre IV de l'encadrement.

Le 17 août 2000, la Commission a approuvé la carte britannique des aides à finalité régionale (N 265/2000), qui répertorie les zones pouvant bénéficier de ce type d'aides au cours de la période 2000-2006. L'exemption des droits de timbre sera appliquée à une liste de zones représentant environ 23 % de la population britannique. Il ressort des renseignements fournis par le Royaume-Uni qu'entre 40 % et 50 % des zones pouvant bénéficier de cette exemption ne relèveraient pas de la carte des aides à finalité régionale. Certes, l'encadrement prévoit des niveaux d'aides à l'investissement relativement élevés dans les quartiers urbains défavorisés situés en dehors de régions aidées, mais son point 8 dispose que la population couverte par ces aides ne doit pas dépasser environ 1 % de la population nationale. Or, les zones qui peuvent bénéficier de l'exemption des droits de timbre et qui ne figurent pas sur la carte des aides à finalité régionale couvrent nettement plus que 1 % de la population britannique.

La Commission se demande donc si la portée géographique de cette exemption est compatible avec l'encadrement susmentionné. Elle craint que l'autorisation de ce régime d'aide, y compris la liste des "zones qualifiées de défavorisées", n'entraîne en fait un élargissement sensible de la carte britannique des aides à finalité régionale, ce qui remettrait en cause la concentration des régions pouvant bénéficier de ce type d'aides, qui constitue le principe de base de la politique communautaire en matière d'aides à finalité régionale(1).

b) Tant les lignes directrices que l'encadrement limitent les aides à l'investissement à l'"investissement initial". La Commission doute que la vente de biens non résidentiels et l'établissement de nouveaux contrats de location pour ces biens constituent dans tous les cas un "investissement initial", tel qu'il est défini dans ces deux documents.

c) Les actifs faisant l'objet de transferts successifs de propriété donnent droit à une exemption des droits de timbre à chaque fois. En outre, le régime n'exclut pas les actifs dont l'acquisition a déjà donné lieu à des aides (au titre d'autres régimes d'aide). La Commission se demande si cela est conforme aux lignes directrices qui prévoient dans le cas d'un achat, que les actifs dont l'acquisition a déjà bénéficié d'une aide sont à déduire.

d) Le Royaume-Uni avance que l'intensité des aides octroyées au titre de ce régime ne dépassera jamais 4 %. Cependant, la Commission doute que, en cas de cumul de l'exemption des droits de timbre avec d'autres aides, les autorités britanniques soient en mesure de garantir que le montant total des aides respectera les plafonds d'intensité prévus par la carte des aides à finalité régionale (ou d'autres plafonds applicables).

e) Selon la notification, le régime est applicable à tous les secteurs, y compris ceux qui sont soumis à des règles particulières (transports, sidérurgie, construction navale, fibres synthétiques, véhicules à moteur, la production, la transformation et la commercialisation des produits agricoles visés à l'annexe I du traité CE, pêche et industrie charbonnière). La manière dont les autorités britanniques veilleront au respect des règles particulières applicables aux aides en faveur de ces secteurs n'est pas claire.

f) Le régime notifié ne limite aucunement le type d'entreprises pouvant bénéficier de l'exemption des droits de timbre. La Commission doute que cela soit en conformité avec l'encadrement qui réserve les aides aux petites entreprises et impose d'autres conditions aux bénéficiaires de ces aides (qui doivent poursuivre leur activité économique principale et investir dans la zone qualifiée de quartier urbain défavorisé, ainsi que réserver au moins 20 % des nouveaux postes créés à l'embauche de personnes domiciliées dans une zone défavorisée).

TEXTE DE LA LETTRE

"The Commission wishes to inform the United Kingdom that, having examined the information supplied by your authorities on the aid measure referred to above, it has decided to initiate the procedure laid down in Article 88(2) of the EC Treaty.

I. PROCEDURE

1. By letter dated 21 December 2001, and registered by the Commission on 9 January 2002, the UK authorities notified a scheme exempting transfers of non-residential property in disadvantaged areas from stamp duty. A bilateral meeting between the UK authorities and the Commission was held on 5 February 2002 to clarify some points of the notification.

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE AID MEASURE

2. Aim of the measure

The aim of the measure is to contribute to the physical, economic and social regeneration of disadvantaged areas by means of reducing the cost of acquiring non-residential property in these areas. As such the scheme is part of the UK Government's 'Enterprise in disadvantaged communities' initiative.

3. The form and nature of the aid

The notified aid takes the form of an exemption from stamp duty on the transfer of non-residential property and on the creation of new leases for such property.

Stamp duties are taxes on documents. The main stamp duties levied in the UK at the present day are on sales and leases of land and buildings, and transfers of shares.

4. Eligible costs and aid intensity

Eligible costs comprise the consideration (i.e. purchase price) of the property (i.e. land and/or buildings) situated in the qualifying area, or the average annual rental for a new lease. Apportionment is required if the property is only partially situated in a qualifying area.

Stamp duty rates vary according to the purchase price of the property concerned and, in the case of leases, according to the average annual rental and the duration of the lease.

At present duty rates, the value of the exemption would be between 1 % and 4 % of the purchase price in the case of a purchase of a property and between 1 % and 24 % of the average annual rent in the case of a new lease.

5. Geographical coverage of the scheme

The stamp duty exemption would apply to sales and new leases of non-residential property located in 'designated disadvantaged areas' in the UK.

The eligible areas, which have average populations of 7000, are selected on the basis of the most recent values for indices of deprivation developed for each of the four nations of the United Kingdom (no suitable single measure of deprivation exists for the UK - so it was necessary to use the four different but comparable indices). In England, Wales and Northern Ireland the geographical units used for the analysis are the electoral wards or divisions. In Scotland the geographical units used are postcodes.

Some 2000 disadvantaged areas have been designated in the UK, covering 22 % of the total population in England, 18 % in Scotland, 47 % in Wales and 40 % in Northern Ireland. The present list of eligible areas has been set out in 'The Stamp Duty (Disadvantaged Areas) Regulations 2001' (Statutory Instruments 2001/3747). However, the UK indicated that the qualifying areas will be kept under review, but that changes of the list are likely to be infrequent.

6. Beneficiaries

The scheme applies to undertakings of any size and operating in any sector of the economy.

7. Budget of the scheme

The annual budget cost of the scheme is estimated at up to GBP 60 million (around EUR 98 million). It is estimated that, each year, at least 1200 transfers will be exempted from stamp duty under the scheme.

8. Legal basis of the scheme

Primary legislation: Section 92 and Schedule 30 Finance Act 2001.

Secondary legislation:

- SI 3746/2001 (The Variation of Stamp Duties Regulations),

- SI 3747/2001 (The Stamp Duty (Disadvantaged Areas) Regulations),

- SI 3748/2001 (The Finance Act 2001, Section 92(8), (Specified Day) Order).

9. Duration of the scheme: 2002-2011.

III. ASSESSMENT OF THE AID MEASURE

10. In accordance with Article 6(1) of Council Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 of 22 March 1999, the decision to initiate proceedings shall summarise the relevant issues of fact and law, shall include a preliminary assessment from the Commission as to the aid character of the proposed measure, and shall set out the doubts as to its compatibility with the common market.

11. Procedure

The UK authorities have complied with the procedural requirements of Article 88(3) of the EC Treaty by notifying the abovementioned aid scheme before putting it into effect.

12. The existence of aid

The Commission considers, at this stage of the procedure, that the measure constitutes State aid within the meaning of Article 87(1) of the EC Treaty, and this for the following reasons:

- State resources are involved because tax is foregone.

- The measure is selective because it is targeted upon particular geographical areas.

- The measure will reduce the investment costs for companies investing in non-residential assets in the eligible areas. It will therefore provide an advantage to such companies over other companies investing in other areas, and therefore not receiving the exemption.

- Because the exemption applies to all conveyances and transfers of estates and interests in land in the designated areas it will, among others, inevitably benefit undertakings which are engaged in inter-State trade, or in a business sector in which there is inter-State trade. Furthermore, the scheme does not provide that the limits laid down in Council Regulation (EC) No 69/2001 of 12 January 2001 on the application of Articles 87 and 88 of the EC Treaty to de-minimis aid will be respected. Accordingly, the new exemption may give rise to aid which affects competition in inter-State trade.

13. Exemption grounds

(a) Article 87(2) of the EC Treaty lists certain types of aid that are compatible with the EC Treaty. In view of the nature and purpose of the aid, and the geographical coverage of the scheme, the Commission considers, at this stage of the analysis, that subparagraphs (a), (b) and (c) are not applicable to the measure in question.

(b) Article 87(3) specifies other forms of aid, which may be regarded as compatible with the common market. In view of the nature and purpose of the aid measure and its geographical scope, the Commission considers, at this stage of the investigation, that the subparagraphs (a), (b), (d) and (e) of Article 87(3) are not applicable either.

(c) In the notification, the UK authorities appear to agree with the above analysis and suggest that the question is whether the aid measure is compatible with the common market on the basis that it will facilitate the development of certain economic areas and it will not adversely affect trading conditions to an extent contrary to the common interest (Article 87(3)(c) of the EC Treaty).

(d) The coverage of the notified measure is not limited to SMEs, nor to firms in difficulty, nor to any one of the following activities: R & D, environmental protection as defined in the Community guidelines on State aid for environmental protection (OJ C 37, 3.2.2001, p. 3), training, the creation or maintenance of employment. Therefore, the Commission considers, at this stage of the analysis, that the notified measure can not be declared compatible with the common market on the basis of its conformity with any of the following regulations, frameworks or guidelines:

- Commission Regulation (EC) No 70/2001 of 12 January 2001 on the application of Articles 87 and 88 of the EC Treaty to State aid to small and medium-sized enterprises (OJ L 10, 13.1.2001, p. 33);

- Community guidelines on State aid for rescuing and restructuring firms in difficulty (OJ C 288, 9.10.1999, p. 2);

- Community framework for State aid for research and development (OJ C 45, 17.2.1996, p. 5);

- Community guidelines on State aid for environmental protection (OJ C 37, 3.2.2001, p. 3);

- Commission Regulation (EC) No 68/2001 of 12 January 2001 on the application of Articles 87 and 88 of the EC Treaty to training aid (OJ L 10, 13.1.2001, p. 20);

- Guidelines on employment (OJ C 334, 12.12.1995, p. 4).

(e) The aim of the measure is to promote the development/regeneration of disadvantaged areas in the UK, which are geographically defined. Therefore, the Commission has examined the compatibility of the measure on the basis of the guidelines on national regional aid (OJ C 74, 10.3.1998, p. 9), hereinafter referred to as the 'regional aid guidelines' and the guidelines on State aid for undertakings in deprived urban areas (OJ C 146, 14.5.1997, p. 6), hereinafter referred to as the 'deprived urban area guidelines'. The results of this analysis are presented below.

14. Conformity with the regional aid guidelines

The stamp duty exemption is granted in relation to the transfer of non-residential property in disadvantaged areas. In its notification, the UK argues correctly that the notified scheme is therefore primarily focussed on investment. According to the regional aid guidelines, aid for investment in disadvantaged areas may be compatible with the common market, but only if certain conditions are satisfied. At this stage of the examination, the Commission has doubts whether the notified scheme respects the conditions set out in these guidelines:

(a) By letter No SG(2000) D/106293 of 17 August 2000, the Commission approved the UK regional aid map for the period 2000 to 2006 (N 265/2000). The map defines the areas eligible for national regional aid under the derogations of Article 87(3)(a) and (c) of the EC Treaty. The Article 87(3)(a) regions included in the map were defined on the basis of EU-wide criteria (NUTS level II regions with a GDP per capita in PPS lower than 75 % of the Community average). The Article 87(3)(c) areas were selected on the basis of geographical units and social and economic indicators, proposed by the UK authorities themselves. The stamp duty exemption will apply to transfers of non-residential property situated in so-called 'designated disadvantaged areas', which have been defined on the basis of different geographical units and indicators (see point 5 above). The result of this approach is that a number of areas eligible under the notified measure does not fall within the areas eligible for regional aid as defined in the present UK regional aid map. Information provided by the UK in the context of an examination of another State aid scheme (namely the Community development venture fund (N 606/2000)), suggests that the proportion of the disadvantaged areas falling outside the regional aid map is very significant(2).

The Commission therefore doubts whether the geographical coverage of the stamp duty exemption is compatible with the regional aid guidelines. It is concerned that the approval of the scheme, including the list of 'designated disadvantaged areas' would in effect lead to a significant widening of the UK regional aid map. In turn, this would undermine the concentration of regional aid areas, which is a leading principle of the Community's regional aid policy(3). In order to clarify this point, the Commission would also ask the UK authorities to provide clear information on the extent to which the two lists overlap.

(b) Point 4.1 of the regional aid guidelines provides that the object of regional aid is to secure either productive investment (initial investment) or job creation that is linked to investment. Point 4.11 specifies that also aid for job creation should be linked to the carrying out of initial investment. Initial investment is defined in point 4.4 of the guidelines as 'an investment in fixed capital relating to the setting-up of a new establishment, the extension of an existing establishment, or the starting-up of an activity involving a fundamental change in the product or production process of an existing establishment (through rationalisation, diversification or modernisation)'. The stamp duty exemption concerns the sale of non-residential property and the creation of new leases for such property. The Commission has doubts whether such transactions can in all circumstances be classified as initial investment as defined in the guidelines.

(c) The notification points out that any transaction can benefit only once from the stamp duty exemption. The implication of this is, however, that assets that are the object of successive transactions (e.g. successive transfers of ownership), would qualify for stamp duty exemption on each occasion. Furthermore, assets for whose acquisition aid has already been paid in the past (under other aid schemes) are not excluded from the scheme. In view of this, the Commission has doubts whether the scheme respects point 4.5 of the regional aid guidelines, which provides that in the event of a purchase, assets for whose acquisition aid has already been granted prior to the purchase should be deducted.

(d) Point 5.4 of the regional aid guidelines provides that regional aid schemes are approved by the Commission, subject to the aid intensity ceilings defined in the map. Point 4.18 specifies that the total amount of regional investment aid should respect the aid intensity ceilings set out in the regional aid map. Point 4.21 requires that, in cases where the aid under one scheme may be combined with aid under other schemes, the Member State must specify, for each scheme, the method by which it will ensure that the regional aid intensity ceilings will be complied with. In the notification, the UK argues that the intensity of the scheme will never exceed 4 %. It is unclear though how the UK arrives at that percentage. In addition, the UK does not exclude the possibility that aid under the notified scheme is cumulated with aid under other schemes. In fact, the notification explicitly mentions the possibility that aid under the scheme is cumulated with aid from certain risk capital measures. The Commission doubts whether, in cases where the stamp duty exemption is cumulated with other aid, the UK authorities will be able to ensure that the total amount of aid will respect the aid intensity ceilings established in the regional aid map. In this context, the Commission would ask the UK authorities to clarify the way in which the aid intensity will be calculated in cases involving the establishment of new leases. It would also ask the UK to clarify how it will ensure that cumulation rules are complied with.

(e) Point 2 of the regional aid guidelines provides that the granting of (regional) State aid in certain sectors (transport, steel, shipbuilding, synthetic fibres, motor vehicles, fisheries and coal) is subject to specific restrictions. The guidelines on national regional aid excludes specifically from its scope the production, processing and marketing of Annex I products. The guidelines on State aid for undertakings in deprived urban areas are without prejudice of other State aid rules. Therefore any aid granted to undertakings operating in the production, processing and marketing of Annex I products is to be assessed according to the Community guidelines for State aid in the agriculture sector. In addition, special rules apply to large investment projects. According to the notification, the scheme applies to all sectors. It is unclear though how the UK authorities will ensure that the aid granted under the notified scheme to companies engaged in the abovementioned sectors or to large investment projects will comply with the special rules applicable. The United Kingdom authorities are requested to provide necessary information to permit the assessment of the measure at issue under the State aid rules applicable to the agriculture sector.

15. Conformity with the deprived urban area guidelines

The deprived urban area guidelines make provision for the granting of aid for investment in deprived geographical areas, subject to specific conditions. At this stage of the examination, the Commission has doubts whether the notified scheme respects these conditions:

(a) Point 5 of the deprived urban area guidelines recognises that there can be a need for investment aid to deprived urban areas that are not included in the regional aid map. However, point 8 of the guidelines provides that the total population covered by such areas should not exceed 1 % of the national population (or, in circumstances justified by the Member State on the basis of objective socioeconomic data at a level slightly above this ceiling). Areas covered should be geographically identifiable and homogeneous; they should have a population of between around 10000 and 30000 and belong to cities or urban agglomerations with around 100000 inhabitants or more and have significantly worse socioeconomic statistics than both the national average and the average for the cities to which they belong. Also areas selected under the urban community initiative could be taken into account.

As was pointed out in point 14(a) above, a significant number of areas eligible under the notified measure probably falls outside the regional aid map. The number of people living in these areas is therefore likely to be far in excess of the 1 % ceiling set out in the deprived urban area guidelines. In addition, it is unclear to what extent the areas that qualify under the notified scheme and that are outside the regional aid map are satisfying the other eligibility criteria laid down in point 7 of the urban aid guidelines. The Commission therefore doubts whether the areas that qualify under the notified scheme and that are not included in the regional aid map are selected in conformity with the criteria laid down in paragraph 7 and 8 of the urban aid guidelines. It requests further clarification on the population coverage of the areas that qualify under the scheme and that are not eligible for regional aid and on the extent to which these areas satisfy the eligibility criteria laid down in point 7 of the deprived urban area guidelines.

(b) The notified scheme does not impose any restriction on the types of companies that could benefit from the stamp duty exemption. The Commission doubts whether this is in conformity with the deprived urban area guidelines. Point 10 of these guidelines restricts aid to small companies only, arguing that 'extending the benefits of the aid to large enterprises would have disproportionate effects in terms of distortion of competition and the negative impact on cohesion'. In addition point 12 of the guidelines imposes further restrictions (namely that the beneficiary must carry on its principle economic activity and invest in the area designated as a deprived urban area and that he must reserve at least 20 % of the new jobs created for persons having their domicile in a deprived area).

(c) The deprived urban area guidelines also provide that aid should be limited to initial investment projects and that the total amount of aid should be limited to 26 % nge of eligible investment costs (point 14 of the guidelines). The doubts expressed in points 14(b) and 14(e) therefore also apply in this case.

IV. DECISION

16. In the light of the foregoing considerations, the Commission, acting under the procedure laid down in Article 88(2) of the EC Treaty, requests the United Kingdom to submit its comments and to provide all such information as may help to assess the aid scheme 'Stamp duty exemption for non-residential property in disadvantaged areas', within one month of the date of receipt of this letter.

17. The Commission wishes to remind the United Kingdom that Article 88(3) of the EC Treaty has suspensory effect, and would draw your attention to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 659/1999, which provides that all unlawful aid may be recovered from the recipients."

(1) Dans ce contexte, les lignes directrices indiquent que les aides à finalité régionale "... ne peuvent se concevoir dans l'Union européenne que si elles sont utilisées avec parcimonie et si elles restent concentrées sur les régions les plus désavantagées. Si les aides se généralisaient et devenaient la règle, elles perdraient tout le caractère incitatif et leurs effets économiques s'annuleraient. En même temps, elles fausseraient le jeu du marché et porteraient atteinte à l'efficacité de l'économie communautaire dans son ensemble".

(2) By letter of 14 January 2002, the UK authorities analysed the degree of overlap between the 20 % most deprived wards and the Article 87(3)(a) and (c) areas in England. Their analysis concluded that only 57 % of these most deprived wards were also included in the regional aid map.

(3) In this context, the guidelines on national regional policy point out that regional aid '... is conceivable in the European Union only if it is used sparingly and remains concentrated on the most disadvantaged regions. If aid were to become generalised and, as it were, the norm, it would lose all its incentive quality and its economic impact would be nullified. At the same time, it would interfere with the normal interplay of market forces and reduce the efficacy of the Community economy as a whole'.