57

In that context, the Østre Landsret (High Court of Eastern Denmark) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling: ‘(1) (a) Is Article 1(1) of Directive 2003/49, read in conjunction with Article 1(4) thereof, to be interpreted as meaning that a company resident in a Member State that is covered by Article 3 of the directive and, in circumstances such as those of the present case, receives interest from a subsidiary in another Member State is the “beneficial owner” of that interest for the purposes of the directive? (b) Is the concept “beneficial owner” in Article 1(1) of Directive 2003/49, read in conjunction with Article 1(4) thereof, to be interpreted in accordance with the corresponding concept in Article 11 of the OECD 1977 Model Tax Convention? (c) If Question 1(b) is answered in the affirmative, should the concept then be interpreted solely in the light of the commentary on Article 11 of the [OECD] 1977 Model Tax Convention (paragraph 8), or can subsequent commentaries be incorporated into the interpretation, including the additions made in 2003 regarding “conduit companies” (paragraph 8.1, now paragraph 10.1), and the additions made in 2014 regarding “contractual or legal obligations” (paragraph 10.2)? (d) If the 2003 commentaries can be incorporated into the interpretation, is it then a condition for deeming a company not to be a “beneficial owner” for the purposes of Directive 2003/49 that there actually has been a channelling of funds to those persons who are deemed by the State in which the interest payer is resident to be “the beneficial owners” of the interest in question, and — if so — is it then a further condition that the actual passing take place at a point close in time to the payment of the interest and/or take place as a payment of interest? (e) Of what significance is it in that connection if equity capital is used for the loan, if the interest in question is entered on the principal (“rolled up”), if the interest recipient has subsequently made an intragroup transfer to its parent company resident in the same State with a view to adjusting earnings for tax purposes under the prevailing rules in the State in question, if the interest in question is subsequently converted into equity in the borrowing company, if the interest recipient has had a contractual or legal obligation to pass the interest to another person, and if most of the persons deemed by the State where the person paying the interest is resident to be the “beneficial owners” of the interest are resident in other Member States or other States with which Denmark has entered into a double taxation convention, so that under the Danish taxation legislation there would not have been a basis for levying tax at source had those persons been lenders and thereby received the interest directly? (f) What significance does it have for the assessment of the issue whether the interest recipient must be deemed to be a “beneficial owner” for the purposes of the directive if the referring court, following an assessment of the facts of the case, concludes that the recipient — without having been contractually or legally bound to pass the interest received to another person — “in substance” did not have the right to “use and enjoy” the interest as referred to in the 2014 commentaries on the [OECD] 1977 Model Tax Convention? (2) (a) Does a Member State’s reliance on Article 5(1) of the directive on the application of national provisions for the prevention of fraud or abuse, or Article 5(2) of the directive, presuppose that the Member State in question has adopted a specific domestic provision implementing Article 5 of the directive, or that national law contains general provisions or principles on fraud, abuse and tax evasion that can be interpreted in accordance with Article 5? (b) If Question 2(a) is answered in the affirmative, can Paragraph 2(2)(d) of the Law on corporation tax, which provides that the limited tax liability on interest income does not include “interest which is tax-exempt … under Directive 2003/49 on a common system of taxation applicable to interest and royalty payments made between associated companies of different Member States”, then be deemed to be a specific domestic provision as referred to in Article 5 of the directive? (3) Is a provision in a double taxation convention entered into between two Member States and drafted in accordance with [the OECD] Model Tax Convention, under which taxation of interest is contingent on whether the interest recipient is deemed to be the beneficial owner of the interest, an agreement-based anti-abuse provision covered by Article 5 of the directive? (4) Is it abuse etc. under Directive 2003/49 if, in the Member State where the interest payer is resident, tax deductions are allowed for interest, whilst interest in the Member State where the interest recipient is resident is not taxed? (5) (a) Is a company resident in Luxembourg, established and registered under Luxembourg company law as a “société en commandite par actions” (SCA) and also classified as a “société d’investissement en capital à risqué” (SICAR) under the Luxembourg law of 15 June 2004 relating to the investment company in risk capital (SICAR), covered by Directive 2003/49? (b) If Question 5(a) is answered in the affirmative, can a Luxembourg “SCA/SICAR” then be “beneficial owner” of interest under Directive 2003/49, even though the Member State in which the interest-paying company is resident deems the company in question to be a tax-transparent entity under its domestic law? (c) If Question 1(a) is answered in the negative, so that the company receiving the interest is deemed not to be the “beneficial owner” of the interest in question: can the SCA/SICAR then, in circumstances such as those of the present case, be deemed to be the “beneficial owner” of the interest at issue herein for the purposes of the directive? (6) Is a Member State which does not wish to recognise that a company in another Member State is the beneficial owner of interest, and claims that the company in the other Member State is an “artificial conduit company”, bound under Directive 2003/49 or Article 10 EC to state whom the Member State in that case deems to be the beneficial owner? (7) If a company resident in a Member State (parent company) is in fact deemed not to be exempt from tax at source under Directive 2003/49 in respect of interest received from a company resident in another Member State (subsidiary), and the latter Member State deems that parent company to have limited tax liability on that interest in that Member State, does Article 43 EC, read in conjunction with Article 48 EC, then preclude legislation under which the latter Member State requires the company liable for withholding the tax at source (subsidiary) to pay default interest in the event of late payment of the tax at source at a higher rate of interest than the default interest rate that the Member State charges on corporation tax claims (including, inter alia, interest income) lodged against a company resident in the same Member State? (8) If a company resident in a Member State (parent company) is in fact deemed not to be exempt from tax at source under Directive 2003/49 in respect of interest received from a company resident in another Member State (subsidiary), and the latter Member State deems the parent company to have limited tax liability on that interest in that Member State, does Article 43 EC, read in conjunction with Article 48 EC (in the alternative Article 56 EC), viewed separately or as a whole, preclude legislation under which: – the latter Member State requires the person paying the interest to withhold tax at source on the interest and makes that person liable to the authorities for the non-withheld tax at source, where there is no such duty to withhold tax at source when the interest recipient is resident in the latter Member State? – a parent company in the latter Member State would not have been required to make advance payments of corporation tax in the first two fiscal years, but would only have begun to pay corporation tax at a much later time than the due date for tax at source? The Court of Justice is requested to take the answer to Question 7 into account in its answer to Question 8.’