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L.N. 4 of 2022
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AUTHORITY ACT 
(CAP. 424)
Protection of Workers from risks related to Exposure to Biologi cal 
Agents at Work (Amendment) Regulations, 2022
IN EXERCISE of the powers conferred by article 12 of the
Occupational Health and Safety A uthority Act, the Deputy Prime
Minister and Minister for Health, after consultation with the
Occupational Health and Safety Authority, has made the followin g
regulations:-
Citation. 
S.L.424.25.1. The title of these regulations is the Protection of Workers
from risks related to Exposure  to Biological Agents at Work
(Amendment) Regulations, 2022, a nd these regulations shall be r ead
and construed as one with the Protection of Workers from risks related
to Exposure to Biological Agents at Work Regulations, hereinaft er
referred to as "the prin cipal regulations".
Amends 
regulation 1 of 
the principal regulations.2. Sub-regulation (2) of regulation 1 of the principal
regulations shall be substituted by the following:
"(2) The scope of these  regulations is to:
(a) protect workers against risks to their health and
safety, including the prevention of such risks, arising or
likely to arise from exposure to biological agents at work;
(b) transpose Commission Directive (EU) 2020/739
of 3 June 2020 amending Annex III to Directive 2000/54/EC
of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards  the
inclusion  of  SARS-CoV-2  in  t he  list  of biol ogical  agents
known  to  infect  humans  and amending Commission
Directive (EU) 2019/1833;
(c) transpose Commission Directive (EU) 2019/
1833 of 24 October 2019 amending Annexes I, III, V andVI to Directive 2000/54/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council as r egards purely technical
adjustments.".
Substitutes 
Schedule I, III, V and VI of the principal 
regulations.3. Schedule I, III, V and VI of the principal regulations shall
be substituted by the following:
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"SCHEDULE I
INDICATIVE LIST OF ACTIVITIES
(Regulation 4(2))
Preliminary note
Where the result of the risk assessment carried out in accordan ce with
Regulation 3 and Regulation 4(2) of these Regulations, shows an
unintentional exposure to biologi c a l  a g e n t s ,  t h e r e  m a y  b e  o t h e r  w o r k
activities, not included in this Schedule, which should be cons idered.
1. Work in food production plants.
2. Work in agriculture.3. Work activities where there is  contact with animals and/or products of animal
origin.
4. Work in healthcare, including isolation and post-mortem units .
5. Work in clinical, veterinary  and diagnostic laboratories, excluding diagnostic
microbiological laboratories.
6. Work in refuse disposal plants.
7. Work in sewage purif ication installations.
SCHEDULE III
COMMUNITY CLASSIFICATION
Regulation 2 (definition of biological agents) and Regulation 1 8
INTRODUCTORY NOTES
1. In line with the scope of these Regulations, only agents whic h are known to
infect humans are to be incl uded in the classified list.
Where appropriate, indicators are given of the toxic and allerg ic potential of
these agents.
Animal and plant pathogens which  are known not to affect man are excluded.
In drawing up this list of classified biological agents conside ration has not
been given to genetically m odified micro-organisms.
2. The list of classified agents is based on the effect of those  agents on healthy
workers.
No specific account is taken of particular effects on those who se
susceptibility may be affected for one or other reason such as pre-existing
disease, medication, compromised  immunity, pregnancy or breast feeding.
Additional risk to such workers should be considered as part of  t h e  r i s k
assessment required by  these Regulations.
In certain industrial processes, certain laboratory work or cer tain work with
animals involving actual or poten tial exposure to biological ag ents of groups
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3 or 4, any technical precautions taken must comply with regula tion 16.
3. Biological agents which have not been classified for inclusion in groups 2 to
4 of the list are not implicitly classified in group 1.
For genera where more than one s pecies is known to be pathogeni c to man,
the list will include those species which are known to be the most frequently
responsible for diseases, together with a more general referenc e to the fact
that other species of the same genus may affect health.
When a whole genus is mentioned in the classified list of biolo gical agents, it
is implicit that the species and strains known to be non-pathogenic areexcluded.
4. Where a strain is attenuated or has lost known virulence gene s, then the
containment required by the classification of its parent strain  need not
necessarily apply, subject to asse ssment appropriate for risk i n the workplace.
This is the case, for example, when such a strain is to be used  as a product or
part of a product for prophylac tic or therapeutic purposes.
5. The nomenclature of classified agents used to establish this list reflects and is
in conformity with the latest international agreements of the t axonomy and
nomenclature of agents at the time the list was prepared.
6. The list of classified biological agents reflects the state o f knowledge at the
time that it was devised.
It will be updated as soon as it no longer reflects the latest state of knowledge.
7. All viruses which have already been isolated in humans and wh ich have not
been assessed and allocated in t his Schedule are classified in group 2 as a
minimum, except in those cases where there is sufficient proof that they are
unlikely to cause d isease in humans.
8. Certain biological agents classified in group 3 which are ind icated in the
appended list by two asterisks (**), may present a limited risk of infection for
workers because they are not nor mally infectious by the airborn e route.
The Authority shall assess the containment measures to be appli ed to such
agents, taking account of the na ture of specific activities in question and of
the quantity of the agent involved, with a view to determining whether, in
particular circumstances, some of  these measures may be dispens ed with.
9. The requirements as to containment consequent on the classifi cation of
parasites apply only to stages in the life cycle of the parasit e in which it is
liable to be infectious to humans at the workplace.
10. This list also gives a separate indication in cases where th e biological agents
are likely to cause allergic or toxic reactions, where an effective vaccine isavailable, or where it is advisable to keep a list of exposed w orkers for more
than ten years.
These indications are shown by the following letters:
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A: Possible allergic effects
D: List of workers exposed to this biological agent to be kept for more than
ten years after the end of last known exposure
T: Toxin production
V: Effective vaccine available and registered within the EU
The application of preventive vaccination should take account o f the code of
practice given in Schedule VII.
BACTERIA and similar organisms
NB: For biological agents appearing on this list, the entry of the whole genus
with the addition of ‘spp.’ refers to other species belonging t o this genus that have
not specifically been included in the list, but which are known  pathogens in humans.
See introductory note 3 for further details.
Biological Agent Classification Notes
Actinomadura madurae 2
Actinomadura pelletieri 2
Actinomyces gerencseriae 2
Actinomyces israelii 2Actinomyces spp. 2Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 
(Actinobacillus actin omycetemcomitans) 2
Anaplasma spp. 2Arcanobacterium haemoly ticum (Corynebacterium 
haenolyticum) 2
Arcobacter butzleri 2Bacillus anthracis 3 TBacteroides fragilis 2Bacteroides spp. 2Bartonella bacilliformis 2
Bartonella quintana (Rochalimaea quintana) 2
Bartonella (Rochalimea) spp. 2
Bordetella bronchiseptica 2
Bordetella parapertussis 2
Bordetella pertussis 2 T, V
Bordetella spp. 2
Borrelia burgdorferi 2
Borrelia duttonii 2
Borrelia recurrentis 2
Borrelia spp. 2
Brachyspira spp. 2
Brucella abortus 3
Brucella canis 3
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Brucella inopinata 3
Brucella melitensis 3
Brucella suis 3
Burkholderia cepacia 2
Burkholderia mallei (Pseudomonas mallei) 3
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Pseudomonas 
pseudomallei) 3 D
Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus 2
Campylobacter fetus s ubsp. venerealis 2
Campylobacter jejuni subsp. doylei 2
Campylobacter jej uni subsp. jejuni 2
Campylobacter spp. 2
Cardiobacterium hominis 2
Cardiobacterium valvarum 2
Chlamydia abortus (Chlamydophila abortus) 2
Chlamydia caviae (Chlamydophila caviae) 2
Chlamydia felis (Chlamydophila felis) 2
Chlamydia pneumoniae (Chlamydophila 
pneumoniae) 2
Chlamydia psittaci (Chlamydophila psittaci) (avian 
strains) 3
Chlamydia psittaci (Chlamydophila psittaci) (other 
strains) 2
Chlamydia trachomatis (Chlamydophila trachomatis) 2
Clostridium botulinum 2 T
Clostridium difficile 2 T
Clostridium perfringens 2 T
Clostridium tetani 2 T, V
Clostridium spp. 2
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 2 T, V
Corynebacterium minutissimum 2
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis 2 T
Corynebacterium ulcerans 2 T
Corynebacterium spp. 2
Coxiella burnetii 3
Edwardsiella tarda 2
Ehrlichia spp. 2
Eikenella corrodens 2
Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (Flavobacterium 
meningosepticum) 2
Enterobacter aerogenes (Klebsiella mobilis) 2
Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae (Enterobacter 
cloacae) 2
Enterobacter spp. 2
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Enterococcus spp. 2
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 2
Escherichia coli (with  the exception of non-
pathogenic strains) 2
Escherichia coli, verocyt otoxigenic strains (e.g. 
O157:H7 or O103) 3 (*) T
Fluoribacter bozeman ae (Legionella) 2
Francisella hispaniensis 2
Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica 2
Francisella tularensis subsp. mediasiatica 2
Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida 2
Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis 3
Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. funduliforme 2
Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum 2
Gardnerella vaginalis 2
Haemophilus ducreyi 2
Haemophilus influenzae 2 V
Haemophilus spp. 2
Helicobacter pylori 2
Helicobacter spp. 2
Klebsiella oxytoca 2
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae 2
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae 2
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis 2
Klebsiella spp. 2
Legionella pneumophila subsp. fraseri 2
Legionella pneumophila subsp. pascullei 2
Legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila 2
Legionella spp. 2
Leptospira interrogans (all serovars) 2
Leptospira interrogans spp. 2
Listeria monocytogenes 2
Listeria ivanovii subsp. ivanovii 2
Listeria ivanovii subsp. londoniensis 2
Morganella morganii subs p. morganii (Proteus 
morganii) 2
Morganella morganii subsp. sibonii 2
Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus 2
Mycobacterium africanum 3 V
Mycobacterium avium subs p. avium (Mycobacterium 
avium) 2
Mycobacterium av ium subsp. par atuberculosis 
(Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) 2
Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum 2
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Mycobacterium bovis 3 V
Mycobacterium caprae (Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
subsp. caprae) 3
Mycobacterium chelonae 2
Mycobacterium chimaera 2
Mycobacterium fortuitum 2
Mycobacterium intracellulare 2
Mycobacterium kansasii 2
Mycobacterium leprae 3
Mycobacterium malmoense 2
Mycobacterium marinum 2
Mycobacterium microti 3 (*)
Mycobacterium pinnipedii 3
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum 2
Mycobacterium simiae 2
Mycobacterium szulgai 2
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 3 V
Mycobacterium ulcerans 3 (*)
Mycobacterium xenopi 2
Mycoplasma hominis 2
Mycoplasma pneumoniae 2
Mycoplasma spp. 2
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2
Neisseria meningitidis 2 V
Neorickettsia sennetsu (Rickettsia sennetsu, Ehrlichia 
sennetsu) 2
Nocardia asteroides 2
Nocardia brasiliensis 2
Nocardia farcinica 2
Nocardia nova 2
Nocardia otitidiscaviarum 2
Nocardia spp. 2
Orientia tsutsugamushi (Rickettsia tsutsugamushi) 3
Pasteurella multocida subs p. gallicida (Pasteurella 
gallicida) 2
Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida 2
Pasteurella multocida subsp. septica 2
Pasteurella spp. 2
Peptostreptoco ccus anaerobius 2
Plesiomonas shigelloides 2
Porphyromonas spp. 2
Prevotella spp. 2
Proteus mirabilis 2
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Proteus penneri 2
Proteus vulgaris 2
Providencia alcalifaciens (Proteus inconstans) 2
Providencia rettgeri (Proteus rettgeri) 2
Providencia spp. 2
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2 T
Rhodococcus hoagii (Corynebacterium equii) 2
Rickettsia africae 3
Rickettsia akari 3 (*)
Rickettsia australis 3
Rickettsia canadensis 2
Rickettsia conorii 3
Rickettsia heilongjiangensis 3(*)
Rickettsia japonica 3
Rickettsia montanensis 2
Rickettsia typhi 3
Rickettsia prowazekii 3
Rickettsia rickettsii 3
Rickettsia sibirica 3
Rickettsia spp. 2
Salmonella enterica (choleraesuis) subsp. arizonae 2
Salmonella Eneritidis 2
Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C 2 V
Salmonella Typhi 3 (*) V
Salmonella Typhimurium 2Salmonella (serotipi oħrajn)
2
Shigella boydii 2
Shigella dysenteriae (tat-Tip 1) 3 (*) T
Shigella dysenteri ae, għajr tat-Tip 1 2
Shigella flexneri 2
Shigella sonnei 2
Staphylococcus aureus 2 T
Streptobacillus moniliformis 2
Streptococcus agalactiae 2
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis 2
Streptococcus pneumoniae 2 T, V
Streptococcus pyogenes 2 T
Streptococcus suis 2
Streptococcus spp. 2
Treponema carateum 2
Treponema pallidum 2
Treponema pertenue 2
Treponema spp. 2
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(*) See paragraph 8 of the introductory notes.
VIRUSES (*)
NB: Viruses have been listed according to their order (O), famil y  ( F )  a n d
genus (G).Trueperella pyogenes 2
Ureaplasma parvum 2
Ureaplasma urealyticum 2
Vibrio cholerae (including E1 Tor) 2 T, V
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Be necka parahaemolytica) 2
Vibrio spp. 2
Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. enterolitica 2
Yersinia enterocoliti ca subsp. palearctica 2
Yersinia pestis 3
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 2
Yersinia spp. 2
* See paragraph 7 of t he introductory notes.Biological Agent 
(virus species or indicated taxonomy order)Classification Notes
Bunyavirales (O)
Hantaviridae  (F)
Orthohantavirus (G)Andes orthohantavirus (Hantavirus species causing 
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome [HPS]) 3
Bayou orthohantavirus 3
Black Creek Canal orthohantavirus  3
Cano Delgadito orthohantavirus 3
Choclo orthohantavirus 3
Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantav irus (Hantavirus species 
causing Haemorrhagic Fev er with Renal Syndrome 
[HFRS]) 3
El Moro Canyon orthohantavirus 3
Hantaan orthohantavi rus (Hantavirus species causing 
Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome [HFRS]) 3
Laguna Negra orthohantavirus 3
Prospect Hill orthohantavirus 2
Puumala orthohantavirus (H antavirus species causing 
Nephropathia Epidemica [NE]) 2
Seoul orthohantavirus (Ha ntavirus species causing 
Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome [HFRS]) 3
Sin Nombre orthohantavirus (Hantavirus species causing 
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome [HPS]) 3
Other hantaviruses known to be pathogenic 2
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Nairoviridae (F)
Orthonairovirus (G)
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus 4Dugbe orthonairovirus 2Hazara orthonairovirus 2Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus 2Other nairoviruses known to be pathogenic 2Peribunyaviridae  (F)
Orthobunyavirus (G)
Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (Germiston virus) 2
California encephalitis orthobunyavirus 2Oropouche orthobunyavirus 3 Other orthobunyaviruses known to be pathogenic 2Phenuiviridae  (F)
Phlebovirus (G)
Bhanja phlebovirus 2Punta Toro phlebovirus 2Rift Valley fever phlebovirus 3Sandfly fever Naples phlebovirus (Toscana Virus) 2
SFTS phlebovirus (Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia 
Syndrome-Virus) 3
Other phleboviruses known to be pathogenic 2
Herpesvirales (O)
Herpesviridae (F)
Cytomegalovirus (G)
Human betaherpesvirus 5 (Cytomegalovirus) 2
Lymphocryptovirus (G)Human gammaherpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus) 2
Rhadinoovirus (G)Human gammaherpesvirus 8 2 D
Roseolovirus (G)Human betaherpesvirus 6A (Human B- lymphotropic 
virus) 2
Human betaherpesvirus 6B 2
Human betaherpesvirus 7 2
Simplexvirus (G)
Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (Herpesvirus simiae, 
Herpes B virus) 3
Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (Human herpesvirus 1, 
Herpes simplex virus type 1) 2
Human alphaherpesvirus 2 (Human herpesvirus 2, 
Herpes simplex virus type 2) 2
Varicellovirus (G)
Human alphaherpesvirus 3 (Herpesvirus varicella-zoster) 2 V
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Mononegavirales (O)
Filoviridae (F)
Ebolavirus (G) 4
Marburgvirus (G)Marburg marburgvirus 4Paramyxoviridae (F)Avulavirus (G)Newcastle disease virus 2Henipavirus (G)
Hendra henipavirus 4
Nipah henipavirus 4Morbillivirus (G) Measles morbillivirus 2 V Respirovirus (G) Human respirovirus 1 (P arainfluenza virus 1) 2
 Human respirovirus 3 (P arainfluenza virus 3) 2
 Rubulavirus (G) Mumps rubulavirus 2 V Human rubulavirus 2 (Parainfluenza virus 2) 2 Human rubulavirus 4 (Parainfluenza virus 4) 2Pneumoviridae  (F)
Metapneumovirus (G)
Orthopneumovirus (G)
Human orthopneumovirus (Resp iratory syncytial virus) 2
Rhabdoviridae  (F)
Lyssavirus (G)
Australian bat lyssavirus 3 (**) VDuvenhage lyssavirus 3 (**) VEuropean bat lyssavirus 1 3 (**) VEuropean bat lyssavirus 2 3 (**) VLagos bat lyssavirus 3 (**)Mokola lyssavirus 3Rabies lyssavirus 3 (**) VVesiculovirus (G)Vesicular stomatitis virus, Alagoas vesiculovirus 2Vesicular stomatitis virus , Indiana vesiculovirus 2
Vesicular stomatitis virus, New Jersey vesiculovirus 2
Piry vesiculovirus (Piry virus) 2Nidovirales (O)Coronaviridae (F)
Betacoronavirus (G)Severe acute respiratory syn drome-related coronavirus 
(SARS-virus) 3
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2) (***)3
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-
virus) 3
Other Coronaviridae  known to be pathogenic 2
Picornavirales (O)
Picornaviridae  (F)
 Cardiovirus (G) Saffold virus 2
 Cosavirus (G)
 Cosavirus A 2
 Enterovirus (G)
 Enterovirus (A) 2
 Enterovirus (B) 2
 Enterovirus (C) 2
 Enterovirus (D), Human Ent erovirus type 70 (Acute 
haemorrhagic conjunctivitis virus) 2
 Rhinoviruses 2
 Poliovirus, type 1 and 3 2 V
 Poliovirus, type 2 (
1)3 V
 Hepatovirus (G)
 Hepatovirus A (Hep atitis A virus, Human Enterovirus 
type 72) 2 V
 Kobuvirus (G)
 Aichivirus A (Aichi virus 1) 2
 Parechovirus (G) Parechoviruses A 2
 Parechoviruses B (Ljungan virus) 2
 Other Picornaviridae  known to be pathogenic 2
Unassigned (O)
Adenoviridae  (F) 2
Astroviridae  (F) 2
 Arenaviridae  (F)
 Mammarenavirus (G) Brazilian mammarenavirus 4
 Chapare mammarenavirus 4
 Flexal mammarenavirus 3
 Guanarito mammarenavirus 4
 Junín mammarenavirus 4
 Lassa mammarenavirus 4
 Lujo mammarenavirus 4
 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus, 
neurotropic strains 2
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 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus (other 
strains) 2
 Machupo mammarenavirus 4
 Mobala mammarenavirus 2
 Mopeia mammarenavirus 2
 Tacaribe mammarenavirus 2
 Whitewater Arroyo mammarenavirus 3
 Caliciviridae  (F)
 Norovirus (G)
 Norovirus (Norwalk virus) 2
 Other Caliciviridae  known to be pathogenic 2
 Hepadnaviridae  (F)
 Orthohepadnavirus (G)
 Hepatitis B virus 3 (**) V, D
 Hepeviridae  (F)
 Orthohepevirus (G)
 Orthohepevirus A (Hepatitis E virus) 2
 Flaviviridae  (F)
 Flavivirus (G)Dengue virus 3
Japanese encephalitis virus 3 V
Kyasanur Forest disease virus 3 V
Louping ill virus 3 (**)
Murray Valley encephalitis virus (Australia encephalitis 
virus) 3
Omsk haemorrhagic  fever virus 3
 Powassan virus 3
 Rocio virus 3
St. Louis encephalitis virus 3
Tick-borne encephalitis virus Absettarov virus 3
 Hanzalova virus 3
 Hypr virus 3
 Kumlinge virus 3
 Negishi virus 3
 Russian spring-summer encephalitis (
a)3 V
 Tick-borne encephalitis virus C entral European subtype 3 (**) V
 Tick-borne encephalitis virus Far Eastern subtype 3
 Tick-borne encephalitis virus Siberian subtype 3 V
 Wesselsbron virus 3 (**)
 West Nile fever virus 3
 Yellow fever virus 3 V
 Zika virus 2
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Other flaviviruses known to be pathogenic 2
 Hepacivirus (G)
 Hepacivirus C (Hepatitis C virus) 3 (**) D
 Orthomyxoviridae (F)
 Gammainfluenzavirus (G)
 Influenza C virus 2V  (c)
 Influenzavirus A (G) Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses HPAIV 
(H5), e.g. H5N1 3
 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses HPAIV 
(H7), e.g. H7N7, H7N9 3
 Influenza A virus 2V  (
c)
 Influenza A virus A/New York/1/18 (H1N1) (Spanish 
flu 1918) 3
 Influenza A virus A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2) 3
 Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (LPAI) H7N9 3
 Influenzavirus B (G) Influenza B virus 2V  (
c)
 Thogoto virus (G) Dhori virus (Tick-borne orthomyxoviridae: Dhori) 2 Thogoto virus (Tick-borne orthomyxoviridae: Thogoto) 2
 Papillomaviridae  (F) 2D  (
d)
 Parvoviridae  (F)
 Erythroparvovirus (G)Primate erythroparvovirus 1 (Human parvovirus, B 19 
virus) 2
 Polyomaviridae (F)
 Betapolyomavirus (G) Human polyomavir us 1 (BK virus) 2D  (
d)
 Human polyomavirus 2 (JC virus) 2D  (d)
 Poxviridae  (F)
 Molluscipoxvirus (G) Molluscum contagiosum virus 2 Orthopoxvirus (G) Cowpox virus 2 Monkeypox virus 3 V
Vaccinia virus (incl. Buffalopox virus (
e), Elephantpox 
virus (f), Rabbitpox virus (g)) 2
Variola (major and minor) virus 4 V
 Parapoxvirus (G)
 Orf virus 2
Pseudocowpox virus (Milker s’ node virus, parapoxvirus 
bovis) 2
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 Yatapoxvirus (G)
 Tanapox virus 2 Yaba monkey tumor virus 2 Reoviridae  (F)
 Seadornavirus (G)
 Banna virus 2 Coltivirus (G) 2 Rotaviruses (G) 2 Orbivirus (G) 2
 Retroviridae (F)
 Deltaretrovirus (G)
 Primate T-lymphotropic virus 1 (Human T-cell 
lymphotropic virus, type 1) 3 (**) D
 Primate T-lymphotropic virus 2 (Human T-cell 
lymphotropic virus, type 2) 3 (**) D
 Lentivirus (G)
 Human immunodeficiency virus 1 3 (**) D Human immunodeficiency virus 2 3 (**) D
 Simian Immunodefici ency Virus (SIV) (
h)2
 Togaviridae  (F)
 Alphavirus (G)
 Cabassouvirus 3 Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus 3 V
 Bebaru virus 2
 Chikungunya virus 3 (**) Everglades virus 3 (**) Mayaro virus 3 Mucambo virus 3 (**) Ndumu virus 3 (**) O’nyong-nyong virus 2 Ross River virus 2 Semliki Forest virus 2 Sindbis virus 2 Tonate virus 3 (**) Venezuelan equine encep halomyelitis virus 3 V
 Western equine encep halomyelitis virus 3 V
 Other alphaviruses known to be pathogenic 2
 Rubivirus (G) Rubella virus 2 V Unassigned  (F)
 Deltavirus (G)
 Hepatitis delta virus (
b)2 V, D
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PRION DISEASE AGENTS
PARASITES
NB: For biological agents appearing on this list, the entry of the whole genus
with the addition of ‘spp.’ refers to other species belonging t o this genus that have
not specifically been included in the list, but which are known  pathogens in humans.
See introductory note 3 for further details.(*) See paragraph 7 of the introductory notes.
(1)  Classification according to W HO Global Action Plan to minimi ze poliovirus facility-
associated risk after type-specific eradication of wild poliovi ruses and sequent ial cessation of 
oral polio vaccine use.
(**) See paragraph 8 of t he introductory notes.
(***) In line with regulation 16(1)(c), non-propagative diagnos tic laboratory work involving 
SARS-CoV-2 should be conducted at a facility using procedures e quivalent to at least 
containment level 2. P ropagative work involving SARS-CoV-2 should be conducted at a 
containment level 3 la boratory with air pressure negative to at mosphere.
(a) Tick-borne encephalitis
 (b) Hepatitis delta  virus is pathogenic in w orkers only in the pr esence of simultaneous or 
secondary infection caused by he patitis B virus. Vaccination ag ainst hepatitis B virus will 
therefore protect workers who are not affected by hepatitis B v irus against hepatitis delta virus.
 (c) Only for types A and B.
 (d) Recommended for work involving direct contact wi th these agen ts.
 (e) Two viruses are iden tified: one a buffal opox type and the oth er a variant of the Vaccinia 
virus.
 (f) Variant of cowpox virus.
 (g) Variant of Vaccinia.
 (h) At present there is no evidence  of disease in humans caused b y the other retroviruses of 
simian origin. As a pr ecaution containment level 3 is recommend ed for work with them.
Biological Agent Classification Notes
Agent of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 3(*) D (a)
Variant Agent of Creutzf eldt-Jakob disease 3(*) D (a)
Agent of Bovine Spongiform  Encephalopathy (BSE) 
and other related animal TSEs3(*) D (a)
 Agent of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome 3(*) D (a)
 Agent of Kuru 3(*) D (a)
 Agent of Scrapie 2
      (*) See paragraph 8 of  the introductory notes.
      (a)  Recommended for work involving direct contact with these age nts.
Biological Agent Classification Notes
Acanthamoeba castellani 2
Ancylostoma duodenale 2
Angiostrongylus cantonensis 2
Angiostrongylus costaricensis 2
Anisakis simplex 2A
Ascaris lumbricoides 2A
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Ascaris suum 2A
Babesia divergens 2
Babesia microti 2
Balamuthia mandrillaris 3
Balantidium coli 2
Brugia malayi 2
Brugia pahangi 2
Brugia timori 2
Capillaria philippinensis 2
Capillaria spp. 2
Clonorchis sinensis (Opisthorchis sinensis) 2
Clonorchis viverrini (Opisthorcis viverrini) 2
Cryptosporidium hominis 2
Cryptosporidium parvum 2
Cyclospora cayetanensis 2
Dicrocoelium dentriticum 2
Dipetalonema streptocerca 2
Diphyllobothrium latum 2
Dracunculus medinensis 2
Echinococcus granulosus 3 (*)
Echinococcus multilocularis 3 (*)
Echinococcus oligarthrus 3 (*)
Echinococcus vogeli 3 (*)
Entamoeba histolytica 2
Enterobius vermicularis 2
Enterocytozoon bieneusi 2
Fasciola gigantica 2
Fasciola hepatica 2
Fasciolopsis buski 2
Giardia lamblia (Giard ia duodenalis, Giardia 
intestinalis)2
Heterophyes spp. 2
Hymenolepis diminuta 2
Hymenolepis nana 2
Leishmania aethiopica 2
Leishmania braziliensis 3 (*)
Leishmania donovani 3 (*)
Leishmania guyanensis (Viannia guyanensis) 3 (*)
Leishmania infantum (Leishmania chagasi) 3 (*)
Leishmania major 2
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Leishmania mexicana 2
Leishmania panamensis (V iannia panamensis) 3 (*)
Leishmania peruviana 2
Leishmania tropica 2
Leishmania spp. 2
Loa loa 2
Mansonella ozzardi 2
Mansonella perstans 2
Mansonella streptocerca 2
Metagonimus spp. 2
Naegleria fowleri 3
Necator americanus 2
Onchocerca volvulus 2
Opisthorchis felineus 2
Opisthorchis spp. 2
Paragonimus westermani 2
Paragonimus spp. 2
Plasmodium falciparum 3 (*)
Plasmodium knowlesi 3 (*)
Plasmodium spp. (human and simian) 2
Sarcocystis suihominis 2
Schistosoma haematobium 2
Schistosoma intercalatum 2
Schistosoma japonicum 2
Schistosoma mansoni 2
Schistosoma mekongi 2
Strongyloides stercoralis 2
Strongyloides spp. 2
Taenia saginata 2
Taenia solium 3 (*)
Toxocara canis 2
Toxocara cati 2
Toxoplasma gondii 2
Trichinella nativa 2
Trichinella nelsoni 2
Trichinella pseudospiralis 2
Trichinella spiralis 2
Trichomonas vaginalis 2
Trichostrongylus orientalis 2
Trichostrongylus spp. 2
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 FUNGI
NB: For biological agents appearing on this list, the entry of the whole genus
with the addition of ‘spp.’ refers to other species belonging t o this genus that have
not specifically been included in the list, but which are known  pathogens in humans.
See introductory note 3 for further details.Trichuris trichiura 2
Trypanosoma brucei brucei 2
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense 2
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense 3 (*)
Trypanosoma cruzi 3 (*)
Wuchereria bancrofti 2
(*) See paragraph 8 of the introductory notes.
Biological Agent Classification Notes
Aspergillus flavus 2 A
Aspergillus fumigatus 2 A
Aspergillus spp. 2
Blastomyces dermatitidis (Ajellomyces dermatitidis) 3
Blastomyces gilchristii 3
Candida albicans 2 A
Candida dubliniensis 2
Candida glabrata 2
Candida parapsilosis 2
Candida tropicalis 2
Cladophialophora bantiana (Xylohypha bantiana, 
Cladosporium banti anum, trichoides) 3
Cladophialophora modesta 3
Cladophialophora spp. 2
Coccidioides immitis 3 A
Coccidioides posadasii 3 A
Cryptococcus gattii (Filobasidiella neoformans var. 
bacillispora) 2 A
Cryptococcus neoformans (Filobasidiella 
neoformans var. neoformans) 2 A
Emmonsia parva var. parva 2
Emmonsia parva var. crescens 2
Epidermophyton floccosum 2 A
Epidermophyton spp. 2
Fonsecaea pedrosoi 2
Histoplasma capsulatum 3
Histoplasma capsulatu m var. farciminosum 3
Histoplasma duboisii 3
Madurella grisea 2
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SCHEDULE V
INDICATIONS CONCERNING CON TAINMENT MEASURES AND 
CONTAINMENT LEVELS
(Regulations 15(3) and 16(1)(a) and (b))
Preliminary note
The measures contained in this Schedule shall be applied accord ing to the
nature of the activities, the assessment of risk to workers, and the nature of the
biological agent concerned.
In the table, "Recommended" means that the measures should in p rinciple be
applied, unless the results of th e assessment referred to in Re gulation 3(2)
indicate otherwise.Madurella mycetomatis 2
Microsporum spp. 2 ANannizzia spp. 2Neotestudina rosatii 2Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 3 AParacoccidioides lutzii 3Paraphyton spp. 2Rhinocladiella mackenziei 3Scedosporium apiospermum 2
Scedosporium prolificans (inflatum) 2Sporothrix schenckii 2Talaromyces marneffei (Pe nicillium marneffei) 2 A
Trichophyton rubrum 2 ATrichophyton tonsurans 2 ATrichophyton spp. 2
 A. Containment measuresB. Containment levels
234
 Workplace
1. The workplace is t o be separated from 
any other activities in the same buildingNo Recom-
mendedYes
2. The workplace is to be sealable to permit 
fumigationNo Recom-
mendedYes
Facilities
3. Infected material, including any animal, is to be handled in a safety 
cabinet or isolation or other suitable 
containmentWhere 
appropriateYes, where 
infection is 
by air-
borne routeYes
Equipment
4. Input air and extract air to the
workplace are to be filtered using (HEPA
(
1)) or likewiseNo Yes, on 
extract airYes, on 
input and 
extract air
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5. The workplace is to be maintained at an 
air pressure negative to atmosphereNo Recom-
mended Yes
6. Surfaces impervious to water and easy 
to cleanYes, for 
bench and 
floorYes, for 
bench, 
floor and 
other sur-
faces deter-
mined by 
risk assess-
mentYes, for 
bench, 
walls, 
floor and 
ceiling
7. Surfaces resistant  to acids, alkalis, 
solvents, disinfectantsRecom-
mendedYes  Yes
 System of work
8. Access is to be restr icted to nominated 
workers onlyRecom-mendedYes Yes, via 
airlock 
(
2)
9. Efficient vector control, for example 
rodents and insectsRecom-
mendedYes Yes
10. Specified disinfection procedures Yes Yes Yes
11. Safe storage of a biological agent Yes Yes Yes, 
secure 
storage
12. Personnel should shower before leaving the contained areaNo Recom-
mendedRecom-mended
 Waste
13. Validated inactiva tion process for the 
safe disposal of animal carcasesRecom-
mendedYes, on or 
off siteYes, on 
site
Other measures
14. A laboratory is to contain its own 
equipmentNo Recom-
mendedYes
15. An observation window, or, alternative, is to be present, so that occupants can be seenRecom-mendedRecom-mendedYes’
(
1) HEPA: High efficiency particulate air
(2) Airlock: Entry must be through an airlock  which is a chamber isolated from the laboratory. 
The clean side of the airlock mu st be separated from the restri cted side by changing or 
showering facilities  and preferably by interlocking doors.
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SCHEDULE VI
CONTAINMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
(Regulation 4(1) and Regulation 16(2)(a))
Preliminary note
In the table, "Recommended" means  that the measures should in p rinciple be
applied, unless the results of the assessment referred to in Re gulation 3(2)
indicate otherwise.
Group 1 biological agents
For work with group 1 biological agents including live attenuat ed vaccines,
the principles of good occupational safety and hygiene should b e observed.
Groups 2, 3 and 4 biological  agents
It may be appropriate to select and combine containment require ments from
different categories below on the basis of a risk assessment re lated to any
particular process o r part of a process.
A. Containment measures B. Containment levels
23 4
General
1. Viable organisms should be handled in a
system which physically separates the
process from the environmentYes Yes Yes
2. Exhaust gases from the closed system 
should be treat ed so as to:Minimise 
releasePrevent 
releasePrevent 
release
3. Sample collection, addition of materials
to a closed system and transfer of viable
organisms to another closed system,
should be performed so as to:Minimise 
releasePrevent 
releasePrevent 
release
4. Bulk culture fluids should not be removedfrom the closed system unless the viable
organisms have been:Inactivated 
by validated 
chemical or 
physical 
meansInactivated 
by vali-
dated 
chemical or 
physical 
meansInacti-
vated by 
validated 
chemical 
or physical 
means
 5. Seals should be desi gned so as to: Minimise 
releasePrevent 
releasePrevent 
release
6. The controlled area should be designed 
to contain spillage of the entire contents 
of the closed systemNo Recom-
mendedYes
 7. The controlled area should be sealable to 
permit fumigationNo Recom-
mendedYes
Facilities
 8. Decontamination a nd washing facilities 
should be provided for personnelYes Yes Yes
Equipment
 9. Input air and extract air to the controlled   
area should be HEPA (1) filteredNo Recom-
mendedYes
10.The controlled area s hould be maintained at 
an air pressure nega tive to atmosphereNo Recom-
mendedYes
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11.The controlled area should be adequately 
ventilated to minimize air contaminationRecom-mendedRecom-mendedYes
System of work
12.Closed systems (
2) should be located within 
a controlled areaRecom-
mendedRecom-mendedYes, and purpose-
built
13.Biohazard signs should be posted Recom-
mendedYes Yes
14.Access should be restr icted to nominated 
personnel onlyRecom-
mendedYes Yes, via an 
airlock (
3)
15.Personnel should shower before leaving the  
controlled areaNo Recom-
mendedYes
16.Personnel should wear prote ctive clothing Yes, work 
clothingYes Yes, com-
plete 
change
Waste
17.Effluent from sinks and showers should be      collected and inactivated before releaseNo Recom-
mendedYes
18.Effluent treatment before final discharge Inactivated 
by validated 
chemical or 
physical 
meansInactivated 
by validated 
chemical or 
physical 
meansInactivated 
by vali-
dated 
chemical or 
physical 
means
 (
1) HEPA: High efficiency particulate air
 (2) Closed system: A sys tem that physically separates the process from the environment (e.g.      
incubator vats , tanks, etc.).
 (3) Airlock: Entry must be through an airlock which is a chamber isolated from the laboratory. 
The clean side of the airlock must be separated from the restri cted side by changing or shower-
ing facilities and preferab ly by interlocking doors. ".
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