1.

Of the two categories of problems arising out of the questions I will deal first of all with the one which relates to the legality of veterinary and public health inspections of imported bovine animals and meat. It is therefore necessary to consider whether they are to be treated as measures having an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions on imports and whether it appears to be possible to justifiy them under Article 36 of the EEC Treaty even after the issue of the Community directives to which reference has already been made. In this connexion it must not be overlooked that the order making the reference focuses attention on systematic inspections. On the other hand I do not need to concern myself with the question whether — as the representative of the Italian Government stressed — exhaustive inspections were only carried out from time to time. This is a question of fact which has if necessary to be determined by the court making the reference in the main action. (a) In this connexion there is one finding which can be made at the outset without any difficulty. There is in fact much to be said for the view that when systematic veterinary inspections of exports to determine whether there are any pathogenic agents — even laboratory analyses play a part in determining this question — are carried out, as they reputedly are in Italy, they are to be regarded as measures having an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions on imports. To support this view it is sufficient to refer to the relevant definition as laid down by the Court for example in Case 8/74 (Procureur du Roi v Benoir and Gustave Dassonville [1974] ECR 852) according to which ‘All trading rules enacted by Member States which are capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, intra-Community trade …’ amount to such a measure. These conditions would seem to be satisfied in a case such as this one, if it is borne in mind that the inspections involve delays — a fact which for instance played a part in Case 4/75 Rewe-Zentralfinanze GmbH v Landwirtschaftskammer [1975] ECR 858) — that, as the plaintiff in the main action submitted, these delays may lead to the imported goods being damaged and that they involve financial charges as well as to the administrative formalities connected therewith, to which for example reference was made in Case 63/74 in W. Cadsky SpA v Instituto Nazionale per il Commercio Estero [1975] ECR 290). Moreover the Commission Directive No 70/50/EEC (OJ English Special edition 1970 (I), p. 17) on the abolition of measures having an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions on imports to which reference has been made in other cases (for example Case 4/75, Reive [1975] ECR 843) must not be forgotten. According to Article 2 (r) of this directive such measures exist if imported products are subjected to inspections other than those inherent in the customs clearance procedure, to which domestic products are not subjected, or if the inspections applying to imported products are stricter than those carried out on domestic products. On this point it is important to bear in mind that in Italy domestic products are not subjected before despatch to any similar systematic inspections — this is to be inferred from the order making the reference and the arguments of the parties to the main action — but only have to undergo a veterinary inspection in exceptional cases and for a limited period by order of the Prefect when a disease breaks out. In so far as a veterinary and public health inspection of meat has to be carried out at the destination it applies apparently also to imported meat, in other words the latter meat is inspected twice. When the Italian Government on the other hand also submitted during the oral procedure that veterinary and public health inspections of a different kind are carried out within Italy this does not in any case seem to me to prove that these are similar and equivalent inspections which rule out the possibility of any discrimination against imported goods. However in the end the necessary clarification of this point would have to be obtained in the main action, because the procedure for making references under Article 177 is not suitable for making such findings, an operation which would be tantamount to an application of the law. (b) Article 36 of the EEC Treaty is of crucial significance in answering the related question whether the measures of inspection in question are nevertheless justified. It provides that restrictions on trade imposed for the protection inter alia of health and life of humans and animals are permitted. However the reservation in Article 36 that the restrictions shall not constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between Member States must not be disregarded. Moreover it is clear from the wording of the article that the measures under consideration must be necessary and in Case 104/75 (Adriaan de Peijper, Managing Director of Centrafarm BV [1976] ECR 636) reference was expressly made to this requirement. With reference to the last-mentioned point the proceedings have shown that the relevant legal rules enacted on a Community level, that is the Council directives on animal health problems to which reference has already been made, are of decisive importance. There is no need for me to describe their contents in detail now; the Commission has done this comprehensively in its written observations, which gave the clear impression that at Community level far-reaching measures to prevent and combat rinderpest together with other measures intended to ensure that meat for human consumption reaches the market in good condition have been adopted. These measures already apply outside the Community and in trade with third countries and they are intended to prevent the importation of goods which might spread disease. They are unusually extensive and exhaustive within the Community whether they aim at preventing or combating diseases. It is of particular significance that provision is made for systematic and thorough inspections by a veterinarian in the exporting country of goods intended for intra-Community trade and for thorough inspections of meat before and after slaughtering. After such inspections an official health certificate is issued which certifies in the case of animals that they do not have the symptoms of any disease and also in the case of meat that it comes from healthy animals and is fit for human consumption. In view of these rules which were adopted for the specific purpose of bringing about the free movement of goods and — unlike the rules with which Case 4/75 was concerned — not just to complement domestic provisions and in view furthermore of the fact that, as the Commission has maintained, the guarantees inherent in Community rules are superior to those under the national systems, and in particular under the Italian system, and also having regard to the fact that experience acquired since the adoption of the Community rules, which the Commission has described in detail, has shown that they are operating satisfactorily, one is forced to the conclusion that systematic inspections of imports are neither necessary nor justified. On this point I call attention in particular to the ruling in Case 8/74 Procureur du Roi v Benoît and Gustave Dassonville [1974] ECR 852) that Member States are only justified in adopting certain measures restricting trade as long as no Community system has been organized. Moreover the Commission was right when it submitted that the burden placed upon exports by the Community rules, which goods intended for the home market do not have to bear, appears in fact only to be justified if it is assumed that Member States are under a fundamental duty to recognize the health certificates issued in other Member States. On the other hand reference to the field of application of the Community rules and also to the special provisions in the directives mentioned in no way alters the validity of the basic conclusion which has been reached at this point. The Italian Government referred to this when it observed that the Community rules are not complete, that they expressly permit certain restrictions on imports and moreover that it has been shown that in practice their proper observance is not always guaranteed. Therefore it certainly has to be conceded that Article 6 of Directive No 64/432 and Article 5 of Directive No 64/433 empowder Member States to prohibit in certain circumstances the introduction of bovine animals and swine or meat into their national territory and that this presupposes that inspections are carried out at the frontier. Further according to Article 8 of Directive No 64/432 that directive does not affect certain domestic provisions, those for example relating to bovine animals which have been treated with antibiotics and under Article 6 of Directive No 64/433 other similar domestic provisions relating to the indtroduction of small pieces of meat, the treatment of slaughter animals with certain substances or the detection of the presence of trichinae in fresh pigmeat. Finally it is also true that the directives contain certain safeguard clauses. They provide for example — as in Article 9 of Directive No 64/432 — that a Member State may take specific measures if there is a danger of animal diseases spreading as a result of the introduction into its national territory of bovine animals or swine from another Member State. On the other hand they authorize — as in Article 4 of Directive No 64/433 — Member States to prohibit the introduction into their national territory of fresh meat coming from certain slaughter-houses or cutting plants. However, in this connexion it must in the first place not be overlooked that it is only specific inspections for particular purposes and not therefore inspections of a general nature which can be justified. Moreover it must be possible to point to specific reasons for adopting the measures, for example that there have been outbreaks of diseases or. that Community provisions have not been complied with. In my view this emerges from the judgment in Case 4/75 (Rewe [1975] ECR 843) which stressed that on the basis of previous experience there must be grounds for believing that failure to carry out inspections of imports might be dangerous. Furthermore it must be assumed that in the interest of the principle of interfering as little as possible with trade the inspections have to be limited to spot checks. Finally it is also important — and this refers to the application of the protective clauses which have been mentioned, for example Article 8 of Directive No 64/432 — that such measures are confined to exceptional circumstances and can only be provisional. Moreover they provide for a Community procedure to be followed, within the framework of which the standing Veterinary Committee set up by Council Decision of 15 October 1968 (No 68/361/EEC) plays a part and the Commission as well as the Council is empowered to take decisions. It must in particular be borne in mind that in this connexion compliance with the prohibition of discrimination is important, that is to say, that in principle domestic and imported products must be treated on the same footing. (c) Consequently there remains in fact no other conclusion than that the measures of inspection at issue in the main action as described by the court making the reference are to be regarded as measures having an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions and therefore incompatible with the Treaty. Since the point was raised in the first question it is also necessary to add that the prohibition relating to products covered by the common organization of the market took effect from the date specified in the regulations establishing the market organizations. If one assumes that national inspections pursuant to Article 36 of the Treaty were jusitied before the adoption of the repeatedly mentioned Community rules, it must in any case be assumed that with the introduction of the national provisions corresponding to the Community rules the said prohibition took effect at the latest on the expiry of the period applicable under the directives for the approximation of national veterinary and public health provisions.