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The Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (Supreme Court, the Netherlands) therefore decided to stay the proceedings in cases C‑95/18 and C‑96/18 and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling: – In Case C‑95/18: ‘(1) (a) Must Articles 45 and 48 TFEU be interpreted as meaning that, in cases such as those at issue here, those provisions preclude a national rule such as Article 6a, introductory sentence and (b), of the AOW? That rule means that a resident of the Netherlands is not insured for purposes of the social security scheme of that State of residence if that resident works in another Member State and is subject to the social security legislation of the State of employment under Article 13 of Regulation No 1408/71. The present cases are characterised by the fact that, on the basis of the legislation of the State of employment, the persons concerned do not qualify for an old-age pension because of the limited scope of their work there. (b) For the purpose of the answer to Question 1(a), is it significant that, for a resident of a State of residence which, under Article 13 of Regulation No 1408/71 is not the competent State, there is no obligation to pay contributions under the social security schemes of that State of residence? For the periods during which that resident works in another Member State, he comes exclusively under the social security system of the State of employment under [Article 13], and in such a case Netherlands national legislation does not provide for an obligation to pay contributions either. (2) For the purpose of the answer to Question 1, is it significant that the possibility existed for the parties concerned to take out voluntary insurance under the AOW, or that the possibility existed for them to request that the SVB conclude an agreement as referred to in Article 17 of Regulation No 1408/71? (3) Does Article 13 of Regulation No 1408/71 preclude someone such as Mr Giesen’s wife, who, prior to 1 January 1989, on the basis solely of the national legislation in her country of residence, namely the Netherlands, was insured under the AOW, from acquiring an entitlement to old-age benefits on the basis of that insurance, in relation to periods during which, under that provision of [that] regulation, she was subject, by reason of work carried out in another Member State, to the legislation of that Member State of employment? Or must entitlement to a benefit under the AOW be regarded as an entitlement to a benefit which, under national legislation, is not subject to conditions relating to paid employment or to insurance within the meaning of the [judgment of 20 May 2008, Bosmann (C‑352/06, EU:C:2008:290)], with the result that the line of reasoning followed in that judgment can be applied in her case?’ – In Case C‑96/18: ‘(1) Must Articles 45 and 48 TFEU be interpreted as meaning that, in a case such as that in the main proceedings, those provisions preclude a national rule such as Article 6a, introductory sentence and (b) of the AKW? That rule means that a resident of the Netherlands is not insured for the purposes of the social security scheme of that State of residence if that resident works in another Member State and is subject to the social security legislation of the State of employment under Article 13 of Regulation No 1408/71. The present case is characterised by the fact that, on the basis of the legislation of the State of employment, the interested party does not qualify for child benefit because of the limited scope of her work there. (2) For the purposes of the answer to Question 1, is it significant that the possibility existed for the interested party to request the SVB to conclude an agreement as referred to in Article 17 of Regulation No 1408/71?’