2.

The Court is now called upon to give a ruling of principle clarifying the meaning and application of the actual safeguards recognized as applying to the freedom of movement for workers. The present case obliges us, in effect, to define the social advantages which should be made available to migrant workers in the Community. It provides us with the opportunity to give a sharper definition to the tenor of a series of precedents evolved between the judgment of 15 October 1969 in Case 15/69 (Ugliola, Rec. 1969, p. 368), and the latest decision in Case 20/75 (D'Amico). In view of decisions which might, prima facie, appear to be based on conflicting points of view, it is desirable to clarify the essential meaning of the principle laid down in the third ground of judgment in Ugliola, itself an interpretation of Article 7 of Regulation No 1612/68 of the Council, in which the Court, returning to Article 48 of the EEC Treaty, declared that ‘the law of each Member State must ensure that nationals of every other Member State employed within its territory receive all the benefits which it grants to its own nationals’. Community law concerning social security, whether, as in Regulation No 1612/68, it directly relates to the freedom of movement for workers or whether, as in the provisions concerning coordination of social security legislation, it does so indirectly, works as a dynamic whole, inspired by the same general aims and based, therefore, on unifying principles. In line with the opinions of the Advocates-General, case-law in recent years has developed in a way which reflects the need to achieve full equality of treatment between the Community worker and the nationals of the State in which he is an immigrant. In this connexion it is worth recalling that in Case 76/72 (Michel S. [1973] ECR 468) Mr Advocate-General Mayras had already stated that the general purport and underlying spirit of Regulation No 1612/68 require that the widest possible scope should be given to the expression ‘social benefits’. In my opinion, in Case 7/75 (Mr and Mrs F. v Belgian State) on the interpretation of Regulation No 1408/71, I stated that the case-law of this Court has risen substantially above the criterion of a specific connexion between the social benefit and employment. Your judgment of 17 June 1975 appears to confirm that view. The trend of these decisions, which reflects the reasonable requirements which the structure of the Community system endeavours to meet, suggests that, in the present case, two alternatíve courses are open. The wider one, and one which, without doubt, makes greater demands, is that suggested by the Commission in relying directly on Article 7 of the Treaty in order to override any differentiation on grounds of nationality between Community workers. The other, whose scope is more limited, is based more specifically on Article 7 of Regulation No 1612/68 of the Council. Both may lead to the same result For my part, in order to stick more closely to the specific question referred by the Paris Cour d'appel, which is a consideration, I prefer to look at the question on the basis of the regulation but without losing sight of the fundamental principle enunciated in Article 7 of the Treaty. Article 7 (2) of Regulation 1612/68 of the Council provides that a worker who is a national of a Member State shall, in the territory of another Member State, enjoy the same social and tax advantages as national workers. The first question to be determined, therefore, is whether an advantage of the kind provided for under the national legislation concerned is included in ‘social… advantages’ within the meaning of the provision and, if the answer is in the affirmative, the second question is to establish whether members of the worker's family are entitled to enjoy them. The advantage in question was introduced in France by the Law of 29 October 1921, which implemented a general policy designed to stimulate growth of the country's population. The provisions concerning the grant of the railway reduction card to large families are, under a decree of 24 January 1956, now embodied in Section I (‘Formes générales de compensation des charges familiales’) of Chapter II (‘Protection matérièlle de la familie’) of Part I (‘Protection sociale de la famille’) of the French Family and Social Security Code (‘Code de la famille et de l'aide sociale’). Article 20 of the Code makes provision for the said reductions ‘for the purpose of helping families to bring up their children’. These words show that, today, the immediate purpose of the benefit in question is to offset family expenditure, its original purpose being specifically reflected in the endeavour to prevent fare increases from falling too heavily on families having more than the average number of children. What is involved is undoubtedly a social advantage whose potential or actual connexion with a policy of population growth could not change its chief characteristic, which is that it is ‘related to family responsibilities’, as it is defined in the heading of the section of the Family and Social Security Code under which Article 20 appears. Therefore, in accordance with Article 7 (2), the migrant worker must be recognized as being entitled to this social advantage in the same terms as national workers without any possibility of difficulty arising from the fact that the advantage is granted to nationals without reference to their status as workers. It is true that in Case 76/72 (Michels S. v Fonds national de reclassement social des handicapés [1973] ECR 463) the Court, in the ninth Ground of Judgment, declared that the benefits referred to by Article 7 are those which, being connected with employment, are for the benefit of the workers themselves and not those provided for members of their families. That part of the ruling which refers to the connexion between the benefits referred to by Article 7 and employment may appear to reply in the negative to the question, involved here, whether or not the benefit is available to the migrant worker in cases where the national law, the application of which is under consideration, does not link the benefit, directly or indirectly, with employment It is also, perhaps, for this reason that the Commission has sought to establish the general prohibition, in Article 7 of the Treaty, of dicrimination on grounds of nationality as the sole foundation of the right of the migrant worker and the members of his family to avail themselves of the railway reduction card granted to large families by the SNCF. In my view, however, the finding in the judgment in . Case 76/72, which is perhaps expressed in rather general terms, must essentially refer to that part of Article 7 of Regulation No 1612/68 which could have a direct bearing on the classification of the national legislation which, in that case, was the subject of reference for an interpretation of the relevant Community rule. I refer to Paragraph 3 of Article 7. That case was concerned with the application of a Belgian law covering benefits providing for the rehabilitation of the handicapped. What was involved, therefore, was a benefit whose nature and purpose linked it with employment, though not necessarily with actual employment, as in the case of a worker who, as the result of an accident or illness, has become incapable of doing his job and must be retrained for other work. Accordingly, the connexion between the benefits referred to in paragraph 3 and employment must not be interpreted narrowly: a potential connexion is enough. The connexion with employment becomes, of necessity, looser in the case of the advantages provided for under Article 7 (2). For example, it would be difficult to confine the principle of tax equality laid down under the latter provision to taxation of earned income and, on the other hand, not to apply it to taxation related to the family, to the capital which the worker has accumulated, or to assets purchased out of his earnings. The connexion with employment, which was referred to in general terms by the Court in relation to Article 7 is, in principle, no more than a reference to the present or past status as an employed person of a national of a Member State who resides in another Member State as a condition of entitlement to the same social and tax advantages as national workers. It is this interpretation which justifies the distinction between the advantages provided for a worker under that provision and under Articles 8 and 9 and those provided for members of his family under Articles 10 and 12. But, I repeat, this is a sub-division of the subject-matter which must not be taken too narrowly. For example, in the case of the housing benefits provided for under Article 9, it is reasonable to conclude that entitlement to them ought to extend to the members of the worker's family, who have the right to establish themselves with the worker in the host state, and that they, especially the widow and children, should continue to enjoy the right even after the worker's death. The direct connexion drawn by the national legislature between certain social benefits granted to its nationals and the status of employed person has, moreover, been clearly disregarded by the Court for the purposes of applying Regulation No 1408/71 concerning social security for migrant workers. The above-cited judgment, in Case 7/75 (Mr and Mrs F.) of 17 June 1975, recognizes the right of a migrant worker's children to receive the advantages which national legislation provides for its nationals regardless of their status as workers and, consequently, of whether they are under any contract of employment. If this is a reasonable conclusion to reach in the field covered by the rules of social security which, pursuant to Article 51 of the Treaty, were adopted as necessary to provide freedom of movement for workers, there is no reason why a different principle should be applied in the field covered by Regulation No 1612/68, which is even more directly concerned with their freedom of movement. Even though the two regulations operate at slightly different levels and in respect of national legislation on different topics, they have, as already stated, the same aims. In particular, it must be borne in mind that one of the objectives of Regulation No 1612/68, which again is concerned with giving positive effect to the right to freedom of movement, is de jure and de facto equality of treatment for a worker including its application to the right to be joined by his family and the conditions under which his family is integrated within the community in the host country.