2.

Is such a system, which I think I have described as precisely as the state of the file permits, in accordance with Article 96 or not? This Article must be replaced in the context of Chapter II, ‘Tax Provisions’. It is the exact counterpart of the preceding Article which limits the power of a State to impose internal taxation on the products of other Member States. In both cases it is a question of preventing by means of taxes a discriminatory and preferential treatment of national undertakings. Again we must note—what is at least a tendency — that the Chapter and in particular the Article with which we are concerned emphasizes the products more than the undertakings. The first question in the action is: on which taxes may repayments be made under Article 96. The defendant claims that it refers to all indirect taxation of any kind and bases its opinion on the wording of Article 98, which subjects to a less strict system the repayment of ‘charges other than turnover taxes, excise duties and other forms of indirect taxation’. If one looks both at the wording and the subject-matter of Article 96 this argument is inconclusive: by referring to taxation imposed directly or indirectly on exported products it refers to taxes imposed on either the finished product or the raw materials and the semi-finished products involved in the earlier stages of manufacture. It is clear that, despite the fact that they have the character of indirect taxes, this does not apply to registration, stamp and mortgage duties, charges on permits and licences issued by the State and on motor vehicles and advertising which affect the undertaking rather than the products as such during the process of manufacture. Their effect varies according to the characteristics of the undertaking and not according to the products concerned. This being so, I do not see how the principle in Article 96, according to which repayment is limited to the amount of the taxation actually imposed, could be observed. I consider therefore that the taxes which I have listed are not among those envisaged by Article 96. The other aspect of the action concerns the method of calculation adopted to determine the repayment and here, contrary to the apparent belief of the defendant at one time, the criticism concerns the taxation as a whole, including that which, it is not disputed, could in principle give rise to repayment. The repayment is fixed at a flat rate for each product or group of products at so many lire per kilogramme. The Commission considers that the practice of flat-rate repayments based on average rates contravenes the provisions of Article 96, in that inevitably the amount of certain repayments exceeds that of the actual tax burden. The applicant adds that it is unimportant that the other repayments are not the maximum obtainable under that Article; this factor would not compensate for the illegality of the procedure. To this the defendant objects that other provisions of the Treaty, in particular Article 97, provide for flat rate systems which are perfectly compatible with Community objectives and that, since Article 96 itself does not lay down that repayments must be made according to a given procedure, all procedures are permitted, including the flat rate system. This is a very doubtful argument. Article 97 is the only one which in tax matters authorizes the fixing of average rates ‘provided that there is no infringement of the principles laid down in Article 95 and 96’. Moreover, the Article only applies to States which levy a turnover tax calculated on a cumulative multi-stage tax system and they must take into account the peculiarities of that system. Certain writers have maintained, however, that as the Treaty merely establishes rules of a general nature without being concerned with the manner of their implementation average rates could be employed for all other taxation covered by the rule governing the imposition of taxation in the consuming country. I consider such an interpretation to be dangerous in view of the wording of Article 96, since in certain cases the flat rate system necessarily leads to repayments which exceed the taxation actually imposed. The strongest argument in favour of this method is in fact its simplicity if not, as the defendant has elsewhere maintained, the fact that it avoids the need to make an ‘ex post’ assessment of its effect, an operation which is not only difficult but also uncertain. This is possible, but I do not see how such a system can be justified on legal grounds. I consider therefore that in principle recourse to the flat rate system constitutes an infringement of Article 96 of the Treaty. So far I have not considered the provision of the decree of 18 January 1962 and of the Law of 5 July 1964 which, in order to take into account the reduction in customs duties between the Member States, makes increasing reductions in the aggregate amount of the repayment. This is perhaps the most difficult point in the case. The Italian Government maintains that Article 96 refers to a specific situation and not to a requirement of form. The only limit on the repayments authorized by it is that they should not exceed the taxes imposed directly or indirectly. It matters little that in the past repayments were improperly allowed on certain taxation, since the necessary result of the reduction in the aggregate amount of the repayment which ex hypothesi concerns not only the customs component but the tax component of the latter is to absorb that fraction which concerns the taxation in dispute. Even supposing that this had been repaid in the past, it was no longer being repaid when the reasoned opinion was delivered and at that time there could be no infraction. In any case, and the defendant has emphasized this point several times, the Commission is obliged to prove that, in spite of the reductions, the repayments are greater than those authorized by the Treaty. Their limitation for reasons of budgetary policy is an internal problem which does not concern the Commission. The latter can only take note of the result, verifying, if necessary, that it does not exceed that allowed by the Treaty. I consider there to be no completely satisfactory answer to this point. It is not impossible that, as the defendant maintains, that part of the repayments which relates to the taxation in dispute is in fact ‘absorbed’ by the successive reductions, but how can that be proved and on whom does the burden of proof fall? And even assuming that it is accepted is this fact sufficient to set aside any infringement of Article 96? I repeat that neither the repayment of the charges which I have listed nor recourse to a flat rate system is justified by the various provisions; it seems indisputable that on these two points the practice adopted by the defendant constituted a breach of Article 96 to which the Commission was entitled to call attention. The least which can be said is that, when the Commission started discussions, the Italian Government only replied to its requests for explanation with great reticence. In particular, the only figures given—those in document No 16—tended to confirm the incompatibility with the Treaty of the method of repayment used and of certain of its constant factors. It is of course for the Commission to establish that the use of a given method by a Member State constitutes a breach of the latter's obligations; but I do not believe that this could be required of the institution in the case of an arithmetical operation when the State concerned has failed to provide necessary figures which it alone possesses. I consider this to be the case here, where the original defect which vitiated the practice is said to have disappeared as a result of limitations put on the repayment; it is possible, but the fact cannot be established one way or the other except on the basis of detailed figures supplied by the defendant and, logically, evidence should be produced to show that in no case and on no product did the repayment at the date in question exceed the taxation imposed and repayable under Article 96. Thus two solutions are possible, although I mention one of them in order to reject it. You may consider that, although clear as to the law, you are not clear as to the facts and you will then invite the defendant State to furnish detailed figures which support its case, in the light of which you will make a decision on the application. Or, and this is the solution I propose, you will consider that by applying a flat rate system of repayments concerning in particular certain taxes not included in the scope of Article 96, and as it is impossible to establish that the reductions in the rate of repayment made when the application was brought removed the defects which vitiated this system, the Italian Republic has failed in one of its obligations under the Treaty.