3.

Having made these introductory remarks I will now turn directly to the questions asked. First let us recall the provisions of Article 13(2) of the Treaty. It provides that ‘Charges having an effect equivalent to customs duties on imports, in force between Member States, shall be progressively abolished … during the transitional period’ and the Commission shall determine ‘by means of directives the timetable for such abolition’. As for the question of direct applicability the wording of Article 13(2) makes it clear that this provision did not constitute a provision of the Treaty, complete in itself, before the expiry óf the transitional period and could not therefore per se have any direct effect in the sense which concerns us here. This, it is true, does hot emerge from the concept of ‘charges having an effect equivalent to customs duties on imports’ for the reason that it lacks the precision necessary in the interests of legal certainty. Similar arguments have already been put forward in the first case relating to the direct applicability of Treaty provisions concerning Article 12 of the EEC Treaty which also covers charges having an effect equivalent to customs duties. Such arguments were however then regarded as unsound and, in consequence, must be so regarded in the interpretation of Article 13(2). Article 13(2) is incomplete in itself and therefore not capable of having direct effect; this derives from the fact that during the transitional period it had to be perfected by the adoption of secondary Community legislation in other words, Commission directives. According to the existing case-law of the Court, Article 13 (2) does not therefore contain an unconditional obligation. Thus, essentially, the question is whether, with the assistance of the directive of the Commission which I have repeatedly mentioned, the provision in question was definitively perfected and made complete in itself so as to render it directly applicable. To put the question in this way amounts to asking at the same time whether directives are apt to produce direct effects, in other words whether they can be directly applicable. Even recently this delicate question had to be regarded as very debatable and in the past it would certainly have given rise to fundamental and extensive analysis. However, on the basis of the judgments delivered in Cases 9, 20 and 23/70 it has seemingly been clarified in principle in the sense that directives may also have direct effect. It is no longer necessary to make a detailed study of this point; I need only make a few observations on the judgments cited. In these judgments the Court examined ‘the combined effect of provisions contained in a decision and a directive’ and held that the provisions of a Council decision, which was there the subject of the examination, in conjunction with those of a Council directive could have a direct effect in the relations between Member States and individuals. This has rendered pointless the objections raised in this case by the Federal German Government and by the Italian Government as, for example, the point that such measures are addressed only to Member States and that Article 189 mentions only regulations directly applicable in the Member States. It is therefore quite certain that these factors and, in particular, the lastmentioned do not prevent other measures from having direct effect where they impose an obligation, provided that by their terms, their nature and their raison d'être they are apt to do so. If we now test the Commission directive of concern to us here by this standard, which we are justified in doing by the problems raised and the rulings given in judgments which I have mentioned, we must admit that the directive even when considered in conjunction with Article 13 (2) could not produce direct effect during the period which had been set for compliance by the Member State concerned, since there was clearly some latitude having regard in particular to the provisions of Article 14 of the EEC Treaty. However, this consideration is of no further interest in the present case. The directive in question also fixed a final date by which the charge at issue had in any event to be abolished. Since the dispute in the main action relates solely to the period after this date, the question is simply whether the directive can be taken to have had a direct effect for this period. The answer is readily given by the judgments in Cases 9, 20 and 23/70; in these cases too the date on which an obligation was to become effective had been determined by a directive. Nevertheless, the Court stated in these judgments : ‘that the fact that this date was fixed by a directive does not deprive this provision of any of its binding force’ and stressed that, following the said directive, the obligation created by a decision was thereby perfected. In terms of the present case, this means that clearly nothing stands in the way of accepting that Article 13 (2) of the EEC Treaty in conjunction with Directive No 31/58 of the Commission was directly applicable as from the date determined by the directive, especially since there no longer existed any latitude as to the incorporation of these provisions into domestic law. Moreover, it is simple to show that this conclusion cannot be called into question by other considerations. Thus, in particular the fact that the directive was addressed only to one Member State (which led the Federal German Government to speak of dividing up the sphere of application of the Treaty provisions) is not, it seems, of any relevance. If such measures of secondary Community legislation, which do not necessarily have to be addressed to all Member States, can be regarded as having direct effect, there is really no reason why this should be limited to cases in which all Member States are affected. Given the peculiarities of certain provisions of the Treaty, which include Article 13(2) and given the variations in the law in the Member States, it may happen that action is necessary only in certain situations and in certain Community areas. Here incidentally reference may be made to the judgments of the Court in Cases 9, 20 and 23/70 and especially to the words ‘Particularly in cases where, for example, the Community authorities impose by means of a decision, an obligation on a Member State… to act in a certain way, the effectiveness (“l'effet utile”) of such a measure would be weakened if the nationals of this State could not invoke it in the courts and the national courts could not take it into consideration as part of Community law’. Moreover, it is of no importance that publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities is prescribed only for regulations and not for directives. This objection has already been put forward with regard to decisions addressed to Member States in Cases 9, 20 and 23/70. I pointed out in my opinion in those cases that, when not expressly prescribed, publication is not a pre-requisite of legal validity, but rather that its function is essentially protective and that without publication the measure in question cannot be invoked against the individual concerned. I also mentioned that the situation is precisely the opposite where an individual relies on such a measure in his defence in order to derive certain benefits from it. Since the judgments in Cases 9, 20 and 23/70 did not consider the contention concerning the duty to publish in respect of the measures at issue there (regarding it as irrelevant), then this must certainly also apply to the directive in question here. The determining factor here is therefore that the obligation laid down by the directive became binding upon its notification to the Member State concerned, whilst publication in the Official Journal, which in our case actually took place (OJ L 12 of 16.1. 1968, p. 8) was of secondary importance. Finally, no decisive conclusion can be drawn from the fact that the directive, which concerns only Italy, is authentic only in its Italian version. Even if according to the Regulation of 14 April 1958, determining the languages to be used, regulations and documents of general application are equally authentic in the four official languages, that does not apply where a measure is addressed only to one Member State. Here notification in the language of that Member State suffices to make the measure binding. In addition, it must also be pointed out that those who carry on business in the territory in question will be familiar with the laws and regulations drawn up in the national language, and that for this reason there is no necessity to make the direct applicability of Community directives dependent upon four texts which are all equally authentic. Moreover, since it is also established by existing case-law that not only rules and measures containing a duty to refrain from acting but also measures laying down a duty to act may be directly applicable, I can only conclude, as I have indicated above, that the provisions of Article 13(2) of the EEC Treaty in conjunction with those of Directive No 31/68 of the Commission are directly applicable.