3.

In the Agreement with Spain — which of course is much more limited in scope than that with Greece, in that it aims to create a free-trade area not an associate relationship — there are no provisions imposing a prohibition on quantitative restrictions on exports or measures having equivalent effect. However, there is a provision (Article 12) which states that ‘the provisions of the Agreement shall not preclude prohibitions or restrictions on imports, exports or goods in transit justified on grounds of public morality, public policy or public security; the protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants; the protection of national treasures possessing artistic, historic or archaeological value; or the protection of industrial and commercial property. Such prohibitions or restrictions shall not, however, constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade’. It is easy to see that that rule reproduces with very slight amendments Article 36 of the EEC Treaty; that leads to the question whether the two provisions have the same scope. Taking account of the fact that Article 36 is a derogation from the prohibitions imposed by Articles 30 to 34 of the same Treaty, an affirmative reply would suggest that those prohibitions also must be considered to have been incorporated by implication into the agreement in question. I will say at once that I find such a conclusion absolutely untenable. In the first place, it is unthinkable that prohibitions of such importance should be deducible from a rule which has a different object. In the second place it is significant that, whereas Article 36 of the Treaty begins with the words ‘the provisions of Articles 30 to 34 shall not preclude …’, Article 12 of the Agreement with Spain merely makes a general reference to the provisions of the Agreement as a whole, beginning with the declaration that ‘the provisions of the Agreement shall not preclude …’. In fact the respective contexts of the two parallel rules are so utterly different that it would be arbitrary to interpret them in the same way and so to maintain that Article 12 of the Agreement presupposes, like Article 36 of the Treaty, that quantitative restrictions on exports and imports and measures having equivalent effect are prohibited. In my opinion, the Commission was quite right when it submitted that the instruments of the common commercial policy have their own objectives, on the basis of which they must be interpreted. That obviously implies that even when they are similar in content to certain provisions of the Treaty they are not necessarily identical in meaning. The important consideration is the context of each agreement, which must be interpreted without regard to that of the Community Treaty; in fact, there is no doubt that, as the Court has declared, ‘… the provisions of the Treaty on commercial policy do not … lay down any obligation on the part of the Member States to extend to trade with third countries the binding principles governing the free movement of goods between Member States …’ (judgments of 15 June 1976, Case 51/75 EMI Records v CBS United Kingdom [1976] 1 ECR 811, paragraph 17 of the decision; Case 86/75, EMI Records v CBS Grammofon [1976] 1 ECR 871, paragraph 17 of the decision, and Case 96/75, EMI Records v CBS Schallplatten [1976] 1 ECR 913, paragraph 10 of the decision). As far as the Agreement between the EEC and Spain is concerned, I have already pointed out that its object is to establish a free-trade area. In particular Article 1 (1) thereof provides that ‘the progressive elimination of obstacles to the main body of trade between the European Economic Community and Spain shall be brought about in two stages …’; Article 1 (3) specifies that ‘transition from the first to the second stage shall be effected by mutual agreement between the Contracting Parties …’. That transition has not yet taken place; and for the time being there still exist duties on exports, with the sole limitation of the most-favoured third State system (Article 6). As regards quantitative restrictions, there is a provision in Annex II (Article 4 (1)) which states that ‘Spain shall refrain from introducing any new quantitative restrictions on imports of products originating in the Community other than …’; but both the wording of that provision and its limited nature confirm that the Contracting Parties are free to retain the existing restrictions both on imports and on exports. In view of all the above considerations I find it reasonable to interpret Article 12 as a list of exceptions to the rules in the agreement liberalizing trade, without prejudice to the content of such rules or to their more or less limited scope. As regards the last sentence of Article 12, it clearly serves to limit the derogations laid down in the first sentence. Its function therefore is not to impose an independent and general prohibition on discrimination and restrictions on trade, but to specify to what point special restrictive measures on the part of States, authorized by the first part of the article, remain justified. In the present case, no special restrictive measure capable of coming within the list contained in the said Article 12 is involved. Moreover, a different interpretation of the last sentence of Article 12 — leading to the conclusion that it implies a general prohibition on arbitrary discrimination and disguised restrictions on trade — would meet with the same objections that I have already expressed in answer to the argument that the prohibition on quantitative restrictions on exports and measures having equivalent effect might be inferred from the wording of Article 12, in view of its similarity with Article 36 of the EEC Treaty. In this regard it should be emphasized once again that prohibitions of considerable scope — such as to affect the whole balance of the agreement — cannot be held to have been laid down by implication; and that there is a difference between a prohibition of a general nature and a limitation on measures which States are authorized to take. Finally, it should be remembered that a provision such as that contained in Article 12 has been reproduced without amendment in a number of international agreements concluded by the Community: for example, Article 11 of the Association Agreement between the EEC and Malta of 5 December 1970 (Journal Officiel L 61 of 14 March 1971); Article 20 of the Agreement between the EEC and Austria of 22 July 1972 (Journal Officiel L 300 of 31 December 1972); Article 23 of the Agreement between the EEC and the Portuguese Republic of 22 July 1972 (Journal Officiel L 301 of 31 December 1972); Article 20 of the Agreement between the EEC and the Swiss Confederation of 22 July 1972 (Journal Officiel L 300 of 31 December 1972). That shows that no steps have ever been taken to adapt the content of the provisions in each case according to the varying scope of the individual agreements. In my opinion such a drafting technique deserves to be criticized on account of the confusion which is created by the wording chosen when it is used in a completely different context from the original context of Article 36. However, such confusion will be removed in the end when the rule in question is incorporated into a more integrated system of regulating trade between the Contracting Parties, with the complete attainment of the objectives of the agreement. In the case of the Agreement between the EEC and Spain, that should be achieved at the end of the second stage, but it would in any case depend on a fresh agreement to proceed with integration (unless in the meantime there occurs the expected accession of Spain to the EEC, which would obviously change the nature of the problem).