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In recital 122 to the contested decision, the cartel is described as ‘a pan-European arrangement, consisting of a Zurich and a European phase, and/or, as the case may be, in national/regional arrangements’. Recitals 123 to 135 to the contested decision set out briefly those various agreements and concerted practices, which are subsequently described in detail and assessed under Article 101 TFEU and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement. Put simply, the cartel is made up of the following arrangements: — the Zurich Club, or the first phase of the pan-European agreement. That agreement lasted from 1 January 1984 until 9 January 1996 and concerned quota-fixing by country (Germany, Austria, Benelux, France, Italy and Spain), customer-sharing, prices and the exchange of commercially sensitive information. Its members were Tréfileurope, Nedri, WDI, DWK and Redaelli, the latter representing several Italian undertakings at least from 1993 and 1995, subsequently joined by Emesa in 1992 and Tycsa in 1993; — Club Italia, a national arrangement that lasted from 5 December 1995 to 19 September 2002. That agreement concerned the fixing of quotas for Italy and also exports from Italy to the rest of Europe. Its members were the Italian undertakings Redaelli, ITC, CB and Itas, subsequently joined by Tréfileurope and Tréfileurope Italia (on 3 April 1995), SLM (on 10 February 1997), Trame (on 4 March 1997), Tycsa (on 17 December 1996), DWK (on 24 February 1997) and Austria Draht (on 15 April 1997); — the Southern Agreement, a regional arrangement negotiated and concluded in 1996 by the Italian undertakings Redaelli, ITC, CB and Itas, with Tycsa and Tréfileurope in order to determine the penetration rate of each of the participants in the Southern countries (Spain, Italy, France, Belgium and Luxembourg) and to undertake to negotiate quotas jointly with the other Northern European producers; — Club Europe, or the second phase of the pan-European agreement. That agreement was concluded in May 1997 by Tréfileurope, Nedri, WDI, DWK, Tycsa and Emesa (known as ‘the permanent members’ or ‘the six producers’) and ended in September 2002. The agreement was intended to overcome the crisis in the Zurich Club, to share new quotas (calculated over the period from the fourth quarter of 1995 to the first quarter of 1997), to share customers and fix prices. The six producers agreed on coordination rules, including the appointment of coordinators responsible for the implementation of the arrangements in several countries and for coordination with other interested companies active in the countries concerned or in respect of the same customers. Their representatives regularly met at different levels in order to monitor the implementation of the arrangements. They exchanged commercially sensitive information. In the event of discrepancy with the agreed trade behaviour, a compensation scheme was applied; — coordination in respect of the customer Addtek. In the context of that pan-European arrangement, the six producers, joined occasionally by the Italian producers and Fundia, also maintained bilateral (or multilateral) contacts and participated in price-fixing and customer-sharing on an ad hoc basis, if it was in their interest to do so. For example, Tréfileurope, Nedri, WDI, Tycsa, Emesa, CB and Fundia coordinated together on prices and volumes for the customer Addtek. Those projects related mainly to Finland, Sweden and Norway, but also the Netherlands, Germany, the Baltic States and Central and Eastern Europe. The coordination in respect of Addtek already took place during the Zurich Club phase of the pan-European arrangement and continued at least until the end of 2001; — discussions between Club Europe and Club Italia. During the period between at least September 2000 and September 2002, the six producers, and also ITC, CB, Redaelli, Itas and SLM met regularly with the aim of integrating the Italian companies into Club Europe as permanent members. The Italian undertakings wished to increase the Italian quota in Europe, while Club European maintained the status quo. To that end, meetings were held within Club Italia in order to define a uniform position, meetings were held within Club Europe in order to examine that position and define its own position, and meetings were held between participants in Club Europe and Italian representatives in order to agree on the allocation of the Italian quota on a specific market. The undertakings involved exchanged commercially sensitive information. For the purposes of redistributing the European quota with the aim of including the Italian producers, those undertakings agreed to use a new reference period (from 30 June 2000 to 30 June 2001). Those undertakings also reached an understanding on the overall volume of exports to Europe by the Italian undertakings, which the Italian undertakings shared among themselves for each country. At the same time, they discussed prices, as the members of Club Europe sought to adopt, on a European scale, the price-fixing mechanism applied within Club Italia; — Club España. Alongside the pan-European arrangement and Club Italia, five Spanish undertakings (Trefilerías Quijano, Tycsa, Emesa, Galycas and Proderac, the latter from May 1994) and two Portuguese undertakings (Socitrel, from April 1994, and Fapricela, from December 1998) agreed, for Spain and Portugal, and for a period from at least December 1992 until September 2002, to keep their market shares stable and to fix quotas, to allocate customers, including for public works contracts, and to fix prices and payment conditions. In addition, they exchanged commercially sensitive information.