OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL

SAUGMANDSGAARD ØE

delivered on 3 June 2021 ( 1 )

Case C‑938/19

Energieversorgungscenter Dresden-Wilschdorf GmbH & Co. KG

v

Bundesrepublik Deutschland

(Request for a preliminary ruling

from the Verwaltungsgericht Berlin (Administrative Court, Berlin, Germany))

(Reference for a preliminary ruling – Environment – Directive 2003/87/EC – Greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme – Article 2(1) – Scope – Article 3(e) – Concept of ‘installation’ – Ancillary units not emitting greenhouse gases – Article 10a – Transitional rules for free allocation of allowances – Corrected eligibility ratio – Method of calculation – Decision 2011/278/EU – Third subparagraph of Article 6(1) – Exportation of cold water to an entity that is part of a sector exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage)

I. Introduction

1. This request for a preliminary ruling made by the Verwaltungsgericht Berlin (Administrative Court, Berlin, Germany) concerns the interpretation of Article 2(1) and Article 3(e) of Directive 2003/87/EC, ( 2 ) which establishes a greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme within the European Union, and of the third subparagraph of Article 6(1) of Decision 2011/278/EU, ( 3 ) which determines transitional rules for harmonised free allocation of allowances.

2. The request has been made in proceedings between Energieversorgungscenter Dresden-Wilschdorf GmbH & Co. KG (‘EDW’ or ‘the applicant in the main proceedings’) and the Federal Republic of Germany, represented by the Umweltbundesamt (Federal Office for the Environment, Germany; ‘the Office’), concerning the refusal to allocate some of the free allowances requested by EDW for a high-efficiency cogeneration installation for the third trading period (2013 to 2020). Before the referring court, the parties to the proceedings are in dispute as to the confines of EDW’s installation, in particular as to whether ancillary units (specifically, absorption chillers ( 4 )) which do not emit greenhouses gases should be included in that installation, and as to the consequences arising therefrom for the free allocation of emission allowances.

3. Besides those technical details, this case provides the Court, inter alia, with the opportunity to clarify the scope of Directive 2003/87, as defined in Article 2(1) thereof, as well as the interpretation of the concept of ‘installation’ laid down in Article 3(e) of that directive, specifically as regards the criterion relating to the ‘effect on emissions and pollution’.

4. In that regard, I will propose that the Court hold that those provisions do not preclude, for purposes of administrative cooperation, a Member State from providing in its national law that an installation is delimited in the same way in each of the permits that its operator may be granted for greenhouse gas emissions, on the one hand, and pollution, ( 5 ) on the other hand. It does, however, follow from those same provisions, read in conjunction with Article 3(b) of the directive, that auxiliary units can be taken into account, inter alia, for the preliminary free allocation of emission allowances only if, whilst being directly associated with the activity of the main installation and having a technical connection with it, their activity could have an effect on greenhouse gas emissions.

II. Legal context

A. EU law

1. Directive 2003/87

5. Article 2 of Directive 2003/87, which is entitled ‘Scope’, provides in paragraph 1 thereof: ‘This Directive shall apply to emissions from the activities listed in Annex I and greenhouse gases listed in Annex II.’

6. Article 3 of that directive, which is entitled ‘Definitions’, states: ‘For the purposes of this Directive the following definitions shall apply: … (b) “emissions” means the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere from sources in an installation or the release from an aircraft performing an aviation activity listed in Annex I of the gases specified in respect of that activity; … (e) “installation” means a stationary technical unit where one or more activities listed in Annex I are carried out and any other directly associated activities which have a technical connection with the activities carried out on that site and which could have an effect on emissions and pollution; …’

7. Article 8 of the directive, which is entitled ‘Coordination with Directive [96/61]’, provides: ‘Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that, where installations carry out activities that are included in Annex I to Directive [96/61], the conditions of, and procedure for, the issue of a greenhouse gas emissions permit are coordinated with those for the permit provided for in that Directive. The requirements of Articles 5, 6 and 7 of this Directive may be integrated into the procedures provided for in Directive [96/61].’

8. Article 10a of the same directive, which is entitled ‘Transitional Community-wide rules for harmonised free allocation’, provides in paragraph 12 thereof: ‘Subject to Article 10b, in 2013 and in each subsequent year up to 2020, installations in sectors or subsectors which are exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage shall be allocated, pursuant to paragraph 1, allowances free of charge at 100% of the quantity determined in accordance with the measures referred to in paragraph 1.’

2. Decision 2011/278

9. Article 6 of Decision 2011/278, which is entitled ‘Division into sub-installations’, provides as follows in paragraph 1 thereof: ‘For the purposes of this Decision, Member States shall divide each installation eligible for the free allocation of emission allowances under Article 10a of Directive [2003/87] into one or more of the following sub-installations, as required: (a) a product benchmark sub-installation; (b) a heat benchmark sub-installation; (c) a fuel benchmark sub-installation; (d) a process emissions sub-installation. Sub-installations shall correspond, to the extent possible, to physical parts of the installation. For heat benchmark sub-installations, fuel benchmark sub-installations and process emissions sub-installations, Member States shall clearly distinguish on the basis of NACE[ ( 6 )] and Prodcom codes between whether or not the relevant process serves a sector or subsector deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage as determined by Decision 2010/2/EU.[ ( 7 )] Where an installation included in the Union scheme has produced and exported measurable heat to an installation or other entity not included in the Union scheme, Member States shall consider that the relevant process of the heat benchmark sub-installation for this heat does not serve a sector or subsector deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage as determined by Decision [2010/2] unless the competent authority is satisfied that the consumer of the measurable heat belongs to a sector or subsector deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage as determined by Decision [2010/2].’

3. Decision 2010/2 and Decision 2014/746/EU

10. Point 1.4 of the annex to Decision 2010/2 lists the manufacture of electronic valves and tubes and other electronic components, corresponding to NACE code 3210, as one of the sectors exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage.

11. Point 1.14 of the annex to Decision 2014/746/EU, ( 8 ) which repealed Decision 2010/2, likewise lists the manufacture of electronic components, now corresponding to NACE code 2611, as one of the sectors exposed to such a risk.

4. Directive 96/61

12. Article 2 of Directive 96/61, which is entitled ‘Definitions’, provides: ‘For the purposes of this Directive: … 2. “pollution” shall mean the direct or indirect introduction, as a result of human activity, of substances, vibrations, heat or noise into the air, water or land which may be harmful to human health or the quality of the environment, result in damage to material property, or impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate use of the environment; 3. “installation” shall mean a stationary technical unit where one or more activities listed in Annex I are carried out, and any other directly associated activities which have a technical connection with the activities carried out on that site and which could have an effect on emissions and pollution; … 5. “emission” shall mean the direct or indirect release of substances, vibrations, heat or noise from individual or diffuse sources in the installation into the air, water or land; …’

5. Directive 2010/75

13. Article 3 of Directive 2010/75, which is entitled ‘Definitions’, provides: ‘For the purposes of this Directive the following definitions shall apply: … (2) “pollution” means the direct or indirect introduction, as a result of human activity, of substances, vibrations, heat or noise into air, water or land which may be harmful to human health or the quality of the environment, result in damage to material property, or impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the environment; (3) “installation” means a stationary technical unit within which one or more activities listed in Annex I or in Part 1 of Annex VII are carried out, and any other directly associated activities on the same site which have a technical connection with the activities listed in those Annexes and which could have an effect on emissions and pollution; (4) “emission” means the direct or indirect release of substances, vibrations, heat or noise from individual or diffuse sources in the installation into air, water or land; …’

B. German law

14. Paragraph 4(1) of the Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz (Federal Law on emission control) of 15 March 1974 (BGBl. 1974 I, p. 721; ‘the BImSchG’), in the version thereof of 17 May 2013 (BGBl. 2013 I, p. 1274), reads as follows: ‘The construction and the operation of installations which, on account of their inherent characteristics or their operation, are capable of causing particularly harmful effects for the environment, endangering, damaging significantly or specifically inconveniencing the local community or neighbourhood … shall be subject to authorisation …’

15. Paragraph 2 of the Treibhausgas-Emissionshandelsgesetz (Law on greenhouse gas emission allowance trading) of 21 July 2011 (BGBl. 2011 I, p. 1475; ‘the TEHG’), which is entitled ‘Scope’, provides: ‘(1) This Law shall apply to the greenhouse gas emissions referred to in Part 2 of Annex 1, which result from the activities referred to therein. This Law shall also apply to the installations referred to in Part 2 of Annex 1 where they constitute parts of, or ancillary facilities of, an installation not contained in Part 2 of Annex 1. (2) For the installations referred to in points 2 to 31 of Part 2 of Annex 1, the scope of this Law shall extend to all 1. parts of the installation and process stages necessary for operation; and 2. ancillary facilities with a physical and operational connection with the parts of the installation and process stages referred to in paragraph 1 and which could contribute to the generation of the greenhouse gases referred to in Part 2 of Annex 1. The first sentence shall apply mutatis mutandis to the combustion units referred to in point 1 of Part 2 of Annex 1. … (4) Where installations referred to in points 2 to 30 of Part 2 of Annex 1 are subject to authorisation pursuant to the third sentence of Paragraph 4(1) of the BImSchG, the specifications contained in the permit for the installation granted in accordance with the BImSchG shall be decisive as regards the confines of the installations referred to in subparagraphs 2 and 3. The first sentence shall apply mutatis mutandis to the combustion units referred to in point 1 of Part 2 of Annex 1. In the situations referred to in the second sentence of subparagraph 1, the first sentence shall apply mutatis mutandis as regards the specifications contained in the permit granted pursuant to the BImSchG in relation to parts of the installation or to ancillary facilities.’

16. Paragraph 4 of the TEHG, which is entitled ‘Emissions permit’, states: ‘(1) The operator of the installation shall hold a permit for the greenhouse gas emissions generated by an activity referred to in points 1 to 32 of Part 2 of Annex 1. The permit must be granted by the competent authority on application by the operator of the installation, where that authority is able to verify the particulars referred to in subparagraph 3 on the basis of the documents provided together with the application. … (4) For installations granted a permit before 1 January 2013 in accordance with the provisions of the BImSchG, the permit granted pursuant to the law on emission control shall be that granted in accordance with subparagraph 1. However, in the situation referred to in the first sentence, the operator of the installation may also apply for a separate application under subparagraph 1. In that case, the first sentence shall apply only until the separate permit is granted.’

17. Paragraph 9(2) of the TEHG, which is entitled ‘Free allocation of emission allowances to operators of installations’, provides: ‘The free allocation of emission allowances shall be subject to the submission of an application to the competent authority. …’

III. The dispute in the main proceedings, the questions referred for a preliminary ruling and the procedure before the Court

18. The applicant in the main proceedings, EDW, operates in Dresden (Germany) an industrial, gas engine cogeneration power plant (‘EDW’s cogeneration power plant’ or ‘the main installation’). The greenhouse gas emissions permit held by EDW for that installation also covers, as ancillary units, chillers, specifically absorption chillers, which convert heat into cooling without emitting greenhouse gases. ( 9 )

19. EDW’s cogeneration power plant exclusively supplies a factory which manufactures semiconductors belonging to a third party, namely Global Foundries, which is not subject to the ETS (‘Global Foundries’ factory’). It is not in dispute between the parties that the activity of Global Foundries’ factory falls within a sector exposed to a high risk of carbon leakage, ( 10 ) pursuant to Decisions 2010/2 and 2014/746.

20. More specifically, the activity of EDW’s installation (the absorption chillers included) is organised into three stages, the purpose of which is to enable hot, cold and warm water to be exported to Global Foundries’ factory: – Stage 1: EDW’s cogeneration power plant produces, inter alia, 80 °C hot water. That hot water is, on the one hand, supplied directly to Global Foundries’ factory and, on the other hand, provided to the absorption chillers; – Stage 2: using the hot water and steam provided by that power plant, the absorption chillers deploy a cooling process in order to supply cold water (at a temperature of 5 °C or 11 °C) to Global Foundries’ factory; – Stage 3: the absorption chillers also produce 32 °C warm water from the water returned (at a temperature of 11 °C or 17 °C) from the Global Foundries’ factory to those chillers, on the other hand, and from the heat that they release as part of the cooling process, on the other hand. That warm water is likewise supplied to the Global Foundries’ factory. ( 11 )

21. On 19 January 2012, the applicant in the main proceedings filed an application for the free allocation of emission allowances ( 12 ) with the Deutsche Emissionshandelsstelle (German Emissions Trading Authority; ‘the DEHSt’). By decision of 17 February 2014, the DEHSt refused to grant it all the allowances requested. Following that refusal, EDW sought the allocation of further allowances. The DEHSt granted that request in part on 28 April 2017.

22. In that connection, the DEHSt took the view that the absorption chillers and EDW’s main installation formed merely one and the same installation, subject to the ETS, and to which a heat benchmark should be applied. ( 13 ) On the basis of that assessment, it deducted from the amounts of measurable heat claimed by the applicant in the main proceedings for the purpose of calculating the preliminary number of allowances allocated free of charge ( 14 ) the heat imported from Global Foundries’ factory, which is not subject to the ETS (that is to say, the amounts of heat corresponding to the 11 °C or 17 °C flows from that factory and redirected to the absorption coolers to produce warm water as part of stage 3). Furthermore, it refused to allow EDW to benefit from the rules applicable to the sectors or subsectors deemed to be exposed to a ‘significant risk of carbon leakage’ in respect of the amounts of heat provided by its cogeneration power plant to the absorption chillers as part of stage 1. In that regard, it took the view that the cold water produced by those chillers (as part of stage 2) did not come under a sector or subsector deemed to be exposed to a ‘significant risk of carbon leakage’ in accordance with Decision 2010/2.

23. On 1 June 2017, EDW brought an action against the decision partially rejecting its request before the referring court.

24. In that court’s view, the resolution of the dispute brought before it turns, first of all, on whether a national provision which would lead ancillary units, such as the chillers at issue in the main proceedings, which do not emit greenhouse gases, to be included within the confines of the installations subject to the ETS is compatible with Directive 2003/87 and, in particular, with Article 2(1) and Article 3(e) thereof. The referring court states that the question of whether those chillers fall within or outside the confines of EDW’s installation has an effect on the quantity of emission allowances that may be granted to EDW free of charge on a preliminary basis. ( 15 )

25. Next, the referring court asks whether, if that is the case, the corrected eligibility ratio, to which reference is made in the Data Collection Template ( 16 ) and which would allow, in the circumstances of the case in the main proceedings, account to be taken of the fact that the heat imported from Global Foundries’ factory is ‘non-eligible’ for the purposes of free allocation, must be applied to the total heat produced in that installation or, on the contrary, whether it is possible to apply it only to the heat flow to which that imported heat can be attributed. ( 17 )

26. Lastly, the referring court asks about the conditions for implementing the rules applicable to the sectors or subsectors deemed to be exposed to a ‘significant risk of carbon leakage’, pursuant to the third subparagraph of Article 6(1) of Decision 2011/278. It seeks, inter alia, to establish whether, in the event that the absorption chillers must be regarded as forming part of EDW’s installation, the supply of cooling to Global Foundries’ factory (as part of stage 2) could be assigned ‘carbon leakage’ status, even though assignment of that status presupposes, in principle, that heat is exported.

27. In those circumstances, the Verwaltungsgericht Berlin (Administrative Court, Berlin), by decision of 16 December 2019, received at the Court on 24 December 2019, decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling: ‘(1) Is Article 2(1) of Directive [2003/87] to be interpreted as meaning that a provision such as that in the first sentence of Paragraph 2(4) of the [TEHG], pursuant to which an installation authorised under the [BImSchG] is also subject to [the ETS] to the extent that the authorisation also covers ancillary facilities that do not emit greenhouse gases, is compatible with that provision of the directive? (2) If the first question is answered in the affirmative: Does it follow from the rules for calculating the corrected eligibility ratio for heat imported from installations not subject to [the ETS], which are provided for in the [Data Collection Template] drawn up by the European Commission and are prescribed for Member States, that that ratio is applicable to the total amount of heat produced in the installation subject to [the ETS] even if the imported heat can be clearly attributed to one of several identifiable and separately recorded heat flows and/or heat consumptions inside the installation? (3) Is the third subparagraph of Article 6(1) of [Decision 2011/278] to be interpreted as meaning that the relevant process of the heat benchmark sub-installation for this heat serves a sector or subsector deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage as determined by [Decision 2010/2] where the heat is used to produce cooling and the cooling is consumed by an installation not subject to compulsory emissions trading in a sector or subsector which is exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage? Is it relevant for the applicability of the third subparagraph of Article 6(1) of [Decision 2011/278] whether the production of cooling takes place within the boundaries of the installation subject to [the ETS]?’

28. EDW, the Office, the German Government and the European Commission submitted written observations before the Court.

IV. Analysis

29. Directive 2003/87 established a greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere to a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, with the ultimate objective of protection of the environment. ( 18 ) For a transitional period, Directive 2003/87 provides, in Article 10a thereof, for allowances to be issued free of charge. ( 19 )

30. It is specifically the preliminary allocation of allowances free of charge that is at issue in the dispute in the main proceedings. By its action before the referring court, the applicant in the main proceedings is requesting a greater number of free allowances than that allocated to it on a preliminary basis by the DEHSt. It contests, first, the deduction made to take into account the ‘non-eligibility’ of the heat imported from Global Foundries’ factory (as part of stage 3 described in point 20 of this Opinion) and, secondly, the fact that the heat that is not supplied to Global Foundries’ factory but which is exported from EDW’s cogeneration power plant to the absorption chillers (as part of stage 1) in order to produce the cooling (as part of stage 2) is ineligible for the preferential treatment provided for in respect of the sectors and subsectors exposed to a ‘significant risk of carbon leakage’.

31. In that context, the first question submitted by the referring court concerns whether the scope of Directive 2003/87, as defined in Article 2(1) thereof, precludes a national provision under which an installation is delimited identically in each of the different permits that may be granted to its operator for greenhouse gas emissions and pollution respectively.

32. By that question, that court seeks, in essence, to establish whether, in a case such as that in the main proceedings, the absorption chillers should be regarded as forming part of EDW’s installation ( 20 ) under Article 3(e) of Directive 2003/87.

33. The second and third questions are concerned with two factors related to the calculation of the number of emission allowances which EDW is entitled to be allocated free of charge on a preliminary basis: first, the distinction between the amounts of heat that are ‘non-eligible by origin’ and those which are ‘eligible by origin’, which is relevant for the purpose of determining the corrected eligibility ratio, ( 21 ) and secondly, the ‘risk of carbon leakage’ factor.

34. With regard to the concept of the ‘risk of carbon leakage’, I note that that concept refers to the risk of the relocation of activities emitting substantial quantities of greenhouse gases, due to the costs associated with the application of the emissions trading scheme, to third countries where there are no such constraints, thereby increasing global emissions and running counter to the climate protection goals pursued by the ETS. ( 22 ) Under Article 10a(12) of Directive 2003/87, if an installation belongs to a sector or subsector exposed to a ‘significant risk of carbon leakage’, this means, from the perspective of the allocation made pursuant to that article, that the ‘risk of leakage’ factor is applied to the installation’s historical data that has to be taken into account for the purpose of calculating the preliminary free allocation of allowances, thus enabling a more generous preliminary allocation. ( 23 )

35. Accordingly, where the ‘risk of leakage’ factor is applied to an installation, the allowances allocated to it free of charge on a preliminary basis are not subject to the annual reduction provided for in Article 10a(11) of that directive. The end result is therefore that the number of allowances allocated free of charge on a preliminary basis is higher.

36. Similarly, the question whether, in a case such as that at issue in the main proceedings, the heat imported from a factory such as Global Foundries’ factory ( 24 ) should be deducted from the amounts of heat claimed by the applicant in the main proceedings, on the ground that imported heat is ‘non-ineligible’ because it comes from an installation which is not subject to the ETS, has a direct effect on the number of allowances that may be allocated free of charge on a preliminary basis to such an installation.

37. The corrected eligibility ratio to which reference is made in the referring court’s second question, which corresponds to the ‘amounts of heat eligible by origin’/‘total measurable heat’ ratio, ( 25 ) will be a fortiori more favourable to the operator because the eligible amounts of heat (which do not include those imported from installations not subject to the ETS) will be greater in relation to the total measurable heat of the installation.

38. In the present case, the Office states that, for the benchmark period from 2005 to 2008, half of the total measurable heat of EDW’s installation (the absorption chillers included) corresponded to the heat imported from Global Foundries’ factory. Assuming that those chillers are indeed part of EDW’s installation, that heat should be recorded in the installation’s ‘total measurable heat’, but not in the ‘eligible amounts of heat’. The applicable corrected eligibility ratio would then be significantly lower than if account were not to be taken of that heat at all (that is to say, if the absorption chillers were not part of EDW’s installation. All in all, EDW would thus receive fewer free allowances on a preliminary basis.

39. In the remainder of this Opinion, I will consider in turn each of the questions put by the referring court. First of all, with regard to the first question, I will state that the scope of Directive 2003/87, as defined in Article 2(1) thereof, does not preclude, in my view, a national provision under which the confines of the installation are the same for each of the different permits that an operator may be granted in relation to greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. I will explain that that option is, however, subject to the condition that only ancillary units the activities of which could have an effect on such emissions are taken into account (in addition to the main installation) for the purpose of determining the rights and obligations laid down by the ETS. I will also clarify the different criteria laid down in the definition of the concept of ‘installation’ in Article 3(e) of that directive, whilst making clear that it will be for the referring court to assess whether or not, in the circumstances of the case in the main proceedings, the absorption chillers form part of EDW’s installation.

40. Next, in relation to the second question, on the rules governing the application of the corrected eligibility ratio, I will state that, in my opinion, that ratio must be applied to all of the measurable heat consumed in the installation that is eligible for free allocation and all of the measurable heat exported to installations or entities not covered by the ETS, and that it is therefore impossible to attribute it just to one of the various heat flows of the installation in question.

41. Finally, I will answer the third question to the effect that an installation such as EDW’s cannot, in my view, benefit from the ‘risk of carbon leakage’ factor in respect of the amounts of heat used to produce the cold water intended for an installation not subject to the ETS and falling within a sector deemed to be exposed to a ‘significant risk of carbon leakage’ (here: Global Foundries’ factory).

A. The possibility of including in an installation subject to the ETS ancillary units that do not emit greenhouse gases (first question)

42. As I have stated in point 31 of this Opinion, the first question referred for a preliminary ruling seeks, in essence, to clarify whether Article 2(1) of Directive 2003/87 precludes, as a matter of national law, a greenhouse gas emissions permit from also covering ancillary units which, like EDW’s absorption chillers, do not emit such gases.

43. According to the information provided by the referring court, in view of the noise emissions caused by EDW’s absorption chillers, EDW’s cogeneration power plant and those chillers were regarded by the DEHSt as forming one and the same installation in the greenhouse gas emissions permit held by that operator. This is a result of the integrated approach laid down in German law ( 26 ) for the purpose of implementing, on the one hand, Directives 96/61 and 2010/75 concerning pollution prevention and control (which were transposed by the BImSchG into German law) and, on the other hand, Directive 2003/87, which contain an identical definition of the concept of ‘installation’. ( 27 )

44. The German Government, supported by the Office, infers from that single definition that, in order for an ancillary unit to be included within the confines of an installation subject to the ETS, it is sufficient that it produces emissions or pollution of any kind. The fact that the confines of an installation such as that operated, in the circumstances of the case in the main proceedings, by EDW are determined in such a way as to include also activities that could only have an effect on other kinds of emissions or pollution, or even which simply have an effect on the environment in the broad sense, in no way undermines the objectives of Article 2(1) of Directive 2003/87.

45. However, that interpretation cannot be accepted in my view.

46. In that regard, first, I note that whilst Directive 2010/75 opts, in Article 3(4) thereof, for a relatively broad interpretation of the concept of ‘emission’, ( 28 ) that same notion is strictly limited to greenhouse gas emissions in the context of the ETS. ( 29 ) In addition, although Directive 2003/87 does refer, in Article 3(e) thereof, to ‘pollution’, it does not contain an autonomous definition of that term. ( 30 )

47. It follows from the foregoing that, although the definition of the concept of ‘installation’ is identical in those three directives (that is to say, in Directive 2003/87, on the one hand, and in Directives 96/61 and 2010/75, on the other hand), it does not appear that the terms ‘emissions’ and ‘pollution’ referred to in that definition should have the same meaning in relation to each of those instruments.

48. Secondly, I would note, in this regard, that the scope of Directive 2003/87, as defined in Article 2(1) thereof, refers only to the ‘emissions’ and to ‘greenhouse gases’ listed in Annexes I and II to that directive. In my view, it is clear that that scope must be assessed having regard to the concept of ‘emissions’ as defined in Article 3(b) of that same directive, and that therefore emissions other than greenhouse gas emissions (such as, for example, noise emissions) cannot be included within that scope.

49. Thirdly, it seems relevant to me to note that even though the definition of ‘installation’ is worded in the same way in Directive 2003/87 and in Directives 96/61 and 2010/75, those three directives pursue quite different objectives. Directive 2003/87 specifically aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, ( 31 ) whereas, in keeping with the objectives of Directive 96/61, Directive 2010/75 seeks to reduce emissions into air, water and land. ( 32 ) That narrower and more specific objective of Directive 2003/87 justifies, for the purpose of determining the rights and obligations under the ETS, and in particular for the purpose of the free allocation of emission allowances, taking account of greenhouse gas emissions only.

50. In that regard, I recall that the economic logic of the ETS is to encourage a participant in that scheme to emit quantities of greenhouse gases that are less than the allowances originally allocated to it, in order to sell the surplus to other participants. ( 33 ) That principle of auctioning allowances, which depends on the capacity of the scheme’s participants to control their greenhouse gas emissions, by no means requires that account be taken of other emissions or types of pollution. ( 34 )

51. Fourthly, I would observe that if a single definition of the concept of ‘installation’ had to be adopted for the purposes of applying Directives 96/61 and 2010/75, on the one hand, and Directive 2003/87, on the other hand, that could result in installations being covered by the ETS even though they do not emit any greenhouse gas in the slightest.

52. Such an outcome is, in my view, inconceivable in the light of the judgment of the Court in Trinseo Deutschland, ( 35 ) in which the Court stated that, according to the very wording of Article 2(1) of Directive 2003/87, the activities referred to in Annex I to that directive fall within the scope of that directive and, therefore, of the ETS only if they generate greenhouse gas ‘emissions’ listed in Annex II to that directive.

53. I note that, in that judgment, the Court found that, in the absence of CO2 emissions, an activity, even if it is referred to in Annex I to Directive 2003/87, cannot fall within the scope of that directive and, therefore, of the ETS established by that directive. ( 36 ) The operator of an installation which does not in itself generate any direct CO2 emission cannot be encouraged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by the grant of emission allowances. The inclusion of such an installation in the ETS would undermine the objective pursued by that directive, the wording of which I recalled in point 50 of this Opinion. ( 37 )

54. In the light of all of those considerations, I take the view that, as the Commission essentially argued, Article 2(1) of Directive 2003/87 must be interpreted as meaning that the scope of the rights and obligations under the ETS can be determined solely by reference to the ‘greenhouse gas emissions’ as referred to in Article 3(b) of that directive.

55. In my view, it should be inferred from those provisions that the words ‘effect on emissions and pollution’, which appear in Article 3(e) of the directive (defining the concept of ‘installation’), must be understood as referring solely to the effect on greenhouse gas emissions. It follows that, for the purpose of implementing the ETS, ancillary units may be taken into account only if, whilst satisfying the other criteria laid down in the provision, their activity could have an effect on those emissions.

56. That said, it is true, first, that, as the Commission rightly points out, the German provision at issue (that is to say, the first sentence of Paragraph 2(4) of the TEHG) does not, in any case, have the effect of excluding from the ETS parts of installations which, in accordance with the abovementioned provisions, are covered by that scheme. On the contrary, it seeks to include in the greenhouse gas emissions permit other ancillary units in addition to those which could have an effect on such emissions. In short, it results in a broader, not more restrictive, definition of an installation than that required under the ETS.

57. Secondly, in so far as I understand it, the sole effect of that provision is that, in that permit, the installation is physically delimited in the same way as the pollution-related permit. It does not as such require that all parts of the installation thus identified be subsequently taken into account for the purpose of determining the rights and obligations that may be afforded to or imposed upon the operator under the ETS. ( 38 ) Furthermore, in that regard, Paragraph 2(2) of the TEHG (which is intended to transpose Directive 2003/87 into German law) ( 39 ) provides that only ancillary units that have a physical and operational connection with the other parts of the installation and which could contribute to the generation of greenhouse gases fall within its scope. ( 40 )

58. When read together, those provisions do not therefore, in my view, in any way preclude the rights and obligations under the ETS from being determined by taking into account (in addition to the main installation) only the ancillary units the activities of which, in accordance with the criterion laid down in point 55 of this Opinion, could have an effect on greenhouse gas emissions.

59. In those circumstances, I am of the view that Article 2(1) of Directive 2003/87, read in conjunction with Article 3(b) and (e) thereof, is to be interpreted as not precluding a rule of national law which, like the first sentence of Paragraph 2(4) of the TEHG, has the effect of including in the permit relating to an installation subject to the ETS ancillary units that do not themselves emit greenhouse gases. Such ancillary units can, however, be taken into account for the purpose of determining the rights and obligations under the ETS, in particular as regards the free allocation of emission allowances on a preliminary basis, only if, whilst satisfying the other criteria laid down in Article 3(e) of that directive, their activity could have an effect on greenhouse gas emissions.

60. In the following section of this Opinion, I will provide some guidance as to whether, in the circumstances of the case in the main proceedings, that last criterion is satisfied. I will also clarify the other criteria laid down in that provision so as to enable the referring court to establish whether EDW’s absorption chillers and cogeneration power plant can be regarded as forming one and the same installation.

B. The criteria laid down in Article 3(e) of Directive 2003/87 for the purpose of delimiting the installation

61. I note that, in the circumstances of the case in the main proceedings, even though the absorption chillers at issue do not themselves emit greenhouse gases but rather merely have an effect on the CO2 emissions from EDW’s cogeneration power plant, the fact that those chillers form part of the main installation will mean that the number of free allowances that may be granted on a preliminary basis to EDW will be lower than the number allocated excluding those chillers. ( 41 )

62. With regard to the inclusion of ancillary units, Article 3(e) of Directive 2003/87 essentially lays down three criteria: – the activity of the ancillary unit is directly associated with the activity of the main installation, which is covered by Annex I to that directive ( 42 ) (first criterion); – it has a technical connection with the activities carried out on the site (second criterion); and – it could have an effect on emissions and pollution (third criterion).

63. With regard to the third criterion, I would point out that, in accordance with point 59 of this Opinion, that criterion must be understood to mean that it must be possible for the activity of the ancillary unit to have an effect on greenhouse gas emissions.

64. The applicant in the main proceedings submits that, in the circumstances of the case in the main proceedings, the activity of the absorption chillers has no effect on the greenhouse gas emissions from its cogeneration power plant. The German Government, the Office and the Commission contend, on the contrary, that the operation of those chillers could have an effect on the emissions from that power plant. The plant releases more greenhouse gases the greater the quantity of heat required for the operation of those chillers and for the production of cold water for the purposes of Global Foundries’ factory (as part of stage 2).

65. Here, it will be for the referring court to assess whether, in the circumstances of the case in the main proceedings, that is actually the case. It would appear to me that, in order to answer that question in the affirmative, it could be sufficient, inter alia, for that court to establish that an increase or a decrease in the absorption chillers’ need for heat leads to an increase or a decrease in the ‘fuel combustion’ activity carried out in EDW’s power plant and, accordingly, to a greater or lesser release of CO2 emissions. The more cold water produced by the absorption chillers, the more heat they will need and the more fuel will have to be used in the cogeneration power plant to produce that heat.

66. As for the criterion relating to the ‘direct association’ (first criterion) and that relating to the ‘technical connection’ (second criterion), I note that, in the judgment in Elektriciteits Produktiemaatschappij Zuid-Nederland EPZ, ( 43 ) the Court found inter alia that the direct association between the combustion activity and the coal storage activity at issue was evidenced by the existence of a technical connection between those two activities. I infer from this that, in the Court’s view, there is some degree of overlap between those two criteria.

67. In that connection, I would point out that, in my view, the second criterion relates solely to the technical connections that may exist between the main installation and the ancillary unit, that is to say whether one of the activities which are carried out in one is an integral part of the overall technical process of the other, ( 44 ) having regard in particular to how the main installation and the ancillary unit are technically connected and organised in practical terms, ( 45 ) and to their technical operation. The first criterion (relating to the ‘direct association’) allows, to my mind, account to be taken of a broader association between the main installation and the ancillary unit. As I see it, the question of whether that first criterion is fulfilled is not confined to a technical assessment, ( 46 ) but can also take account of the fact, inter alia, that the activities at issue have a common purpose, in which each participates, and which presupposes that they are part of one and the same installation. ( 47 )

68. The applicant in the main proceedings takes the view that, in the judgment in Elektriciteits Produktiemaatschappij Zuid-Nederland EPZ, ( 48 ) the Court concluded that a direct association existed because the part of the installation to be included (a coal park) was essential to the functioning of the main installation (a coal-fired power plant). In the case of the absorption chillers at issue in the case in the main proceedings, it should be held, in its view, that there is no direct association between the activity of those chillers and that of EDW’s cogeneration power plant, since the production of cold water by those chillers is neither necessary for nor relevant to the performance of that power plant’s ‘fuel combustion’ activity.

69. In that connection, I would point out that it does not follow from the judgment in Elektriciteits Produktiemaatschappij Zuid-Nederland EPZ that a direct association could be found to exist only where the activity of the ancillary unit is essential to that of the main installation, and not vice versa (that is to say, where the activity of the main installation is essential to that of the ancillary unit). In addition, the Court does not appear to me to have taken the view in that judgment that only an activity which is ‘essential’ to another can be regarded as fulfilling the ‘direct association’ criterion. ( 49 )

70. In the present case, I am of the view that the referring court could therefore entirely base the ‘direct association’ between the activities of EDW’s cogeneration power plant and those of its chillers on a series of factors, including the fact that the heat produced by that power plant contributes to (or is even necessary for) the functioning of those chillers. It could likewise take the view, as the Commission argues, that those chillers ‘are part of [EDW’s] production process’, or even take into account the fact, highlighted by the Office, that the purpose of EDW’s installation is to supply Global Foundries’ factory with the hot, cold and warm water to meet that factory’s needs, and find that that purpose can be served only if all of that installation’s components, including the chillers, are operating.

71. In the light of all of those considerations, it appears to me, subject to the assessment that it will be for the referring court to conduct, that the activity of the absorption chillers at issue is directly associated with that of EDW’s cogeneration power plant. Provided that there is also a technical connection between those activities ( 50 ) and those chillers could have an effect on the CO2 emissions, the chillers could, in my view, be regarded by that court as forming, together with that power plant, one single installation with the meaning of Article 3(e) of Directive 2003/87.

72. If that were so, those chillers would have to be taken into account for the purpose, inter alia, of the free allocation of emission allowances on a preliminary basis. That approach would mean that, as I have stated in point 61 of this Opinion, the number of free allowances allocated on a preliminary basis to EDW would thus be lower than the number it is requesting, which is consistent with the general objective of the ETS of achieving an overall reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. ( 51 )

73. In the following section, which seeks to provide an answer to the second question referred for a preliminary ruling, I will work on the assumption that EDW is operating one single installation, which includes its cogeneration power plant and the absorption chillers at issue in the main proceedings. It is clear from the request made by the referring court that if, conversely, those chillers are not part of EDW’s installation, there is no need to answer the second question.

C. The corrected eligibility ratio of the Data Collection Template (second question)

74. The second question referred for a preliminary ruling concerns, in essence, whether the corrected eligibility ratio, which in the circumstances of the case in the main proceedings would allow account to be taken of the fact that the amounts of heat imported from Global Foundries’ factory by EDW’s absorption chillers in order to produce warm water as part of stage 3 (described in paragraph 20 of this Opinion) are ‘imported from an installation that is not subject to the ETS’ and therefore non-eligible, ( 52 ) can be applied to the 32 °C warm water flow only, as the applicant in the main proceedings claims.

75. In this regard, first, I would observe that, if the absorption chillers are part of EDW’s installation, there can be no doubt that that installation imports heat from an installation which is not subject to the ETS, since those machines use heat from Global Foundries’ factory in order to produce the warm water. The parties are not in dispute as to that assessment. ( 53 )

76. Secondly, I would point out that neither the Commission’s Data Collection Template nor the guidance document adopted by the Commission in connection with that template, ( 54 ) both of which refer to the corrected eligibility ratio, is legally binding. ( 55 )

77. However, the Member States are completely entitled to use the template for the purpose of the preliminary free allocation of greenhouse gas emission allowances. In that connection, I would point out that, under the second subparagraph of Article 7(5) of Decision 2011/278, if a Member State requires an operator to use another electronic template or specifies a file format for submission of the data, it is, as a general rule, ( 56 ) obliged also to accept the operator’s use of that same template. The Commission’s Data Collection Template can therefore clearly produce legal effects.

78. Thirdly, I note that, in order to determine the preliminary annual number of emission allowances that may be allocated free of charge for a heat benchmark installation, that benchmark must be multiplied by the ‘heat-related historical activity level’. ( 57 ) That level refers to the median annual historical import from an installation covered by the ETS, production, or both, during the baseline period, of measurable heat. ( 58 ) It is therefore calculated by taking as a starting point the amounts of heat imported from other installations covered by the ETS and/or those produced by the installation in question over the baseline period. ( 59 )

79. I infer from this that, in order to determine the preliminary annual number of emission allowances that may be allocated free of charge for a heat benchmark installation, the amounts of heat imported from installations not covered by the ETS are simply irrelevant.

80. In the case in the main proceedings, the DEHSt is therefore right to seek to exclude the amounts of heat imported from Global Foundries’ factory from the ‘eligible’ amounts of heat of EDW’s installation. Any other interpretation could result, as the Office notes, in an overestimation of the heat entitling emission allowances to be allocated free of charge on a preliminary basis.

81. I would add, in that connection, that the corrected eligibility ratio referred to in the Data Collection Template is specifically intended to avoid such a problem: as I have explained in point 37 of this Opinion, it corresponds to the ‘amounts of heat eligible by origin’/‘total measurable heat’ ratio. The amounts of heat non-eligible by origin are those which, like the heat from Global Foundries’ factory, are imported from installations not covered by the ETS.

82. As to whether that ratio may be applied to a single heat flow within the installation at issue, I note that it is made explicitly clear in the Data Collection Template that that ratio must be applied to the ‘total amount of heat potentially part of the heat benchmark sub-installations’, which corresponds to the total of the measurable heat consumed in the installation and eligible for free allocation, on the one hand, and of the measurable heat exported to installations or entities which are not covered by the ETS, on the other hand. ( 60 ) Contrary to what the applicant in the main proceedings proposes, there can therefore be no question of applying that ratio to just one of the heat flows (in the present case, to the 32 °C warm water flow only).

83. I would point out that it is likewise apparent from the Data Collection Template that the calculation of the corrected eligibility ratio already assumes, in itself, that an integrated approach has been adopted which takes account of all heat flows. ( 61 )

84. Finally, it appears to me relevant to point out that, as the Office rightly observes, the application of the corrected eligibility ratio to all heat flows has the advantage of guaranteeing that, in all Member States, account is taken, at installation level (and not just for certain parts of the installation), of the extent to which heat is produced within the installation (which, therefore, creates an entitlement to the free allocation of emission allowances) and the extent to which that heat has been imported from an installation not subject to the ETS (which does not, therefore, create an entitlement to the allocation of such allowances).

85. I therefore propose that the Court answer the second question referred for a preliminary ruling to the effect that the corrected eligibility quota must be applied to the total of the measurable heat consumed in the installation in question which is eligible for free allocation and of the measurable heat exported to installations or entities which are not covered by the ETS, it being impossible to distinguish between the different heat flows.

D. The application of the ‘risk of carbon leakage’ factor (third question)

86. By its third question referred for a preliminary ruling, the referring court asks the Court, in essence, whether an installation such as EDW’s installation may be assigned ‘carbon leakage’ status in respect of the heat which it does not export directly to an installation falling within a sector deemed to be exposed to a ‘significant risk of carbon leakage’, but which is converted into cooling (more specifically, into cold water) by absorption chillers before being supplied to that installation.

87. I would observe that, as I have already stated in point 34 of this Opinion, provision was made by the legislature in Article 10a(12) of Directive 2003/87 for a special rule governing the free allocation of allowances to the installations of sectors or subsectors which are exposed to a‘significant risk of carbon leakage’. ( 62 ) That rule was introduced in order to avoid economic disadvantages for the energy-intensive sectors and subsectors of the European Union which are subject to international competition, which is not subject to comparable restrictions in terms of carbon emissions.

88. The third subparagraph of Article 6(1) of Decision 2011/278 provides that enjoyment of the ‘carbon leakage’ status is also to extend to installations which, while not themselves belonging to a sector deemed to be exposed to a ‘significant risk of carbon leakage’, export measurable heat to an installation of such a sector not participating in the ETS.

89. In this case, it is not in dispute between the parties that EDW’s installation does not itself belong to a sector deemed to be exposed to a ‘significant risk of carbon leakage’. However, as part of stage 2 described in point 20 of this Opinion, EDW does export cold water, produced from the hot water and the steam provided by its cogeneration power plant, to Global Foundries’ factory. That factory, which does not participate in the ETS, does fall within such a sector.

90. The Commission and the Office argue in essence that, in accordance with the wording of third subparagraph of Article 6(1) of Decision 2011/278, ‘carbon leakage’ status cannot, in any event, be assigned in respect of the amounts of heat produced by an installation such as EDW’s installation, for the purposes of carrying out stage 2 (which takes place in the absorption chillers). That heat is consumed not in an installation not subject to the ETS and which falls within a sector deemed to be exposed to a ‘significant risk of carbon leakage’ (that is to say, in Global Foundries’ factory), but rather by those chillers.

91. The applicant in the main proceedings is of the view that the absorption chillers do not break the link between EDW’s cogeneration power plant (which produces heat) and Global Foundries’ factory (which consumes that heat in the form of cooling). The cooling supplied to that factory is, in any case, equivalent to the heat used to produce it.

92. The latter interpretation cannot be accepted in my view.

93. In this regard, I would observe that the third subparagraph of Article 6(1) of Decision 2011/278 clearly identifies the ‘consumer of the measurable heat’ as being the installation which, first, is part of a sector or subsector deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage and, secondly, does not participate in the ETS.

94. It follows from the foregoing that, as the Commission and the Office rightly state, in order for an installation such as EDW’s installation to be assigned ‘carbon leakage’ status, first, it must export heat and, secondly, that heat must be consumed in an installation which satisfies the two criteria set out in the preceding point. Enjoyment of that status cannot be extended to the cold water that is supplied to such an installation as that would mean that the heat has already been consumed.

95. The extract from the Commission document entitled ‘Frequently Asked Questions on Free Allocation Rules for the EU ETS post 2020’, ( 63 ) which is relied upon by the applicant in the main proceedings in its observations, cannot result in a different interpretation.

96. First, that document, which is not binding, was adopted by the Commission within the context of the fourth trading period (that is to say, the period beginning from 2021), whereas the case in the main proceedings concerns free allocation under the third trading period (2013 to 2020).

97. Secondly, the extract from the document relied upon by the applicant in the main proceedings refers to Section 7.1 of Annex VII to Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/331 ( 64 ) on the ‘rules for determining net measurable heat’. However, it is clear from the final sentence of that section that, where heat is used to provide cooling via an absorption cooling process (such as that taking place in the absorption chillers of EDW’s installation), that cooling process is to be considered as the heat consuming process. I infer from this that, in accordance with that same document, it is, in any case, indeed in the installation or part of the installation in which the cooling process is carried out (here: EDW’s absorption chillers), rather than that to which the cooling thus produced is supplied (here: Global Foundries’ factory), that the heat must be regarded as having been consumed.

98. In the light of those considerations, I take the view that, in the circumstances of the case in the main proceedings, Global Foundries’ factory cannot be regarded as being an installation in which the heat from EDW’s cogeneration power plant and used by the absorption chillers to produce cold water (as part of stage 2) is consumed. As that condition is not met (even though it is clearly laid down in the wording of the third subparagraph of Article 6(1) of Decision 2011/278), EDW cannot be assigned ‘risk of carbon leakage’ status in respect of that heat.

99. I would add, lastly, that Article 10a(12) of Directive 2003/87 is a derogation from the general rule provided for in Article 10a(11) of that directive, under which the amount of emission allowances allocated free of charge is intended to be gradually reduced over the period from 2013 to 2020, with a view to reaching the point of no free allocation by 2027. In that context, it seems evident to me that the conditions for applying the ‘risk of carbon leakage’ factor must be interpreted narrowly, in order not to jeopardise the ETS’ objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. ( 65 )

100. I therefore propose that the Court answer the third question referred for a preliminary meaning to the effect that an installation such as EDW’s installation cannot benefit from the ‘risk of carbon leakage’ factor in respect of the amounts of heat produced by it for the purpose of exporting cold water to an installation which does not participate in the ETS but does fall within a sector deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage. To be completely clear, I would point out that, in my view, the answer to that question cannot vary according to whether or not the absorption chillers at issue in the main proceedings are part of such an installation. In neither case is the Global Foundries’ factory the place in which that heat is consumed.

V. Conclusion

101. In the light of all of the foregoing considerations, I propose that the questions referred for a preliminary ruling by the Verwaltungsgericht Berlin (Administrative Court, Berlin, Germany) be answered as follows: (1) Article 2(1) of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, as amended by Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009, is to be interpreted as not precluding a national provision under which the confines of an installation are the same for each of the different permits which may be granted to the operator in relation to greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. It does, however, follow from that provision, read in conjunction with Article 3(b) and (e) of that directive, as amended, that ancillary units can be taken into account for the purpose, inter alia, of the preliminary free allocation of emission allowances only if, whilst being directly associated with the activity of the main installation and having a technical connection with it, their activity could have an effect on greenhouse gas emissions. (2) The corrected eligibility quota referred to in the European Commission’s Data Collection Template must be applied to the total of the measurable heat consumed in the installation in question which is eligible for free allocation and of the measurable heat exported by that installation to installations or entities which are not covered by the emissions trading scheme. Even if different heat flows can be identified within the installation, it is impossible to limit the application of that ratio to just one of those flows. (3) The third subparagraph of Article 6(1) of Commission Decision 2011/278/EU of 27 April 2011 determining transitional Union-wide rules for harmonised free allocation of emission allowances pursuant to Article 10a of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council is to be interpreted as meaning that an installation which does not fall within a sector deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage cannot benefit from the ‘risk of carbon leakage’ factor in respect of the amounts of heat produced by it for the purpose of exporting cold water to an installation which does not participate in the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme but does fall within such a sector.

( 1 ) Original language: French.

( 2 ) Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC (OJ 2003 L 275, p. 32), as amended by Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 (OJ 2009 L 140, p. 63) (‘Directive 2003/87’). In the remainder of this Opinion, I will use the abbreviation ‘ETS’ to refer to the ‘emissions trading scheme’ set up by that directive.

( 3 ) Commission Decision of 27 April 2011 determining transitional Union-wide rules for harmonised free allocation of emission allowances pursuant to Article 10a of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ 2011 L 130, p. 1).

( 4 ) Through the use of different temperature levels, the absorption chillers allow cold to be produced from heat alone. They operate thanks to the ability of certain liquids to absorb and desorb steam, that is to say they use a binary mixture, one of the components of which (the refrigerant fluid, for example cold water) is more volatile than the other (‘the sorbent’).

( 5 ) See Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (OJ 2010 L 334, p. 17). That directive repealed and replaced Council Directive 96/61/EC of 24 September 1996 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (OJ 1996 L 257, p. 26).

( 6 ) Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE).

( 7 ) Commission Decision of 24 December 2009 determining, pursuant to Directive [2003/87], a list of sectors and sub sectors which are deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage (OJ 2010 L 1, p. 10).

( 8 ) Commission Decision of 27 October 2014 determining, pursuant to Directive [2003/87], a list of sectors and subsectors which are deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage, for the period 2015 to 2019 (OJ 2014 L 308, p. 114).

( 9 ) It is apparent from the request for a preliminary ruling that the activity covered by Annex I to Directive 2003/87 which takes place in EDW’s main installation and which results in it being subject to the ETS (pursuant to Article 2(1) and Article 3(e) of that directive) is ‘fuel combustion’, inter alia in order to produce heat. That activity entails the production of CO2.

( 10 ) With regard to the concept of a ‘risk of carbon leakage’, I refer to point 34 of this Opinion.

( 11 ) I would point out that, according to my understanding of how the absorption chillers and EDW’s cogeneration power plant operate, the amounts of cold, hot and warm water necessary for the operation of Global Foundries’ factory are produced in the form of continuous flows, meaning that, in reality, stages 1, 2 and 3 take place simultaneously.

( 12 ) In accordance with Article 10a(4) of Directive 2003/87, ‘free allocation shall be given to district heating as well as to high efficiency cogeneration … for economically justifiable demand, in respect of the production of heating or cooling’.

( 13 ) I note that, for the purpose of calculating the preliminary annual number of allowances to be allocated free of charge, Member States are required, pursuant to Article 6 of Decision 2011/278, to distinguish the installations or sub-installations based on their activity, in order to determine whether it is necessary to apply a ‘product benchmark’, a ‘heat benchmark’, a ‘fuel benchmark’ or a specific factor for ‘process emissions’ installations or sub-installations (see, to that effect, judgments of 8 September 2016, Borealis and Others (C‑180/15, EU:C:2016:647, paragraph 61), and of 18 January 2018, INEOS (C‑58/17, EU:C:2018:19, paragraph 28)).

( 14 ) It is clear from Article 10(2)(b)(i) of Decision 2011/278 that, for heat benchmark installations or sub-installations, the preliminary annual number of emission allowances allocated free of charge for a given year is to correspond to the value of the applicable heat benchmark multiplied by the heat-related historical activity level for the consumption of measurable heat. Under Article 7(1) of that decision, read in conjunction with Annex IV thereto, it falls to the operator, in that regard, to provide all relevant information and data regarding the measurable heat consumed, imported and exported by its installation (or sub-installation).

( 15 ) In order to explain more clearly what is actually at stake in the case in the main proceedings, I would point out that, further to its request, EDW obtained from the DEHSt a total of 78267 emission allowances free of charge, whereas, working on the assumption that the absorption chillers do not form part of its main installation, it requests 199280 (that is to say 121013 more than the amount allocated). It follows that the number of allowances that may be granted to EDW varies significantly depending on whether or not the absorption chillers are regarded as being part of its installation.

( 16 ) This data collection template, which was last updated on 25 May 2011, is available on the Commission’s website at the following address: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/allowances_en#tab-0-1 (in English only).

( 17 ) The parties to the main proceedings expressed differing views on this question before the referring court. According to the applicant in the main proceedings, not only should the quantity of heat imported from the Global Foundries’ factory not be deducted (since the chillers are not part of EDW’s installation), but also – if that heat were nevertheless to be deducted – it should be attributed to the 32 °C warm water flow only. On the contrary, the DEHSt considers that the data collection template does not allow a distinction to be made between different heat flows.

( 18 ) See Article 1 of Directive 2003/87 and judgment of 22 February 2018, INEOS Köln (C‑572/16, EU:C:2018:100, paragraph 26).

( 19 ) Such allocation is a two-stage process: first, the Member States calculate the annual quantity of allowances allocated free of charge on a preliminary basis to each installation established on their territory, and then the final allocation is determined by the Commission at a later stage.

( 20 ) I note that, in its request for a preliminary ruling, the referring court does not expressly question the Court regarding Article 3(e) of Directive 2003/87. However, that court states that the second question referred is asked only in the event that, owing to the answer to the first question referred, chillers form part of the EDW installation. I therefore consider it necessary, before answering the first question, to specify the criteria provided for in that provision. In that regard, I recall that, even if, formally, that court has limited its first question to the interpretation of Article 2(1) of that directive, that does not prevent the Court from providing it with all the elements of interpretation of EU law which may be of assistance in adjudicating the case pending before it, whether or not that court has referred to them in the wording of its questions (see judgment of 9 July 2020, Santen, C‑673/18, EU:C:2020:531, paragraph 35 and case-law cited).

( 21 ) I will provide further clarifications regarding the relevance of the corrected eligibility quota for that calculation in Section C of this Opinion.

( 22 ) See, in this regard, recitals 24 and 25 of Directive 2009/29. I also refer to footnote 49 of my Opinion in ExxonMobil Production Deutschland (C‑682/17, EU:C:2019:167), and to point 60 of my Opinion in INEOS Köln (C‑572/16, EU:C:2017:896).

( 23 ) The actual application of the ‘risk of leakage’ factor in the context of this calculation is, inter alia, described in footnote 53 of my Opinion in ExxonMobil Production Deutschland (C‑682/17, EU:C:2019:167).

( 24 ) By way of reminder, this heat is used to produce the warm water as part of stage 3 as described in point 20 of this Opinion.

( 25 ) See points (i) and (j) of Section II.2 of Sheet E entitled ‘“EnergyFlows” – Data on energy input, measurable heat and electricity’ of the Data Collection Template. ‘Measurable heat’ is defined in Article 3(e) of Decision 2011/278 as ‘a net heat flow transported through identifiable pipelines or ducts using … steam, hot air, water …, for which a heat meter is or could be installed’.

( 26 ) In German law, that integrated approach can be seen in the fact that, under Paragraph 4(4) of the TEHG, in the case of installations authorised before 2013, the permit granted in accordance with the BImSchG likewise applies for the greenhouse gas emissions covered by Directive 2003/87 (see point 16 of this Opinion).

( 27 ) See Article 3(e) of Directive 2003/87, Article 2(1) of Directive 96/61 and Article 3(3) of Directive 2010/75. In addition, in accordance with Article 8 of Directive 2003/87, Member States are to take the necessary measures to ensure that the conditions of, and procedure for, the issue of a greenhouse gas emissions permit are coordinated with those for the issue of a permit under Directive 96/61.

( 28 ) Pursuant to that provision, ‘emission’ should be understood to mean the direct or indirect release of substances, vibrations, heat or noise from individual or diffuse sources in the installation into the air, water or land.

( 29 ) See Article 3(b) of Directive 2003/87. See also judgments of 19 January 2017, Schaefer Kalk (C‑460/15, EU:C:2017:29, paragraph 32), and of 28 February 2018, Trinseo Deutschland (C‑577/16, EU:C:2018:127, paragraph 45), in which the Court stated that it follows from the very wording of that provision that, for there to be an ‘emission’ within the meaning of that provision, a greenhouse gas must be released into the atmosphere by an installation.

( 30 ) The situation is different in the case of Article 2(2) of Directive 96/61 and Article 3(2) of Directive 2010/75, since they define the concept of ‘pollution’ as including, inter alia, vibrations and noise.

( 31 ) See Article 1 of Directive 2003/87 and judgment of 22 February 2018, INEOS Köln (C‑572/16, EU:C:2018:100, paragraph 26).

( 32 ) See Article 1 of Directive 96/61.

( 33 ) See, to that effect, judgment of 20 June 2019, ExxonMobil Production Deutschland (C‑682/17, EU:C:2019:518, paragraphs 62 and 63 and the case-law cited).

( 34 ) As the applicant in the main proceedings rightly points out, in the context of Directive 2003/87 ‘pollution’ corresponds, in any event, exclusively to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and to the climate change arising therefrom.

( 35 ) See judgment of 28 February 2018, Trinseo Deutschland (C‑577/16, EU:C:2018:127, paragraph 45). I also refer to my Opinion in that case (EU:C:2017:975).

( 36 ) See judgment of 28 February 2018, Trinseo Deutschland (C‑577/16, EU:C:2018:127, paragraph 51).

( 37 ) See, to that effect, judgment of 28 February 2018, Trinseo Deutschland (C‑577/16, EU:C:2018:127, paragraph 52).

( 38 ) More specifically, and subject to the assessment which will be for the referring court to carry out, it is in this sense that I understand the first sentence of Article 2(4) of the TEHG, which provides that ‘the specifications contained in the permit for the installation granted in accordance with the BImSchG shall be decisive as regards the confines of the installations referred to in subparagraphs 2 and 3 [of the same article]’. I should state that that provision seems to me to be consistent with the spirit of Directive 2003/87. In that regard, I recall that, in its ‘Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending [Directive 96/61]’ (COM(2001) 581 final), the Commission stated (in section 9 of its explanatory memorandum) that that provision allowed Member States ‘to build upon the permitting procedures under [Directive 96/61], with a view to ‘the grant of a different type of permit – the greenhouse gas emissions permit – based on submission of further information than is currently required under the [latter] directive’ (emphasis added).

( 39 ) See point 15 of this Opinion.

( 40 ) I note that, in response to a question from the Court, the Office noted that the limits of the installation provided for in the greenhouse gas emissions permit (which are identical to those specified in the permit relating to pollution) are binding for the allocation of free greenhouse gas allowances. If such is the approach provided for in the first sentence of Article 2(4) of the TEHG, I ask how it may be reconciled with the scope defined in subparagraph 2 of that same article. It will be for the referring court to rule on that question.

( 41 ) See points 36 and 37 of this Opinion.

( 42 ) I note that the German-, English-, French- and Italian-language versions of Directive 2003/87 do not state specifically with what that ‘direct association’ must be established. For example, the French-language version refers to ‘toute autre activité s’y rapportant directement’ (emphasis added), whereas the German-, English- and Italian-language versions use the words ‘andere unmittelbar damit verbundene Tätigkeiten’, ‘directly associated activities’, and ‘attività direttamente associate’ respectively, without providing any further clarification. It is, however, apparent from the Spanish-language version that that direct association must be established between the activity of the ancillary installation and the activity or activities listed in Annex I to that directive and which are carried out in the main installation (in this language version, the concept of ‘installation’ is defined as ‘una unidad técnica fija donde se lleven a cabo una o varias actividades de las enumeradas en el anexo I, así como cualesquiera otras actividades directamente relacionadas con aquéllas’ (emphasis added)). That interpretation also appears to have been accepted by the Court in the judgment of 9 June 2016, Elektriciteits Produktiemaatschappij Zuid-Nederland EPZ (C‑158/15, EU:C:2016:422, paragraph 29; ‘the judgment in Elektriciteits Produktiemaatschappij Zuid-Nederland EPZ’), as well as in the judgment of 29 April 2021, Granarolo (C‑617/19, EU:C:2021:338, paragraph 39).

( 43 ) See paragraph 30 of that judgment.

( 44 ) In this regard, I would observe that, in my Opinion in Granarolo (C‑617/19, EU:C:2020:1016, point 63), I stated that, in accordance with the criterion used by the Court in the judgment in Elektriciteits Produktiemaatschappij Zuid-Nederland EPZ (paragraph 29), the fact that activities are linked in some way is not a sufficient basis for concluding that there is a ‘technical connection’ between them; it must be established that one of the activities is an integral part of the overall technical process of the other. In its judgment of 29 April 2021, Granarolo (C‑617/19, EU:C:2021:338, paragraph 46), the Court clarified that that criterion requires a form of ‘specific and distinctive’ integration within the technical process specific to the other activity.

( 45 ) All those factors appear to me to have been relevant in the judgment in Elektriciteits Produktiemaatschappij Zuid-Nederland EPZ. In that judgment, the Court found (in paragraph 31) that the practical organisation of the site and the presence of a conveyor belt located between the coal park and the power plant could be sufficient to establish a technical connection between the coal storage activity and the fuel combustion activity at issue.

( 46 ) The technical assessment is, of course, relevant in establishing that direct association and may, in certain cases, be decisive. Thus, in the judgment in Elektriciteits Produktiemaatschappij Zuid-Nederland EPZ (paragraph 30), the Court found that the mere fact that the coal stored (in the coal park) was essential to the functioning of the coal-fired power plant in question was sufficient for the view to be taken that the storage was directly associated with that plant’s activity.

( 47 ) In the judgment of 29 April 2021, Granarolo (C‑617/19, EU:C:2021:338, paragraph 43), the Court also ruled, in essence, that the existence of a direct association must also be determined where one of the activities takes place for the purposes of carrying out the other activity.

( 48 ) See paragraph 30 of that judgment.

( 49 ) In my Opinion in Granarolo (C‑617/19, EU:C:2020:1016, point 57), I inferred from this that nor had the Court suggested, in that judgment, that the criterion relating to the ‘technical connection’ could be satisfied only by an activity which is ‘essential’ to another activity.

( 50 ) In this regard, in its judgment in the Granarolo case (C‑617/19, EU:C:2021:338, paragraph 47), the Court took the view that there was no technical connection between the activities of a cogeneration installation and a facility producing dairy products, despite their connection by means of a distribution network. Even though the contractual clauses agreed between the operators guaranteed the production facility privileged access to the energy produced by the cogeneration installation, that facility was entirely operational without such a supply of energy. The dispute in the main proceedings differs, in my view, from the case of Granarolo because, as is clear from point 20 of this Opinion, the absorption chillers use the hot water and the steam from EDW’s cogeneration power plant to supply, by means of a cooling process, the cold water to Global Foundries’ factory. Assuming that that is in fact the case, the referring court could, in my opinion, take the view that hot water production activity of the cogeneration power plant is an integral part of the overall technical process of those chillers’ cold water production activity and, therefore, that there is a technical connection between those activities.

( 51 ) I clarify that, even if the absorption chillers were not part of EDW’s installation, it would be necessary to count, in the ‘total measurable heat’ of that installation, the heat produced by the cogeneration power plant used by those chillers (it corresponding, in accordance with Article 9(3) of Decision 2011/278, to the ‘heat exported to an installation or other entity not covered by the [ETS]’). In my view, in those conditions, the inclusion of those chillers within the limits of the installation could not, in any case, lead to more heat being taken into account giving rise to more allowances but only, as I have explained in points 36 and 37 of this Opinion, to a possible reduction in the number of free allowances provisionally granted due to the ineligibility of the heat imported from Global Foundries’ factory.

( 52 ) See my explanations in points 36 and 37 of this Opinion.

( 53 ) The applicant in the main proceedings contests the fact that the absorption chillers at issue are part of the same installation as its cogeneration power plant. However, it by no means calls into question the fact that those chillers import heat from Global Foundries’ factory.

( 54 ) Guidance Document no3 on the harmonised free allocation methodology for the EU-ETS post 2012 (Data collection guidance) of 14 April and 29 June 2011, available on the Commission’s website at the following address: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/default/files/ets/allowances/docs/gd3_data_collection_en.pdf (p. 46).

( 55 ) According to the explicit statement contained in the Commission’s guidance document (p. 4), ‘this guidance does not represent an official position of the Commission and is not legally binding’. I would, however, point out that, in accordance with settled case-law of the Court, the fact that a measure of Community law has no binding effect (that is to say, it is akin to soft law) does not preclude the Court from ruling on its interpretation in proceedings for a preliminary ruling under Article 177 (see judgments of 13 December 1989, Grimaldi (C‑322/88, EU:C:1989:646, paragraph 9), and of 21 January 1993, Deutsche Shell (C‑188/91, EU:C:1993:24, paragraph 18 and the case-law cited)).

( 56 ) By ‘as a general rule’, I mean, in accordance with the wording of that provision, ‘unless the Member State’s template or file format specification requires at least input of the same data’.

( 57 ) See Article 10(2)(b)(i) of Decision 2011/278.

( 58 ) See Article 9(3) of Decision 2011/278.

( 59 ) See also, in this regard, the definition of a ‘heat benchmark sub-installation’ in Article 3(c) of Decision 2011/278.

( 60 ) According to the Data Collection Template, the corrected eligibility ratio must be applied to the ‘total amount of heat potentially part of the heat benchmark sub-installations’, that is to say that it must be multiplied by the total of the ‘net amount measurable heat consumed in the installation and eligible under heat benchmark’ and of the ‘heat exported to installations or entities not covered by the EU ETS’ (see points (o), (n), (l) and (k) of Section II.2 of Sheet E entitled ‘“EnergyFlows” – Data on energy input, measurable heat and electricity’ of that template).

( 61 ) In order to calculate an installation’s total measurable heat, the total measurable heat available in the installation must be determined before deducting the heat consumed within the confines of the installation for electricity production or for the manufacture of products by product benchmark sub-installations as well the heat exported to installations covered by the ETS (see points (i), (d), (f), (g) and (h) of Section II.2 of Sheet E entitled ‘“EnergyFlows” – Data on energy input, measurable heat and electricity’ of the Data Collection Template). Moreover, since Section E.II.2 of the Data Collection Template (which sets out in detail, inter alia, how that ratio is to be calculated) is entitled ‘Complete balance of measurable heat at the installation’, it seems clear to me that this means that all heat flows must be considered.

( 62 ) Specifically, under that rule, installations to which the ‘risk of leakage’ factor has been assigned were to receive, in 2013 and in each subsequent year until 2020, a quantity of allocations free of charge representing 100% of the quantity determined in accordance with the measures referred to in Article 10a(1) of that directive.

( 63 ) This document is available at the following website address: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/events/docs/0134/far_faq_2_en.pdf. The paragraph cited by the applicant in the main proceedings is paragraph 2.4, which is entitled ‘How should the production of cooling be treated?’ (p. 5 of that document).

( 64 ) Commission Delegated Regulation of 19 December 2018 determining transitional Union-wide rules for harmonised free allocation of emission allowances pursuant to Article 10a of Directive [2003/87] (OJ 2019 L 59, p. 8). I would point out that this delegated regulation is applicable to the fourth trading period (2021 to 2030) only and that it therefore does not apply in the context of the present case.

( 65 ) See my Opinion in Ingredion Germany (C‑320/19, EU:C:2020:983, point 73).