B —

My views on that question are as follows: The question actually submitted by the Appeals Board may be answered very briefly by reference to the Court's judgment of 28 May 1974. ( 1 ) In that judgment the Court stated as follows: ‘Under Article 7 (1) (b) of Regulation No 1408/71 the provisions of the Regulation shall not affect obligations arising from the European Interim Agreements on social security of 11 December 1953 concluded between the Member States of the Council of Europe. Furthermore, Article 5 of the European Interim Agreements provides that these do not derogate from the provisions of national laws and regulations, international agreements or bilateral or multilateral agreements that are more favourable to those entitled. Thus, to apply Regulation No 1408/71 in preference to the European Interim Agreements, to the extent that it is more favourable than those Agreements for those entitled, does not infringe the obligations arising from these Agreements and is not therefore capable of infringing Article 7 (1) (b) of the Regulation’. The Court went on to rule as follows: ‘Within its field of application to persons and to matters covered, Regulation No 1408/71 takes precedence over the European Interim Agreement on Social Security Schemes in respect of old age, invalidity and survivors, signed in Paris on 11 December 1953, and referred to in Article 7 (1) (b) of the Regulation, to the extent that this Regulation is more favourable than the said Agreement for those entitled’. Although that ruling would suffice as a reply to the question actually referred to the Court, the matter cannot rest there. The Commission of the European Communities has stated in its submissions to the Court that it has serious doubts whether Regulation No 1408/71 is even applicable in this case. The Commission's doubts are based on the Court's decisions defining the dividing line between ‘old-age benefits’ as referred to in Article 4 (1) (c) of the regulation and ‘social assistance’ as referred to in Article 4 (4). ( 2 ) The former fall within the scope of the regulation, whereas the latter do not. If a social benefit is intended to provide the recipient of other social security benefits with additional income it falls within Article 4 (1) of the regulation. However, a benefit which is granted exclusively to persons who are outside the social security system must be classified as social assistance within the meaning of Article 4 (4). That is so in this case, the Commission observes, since the ‘special old-age allowance’ is only granted to persons who belong to no social insurance scheme. Moreover, according to Article 2 (1) of Regulation No 1408/71, the regulation is to apply ‘to workers... as well as to the members of their families and their survivors’. However, the Commission points out that the provision distinguishes between two distinct categories of persons and cites the Court's judgment of 23 November 1976, ( 3 ) in which it was stated that: ‘Whereas the persons belonging to the first category [workers] can claim the rights to benefits covered by the regulation as rights of their own, the persons belonging to the second category [members of their families and survivors] can only claim derived rights, acquired through their status as a member of the family or a survivor of a worker, that is to say of a person belonging to the first category. The Commission concludes that the plaintiff's claim, even if it relates to a benefit which falls within the scope of Regulation No 1408/71 cannot be based on that regulation, since she claims the special old-age allowance in her own right and not as a right derived from her son's legal status as a migrant worker. I share the Commission's doubts, but propose that the Court should not give the matter further consideration since it is not covered by the Appeal Board's question. Nevertheless, the Court should indicate to the national court those other provisions of Community law which would be relevant should the national court decide that Regulation No 1408/71 is, after all, not pertinent. In that regard I refer to the Court's judgment of 12 July 1984, ( 4 ) which also concerned the relationship between a (Belgian) benefit guaranteeing a minimum income to old people, on the one hand, and Regulation No 1408/71 on the application of social security schemes to employed persons and their families moving within the Community and Regulation No 1612/68 on freedom of movement for workers within the Community, on the other. In that case, in which the facts were similar to those here, the Court of Justice left open the question whether Regulation No 1408/71 was applicable, but declared that the minimum income guaranteed to old people came within the term ‘social advantages’ in Article 7 (2) of Regulation No 1612/68. The Court should proceed in the same manner in this case.